JP4231092B1 - Gold alloys for dental, decorative and industrial products that age harden as cast. - Google Patents
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Abstract
【課題】「鋳放し」でタイプIV歯科用金合金より充分に時効硬化し、耐食性のある単相組織の歯科用、装飾用および工業製品用金合金を提供する。
【解決手段】第１の金合金は、０．５質量％〜１．４９質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、７３質量％〜７５．５質量％の金を含有し、金とイリジウムの合計が７５質量％以上で残部が銅および不可避的不純物であり単相組織である。第２の金合金は、０．５質量％〜２．５質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、６５質量％〜７５．５質量％の金、０．５質量％〜６質量％の白金、０．５質量％〜６質量％のパラジウムを含有し、金と白金族元素の合計が７５質量％以上で残部が１２質量％以上の銅および不可避的不純物であり単相組織である。第３の金合金は、第１／第２の金合金に加えて多くとも３質量％の亜鉛を含有する。
【選択図】 図１Kind Code: A1 Provided are gold alloys for dental, decorative, and industrial products having a single phase structure that is sufficiently age-hardened from an “as-cast” type IV dental gold alloy and has corrosion resistance.
A first gold alloy contains 0.5 mass% to 1.49 mass% gallium, 0.01 mass% to 2 mass% iridium, and 73 mass% to 75.5 mass% gold. In addition, the total of gold and iridium is 75% by mass or more, and the balance is copper and inevitable impurities and has a single phase structure. The second gold alloy is 0.5% to 2.5% by weight gallium, 0.01% to 2% by weight iridium, 65% to 75.5% by weight gold, 0.5% by weight. Containing 6% by mass of platinum, 0.5% by mass to 6% by mass of palladium, the total of gold and platinum group elements being 75% by mass or more and the balance being 12% by mass or more of copper and unavoidable impurities. It is a phase organization. The third gold alloy contains at most 3 mass% zinc in addition to the first and second gold alloys.
[Selection] Figure 1
Description
本発明は、ＡＤＡ規格タイプIV相当の歯科鋳造用金合金よりも、「鋳放し」で十分に時効硬化し、耐食性の良い単相組織である、歯科鋳造用、装飾用および工業製品用金合金に関する。 The present invention is a gold alloy for dental casting, decorative and industrial products, which is a single-phase structure which is sufficiently age-hardened by “as-cast” and has a good corrosion resistance than a gold alloy for dental casting equivalent to ADA standard type IV About.
ＡＤＡ規格タイプIV歯科鋳造用金合金は、その組成について、金（Ａｕ）、銀（Ａｇ）、銅（Ｃｕ）、パラジウム（Ｐｄ）、白金（Ｐｔ）、亜鉛（Ｚｎ）について規定がある。一方、ＪＩＳ Ｔ６１１６歯科鋳造用金合金の組成は、ＩＳＯに準拠し、金の含有量が６５質量％以上で、金および白金族元素の合計が７５質量％以上と規定されている。したがって、このＪＩＳ規格に準拠した組成の金合金の耐食性は良好であるが、単相組織であれば更に良好である。上記の規格により、市販されているタイプIV歯科鋳造用金合金は、図１の従来例１および２の組成である。しかし、「鋳放し」では充分に時効硬化しないので、鋳造後、溶体化熱処理（８００°Ｃで１０分間保持後水中に急冷）し、更に時効硬化熱処理（４００°Ｃで２０分間保持後放冷）を施すことがメーカーから指定されている。しかし、実際の臨床では、このような煩雑な操作は行われておらず、「鋳放し」で使用されるのが実情である。 The gold alloy for ADA standard type IV dental casting has a composition with respect to gold (Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and zinc (Zn). On the other hand, the composition of the gold alloy for JIS T6116 dental casting conforms to ISO, and the gold content is specified to be 65% by mass or more, and the total of gold and platinum group elements is specified to be 75% by mass or more. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of a gold alloy having a composition conforming to this JIS standard is good, but it is even better if it is a single-phase structure. According to the above standards, commercially available type IV dental casting gold alloys have the compositions of Conventional Examples 1 and 2 in FIG. However, “as cast” does not sufficiently age harden, so after casting, solution heat treatment (hold at 800 ° C. for 10 minutes and then rapidly cool in water) and further age cure heat treatment (hold at 400 ° C. for 20 minutes to cool) ) Is specified by the manufacturer. However, in actual clinical practice, such a complicated operation is not performed, and the actual situation is that it is used “as-cast”.
一般的に、時効硬化性金合金は金と銅との規則格子の形成によるが、上述の熱処理を施した場合のほか、「鋳放し」でも相変態温度を通過して徐冷するため、金と銅との規則格子が形成され、時効硬化する。また、パラジウムおよび白金を適量添加すると、耐食性および機械的性質が向上することが知られている。しかし、金−銅二元合金および金−銅合金にパラジウムや白金を添加した三元合金や四元合金は、上記熱処理を施すと金属割れ等を起こすことがあり、一般的には銀を加えて金属割れ等を防止している。また、白金族元素が多くなり過ぎると、「鋳放し」での時効硬化性が低下する。また、図１の従来例３は、溶体化熱処理後、口腔内温度で時効硬化することを特徴とする歯科鋳造用金合金であるが、合金組成の関係で機械的強度が充分ではなく、製造中止になった経緯がある（特許文献１参照）。 In general, age-hardenable gold alloys depend on the formation of a regular lattice of gold and copper. A regular lattice of copper and copper is formed and age hardened. It is also known that the addition of appropriate amounts of palladium and platinum improves corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, ternary alloys and quaternary alloys in which palladium or platinum is added to a gold-copper binary alloy or gold-copper alloy may cause metal cracking when the above heat treatment is performed. To prevent metal cracking. Moreover, when there is too much platinum group element, the age-hardening property in "as cast" will fall. Conventional example 3 in FIG. 1 is a gold alloy for dental casting characterized by being age-hardened at an intraoral temperature after solution heat treatment, but the mechanical strength is not sufficient due to the alloy composition, and it is manufactured. There is a background to the cancellation (see Patent Document 1).
歯科臨床の現場においては、「鋳放し」の簡単な操作で、充分に時効硬化し、かつ、耐食性の良い歯科鋳造用金合金が求められているが、従来の技術では、このような目的を達成する金合金が提供されていないのが実情である。 In dental practice, there is a demand for a gold alloy for dental casting that is sufficiently age-hardened and has good corrosion resistance with a simple operation of “as-cast”. The reality is that no gold alloy has been achieved.
本発明は、このような事情に鑑みて案出されたものであって、「鋳放し」で従来のタイプIV歯科用金合金より、充分に時効硬化し、耐食性のある単相組織の歯科用、装飾用および工業製品用金合金を提供することを目的としている。 The present invention has been devised in view of such circumstances, and is “as-cast” and sufficiently age-hardened from conventional type IV dental gold alloys, and has a single-phase structure with corrosion resistance. It aims to provide gold alloys for decorative and industrial products.
本発明者は、金および銅を含有する各種金合金に、適量のガリウム（Ｇａ）およびイリジウム（Ｉｒ）を添加することにより、「鋳放し」でも充分な硬さが得られ、熱処理を施しても金属割れ等を起こさないで、機械的性質が向上し、しかも単相組織である金合金が得られることを知見した。ガリウムは金属原子の拡散を迅速にし、時効硬化促進作用がある。イリジウムは、白金族元素であり、耐食性を向上させる作用、および金属結晶粒を微細化し、金属割れを防止し、機械的性質を向上させる作用を有する。本発明は、これらの相乗効果に着目したものである。 The present inventor can obtain sufficient hardness even in “as-cast” by adding appropriate amounts of gallium (Ga) and iridium (Ir) to various gold alloys containing gold and copper, and heat treatment. In addition, it was found that a gold alloy having a single phase structure can be obtained with improved mechanical properties without causing metal cracking. Gallium accelerates diffusion of metal atoms and has an effect of promoting age hardening. Iridium is a platinum group element and has an action of improving corrosion resistance and an action of refining metal crystal grains to prevent metal cracking and improve mechanical properties. The present invention focuses on these synergistic effects.
第１の本発明の金合金は、０．５質量％〜１．４９質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、７３質量％〜７５．５質量％の金を含有し、金とイリジウムの合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とするものである。第２の本発明の金合金は、０．５質量％〜２．５質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、６５質量％〜７５．５質量％の金、０．５質量％〜６質量％の白金、０．５質量％〜６質量％のパラジウムを含有し、金と白金族元素の合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が１２質量％以上の銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とするものである。このような組成にすると、「鋳放し」で、従来のタイプIV金合金よりも、充分に時効硬化し、鋳造性も良好であり、熱処理を施しても金属割れを起こさず、耐食性も良い金合金が得られる。 The gold alloy of the first present invention contains 0.5% by mass to 1.49% by mass of gallium, 0.01% by mass to 2% by mass of iridium, and 73% by mass to 75.5% by mass of gold. The total of gold and iridium is 75% by mass or more, and the balance is copper and inevitable impurities, and is age-hardened as cast. The gold alloy of the second aspect of the present invention comprises 0.5% by mass to 2.5% by mass of gallium, 0.01% by mass to 2% by mass of iridium, 65% by mass to 75.5% by mass of gold, Contains 5% to 6% by weight of platinum, 0.5% to 6% by weight of palladium, the sum of gold and platinum group elements is 75% by weight or more, and the balance is 12% by weight or more of copper and unavoidable It is an impurity and is characterized by being age-hardened as cast. With such a composition, it is “as-cast”, sufficiently age-hardened compared to conventional type IV gold alloys, has good castability, does not cause metal cracking even when subjected to heat treatment, and has good corrosion resistance. An alloy is obtained.
本願請求項１に記載の歯科用、装飾用および工業製品用金合金は、０．５質量％〜１．４９質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、７３質量％〜７５．５質量％の金を含有し、金とイリジウムの合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とするものである。 The gold alloy for dental, decorative and industrial products according to claim 1 is 0.5% to 1.49% by weight gallium, 0.01% to 2% by weight iridium, 73% by weight to It contains 75.5% by mass of gold, the total of gold and iridium is 75% by mass or more, and the balance is copper and inevitable impurities, and is age-hardened as cast .
本願請求項２に記載の歯科用、装飾用および工業製品用金合金は、０．５質量％〜２．５質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、６５質量％〜７５．５質量％の金、０．５質量％〜６質量％の白金と０．５質量％〜６質量％のパラジウムのうち両方又はいずれか一方を含有し、金と白金族元素の合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が１２質量％以上の銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とするものである。 The gold alloy for dental, decorative and industrial products according to claim 2 of the present invention is 0.5% to 2.5% by weight of gallium, 0.01% to 2% by weight of iridium, 65% by weight to It contains 75.5% by weight of gold, 0.5% by weight to 6% by weight of platinum and 0.5% by weight to 6% by weight of palladium, or the sum of gold and platinum group elements. It is 75 mass% or more and the remainder is 12 mass% or more of copper and inevitable impurities, and is characterized by being age-hardened as cast .
本発明により、「鋳放し」の簡単な操作で、従来のタイプIV歯科鋳造用金合金よりも、時効硬化し、鋳造性も良好で、たとえ熱処理を施しても表面状態は良好で、耐食性のある単相組織である金合金が得られる。 According to the present invention, with a simple operation of “as-cast”, it is age hardened and castability is better than the conventional type IV dental casting gold alloy, and even if heat treatment is performed, the surface condition is good and the corrosion resistance is good. A gold alloy having a single phase structure is obtained.
本発明の金合金は、ガリウムの時効硬化促進作用と、イリジウムの金属結晶粒微細化作用の相乗効果に着目したものであり、「鋳放し」でも、同一試験片内のビッカース硬さが比較的均一である。 The gold alloy of the present invention pays attention to the synergistic effect of the age hardening acceleration effect of gallium and the metal grain refinement effect of iridium, and even in “as-cast”, the Vickers hardness in the same specimen is relatively low. It is uniform.
次に図面を参照して、本発明の好ましい実施の形態に係る金合金について詳細に説明する。本発明の第１の実施の形態に係る金合金は、０．５質量％〜１．４９質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、７３質量％〜７５．５質量％の金を含有し、金とイリジウムの合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とする金合金である。 Next, a gold alloy according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The gold alloy according to the first embodiment of the present invention includes 0.5% by mass to 1.49% by mass of gallium, 0.01% by mass to 2% by mass of iridium, and 73% by mass to 75.5% by mass. The gold alloy is characterized in that the total amount of gold and iridium is 75% by mass or more, the balance being copper and inevitable impurities, and age-hardening as cast .
ガリウムの添加量を０．５質量％〜１．４９質量％としたのは、０．５質量％未満では時効硬化促進作用の効果が低下するからであり、１．４９質量％超では硬さが低下するためである。イリジウムの添加量を０．０１質量％〜２質量％としたのは、０．０１質量％未満では金属割れを起こすことがあるからであり、２質量％超では希少金属のため高価格となるからである。金の添加量を７３質量％〜７５．５質量％としたのは、７３質量％未満では金とイリジウムの合計がＪＩＳの規定に達しないからであり、７５．５質量％超では高価格となるからである。 The reason why the addition amount of gallium is set to 0.5% by mass to 1.49% by mass is that when the content is less than 0.5% by mass, the effect of the age hardening accelerating action decreases, and when it exceeds 1.49% by mass, the hardness is increased. This is because of a decrease. The reason why the amount of iridium added is 0.01% by mass to 2% by mass is that if it is less than 0.01% by mass, metal cracking may occur. Because. The reason why the added amount of gold is set to 73 mass% to 75.5 mass% is that the total amount of gold and iridium does not reach the JIS standard when it is less than 73 mass%, and the price is higher than 75.5 mass%. Because it becomes.
本発明の第２の実施の形態に係る金合金は、０．５質量％〜２．５質量％のガリウム、０．０１質量％〜２質量％のイリジウム、６５質量％〜７５．５質量％の金、０．５質量％〜６質量％の白金と０．５質量％〜６質量％のパラジウムのうち両方又はいずれか一方を含有し、金と白金族元素の合計が７５質量％以上で、残部が１２質量％以上の銅および不可避的不純物であり、鋳放しで時効硬化することを特徴とする金合金である。 The gold alloy according to the second embodiment of the present invention includes 0.5 mass% to 2.5 mass% gallium, 0.01 mass% to 2 mass% iridium, and 65 mass% to 75.5 mass%. Of gold, 0.5 mass% to 6 mass% of platinum and 0.5 mass% to 6 mass% of palladium or both, and the total of gold and platinum group elements is 75 mass% or more. The balance is 12% by mass or more of copper and unavoidable impurities, and is a gold alloy characterized by being age-hardened as cast .
ガリウムの添加量を０．５質量％〜２．５質量％としたのは、０．５質量％未満では時効硬化促進作用の効果が低下するからであり、２．５質量％超では他の組成との関係によっては単相組織になりにくくなるからである。イリジウムの添加量を０．０１質量％〜２質量％としたのは、０．０１質量％未満では金属割れを起こすことがあるからであり、２質量％超では希少金属のため高価格となるからである。金の添加量を６５質量％〜７５．５質量％としたのは、６５質量％未満ではＪＩＳの規定に達しないからであり、７５．５質量％超では高価格となるからである。白金の含有量を０．５質量％〜６質量％としたのは、０．５質量％未満では硬さの向上が弱く、６質量％超では高価格となるからである。パラジウムの添加量を０．５質量％〜６質量％としたのは、０．５質量％未満では硬さの向上が弱く、６質量％超では溶融温度が高くなるためである。白金とパラジウムについては、両方含有してもよく、いずれか一方のみを含有してもよい（図１の実施例４、５及び１１には、白金のみを含有している例が示され、実施例６及び７には、パラジウムのみを含有している例が示され、実施例８、９及び１０には、白金とパラジウムの両方を含有している例が示されている）。なお、白金族元素が多くなり過ぎると、「鋳放し」での時効硬化性が低下する。 The reason why the addition amount of gallium is set to 0.5 mass% to 2.5 mass% is that if it is less than 0.5 mass%, the effect of the age hardening acceleration action is reduced, and if it exceeds 2.5 mass%, other effects are obtained. It is because it becomes difficult to become a single phase structure depending on the relationship with the composition. The reason why the amount of iridium added is 0.01% by mass to 2% by mass is that if it is less than 0.01% by mass, metal cracking may occur. Because. The reason why the amount of gold added is 65% by mass to 75.5% by mass is that when the amount is less than 65% by mass, the JIS standard is not reached, and when it exceeds 75.5% by mass, the price is high. The reason why the platinum content is set to 0.5 mass% to 6 mass% is that the improvement in hardness is weak when the content is less than 0.5 mass%, and the price is high when the content exceeds 6 mass%. The reason why the addition amount of palladium is set to 0.5 mass% to 6 mass% is that when the amount is less than 0.5 mass%, the improvement in hardness is weak, and when it exceeds 6 mass%, the melting temperature becomes high. About platinum and palladium, both may be contained or only one of them may be contained (Examples 4, 5 and 11 in FIG. 1 show examples containing only platinum, Examples 6 and 7 show examples containing only palladium, and Examples 8, 9 and 10 show examples containing both platinum and palladium ). In addition, when there is too much platinum group element, the age-hardening property in "as cast" falls.
次に、本発明の金合金と従来から市販されているタイプIV金合金に関して、鋳造性、ビッカース硬さ試験、熱処理後の表面状態、および金属組織検査について試験を行った結果について説明する。高純度の地金を図１に示す実施例１〜８の組成にそれぞれ秤量し、金属溶解装置を用いてアルゴンガス雰囲気下で溶解して、インゴットを作製した。図１の従来例１〜３は、市販の歯科用金合金を用いた。 Next, with respect to the gold alloy of the present invention and a conventionally marketed type IV gold alloy, the results of tests on castability, Vickers hardness test, surface condition after heat treatment, and metal structure inspection will be described. High purity ingots were weighed into the compositions of Examples 1 to 8 shown in FIG. 1 and dissolved in an argon gas atmosphere using a metal dissolving apparatus to prepare ingots. Conventional examples 1 to 3 in FIG. 1 use commercially available dental gold alloys.
試験片（８ｍｍ×８ｍｍ×４ｍｍ）を鋳造法で作製するため、ワックスパターンを鋳造リング（直径６０ｍｍ、高さ６０ｍｍ）に石膏系埋没剤で埋没し、７００°Ｃで１時間繋留し、減圧反転加圧鋳造器を使用して鋳造した。鋳造後、鋳造リングを室温になるまで放冷（鋳放し）した。鋳造された各試験片を耐水研磨紙で研磨し、顕微鏡を用いて精査して、鋳造性の良否を判定したが、全ての試験片とも良好であった。 In order to produce a test piece (8 mm x 8 mm x 4 mm) by casting, a wax pattern was buried in a casting ring (diameter 60 mm, height 60 mm) with a gypsum-based investing agent, tethered at 700 ° C for 1 hour, and inverted under reduced pressure. Casting was done using a pressure caster. After casting, the casting ring was allowed to cool to room temperature (as cast). Each cast test piece was polished with water-resistant abrasive paper and examined with a microscope to determine whether the castability was good or not, but all the test pieces were good.
ビッカース硬さ測定は、マイクロビッカース硬さ試験機を使用して、荷重５００ｇｆ、荷重時間１５秒で、各試験片とも５点の硬さを測定し、平均値を算出した。その結果は図１に示すとおりであるが、「鋳放し」の状態で、従来例１〜３の市販の金合金の硬さが２９５以下であるのに対して、実施例１〜８の金合金のビッカース硬さは３０８〜３７１であった。これは、本発明の金合金が、「鋳放し」の簡単な操作で、従来のタイプIV金合金よりも、時効硬化性が優れていることを示している。 The Vickers hardness was measured using a micro Vickers hardness tester with a load of 500 gf and a load time of 15 seconds. The result is as shown in FIG. 1, but in the “as-cast” state, the hardness of the commercially available gold alloys of Conventional Examples 1 to 3 is 295 or less, whereas the gold of Examples 1 to 8 The Vickers hardness of the alloy was 308-371. This indicates that the gold alloy of the present invention is superior in age-hardening properties to conventional type IV gold alloys with a simple operation of “as-cast”.
電気炉を使用して、減圧下で各試験片を８００°Ｃで１０分間保持し、水中に投下急冷して溶体化熱処理を行い、試験片を精査してから、硬さを測定し、平均値を算出した。その結果は図１に示すとおりであるが、各試験片とも金属割れ等を起こすことなく、実施例１〜８の金合金のビッカース硬さは１７１〜２００であった。これは、従来のタイプIV金合金と同等である。 Using an electric furnace, each test piece is held at 800 ° C. under reduced pressure for 10 minutes, dropped into water, quenched and solution heat treated, and after examining the test piece, the hardness is measured and averaged. The value was calculated. The result is as shown in FIG. 1, but the Vickers hardness of the gold alloys of Examples 1 to 8 was 171 to 200 without causing metal cracking or the like in each test piece. This is equivalent to a conventional type IV gold alloy.
再度、試験片を研磨し、Ｘ線回析装置を使用して金属組織の同定検査をした。その結果は図１に示すとおりであるが、各試験片とも単相組織であることが確認された。したがって、耐食性は、従来の従来のタイプIVの金合金と同様に、良好であると示唆された。 Again, the specimen was polished and the metal structure was inspected for identification using an X-ray diffraction apparatus. The results are as shown in FIG. 1, and it was confirmed that each test piece had a single phase structure. Therefore, it was suggested that the corrosion resistance is as good as the conventional conventional type IV gold alloy.
溶体化処理を行った各試験片を、電気炉を使用して、４００°Ｃで２０分間保持し放冷して時効硬化熱処理を行い、試験片を研磨し、顕微鏡を用いて精査したが、各試験片とも金属割れ、亀裂等がなく、表面状態は良好であった。なお、実施例の金合金も溶体化熱処理後、各試験片に最適の条件で時効硬化熱処理を行うことは可能である。 Each test piece subjected to solution treatment was held at 400 ° C. for 20 minutes by using an electric furnace, allowed to cool, subjected to age hardening heat treatment, the test piece was polished, and examined using a microscope. Each specimen had no metal cracks, cracks, etc., and the surface condition was good. The gold alloys of the examples can also be subjected to age hardening heat treatment under optimum conditions for each test piece after solution heat treatment.
以上の結果から、本発明の金合金は、「鋳放し」で、従来のタイプIV金合金よりも機械的強度が強く、鋳造性も良好であり、熱処理を施しても表面状態は良好であり、耐食性の良い単相組織である優れた歯科用金合金である。特に、実施例１および実施例２の金合金は四元金合金であり、実施例４および実施例５の金合金は五元金合金である。 From the above results, the gold alloy of the present invention is “as-cast”, has higher mechanical strength than conventional type IV gold alloys, has good castability, and has a good surface condition even after heat treatment. It is an excellent dental gold alloy having a single phase structure with good corrosion resistance. In particular, gold alloy of Example 1 and Example 2 is a four principal alloy, gold alloy of Example 4 and Example 5 is a five principal alloy.
本発明は、以上の発明の実施の形態に限定されることなく、特許請求の範囲に記載された発明の範囲内で、種々の変更が可能であり、それらも本発明の範囲内に包含されるものであることはいうまでもない。 The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications can be made within the scope of the invention described in the claims, and these are also included in the scope of the present invention. Needless to say, it is something.
本発明の金合金は非常に高い硬さが得られるので、耐磨耗性が良く、傷もつきずらいので、歯科用アタッチメント等の精密加工用金合金、装飾用金合金および各種の工業製品用金合金としても利用することができる。 Since the gold alloy of the present invention has very high hardness, it has good wear resistance and is not easily scratched. Therefore, it is used for precision processing gold alloys such as dental attachments, decorative gold alloys, and various industrial products. It can also be used as a gold alloy.
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