JP3848381B2 - Electric window glass - Google Patents
Electric window glass Download PDFInfo
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- JP3848381B2 JP3848381B2 JP28393894A JP28393894A JP3848381B2 JP 3848381 B2 JP3848381 B2 JP 3848381B2 JP 28393894 A JP28393894 A JP 28393894A JP 28393894 A JP28393894 A JP 28393894A JP 3848381 B2 JP3848381 B2 JP 3848381B2
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- Prior art keywords
- glass
- transparent conductive
- conductive film
- window glass
- film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
- B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
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- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は車両用電熱窓ガラスに関し、更に詳しくはガラス全面における発熱量が均一であって、ガラス面の発熱温度の局部的高低差によってガラスに発生する歪みが小さく、更に融雪、融氷、融霜及び防曇効果等に優れた車両用電熱窓ガラスに関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
従来、厳冬季や寒冷地等においては、汽車、電車、トラック、乗用車等のフロントガラスに着氷、着霜或は曇り等が生じ、これらの水分の迅速な除去が困難であった。これらの問題を解決する方法としては、窓ガラスとして電熱窓ガラスを使用することが提案されている。
【0003】
従来のこれらの電熱窓ガラスは、一般に窓枠に対応した略台形状の二枚の板ガラスと、該二枚の板ガラス間に挟持された樹脂膜と、上記二枚の板ガラス間であって、その周辺部に設けられた上下又は左右一対のバスバー(通電用電極)と、これらの一対のバスバー間であってガラス表面に設けられた透明電熱膜とから構成されており、これらの透明電熱膜としては、例えば、ITO(インジウムと錫の複合酸化物)、薄膜の金、銀等が使用されている。これらの透明電熱膜には上下又は左右一対のバスバーを経由してバッテリー等から通電することにより窓ガラスを発熱させ、この熱によって融雪、融氷、防曇等を行っている。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとしている問題点】
上記の如き従来の電熱窓ガラスにおいては、図1に示す様に、一対のバスバー1,2間に設けられた透明電熱膜3は通常均一な厚さで形成されているが、電熱窓ガラスが上辺が下辺より短い略台形状である場合には、図面上高温領域として示した付近の領域が他の部分よりも温度が上がり易く、周囲との温度差による応力発生によってガラスが破損するおそれがあるという問題がある。又、融雪、融氷、融霜、防曇効果等の面においても、発熱状態が不均一であり、熱効率という点で問題がある。
従って、本発明の目的は、上記従来技術の問題点を解決し、ガラス全面にわたり発熱量が均一であって、ガラス面の局部的発熱温度差によってガラスに発生する歪みが小さく、更に融雪、融氷、融霜及び防曇効果等に優れた車両用電熱窓ガラスを提供することである。
【0005】
【問題点を解決する為の手段】
上記目的は以下の本発明によって達成される。即ち、本発明は、略台形の二枚の板ガラスと、該二枚の板ガラス間に挟持された樹脂膜と、上記二枚の板ガラス間であってその上辺と下辺に設けられた少なくとも一対のバスバーと、これらの一対のバスバー間であって、いずれかのガラス表面に設けられた透明導電膜とから構成される車両用電熱窓ガラスにおいて、上記透明導電膜の抵抗が上辺から下辺に向かって段階的又は連続的に上昇しており、ガラス上辺とガラス下辺との抵抗比率が1:1.3〜2.0であることを特徴とする車両用電熱窓ガラスである。
【0006】
【作用】
略台形状の車両用電熱窓ガラスの透明導電膜の抵抗を、上辺から下辺に向かって段階的又は連続的に上昇する様に構成することによって、ガラス全面にわたり発熱量を均一にすることが出来、その結果ガラス面の局部的発熱温度差によってガラスに発生する歪みが小さく、更に融雪、融氷、融霜、防曇効果等に優れた車両用電熱窓ガラスを提供することが出来る。
【0007】
【実施例】
次に好ましい実施例を挙げて本発明を更に詳しく説明する。本発明において使用される板ガラスとは、普通ガラス、強化板ガラス、部分強化板ガラス等であって、透明性を損なわない程度に着色されたものであってもよい。これらの板ガラスは平板状のものに限られず、種々の形状及び曲率に加工された曲面状であってもよく、形状的には略台形であって主として各種車両のフロントガラスにおいて本発明の効果が顕著である。又、これらの板ガラスの厚みは特に限定されないが、通常は約1.5〜5mm程度の厚みが一般的である。
【0008】
又、本発明において使用されれる樹脂膜とは、合わせガラスにした場合において、その両面に配設される二枚の板ガラスを強固に接着させると共に、合わせガラスが破損した場合にも、ガラスの破片が飛び散らない作用を有するものであって、通常は接着性、耐光性、耐熱性等の諸物性が改良されたポリビニルブチラール樹脂膜が好ましく使用される。これらの樹脂膜の厚みも特に限定されないが、通常は約0.2〜0.9mm程度の厚みが一般的である。
【0009】
上記板ガラスと樹脂膜を用いる合わせガラスの製造方法自体は公知の方法でよく、二枚の板ガラスを、樹脂膜を挟持する様に貼り合わせ、予備接着、オートクレーブ処理等の工程によって所望の合わせガラスが製造される。
又、該合わせガラスを電熱窓ガラスとする場合には、いずれかの一方の板ガラス、好ましくは内側の板ガラスの樹脂膜に面する面に所望の透明導電膜と一対のバスバーとを設けた一対の板ガラスを樹脂膜の両側から一体的に貼り合わせる。透明導電膜の形成方法自体は従来公知の方法でよく、例えば、真空蒸着方法、スパッタリング方法、電子線ビーム式加熱蒸着方法等の公知の方法がいずれも採用し得る。バスバーは、例えば、銀ペーストを印刷及び焼き付ける等の方法で形成される。
【0010】
本発明は、上記従来の電熱窓ガラスの製造に際して、一対のバスバー間のガラス表面に設ける透明導電膜が、その抵抗値がガラス板の上辺から下辺に向かって段階的又は連続的に上昇する様にした点を特徴としている。本発明においてガラス板の「上辺」とは、例えば、図1Aに示すガラス板において、ガラス板上縁の上部バスバー1が透明導電膜3と接続する部分を意味し、一方「下辺」とは、ガラス板下縁の下部バスバー2が透明導電膜3と接続する部分を意味している。
又、本発明の目的達成の為には、ガラス上辺とガラス下辺との抵抗比率が1:1.3〜2.0であることが好ましく、更に1:約1.6〜1.8の比率がより好ましい。
図面を参照して更に詳しく説明する。
図1Aは本発明の電熱窓ガラスの一例の平面図であり、図1BはそのX−X断面図である。この実施例の電熱窓ガラスのサイズの1例は、図面上に示されている様に、上辺の円弧の長さが1,000mm、左右の辺の長さが夫々550mm、下辺の円弧の長さが1,350mmであり、縦幅の最大長さは650mmであり、上下辺が円弧の略台形状となっている。
【0011】
この電熱窓ガラスは、図1Bに示す様に、外板ガラス4と、その表面に透明導電膜3が形成された内板ガラス5との間に合わせガラス用樹脂膜6が挟持され、上辺にバスバー1と下辺にバスバー2とが合わせガラス用樹脂膜6に埋め込まれる様に形成され、これらのバスバー1,2によって透明導電膜に通電される様になっている。
この様な電熱窓ガラスにおいて、例えば、上下バスバー間にバスバー1からバスバー2の方向に約50〜300ボルト程度の電圧をかけて通電すると、図1Aに高温領域として示した領域付近が他の領域よりも高温に加熱されるという問題が生じる。
【0012】
本実施例におては、上記透明導電膜としてガリウムとジルコニウムの複合酸化物膜(GZO膜)を使用し、その抵抗に差を付ける方法として、透明導電膜の形成時に形成される膜厚を変化させる方法を採用した。即ち、内板ガラスの表面にスパッタリング方法によってGZO膜を形成する場合、板ガラスをスパッタリング装置内に設置し、スパッタリング中に板ガラスの下半分領域にマスクをかけ、下半分領域のスパッタリング量が少なくなる様にした。マスクとしてはメッシュが連続的に変化するスクリーン、間隔が順次変化する金属棒等を用いることが出来る。本実施例では図3に示す様な凹形状の金属板7をマスクとして用いた。尚、この様なマスキング方法としては、例えば、実公平6−19563号公報に記載の公知の方法がいずれも使用可能である。
【0013】
図2A,Bに示す例は、膜厚を変化させる例を示したものであって、図2Aは下辺から上辺に向かって段階的に膜厚を厚くした例であり、図2Bは、膜厚を連続的に変化させた例である。本実施例では、図3A、Bに示す様に、スパッタリング装置内に固定されたターゲットの下方に凹形状のマスクを固定し、該マスクの下方にガラス板を矢印で示す様に移動させながら、GZOをスパッタリングすることにより、ガラス板面に厚さ勾配を有するGZO膜を形成した。この方法ではマスクの位置及び形状を変化させることにより、種々の膜厚勾配を有するGZO膜をガラス板面に形成することが出来る。
【0014】
その結果図2Aに示す様に、厚みが段階的に変化した透明導電層が形成された。最上辺のGZO膜の厚みは約1,200Åであり、最下辺のGZO膜の厚みは約600Åであった。これらの透明導電膜の抵抗値を測定したところ図4に示す如く下辺から上辺に向かってシート抵抗(Ω/cm2 )が低下していた。この様にして得られた本発明の電熱窓ガラスを約0℃に冷却させた後大気中に放置して全体に霧滴を付着させて曇らせ、その後上下バスバー間に288ボルトの電圧を印加したところ、全面が殆ど同じ時間に透明になり、均一な発熱と優れた防曇効果が確認された。以上の結果から本発明の電熱窓ガラスにおいては従来技術における如き局部的な高温領域が発生していないことが分かる。
【0015】
以上の実施態様では、透明導電膜としてGZO膜の例により本発明を説明したが、本発明では透明導電膜として、他の材料、例えば、ITO、薄膜の金、銀等も同様に使用することが出来る。又、透明導電膜に抵抗差を付与する方法として膜厚を変化させる方法で説明したが、例えば、図2Cに示す如く、膜厚を変化させず、透明導電膜の組成を連続的或は段階的に変化させても同様な結果が得られる。又、上記実施例では透明導電膜を内板ガラスの樹脂膜に対向する面に設けたが、外板ガラスの樹脂膜に対向する面に設けてもよい。
【0016】
【発明の効果】
以上説明の通り、本発明によれば、略台形状の車両用電熱窓ガラスの透明導電膜の抵抗を、上辺から下辺に向かって段階的又は連続的に上昇する様に構成することによって、ガラス全面にわたり発熱量を均一にすることが出来、その結果ガラス面の局部的発熱温度差によってガラスに歪が発生しにくく、更に融雪、融氷、融霜、防曇効果等に優れた車両用電熱窓ガラスを提供することが出来る。
【0017】
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】電熱窓ガラスの平面と断面とを説明する図。
【図2】透明導電膜の形態を説明する図。
【図3】透明導電膜の厚さを変化させる方法の1例を説明する図。
【図4】実施例の電熱窓ガラスにおける透明導電膜の厚みとその抵抗との関係を説明する図。
【符号の説明】
1,2:バスバー
3:透明導電膜
4:外板ガラス
5:内板ガラス。
6:樹脂膜
7:金属板[0001]
[Industrial application fields]
The present invention relates to a glazing for a vehicle, more particularly a uniform amount of heat generation in the glass the entire surface, the distortion generated in the glass by the local height difference of the heating temperature of the glass surface is reduced, further snow melting, ice melting, The present invention relates to an electrically heated window glass for vehicles having excellent frosting and anti-fogging effects.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventional, strictly in the winter or cold regions, etc., train, train, track, ice on the windshield such as a passenger car, frost or cloudiness or the like occurs, rapid removal of these moisture is Tsu difficult der. As a method for solving these problems, it has been proposed to use an electrically heated window glass as the window glass.
[0003]
These conventional electrothermal window glasses are generally between two plate glasses having a substantially trapezoidal shape corresponding to a window frame, a resin film sandwiched between the two plate glasses, and the two plate glasses. It is composed of a pair of upper and lower or left and right bus bars (electrodes for energization) provided in the peripheral part, and a transparent electrothermal film provided between the pair of bus bars and on the glass surface, and as these transparent electrothermal films For example, ITO (complex oxide of indium and tin), thin film gold, silver or the like is used. These transparent electrothermal films generate heat from the window glass when energized from a battery or the like through a pair of upper and lower or left and right bus bars, and this heat performs snow melting, ice melting, anti-fogging, and the like.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the conventional electric window glass as described above, as shown in FIG. 1, the transparent
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, the heat generation amount is uniform over the entire glass surface, the distortion generated in the glass due to the local heat generation temperature difference on the glass surface is small, and snow melting and melting are further performed. It is an object to provide an electrically heated window glass for a vehicle excellent in ice, frost melting and anti-fogging effects.
[0005]
[Means for solving problems]
The above object is achieved by the present invention described below. That is, the present invention includes two substantially trapezoidal plate glasses, a resin film sandwiched between the two plate glasses, and at least a pair of bus bars provided between the two plate glasses on the upper side and the lower side. And an electric heating window glass for a vehicle that is formed between the pair of bus bars and a transparent conductive film provided on one of the glass surfaces, wherein the resistance of the transparent conductive film is stepped from the upper side to the lower side. or is continuously increased, the resistance ratio of the glass top and the glass lower is 1: 1.3 to 2.0 is a vehicular glazing, characterized in der Rukoto.
[0006]
[Action]
By constructing the resistance of the transparent conductive film of the electric window glass for vehicles with a substantially trapezoidal shape so as to increase stepwise or continuously from the upper side to the lower side, the amount of heat generation can be made uniform over the entire glass surface. As a result, it is possible to provide a vehicular electric heating window glass that is less distorted due to a local heat generation temperature difference on the glass surface and that is excellent in snow melting, ice melting, frost melting, anti-fogging effect and the like.
[0007]
【Example】
Next, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to preferred examples. The glass sheets used in the present invention, ordinary glass, reinforced plate glass, a partially tempered glass plate or the like, or may be colored to an extent not impairing the transparency. These plate glasses are not limited to flat plate shapes, and may be curved shapes processed into various shapes and curvatures. The shapes are substantially trapezoidal, and the effects of the present invention are mainly applied to the windshields of various vehicles. It is remarkable. Moreover, although the thickness of these plate glass is not specifically limited, Usually, the thickness of about 1.5-5 mm is common.
[0008]
In addition, the resin film used in the present invention is a laminated glass. When the laminated glass is firmly bonded to each other and the laminated glass is broken, the glass fragments are also broken. In general, a polyvinyl butyral resin film having various functions such as adhesion, light resistance and heat resistance is preferably used. The thicknesses of these resin films are not particularly limited, but generally a thickness of about 0.2 to 0.9 mm is common.
[0009]
The manufacturing method itself of the laminated glass using the plate glass and the resin film may be a known method, and the two laminated glass plates are bonded so as to sandwich the resin film, and a desired laminated glass is obtained by a process such as pre-adhesion and autoclave treatment. Manufactured.
Further, when the laminated glass is an electric heating window glass, a pair of transparent glass and a pair of bus bars provided on the surface facing the resin film of any one of the glass sheets, preferably the inner glass sheet. A plate glass is integrally bonded from both sides of the resin film. The method for forming the transparent conductive film itself may be a conventionally known method. For example, any known method such as a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an electron beam beam heating deposition method, or the like may be employed. The bus bar is formed by, for example, a method of printing and baking a silver paste.
[0010]
The present invention provides a transparent conductive film provided on the glass surface between a pair of bus bars in the production of the above-described conventional electric window glass, such that its resistance value increases stepwise or continuously from the upper side to the lower side of the glass plate. It is characterized by the point. In the present invention, the “upper side” of the glass plate means, for example, the portion of the glass plate shown in FIG. 1A where the upper bus bar 1 on the upper edge of the glass plate is connected to the transparent
In order to achieve the object of the present invention, the resistance ratio between the upper side of the glass and the lower side of the glass is preferably from 1: 1.3 to 2.0, and more preferably from 1: 1.6 to 1.8. Is more preferable.
Further details will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1A is a plan view of an example of an electrically heated window glass of the present invention, and FIG. 1B is a sectional view taken along line XX. As shown in the drawing, one example of the size of the electrothermal window glass of this embodiment is that the length of the upper arc is 1,000 mm, the length of the left and right sides is 550 mm, and the length of the lower arc is as follows. The height is 1,350 mm, the maximum length of the vertical width is 650 mm, and the upper and lower sides have a substantially trapezoidal shape with an arc.
[0011]
As shown in FIG. 1B, this electric heating window glass has a laminated
In such an electrically heated window glass, for example, when a voltage of about 50 to 300 volts is applied between the upper and lower bus bars in the direction from the bus bar 1 to the
[0012]
In this example, a composite oxide film (GZO film) of gallium and zirconium is used as the transparent conductive film, and the film thickness formed during the formation of the transparent conductive film is a method for making a difference in resistance. The method of changing was adopted. That is, when a GZO film is formed on the surface of the inner plate glass by a sputtering method, the plate glass is placed in a sputtering apparatus, a mask is applied to the lower half region of the plate glass during sputtering, and the amount of sputtering in the lower half region is reduced. did. As the mask, a screen in which the mesh continuously changes, a metal bar in which the interval changes sequentially, or the like can be used. In this embodiment, a concave metal plate 7 as shown in FIG. 3 was used as a mask. As such a masking method, for example, any known method described in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 6-19563 can be used.
[0013]
The example shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B shows an example in which the film thickness is changed. FIG. 2A is an example in which the film thickness is increased stepwise from the lower side to the upper side, and FIG. This is an example in which is continuously changed. In this example, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a concave mask is fixed below the target fixed in the sputtering apparatus, and the glass plate is moved below the mask as indicated by an arrow. A GZO film having a thickness gradient on the glass plate surface was formed by sputtering GZO. In this method, GZO films having various film thickness gradients can be formed on the glass plate surface by changing the position and shape of the mask .
[0014]
As a result, as shown in FIG. 2A, a transparent conductive layer whose thickness changed stepwise was formed. The thickness of the uppermost GZO film was about 1,200 mm, and the thickness of the lowermost GZO film was about 600 mm. When the resistance values of these transparent conductive films were measured, the sheet resistance (Ω / cm 2 ) decreased from the lower side to the upper side as shown in FIG. The electric window glass of the present invention thus obtained was cooled to about 0 ° C. and allowed to stand in the atmosphere to cause fog to adhere to the entire surface, and then a voltage of 288 volts was applied between the upper and lower bus bars. However, the entire surface became transparent at almost the same time, and uniform heat generation and an excellent antifogging effect were confirmed. From the above results, it can be seen that a local high temperature region as in the prior art does not occur in the electrothermal window glass of the present invention.
[0015]
In the above embodiments, the present invention has been described by using an example of a GZO film as a transparent conductive film. However, in the present invention, other materials such as ITO, thin film gold, silver, and the like are used in the same manner as the transparent conductive film. I can do it. Further, although the method of changing the film thickness has been described as a method of imparting a resistance difference to the transparent conductive film, for example, as shown in FIG. 2C, the composition of the transparent conductive film is changed continuously or stepwise without changing the film thickness. The same result can be obtained even if it is changed. Moreover, in the said Example, although the transparent conductive film was provided in the surface facing the resin film of inner plate glass, you may provide in the surface facing the resin film of outer plate glass.
[0016]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, the resistance of the transparent conductive film of the substantially trapezoidal vehicle heating window glass is configured so as to increase stepwise or continuously from the upper side toward the lower side. Heat generation for vehicles can be made uniform over the entire surface. As a result, the glass surface is less likely to be distorted due to local temperature differences on the glass surface, and it has excellent snow melting, ice melting, frost melting, anti-fogging effects, etc. Window glass can be provided.
[0017]
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a plane and a cross section of an electrothermal window glass.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a form of a transparent conductive film.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for changing the thickness of a transparent conductive film.
FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the thickness of a transparent conductive film and its resistance in an electrothermal window glass of an example.
[Explanation of symbols]
1, 2: Bus bar 3: Transparent conductive film 4: Outer glass 5: Inner glass
6: Resin film 7: Metal plate
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP28393894A JP3848381B2 (en) | 1994-10-25 | 1994-10-25 | Electric window glass |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP28393894A JP3848381B2 (en) | 1994-10-25 | 1994-10-25 | Electric window glass |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH08119065A JPH08119065A (en) | 1996-05-14 |
JP3848381B2 true JP3848381B2 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
Family
ID=17672166
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP28393894A Expired - Fee Related JP3848381B2 (en) | 1994-10-25 | 1994-10-25 | Electric window glass |
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JP (1) | JP3848381B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4219790B2 (en) * | 2003-11-14 | 2009-02-04 | 日本板硝子株式会社 | Electric window glass |
FR3038249B1 (en) * | 2015-07-02 | 2021-11-26 | Saint Gobain | HEATED GLAZING WITH THINNED EXTERIOR GLASS SHEET AND HEATING LAYER WITH FLOW SEPARATION LINES |
CN110293721B (en) * | 2019-06-13 | 2022-07-08 | 信利光电股份有限公司 | Heatable curved surface safety glass and tool |
CN114635108B (en) * | 2022-03-10 | 2024-03-15 | 西安应用光学研究所 | Circular optical window coating method for realizing uniform heating deicing and defrosting |
-
1994
- 1994-10-25 JP JP28393894A patent/JP3848381B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPH08119065A (en) | 1996-05-14 |
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