JP3754191B2 - Rail straightening method and apparatus - Google Patents

Rail straightening method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3754191B2
JP3754191B2 JP25260997A JP25260997A JP3754191B2 JP 3754191 B2 JP3754191 B2 JP 3754191B2 JP 25260997 A JP25260997 A JP 25260997A JP 25260997 A JP25260997 A JP 25260997A JP 3754191 B2 JP3754191 B2 JP 3754191B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
rail
rolling mill
cold rolling
residual stress
roller
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JP25260997A
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Japanese (ja)
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JPH1177160A (en
Inventor
俊哉 黒木
耕一 内野
征紀 三輪
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Nippon Steel Corp
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明はレール製造のうち矯正における、残留応力の発生を抑制または制御する方法及び装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
レールは上下方向の形状を矯正する目的で、水平ロールを用いて、垂直のローラー矯正を行っている。この矯正工程では残留応力として頭部と底部に長手方向引張応力、柱部に圧縮応力が生じる。これらの残留応力によって頭部は上へ、足部は下へと逆方向に反りかえろうとするので、腹部に脆性亀裂ができた場合、亀裂の伝播を著しく促進させる危険性がある。かつて、米国で実際に腹部脆性亀裂の伝播によるレールの破損事故があり、大きな問題となり、この原因の一つにこの残留応力分布が考えられていた。
【0003】
そこで、このような残留応力を冶金的にもしくは機械的に緩和する方法が提案された。
【0004】
冶金的な残留応力制御方法としては、特開平2−282426号公報に開示された「パーライト変態を利用した、脆性亀裂が頭頂側へ抜けないことを目的とした方法」が知られているが、腹部脆性亀裂自体をそれほど短くできていない。
【0005】
機械的な残留応力制御方法としては特開平7−185660号公報に開示された「ローラー矯正での塑性変形を軽くすることにより残留応力を軽減する方法」、特開平6−312216号公報で開示された「ローラー矯正後段で小径ロールで軽く圧延する方法」が知られている。
【0006】
これらのうち、後者の技術はレールの頭部と足裏の表層に圧縮応力を付加するので、腹部脆性亀裂の伝播を抑制する残留応力分布が得られ、手段として比較的簡単であるにもかかわらず抜本的に残留応力分布が改善される点で、非常に有効である。特に小径ロールとした理由は塑性変形を頭頂と足裏に限定するためであり、全体としての形状をほとんど変えることなく残留応力が付与できるからである。
【0007】
さらに、この技術では、生産性を落とすことなく、実施例に示されるように4億通トン以上の長寿命のレールが得られることがわかった。
【0008】
しかし、特開平6−312216号公報開示の方法は、矯正後であるにもかかわらず、特に上反り等の形状不良が生じることがある。この上反りは最大で12mあたり60mm(曲率半径で300m、二階微分係数換算の曲率で1.67×10-3-1)にも達し、AREAの規格である12mあたり19mmの反り量を遥かに上回る。このような場合、仕上にプレス矯正を行ったり、再度曲げ矯正を負荷する等の対応が必要になる。特に、再度の曲げ矯正を与えることは残留応力制御の効果がなくなるので、好ましくない。
【0009】
特開平7−185660号公報で開示したように、矯正の強度を弱めて残留応力を制御する技術もある。しかし、冷却後の反りが大きいものに必ずしも対応できるものではない。但し、負荷がある程度より低いと残留応力も低くなることは明らかにされた。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明は、頭頂と足裏に生じる引張残留応力を軽減したローラー矯正をすること、または、ローラー矯正での負担を軽減することによって、頭頂と足裏の引張残留応力を軽減して、耐腹部脆性亀裂伝播特性のよいレールをローラー矯正で製造することを目的としている。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】
当初、本発明者らは、ローラー矯正機で真直に矯正されたレールについて上下方向を圧下する軽圧下圧延実験とこれに関する圧延解析を数多く試み、軽圧下後に反りの発生しない残留応力制御方法を検討してきた。
【0012】
この検討において、下ロールを上ロールに比べて大径にすること、もしくはロールの幅方向曲率を大きくすることで、上反りを抑制することができた。
【0013】
一方、レールは圧延後の冷却で上下の放熱量が異なるため、頭部を内側にするように反る(上反りする)。ローラー矯正の最大の目的はこの反りをなくすことにある。
【0014】
ローラー矯正の負荷が高いと頭頂と足裏で高い引張残留応力が生じる。しかし、負荷がある程度より低いと残留応力も低くなることがわかっている。そこで、下反りを起こさせるような軽圧下圧延を施し、反りを軽減してから、ローラー矯正して真直なレールを得る方法が考えられた。
【0015】
本発明はこれらの知見に基づいて完成したもので、レールの製造におけるローラー矯正において、頭頂と足裏の圧下量の異なる冷間圧延を水平ローラー矯正前に施すことを特徴としている。その具体的要旨は次の通りである。
【0016】
(1) 冷間圧延機によりレール頭部と足裏の圧下量を調整してレールに下反りを付与し、ついで千鳥状に複数のローラーを配置したローラー矯正機によって矯正を行うことを特徴とするレールの矯正方法。
【0017】
(2) レールに対して千鳥状に複数のローラーを配置したローラー矯正機の入側に、レールに反りを付与する冷間圧延機を配置したことを特徴とするレールの矯正装置。
【0018】
(3) 上記(2)記載の冷間圧延機がレールに下反りを付与するようにレール頭部と足裏の圧下量の異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴とする上記(2)記載のレールの矯正装置。
【0019】
(4) 上記(2)又は(3)に記載の冷間圧延機が上下のロール径が異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴と上記(2)又は(3)に記載のするレールの矯正装置。
【0020】
(5) 上記(2)又は(3)に記載の冷間圧延機が上下のロールの幅方向曲率が異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴とする上記(2)又は(3)に記載のレールの矯正装置。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明について詳細に説明する。
【0022】
図1に本発明の装置の概略図を示す。
【0023】
図1に示すように、熱延後の冷却で上反りしているレール1は冷間圧延機(軽圧下圧延機)による軽圧下圧延のため上下ロール2、3によって軽圧下圧延される。このとき、頭頂と足裏に圧縮の残留応力が付与されると同時に上反りの大部分が解消される。この直後、レール1はレールに対して複数のローラー(矯正機のローラー)4〜6を千鳥状に配置したローラー矯正を通過し、各ローラー4〜10で軽く曲げられる。この時、反りの大部分は既に解消されているので、残留応力は軽圧下された状態から大きく変化しないでレールはローラー矯正機を通過する。
【0024】
この方法では冷間圧延機による軽圧下圧延がレールの最初から最後まで施されるので、ローラー矯正で直せない端曲がりも大部分が矯正される。
【0025】
上下の圧下量の異なる圧延方法としては、下ロールを上ロールに比べて大径にすること、もしくはロール幅方向曲率を大きくする等がある。幅方向曲率を変えるよりもロール径を変えることの方が下反りを発生させる機構が簡単である。
【0026】
下ロールを上ロールに比べて大径にすると、下側のロール面圧が分散するので上側が伸びて下反りが発生する。これは上下径比の差が大きくなるほどこの傾向は大きい。
【0027】
一方、荷重が大きくなれば圧縮残留応力が大きくなるが、これに合わせて下反りも大きくなる。
【0028】
また、これと異なり、ロール径、ロール幅方向曲率を逆にすると上反りが発生することとなる。
【0029】
したがって、上下ロール径比、軽圧下荷重、目標とする残留応力の間にはそれぞれ相関があり、矯正量と合わせてこれらの適当な値を調整することが望ましい。
【0030】
【実施例】
本発明者らは矯正前のレールについて軽圧下圧延を行い、これにローラー矯正を施した。
【0031】
このときの冷間圧延機(軽圧下圧延機は上ロール径250mm、下ロール径350mmであり、ロール径比は1.4である。この圧延では上下の周速差をできるだけ与えないために下ロールのみの駆動としてある。
【0032】
実験として行った軽圧下圧延の荷重は400kN、600kN、800kNの3種類である。
【0033】
軽圧下した直後にローラー径800mm、ピッチ1500mm(上同士または下同士で)の千鳥型にローラーを配置した矯正機でローラー矯正する。このときの矯正条件は、弾性計算で最大接触面圧で1200MPaとなる、通常より軽めの条件とする。
【0034】
このようにして得られたレールは端曲がりも少なく、真直であった。
【0035】
図2は、本発明と従来法との残留応力分布を示す図である。図中、本発明ではロール径比1.4、軽圧下したあと、最大の接触面圧で1200MPaの強度で矯正したものの残留応力分布を示す。そして、比較としての従来法では、軽圧下しないで接触面圧で1800MPaの強度(通常の強度)の矯正を施したレールの残留応力を示す。図2中で11は軽圧下無しで通常強度の矯正をしたときの残留応力分布、12は本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重800kN)、13は本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重600kN)、14は本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重400kN)を示す。
【0036】
通常の強度の矯正を施したものは、レールは真直であるが、頭頂と足裏で非常に高い残留応力が生じている。また、端曲がりまでは調整できていない。
【0037】
一方、軽圧下してから矯正したレールは、同様に真直であり、端曲がりも軽微である。その上、頭頂と足裏での強い引張残留応力は生じていなかった。
【0038】
表1に、これらレールに耐腹部脆性亀裂伝播特性を評価する方法として、腹部に水平に450mmの長さの切り込みを入れ、その開口量を測定したものを示す。また、同表に、Δσ=200MPaで足側を引張り片振りとした疲労試験を行って、破断するまでの回数を示す。
【0039】
【表1】

Figure 0003754191
開口量は負となり、切り込みは閉じる方向になっており、亀裂が入っても伝播しにくいように残留応力が制御されている。また、足側の引張残留応力が軽減されているので、残留応力制御したものは疲労寿命も長いことがわかる。
【0040】
【発明の効果】
ローラー矯正の形状精度を保ちながら、耐腹部脆性亀裂伝播特性に優れ、疲労強度の高いレールを得られるようになった。また、端曲がりも軽減された。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明を実施した装置を示す図である。
【図2】本発明と従来条件での残留応力分布の違いの例を示す図である。
【符号の説明】
1 矯正前の上反りしたレール
2 軽圧下圧延機の上ロール
3 軽圧下圧延機の下ロール
4 矯正機のローラー
5 矯正機のローラー
6 矯正機のローラー
7 矯正機のローラー
8 矯正機のローラー
9 矯正機のローラー
10 矯正機のローラー
11 軽圧下無しで通常強度の矯正をしたときの残留応力分布
12 本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重800kN)
13 本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重600kN)
14 本発明での残留応力分布(軽圧下荷重400kN)[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for suppressing or controlling the occurrence of residual stress in rail manufacturing during straightening.
[0002]
[Prior art]
For the purpose of correcting the shape of the rail in the vertical direction, vertical roller correction is performed using a horizontal roll. In the straightening process, longitudinal stress is generated in the head and bottom as residual stress, and compressive stress is generated in the column. These residual stresses cause the head to turn upward and the foot to reverse in the opposite direction, and if a brittle crack is formed in the abdomen, there is a risk of significantly promoting the propagation of the crack. In the past, there was a rail failure accident in the United States due to the propagation of an abdominal brittle crack, which became a major problem, and this residual stress distribution was considered as one of the causes.
[0003]
Therefore, a method for relieving such residual stress metallurgically or mechanically has been proposed.
[0004]
As a metallurgical residual stress control method, disclosed is a “method using pearlite transformation for the purpose of preventing brittle cracks from coming out to the top of the head” disclosed in JP-A-2-282426. The abdominal brittle crack itself has not been shortened so much.
[0005]
As a mechanical residual stress control method, disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-185660, “Method of Reducing Residual Stress by Lightening Plastic Deformation in Roller Correction”, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 6-31216. Further, “a method of lightly rolling with a small diameter roll after roller correction” is known.
[0006]
Of these, the latter technique applies compressive stress to the surface of the head and sole of the rail, resulting in a residual stress distribution that suppresses the propagation of brittle cracks in the abdomen. This is very effective in that the residual stress distribution is drastically improved. The reason why the roll is particularly small is that the plastic deformation is limited to the top of the head and the sole, and the residual stress can be applied with almost no change in the overall shape.
[0007]
Furthermore, with this technology, it has been found that a rail having a long service life of 400 million tons or more can be obtained without reducing productivity.
[0008]
However, the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-31216 may cause shape defects such as warping even though it is after correction. This maximum warpage reaches 60 mm per 12 m (300 m in radius of curvature, 1.67 × 10 −3 m −1 in curvature in terms of second derivative), and the warp amount of 19 mm per 12 m, which is the AREA standard, is far greater. It exceeds. In such a case, it is necessary to take measures such as performing press correction for finishing or applying bending correction again. In particular, it is not preferable to provide bending correction again because the effect of residual stress control is lost.
[0009]
As disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-185660, there is a technique for controlling residual stress by reducing the strength of correction. However, it cannot always cope with a large warp after cooling. However, it has been clarified that the residual stress decreases when the load is lower than a certain level.
[0010]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The present invention reduces the tensile residual stress between the top of the head and the sole by reducing the tensile residual stress generated on the crown and the sole, or reduces the burden of the roller correction, thereby reducing the abdominal resistance. The purpose is to produce rails with good brittle crack propagation characteristics by roller straightening.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
Initially, the present inventors tried a lot of light rolling experiments and rolling analysis related to rolling up and down the rail straightened with a roller straightener, and examined a residual stress control method that does not cause warping after light rolling. I have done it.
[0012]
In this examination, the upper warp could be suppressed by making the diameter of the lower roll larger than that of the upper roll or by increasing the curvature in the width direction of the roll.
[0013]
On the other hand, the rails warp (upwardly) so that their heads are on the inside because the amount of heat dissipated in the upper and lower sides differs depending on the cooling after rolling. The primary purpose of roller straightening is to eliminate this warpage.
[0014]
When the load of roller correction is high, high tensile residual stress is generated at the crown and sole. However, it has been found that the residual stress is lowered when the load is lower than a certain level. Therefore, a method has been considered in which light rolling is performed so as to cause a downward warp, the warp is reduced, and then a roller is straightened to obtain a straight rail.
[0015]
The present invention has been completed on the basis of these findings, and is characterized in that, in roller correction in rail production, cold rolling with different amounts of reduction between the crown and soles is performed before horizontal roller correction. The specific gist is as follows.
[0016]
(1) It is characterized by adjusting the rolling amount of the rail head and sole with a cold rolling mill to give the rail a downward warp, and then performing correction with a roller straightening machine in which a plurality of rollers are arranged in a staggered manner. Rail correction method.
[0017]
(2) A rail straightening device in which a cold rolling mill for imparting warpage to a rail is disposed on the entrance side of a roller straightening machine having a plurality of rollers arranged in a staggered manner with respect to the rail.
[0018]
(3) The above-mentioned (2), wherein the cold-rolling mill according to (2) is a cold rolling mill having different rolling amounts between the rail head and the sole so as to impart downward warping to the rail. Rail straightening device.
[0019]
(4) The cold rolling mill described in the above (2) or (3) is a cold rolling mill having different upper and lower roll diameters, and the rail correction described in the above (2) or (3) apparatus.
[0020]
(5) The cold rolling mill described in the above (2) or (3) is a cold rolling mill in which the width direction curvatures of the upper and lower rolls are different from each other, as described in the above (2) or (3) Rail straightening device.
[0021]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below.
[0022]
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus of the present invention.
[0023]
As shown in FIG. 1, the rail 1 that has warped due to cooling after hot rolling is lightly rolled by upper and lower rolls 2 and 3 for light rolling by a cold rolling mill (light rolling mill) . At this time, compressive residual stress is applied to the crown and sole, and at the same time, most of the warpage is eliminated. Immediately after this, the rail 1 passes through a roller straightening machine in which a plurality of rollers (rollers of straightening machines) 4 to 6 are arranged in a staggered manner with respect to the rail, and is lightly bent by each of the rollers 4 to 10. At this time, since most of the warp has already been eliminated, the rail passes through the roller straightening machine without the residual stress changing greatly from the lightly reduced state.
[0024]
In this method, since light rolling by a cold rolling mill is performed from the beginning to the end of the rail, most of the end bending that cannot be corrected by roller correction is corrected.
[0025]
Examples of rolling methods with different upper and lower reduction amounts include making the lower roll larger in diameter than the upper roll, or increasing the curvature in the roll width direction. Changing the roll diameter is easier to change the roll diameter than changing the curvature in the width direction.
[0026]
When the diameter of the lower roll is larger than that of the upper roll, the lower roll surface pressure is dispersed, so that the upper side is extended and downward warping occurs. This tendency increases as the difference in the vertical diameter ratio increases.
[0027]
On the other hand, as the load increases, the compressive residual stress increases, but the downward warping increases accordingly.
[0028]
In contrast, when the roll diameter and the roll width direction curvature are reversed, an upward warping occurs.
[0029]
Accordingly, there is a correlation among the upper and lower roll diameter ratio, the light pressure load, and the target residual stress, and it is desirable to adjust these appropriate values in accordance with the correction amount.
[0030]
【Example】
The present inventors performed light reduction rolling on the rail before correction, and performed roller correction.
[0031]
At this time, the cold rolling mill ( light rolling mill ) has an upper roll diameter of 250 mm, a lower roll diameter of 350 mm, and a roll diameter ratio of 1.4. In this rolling, only the lower roll is driven in order to give as little difference in the upper and lower peripheral speed as possible.
[0032]
There are three types of loads for light rolling performed as an experiment: 400 kN, 600 kN, and 800 kN.
[0033]
Immediately after light pressure reduction, the roller is corrected with a straightening machine in which the rollers are arranged in a staggered pattern with a roller diameter of 800 mm and a pitch of 1500 mm (from top to bottom). The correction condition at this time is a lighter condition than usual, in which the maximum contact surface pressure is 1200 MPa in elasticity calculation.
[0034]
The rail thus obtained was straight with few end bends.
[0035]
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the residual stress distribution between the present invention and the conventional method. In the figure, the present invention shows a residual stress distribution of a roll diameter ratio of 1.4, lightly reduced, and then corrected with a maximum contact surface pressure of 1200 MPa. And the conventional method as a comparison shows the residual stress of the rail which has been corrected to a strength of 1800 MPa (normal strength) at the contact surface pressure without light reduction. In FIG. 2, 11 is a residual stress distribution when normal strength is corrected without light pressure reduction, 12 is a residual stress distribution according to the present invention (light pressure load 800 kN), and 13 is a residual stress distribution according to the present invention (light pressure reduction). Loads 600 kN) and 14 indicate the residual stress distribution in the present invention (light pressure load 400 kN).
[0036]
In the case of normal strength correction, the rail is straight, but very high residual stress is generated on the crown and soles. Moreover, it is not possible to adjust until the edge is bent.
[0037]
On the other hand, the rail that has been straightened after being lightly squeezed is also straight and slightly bent at the ends. In addition, there was no strong residual tensile stress at the crown and soles.
[0038]
Table 1 shows a method for evaluating the abdominal brittle crack propagation characteristics of these rails by cutting a length of 450 mm horizontally into the abdomen and measuring the opening amount. The table shows the number of times until the fatigue test was performed with Δσ = 200 MPa and the foot side was pulled and swayed, and the sample broke.
[0039]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003754191
The opening amount is negative, the notch is in the closing direction, and the residual stress is controlled so that it does not easily propagate even if a crack occurs. In addition, since the tensile residual stress on the foot side is reduced, it can be seen that those with residual stress control have a long fatigue life.
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
While maintaining the shape accuracy of roller correction, it has become possible to obtain a rail with excellent anti-abdominal brittle crack propagation characteristics and high fatigue strength. In addition, edge bending was reduced.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows an apparatus embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a difference in residual stress distribution between the present invention and a conventional condition.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Warped rail before straightening 2 Upper roll of light rolling mill 3 Lower roll of light rolling mill 4 Straightening roller 5 Straightening roller 6 Straightening roller 7 Straightening roller 8 Straightening roller 9 Roller 10 for straightening machine Roller 11 for straightening machine Residual stress distribution 12 when normal strength is corrected without light pressure reduction 12 Residual stress distribution according to the present invention (light pressure under load 800 kN)
13 Residual stress distribution in the present invention (light pressure load 600 kN)
14 Residual stress distribution in the present invention (light pressure load 400 kN)

Claims (5)

冷間圧延機によりレール頭部と足裏の圧下量を調整してレールに下反りを付与し、ついで千鳥状に複数のローラーを配置したローラー矯正機によって矯正を行うことを特徴とするレールの矯正方法。Adjusting the amount of rolling down of the rail head and sole with a cold rolling mill to give the rail a downward warp, and then correcting with a roller straightening machine with multiple rollers arranged in a staggered manner Correction method. レールに対して千鳥状に複数のローラーを配置したローラー矯正機の入側に、レールに反りを付与する冷間圧延機を配置したことを特徴とするレールの矯正装置。A rail straightening device, wherein a cold rolling mill for imparting warpage to a rail is arranged on the entrance side of a roller straightening machine in which a plurality of rollers are arranged in a staggered manner with respect to the rail. 請求項2記載の冷間圧延機がレールに下反りを付与するようにレール頭部と足裏の圧下量の異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴とする請求項2記載のレールの矯正装置。Correction device rail according to claim 2, wherein the cold rolling mill of claim 2, wherein are different cold rolling mill of the rail head and foot of the reduction rate to impart anhedral rail . 請求項2又は3に記載の冷間圧延機が上下のロール径が異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴とする請求項2又は3に記載のレールの矯正装置。The rail straightening device according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the cold rolling mill according to claim 2 or 3 is a cold rolling mill having different upper and lower roll diameters. 請求項2又は3に記載の冷間圧延機が上下のロールの幅方向曲率が異なる冷間圧延機であることを特徴とする請求項2又は3に記載のレールの矯正装置。The rail straightening device according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the cold rolling mill according to claim 2 or 3 is a cold rolling mill in which the upper and lower rolls have different curvatures in the width direction.
JP25260997A 1997-09-03 1997-09-03 Rail straightening method and apparatus Expired - Fee Related JP3754191B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP25260997A JP3754191B2 (en) 1997-09-03 1997-09-03 Rail straightening method and apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP25260997A JP3754191B2 (en) 1997-09-03 1997-09-03 Rail straightening method and apparatus

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH1177160A JPH1177160A (en) 1999-03-23
JP3754191B2 true JP3754191B2 (en) 2006-03-08

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101927280B (en) * 2010-09-01 2012-10-17 攀钢集团钢铁钒钛股份有限公司 Method for straightening flatness at end part of steel rail

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