JP3793787B2 - P wave detection method of earthquake motion and alarm issuing method based on it - Google Patents

P wave detection method of earthquake motion and alarm issuing method based on it Download PDF

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JP3793787B2
JP3793787B2 JP2004213663A JP2004213663A JP3793787B2 JP 3793787 B2 JP3793787 B2 JP 3793787B2 JP 2004213663 A JP2004213663 A JP 2004213663A JP 2004213663 A JP2004213663 A JP 2004213663A JP 3793787 B2 JP3793787 B2 JP 3793787B2
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豊 中村
淳 齋田
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本発明は地動を監視しているときの地震動のＰ波を検知する方法とそれに基づいた警報発令に関する。  The present invention relates to a method for detecting a P wave of seismic motion when monitoring ground motion, and an alarm issue based on the method.

地震動は初期微動（Ｐ波）と主要動（Ｓ波）に大別することができる。このなかで実際に地震被害を及ぼすのは、ほとんどの場合主要動（Ｓ波）である。しかし、従来の地震計は地動を監視しておき、その振動レベルが一定の値を超えると警報を出すため、地震動の主要動により警報を出すものがほとんどであった。しかし、このような方法では警報が出力されてから破壊的な地震動が到来するまでの時間がほとんど無いという問題があった。これを解決するためには、以下のような技術により、Ｐ波の段階で地震警報を発令することや、従来用いられてきた指標値よりも実際の地震被害との対応の良い地震動の危険度指標値を用いることが行われている。  Seismic motion can be broadly divided into initial fine motion (P wave) and main motion (S wave). In most cases, the main motion (S wave) actually causes earthquake damage. However, since most conventional seismometers monitor ground motion and give a warning when the vibration level exceeds a certain value, most of them give a warning by the main motion of the earthquake motion. However, such a method has a problem that there is almost no time from the alarm output until the destructive earthquake motion arrives. In order to solve this problem, the following techniques are used to issue an earthquake warning at the P-wave stage, and the risk of seismic motion that has better response to actual earthquake damage than the index values used in the past. An index value is used.

（ａ）地震動のＰ波検知方法には、地動を常時観測し、その水平動を上下動の比の変動により地震動のＰ波を検知し、地震の規模マグニチュードと震央距離、方位を推定するものがある（例えば特許文献１参照。）。またＰ波を検知した後に推定された地震の規模マグニチュードと震央距離、方位とをもとにして警報を出力する方法についても開示され、実用化されている（例えば特許文献２参照。）。  (A) The P-wave detection method for seismic motion involves constantly observing ground motion, detecting P-waves of seismic motion by changing the horizontal motion of the horizontal motion, and estimating the magnitude, epicenter distance, and direction of the earthquake. (For example, refer to Patent Document 1). A method of outputting an alarm based on the magnitude of the earthquake estimated after detecting the P wave, epicenter distance, and direction is also disclosed and put into practical use (see, for example, Patent Document 2).

（ｂ）また地震動の持つエネルギーに着目した地震動のもつ危険度に関する指標についても知られており（例えば特許文献３参照。）、この方法により警報を発令する地震計も実用化されている。  (B) In addition, an index relating to the risk of seismic motion focusing on the energy of seismic motion is also known (see, for example, Patent Document 3), and a seismometer that issues a warning by this method has been put into practical use.

（ｃ）さらに、地震波初動部分の波形形状に着目して、それをある関数形にフィッティングさせて初動部分の情報のみから地震の震央距離とマグニチュードを算出する方法も開示されている（特許文献４および非特許文献１参照。）。
特開昭５９−１９０６８３号公報（第３頁、第５図） 特開昭５７−５７２７３号公報（第５頁、第６図） 特許公開２０００−２９２５４７号公報（第２頁、図１） 特許公開２００２−２７７５５７号公報（第２頁、図３） 束田ほか，Ｐ波エンベロープ形状を用いた早期地震諸元推定法，地震第２輯，ｐｐ．３５１−３６１，２００４ (C) Further, a method of calculating the epicenter distance and magnitude of an earthquake from only the information of the initial motion part by focusing on the waveform shape of the initial motion part of the seismic wave and fitting it into a certain function form is also disclosed (Patent Document 4). And Non-Patent Document 1).
JP 59-190683 A (page 3, FIG. 5) JP-A-57-57273 (page 5, FIG. 6) Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-292547 (2nd page, FIG. 1) Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-277557 (second page, FIG. 3) Tsukada et al., Prediction method of early earthquake specifications using P-wave envelope shape, Earthquake II, pp. 351-361, 2004

しかしながら、従来の方法では以下のような課題があった。  However, the conventional method has the following problems.

上記（ａ）の方法では、地震動の持つ性質により発生した地震の諸元を推定することができるものの、その地震の危険性の判断を行うためには別途の処理が必要であった。  Although the method (a) can estimate the dimensions of an earthquake that has occurred due to the nature of the earthquake motion, a separate process is required to determine the risk of the earthquake.

上記（ｂ）の方法では、地震動そのものの持つパワーに基づいた指標であるため、合理的な警報等には有用であるが、地震動のＰ波を検知するための方法がなく、例えば上記（ａ）の方法などにより別途地震動のＰ波の検知を行う必要があった。  Since the method (b) is an index based on the power of the earthquake motion itself, it is useful for a reasonable alarm or the like. However, there is no method for detecting the P wave of the earthquake motion. It was necessary to detect the P wave of seismic motion separately by the above method.

上記（ｃ）の方法では、そもそも特許文献４や非特許文献１にＰ波検知を行うための方法が開示されておらず、観測している波形がＰ波であることを知るためには別途の方法を用いることを前提にした方法であるため、この方法のみではＰ波を検知して警報を発令することはできない。  In the method (c) above, Patent Document 4 and Non-Patent Document 1 do not disclose a method for P wave detection in the first place, and in order to know that the waveform being observed is a P wave. Since this method is premised on the use of this method, it is not possible to issue a warning by detecting a P wave only with this method.

すなわち、従来の方法では地震動の持つ危険度を把握するための指標を用いてＰ波の検知を行うことができず、別の方法によりＰ波であるかどうか判断しなければ、的確な警報や情報を出力することができず、システムの構成が複雑になると言う問題点があった。  In other words, the conventional method cannot detect a P wave using an index for grasping the risk of seismic motion, and if it is not determined whether it is a P wave by another method, an accurate alarm or There was a problem that information could not be output and the system configuration was complicated.

地震動は初期微動（Ｐ波）と主要動（Ｓ波）に大別することができ、初期微動は上下動が、主要動は水平動が、それぞれ卓越するという特徴がある。この中で被害を及ぼすような地震動は主要動である。このため通常使われているような地震動の危険度判定指標値は主要動部分において最大値が発現し、それに近い値を警報や情報のトリガとしている。  Seismic motion can be broadly divided into initial fine motion (P wave) and main motion (S wave). The initial fine motion is characterized by superior vertical motion and main motion by horizontal motion. Earthquake motion that causes damage is the main motion. For this reason, the seismic motion risk determination index value that is normally used has a maximum value in the main motion portion, and a value close to that is used as a trigger for alarms and information.

ところで、前述のように主要動は水平動が卓越しているため、主要動部分の地震動の危険度判定指標値には、上下動の影響はほとんど無い。すなわち観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値と、水平動のみを使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値では、ほとんど差がない。  By the way, as described above, since the main motion is superior to the horizontal motion, the risk determination index value of the seismic motion of the main motion has almost no influence of the vertical motion. That is, there is almost no difference between the seismic motion risk determination index value calculated using the observed horizontal motion and the vertical motion and the seismic motion risk determination index value calculated using only the horizontal motion.

これに対して初期微動は上下動が卓越しているため、観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値と、水平動のみを使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値の間には、乖離が見られる。  On the other hand, since the initial tremor is superior in vertical motion, the seismic motion risk assessment index value calculated using the horizontal and vertical motion of the observed ground motion and the risk of earthquake motion calculated using only the horizontal motion There is a discrepancy between the degree determination index values.

以上のことから、地動を常時観測し、観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使って地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使って地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、これらの差が一定以上の値となった場合に地震動のＰ波とすることができる。  Based on the above, the ground motion is constantly observed, the seismic motion risk assessment index value is calculated using the observed horizontal motion and vertical motion, and on the other hand, the seismic motion risk is calculated using only the observed ground motion horizontal motion. When the degree determination index value is calculated and the difference between these values becomes a certain value or more, the P wave of the ground motion can be obtained.

なお、地震動は三次元的な動きであるので、常に方向をもったベクトル量である。このため観測している地動はリアルタイムに処理して地震動の危険度判定指標を算出する必要がある。たとえば、ここでの地震動の危険度判定指標値としては、加速度、速度、ＳＩ値などが考えられる。  Since earthquake motion is a three-dimensional motion, it is always a vector quantity having a direction. For this reason, it is necessary to process the observed ground motion in real time and calculate the risk judgment index for earthquake motion. For example, acceleration, speed, SI value, etc. can be considered as the risk determination index values for earthquake motion.

さらに、Ｐ波に対する警報レベルを超過しても、観測している地動が地震のＰ波であることを確認してから警報を発令することができるので、従来よりも迅速かつ的確な地震警報が、地震動の危険度判定指標値だけを用いて提供することができる。  Furthermore, even if the alarm level for P waves is exceeded, it is possible to issue an alarm after confirming that the observed ground motion is an earthquake P wave. It can be provided using only the earthquake motion risk determination index value.

すなわち、本発明の方法によれば、地震動の危険度判定指標値を用いてＰ波の検出を行うことができ、さらにその地震動の危険度判定指標値を用いた的確な地震警報を提供することができる。  That is, according to the method of the present invention, it is possible to detect a P wave using a seismic motion risk determination index value, and to provide an accurate earthquake warning using the seismic motion risk determination index value. Can do.

本発明の地震動のＰ波検知方法の実施例として、実際の地震動と地震動の危険度判定指標値の関係を時間の経過とともに表したものを図１に示す。図１では、地震動の危険度判定指標値として、地震動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積を取ったものを用いている。  As an embodiment of the P-wave detection method for seismic motion of the present invention, FIG. 1 shows the relationship between actual seismic motion and seismic motion risk determination index values as time passes. In FIG. 1, a value obtained by taking the inner product of the response acceleration vector and the response speed vector of the earthquake motion is used as the earthquake motion risk determination index value.

なお、図１において、１は地震動の上下動、２は地震動の水平動（直交二成分）、３は観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使った地震動の危険度判定指標値、４は観測した地動の水平動のみを使った地震動の危険度判定指標値、１１は初期微動（Ｐ波）のはじまり、１２は主要動（Ｓ波）のはじまり、をそれぞれ示す。  In FIG. 1, 1 is the vertical motion of the earthquake motion, 2 is the horizontal motion of the earthquake motion (orthogonal two components), 3 is the index value for determining the risk of seismic motion using the horizontal and vertical motion of the observed ground motion, and 4 is the observation The seismic motion risk determination index value using only the horizontal motion of the ground motion, 11 indicates the start of the initial fine motion (P wave), and 12 indicates the start of the main motion (S wave).

図１からわかるとおり、一般的には観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使った地震動の危険度判定指標値３と、観測した地動の水平動のみを使った地震動の危険度判定指標値４は、ほぼ同じ形状になっている。しかし、初期微動（Ｐ波）のはじまり１１と、主要動（Ｓ波）のはじまり１２の間では両者は乖離している。すなわち、両者の差を常時監視し、その値が一定の値を超過することでＰ波の検知を行うことができる。  As can be seen from FIG. 1, in general, the seismic motion risk determination index value 3 using only the observed ground motion horizontal motion and the vertical motion, and the seismic motion risk determination index value 4 using only the observed ground motion horizontal motion Are almost the same shape. However, there is a difference between the beginning 11 of the initial fine movement (P wave) and the beginning 12 of the main movement (S wave). That is, the difference between the two is constantly monitored, and the P wave can be detected when the value exceeds a certain value.

さらに、観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使った地震動の危険度判定指標値３と、観測した地動の水平動のみを使った地震動の危険度判定指標値４の差が一定以上、つまり観測している地震動がＰ波である間に、地震動の危険度判定指標値が、あらかじめ定めてあるＰ波に対する警報レベルを超えた場合に警報を出力することができる。これは、従来のＳ波で出力する警報が被害を及ぼすような大きな地震動までほとんど猶予がないことに対して、充分に時間的な余裕を持っている警報であることはいうまでもない。  In addition, the difference between the observed ground motion horizontal motion and vertical motion ground motion risk determination index value 3 and the observed ground motion horizontal motion seismic motion risk determination index value 4 is more than a certain value, that is, observation While the seismic motion being performed is a P wave, an alarm can be output when the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion exceeds a predetermined alarm level for the P wave. Needless to say, this is a warning with a sufficient time margin in contrast to the fact that there is almost no delay until a large earthquake motion in which a conventional warning output with an S wave causes damage.

なお、ここでは地震動の危険度判定指標値として地震動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積を取ったものを採用した例を示したが、上記実施例に限定されるものではなく、加速度、速度、ＳＩ値など、他のリアルタイムに算出できる地震動の危険度判定指標値を用いることが可能であり、ひとつに限定するものではない。  In addition, although the example which employ | adopted the thing which took the inner product of the response acceleration vector of the earthquake motion and the response velocity vector was shown here as the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion, it is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiment, and the acceleration, the velocity It is possible to use other seismic motion risk determination index values that can be calculated in real time, such as SI values, and is not limited to one.

さらには、本発明の方法と同時に従来と同じくＳ波に対する地震動の危険度判定指標値の警報レベルを設定しておくことで、警報発令を二重化することができ、より確実性の高い警報を提供することも可能である。  Furthermore, by setting the alarm level of the seismic motion risk determination index value for the S wave at the same time as the conventional method simultaneously with the method of the present invention, it is possible to double the alarm issue and provide a more reliable alarm It is also possible to do.

本発明に係る地震動のＰ波検知方法の概念図である。It is a conceptual diagram of the P wave detection method of the earthquake motion which concerns on this invention.

符号の説明Explanation of symbols

１ 地震動の上下動
２ 地震動の水平動（直交二成分）
３ 観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値
４ 観測した地動の水平動のみを使って算出した地震動の危険度判定指標値
１１ 初期微動（Ｐ波）のはじまり
１２ 主要動（Ｓ波）のはじまり
1 Vertical motion of seismic motion 2 Horizontal motion of seismic motion (two orthogonal components)
3 Seismic motion risk assessment index value calculated using horizontal and vertical motion of observed ground motion 4 Seismic motion risk assessment index value calculated using only observed horizontal motion of horizontal motion 11 Initial fine motion (P wave) Beginning 12 Beginning of the main movement (S wave)

Claims (8)

地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とすることを特徴とする、
地震動のＰ波検知方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion indicated as the inner product of the observed ground motion response acceleration vector and response speed vector,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion shown as the inner product of the response acceleration vector and response speed vector of the observed ground motion,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both ground motions exceeds a certain value is defined as the P wave of the ground motion,
P-wave detection method for earthquake motion. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の応答加速度ベクトルと応答速度ベクトルの内積として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とし、
算出された地震動の危険度判定指標値のいずれかまたは一方が警報レベルをこえた場合に警報を発令することを特徴とする、
請求項１に記載の地震動のＰ波検知方法に基づいた警報発令方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion indicated as the inner product of the observed ground motion response acceleration vector and response speed vector,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion shown as the inner product of the response acceleration vector and response speed vector of the observed ground motion,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both seismic motions exceeds a certain level is defined as the P wave of seismic motion,
A warning is issued when either or one of the calculated earthquake motion risk assessment index values exceeds a warning level,
An alarm issuing method based on the seismic motion P-wave detection method according to claim 1. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動のＳＩ値として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動のＳＩ値として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とすることを特徴とする、
地震動のＰ波検知方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion indicated as the SI value of the observed ground motion,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the SI value of the observed ground motion is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both ground motions exceeds a certain value is defined as the P wave of the ground motion,
P-wave detection method for earthquake motion. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動のＳＩ値として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動のＳＩ値として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とし、
算出された地震動の危険度判定指標値のいずれかまたは一方が警報レベルをこえた場合に警報を発令することを特徴とする、
請求項３に記載の地震動のＰ波検知方法に基づいた警報発令方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion indicated as the SI value of the observed ground motion,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the SI value of the observed ground motion is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both seismic motions exceeds a certain level is defined as the P wave of seismic motion,
A warning is issued when either or one of the calculated earthquake motion risk assessment index values exceeds a warning level,
An alarm issuing method based on the seismic motion P-wave detection method according to claim 3. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の加速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の加速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とすることを特徴とする、
地震動のＰ波検知方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the acceleration of the observed ground motion,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the acceleration of the observed ground motion is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both ground motions exceeds a certain value is defined as the P wave of the ground motion,
P-wave detection method for earthquake motion. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の加速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の加速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とし、
算出された地震動の危険度判定指標値のいずれかまたは一方が警報レベルをこえた場合に警報を発令することを特徴とする、
請求項５に記載の地震動のＰ波検知方法に基づいた警報発令方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical movements of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the acceleration of the observed ground motion,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the earthquake motion shown as the acceleration of the observed ground motion is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both seismic motions exceeds a certain level is defined as the P wave of seismic motion,
A warning is issued when either or one of the calculated earthquake motion risk assessment index values exceeds a warning level,
An alarm issuing method based on the seismic motion P-wave detection method according to claim 5. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とすることを特徴とする、
地震動のＰ波検知方法。Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical motions of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion indicated as the observed ground motion speed,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion shown as the observed ground motion speed is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both ground motions exceeds a certain value is defined as the P wave of the ground motion,
P-wave detection method for earthquake motion. 地動を常時観測し、
観測した地動の水平動と上下動を使い、観測した地動の速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
また一方で観測した地動の水平動のみを使い、観測した地動の速度として示される地震動の危険度判定指標値を算出し、
両地震動の危険度判定指標値の差が一定以上となった場合に観測している地動を地震動のＰ波とし、
算出された地震動の危険度判定指標値のいずれかまたは一方が警報レベルをこえた場合に警報を発令することを特徴とする、
請求項７に記載の地震動のＰ波検知方法に基づいた警報発令方法。
Always observe ground motion,
Using the horizontal and vertical motions of the observed ground motion, calculate the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion indicated as the observed ground motion speed,
On the other hand, using only the horizontal motion of the observed ground motion, the risk judgment index value of the seismic motion shown as the observed ground motion speed is calculated,
The ground motion observed when the difference between the risk judgment index values of both seismic motions exceeds a certain level is defined as the P wave of seismic motion,
A warning is issued when either or one of the calculated earthquake motion risk assessment index values exceeds a warning level,
An alarm issuing method based on the P wave detection method for earthquake motion according to claim 7.
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