JP4170991B2 - Surface light source element for liquid crystal display device and liquid crystal display device using the same - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a surface light source element used in a liquid crystal display device used for a notebook computer, a liquid crystal television, and the like, and a liquid crystal display device using the same, and more specifically, has high brightness, a spot pattern, etc. The present invention relates to a surface light source element that can obtain a uniform luminance distribution in a light emitting surface without performing the uniformizing process.

  In recent years, color liquid crystal display devices have been widely used in various fields such as notebook personal computers, liquid crystal televisions, and video integrated liquid crystal televisions. This liquid crystal display device basically includes a backlight section and a liquid crystal display element section. As the backlight unit, there are a direct light method in which a light source is provided directly under a liquid crystal display element and an edge light method in which a light source is provided on a side surface of a light guide body. Yes. This edge light system is a backlight of a system in which a light source is disposed on a side surface portion of a plate-shaped light guide to emit light over the entire surface of the light guide, and is called a so-called surface light source element.

  In such a surface light source element, a plate-shaped transparent material such as an acrylic resin plate is used as a light guide, and light from a light source disposed at one end is incident on the light guide from the light incident surface. By providing a light emitting function such as a light scattering portion formed on the front surface (light emitting surface) or the back surface of the light guide, the light is emitted from the light emitting surface in a planar shape. However, in the case where the light emitting function is uniformly formed on the front surface or the back surface of the light guide, the luminance of the emitted light decreases as the distance from the light source decreases, and the luminance in the light emitting surface becomes uneven, resulting in a good display screen. It was not obtained. Such a tendency becomes conspicuous with an increase in the size of the liquid crystal display element, and it cannot be put into practical use in a large-sized liquid crystal display device of 10 inches or more. In particular, with the recent increase in the size of liquid crystal screens, in liquid crystal display devices used for notebook personal computers, liquid crystal televisions, and the like, the luminance distribution within the screen is required to have very high uniformity.

  Various proposals have been made to solve the problem of non-uniform luminance of such surface light source elements. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-24522 (Patent Document 1) has a light emitting function in which a light diffusing substance is densely applied or adhered to a back surface facing a light emitting surface of a light guide as the distance from the light incident surface increases. Provided surface light source elements have been proposed. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 1-107406 (Patent Document 2) proposes that a light guide is formed by laminating a plurality of transparent plates formed with various patterns of fine spots made of a light scattering material on the surface. Has been. In such a surface light source element, since a white pigment such as titanium oxide or barium sulfate is used as a light scattering material, a light loss such as light absorption occurs when light hitting the light scattering material is scattered. This is not preferable because the brightness of the emitted light is lowered.

  In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-244490 (Patent Document 3) and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-252933 (Patent Document 4), a light reflection pattern corresponding to the reciprocal of the light distribution is provided on the light output surface of the light guide. A surface light source element in which an outgoing light adjusting member and a light diffusing plate are arranged has been proposed. However, even in such a surface light source element, the light reflected by the outgoing light adjusting member or the light diffusing plate cannot be reused, so that a light loss occurs and the luminance of the outgoing light is lowered.

  Further, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-84618 (Patent Document 5) discloses a surface light source in which at least one of the light exit surface and the back surface of the light guide is a satin surface, and a prism sheet is placed on the light exit surface. Devices have been proposed. However, although such a surface light source element can provide very high luminance, it has not been satisfactory in terms of uniformity on the light exit surface.

On the other hand, as to a surface light source element that makes the luminance of emitted light uniform and reduces the loss of light to increase the luminance, as proposed in JP-A-3-345893 (Patent Document 6), A surface light source element in which a light emitting surface is a satin surface, and a rough surface portion and a smooth portion are formed on the back surface so that the ratio of the rough surface portion increases as the distance from the light source increases, and a prism sheet is placed on the light emitting surface. Has been proposed. However, in such a surface light source element, the brightness of the emitted light can be made uniform and the loss of light can be reduced, but when used as a liquid crystal display device, a rough surface formed on the back surface of the light guide through the liquid crystal display element. A pattern formed by the portion and the smooth portion was observed, which hindered image observation. In addition, it is not preferable to apply a uniform light emitting function to the surface of the light guide from the viewpoint of productivity of the light guide.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-24522 JP-A-1-107406 JP-A-1-244490 JP-A-1-252933 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-84618 JP-A-3-345893

  Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a surface light source element that has high luminance and can obtain high uniformity in luminance within a light emitting surface without performing a uniform process such as a spot pattern.

That is, the surface light source element of the present invention includes a light source, a light guide having at least one light incident surface facing the light source, and a light output surface substantially orthogonal thereto, and a light output surface side of the light guide. And at least one of the arranged prism sheets having a prism surface in which a large number of prism-shaped lens units are formed in parallel, and the light emitting surface of the light guide is roughened by spraying fine particles. The roughness of the light exit surface of the light guide is a variation in brightness, which is formed by a rough surface having irregularities with an average inclination angle (θa) of 0.5 to 4.5 ° formed by transferring the mold. (R%) is 20% or less, and the prism sheet is disposed such that the prism surface is on the light exit surface side of the light guide, and the light guide is located at the end facing the light incident end. The ratio (L / t) between the length (L) to the thickness and the thickness (t) is 1 And this is less than or equal to 0 it is an features. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention is characterized by using the above surface light source element as a backlight.

  According to the present invention, at least one of the light exit surface of the light guide and the back surface facing the light exit surface is a rough surface having irregularities with an average inclination angle (θa) of 0.5 to 7.5 °. A surface light source element that has brightness and a uniform brightness distribution in the light exit surface without applying a uniform pattern such as a speckle pattern, and is suitable for liquid crystal display devices used in notebook computers, liquid crystal televisions, etc. Can be provided.

  The surface light source element of the present invention includes a light source, a light guide having at least one light incident surface facing the light source, and a light emitting surface substantially orthogonal thereto. In such a surface light source element, the light incident on the light guide is propagated through the light guide while light having a distribution within a critical angle is repeatedly reflected on the surface of the light guide. When the rough surface portion is formed on the surface of the light guide, light exceeding the critical angle with respect to the rough surface among the light reaching the rough surface portion is refracted and emitted to the outside of the light guide. The light within is reflected and propagates through the light guide. This is because the traveling direction of light is determined by the refractive index of the medium and the incident angle of the light with respect to the normal of the incident surface according to Snell's law.

  FIG. 1 schematically shows light refraction and reflection on a rough surface having irregularities. The light A incident on the slope of the concavo-convex portion with an incident angle i exceeding the critical angle is outside the light guide at an exit angle i ′ satisfying the relationship of nsini = sini ′ (n is the refractive index of the light guide) according to Snell's law. To exit. On the other hand, the light B incident at an incident angle k that is within the critical angle is reflected at an angle k ′ (k ′ = k) and propagates through the light guide. The light that has been incident and reflected once on the rough surface portion has a sharp incident angle when it next enters the rough surface portion, so that it easily exceeds the critical angle and easily exits the light guide.

In the surface light source element, the present inventors have found that the relationship between the light emission intensity (I) at a certain point and the light emission intensity (I ₀ ) at the light incident surface end is as follows. It has been found experimentally by the following formula (1) depending on the distance (L ′) from the end and the thickness (t) of the light guide.

From equation (1), it can be seen that if the length (L) and thickness (t) of the light guide are determined, the uniformity of luminance within the light exit surface is determined by the output rate (α). The emission rate (α) of the light guide having a thickness of tmm is measured by measuring the luminance at intervals of 20 mm from the light incident surface end of the light guide, and the logarithm of the distance (l) from the light incident surface end and the luminance. The gradient (K (mm ⁻¹ )) is obtained from the graph, and is obtained by the following equation (2).

In the present invention, the luminance uniformity in the surface light source element was evaluated and examined using the degree of variation (R%) expressed by the following equation (3) as a measure of luminance uniformity. The degree of variation (R%) is measured at 20 mm intervals within a range from a point 20 mm away from the light incident surface end to the opposite end in the substantially central part of the light guide, and the maximum value (I _max ), the minimum value (I _min ) of the measured luminance, and the average value (I _av ) of the measured luminance are obtained by the following equation (3).

  As a result, it is found that the emission rate (α) and the degree of variation (R%) have a specific relationship depending on the length (L) and the thickness (t) of the light guide. As (α) increases, the degree of variation (R%) increases accordingly. If the output rate (α) is constant, the ratio (L / t) of the length (L) to the thickness (t) of the light guide ) Increases, the degree of variation (R%) also increases. That is, in a light guide of a certain size, the uniformity of brightness (the degree of variation) within the light exit surface of the light guide depends on the output rate (α) from the light guide, It can be seen that brightness uniformity can be achieved by controlling the emission rate (α).

  On the other hand, when the present inventors consider that the rough surface having an uneven shape formed on the surface of the light guide is an inclined surface having approximately one slope, the slope of the unevenness constituting the rough surface. It has been found that the emission direction and the emission rate of the light emitted from the light guide change depending on. Here, an average inclination angle (θa) defined by ISO4287 / 1-1987 can be used as this gradient. That is, when the average inclination angle (θa) is increased, the emitted light from the light guide becomes an emitted light having a smaller outgoing angle and approaching the normal direction. Further, when the average inclination angle (θa) increases, the emission rate from the light guide increases accordingly. Therefore, the uniformity of the luminance within the light emitting surface of the surface light source element can be increased by lowering the emission rate from the light guide, and the uniformity can be achieved by reducing the average inclination angle (θa). I understood that I could plan. As a surface light source element used in a liquid crystal display device such as a notebook personal computer or a liquid crystal television, if the variation degree (R%) is required to be 20% or less, the required luminance uniformity is satisfied. As a result, it was found that the average inclination angle (θa) of the unevenness constituting the rough surface must be 7.5 ° or less. Moreover, as a surface light source element used for liquid crystal display devices, such as a notebook personal computer and a liquid crystal television, the variation degree (R%) becomes like this. Preferably it is 15% or less, More preferably, it is 10% or less.

  Therefore, in order to make the luminance uniform in the light emitting surface of the surface light source element, at least one of the light emitting surface of the light guide and the back surface thereof has an average inclination angle (θa) of 0.5 to 7.5. It is necessary to make it from a rough surface with irregularities of °. This is because when the average inclination angle (θa) of the unevenness constituting the rough surface is less than 0.5 °, the outgoing angle of the outgoing light from the light outgoing surface becomes larger, and a variable angle member such as a prism sheet is used. This is because the emitted light cannot be sufficiently directed in the normal direction. On the contrary, if the average inclination angle (θa) of the unevenness constituting the rough surface exceeds 7.5 °, the uniformity of luminance as a surface light source element of the liquid crystal display device is impaired. Preferably, the average inclination angle (θa) of the unevenness constituting the rough surface is in the range of 1 to 5 °, and more preferably in the range of 2 to 4 °.

  The size of the light guide used in the surface light source device of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the length of the light guide (L ) And the thickness (t) is preferably used as a light guide having a ratio (L / t) of 120 or less. When L / t exceeds 120, even if the average inclination angle (θa) of the unevenness constituting the rough surface of the light guide is reduced, the luminance uniformity in the light exit surface tends not to be sufficiently achieved. Therefore, it is more preferably 100 or less, more preferably 80 or less.

  In the present invention, as the light guide, a transparent plate-like body such as glass or synthetic resin can be used. As the synthetic resin, for example, various highly transparent synthetic resins such as acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, and vinyl chloride resin can be used, and this resin is subjected to a normal molding method such as extrusion molding or injection molding. A light guide can be manufactured by forming into a plate-like body. In particular, a methacrylic resin is excellent as a light transmittance, heat resistance, mechanical properties, and molding processability, and is optimal as a light guide material. Such a methacrylic resin is a resin mainly composed of methyl methacrylate, and the methyl methacrylate is preferably 80% by weight or more. In addition, a light diffusing agent or fine particles may be mixed in the light guide.

  The processing method for forming a rough surface having irregularities with a specific average inclination angle (θa) on the light guide is not particularly limited as long as the average inclination angle (θa) falls within a specific range. Using a mold that has been roughened by chemical etching, a mold that has been roughened by spraying fine particles such as glass beads, etc. Examples include a method of attaching, a method of directly processing the light guide by a sandblasting method, an etching method, and the like.

  In the surface light source element of the present invention, a light source such as a fluorescent lamp is disposed at one end of the light guide as described above, and a reflective layer is formed on the back surface facing the light emitting surface by a reflective film or the like. . In order to effectively introduce light from the light source to the light guide, the light incident surface of the light source and the light guide is configured to be covered with a case or film coated with a reflective agent on the inside. Moreover, as a light guide, the thing of various shapes, such as plate shape, wedge shape, and ship shape, can be used.

  In the surface light source element of the present invention, since the emission direction of the light emitted from the light guide is usually shifted from the normal direction, when used for applications such as observation from the normal direction It is preferable to take a means such as placing a lens sheet on the light guide to change the outgoing light in the normal direction. In this case, the lens sheet used has a lens surface in which a large number of lens units are formed in parallel on at least one surface. Various lens shapes are used according to the purpose, and examples thereof include a prism shape, a lenticular lens shape, and a wave shape. The lens unit pitch of the lens sheet is preferably about 30 μm to 0.5 mm, and when a prism sheet is used, the prism apex angle is appropriately selected depending on the emission angle of light emitted from the light guide. In general, the range is preferably from 50 to 120 °. Also, the orientation of the prism sheet is appropriately selected according to the emission angle of the light emitted from the light guide, and may be placed so that the lens surface is on the light guide side or placed in the opposite direction. Good.

  The lens sheet of the present invention is preferably manufactured using a material having a high visible light transmittance and a relatively high refractive index. For example, an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, a vinyl chloride resin, an active energy ray curable type Examples thereof include resins. Among these, active energy ray-curable resins are preferable from the viewpoint of scratch resistance, handleability, and productivity of the lens sheet. Moreover, additives such as an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a yellowing inhibitor, a bluing agent, a pigment, and a diffusing agent can be added to the lens sheet as necessary. As a method for producing the lens sheet, a normal molding method such as extrusion molding or injection molding can be used. When manufacturing a lens sheet using an active energy ray curable resin, it is made of a transparent resin such as a polyester resin, an acrylic resin, a polycarbonate resin, a vinyl chloride resin, a polymethacrylimide resin, or a polyolefin resin. A lens part is formed of an active energy ray-curable resin on a transparent substrate such as a transparent film or sheet. First, an active energy ray-curable resin liquid is injected into a lens mold on which a predetermined lens pattern is formed, and a transparent substrate is overlaid. Next, active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays and electron beams are irradiated through the transparent substrate, the active energy ray-curable resin liquid is polymerized and cured, and peeled from the lens mold to obtain a lens sheet.

  In the surface light source element of the present invention, in addition to the lens sheet as described above, various kinds of optically deflecting, converging, diffusing light, and changing optical characteristics thereof, such as a diffusion sheet, a color filter, and a polarizing film. These optical elements can be used.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically by way of examples.
Average tilt angle (θa)
It calculated | required according to ISO4287 / 1-1984. With a stylus type surface roughness meter (Surfcom 570A manufactured by Tokyo Seiki Co., Ltd.) using 010-2528 (1 μmR, 55 ° cone, diamond) as a stylus, the surface roughness of the rough surface was driven at a driving speed of 0.03 mm / Measured in seconds. From the measured average line, the average line was subtracted to correct the inclination, and the calculation was made by the following formulas (4) to (5).

Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 1
After the surface of the glass plate was sandblasted and then chemically etched by performing fluorine treatment, the thickness was 4 mm, one side was 90 mm, and the other side was 64 mm. , 210 mm, 248 mm, and 488 mm, a rough surface was transferred to one surface of a transparent acrylic resin plate by thermal transfer to obtain a light guide. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 2.0 °.

  Adhering and pasting silver-deposited PET film on two 90mm end faces and the other end face of the obtained light guide, and then depositing silver-deposited PET film on the back surface facing the roughened light exit surface A reflective surface was formed by tape fastening. A cold-cathode tube (KC130T4E72, 4 mmφ × 130 mm, manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) is wrapped with a silver-deposited PET film on the remaining one end face of the light guide, installed as a light source lamp, and the PET film is placed on the light output surface of the light guide A prism sheet, in which a large number of prism rows having an apex angle of 63 ° and a pitch of 50 μm are formed in parallel with an acrylic ultraviolet curable resin having a refractive index of 1.53, is mounted so that the prism surface faces the light exit surface side of the light guide. The surface light source element was placed. The degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

  On the other hand, the light guide 1 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was prepared in the same manner as described above except that a PET film deposited with silver was adhered to two 90 mm end faces of the obtained light guide 1 and adhered, and the surface light source element was obtained. The emission rate was determined and shown in Table 2.

Examples 4-5, Comparative Example 2
Except for changing the conditions for sandblasting and fluorine treatment, thermal transfer was performed on one surface of three types of transparent acrylic resin plates having a thickness of 4 mm, one side of 90 mm, and the other side of 64 mm, 210 mm, and 248 mm in the same manner as in Example 1. The rough surface was transferred to obtain a light guide. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 2.9 °. Surface light source elements were assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

  On the other hand, the light guide 2 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was produced from the obtained light guide 2 in the same manner as in Example 1, and the emission rate of the obtained surface light source element was determined and shown in Table 2.

Example 6 and Comparative Example 3
One of two types of transparent acrylic resin plates with a thickness of 4 mm, one side of 90 mm, the other side of 64 mm, and 210 mm using a die having a rough surface formed by sandblasting using glass beads on a brass plate The rough surface was transferred to the surface by thermal transfer to obtain a light guide. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 4.5 °. Surface light source elements were assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

  On the other hand, the light guide 3 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was produced from the obtained light guide 3 in the same manner as in Example 1, and the emission rate of the obtained surface light source element was determined and shown in Table 2.

Comparative Example 4
Except for changing the conditions for sandblasting, the rough surface was transferred to one surface of a transparent acrylic resin plate having a thickness of 4 mm, one side of 90 mm, and the other side of 64 mm in the same manner as in Example 6, and the light guide was Obtained. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 7.9 °. Surface light source elements were assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

  On the other hand, the light guide 4 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was produced from the obtained light guide 4 in the same manner as in Example 1, and the emission rate of the obtained surface light source element was determined and shown in Table 2.

Comparative Example 5
Using a die having a rough surface formed by performing electrical discharge treatment on a brass plate, the rough surface was transferred by thermal transfer to one surface of a transparent acrylic resin plate having a thickness of 4 mm, one side of 90 mm, and the other side of 64 mm. A light guide was formed. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 15.5 °. Surface light source elements were assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

  On the other hand, the light guide 5 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was produced from the obtained light guide 5 in the same manner as in Example 1, and the emission rate of the obtained surface light source element was determined and shown in Table 2.

Comparative Example 6
A light guide was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5 except that the conditions for the electric discharge treatment were changed. The average inclination angle (θa) of the obtained light guide was 24.0 °. Surface light source elements were assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source elements was determined and shown in Table 1.

On the other hand, the light guide 6 was produced in the same procedure using three types of transparent acrylic resin plates of 90 mm × 300 mm and thicknesses of 2 mm, 4 mm, and 10 mm. A surface light source element was produced from the obtained light guide 6 in the same manner as in Example 1, and the emission rate of the obtained surface light source element was determined and shown in Table 2.

Example 7
A cold cathode tube of a surface light source element using the light guide of 4 mm × 90 mm × 120 mm obtained in Example 5 is connected to a DC power source via an inverter (CXA-M10L manufactured by TDK), and turned on by applying DC 12V. The front luminance was measured using a luminance meter (nt-1 ° manufactured by Minolta). As a result, the front luminance was 2715 Ca / m ² .

Comparative Example 7
A spot pattern was formed by screen printing on the back surface of a 4 mm × 90 mm × 120 mm acrylic resin light guide using a white paint containing titanium oxide particles so that the density increased as the distance from the light incident surface increased. Adhering and pasting silver-deposited PET film on two 90mm end faces and the other end face of the obtained light guide, and then depositing silver-deposited PET film on the back surface facing the roughened light exit surface A reflective surface was formed by tape fastening. A cold-cathode tube (KC130T4E72, 4 mmφ × 130 mm manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.) was wound around the remaining one end face of the light guide with a PET film on which silver was vapor-deposited and installed as a light source lamp. Next, a diffusion film was placed on the light exit surface of the light guide. Furthermore, two prism sheets are formed on a PET film with an acrylic UV curable resin having a refractive index of 1.53 and a large number of prism rows having an apex angle of 90 ° and a pitch of 50 μm formed in parallel so that both prism rows are orthogonal to each other. The surface light source elements were stacked and placed so that the prism surface faces the light emitting direction. The degree of variation (R%) of the obtained surface light source element was 17.0%.

The cold cathode tube of the obtained surface light source element was connected to a direct current power source via an inverter (CXA-M10L manufactured by TDK), turned on by applying DC12V, and a luminance meter (nt-1 ° manufactured by Minolta) was used. The front brightness was measured. As a result, the front luminance was 2148 Ca / m ² .

  As is apparent from Table 1, the surface light source elements of Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention have excellent uniformity in luminance variation (R%) of 10% or less within the light exit surface, and are liquid crystal displays. It was sufficiently practical as a surface light source element for an apparatus. On the other hand, in the surface light source elements of Comparative Examples 1 to 6, the luminance variation degree (R%) in the light emitting surface exceeds 20%, and the luminance uniformity is not sufficiently obtained. It was. Further, as is clear from Example 7 and Comparative Example 7, the surface light source of Example 7 of the present invention was able to obtain a uniform luminance distribution in the light exit surface without impairing the front luminance.

It is the schematic which shows the optical path of the light in the rough surface of the light guide of this invention.

Claims (2)

A light source, a light guide having at least one light incident surface facing the light source and a light emitting surface substantially orthogonal to the light source, and a plurality of light guides on at least one surface disposed on the light emitting surface side of the light guide A prism sheet having a prism surface in which the prism-shaped lens units are formed in parallel, and the light emitting surface of the light guide is transferred with a roughened mold by spraying fine particles. Is formed of a rough surface having irregularities with an average inclination angle (θa) of 0.5 to 4.5 °, and a luminance variation degree (R%) on the light emitting surface of the light guide is 20 %, And the prism surface of the prism sheet is disposed so as to be on the light exit surface side of the light guide, and the length of the light guide from the light incident end to the opposite end The ratio (L / t) between (L) and thickness (t) is 120 or less A surface light source device characterized and this. The liquid crystal display device characterized by using the surface light source device according as a backlight in claim 1.

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