JP3976813B2 - Liquid mixing apparatus and method - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a liquid mixing apparatus and method for continuously mixing and transferring a plurality of liquids at a desired ratio in various industries such as food industry, chemical industry, medical and agrochemical industry, and petrochemical industry.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a liquid mixing apparatus for mixing and transferring a plurality of liquids, a stirring tank that stirs and mixes a certain amount of liquids supplied at a predetermined ratio, and a liquid mixture processed in the stirring tank is used in the next process. A batch processing type combined with a transfer pump for transfer, or a line mixer that pumps the supplied liquid while stirring and mixing, and for supplying the liquid to be mixed to the line mixer at a predetermined ratio A continuous processing type combined with a raw material supply pump is used in various ways.
[0003]
However, the batch processing type using the agitation tank described above can be processed only in units of the capacity of the agitation tank, and there is an inconvenience that the processing amount cannot be adjusted to an arbitrary amount.
In addition, the mixing / transfer process is interrupted while the raw material is being supplied to the agitation tank.
[0004]
On the other hand, the continuous processing type using a line mixer has the advantage that the processing amount can be adjusted to an arbitrary amount and can be executed without interruption of the mixing / transfer processing. However, the line mixer itself is liquid. There is a problem that it is difficult to make the apparatus compact because it requires a certain length or more in order to stir and mix each other.
In addition, since the mixing ratio between the liquids is set by the discharge amount of each pump that supplies the raw material to the line mixer, there is also a problem that fine adjustment of the mixing ratio is difficult.
[0005]
Therefore, from such a background, an internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port and having a control valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port is used. A liquid mixing device was developed.
In this liquid mixing device, a raw material tank storing raw material liquid is connected to each suction port of the inscribed gear pump, and continuously mixed and mixed by continuously operating the inscribed gear pump. Transfer can be performed, and the apparatus can be made compact as compared with an apparatus using a line mixer. Moreover, the mixing ratio of the raw material liquids supplied to the inscribed gear pump can be adjusted by a control valve provided in the inscribed gear pump.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the conventional liquid mixing apparatus using the above-described internal gear pump, the control valve is manually operated by an operation lever or the like externally attached to the internal gear pump. Before operation, adjust the inflow amount of each raw material liquid to the internal gear pump by operating the control valve so that a predetermined mixing ratio can be obtained in consideration of the viscosity of the head and each raw material liquid. Yes.
However, since the control valve is manually operated, for example, during operation, the internal gear pump may be affected by changes in the viscosity of the raw material liquid due to fluctuations in the suction head due to changes in the liquid level in the raw material tank or temperature. When the inflow ratio of the raw material liquid to each suction port changes and the mixing ratio fluctuates accordingly, the mixing ratio becomes unstable, and there is a possibility that problems such as a decrease in mixing accuracy may occur.
[0007]
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to eliminate the above-mentioned problems, and it is possible to continuously carry out mixing / transfer processing of a plurality of liquids and at the same time is suitable for downsizing of the apparatus, and further, during operation, the mixing ratio of raw material liquids When the viscosity changes, the position of the control valve can be automatically adjusted to correct the mixing ratio to the initial appropriate value, preventing the mixing ratio from changing and performing high-precision mixing / transfer. It is an object to provide a liquid mixing apparatus and method capable of performing the above.
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The above-mentioned object of the present invention has two suction ports and one discharge port, and an internal gear pump provided with an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port,
Flow rate detection means disposed in at least two places on each of the suction port side and the discharge port side;
A control means for adjusting the control valve based on a detection signal of the flow rate detection means and changing a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids;
This is achieved by a liquid mixing apparatus that controls the transfer, mixing, and transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids.
[0009]
Further, the above object of the present invention is to provide an internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port, and having an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port. ,
Viscosity detection means disposed on the discharge port side;
A control means for adjusting the control valve based on a detection signal of the viscosity detection means and changing a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids;
It can also be achieved by a liquid mixing apparatus that adjusts the transfer / mixing / transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids.
[0010]
Furthermore, the above object of the present invention is to provide an internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port, and having an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port. In the liquid mixing method that adjusts the transfer / mixing / transfer ratio of multiple liquids,
A liquid characterized in that the control valve is adjusted based on detection signals of flow rate detection means disposed at least at two locations on each of the suction port side and the discharge port side to adjust a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids. This is achieved by a mixing method.
[0011]
The above object of the present invention is to provide an internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port, and having an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port. In the liquid mixing method that adjusts the transfer / mixing / transfer ratio of multiple liquids,
This can also be achieved by a liquid mixing method characterized in that the control valve is adjusted based on a detection signal from a viscosity detecting means disposed on the discharge port side to obtain a liquid mixture having a predetermined viscosity.
[0012]
According to the above configuration of the present invention, by continuously operating the inscribed gear pump by a method using the inscribed gear pump, the mixing / transfer process of a plurality of liquids can be continuously performed. By controlling the operation of the gear pump, the processing amount can be adjusted to an arbitrary amount.
[0013]
During operation, the flow rate of the raw material liquid into each suction port of the internal gear pump changed due to the change of the viscosity of the raw material liquid due to the fluctuation of the suction head due to the liquid level change in the raw material tank and the temperature. In such a case, the occurrence of a change in the inflow ratio of the raw material liquid based on the variation of the suction heads or the change in the viscosity of the raw material liquid is immediately detected by the flow rate detecting means or the viscosity detecting means. Based on the detection signals of these detection means, the control means for operating the adjustment valve of the internal gear pump automatically adjusts the position of the adjustment valve so as to maintain the original appropriate mixing ratio.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to illustrated embodiments.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration in an embodiment of a liquid mixing apparatus according to the present invention.
As shown in the figure, the liquid mixing apparatus 1 of the present embodiment stores an internal gear pump 10 having two suction ports 3 and 4 and one discharge port 6, and raw material liquids 12 and 13, and stores the internal liquid pump 12. Two raw material tanks 15 and 16 connected to the suction ports 3 and 4 of the contact gear pump 10 to supply the raw material liquids 12 and 13 to the suction ports 3 and 4, and the suction port 3 side and the discharge port 6. Flow rate detection means 18, 19 disposed at two locations on the side, and the position of the control valve 8 of the internal gear pump 10 based on the detection signals of the flow rate detection means 18, 19 to adjust the suction port And a control means 21 for changing the liquid inflow rate (that is, the transfer ratio) from 3 and 4, and adjusts the transfer / mixing / transfer ratio of the raw material liquid supplied to the suction ports 3 and 4.
[0015]
Here, in the inscribed gear pump 10, a slit 25b through which the raw material liquid can be inserted is formed between the pump casing 23 having the suction ports 3 and 4 and the discharge port 6 and the teeth 25a equipped in a ring shape. An abduction gear 25 that is rotatably supported in the pump casing 23, a pinion gear 27 that meshes with the abduction gear 25 at an eccentric position inside the abduction gear 25, and a fixed attachment to the pump casing 23. And a support plate 29 having a crescent cross section that keeps the pinion gear 27 in an eccentric position with respect to the outer rotation gear 25, and movably mounted along the outer periphery of the outer rotation gear 25. the opening area S _1, S ₂ regulating valve 8 capable of changing a transfer ratio by changing the, and forms a structure in which a motor (not shown) for rotating the pinion gear 27, the pinion Utilizing the fact that the meshing amount of the pinion gear 27 and the outer rotation gear 25 changes with the rotation of the gear 27, the raw material liquids 12 and 13 supplied to the suction ports 3 and 4 are sucked, stirred and mixed, Transport.
[0016]
The conduit 31 that guides the raw material liquid 12 in the raw material tank 15 to the suction port 3 is provided with an opening / closing valve 33 located upstream of the flow rate detection means 18.
An opening / closing valve 36 for opening and closing the pipe 35 is also provided in the pipe 35 for guiding the raw material liquid 13 in the raw material tank 16 to the suction port 4.
The mixed liquid discharge pipe 37 connected to the discharge port 6 is equipped with the flow rate detecting means 19 and an opening / closing valve 38 for opening and closing the mixed liquid discharge pipe 37. The mixed solution discharge pipe 37 is connected to a next process device 39 that performs the next process on the mixed solution.
[0017]
In the case of this embodiment, the flow rate detection means 18 and 19 are both electromagnetic flowmeters that detect the flow rate in each pipe line in a non-contact manner and output the flow rate to the control means 21. If proportionality is used, a pressure gauge may be used instead of the flow meter.
[0018]
The control means 21 uses a motor, a solenoid, or the like as an actuator to move and adjust the adjusting valve 8 steplessly and to control the rotation speed of the pinion gear 27.
Further, the control means 21 can initialize the position of the control valve 8 to an arbitrary position by an instruction from an input means (not shown) (a keyboard connected to the control means 21). When the internal gear pump 10 is operated, the detection values in the flow rate detection means 18 and 19 are stored in the initial stage, and the detection values in the flow rate detection means 18 and 19 are constant during the subsequent operation. The position of the control valve 8 is automatically adjusted based on the detection signals of the flow rate detection means 18 and 19 so as to be maintained within a certain range, and at the same time, the rotational speed of the outer rotation gear 25 is controlled.
[0019]
Specifically, the control means 21 adjusts the position of the control valve 8 and the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 as shown in FIG.
Before the operation of the internal gear pump 10, the flow rates A and B (initial setting values) of the raw material liquids 12 and 13 and the flow rate Q (initial setting value) at the discharge port 6 are stored (step 101).
Next, based on the detection values from the flow rate detection means 18 and 19, the actual inflow amount qa to the suction port 3 and the discharge amount q from the discharge port 6 are detected. From these detection values, The magnitude relationship between A / B and q / (q-qa) is compared (step 102). If A / B is smaller than q / (q-qa) according to the determination result, the control valve 8 Is moved to the suction port 3 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 3, thereby relatively increasing the amount of inflow from the suction port 4 and correcting the fluctuation of the flow rate ratio (step 103, 104).
Similarly, when A / B is larger than q / (q-qa), the control valve 8 is moved to the suction port 4 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 4, thereby relatively The flow rate ratio fluctuation is corrected by reducing the amount of inflow from the suction port 4 (steps 110 and 111).
When A / B is equal to q / (q-qa), the position of the control valve 8 is kept as it is to maintain the current state (step 120).
[0020]
Next, a comparison is made between the initial discharge amount Q and the actual discharge amount q detected by the flow rate detector 19 after operation (step 130). If Q <q, the outer rotation gear 25 is compared. The increased flow rate is reduced by lowering the rotation (steps 131 and 132). On the other hand, if Q> q, the reduced flow rate is recovered by increasing the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 (steps 140 and 141). ), If Q = q, there is no change in the discharge amount, so that the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 is kept as it is to maintain the current state (step 150).
[0021]
When the correction of the flow rate ratio and the correction of the discharge amount are completed, the process returns to step 102 and the same processing is repeated again.
[0022]
In the liquid mixing apparatus 1 described above, the inscribed gear pump 10 can be continuously operated by a method using the inscribed gear pump 10 to continuously perform mixing and transferring processes of a plurality of liquids. By controlling the operation of the shape gear pump 10, the processing amount can be adjusted to an arbitrary amount.
Moreover, since the system using the inscribed gear pump 10 is used, the apparatus can be made compact as compared with the system using the conventional line mixer.
[0023]
During operation, the suction ports 3, 4 of the internal gear pump 10 are affected by the viscosity of the raw material liquids 12, 13 due to fluctuations in the suction head due to changes in the liquid level in the raw material tanks 15, 16 and the influence of temperature. When the inflow ratio of the raw material liquids 12 and 13 changes, the occurrence of the change in the inflow ratio of the raw material liquids 12 and 13 is immediately detected by the flow rate detection means 18 and 19, and the detection means 18 and 19 Based on the detection signal, the control means 21 for operating the adjusting valve 8 of the internal gear pump 10 automatically adjusts the position of the adjusting valve 8 so as to maintain the original appropriate mixing ratio.
Therefore, fluctuation of the mixing ratio during operation can be prevented, and highly accurate mixing / transfer can be performed.
[0024]
In addition, the installation position of the said flow volume detection means 18 and 19 is not limited to the case of the above-mentioned embodiment. If the flow rate of at least two of the two suction ports 3 and 4 and the discharge port 6 can be detected, a change in the mixing ratio can be detected, and the control valve 8 based on the detection signal can be detected. It is possible to return the mixing ratio and the discharge amount to the initial set values by the control and the control of the rotation speed of the outer rotation gear 25.
Therefore, as shown in FIG. 3 (a), the flow rate detecting means 41 may be provided at two locations, that is, the suction port 4 side and the discharge port 6 side of the inscribed gear pump 10, and FIG. As shown in FIG. 3B, the flow rate detecting means 41 may be provided on each of the two suction ports 3 and 4 side of the inscribed gear pump 10, and as shown in FIG. The flow rate detection means 41 may be provided on all of the two suction ports 3 and 4 and the discharge port 6 side.
[0025]
FIG. 4 shows the processing in the control means 21 with the configuration of FIG. 3A, FIG. 5 shows the processing in the control means 21 with the configuration of FIG. 3B, and FIG. FIG. 6 shows the processing in the control means 21 in such a case.
[0026]
As shown in FIG. 3A, when the flow rate detecting means 41 is provided on the suction port 4 side and the discharge port 6 side, it is the same as in the above embodiment, but as shown in FIG. Before the operation of the tangential gear pump 10, the flow rates A and B (initial setting values) of the raw material liquids 12 and 13 and the flow rate Q (initial setting value) at the discharge port 6 are stored (step 201).
Next, based on the detection values from the respective flow rate detection means 41, 41, the actual inflow amount qb to the suction port 4 and the discharge amount q from the discharge port 6 are detected, and from these detection values, The magnitude relationship between A / B and (q−qb) / q is compared (step 202). If A / B is smaller than (q−qb) / q according to the determination result, the control valve 8 Is moved to the suction port 3 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 3, thereby relatively increasing the amount of inflow from the suction port 4 and correcting the fluctuation of the flow rate ratio (step 203, 204).
Similarly, when A / B is larger than (q−qb) / q, the control valve 8 is moved to the suction port 4 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 4, thereby relatively The amount of inflow from the suction port 4 is decreased to correct the fluctuation of the flow rate ratio (steps 210 and 211).
When A / B is equal to (q−qb) / q, the position of the control valve 8 is kept as it is to maintain the current state (step 220).
[0027]
Next, a comparison is made between the discharge amount Q by the initial setting and the actual discharge amount q detected by the flow rate detection means 41 on the discharge port 6 side after operation (step 230), and if Q <q. The increased flow rate is reduced by lowering the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 (steps 231 and 232). On the other hand, if Q> q, the reduced flow rate is recovered by increasing the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25. (Steps 240 and 241) If Q = q, there is no change in the discharge amount, so that the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 is kept as it is and the current state is maintained (Step 250).
When the correction of the flow rate ratio and the correction of the discharge amount are completed, the process returns to step 202 and the same processing is repeated again.
[0028]
As shown in FIG. 3B, when the flow rate detecting means 41 is provided in each of the two suction ports 3 and 4, as shown in FIG. The flow rates A and B (initial setting values) of the liquids 12 and 13 and the flow rate Q (initial setting value) at the discharge port 6 are stored (step 301).
Next, based on the detection values from the flow rate detection means 41 and 41, the actual inflow amounts qa and qb and the discharge amount q to the two suction ports 3 and 4 are detected. From these detection values, A / B and qa / qb are compared in magnitude (step 302). If A / B is smaller than qa / qb, the control valve 8 is moved to the inlet 3 side according to the determination result. By reducing the opening area of the suction port 3, the amount of inflow from the suction port 4 is relatively increased, and the fluctuation of the flow rate ratio is corrected (steps 303 and 304).
Similarly, when A / B is larger than qa / qb, the control valve 8 is moved to the suction port 4 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 4, so that the suction port 4 is relatively moved. The flow rate ratio fluctuation is corrected by reducing the inflow amount of the gas (steps 310 and 311).
When A / B is equal to qa / qb, the position of the control valve 8 is kept as it is to maintain the current state (step 320).
[0029]
Next, a comparison is made between the discharge amount Q by the initial setting and the actual discharge amount q detected by the flow rate detection means 41 on the discharge port 6 side after operation (step 330), and if Q <q. By reducing the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25, the increased flow rate is reduced (steps 331 and 332). On the other hand, if Q> q, the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 is increased to recover the reduced flow rate. (Steps 340 and 341), if Q = q, there is no change in the discharge amount, so the rotation of the outer rotation gear 25 is kept as it is to maintain the current state (Step 350).
When the correction of the flow rate ratio and the correction of the discharge amount are completed, the process returns to step 302 and the same processing is repeated again.
[0030]
As shown in FIG. 3C, when the flow rate detection means 41 is provided in each of the two suction ports 3, 4 and the discharge port 6, the processing in the control means 21 is the case of FIG. Same as above. However, since the discharge amount q from the discharge port 6 is directly detected by 41, the detection value qa of the flow rate detection means 41 arranged on the suction port 3 side and the detection value qb of the flow rate detection means 41 arranged on the suction port 4 side. It is no longer necessary to obtain the discharge amount q by calculating the sum of.
[0031]
Further, when the raw material liquids 12 and 13 to be mixed are liquids having different viscosities, when the mixing ratio varies, the viscosity of the discharged mixed liquid changes accordingly. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 6, instead of the flow rate detecting means described above, a viscosity detecting means 43 is provided on the discharge port 6 side, and the control means 21 controls the control valve 8 based on the detection signal of the viscosity detecting means 43. By adopting a configuration in which the position and the rotation speed of the outer rotation gear 25 are controlled, fluctuations in the mixing ratio during operation can be prevented, and high-precision mixing / transfer can be performed.
As the viscosity detecting means 43, it is preferable to use an in-line viscometer that can directly measure the viscosity of the liquid mixture discharged from the discharge port 6.
[0032]
When the viscosity detecting means 43 is provided on the discharge port 6 side of the internal gear pump 10 as shown in FIG. 6, the control processing in the control means 21 is as shown in FIG. However, in this example, it is assumed that the raw material liquid 12 flowing into the suction port 3 has a higher viscosity than the raw material liquid 13 flowing into the suction port 4.
Before operating the internal gear pump 10, the desired viscosity η of the mixed liquid is stored as an initial value (step 401).
Next, the viscosity ηc sequentially detected by the viscosity detecting means 43 after operation and the magnitude relationship between the initial value η are compared (step 402). If η is smaller than ηc according to the determination result, the raw material having a high viscosity is used. This means that the inflow ratio of the liquid 12 has increased, so that the adjustment valve 8 is moved to the suction port 3 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 3 so that the suction port 4 is relatively The viscosity fluctuation is corrected by increasing the inflow amount (steps 403 and 404).
On the other hand, when η is larger than ηc, it means that the amount of inflow on the suction port 4 side has increased. Therefore, the adjustment valve 8 is moved to the suction port 4 side to reduce the opening area of the suction port 4. Accordingly, the amount of inflow from the suction port 4 is relatively decreased to correct the viscosity variation (steps 410 and 411).
When η is equal to ηc, the position of the control valve 8 is kept as it is, the current state is maintained (step 420), the process returns to the stator 402 and the above processing is repeated.
[0033]
In this way, by automatically controlling the position of the control valve 8 of the inscribed gear pump 10, fluctuations in the viscosity of the mixed liquid can be prevented.
[0034]
In addition, although all the above-mentioned embodiments showed the case where there was one inscribed gear pump 10 and two raw material liquids were mixed, the liquid mixing apparatus and method of the present invention are the same as those in the above-described embodiments. The liquid mixing devices 1 may be connected in multiple stages, and three or more kinds of raw material liquids may be mixed and transferred at a desired ratio.
[0035]
【The invention's effect】
According to the liquid mixing apparatus and method of the present invention, by continuously operating the inscribed gear pump in a system that uses an inscribed gear pump, mixing and transferring processes of a plurality of liquids can be performed continuously. By controlling the operation of the inscribed gear pump, the processing amount can be adjusted to an arbitrary amount.
In addition, since the system uses an inscribed gear pump, the apparatus can be made compact as compared with a system using a conventional line mixer.
During operation, the flow rate of the raw material liquid into each suction port of the internal gear pump changed due to the change of the viscosity of the raw material liquid due to the fluctuation of the suction head due to the liquid level change in the raw material tank and the temperature. In this case, the occurrence of the change in the inflow ratio of the raw material liquid based on the fluctuation of the suction heads or the change in the viscosity of the raw material liquid is immediately detected by the flow rate detecting means or the viscosity detecting means, and based on the detection signals of these detecting means. Control means for operating the control valve of the internal gear pump automatically adjusts the position of the control valve to maintain the original suitable mixing ratio.
Therefore, fluctuation of the mixing ratio during operation can be prevented, and highly accurate mixing / transfer can be performed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a liquid mixing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an operation explanatory diagram of the liquid mixing apparatus shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of an example of an installation position of a flow rate detection unit in the liquid mixing apparatus according to the present invention.
4 is an operation explanatory diagram in the case of the configuration shown in FIG.
FIG. 5 is an operation explanatory diagram in the case of the configuration shown in FIG.
FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram of a liquid mixing apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.
7 is an operation explanatory diagram for the configuration shown in FIG. 6. FIG.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Liquid Mixing Device 3, 4 Suction Port 6 Discharge Port 8 Control Valve 10 Inscribed Gear Pump 12, 13 Raw Material Liquid 15, 16 Raw Material Tank 18, 19, 41 Flow Rate Detection Unit 21 Control Unit 43 Viscosity Detection Unit

Claims (4)

An internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port, and having an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port;
Flow rate detection means disposed in at least two places on each of the suction port side and the discharge port side;
A control means for adjusting the control valve based on a detection signal of the flow rate detection means and changing a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids;
Liquid mixing device that controls the transfer, mixing, and transfer ratio of multiple liquids. An internal gear pump having two suction ports and one discharge port, and having an adjustment valve capable of changing the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port;
Viscosity detection means disposed on the discharge port side;
A control means for adjusting the control valve based on a detection signal of the viscosity detection means and changing a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids;
Liquid mixing device that controls the transfer, mixing, and transfer ratio of multiple liquids. Transfer, mixing, and transfer of multiple liquids by an internal gear pump that has two suction ports and one discharge port, and has an adjustment valve that can change the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port. In the liquid mixing method for adjusting the ratio,
A liquid characterized in that the control valve is adjusted based on detection signals of flow rate detection means disposed at least at two locations on each of the suction port side and the discharge port side to adjust a transfer ratio of a plurality of liquids. Mixing method. Transfer, mixing, and transfer of multiple liquids by an internal gear pump that has two suction ports and one discharge port, and has an adjustment valve that can change the transfer ratio by changing the opening area of each suction port. In the liquid mixing method for adjusting the ratio,
A liquid mixing method characterized in that the control valve is adjusted based on a detection signal of a viscosity detecting means disposed on the discharge port side to obtain a liquid mixture having a predetermined viscosity.

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