JP3704556B2 - Method for producing zinc antimony compound - Google Patents
Method for producing zinc antimony compound Download PDFInfo
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- JP3704556B2 JP3704556B2 JP2001331628A JP2001331628A JP3704556B2 JP 3704556 B2 JP3704556 B2 JP 3704556B2 JP 2001331628 A JP2001331628 A JP 2001331628A JP 2001331628 A JP2001331628 A JP 2001331628A JP 3704556 B2 JP3704556 B2 JP 3704556B2
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- CZJCMXPZSYNVLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Sb] CZJCMXPZSYNVLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 9
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 36
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 13
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003323 beak Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は,亜鉛アンチモン化合物焼結の製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
熱エネルギーを電気エネルギーに、或いは電気エネルギーを熱エネルギーに変換させる熱電変換モジュールは、エネルギー変換モジュルールとして注目されている。このモジュールを利用した熱電発電を行うための機構は、図1に示されている。熱電発電は、熱電発電モジュールを片方に熱を供給し、高温温度側部分を形成させ、他方の低温温度側部分から熱を放熱させ、貫流する熱の一部を電気として取り出すことにより、発電を行う発電方式である。
熱電発電には、p型材料とn型材料が使用される。
発電変換効率は、各材料の性能を表す下式により決定される。
ここで、TH、TL、
は、高温部温度、低温部温度及びそれらの平均温度であり、Zは材料の性能指数(単位はK-1)である。Zの値が高いほど、熱電発電の変換効率は高くなる。この熱電変換効率により、熱電発電の性能は定まる。
この材料の一つとして、亜鉛アンチモン化合物が知られており、具体的には、β-Zn4Sb3 が良好であることが知られている。
図2は、各材料の熱電材料の性能指数と温度との関係を示すものである。β-Zn4Sb3は、500Kから700Kの間で、他の材料に比較して高い性能指数Zの値を示しており、発電用材料として高いポテンシャルを有していることがわかる。
従来、β-Zn4Sb3 緻密固体は、通常の均一に加熱を行う溶融法では合成できないとされている。
図3は、Zn−Sbの状態図である。この状態図を見ると、β相は調和溶融せず、他の相を生成しながらγ相を生成、より低温でβ相となっていることがわかる。また、単相として得る事が難しいこともわかる。また、単相に類似する、性能の良い材料が得られたとしても、γ相からβ相への相変態温度が492℃であり、冷却時に体積変化を経験することから、内部に気泡やクラックが多量に存在し、機械的に非常に弱いために、熱電発電モジュールとして使用することは不可能である。このような事情で、確実に均質な材料を得るためには、亜鉛及びアンチモンの各単体元素の混合粉体を300℃〜400℃という低い温度で、長時間かけて固相反応を進めるか、もしくは、不均一な溶融凝固試料を一度粉砕し、長時間かけて上記温度で熱処理する事が必要とされるこが考えられる。
上記各材料は粉体であるため、通常は加圧焼結を行い、密度を上げて、機械的に丈夫な材料からなる素子を製造し、熱電発電に利用する。このようなことから、例えば、400℃、35MPaという条件で、一軸加圧の放電プラズマ焼結により、焼結体を合成することは可能である。しかしならが、上記焼結体でも、焼結体内部に微細なクラックが多く発生する事が報告されており、焼結体は機械的な特性を測定する事が困難なほどに脆弱であり、熱電発電モジュールに利用するために十分な強度が得られない。また、場合によっては焼結装置から取り出した状態で、割れてしまうなど、機械的な信頼性に乏しい状態にある。
このようなことから、β-Zn4Sb3に関し、内部に気泡やクラックが多量に存在せず、機械的に十分な強度がある、熱電発電モジュールに使用することができる焼結材料及びその製法が求められている。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の課題は,特定の温度範囲及び圧力範囲に含まれる一定条件下に加圧焼結を行い、製造時に不可避的に発生する残留応力が低減され、クラックが存在しない、かつ、機械的強度の大きな亜鉛−アンチモン化合物(β−Zn4Sb3)の製造法を提供することである。
【0004】
【課題を解決する手段】
本発明者らは,前記課題を研究し、Zn及びSb各成分の組み合わせからなり、その割合がモル比で4対3である混合された粉体を、真空下に650〜700℃の温度範囲下に溶融凝固させてβ-Zn4Sb3とし、これを粉砕して粉体とし、次に圧力範囲が50MPa以上100MPa以下であり、かつ焼結温度範囲が450℃以上、500℃以下の、一定条件下に、緻密化処理を行い、終了後、温度が焼結温度の95%に到達する前迄に、焼結圧力を解除することにより得られるβ-Zn4Sb3焼結体は、このような圧力を解除せずに、冷却を続けて得られた従来の焼結体に見られた、不可避的に発生する残留応力が低減され、クラックが存在しない、機械的強度の大きな亜鉛アンチモン化合物(β-Zn4Sb3)焼結体であることを実験的に見出して、本発明を完成させた。
【0005】
本発明によれば、以下の発明が提供される。
(1)Zn及びSb各成分の組み合わせからなり、その割合がモル比で4対3である混合された粉体を真空封入後、650〜700℃の温度下に溶融凝固させてβ-Zn4Sb3とし、これを粉砕して粉体とし、次に圧力範囲が50MPa以上100MPa以下であり、かつ焼結温度範囲が450℃以上、500℃以下の、一定条件下に緻密化処理を行い、終了後、温度が焼結温度の95%に到達する前迄に、前記圧力を解除することを特徴とするβ-Zn4Sb3焼結体の製造方法。
【0006】
【発明の実施の形態】
本発明によれば、焼結体の原料には、亜鉛とアンチモンの高純度原料を用いる。原料の純度は99.9%以上、望ましくは99.99%以上、より望ましくは99.999%の原料を用いる。これらは、1mm〜5mm程度の固体の粉体状であることが一般的であり、形状に特に指定はない。
【0007】
各原料の固体を、亜鉛とアンチモンの割合がモル比で4対3となるように秤量し、できるだけ均一になるように混合する。
この亜鉛とアンチモンのモル比は、亜鉛を過剰量に用いるようにしても差し支えない。亜鉛の使用量を、あまりに過剰とすることは,亜鉛の影響を無視することができなくなり、好ましくない。このようなことから、通常、亜鉛の使用量を3%以内であれば,良好な結果を得ることができる。したがって、この程度の範囲内であれば,適宜採用することができる。回転式或いはボールミルなどの混合機により混合した後に,ガラス製の容器内に入れ、真空ポンプにより内部のガスを引き、容器内を真空状態として封じ切る。ガラス製の容器を高温保持が可能な炉中に静置し、650〜700℃の範囲の温度で、原料の固体の溶融混合を進行させる。通常5時間から10時間程度の溶融を行い、通常毎分1℃程度の割合で除冷し、β-Zn4Sb3を製造する。凝固させたβ-Zn4Sb3インゴットを取り出した後、空気等の酸化性ガスが存在しない空間で、粉砕し、粉粒体とする。
【0008】
このようにして得られる、粉粒体のβ-Zn4Sb3の焼結処理を行う。
焼結操作は,圧力範囲が50MPa以上100MPa以下であり、かつ焼結温度範囲が450℃以上、500℃以下の、一定の温度及び圧力条件下に行う緻密化処理である。この焼結操作を行う装置には,加圧及び加熱するための手段を有するものが用いられる。簡便には、一軸加圧式のホットプレスが用いられるが、より大型で均質な焼結を目指す場合には等方的な加圧方式であるHIP焼結も利用される。
焼結操作の温度・圧力のプロフイルは図5に示すとおりである。
最高温度に達するまでの昇温速度は、10〜20℃/min.の範囲に設定される。
焼結操作のための一定温度(450〜500℃)に到達したあとは,この温度を一定に保つように制御される。焼結操作に要する時間は、焼結温度との組み合わせに応じて適宜決定する。焼結温度に高い温度を採用した場合には、焼結時間は短く、また焼結温度に低い温度を採用した場合には、緻密化処理に要する時間は長くなる。具体的には、450℃の焼結温度においては、8〜10時間の範囲で行われることが望ましい。また、500℃の焼結温度においては、2〜4時間の範囲で行われることが望ましい。
焼結操作が終了した後に、放置して冷却操作を開始する。冷却速度は、10℃から20℃/min.の範囲である。
全体の温度が焼結温度の95%の温度となる前迄に、焼結操作の圧力を解除する。この全体温度は重要な意味をもつ。この温度を過ぎて圧力を解除したのでは,残留応力が低減されていない状態で、クラックが生じてしまったりして、効果を達成することができない。
【0009】
本発明により得られる焼結体は、従来の加圧焼結による焼結体の合成時に見られた不可避的に発生する残留応力が低減され、クラックの存在しない、機械的強度の大きな亜鉛アンチモン化合物(β-Zn4Sb3)焼結体である。
【0010】
【実施例】
以下に,本発明について実施例により更に説明する。本発明はこの実施例により限定されるものではない。
実施例1
亜鉛、アンチモン各粉体(粒度100メッシュ以下)からなる原料粉体を、亜鉛1.333:アンチモン1.000のモル比となるように秤量し、ガラス製アンプル中に10−2Torrの真空下に封入し、マッフル炉の中央に静置した。650℃で、10時間にわたり加熱溶融した後、開封してインゴットを取り出し、アルゴンガスを満たしたグローブボックス内で乳ばちにより粉砕した。このようにして、原料となるβ−Zn4Sb3化合物の粉粒体を合成した。
上記粉体を、グラファイト製の一軸加圧プレス用のダイスに充填した。この実施例では、直径15mmφの円筒形のダイスであり、上下からグラファイト製のパンチで加圧する仕組みとなっている。粉粒体は、焼結体の仕上がりの状態で厚さ3mm程度となるように秤量し、充填した。
このダイスを1軸加圧式のホットプレス装置にセットし、アルゴンガス雰囲気内でダイス温度470℃、8時間、100MPaの条件で焼結した。室温から470℃までの昇温速度は15℃/min.とした。
この条件下に、8時間にわたる焼結操作の結果、密度を十分に緻密化させることができた。
そして、焼結操作が終了後、速やかに、焼結圧力を除いた状態とし、その後、15℃/min.で除冷を開始した。このことで、加圧軸方向への体積膨張の自由度が許され、内部応力が緩和されるることとなった。
この焼結操作条件で得られた焼結体の密度は6.32g/cm3まで上がっており、顕微鏡観察によってもクラックが発見されず、室温における抵抗率が2〜3×10-5Ωm、ゼーベック係数が120μV/K、熱伝導率が0.92W/mKと、良好な熱電特性を有することが確認できた。
【0011】
実施例2
実施例1の焼結方法の有効性を確認するために、実施例1と全く同様の方法により、焼結操作により緻密化処理を行い、焼結時と同じ100MPaの圧力をかけ続けた状態で、除冷を行って得られた焼結体の写真を図4aに示す。比較のため、本発明の実施例1により得られた焼結体を図4bに示す。
圧力をかけ続けた状態で除冷した焼結体は、ダイスから取り出した時点で無数のクラックを有しており、わずかな力で簡単に破砕された。このため、実用化は困難であると考えられた。実施例1で得られた焼結体は、研削砥石による、厚み1mm以下の切り出し作業やメッキ作業にも全く破砕する事なく、実用化に必要な強度を有している事が確認できた。
【0012】
実施例3
本発明のクラックの発生を抑制する機構の知見、及び焼結条件の有効範囲を得ると共に、冷却時のどの時点でクラックが発生するかのを調べるため、以下の実験を行った。
実施例1のように焼結温度を470℃とした場合、8時間の緻密化工程終了後に除冷を開始し、異なる3種類の温度に到達した時点で、圧力を解除する実験を行った。すなわち図5に見るように、450℃、430℃、400℃、室温までダイス温度が下がるまでは圧力を解除しないという条件で焼結操作を行った。
冷却の速度は、実施例1、2と同様に15℃/min.とした。
実験の結果、表1に見るように、450℃(焼結温度の、ほぼ95%に相当)では機械的強度に優れた焼結体が得られたが、430℃、400℃、室温になるまで加圧を続けると実用性のない、脆い焼結体となる事が分かる。
これらの実験より、本発明で主張する圧力の解除は、冷却が開始されてからダイス温度が450℃に至る前に行う必要がある事が分かる。
【0013】
【表1】
【0014】
比較例1
本発明における焼結時の冷却速度の影響を調べるために、以下の実験を行った。実施例1と同様のダイスを使用して、焼結温度を500℃とし、この温度からの冷却速度を5℃/min.および1℃/min.として冷却を行った。
いずれの場合も、焼結圧力は100MPaとし、ダイス温度が室温になるまで圧力を加え続けた。
この結果、得られた焼結体はいずれもクラックを有し、簡単に破砕されてしまうほどに、脆い焼結体であることが確認された。
つまり、冷却速度を小さくしても、クラック発生の抑制効果はない事が分かる。このことは、クラック発生の機構が、緻密化終了後の冷却時に発生する焼結体内の温度分布による熱歪みに帰因するものではない事を裏付けている。
【0015】
実施例4
亜鉛アンチモン化合物の焼結条件と熱電特性の関係を調べるために、温度、圧力、時間を変化させた焼結実験を行った。
実験の結果、表2に示す通り焼結温度は、少なくとも450℃以上、500℃未満で、熱起電力が高い、良好な特性が得られる事が明らかである。
試料の密度が6.0g/cm3以上のサンプルが必要であり、少なくとも50MPa以上の加圧が必要であることが理解できる。
また、1200MPaといった大きな圧力は、緻密化には寄与するものの、製造された焼結体の熱起電力は極めて小さくなる。X線回折実験によれば、この焼結体は異なる結晶構造になっており、従って、過剰な加圧は高い性能を持つ熱電材料の製造に相応しくない。
したがってこの実験では、性能を維持する適正な圧力範囲は50〜100MPaであると言える。
【0016】
【表2】
【0017】
実施例5
次に,亜鉛の使用量を多くした場合の結果について述べる。
亜鉛とアンチモンの配合比率が異なる試料に本発明を適用した実施例は、次のとおりである。
亜鉛1.333モルに対してアンチモンを1.000モル秤量して、実施例1の方法に従い、混合粉砕、固相反応、及びホットプレス焼結を行った試料の他、原料出発組成をそれぞれ、1%、2%、3%亜鉛を過剰に添加した試料を、前記実施例1の同様の方法で、合成及び焼結操作を行った。亜鉛を前記の量を過剰に添加した試料においても、実施例1と同様に、本発明を適用する事で、焼結体にクラックの発生は認められず、機械的強度に優れているという結果が得られた。
このことから、3%以内であれば,亜鉛を過剰に使用しても差し支えないということができる。
【0018】
参考例6
次に、本発明の亜鉛アンチモン化合物にカドミウムを添加するときに、どのような結果が得られるかについての参考例を述べる。
亜鉛1.333モルに対してアンチモンを1.000モル秤量するところ、アンチモンの0.050〜最大0.300モル分をカドミウムに置き換えて実験を行った。実施例1の要領に従い、それぞれ、混合粉砕、固相反応、ホットプレス焼結をおこなった。これらの焼結体試料製造に本発明を適用する事で、クラックの発生は認められず、機械的強度に優れている試料の製造が可能となった。
また対比実験として、亜鉛1.333モル、アンチモン0.85モル、カドミウム0.15モルの比率で秤量、合成を開始した試料をホットプレス焼結し、このとき、実施例1とは異なる条件、すなわち、試料緻密化終了後に室温まで冷却する際も圧力をかけ続けていた場合、出来上がった焼結体試料にはクラックが入り、容易に破砕する脆い試料となった。
このことから、カドミウムを添加した亜鉛アンチモン化合物においても本発明が有効である事が分かる。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
本発明により得られる焼結体は、従来の加圧焼結により得られる焼結体の合成時に不可避的に発生する残留応力が低減され、クラックの存在しない、機械的強度の大きな亜鉛アンチモン化合物(β-Zn4Sb3)焼結体を得ることができる。そして、この焼結体は熱電特性、および機械的な特性に優れた亜鉛アンチモン化合物焼結体である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】熱電変換素子及び熱電変換素子を用いた熱電発電の原理図
【図2】熱電材料の性能指数
【図3】Zn−Sb系状態図
【図4】焼結体を示す図
【図5】本発明の焼結の温度/圧力のプロフイルを示す図
【図6】実施例3による焼結の温度/圧力のプロフイルを示す図[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for producing zinc antimony compound sintered.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Thermoelectric conversion modules that convert thermal energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into thermal energy are attracting attention as energy conversion module rules. A mechanism for performing thermoelectric generation using this module is shown in FIG. Thermoelectric power generation generates electricity by supplying heat to one side of a thermoelectric power generation module, forming a high temperature side portion, dissipating heat from the other low temperature side portion, and taking out a part of the flowing heat as electricity. It is a power generation method to be performed.
A p-type material and an n-type material are used for thermoelectric power generation.
The power generation conversion efficiency is determined by the following equation representing the performance of each material.
Where T H , T L ,
Is a high temperature part temperature, a low temperature part temperature, and an average temperature thereof, and Z is a figure of merit (unit is K −1 ) of the material. The higher the value of Z, the higher the conversion efficiency of thermoelectric power generation. The performance of thermoelectric power generation is determined by this thermoelectric conversion efficiency.
As one of these materials, zinc antimony compounds are known. Specifically, β-Zn 4 Sb 3 Is known to be good.
FIG. 2 shows the relationship between the performance index of each thermoelectric material and the temperature. β-Zn 4 Sb 3 shows a high figure of merit Z compared with other materials between 500K and 700K, indicating that it has a high potential as a power generation material.
Conventionally, β-Zn 4 Sb 3 It is said that a dense solid cannot be synthesized by a normal melting method in which heating is performed uniformly.
FIG. 3 is a state diagram of Zn—Sb. From this phase diagram, it can be seen that the β phase does not melt in harmony, and the γ phase is produced while other phases are produced, and the β phase is formed at a lower temperature. It can also be seen that it is difficult to obtain a single phase. Moreover, even if a material with good performance similar to a single phase is obtained, the phase transformation temperature from the γ phase to the β phase is 492 ° C., and the volume change is experienced during cooling. Is present in large quantities and is very mechanically weak, so it cannot be used as a thermoelectric power generation module. Under such circumstances, in order to reliably obtain a homogeneous material, the mixed powder of each elemental element of zinc and antimony is allowed to proceed with a solid phase reaction over a long period of time at a low temperature of 300 ° C. to 400 ° C., Alternatively, it may be necessary to pulverize a non-uniform melt-solidified sample once and heat-treat at the above temperature for a long time.
Since each of the above materials is a powder, normally, pressure sintering is performed to increase the density, and an element made of a mechanically strong material is manufactured and used for thermoelectric power generation. For this reason, for example, it is possible to synthesize a sintered body by discharge plasma sintering under uniaxial pressure under the conditions of 400 ° C. and 35 MPa. However, even in the sintered body, it has been reported that many fine cracks are generated inside the sintered body, and the sintered body is so weak that it is difficult to measure mechanical properties, Insufficient strength to be used for a thermoelectric power generation module cannot be obtained. In some cases, it is in a state of poor mechanical reliability, such as cracking after being taken out of the sintering apparatus.
For this reason, with respect to β-Zn 4 Sb 3 , a sintered material that can be used for a thermoelectric power generation module that does not have a large amount of bubbles and cracks inside and has sufficient mechanical strength, and a method for producing the same Is required.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to perform pressure sintering under a certain condition included in a specific temperature range and pressure range, to reduce the residual stress inevitably generated during production, no cracks, and mechanical strength A large zinc-antimony compound (β-Zn 4 Sb 3 ) is provided.
[0004]
[Means for solving the problems]
The present inventors have studied the above problems, and mixed powders composed of combinations of Zn and Sb components, the ratio of which is 4 to 3 in molar ratio, are in a temperature range of 650 to 700 ° C. under vacuum. Β-Zn 4 Sb 3 is melted and solidified below, and this is pulverized into powder, and then the pressure range is 50 MPa to 100 MPa, and the sintering temperature range is 450 ° C. to 500 ° C., The β-Zn 4 Sb 3 sintered body obtained by releasing the sintering pressure after completion of the densification treatment under certain conditions and before the temperature reaches 95% of the sintering temperature, Zinc antimony with high mechanical strength, reduced in unavoidable residual stress found in conventional sintered bodies obtained by continuing cooling without releasing such pressure, and without cracks The present invention was completed by experimentally finding that it was a compound (β-Zn 4 Sb 3 ) sintered body.
[0005]
According to the present invention, the following inventions are provided.
(1) A mixed powder consisting of a combination of Zn and Sb components, the ratio of which is 4 to 3 in molar ratio, is vacuum sealed and then melted and solidified at a temperature of 650 to 700 ° C. to form β-Zn 4 Sb 3 is pulverized into powder, and then the pressure range is 50 MPa to 100 MPa, and the sintering temperature range is 450 ° C. to 500 ° C., and densification is performed under certain conditions. After the completion, the pressure is released before the temperature reaches 95% of the sintering temperature. A method for producing a β-Zn 4 Sb 3 sintered body, wherein the pressure is released.
[0006]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, high-purity raw materials of zinc and antimony are used as the raw material for the sintered body. The purity of the raw material is 99.9% or higher, preferably 99.99% or higher, more preferably 99.999%. These are generally in the form of a solid powder of about 1 mm to 5 mm, and the shape is not particularly specified.
[0007]
The solids of each raw material are weighed so that the ratio of zinc and antimony is 4 to 3 in terms of molar ratio, and mixed so as to be as uniform as possible.
The molar ratio of zinc to antimony may be such that zinc is used in excess. Excessive use of zinc is not preferable because the influence of zinc cannot be ignored. For these reasons, usually, good results can be obtained if the amount of zinc used is within 3%. Therefore, if it is in the range of this degree, it can employ | adopt suitably. After mixing by a mixer such as a rotary type or a ball mill, the mixture is put in a glass container, and the inside gas is drawn by a vacuum pump to seal the container in a vacuum state. The glass container is placed in a furnace capable of maintaining a high temperature, and the raw material solids are melted and mixed at a temperature in the range of 650 to 700 ° C. Usually, melting is performed for about 5 to 10 hours, and cooling is usually performed at a rate of about 1 ° C. per minute to produce β-Zn 4 Sb 3 . After the solidified β-Zn 4 Sb 3 ingot is taken out, it is pulverized in a space where no oxidizing gas such as air is present to form a granular material.
[0008]
The sintering process of β-Zn 4 Sb 3 of the granular material thus obtained is performed.
The sintering operation is a densification treatment performed under a constant temperature and pressure condition in which the pressure range is 50 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less and the sintering temperature range is 450 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less. As an apparatus for performing this sintering operation, an apparatus having means for applying pressure and heating is used. For simplicity, a uniaxial pressure hot press is used, but when aiming at larger and homogeneous sintering, HIP sintering which is an isotropic pressure method is also used.
The temperature / pressure profile of the sintering operation is as shown in FIG.
The rate of temperature increase until reaching the maximum temperature is 10 to 20 ° C./min. Is set in the range.
After reaching a certain temperature (450 to 500 ° C.) for the sintering operation, the temperature is controlled to be kept constant. The time required for the sintering operation is appropriately determined according to the combination with the sintering temperature. When a high temperature is adopted as the sintering temperature, the sintering time is short, and when a low temperature is adopted as the sintering temperature, the time required for the densification treatment becomes long. Specifically, it is desirable that the sintering be performed at a sintering temperature of 450 ° C. for 8 to 10 hours. Moreover, it is desirable to carry out in the range of 2 to 4 hours at a sintering temperature of 500 ° C.
After the sintering operation is completed, the cooling operation is started by leaving it alone. The cooling rate is 10 ° C. to 20 ° C./min. Range.
The pressure of the sintering operation is released before the overall temperature reaches 95% of the sintering temperature. This overall temperature has an important meaning. If the pressure is released after this temperature, the effect cannot be achieved because cracks may occur in the state where the residual stress is not reduced.
[0009]
The sintered body obtained by the present invention has reduced mechanical residual stress, which is inevitably generated during the synthesis of sintered bodies by conventional pressure sintering, has no cracks, and has a high mechanical strength. It is a (β-Zn 4 Sb 3 ) sintered body.
[0010]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be further described with reference to examples. The present invention is not limited by this example.
Example 1
Raw material powder composed of zinc and antimony powder (particle size of 100 mesh or less) was weighed so as to have a molar ratio of zinc 1.333: antimony 1.000, and sealed in a glass ampoule under a vacuum of 10 −2 Torr, It was left in the center of the muffle furnace. After being melted by heating at 650 ° C. for 10 hours, it was opened and the ingot was taken out, and pulverized with a milk beak in a glove box filled with argon gas. In this way, a powder of β-Zn 4 Sb 3 compound as a raw material was synthesized.
The powder was filled into a graphite uniaxial press die. In this embodiment, it is a cylindrical die having a diameter of 15 mm and is pressurized from above and below with a graphite punch. The granular material was weighed and filled so as to have a thickness of about 3 mm in the finished state of the sintered body.
This die was set in a uniaxial pressurizing hot press apparatus and sintered in an argon gas atmosphere at a die temperature of 470 ° C. for 8 hours at 100 MPa. The heating rate from room temperature to 470 ° C. was 15 ° C./min.
Under this condition, as a result of the sintering operation for 8 hours, the density could be sufficiently densified.
Then, immediately after the sintering operation was completed, the sintering pressure was removed, and then cooling was started at 15 ° C./min. This allowed the degree of freedom of volume expansion in the direction of the pressure axis, thereby relieving internal stress.
The density of the sintered body obtained under the sintering operation conditions has increased to 6.32 g / cm 3, cracks are not found even by microscopic observation, and the resistivity at room temperature is 2 to 3 × 10 −5 Ωm, Seebeck It was confirmed that the coefficient was 120 μV / K and the thermal conductivity was 0.92 W / mK, and that the thermoelectric properties were good.
[0011]
Example 2
In order to confirm the effectiveness of the sintering method of Example 1, the densification treatment was performed by the sintering operation in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same pressure of 100 MPa as in the sintering was continuously applied. A photograph of a sintered body obtained by performing cooling is shown in FIG. 4a. For comparison, the sintered body obtained in Example 1 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 4b.
The sintered body, which had been cooled while being kept under pressure, had innumerable cracks when removed from the die, and was easily crushed with a slight force. For this reason, it was thought that practical use was difficult. It was confirmed that the sintered body obtained in Example 1 had the strength necessary for practical use without being crushed at all by cutting and plating operations with a thickness of 1 mm or less using a grinding wheel.
[0012]
Example 3
In order to obtain the knowledge of the mechanism for suppressing the occurrence of cracks of the present invention and the effective range of sintering conditions, and to investigate at which point the cracks occurred during cooling, the following experiment was conducted.
When the sintering temperature was set to 470 ° C. as in Example 1, the cooling was started after the end of the densification process for 8 hours, and an experiment was conducted to release the pressure when reaching three different temperatures. That is, as shown in FIG. 5, the sintering operation was performed under the condition that the pressure was not released until the die temperature decreased to 450 ° C., 430 ° C., 400 ° C. and room temperature.
The cooling rate was 15 ° C./min as in Examples 1 and 2.
As a result of the experiment, as shown in Table 1, a sintered body excellent in mechanical strength was obtained at 450 ° C. (corresponding to approximately 95% of the sintering temperature), but it became 430 ° C., 400 ° C., and room temperature. It can be seen that if the pressure is continued until it becomes a brittle sintered body having no practicality.
From these experiments, it is understood that the pressure release claimed in the present invention needs to be performed before the die temperature reaches 450 ° C. after the cooling is started.
[0013]
[Table 1]
[0014]
Comparative Example 1
In order to investigate the influence of the cooling rate during sintering in the present invention, the following experiment was conducted. Using the same die as in Example 1, cooling was performed at a sintering temperature of 500 ° C., and cooling rates from this temperature were 5 ° C./min. And 1 ° C./min.
In either case, the sintering pressure was 100 MPa, and pressure was continuously applied until the die temperature reached room temperature.
As a result, it was confirmed that all of the obtained sintered bodies had cracks and were brittle sintered bodies so that they were easily crushed.
That is, it can be seen that there is no effect of suppressing the occurrence of cracks even if the cooling rate is reduced. This confirms that the mechanism of crack generation is not attributable to thermal strain due to the temperature distribution in the sintered body that occurs during cooling after completion of densification.
[0015]
Example 4
In order to investigate the relationship between the sintering conditions of the zinc antimony compound and the thermoelectric properties, a sintering experiment was performed by changing the temperature, pressure and time.
As a result of the experiment, as shown in Table 2, it is clear that the sintering temperature is at least 450 ° C. or more and less than 500 ° C., and good characteristics with high thermoelectromotive force can be obtained.
It can be understood that a sample having a density of 6.0 g / cm 3 or more is necessary, and pressurization of at least 50 MPa is necessary.
A large pressure of 1200 MPa contributes to densification, but the thermoelectromotive force of the manufactured sintered body becomes extremely small. According to X-ray diffraction experiments, this sintered body has a different crystal structure, and therefore excessive pressurization is not suitable for the production of thermoelectric materials with high performance.
Therefore, in this experiment, it can be said that the proper pressure range for maintaining the performance is 50 to 100 MPa.
[0016]
[Table 2]
[0017]
Example 5
Next, the results when the amount of zinc used is increased will be described.
Examples in which the present invention is applied to samples having different blending ratios of zinc and antimony are as follows.
In addition to a sample obtained by weighing 1.000 moles of antimony against 1.333 moles of zinc and subjecting the mixture to pulverization, solid phase reaction, and hot press sintering in accordance with the method of Example 1, the starting material composition is 1%, 2%, respectively. % And 3% zinc were added in the same manner as in Example 1 and were subjected to synthesis and sintering operations. Even in the sample in which the above amount of zinc was added excessively, as in Example 1, by applying the present invention, no cracks were observed in the sintered body, and the mechanical strength was excellent. was gotten.
From this, it can be said that if it is within 3%, zinc may be used excessively.
[0018]
Reference Example 6
Next, a reference example of what results can be obtained when cadmium is added to the zinc antimony compound of the present invention will be described.
When 1.000 moles of antimony were weighed against 1.333 moles of zinc, 0.050 to a maximum of 0.300 moles of antimony were replaced with cadmium. According to the procedure of Example 1, mixed pulverization, solid phase reaction, and hot press sintering were performed, respectively. By applying the present invention to the production of these sintered body samples, the generation of cracks was not recognized, and it was possible to produce samples having excellent mechanical strength.
Further, as a comparison experiment, a sample that was weighed and synthesized at a ratio of 1.333 mol of zinc, 0.85 mol of antimony, and 0.15 mol of cadmium was hot-press sintered. When pressure was continuously applied when cooling to room temperature later, the finished sintered body sample was cracked and became a brittle sample that was easily crushed.
From this, it can be seen that the present invention is also effective in a zinc antimony compound to which cadmium is added.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
The sintered body obtained by the present invention has a reduced mechanical residual stress generated during the synthesis of a sintered body obtained by conventional pressure sintering, has no cracks, and has a high mechanical strength. β-Zn 4 Sb 3 ) Sintered body can be obtained. And this sintered compact is a zinc antimony compound sintered compact excellent in thermoelectric characteristics and mechanical characteristics.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a thermoelectric conversion element and a principle diagram of thermoelectric power generation using the thermoelectric conversion element. FIG. 2 is a figure of merit of the thermoelectric material. FIG. 3 is a Zn-Sb system phase diagram. 5 is a diagram showing a sintering temperature / pressure profile according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a sintering temperature / pressure profile according to Example 3. FIG.
Claims (1)
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