JP3677505B2 - Driving method of switching regulator - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for driving a switching regulator of a DC-DC converter or a DC-AC inverter.
[0002]
[Prior art]
For example, the switching regulator comprising a DC-DC converter, as shown in FIG. 7, connect the DC-AC inverter 2 to the DC power source 1 to output a DC voltage _{V in,} the rectifying and smoothing circuit to the DC-AC inverter 2 What connected 3 is known. The DC-AC inverter 2 includes a switching element formed of a transistor and an energy storage element such as a transformer, a coil, and a capacitor. Rectifying and smoothing circuit 3 rectifies the AC voltage output from the DC-AC inverter 2, further smoothing and outputs the desired DC voltage V _O.
[0003]
Such a switching regulator operates differently depending on how the switching element and the energy storage element are connected. For example, when a coil is used as the energy storage element, it is a non-insulated type step-down, step-up or step-up / step-down DC−. A DC converter can be realized, and when a transformer is used as an energy storage element, an isolated forward, flyback DC-DC converter, push-pull, half bridge, or full bridge DC-AC inverter can be realized.
[0004]
As a method for controlling such a switching regulator, for example, a DC-DC converter, a pulse width modulation (hereinafter referred to as PWM) method and an intermittent operation method are known. As shown in FIG. 8, the PWM method compares the difference ΔV _O (= V _O −V _r ) between the output voltage V _O and the desired voltage V _r with a sawtooth wave v _s having a constant amplitude, thereby generating a pulse. The width-modulated signal is used as a switching signal of the switching element, and is a feedback control system. DC output voltage V _O of the DC-DC converter according to such feedback control scheme is generally expressed as follows.
[0005]
V _O = K ₁ · f (d) · V _in (1)
Here, K ₁ is a proportionality constant, V _in is the input DC voltage, f (d) when the ratio (duty ratio) as a function of d, the period of the switching signal tau, when the on time of the switching element the tau _on,
d = τ _on / τ (2)
Given in. By the way, in the continuous mode flyback method using a transformer often used in switching regulators,
K ₁ = N _s / N _p (3)
f (d) = d / (1-d) (4)
It becomes. Here, N _p and N _s are the primary and the number secondary windings of the transformer, respectively.
[0006]
This PWM method controls the output voltage every cycle of the switching signal, so it has excellent responsiveness, but the circuit always operates even when the output voltage V _O is higher than the desired voltage V _r . Compared with the intermittent operation method described below, the power exchange efficiency is low. Another problem is miniaturization. In recent years, there has been a strong demand for miniaturization of the power source, and an effective means for meeting this demand is to increase the switching frequency, thereby reducing the coil, transformer, or capacitor. However, since the rise time, fall time, and delay time of a transistor that is a switching element are finite, it is difficult to control the duty ratio in a wide range when the switching frequency is increased.
[0007]
As shown in FIG. 9, the intermittent operation method is a converter in which the switching element is driven by a switching signal having a constant pulse width only when the output voltage V _O of the DC-DC converter is lower than the desired voltage V _r. The output voltage V _{O in} this case is given by the following equation.
[0008]
V _O = K ₂ · V _in · D (5)
Here, K ₂ is a proportionality constant, D is
D = _Ton / ( _Ton + _Toff ) = _Ton / T (6)
T _on and T _off are an operation period and a rest period of the DC-DC converter, respectively, and T = T _on + T _off is an intermittent period. In this method, since the circuit is stopped during the period of V _O > V _r , almost no energy is consumed. Therefore, extremely high power conversion efficiency is obtained, and the pulse width of the switching signal is constant, so that switching is performed. Since the frequency can be increased, it is advantageous for downsizing. For this reason, this intermittent operation method is widely used for power-saving switching regulators.
[0009]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when this intermittent operation method is applied to a flyback switching regulator using a transformer _in which the input voltage Vin changes over a wide range, the following problems arise.
[0010]
For example, when the input voltage range is V _min <V _in <V _max , D in the above equation (6) is 0 <D ≦ 1, so when V _in = V _min and D = 1,
K ₂ = V _O / V _min (7)
D becomes minimum when V _in = V _max . That is,
D _min = V _min / V _max (8)
It becomes. Therefore, when V _in = V _max and V _max >> V _min , _Ton is short and T _off is very long, so that the output ripple voltage becomes very large. In this case, the intermittent operation frequency f = 1 / T is often an audible frequency, and an audible sound is generated depending on the installation of the transformer.
[0011]
Furthermore, there is a problem of peak power. That is, when V _in = V _min and D = 1, the following relationship is established in the flyback method.
[0012]
P _O = (1 / 2η) · V _max ² / L _p · τ _on / τ (9)
Here, _PO is the required output power, η is the power conversion efficiency, L _p is the inductance of the primary winding of the transformer, τ _on is the ON time of the switching element, and τ is the switching period. If the V _{in is,} became a _V in ₌ V _max, instantaneous power _{P i} in the operation period _{T on} is,
_{P i = (1 / 2η)} · V max 2 / L p · τ on / τ = P O (V max / V min) 2 ... (10)
Thus, when V _max >> V _min , a very large instantaneous power, and therefore a very large peak current flows, and when a battery is used as an input power source, the consumption is accelerated.
[0013]
Therefore, the present invention does not increase the output ripple voltage or peak power even if the input voltage range is widened. Therefore, the input voltage range can be widened, and the size can be reduced by increasing the switching frequency. A switching regulator driving method that can be realized is provided.
[0014]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention includes a switching element, an energy storage element, a rectifier, a smoothing circuit, and the like. In the switching regulator that converts an input DC voltage to a desired DC voltage by a switching operation of the switching element, the input DC voltage is converted into a current, By charging the capacitor with this current, a sawtooth wave is generated, the capacitor is reset with a clock signal at regular intervals, and the switching signal pulse that drives the switching element by comparing the sawtooth wave with a reference voltage. The output DC voltage is controlled by combining feedforward control in which the width is modulated by the input DC voltage and feedback control in which the output DC voltage is compared with the reference voltage and the switching element is intermittently operated according to the result. .
[0015]
In addition, the present invention converts an input DC voltage into a current, charges the capacitor with this current, generates a sawtooth wave, resets the capacitor with a clock signal at regular intervals, and uses the sawtooth wave as a reference. Feedforward control that modulates the pulse width of the switching signal that drives the switching element by comparing the voltage with the input DC voltage, and feedback that compares the output AC voltage with the reference voltage and intermittently operates the switching element according to the result In combination with the control, the output AC voltage is controlled.
[0016]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In this embodiment, the present invention is applied to a flyback type DC-DC converter.
[0017]
As shown in FIG. 1, input terminals a and b of a DC-DC converter 12 are connected to a DC power supply 11. The DC power supply 11 is, for example, a DC power supply obtained by rectifying and smoothing an AC power supply. The DC-DC converter 12 includes a snubber circuit 124 including a capacitor 121, a resistor 122, a diode 123, a transformer 125 as an energy storage element, and a transistor 126 as a switching element, and a rectifying diode. The rectifying / smoothing circuit 129 includes 127 and a smoothing capacitor 128.
[0018]
That is, a transistor 126 is connected between the input terminals a and b via a primary winding of a transformer 125, and a snubber circuit 124 is connected in parallel to the primary winding of the transformer 125. A capacitor 128 is connected in parallel to the secondary winding of the transformer 125 via a diode 127, and both ends of the capacitor 128 are connected to terminals c and d. The terminals c and d are connected to output terminals e and f, respectively.
A comparator 13 is connected between the input terminals a and b and the terminals c and d, and a PWM (pulse width modulation) circuit 14 is connected to the input terminals a and b.
[0019]
As shown in FIG. 2, the comparison unit 13 connects a series circuit of resistors 131 and 132 between terminals c and d, and connects the connection point between the resistor 131 and the resistor 132 to the inverting input terminal (−) of the comparator 133. Connected. A reference voltage V _r is applied from the reference voltage source 134 to the non-inverting input terminal (+) of the comparator 133. The light emitting diode 135D of the photocoupler 135 is connected between the terminal c and the output terminal of the comparator 133.
[0020]
The comparison unit 13 also connects a phototransistor 135T of the photocoupler 135 via a resistor 136 between the input terminals a and b and a D-type flip-flop 137. The connection point between the resistor 136 and the phototransistor 135T is connected to the D input terminal of the D flip-flop 137. The D-type flip-flop 137 outputs a high-level enable signal EN from the Q output terminal when the clock signal CLK is input to the clock input terminal when the D input terminal is at the high level, and clocks when the D input terminal is at the low level. When the signal CLK is input, a high level disable signal DIS is output from the / Q output terminal.
[0021]
As shown in FIG. 3, the PWM circuit 14 includes a clock generator 141 that generates a clock signal CLK with a constant pulse width and a constant period, an RS flip-flop 142, a constant current circuit 143, a capacitor 144, and a control signal. A sawtooth wave generating unit that includes a transistor 145 and generates a sawtooth wave from both ends of the capacitor 144 is provided.
[0022]
Further, a voltage source 146 for generating a constant voltage V _c, enter the sawtooth wave from the sawtooth wave generator to the non-inverting input terminal (+), a constant voltage V _c from the voltage source 146 inverting input terminal (-) to input compared to, until sawtooth voltage reaches a constant voltage V _c to the output to the low level, the sawtooth voltage reaches a predetermined voltage V _c and the inverted output to a high level Comparator 147 is provided.
[0023]
Then, the clock signal CLK from the clock generator 141 is input to the S input terminal of the RS flip-flop 142, inverted by the inverting circuit 148, and further passed through the 2-input OR gate 149 to the RS flip-flop. The signal is input to the 142 R input terminal. The output of the comparator 147 is input to the R input terminal of the RS flip-flop 142 via the two-input OR gate 149.
[0024]
The clock signal CLK from the clock generation unit 141 is supplied to the clock input terminal (CLK) of the D-type flip-flop 137 in the comparison unit 13.
The enable signal EN from the comparison unit 13 is input to the gate of the transistor constituting the constant current circuit 143, and the disable signal DIS from the comparison unit 13 is input to the R input terminal of the RS flip-flop 142. Yes.
[0025]
The sawtooth generator operates when a high-level enable signal EN is input to the constant current circuit 143, and charges the capacitor 144 to generate a ramp wave s (t) from between both terminals of the capacitor 144. It has become.
[0026]
In such a configuration, when the DC power supply 11 is turned on, the DC-DC converter 12, the comparison unit 13, and the PWM circuit 14 start operation. In this operation, the clock generator 141 of the PWM circuit 14 generates a clock signal CLK having a constant pulse width and a constant period, as shown in FIG. This clock signal CLK is input to the clock input terminal (CLK) of the D-type flip-flop 137 of the comparator 13. The clock signal CLK sets the RS flip-flop 142 at the rising edge.
[0027]
As shown in FIG. 4B, the comparison unit 13 inputs a voltage kV _{O obtained} by dividing the DC voltage V _O output from the DC-DC converter 12 by resistors 131 and 132 into the comparator 133, and the reference voltage Compare with V _r . When kV _O <V _r , the output of the comparator 133 becomes high level and the light emission of the light emitting diode 135D stops, and when kV _O ≧ V _r , the output of the comparator 133 becomes low level and the light emitting diode 135D emits light. To do.
[0028]
The D-type flip-flop 137 sets the high level state to be input to the D input terminal when the clock signal CLK is input when the light emission of the light emitting diode 135D is stopped, the Q output terminal output is high level, and the / Q terminal output is low level. If the clock signal CLK is input while the light emitting diode 135D is emitting light, the low level state to be input to the D input terminal is set, the Q output terminal output is set to the low level, and the / Q terminal output is set to the high level. Thus, the enable signal EN as shown in FIG. 4C is output from the Q output terminal of the D-type flip-flop 137, and is input to the gate of the transistor constituting the constant current circuit 143 of the PWM circuit 14. The disable signal DIS is output from the / Q output terminal of the D-type flip-flop 137 and input to the R input terminal of the RS flip-flop 142 of the PWM circuit 14. Thus, feedback control is performed in which the DC voltage V _O output from the DC-DC converter 12 is compared with the reference voltage V _r and the result is fed back.
[0029]
Therefore, the constant current circuit 143 operates to charge the capacitor 144 during the high level period (T _on ) of the enable signal EN. Then, at the moment when the clock signal CLK becomes low level, the control transistor 145 is turned on to discharge the capacitor 144 instantaneously. Thus, the ramp wave s (t) as shown in FIG. 4E is generated from the capacitor 144 and input to the comparator 147.
[0030]
Further, since the input voltage V _in of the direct current to some extent become pulsating as shown in FIG. 4 (d) is the constant current circuit 143 is input, the current value of the constant current circuit 143 input voltage V _in It depends on. That is, when the input voltage V _in is large peak values of the ramp is greater slope becomes steeper, the peak value of the ramp is small inclination becomes gentle when the input voltage V _in the opposite small. That is, the slope of the ramp wave s (t) is changed thus changing the input voltage V _in.
[0031]
Comparator 147 compares the constant voltage V _c from the voltage and the voltage generating source 146 such ramp s (t), the amplitude of the ramp reaches a predetermined voltage V _c, the output of the comparator 147 becomes the high level , RS flip-flop 142 is reset. Further, when the amplitude of the ramp does not reach the constant voltage V _c in the pulse width of the clock signal CLK, R-S flip-flop 142 is reset by the falling edge of the clock signal CLK.
[0032]
Thus to, from the set output terminal of the R-S flip-flop 142, as shown in (f) of FIG. 4, the switching signal SW which is pulse width modulated by the input voltage V _in is output. As a result, feedforward control is performed in which pulse width modulation is performed to drive the transistor 126 in accordance with the input voltage. Then, the transistor 126 of the DC-DC converter 12 is switched by the switching signal SW.
[0033]
Further, when the enable signal EN is in the low level period (T _off ), the operation of the constant current circuit 143 is stopped and the RS flip-flop 142 is reset by the disable signal DIS. Thereby, the output of the switching signal SW from the RS flip-flop 142 is stopped, and the operation of the DC-DC converter 12 is stopped.
By repeating such a series of operations, comparator 13 and the PWM circuit 14 controls the DC-DC converter 12 so as to _kV O = _{V r.}
[0034]
Thus, DC-DC converter 12 inputs the input DC voltage _{V in} from the DC power supply 11, the output terminal e (c), to output a DC voltage _{V O} between f (d). Further, the comparator 13 receives the output DC voltage _{V O} and the input DC voltage _{V in,} PWM circuit 14 inputs the input DC voltage _{V in.}
[0035]
The output voltage V _O of the DC-DC converter 12 having this configuration is
V _O = K ₃ · f (d) V _in · D (11)
Can be expressed as Here, K ₃ is a constant given by the same manner as described above (3) and K _1. Note that K ₃ = 1 in a non-insulated DC-DC converter using a coil instead of a transformer. f (d) is a function of the duty ratio d, d is a function of V _in, D is given by the duty ratio in the intermittent operation in the above equation (6). The duty ratio as shown in FIG. 5, is changed by the input voltage Vin, f (d) is if a monotonically decreasing function of d, Seki system V _in and f (d) V _in is shown in FIG. 6 Become
{F (d _min ) V _max } / {f (d _max ) V _min } <V _max / V _min (12)
It becomes. The above equation (12) shows that even if the input voltage Vin changes in a wide range, the range of the equivalent input voltage f (d) Vin to the DC-DC converter is limited to a narrow range by PWM. Therefore, the intermittent operation frequency is also limited to a narrow range, the output ripple voltage does not increase, and there is no possibility that the transformer 125 generates audible sound.
[0036]
Further, since f (d _min ) <1, the equivalent maximum input voltage f (d _min ) V _max to the DC-DC converter is smaller than V _max , so the problem of instantaneous power is alleviated, The peak power does not increase. Further, in the conventional PWM method, it is necessary to accurately control the pulse width of the switching signal over the entire range of the input voltage Vin. However, in this method, it is not necessary as shown in FIG. Higher frequency and a corresponding reduction in power supply can be realized.
[0037]
As described above, the switching regulator including the DC-DC converter 12, the comparison unit 13, and the PWM circuit 14 does not increase the output ripple voltage and the peak power even when the input voltage range is widened. In addition, the size can be reduced by increasing the switching frequency.
[0038]
Although this embodiment has been described with respect to an application to an isolated flyback DC-DC converter, the present invention is not limited to this, and is a non-insulated step-down, step-up or step-up / step-down DC-DC. The present invention can also be applied to converters, isolated forward DC-DC converters, and the like.
[0039]
Although this embodiment has been described with respect to the switching regulator having the DC-DC converter 12, the present invention is not limited to this. For example, the present invention is also applicable to a switching regulator having a DC-AC inverter in which the rectifying / smoothing circuit 129 is omitted. it can. In this case, a rectification / smoothing circuit may be provided in the comparison unit. In addition, it can be applied to a push-pull, half-bridge, or full-bridge DC-AC inverter .
[0040]
【The invention's effect】
As described above in detail, according to the present invention, the output ripple voltage and the peak power are not increased even when the input voltage range is widened. Therefore, the input voltage range can be widened, and the switching frequency can be reduced. It is possible to provide a switching regulator driving method capable of reducing the size by increasing the frequency.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an overall circuit diagram illustrating an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram showing a specific configuration of a comparison unit in FIG. 1;
3 is a circuit diagram showing a specific configuration of a PWM circuit in FIG. 1. FIG.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing input and output waveforms of respective units in the embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between an input voltage and a duty ratio in the embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing a relationship between an input voltage and an equivalent input voltage in the embodiment.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a conventional example.
FIG. 8 is a voltage waveform diagram for explaining the principle of a conventional PWM method.
FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining the principle of a conventional intermittent operation method.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 ... DC power supply, 12 ... DC-DC converter, 13 ... Comparison part, 14 ... PWM circuit, 125 ... Transformer, 126 ... Transistor, 129 ... Rectification / smoothing circuit

Claims (2)

In a switching regulator that includes a switching element, an energy storage element, a rectifier, a smoothing circuit, etc., and converts an input DC voltage to a desired DC voltage by a switching operation of the switching element.
By converting the input DC voltage into current and charging the capacitor with this current, a sawtooth wave is generated, the capacitor is reset with a clock signal at regular intervals, and the sawtooth wave is compared with a reference voltage Combined with feedforward control that modulates the pulse width of the switching signal that drives the switching element with the input DC voltage, and feedback control that compares the output DC voltage with the reference voltage and intermittently operates the switching element according to the result A switching regulator driving method for controlling the output DC voltage. In a switching regulator that includes a switching element, an energy storage element, etc., and converts an input DC voltage into a desired AC voltage by a switching operation of the switching element.
By converting the input DC voltage into current and charging the capacitor with this current, a sawtooth wave is generated, the capacitor is reset with a clock signal at regular intervals, and the sawtooth wave is compared with a reference voltage A combination of feedforward control that modulates the pulse width of a switching signal that drives the switching element with an input DC voltage, and feedback control that compares the output AC voltage with a reference voltage and intermittently operates the switching element according to the result. A switching regulator driving method for controlling the output AC voltage.

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