JP3829617B2 - Digital signal recording device - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a recording / reproducing apparatus for an optical disc on which a digital signal is recorded.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is a medium having a capacity about seven times that of a CD (Compact Disc). There are DVD-RAM, DVD-R, and DVD-RW as media for recording data on DVD. Media that can be recorded can be said to be the most promising field as seen in the recent growth of CD-R.
[0003]
Data on the physical disk is handled by a sector structure unit of several bytes, and the sectors are called “data sector” 905, “recording sector” 907 and “physical sector” 908 according to the stage of signal processing. FIG. 9 shows a processing order (encoding processing procedure) for forming a physical sector. FIG. 10 shows a sector structure.
[0004]
"Data sector" 905 is 2064 bytes of data consisting of 2048 bytes of main data, 12 bytes of identification address information of data such as ID and 4 bytes of error detection code (EDC: Error Detection Code) as shown in FIG. It consists of 172 bytes x 12 lines. After EDC calculation, 2048 bytes of the main data of “data sector” 905 are scrambled. Further, a cross Reed-Solomon error correction code is added over 16 “data sectors” 905 constituting the ECC block.
[0005]
A “recording sector” 907 is a sector after the ECC code is added, and is a “data sector” 905 to which an outer code parity PO and an inner code parity PI are added. PO and PI are generated in an ECC block formed for every 16 “data sectors” 905. “Physical sector” 908 is a sector after modulation by 8/16 conversion by adding a synchronization signal (SYNC code) to the head of every 91 bytes of “recording sector” 907.
[0006]
The ID 1001 in FIG. 10 includes 1 byte of sector information (Data Field Information) and 3 bytes of sector number (Data Field Number). Sector information indicates the format type (Sector Format Type), tracking method (Tracking Method), and reflectivity (Reflectivity) of the optical disc. Furthermore, an area type indicating the data area and the lead-in / lead-out area, a data type indicating whether the data is read-only data or additional recording / rewriting data, and a layer number indicating the layer of the optical disk Is also included. The sector number is a serial number assigned to the data area.
[0007]
Also, EDC 1005 shown in FIG. 10 is a check code attached to data sector 2060 bytes before scramble. By using this EDC code 1005, it is checked whether the scramble is correct and whether an error correction has been made after uncorrecting the error.
[0008]
FIG. 11 is an ECC block diagram. The ECC block is formed of 16 “data sectors” 905 scrambled as information fields. 172 bytes × 192 rows equal to 172 bytes × 12 rows × 16 data sectors are used as information fields, and 16 bytes of outer code parity PO 1103 are added to each column of 172 columns, and the outer code of Reed-Solomon RS (208, 192, 17) Form. Next, 10 bytes of inner code parity PI 1102 are added to all 208 rows including PO 1103 to form an inner code of RS (182, 172, 11).
[0009]
The ECC block seen in FIG. 11 is interleaved, modulated, and recorded on the optical disc. After interleaving, 16 rows of outer code parity PO are inserted for every 12 data areas. The portion of 13 rows x 182 bytes in the ECC block after row interleaving is called “recording sector” 907 as described above, and the ECC block after row interleaving is composed of 16 “recording sectors” 907. Means.
[0010]
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus as an example of the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus in which the encoding process procedure is circuitized. FIG. 7 shows an optical disc recording / reproduction which includes an encoding processing circuit unit for performing a recording process and a decoding processing circuit unit for performing a reproducing process as disclosed in JP-A-11-213575.
[0011]
In FIG. 7, 101 is an optical disk, 102 is a pickup for recording / reproducing data on the optical disk 101, and 103 is a spindle motor for rotating the optical disk. A servo 104 controls the spindle motor 103 and the like. Reference numeral 105 denotes a laser driver. 106 is a modulation / demodulation unit that performs data modulation / demodulation processing, 107 is a RAM control unit that controls RAM access from each unit, and 108 is an input / output unit that performs data scrambling and descrambling processing to control access to the interface. . A read channel 109 performs waveform equalization processing, binarization, and synchronization clock generation of the analog reproduction signal read from the optical disc 101. 110 is an error correction / code addition means for adding an error correction code to the ECC block data at the time of recording and error correction at the time of reproduction, and 111 is a RAM. Reference numeral 112 denotes an interface that performs input / output control of data with a host device, and 113 denotes a microcomputer that controls the system.
[0012]
An encoding process procedure in the recording / reproducing apparatus in FIG. 7 will be described. Data input from the interface 112 is scrambled by adding an ID, EDC, or the like by the input / output means 108 and recorded in the RAM 111 via the RAM control means 107. The ECC block data stored in the RAM 111 is read by the error correction / code addition means 110 via the RAM control means 107. An error correction code is added to the read data and stored in the RAM 111 again. The block data to which the error correction code is added is read by the modulation / demodulation means 106, subjected to interleaving processing and modulation processing, and recorded on the optical disc 101 via the laser driver 105 and the pickup 102.
[0013]
FIG. 8 shows a timing chart of each block process of the scramble process in the input / output means, the error correction code addition process in the error correction / code addition means, and the modulation process in the modulation / demodulation means.
[0014]
The RAM 111 of this apparatus has a capacity of several blocks and is configured as a ring buffer, and the numbers in the figure are the serial numbers of the blocks assigned to the RAM configuring the ring buffer. In the scramble process, the error correction code addition process, and the modulation process as the order of the encoding process procedure, the following process is performed on the block unit data for which the upper process has been completed. That is, first, error correction code addition processing is performed on the scrambled block. Next, a modulation process is performed on the block to which the error correction code has been added. Thereafter, the following processing is sequentially performed on the scrambled block in units of blocks.
[0015]
However, writing of modulated data onto the optical disc 101 is not always completely recordable. A write error may occur due to some defect or system error. In this case, a method of writing an error sector in a space area prepared in advance is used as an alternative process. Note that when data is recorded / reproduced by accessing before and after the defective sector, since the area to which the defective sector is replaced is accessed, the performance is remarkably deteriorated due to seeking or waiting for rotation. Therefore, it is not suitable for recording / reproducing AV data such as moving images.
[0016]
Another method for replacing a defective sector is a method of recording from the sector (or the next block) following the defective sector by slip processing. Although the access delay due to the defective sector is small, all the sector numbers after the defective sector are shifted. Unless you read the PDL (Primary Defect List) in the defect management data area and recognize the sector that slips before recording on the optical disc, the defect, When a recording error occurs, it is necessary to re-assign an ID including a sector number assigned to sector data in order to record in the next sector.
[0017]
The scrambled data is data obtained by adding M-sequence data obtained from the initial value obtained from the sector number of the ID to the original data. For this reason, since the M-sequence data is different when the ID is reassigned, the original data must be scrambled again. Therefore, the same data is input again from the interface 112, and is scrambled, added with an error correction code, and modulated again with another ID, and recorded on the optical disc 101. This makes real-time recording impossible.
[0018]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
As described above, when a write error occurs when recording on the optical disc, it is necessary to skip the sector in which the error has occurred and write to the alternative area or the next area. When it is necessary to perform recording and reproduction in real time such as AV data, it is necessary to prevent a significant decrease in performance.
[0019]
It is an object of the present invention to provide a recording / reproducing apparatus that enables real-time recording / reproduction by slip processing.
[0020]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention has means for re-scramble the block to which the scrambled and error correction code added in the memory are replaced with the ID, and to the optical disc following the block of the write error without re-reading from the interface. It is characterized by writing.
[0021]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
[0022]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
[0023]
101 is an optical disc, 102 is a pickup for recording / reproducing data on the optical disc 101, and 103 is a spindle motor for rotating the optical disc. A servo 104 controls the spindle motor 103 and the like. Reference numeral 105 denotes a laser driver. 106 is a modulation / demodulation unit that performs data modulation / demodulation processing, 107 is a RAM control unit that controls RAM access from each unit, and 108 is an input / output unit that performs data scrambling and descrambling processing to control access to the interface. . Reference numeral 109 denotes a read channel that performs waveform equivalent processing, binarization, and synchronous clock generation of an analog reproduction signal read from the optical disc 101. 110 is an error correction / code addition means for adding an error correction code to the ECC block data at the time of recording and error correction at the time of reproduction, and 111 is a RAM. Reference numeral 112 denotes an interface that performs input / output control of data with a host device, and 113 denotes a microcomputer that controls the system. Reference numeral 114 denotes re-scramble means that re-scrambles the data ID on the RAM 111 and re-scrambles and writes the scrambled data.
[0024]
The operation of the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus shown in FIG. 1 will be described below.
[0025]
In the first embodiment of the present invention, the re-scramble means 114 is added to the conventional recording / reproducing apparatus, and the unscrambled optical disc written unfinished data stored in the RAM 111 is once scrambled and read. A new ID can be added to the data after the data is taken and scrambled again before being recorded in the RAM 111.
[0026]
Hereinafter, the recording process in FIG. 1 will be described. Data input from the interface 112 is subjected to ID addition and scramble processing in the input / output means 108 and is recorded in the RAM 111 via the RAM control means 107. Next, the data is read from the RAM 111 by the error correction / code addition means 110 and calculated, and error correction codes in the PI and PO directions are added to the scrambled data. The ECC block unit data as shown in FIG. 11 to which the error correction code is added is subjected to modulation processing by the modulation / demodulation means 106 and recorded on the optical disc 101 via the LD driver 105 and the pickup 102.
[0027]
If a recording error occurs when recording the modulated data on the optical disk, the data to be rerecorded next is required. Therefore, data preparation is performed by re-scramble the data stored in the RAM 111 by the re-scramble means 114 during the block data optical disk writing process.
[0028]
A detailed block diagram of the re-scramble means 114 is shown in FIG. Reference numeral 601 denotes descrambling means for unscrambling data, 602 denotes scramble means for scrambling data, and 603 denotes ID generation means.
[0029]
Hereinafter, the operation of the re-scramble means shown in FIG. 6 will be described. The scrambled data read from the RAM 111 via the RAM control means 107 is once scrambled by the descrambling means 601. Therefore, a new ID generated by the ID generation unit 603 is added to the descrambled main data, and the scramble unit 602 performs a scramble process with the new ID, and records it again in the RAM 111 area. Therefore, depending on whether or not there is an error in writing to the optical disk, the next block data or the protection data in which the ID is added again to the data in which the error has occurred is switched to the next recording on the optical disk. As a result, even when a write error occurs, it is possible to continue slipping and record block data.
[0030]
FIG. 4 shows a timing chart of block processing at the time of a write error and a memory access diagram at the time of re-scramble processing. The RAM 111 used in the recording / reproducing apparatus of the present invention secures an area for n blocks and further secures one block (X side in the figure) for protection. The numbers in the figure are the block numbers assigned to the memory (i and n are natural numbers, where i ≦ n), and the circle in the memory access diagram is the writing output surface to the optical disk. However, the re-scramble processing in the figure includes all the time for reading while descrambling, the time for scrambling with a new ID, and the processing time for adding an error correction code to scrambled data.
[0031]
As indicated by {circle around (1)} in the figure, within the time during which the block data of the block number i (ID: i, data: i) to which the scramble and error correction code are added is subjected to modulation processing and data is written. The block number i is re-scrambled (adding an error correction code) with ID = i + 1, and the data and the correction code are recorded on the X plane for protection. Further, the next block is continuously protected. Before the writing error occurs, the ID of the next block (block number i + 1) is left unchanged and scrambled again.
[0032]
When a writing error occurs ((2) in the figure), the data stored in the protective surface X is subsequently output ((3) in the figure). Outputs data with ID changed from i + 1 to i + 2 with respect to data (i + 1) at the time of error occurrence. At the same time, there is a possibility that errors may occur continuously, so that re-scramble processing is also performed. However, at the time of outputting the X surface of the protective surface, the area of the original data (i + 1 surface) is overwritten again. In addition, since the IDs of all the data after the write error are shifted, the ID is incremented by 1 for the next block, the re-scramble process is performed, and the scrambled data and the correction code are recorded in the RAM 111 again. Therefore, when the output of the protection data is completed without a write error, the output of the next block plane i + 2 in which the ID is shifted is continued ((4) in the figure).
[0033]
By protecting the output data and the data after the next block, even if there is a write error, all the data stored in RAM 111 is modulated and continued in the data area instead of another alternative area. Can be written on the optical disc 101. However, since the next block data protection prior to the write error is overwriting the same data, it can be realized without the processing by switching depending on whether there is an error, and wasteful RAM access can be reduced.
[0034]
FIG. 5 shows a timing chart of block processing when errors occur continuously. It is assumed that, in addition to the block number i + 1, writing to the optical disk of the protection block with the block number i + 1 stored on the X surface has occurred continuously. In this embodiment, even when outputting the X side where the protection data is written, the data i + 1 recorded on the X side is further protected, so it continues after the second write error. Can be written on an optical disc. Similarly, since the next block after the occurrence of the write error is also protected, it can be output continuously.
[0035]
This processing is based on the premise that rescramble processing and error correction code addition for two blocks are completed within the modulation one block output time, and two-block re-scramble processing (error correction code addition) is more effective than modulation one block processing. However, if time is required, writing of modulation data to the optical disc is awaited. This can be realized by performing scrambling and descrambling processing and error correction code addition processing at a higher speed than the writing speed to the optical disc.
[0036]
Note that the information of the write error block can be processed without any problem in access during reproduction by recording it in an SDL (Secondary Defect List) or the like in the defect management data area. Normally, the SDL records the physical block address of the defective sector and the replacement block address as the secondary defect list. In the case of this embodiment, the address of the write error block is recorded.
[0037]
Further, in the embodiment of the present invention, it is described that the protective surface is one surface and the surface of the original data is overwritten when the protective surface is output. The same can be achieved by writing on the protective surface.
[0038]
Also, the processing during reproduction in FIG. 1 will be described. The data read from the optical disc 101 is subjected to analog reproduction signal waveform equalization processing, binarization, and synchronization clock generation in the read channel 109. The generated digital signal is input to the modulation / demodulation means 106, subjected to ID detection and demodulation processing, and recorded in the RAM 111 via the RAM control means 107. The data recorded in the RAM 111 is read by the error correction / symbol adding means 110, and error correction of the data on the RAM 111 is performed. The error-corrected data stored in the RAM 111 is descrambled by the input / output means 108 and output to the interface 112.
[0039]
When a sector registered in the PDL is detected during reproduction, slip processing is performed, and an error sector is slipped to reproduce sector unit data. Similarly, when the first sector of a block at the time of a write error registered in SDL in addition to PDL is detected, it is handled in the same way as a slip process instead of a replacement process, and the error block at the time of writing is slipped and reproduced. .
[0040]
As described above, according to the first embodiment of the present invention, by adding and controlling the means for re-scramble the data on the RAM in addition to the normal digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus, the data is not read again from the host. All data once recorded on the RAM can be continuously recorded in the recording area of the optical disc regardless of the occurrence of a write error.
[0041]
Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 2 shows that the code addition function of the error correction / code addition means 110 in the digital signal recording / playback apparatus of FIG. 1 of the first embodiment is reduced to only the code addition function in the PI direction, and is also used as the re-scramble means 114 It is a block diagram which shows the structure of the made digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus. 201 is an error correction / PO code addition means, and 202 is a PI code addition / re-scramble means.
[0042]
It is necessary to add the error correction code during the recording process in both the PI direction and the PO direction in FIG. In addition, since the reading at the descrambling process in the re-scramble means is in the same direction as the reading in the PI direction, the reading at the time of adding the error correction code in the PI direction and the reading at the time of the re-scramble process can be combined. However, if the ID is changed during the re-scramble process, it is necessary to perform an operation for adding a PI code to the re-scrambled data. Therefore, it is necessary to switch processing depending on whether or not re-scramble processing is performed.
[0043]
The operation of the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus shown in FIG. 2 will be described below.
[0044]
The recording process in FIG. 2 will be described. Data input from the interface 112 is subjected to ID addition and scramble processing in the input / output means 108 and is recorded in the RAM 111 via the RAM control means 107. Next, the PI code addition / re-scramble means 202 reads the data in the PI direction from the ECC block data on the RAM 111, and calculates and adds an error correction code in the PI direction.
[0045]
Next, data is read out from the RAM 111 in the PO direction by the error correction / PO code adding means 201 and calculated, and a PO error correction code is added to the scrambled data. The ECC block unit data as shown in FIG. 11 to which the PI and PO error correction codes are added is subjected to modulation processing by the modulation / demodulation means 106 and recorded on the optical disc 101 via the LD driver 105 and the pickup 102.
[0046]
During the recording process on the optical disc 101, the write data is protected so that continuous writing is possible even in the case of a write error. As shown in the timing charts of modulation and re-scramble processing in FIGS. 4 and 5, within the modulation processing time in units of blocks, re-scramble processing is performed by changing IDs for the modulation write block and the next block. Write scrambled data to RAM 111. The re-scramble process is switched by the PI code addition / re-scramble means 202 depending on the necessity of ID replacement.
[0047]
FIG. 3 shows a timing chart during recording processing in the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus of the second embodiment. The time lapse of the scramble process in the input / output means 108, the PI code addition and re-scramble process in the PI code addition / re-scramble means 202, the PO code addition process in the error correction / PO code addition means 201, and the modulation process in the modulation / demodulation means 106 is shown. .
[0048]
The numbers in the figure are the serial numbers of the blocks assigned to the RAM constituting the ring buffer. In the figure, a circle in the PI code addition and re-scramble processing indicates execution of the re-scramble process, and a portion without a circle is a process only with PI code addition. The scrambled data is subjected to PI code addition and PO code addition processing, modulated, and recorded on the optical disc. As protection against a recording error, correction code addition and re-scramble processing are performed on the modulation processing block and the next modulation processing block within the modulation processing time.
[0049]
For example, in the modulation output processing time of i block, re-scramble processing and code addition are performed by incrementing the ID by 1 block for the i block. For the next block i + 1, only PI code addition and PO code addition to normal existing data are performed before a write error. However, after a write error occurs (after the modulation process of i + 1 'in the figure), the ID is incremented by one block and re-scrambled, and a PI code is added to the re-scrambled data, PO code Add. However, the control in the RAM 111 during the scramble process follows the process of the memory access diagram shown in FIGS. Therefore, re-scramble processing and error correction code addition to the optical disk writing block and the next writing block are performed, and block data is generated, so that block data recorded in the RAM 111 can be continuously written to the optical disk 101. It becomes.
[0050]
Note that the information of the write error block is recorded in the SDL or the like of the defect management data area, and the reproduction can be realized without any problem by performing the slip process with the information recorded in the SDL or the like at the time of access.
[0051]
As described above, according to the second embodiment of the present invention, in addition to a normal digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus, a means for re-scrambling data on the RAM is added and controlled, so that data is not re-read from the host. All data once recorded on the RAM can be continuously recorded in the recording area of the optical disc regardless of the occurrence of a write error. Furthermore, the access to the RAM can be reduced by combining the reading of the row direction data to which the PI code is added and the reading of the row direction at the time of re-scramble, and switching the write data to the RAM.
[0052]
【The invention's effect】
According to the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus of the present invention, even when a write error to the optical disk occurs, the data is continuously recorded in the RAM without being read again from the host by outputting the data with the ID changed. Data can be continuously written on the optical disk. Therefore, a recording / reproducing apparatus that enables real-time recording / reproduction by slip processing can be realized.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to a first embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to a second embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a timing chart of an encoding process in the second embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a timing chart (1) of recording error data protection in the first embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a timing chart (2) of recording error data protection in the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a detailed block diagram of a re-scramble means of the digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus.
FIG. 8 is a timing chart of the encoding process.
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an encoding processing procedure.
FIG. 10 is a format diagram showing one data sector.
FIG. 11 is a format diagram showing 1ECC block data.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 101 ... Optical disk, 102 ... Pickup, 103 ... Spindle motor, 104 ... Servo, 105 ... Laser driver, 106 ... Modulation / demodulation means, 107 ... RAM control means, 108 ... Input / output means, 109 ... Read channel, 110 ... Error correction / code Addition means, 111 ... RAM, 112 ... interface, 113 ... microcomputer, 114 ... re-scramble means, 201 ... error correction / PO code addition means, 202 ... PI code addition / re-scramble means, 601 ... descramble means, 602 ... scramble Means, 603 ... ID generation means, 901 ... ID data, 902 ... ID + IED, 903 ... ID + IED + RSV + main data, 904 ... data sector before scramble, 905 ... data sector after scramble, 906 ... after scramble 16 data sectors, 907 ... 16 recording sectors, 908 ... physical sectors, 1001 ... ID, 1002 ... IED, 1003 ... RSV, 1004 ... main data, 1005 ... EDC, 1101 ... sector data, 1102 ... PI, 1103 ... PO

Claims (7)

A digital signal recording apparatus that divides input data by a predetermined unit, records data on a DVD by a block unit in which a physical address is added to the data of the predetermined unit and an error correction code is added ,
A physical address adding means for adding the physical address data of the predetermined unit,
A scramble means for performing a scramble process on a block to which a physical address is added;
Temporary storage means for temporarily storing the scrambled block;
Reading means for reading out the block stored in the temporary storage means;
Descrambling means for descrambling the blocks read by the reading means;
Second physical address adding means for replacing the physical address of the block descrambled by the descrambling means;
A second scrambling means for writing in said temporary storage means the physical address to facilities scrambling block substituted,
Error correction code adding means for adding an error correction code to the scrambled data;
Modulation means for performing modulation processing on the block to which the error correction code is added and outputting the block;
A digital signal recording apparatus comprising: The digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
Wherein the physical address is the substituent at the second physical address adding means, the physical address before replacement k: digital signal recording apparatus, characterized in that the (k is a natural number) incremented physical address. The digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
The digital signal recording apparatus, wherein the temporary storage means includes a storage area for storing a plurality of blocks and a protection area for storing blocks scrambled by the second scramble means. The digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
2. A digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the descrambling process is started by the descrambling means within a time during which the modulating means is modulating the predetermined block. The digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 3,
When a write error occurs when a block scrambled by the scramble means is recorded in a recording area on a DVD ,
A digital signal recording apparatus for recording on the DVD a block scrambled by the second scramble means recorded in the protection area. The digital signal recording apparatus according to claim 5, wherein
A digital signal recording / reproducing apparatus for recording information on a block in which a write error has occurred in a defect management data recording area on the DVD when a write error has occurred. A block in which input data is divided by a predetermined unit, a physical address is added to the predetermined unit of data to form data of a predetermined byte × predetermined row, and error correction codes are added in the row direction and the column direction of the data A digital signal recording device for recording on a DVD in units,
A physical address adding means for adding the physical address data of the predetermined unit,
A scramble means for performing a scramble process on a block to which a physical address is added;
Temporary storage means for temporarily storing the scrambled data;
Reading means for reading out the block stored in the temporary storage means;
Descrambling means for descrambling the blocks read by the reading means;
Second physical address adding means for replacing the physical address of the block descrambled by the descrambling means;
A second scramble means that scrambles the block in which the physical address is replaced and adds an error correction code in the row direction of the scrambled block and writes it in the temporary storage means ;
A column-direction error correction code adding means for adding an error correction code to the column direction of the block subjected to the row-direction error correction code addition processing written to the temporary storage means and writing to the temporary storage means;
Modulation means for performing modulation processing on the block to which the error correction code is added and outputting the block;
A digital signal recording apparatus comprising:

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