JP3764254B2 - Pest control tool and pest control method using the same - Google Patents
Pest control tool and pest control method using the same Download PDFInfo
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- JP3764254B2 JP3764254B2 JP20120797A JP20120797A JP3764254B2 JP 3764254 B2 JP3764254 B2 JP 3764254B2 JP 20120797 A JP20120797 A JP 20120797A JP 20120797 A JP20120797 A JP 20120797A JP 3764254 B2 JP3764254 B2 JP 3764254B2
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Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、害虫駆除用具およびそれを用いた害虫駆除法に関する。特に、カミキリムシ類、コガネムシ類、あるいはコナジラミ類などの害虫に対して優れた殺虫効果を有する害虫駆除用具およびこの害虫駆除用具を用いる害虫駆除方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
各種農作物や樹木に対して被害を与えるカミキリムシ類、コガネムシ類、コナジラミ類、ウンカ、ヨコバイ等の害虫には、例えば、ボーベリア・ブロンニアティ(Beauveria brongniartii)等の天敵糸状菌が存在し、これらの天敵糸状菌を用いた害虫駆除方法が種々提案されている。
【0003】
例えば、特公昭63−403号公報にはフスマ培地で培養した害虫に感染し、活動を弱めるか死に至らしめる菌(以下、害虫感染菌又は単に感染菌という)を培地と共に直接樹木に散布する方法が開示されている。しかし、この方法では害虫感染菌が充分に培地成分を利用して生育できず、休眠細胞に近い状態となって期待する殺虫効果を発揮し得ない。さらに、この方法は、駆除方法が散布によるため、害虫感染菌が樹木に付着しないという欠点、および害虫感染菌が土壌に吸着され易く、また、樹木に付着した感染菌も雨、風等の自然条件下で洗い流され易いという欠点を有するため、殺虫効率が低かった。
【0004】
このような散布による駆除方法の欠点を解決するために、特開昭63−258803号公報および特開昭63−190807号公報には、発泡体のような弾力性を有する担体に感染菌を培養し、この感染菌と害虫とを接触させる害虫駆除用具が開示され、殺虫効率を上げることが提案された。しかし、この害虫駆除用具は、上記散布法による欠点を克服するものの、感染菌の培養効率が悪く、害虫が感染菌に接触しても感染するには十分とは言えないこと、および樹木等の不定形状表面に配置した場合に充分に表面に密着せず、害虫と感染菌との接触が不十分であるという問題点が残っていた。
【0005】
そこで、特公平7−108212号公報や特公平8−22810号公報に見られるように、比較的多孔性であって、見かけ表面積が大きい織布や不織布に親水性ポリマーを培地成分として添加して、微生物培養用基材として用いる害虫駆除用具が提案された。この方法により、効果的に培地成分を含有し、かつ菌の培養効率も高くなること、および、樹木の幹や枝等の表面に害虫駆除用具を密着させることが容易となり、上記問題点が解決された。しかし、例えば、密着の方法として巻き付けがあるが、仕立ての小さい柑きつ等の樹木の幹や枝に巻きつけるためには、樹木の下方にもぐり込み、手を伸して長いままの害虫駆除用具を両手でまわして巻きつけホッチキスで止める等の必要があり、特に山などの傾斜地では、大変な重労働が強いられることになる。従って、取り扱いが簡単で操作性が改善された害虫駆除用具が要望されていた。
【0006】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は上記従来の技術が有する問題点を解決するためになされたものであり、操作性(作業の効率)が高められ、より害虫駆除効率に優れた害虫駆除用具およびそれを用いる害虫駆除方法を提供することを目的とする。
【0007】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者らは上記目的を達成すべく鋭意検討を重ねた結果、培地成分を有する培養担体に害虫感染菌および/または該害虫感染菌の胞子を生育させた二層構造の害虫駆除用具は、各層が菌糸等により密着されて、あたかも一層のようでありながら、簡単に単層に分離できること、及び二層構造とすることにより、従来の単層構造に比べて、感染菌の増殖効率が高まることを見出し、操作性と殺虫力に優れた本発明の害虫駆除用具を完成するに至った。本発明およびその効果をさらに詳しく説明する。
【0008】
本発明は、培地成分を含有し、該帯状の培養担体を重ね合わせるか、もしくは折り曲げてなる帯状の培養担体に、害虫感染菌および/または該害虫感染菌の胞子を生育させた、二層構造の害虫駆除用具に関する。
【0009】
好適な実施態様においては、前記二層構造が培養担体を二つ折りにして構成される。
さらに好適な実施態様においては、前記二層構造を形成する培養担体の少なくとも一端に取付手段を有する。
【0010】
また、本発明は、上記の二層構造の害虫駆除用具を害虫を駆除すべき樹木等に配置する害虫駆除方法に関する。
好適な実施態様においては、前記二層構造の害虫駆除用具の少なくとも一部または全部を単層にして、害虫を駆除すべき樹木等に配置する。
【0011】
以上のような本発明の二層構造の害虫駆除用具は、
(1)二層にすることにより、コンパクトな大きさで持ち運びが簡単になる、特に、帯状構造の駆除用具の場合、折りたたんだ形で感染菌を培養できるので、従来の単層の害虫駆除用具の大きさの半分程度の長さとすることができる、
【0012】
(2)二層構造の各層は菌糸層によって密着しているが簡単に分離するので、使用時の操作性が極めて向上する。例えば、帯状構造の用具を樹木等に巻きつける場合には、本発明の害虫駆除用具は従来の長さの半分程度の長さにできるので、片手で樹の枝や幹にひっかけて、反対の手でホッチキス止めができる、あるいは、テープを貼る要領で巻きつける等、従来の長いままの害虫駆除用具を両手でまわしてホッチキス止めする方法に比べて労働者への負担が大きく減少する等の極めて優れた効果が得られる、および、
【0013】
(3)単位面積あたりの菌体量(分生子量)が、従来の単層構造の害虫駆除用具に比べて約2倍あるため、そのまま用いても、あるいは単層構造にして用いても、より害虫に接触感染し易くかつ効果も持続する、等のすぐれた効果が発揮され、従来の単層の害虫駆除用具にない極めて優れた特徴を有する。
【0014】
【発明の実施の形態】
まず、本発明の害虫駆除用具について、構造、使用方法、その効果等を説明する。
【0015】
本発明の害虫駆除用具の形態は、二層構造であり、例えばシート状あるいは帯状として使用され得るが、これらの形状に限定されない。この二層構造は、独立した培養担体が重なった層であってもよい。同じ大きさの培養担体が重なったものでもよく、異なる大きさの培養担体が重なったものでもよい。同じ大きさの担体を用いる場合、ぴったり重なりあっていても良く、ずらして重ねてもよいが、50%以上の面積が接するようにすることが好ましい。接触面積が50%よりも小さくても良いが、その場合、培養における取り扱いが難しくなり、感染菌の増殖がやや不十分となることもある。
【0016】
また、一枚の担体を折り曲げて平坦な二層にしたものでもよい。使用目的に応じて長辺同士が接するように折り曲げてもよいし、短辺同士が接するように折り曲げてもよい。後者の方が、全体の長さが短くなるので巻き付け等の操作においては好ましい。さらに、例えば、一枚の担体を波型に折り曲げて、内側部分同士が二層構造となるようにしてもよい(例えば、星型等の多角形状)。この形状は、長い帯状構造が必要な場合、特に有用であり、使用に際してテープを貼る要領で巻き付けできる。
【0017】
本発明の二層構造の害虫駆除用具は、二層構造のまま感染菌を培養することにより、従来の用具に比べて単位面積あたり約2倍の菌体量(分生子量)を有する。従って、感染力が高められており、実施例4とその比較例5にも示されるように持続性も高いので、二層構造のままでも害虫駆除用具として用いられる。本発明の二層構造の害虫駆除用具は、少なくとも一端に取付手段を有することが好ましい。この取付手段は、予め担体に付与しておくことが好ましい。
【0018】
本発明において「取付手段」とは、釘うち、引っ掛け、吊り下げ、フック、粘着等樹木に器具を配置するために使用する手段をいうが、これらの例示に限定されない。
【0019】
二層構造の害虫駆除用具を単層にして駆除に用いる場合には、予め、釘うち、引っ掛け、または粘着テープあるいはマジックテープ等が貼付できる程度に単層部分を残して培養担体を重層して培養するか、培養担体の少なくとも一端に引っ掛け用の孔、フックあるいは輪等を配設して、その部分に重ならないように、他方の培養担体を重ねて二層構造にして培養すれば、種々の利点が生じる。例えば、害虫駆除用具の単層部分を釘打ちして一端(単層部分)を固定し、菌糸により接着している他端を持って引っ張れば、二層構造が単層構造になりながら、枝等に巻かれていく。従って、長さが半分程度の器具を扱うことになるので、持ちやすく、操作性が格段に向上する。また、多角形状用具にしておけば、テープを巻くようにして巻けるので、大きい樹木等に巻くときに、非常に操作性に優れ、効率よくできる。また、紐あるいは針金等を挟んであるいは培養担体に固定し、端部からはみ出すようにして用具を作成しておけば、用具の固定が簡単になり、また、引っ張り等により容易に単層に分離できる。
【0020】
単層として使用する場合、外側表面あるいは層を分離して得られる内側の表面のいずれかを内側にして樹木等との接着面となるようにすることができる。
【0021】
害虫感染菌の生育は、培養担体の外側表面で盛んに多数行われ、有効成分である胞子や分生子は担体の外側表面に多数存在する。従って、外側表面が外側になるように配置するのが好ましい。この場合、内側にあたる分離された接着面の菌数が外側よりも少なくなる場合があるが、外側表面に害虫が接触することにより菌を感染させ駆除するものであるので、効果に影響しない。むしろ、本発明の用具は菌数(分生子量)が従来よりも多いので殺虫効果が大きくなりかつ持続する。カミキリムシが樹木を這い回って幹等の太い部分に集まる性質を考慮すれば、このような配置が一般的である。
【0022】
また、カミキリムシは昼間は物陰等の暗部に集中するので、樹木と害虫駆除用具との間に暗空間を設け、その暗空間で害虫と感染菌との接触を意図する場合には、二層構造の外側表面が内側になるように、若干空間を作るようにしながら、樹木等に貼り付けまたは巻き付ければよい。これらの操作においても、二層構造のものは操作が簡単である。なお、二層構造部分を樹木等に固定し、単層構造にしながら巻きつけることも可能である。
【0023】
なお、単層として使用する場合であっても、必ずしも二層構造全部を単層構造にして使用する必要もなく、一部に二層構造が残存する形で配置することができる。
【0024】
二層構造にする利点は、上記のような殺虫効果および操作上の利点ばかりではない。二層とすることにより害虫防除用具の厚みが増すので、害虫防除用具自体の培地成分を含む培養液の保持力が増し、高湿度が維持できる。従って、非常に培養効率をあげることができ、従来に比べて菌体量(分生子量)を約2倍にすることができる。従って、親水性を向上させ、保水能を向上させるために、例えば、特公平7−108212号公報や特公平8−22810号公報に記載のように寒天等の親水性ポリマーを含有させることは、必ずしも必要ないという利点も生じる。
【0025】
このように、二層構造とすることにより、各層が菌糸等により密着されて一層のようであるが、密着された層が簡単に分離できるということにより格段に樹木等への配置時の操作性が向上するのは予期せぬ効果である。さらに、感染菌量が増大するという効果も得られる。その結果、操作性が改善された、効果の持続する、改良された害虫駆除用具が提供される。
【0026】
次に、本発明の害虫駆除用具の製造等について説明する。
【0027】
(培養担体)
本発明の害虫駆除用具に用いる培養担体としては、発泡体マトリックス、ペプタイドマトリックス、織布あるいは不織布などがあげられるが、これらに限定されない。
これらは、用途に応じて、適宜使用され得る。織布あるいは不織布は、特に密着を必要とする場合に、好適である。
【0028】
発泡体マトリックスの製造は特開昭63−258803号公報に詳細に記載されており、本願に援用する。また、ペプタイドマトリックスの製造方法は、特開昭63−190807号公報に記載されており、本願に援用する。
【0029】
織布または不織布の材質については特に制限がなく、市販されているものが使用できる。培地成分の含浸性や保持性などの点から厚みは通常0.3mm以上、特に2〜10mm程度のものが好適に用いられる。坪量は20g/m2以上、好ましくは200〜500g/m2の範囲の織布や不織布が好適に用いられる。培地成分の含浸性や微生物の付着性、炭素源としての利用可能性、天然崩壊性等の点から、パルプ、レーヨン、ポリエステルなどの材料からなるものが特に好ましく、特にパルプ材質を用いることが好ましい。
【0030】
(培地成分)
上記培養担体に含有させる培地成分は同化が可能な炭素源と、無機あるいは有機の窒素源が好適に用いられる。必要に応じて無機塩類、ビタミン、金属塩等が添加される。炭素源としては、例えばグルコース、フラクトース、サッカロース、ラクトース、マルトース、グリセリン、デンプン、セルロース、糖蜜などが用いられる。無機の窒素源としては、例えば硫酸アンモニウム、塩化アンモニウム、硝酸アンモニウムなどが挙げられる。有機の窒素源としては、例えば肉エキス、魚肉抽出液、サナギ粉などの動物組織抽出液又は粉砕物、コーンスチープリカー、大豆油、麦芽エキス、大豆粉などの植物組織抽出物又は粉砕物、乾燥酵母、酵母エキス、ポリペプトンなどの微生物菌体又はその抽出物などの天然有機物が挙げられる。無機塩類としては、例えばリン酸二水素カリウムなどのリン酸塩、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸カリウムなどが挙げられる。
【0031】
(害虫感染菌)
培養担体の内部もしくは表面上に培養する害虫感染菌としては、ボーベリア・ブロンニアティ(Beauveria brongniartii)、ボーベリア・バッシアナ(Beauveria bassiana)、メタリジウム・アニソプリエ(Metarhizium anisopliae)、ベルチシリウム・レカニ(Verticillium lecanii)、シネマチウム・ジョネシー(Synnematium jonesii)などの糸状菌が用いられ、これらの菌は単独で用いてもよいし、組み合わせて用いてもよい。
【0032】
本発明の害虫駆除用具はカミキリムシ類のほか、樹木苗畑や造林地以外にイチゴ、サツマイモ、ラッカセイなどの農作物にも被害を及ぼすコガネムシ類にも好適に使用することができる。糸状菌の如き感染菌はコガネムシ類の成虫に寄生すると、例え成虫自体を駆除しなくても、成虫が産卵した卵が孵化しなくなる。
【0033】
さらに、上記害虫以外にも果樹に被害を及ぼすオンシツコナジラミやアブラムシ類、水稲のイネミズゾウムシ、ウンカ、ヨコバイ、各種線虫に対しても駆除効果を発揮するものである。この場合は、それぞれの害虫に殺虫性を有する糸状菌、線虫の天敵微生物である各種細菌、例えばパスツレラ・ペネトランスを用いればよい。
【0034】
培養担体で培養された害虫感染菌は、害虫、特にカミキリムシ類やコガネムシ類などの害虫に対して優れた殺虫効果を有する生物殺虫剤として作用する。カミキリムシ類による農作物の被害は近年増加傾向にあり、特に、クワへの被害が大きく、広範囲にわたっている。カミキリムシはクワの樹皮下に産卵し、孵化幼虫は木質部に深く孔をあけて食害を及ぼし、時には60cm以上の食害孔を作り、寄生密度の高いクワ樹は生理機能を失い、枯死することがある。
【0035】
このようなカミキリムシの駆除には化学殺虫剤が考えられるが、カミキリムシは穿孔性害虫であるために樹幹内の幼虫にまで殺虫剤が到達せず、効果的に駆除することができない。また、クワ葉はカイコの飼育に用いられるために、化学殺虫剤の使用はカイコに対して好ましくない影響を与え、また食用樹木に対しては人畜に害を与えるので使用し難いものである。
【0036】
従って、天敵微生物を用いることが最も優れた方法と考えられ、本発明の害虫駆除用具が有用である。即ち、本発明の害虫駆除用具は、上記化学殺虫剤を用いず、カミキリムシの天敵微生物であるボーベリア・ブロンニアティの如き糸状菌を培養させて、接触によって害虫に菌体を寄生させる接触感染を用いる生物殺虫剤であるので、上記問題を生じないものである。さらに、害虫感染菌を発泡体、織布あるいは不織布内にて培養しているために、菌体の損失がなくかつ効果的に利用することができるので、極めて有用な害虫駆除用具である。
【0037】
(害虫駆除用具の製造(微生物の培養))
本発明の害虫駆除用具は、まず前記培地成分を含む溶液と、害虫感染菌を培養した培養液を折り重ねた前記発泡体マトリックス、ペプチドマトリックスあるいは織布または不織布に直接塗布する方法や浸漬などの方法によって含有させ、静置培養する。あるいは、培養液を含浸後に重層し、または所望の形に折り曲げもしくは折りたたんで静置培養してもよい。
【0038】
静置培養に当たっては害虫感染菌が105セル/mL以上、好ましくは107セル/mL以上となるように希釈することが好ましく、培地成分の溶液と害虫感染菌の培養液との比率は、1000:1〜0.5:1、好ましくは、100:1〜2:1の範囲である。
【0039】
また、培地成分の溶液は通常用いられる濃度より高濃度として用いることが培養効率の点からは好ましく、特に糖源は10g/L以上、好ましくは20g/L以上、さらには50〜200g/Lの範囲とするのが好ましい。
【0040】
静置培養条件は約25℃、80%R.H.以上あるいは密閉容器内での高湿度条件で、3日以上、場合により1〜2週間程度培養する。このように培養することによって、織布または不織布の内部や表面状が菌子と胞子(分生子)で覆われる。
このように培養して得られる害虫感染菌の生育量は不織布1cm2当り、約108セル以上、好適には約3×108セル以上の分生子が生育する。
【0041】
上記本発明の害虫駆除用具は、そのまま害虫駆除のために樹木等に配置してもよいが、乾燥することによって細胞の保管に有利になる。
【0042】
乾燥は培養後、室温下で放置した場合でも1〜2日で乾燥できる。菌が死滅しないならば、例えば30〜35℃の温度下で送風して乾燥したり、真空乾燥することも可能である。
【0043】
このように乾燥することによって、害虫感染用菌の生育を最盛期の状態で維持することができ、害虫発生時期まで保存して、使用時に吸水、賦活して使用することができる。また、乾燥物であれば特に無菌条件下にて保存する必要もなく、雑菌による汚染で害虫駆除効果が低下することは極めて低いものである。また、本発明の害虫駆除用具には、害虫誘引色が付されていてもよく、害虫誘引色シートが付されていてもよい。例えば、特開平1−235532号公報に開示されているように、オンシツコナジラミには黄色あるいはレモン色、アブラムシ、ヨコバイ、ウンカには黄色の着色をするか、着色シートを貼付することもできる。
【0044】
(害虫駆除方法)
このようにして得られた害虫駆除用具は、主として農作物に対する害虫の駆除に用いられる。害虫駆除方法としては、この用具を適当な大きさに裁断したのち、クワなどの樹木に散布してもよいが、殺虫効果をさらに向上させるためには、樹木の幹や枝に配置することが好ましい。配置手段としては、巻き付け(例えば、紐やストリップ状にする)や、係止(例えば、ホッチキスなどによる)、吊り下げ(例えば、紐やストリップ状にする)などの任意の手段が選択できる。不織布は比較的厚みが薄く弾力性もないので、巻き付け手段を用いた場合は、樹木の凹凸面にも密着性がよい。本発明の害虫駆除用具は、培養後は菌糸層によって二層が密着しているが、容易に分離できる。従って、巻きつける場合には片手で樹の枝や幹にひっかけて、反対の手でホッチキス止めが可能となった。吊り下げる場合においても、接着点や折り目を上にして吊り下げることが可能となった。
【0045】
【発明の効果】
本発明の害虫駆除用具は、微生物を培養するための培地成分および害虫感染用菌の培養液を含有させた培養担体を重層し、培養して得られたものである。培養後の害虫駆除用具は一層のようになっているが、容易に分離することができるので樹木等への配置における作業性が大幅に改善される。特に、帯状の用具の場合、長さが従来の用具の半分程度で済むので、樹木等への配置作業が極めてスムーズに行える。さらに、二層構造にしたことにより、培地成分の保持力が増し、湿度も上昇して、培養効率が上がり、分生子生産量も増加した。
【0046】
こうして得られた害虫駆除用具は、従来の害虫駆除用具と比較しても殺虫効果に優れ、また、従来の化学殺虫剤と比較しても殺虫効果が劣ることはなく、人畜に対しても害を与えない点でも優れている。害虫感染菌は培養担体の内部もしくは表面上に強固に担持されており、自然環境下で流出することがなく、この害虫駆除用具を害虫を駆除すべき樹木の幹や枝に配置することによって簡単にカミキリムシなどの害虫の駆除を行うことができる。
【0047】
【実施例】
以下に本発明を実施例を示して、さらに具体的に説明するが、これらの実施例が本発明を限定するものではない。
【0048】
(比較例1)
サナギ粉40g/Lの抽出液に20g/Lとなるようにグルコースを加えた培地にて5日間、糸状菌(ボーベリア・ブロンニアティNBL−85株)を振盪しながら25℃で前培養した。この前培養液1Lと、グルコースを100g/Lとなるようにサナギ粉40g/Lの抽出液に加えた培地4Lとの混合液を、デンプン系吸水剤(20g/m2)を含むパルプ不織布(300g/m2、5.0mm厚)に充分に含浸するように表面から流し込んだ。なお、培地および不織布の滅菌は、121℃、20分間行った。
【0049】
これを減菌したステンレス製の網に載せ、ポリプロピレンの袋に入れて25℃で1週間静置培養した後、不織布を観察したところ、糸状菌の菌糸が不織布全面を覆って真っ白となっていた。このときの菌糸体を除く分生子数は不織布1cm2当り、2×108セルであった。
【0050】
(比較例2)
デンプン系吸水剤を含まない以外は比較例1と同様にして培養を行った結果、1週間後の菌糸体を除く分生子数は不織布1cm2当り、1.8×108セルであった。
【0051】
(実施例1)
パルプ不織布(300g/m2、5.0mm厚)を2枚重ねにしたこと以外は、比較例2と同様にして培養を行った結果、2枚は菌糸で密着したが、手で容易に分離でき、1週間後の菌糸体を除く分生子数は上方が不織布1cm2当り、3.6×108セルで、下方が不織布1cm2当り、3.2×108セルであり、平均すると、不織布1cm2当りの分生子の生産量は3.4×108セルであった。
【0052】
(実施例2)
実施例1と同じ不織布5×50cmを5×25cmとなるように2つ折りにし、同様にした数本を並べて実施例1と同様に1週間培養した。
【0053】
培養後、袋から取り出し、室温下で1日送風乾燥した。送風後、2枚は菌糸で密着していたが、手で容易に分離でき、菌糸体を除く分生子数は、上方が不織布1cm2当り、3.7×108セルで、下方が3.3×108セルであり、平均すると、不織布1cm2当りの分生子の生産量は3.5×108セルであった。
【0054】
(比較例3)
5×50cmの不織布をそのまま、培養したこと以外は実施例2と同様に培養と乾燥を行った。乾燥後の菌糸体を除く分生子数は、不織布1cm2当り、1.9×108セルであった。
【0055】
(実施例3)
実施例2と同様にして生産した培養乾燥物(本発明の二層の害虫駆除用具)100本を、カンキツ樹100本の主幹部から枝分かれする分岐部の1箇所に、それぞれ1本ずつ、二層をはがしながら枝掛けしていった。100本の処理をするのに、20分を要した。
【0056】
(比較例4)
比較例3と同様にして生産した培養乾燥物100本を実施例3と同様に二ツ折りにして枝掛けを試みたが、なじまずに開いて落下するものが多かった。そこで、1本ずつホッチキス止めを行った。100本ホッチキス止めをするのに120分を要した。
【0057】
(実施例4)
実施例3で実施したカンキツ園において、処理後20日後、40日後、および60日後にゴマタラカミキリをそれぞれ、10頭、10頭、および5頭を捕獲した。その時または、その後に感染死した頭数は、それぞれ10頭、8頭、および3頭であった。
【0058】
すなわち、このカンキツ園における本発明の害虫駆除用具の剤の効力は20日、40日、および60日において、それぞれ100%、80%、および60%であった。
【0059】
(比較例5)
比較例4で実施したカンキツ園において、実施例4と同様の試験の結果、このカンキツ園における従来の害虫駆除用具の効力は20日、40日、および60日において、それぞれ100%、30%、および0%であった。
【0060】
以上の結果は、本発明の二層構造の害虫駆除用具は、非常に操作性が高まっていること(実施例3と比較例4)および、菌数が約2倍に増加し(実施例1〜2と比較例1〜3)、その結果、効力が持続する(実施例4と比較例5)ことを明確に示している。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a pest control tool and a pest control method using the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a pest control tool having an excellent insecticidal effect against pests such as longhorn beetles, scarab beetles, and whiteflies, and a pest control method using the pest control tool.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Pests such as longhorn beetles, scarab beetles, whiteflies, leafhoppers, leafhoppers and other pests that cause damage to various crops and trees include natural enemy fungi such as Beauveria brongniartii. Various pest control methods using bacteria have been proposed.
[0003]
For example, Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 63-403 discloses a method in which a pest that is infected with a pest cultured in a bran medium and weakens its activity or causes death (hereinafter referred to as a pest-infected bacterium or simply referred to as an infectious bacterium) is sprayed directly onto a tree together with the medium Is disclosed. However, in this method, the insect pest-infecting bacteria cannot sufficiently grow using the medium components, and the insecticidal effect expected due to the state close to the dormant cells cannot be exhibited. Furthermore, since this method uses spraying, the pest-infecting bacteria do not adhere to the tree, and the pest-infecting bacteria are likely to be adsorbed to the soil. Insecticidal efficiency was low due to the disadvantage of being easily washed away under conditions.
[0004]
In order to solve the disadvantages of such a disinfection control method, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-258803 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-190807 disclose culturing infectious bacteria on a carrier having elasticity such as foam. However, a pest control tool for bringing the infectious bacteria into contact with the pest was disclosed, and it was proposed to increase the insecticidal efficiency. However, although this pest control tool overcomes the disadvantages of the above-mentioned spraying method, the culture efficiency of the infecting bacteria is poor, and it cannot be said that the insect pests are sufficient to infect even if they come into contact with the infecting bacteria. When placed on an irregularly shaped surface, there still remains a problem that the contact between the pest and the infecting bacteria is insufficient due to insufficient contact with the surface.
[0005]
Therefore, as seen in Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-108212 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-22810, a hydrophilic polymer is added as a medium component to a woven or nonwoven fabric that is relatively porous and has a large apparent surface area. A pest control tool for use as a substrate for culturing microorganisms has been proposed. By this method, it is possible to effectively contain medium components and increase the culture efficiency of the fungus, and it becomes easy to closely attach the pest control tool to the surface of the trunk, branches, etc. of the tree, and the above problems are solved. It was done. However, for example, there is wrapping as a close contact method, but in order to wrap it around the trunk or branch of a small tailored citrus tree, etc. It is necessary to wrap it with both hands and wrap it with a stapler. Especially on slopes such as mountains, heavy labor is forced. Therefore, there has been a demand for a pest control tool that is easy to handle and has improved operability.
[0006]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems of the prior art, and has improved operability (working efficiency) and more excellent pest control efficiency, and a pest control method using the same. The purpose is to provide.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to achieve the above object, the inventors of the present invention have a two-layer pest control tool in which a pest-infecting bacterium and / or a spore of the pest-infecting bacterium is grown on a culture carrier having a medium component. Each layer is in close contact with the mycelium, etc., and it can be easily separated into a single layer as if it were a single layer, and the two-layer structure increases the propagation efficiency of infecting bacteria compared to the conventional single-layer structure. As a result, they have completed the pest control tool of the present invention which is excellent in operability and insecticidal power. The present invention and its effects will be described in more detail.
[0008]
The present invention provides a two-layer structure comprising a culture medium component, and a pest-infected culture carrier and / or spores of the pest-infected fungus grown on a strip-shaped culture carrier formed by overlapping or folding the strip-shaped culture carrier It relates to a pest control tool.
[0009]
In a preferred embodiment, the two-layer structure is formed by folding the culture carrier in two.
In a further preferred embodiment, an attachment means is provided on at least one end of the culture carrier forming the two-layer structure.
[0010]
The present invention also relates to a pest control method in which the pest control tool having the above two-layer structure is arranged on a tree or the like where the pest is to be controlled.
In a preferred embodiment, at least a part or all of the two-layered pest control tool is formed as a single layer and disposed on a tree or the like to be controlled.
[0011]
The two-layer pest control tool of the present invention as described above,
(1) The two-layer structure makes it easy to carry with a compact size. In particular, in the case of a strip-shaped disinfection tool, infectious bacteria can be cultured in a folded form, so a conventional single-layer pest control tool Can be about half the size of
[0012]
(2) Although each layer of the two-layer structure is closely attached by the mycelium layer, it is easily separated, so that the operability during use is greatly improved. For example, when a band-like structure tool is wrapped around a tree or the like, the pest control tool of the present invention can be about half the length of the conventional length. It can be stapled by hand, or wrapped around in the manner of sticking tape, and the burden on workers is greatly reduced compared to the conventional method of turning a long pest control tool with both hands to staple. Excellent effect is obtained, and
[0013]
(3) Since the amount of bacterial cells per unit area (conidia) is about twice that of conventional single-layer pest control tools, it can be used as it is or as a single-layer structure. Excellent effects such as easy contact infection with pests and long-lasting effects are exhibited, and it has extremely excellent characteristics not found in conventional single-layer pest control tools.
[0014]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
First, the structure, usage, effects, etc. of the pest control tool of the present invention will be described.
[0015]
The form of the pest control device of the present invention has a two-layer structure and can be used, for example, as a sheet or a band, but is not limited to these shapes. This two-layer structure may be a layer in which independent culture carriers overlap. The culture carriers of the same size may overlap, or the culture carriers of different sizes may overlap. When carriers of the same size are used, they may be overlapped exactly or may be shifted from each other, but it is preferable that an area of 50% or more is in contact. Although the contact area may be smaller than 50%, in that case, handling in culture becomes difficult, and the growth of infectious bacteria may be slightly insufficient.
[0016]
Alternatively, a single carrier may be bent into two flat layers. Depending on the purpose of use, the long sides may be bent or the short sides may be bent. The latter is preferable in operations such as winding because the overall length is shortened. Furthermore, for example, one carrier may be bent into a corrugated shape so that the inner portions have a two-layer structure (for example, a polygonal shape such as a star shape). This shape is particularly useful when a long strip structure is required and can be wound up in the manner of sticking tape in use.
[0017]
The pest control device having a two-layer structure of the present invention has an amount of bacteria (conidial amount) approximately twice that of a conventional device by culturing infectious bacteria with a two-layer structure. Therefore, the infectivity is enhanced, and the sustainability is also high as shown in Example 4 and Comparative Example 5, so that it can be used as a pest control tool even in a two-layer structure. The pest control tool having a two-layer structure of the present invention preferably has an attaching means at least at one end. This attachment means is preferably previously applied to the carrier.
[0018]
In the present invention, the “attachment means” refers to means used to place an instrument on a tree, such as a hook, a hanger, a hook, and an adhesive, but is not limited to these examples.
[0019]
When using a pest control tool with a two-layer structure as a single layer, use a layer of culture carrier in advance, leaving a single layer part to the extent that it can be hooked or stuck with adhesive tape or magic tape. Various cultures can be used by culturing or culturing in a two-layered structure by stacking the other culture support so that it does not overlap the part by placing a hole, hook or ring for hooking at least one end of the culture support. The benefits of For example, nailing a single-layer part of a pest control tool, fixing one end (single-layer part), and pulling with the other end bonded by mycelia, the two-layer structure becomes a single-layer structure. Etc. Therefore, since an instrument whose length is about half is handled, it is easy to hold and the operability is remarkably improved. In addition, if a polygonal tool is used, it can be wound like a tape, so that it is very easy to operate and efficiently when it is wound on a large tree or the like. In addition, if a tool is prepared by pinching a string or wire or fixing it to a culture carrier and protruding from the end, the tool can be fixed easily and easily separated into a single layer by pulling or the like. it can.
[0020]
When used as a single layer, either the outer surface or the inner surface obtained by separating the layers can be the inner surface to form an adhesive surface with a tree or the like.
[0021]
A large number of insect pests grow on the outer surface of the culture carrier, and many spores and conidia as active ingredients are present on the outer surface of the carrier. Therefore, it is preferable to arrange the outer surface to be the outer side. In this case, the number of bacteria on the separated adhesive surface on the inner side may be smaller than that on the outer side, but the effect is not affected because the insects are infected and exterminated by contact with pests on the outer surface. Rather, since the tool of the present invention has a larger number of bacteria (conidia) than before, the insecticidal effect is increased and sustained. Considering the nature that longhorn beetles crawl around trees and gather in thick parts such as trunks, this arrangement is common.
[0022]
Since longhorn beetles are concentrated in dark areas such as shade in the daytime, a two-layer structure is used if a dark space is provided between the tree and the pest control tool, and contact between the pests and the infecting bacteria is intended in the dark space. What is necessary is just to affix or wind around trees etc., making some space so that the outer surface of may become inside. In these operations, the two-layer structure is easy to operate. It is also possible to fix the two-layer structure part to a tree or the like and wind it while forming a single-layer structure.
[0023]
Even when used as a single layer, it is not always necessary to use the entire two-layer structure as a single-layer structure, and the two-layer structure can be disposed in a part of the structure.
[0024]
The advantage of the two-layer structure is not limited to the insecticidal effect and operational advantages as described above. Since the thickness of the pest control tool is increased by using two layers, the holding power of the culture solution containing the medium components of the pest control tool itself is increased, and high humidity can be maintained. Therefore, the culture efficiency can be increased greatly, and the amount of bacterial cells (conidia) can be doubled compared to the conventional case. Therefore, in order to improve hydrophilicity and water retention ability, for example, as described in JP-B-7-108212 and JP-B-8-22810, a hydrophilic polymer such as agar is contained. There is also an advantage that it is not always necessary.
[0025]
Thus, by adopting a two-layer structure, each layer seems to be in close contact with the mycelium etc., but the close contact layer can be easily separated, so that the operability when placing on trees etc. markedly This is an unexpected effect. Furthermore, the effect that the amount of infectious bacteria increases can also be obtained. As a result, an improved pest control device with improved operability and sustained effect is provided.
[0026]
Next, production of the pest control tool of the present invention will be described.
[0027]
(Culture carrier)
Examples of the culture carrier used for the pest control device of the present invention include, but are not limited to, a foam matrix, a peptide matrix, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
These can be used as appropriate according to the application. A woven fabric or a non-woven fabric is suitable particularly when close contact is required.
[0028]
The production of the foam matrix is described in detail in JP-A-63-258803, which is incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, the manufacturing method of a peptide matrix is described in Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 63-190807, and is used for this application.
[0029]
There is no restriction | limiting in particular about the material of a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric, and what is marketed can be used. A thickness of 0.3 mm or more, particularly about 2 to 10 mm, is preferably used in terms of the impregnation and retention of the medium components. Basis weight 20 g / m 2 or more, preferably woven or nonwoven fabric in the range of 200-500 g / m 2 is preferably used. From the viewpoints of impregnation of medium components, adhesion of microorganisms, availability as a carbon source, natural disintegration, etc., those made of materials such as pulp, rayon, and polyester are particularly preferred, and it is particularly preferred to use pulp materials. .
[0030]
(Medium components)
As a medium component to be contained in the culture carrier, a carbon source capable of assimilation and an inorganic or organic nitrogen source are preferably used. If necessary, inorganic salts, vitamins, metal salts and the like are added. As the carbon source, for example, glucose, fructose, saccharose, lactose, maltose, glycerin, starch, cellulose, molasses and the like are used. Examples of the inorganic nitrogen source include ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium nitrate. Organic nitrogen sources include, for example, animal tissue extracts or ground products such as meat extract, fish extract, pupa powder, corn steep liquor, soybean oil, malt extract, soy flour and other plant tissue extracts or ground products, dried Examples include natural organic substances such as microbial cells such as yeast, yeast extract, and polypeptone, or extracts thereof. Examples of inorganic salts include phosphates such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and potassium sulfate.
[0031]
(Pest-infected bacteria)
Examples of pest-infecting bacteria to be cultured inside or on the surface of the culture carrier are Beauveria brongniartii , Beauveria bassiana , Metarhizium anisopliae , Verticillium lecanii , Cinemachi Filamentous fungi such as Johnnecy ( Synnematium jonesii) are used, and these fungi may be used alone or in combination.
[0032]
In addition to longhorn beetles, the insect pest control tool of the present invention can be suitably used for scarab beetles that cause damage to crops such as strawberries, sweet potatoes, and peanuts in addition to tree nurseries and plantations. If an infectious fungus such as a filamentous fungus infests an adult beetle, an egg laid by the adult will not hatch even if the adult insect itself is not controlled.
[0033]
Furthermore, in addition to the above-mentioned pests, it also exerts an extermination effect against the whitefly whitefly, aphids, rice weevil, planthopper, leafhopper, and various nematodes that damage fruit trees. In this case, filamentous fungi having insecticidal properties against each pest and various bacteria that are nematode natural enemy microorganisms, such as Pasteurella penetrans, may be used.
[0034]
The pest-infecting bacteria cultured on the culture carrier acts as a biological insecticide having an excellent insecticidal effect against pests, particularly pests such as longhorn beetles and scarab beetles. Damage to crops by longhorn beetles has been on the rise in recent years, especially mulberry damage and is widespread. The longhorn beetle lays eggs under the mulberry tree, and hatching larvae pierce deeply into the woody part and cause damage, sometimes creating a damage hole of 60 cm or more, and the mulberry tree with high parasitic density loses its physiological function and may die. .
[0035]
Chemical insecticides can be considered to control such longhorn beetles. However, since longhorn beetles are perforated pests, they cannot reach the larvae in the trunk and cannot be effectively controlled. In addition, since mulberry leaves are used for breeding silkworms, the use of chemical insecticides has an unfavorable effect on silkworms, and edible trees are harmful to human livestock and are difficult to use.
[0036]
Therefore, using the natural enemy microorganism is considered the most excellent method, and the pest control tool of the present invention is useful. That is, the pest control device of the present invention is a living organism that uses contact infection that does not use the above chemical insecticide but cultivates a filamentous fungus such as Boberia bronniati which is a natural enemy microorganism of beetle, and causes the pest to infest the fungus by contact. Since it is an insecticide, it does not cause the above problems. Furthermore, since the pest-infecting bacteria are cultured in a foam, a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric, there is no loss of the bacterial bodies and they can be used effectively, so this is a very useful pest control tool.
[0037]
(Manufacture of pest control tools (culture of microorganisms))
The pest control tool of the present invention is a method of directly applying to a foam matrix, a peptide matrix, a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric obtained by folding a solution containing the medium component and a culture solution in which a pest-infecting bacterium is cultured, such as immersion. It is contained by the method and statically cultured. Alternatively, the culture solution may be layered after impregnation, or may be folded or folded into a desired shape for stationary culture.
[0038]
In stationary culture, it is preferable to dilute the pest-infected bacteria to 10 5 cells / mL or more, preferably 10 7 cells / mL or more, and the ratio of the medium component solution to the pest-infected bacteria culture solution is The range is 1000: 1 to 0.5: 1, preferably 100: 1 to 2: 1.
[0039]
In addition, the medium component solution is preferably used at a concentration higher than the concentration normally used from the viewpoint of culture efficiency. Particularly, the sugar source is 10 g / L or more, preferably 20 g / L or more, and more preferably 50 to 200 g / L. The range is preferable.
[0040]
Static culture conditions were about 25 ° C. and 80% R.P. H. The culture is performed for 3 days or more, or in some cases, for about 1 to 2 weeks under the above conditions or in a high humidity condition in a closed container. By culturing in this way, the inside and surface of the woven or non-woven fabric are covered with fungi and spores (conidia).
The amount of the pest-infected bacteria obtained by culturing in this way grows conidia of about 10 8 cells or more, preferably about 3 × 10 8 cells or more per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric.
[0041]
The pest control device of the present invention may be placed on a tree or the like for pest control as it is, but drying it is advantageous for cell storage.
[0042]
Drying can be performed in 1 to 2 days even after standing at room temperature after culturing. If the bacteria do not die, for example, they can be blown and dried at a temperature of 30 to 35 ° C. or vacuum dried.
[0043]
By drying in this manner, the growth of the pest-infecting fungus can be maintained in the peak state, and it can be stored until the pest generation time, and absorbed and activated at the time of use. In addition, if it is a dry product, it is not necessary to store it under aseptic conditions, and it is extremely low that the pest control effect decreases due to contamination by various bacteria. In addition, the pest control device of the present invention may be provided with a pest attracting color or a pest attracting color sheet. For example, as disclosed in JP-A-1-235532, yellow or lemon color, aphids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers can be colored yellow, or a colored sheet can be attached thereto.
[0044]
(Pest control method)
The pest control tool thus obtained is mainly used for controlling pests on agricultural crops. As a pest control method, after cutting this tool to an appropriate size, it may be sprayed on trees such as mulberry, but in order to further improve the insecticidal effect, it can be placed on the trunk or branch of the tree. preferable. Arranging means can be selected from any means such as winding (for example, a string or strip), locking (for example, by a stapler), and hanging (for example, a string or strip). Since the nonwoven fabric is relatively thin and does not have elasticity, when the winding means is used, it also has good adhesion to the uneven surface of the tree. The insect pest control tool of the present invention can be easily separated after culturing, although the two layers are in close contact by the mycelium layer. Therefore, when wrapping, it was possible to hook onto a tree branch or trunk with one hand and staple with the other hand. Even when hung, it can be hung with the adhesion point or crease up.
[0045]
【The invention's effect】
The pest control device of the present invention is obtained by layering and culturing a culture carrier containing a medium component for culturing microorganisms and a culture solution of pest infection bacteria. Although the insect pest control tool after the culture is more layered, it can be easily separated, so that the workability in arranging on a tree or the like is greatly improved. In particular, in the case of a band-shaped tool, the length is about half that of a conventional tool, so that the placement work on a tree or the like can be performed very smoothly. Furthermore, the two-layer structure increased the retention of medium components, increased humidity, increased culture efficiency, and increased conidia production.
[0046]
The pest control tool thus obtained is superior in insecticidal effect even when compared with conventional pest control tools, and is not inferior in insecticidal effect compared with conventional chemical insecticides. Also excellent in that it does not give. The pest-infecting bacteria are firmly carried inside or on the surface of the culture carrier and do not flow out in the natural environment. This pest-control tool can be easily installed by placing it on the trunk or branch of the tree where the pest should be controlled. In addition, pests such as longhorn beetle can be controlled.
[0047]
【Example】
EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples. However, these examples do not limit the present invention.
[0048]
(Comparative Example 1)
Filamentous fungi (Boberia bronniati strain NBL-85) were precultured at 25 ° C. for 5 days in a medium in which glucose was added to the extract of rape powder 40 g / L to 20 g / L. A pulp non-woven fabric containing a starch-based water-absorbing agent (20 g / m 2 ), a mixture of 1 L of this preculture and 4 L of medium added to an extract of banana powder 40 g / L so that glucose is 100 g / L 300 g / m 2 , 5.0 mm thickness). The medium and the nonwoven fabric were sterilized at 121 ° C. for 20 minutes.
[0049]
This was placed on a sterilized stainless steel net, placed in a polypropylene bag and allowed to stand at 25 ° C. for 1 week. After observing the nonwoven fabric, the mycelium of the filamentous fungus covered the entire surface of the nonwoven fabric and turned white. . At this time, the number of conidia excluding mycelium was 2 × 10 8 cells per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric.
[0050]
(Comparative Example 2)
As a result of culturing in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that no starch-based water-absorbing agent was contained, the number of conidia excluding mycelium after 1 week was 1.8 × 10 8 cells per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric.
[0051]
Example 1
As a result of culturing in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 except that two pieces of pulp nonwoven fabric (300 g / m 2 , 5.0 mm thickness) were stacked, the two pieces adhered closely with mycelia, but were easily separated by hand. can, the number of conidia excluding mycelium after 1 week upwardly nonwoven 1 cm 2 per in 3.6 × 10 8 cells, the lower nonwoven 1 cm 2 per a 3.2 × 10 8 cells, on average, The production of conidia per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric was 3.4 × 10 8 cells.
[0052]
(Example 2)
The same nonwoven fabric 5 × 50 cm as in Example 1 was folded in two so as to be 5 × 25 cm, and several similar pieces were arranged and cultured for one week in the same manner as in Example 1.
[0053]
After culturing, it was taken out from the bag and dried by blowing at room temperature for 1 day. The two sheets were in close contact with the mycelium after blowing, but could be easily separated by hand. The number of conidia excluding the mycelium was 3.7 × 10 8 cells per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric and 3. a 3 × 10 8 cells, on average, production of conidia per nonwoven 1 cm 2 was 3.5 × 10 8 cells.
[0054]
(Comparative Example 3)
Culture and drying were performed in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the 5 × 50 cm non-woven fabric was cultured as it was. The number of conidia excluding mycelium after drying was 1.9 × 10 8 cells per 1 cm 2 of the nonwoven fabric.
[0055]
Example 3
100 cultivated dried products (two-layer pest control tool of the present invention) produced in the same manner as in Example 2 were used, one for each of the branches branched from the main trunk of 100 citrus trees. I started branching off the layers. It took 20 minutes to process 100 lines.
[0056]
(Comparative Example 4)
100 dried cultures produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 3 were folded in half in the same manner as in Example 3, and branching was attempted. Therefore, staples were stopped one by one. It took 120 minutes to staple 100 staples.
[0057]
(Example 4)
In the citrus orchard conducted in Example 3, 10, 10 and 5 sesame seeds were captured 20 days, 40 days and 60 days after the treatment, respectively. At that time or after that, the number of heads that died from infection was 10, 8 and 3, respectively.
[0058]
That is, the efficacy of the pest control tool of the present invention in this citrus orchard was 100%, 80%, and 60% on the 20th, 40th, and 60th, respectively.
[0059]
(Comparative Example 5)
As a result of the same test as in Example 4 in the citrus orchard conducted in Comparative Example 4, the efficacy of the conventional pest control tool in this citrus orchard was 100%, 30% on 20th, 40th, and 60th, respectively. And 0%.
[0060]
The above results show that the pest control device having the two-layer structure of the present invention has extremely improved operability (Example 3 and Comparative Example 4), and the number of bacteria has increased about twice (Example 1). -2 and Comparative Examples 1-3), as a result, it clearly shows that the efficacy lasts (Example 4 and Comparative Example 5).
Claims (6)
Priority Applications (1)
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JP20120797A JP3764254B2 (en) | 1997-07-28 | 1997-07-28 | Pest control tool and pest control method using the same |
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JP20120797A JP3764254B2 (en) | 1997-07-28 | 1997-07-28 | Pest control tool and pest control method using the same |
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JP3764254B2 true JP3764254B2 (en) | 2006-04-05 |
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WO2020184719A1 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2020-09-17 | 出光興産株式会社 | Pest control material using entomoparasitic microbe and pest control method using same |
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JP2005289864A (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-20 | Nitto Denko Corp | Method for controlling longicorn |
CN104126567A (en) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-11-05 | 泰山医学院 | Method for controlling stomaphis sinisalicis hid in trunks through spreading pandora neoaphidis by using ants |
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WO2020184719A1 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2020-09-17 | 出光興産株式会社 | Pest control material using entomoparasitic microbe and pest control method using same |
KR20210141941A (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2021-11-23 | 이데미쓰 고산 가부시키가이샤 | Pest control material using insect parasite and pest control method using same |
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