JP3643443B2 - Gas piping airtightness inspection device - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a gas pipe airtightness inspection apparatus.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, as a method for inspecting the presence or absence of gas leakage in a gas pipe, an appropriate amount of water is put into a U-shaped pipe made of a transparent pipe, and one of the U-shaped pipes is connected to a gas stopper of a gas pipe to be inspected and the connecting portion. After closing the cock of the other gas stopper and sealing the pressurized air or gas with a predetermined pressure in the gas pipe to be inspected, the air pressure or gas pressure is applied to the U-shaped tube by the switching valve, and after a predetermined time has elapsed There is a water column manometer method for judging the presence or absence of leakage of a gas pipe to be inspected by visually checking the fluctuation of the water level in the U-shaped pipe.
[0003]
As will be described later, this water column manometer has the advantage of being able to inspect for gas leakage without being affected by the ambient temperature. On the other hand, since the presence or absence of leakage is determined by the amount of fluctuation in the water level, the U-tube is nearly vertical. There is a problem that must be inspected while holding in a posture.
[0004]
Therefore, recently, using a digital manometer that detects pressure with a semiconductor pressure sensor, the air pressure or gas pressure sealed in the gas pipe to be inspected is led to the semiconductor pressure sensor by a switching valve and converted into an electrical signal. In addition, the signal is converted into a digital signal, the difference between the digital signal due to pressure fluctuations after the set time has elapsed and the initial digital signal is processed, and the presence or absence of a gas pressure is determined based on the presence or absence of a predetermined pressure difference. Came to be adopted. This digital manometer is proposed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-190735.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the above-mentioned digital manometer has an extremely large pressure fluctuation range due to the change in the atmospheric temperature during the inspection time compared to the water column manometer for the following reasons. It may be erroneously determined that there is a leak due to the change in.
[0006]
In general, the relationship between the pressure P and the volume V with respect to the gas temperature Τ is Boyle-Charles's law:
P ₁ × V ₁ / T ₁ = P ₂ × V ₂ / T ₂
When the temperature T ₁ changes to T ₂ , P ₁ and V ₁ also change to P ₂ and V ₂ . That is, the temperature change is dispersed into the volume change and the pressure change.
[0007]
Therefore, in the water column manometer, the water level in the U-shaped tube changes due to the temperature change of the pressurized air or gas, the volume of the air layer changes, and the volume change and the pressure change are dispersed. In this case, since the amount of volume change is small compared to the case of air leak or gas leak, the volume change can be ignored in determining the presence or absence of gas leak.
[0008]
On the other hand, in a digital manometer in which the volume of the pressurized air or gas circulation portion does not change, the energy at the time of change in the temperature of the pressurized air or gas acts only on the pressure change without being dispersed in the volume change. For this reason, the pressure value that fluctuates due to a temperature change is extremely larger than that of the water column manometer, and it is determined that there is a large pressure fluctuation in the digital manometer that directly detects the pressure.
[0009]
Therefore, when air or gas that has risen in temperature during sealing in the gas pipe to be inspected falls during the airtight inspection time, or in midsummer, a digital manometer heated by the heat in the car is brought into an inspection room where a cooler works. When the air cooler is turned on during the airtight inspection and the digital manometer is rapidly cooled during the inspection, the water column manometer is essentially “no leak”. There is a risk of judging “leak”.
[0010]
For this reason, there is a problem that the work efficiency is worse than that of the water column manometer, such as the need for re-inspection in the above atmosphere, and there has been a request for improvement from the work site.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a device that uses a digital manometer and solves the above-mentioned peculiar problems of the digital manometer, and can easily perform a gas pipe airtightness inspection with ease of use such as a water column manometer. To do.
[0011]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, a first invention according to claim 1 is characterized in that an element (6) having a pressurizing chamber (17) whose volume is changed by a change in pressure of pressurized air or gas, and a semiconductor pressure A digital manometer (11) that has a sensor (26) and calculates the difference between the initial pressure and the final pressure acting on the sensor (26) to determine the presence or absence of leakage, and the air pressure in the pressurizing chamber (17) of the element (6) Alternatively, the flow path (10) for applying the gas pressure to the semiconductor sensor (26), the flow path (3) connected to the gas pipe (1) to be inspected, and the flow path (3) connected to the pressurizing pump (4) ( 5) and a three-way plug (2) having a flow path (8) connected to the pressurizing chamber (17) of the element (6).
[0012]
In the present invention, in an airtight inspection operation in the case of a newly installed pipe to which no gas is supplied yet, first, pressurized air of a predetermined pressure is sealed in the gas pipe to be inspected (1) by the pressurizing pump (4). Next, the three-way plug (2) is switched so that the pressurized air in the gas pipe (1) to be inspected acts on the semiconductor pressure sensor (26) of the digital manometer (11) through the pressurized chamber (17) of the element 6. . This initial value is stored in the digital manometer (11).
[0013]
Next, after a predetermined time has elapsed, the pressure of the processing air is measured and stored by the digital manometer (11), and this is used as the final value. The difference between this final value and the previous initial value is calculated, and the difference value is calculated. Determine the presence or absence of leakage.
[0014]
When the atmospheric temperature decreases during the airtight inspection and the pressurized air is cooled and the pressure decreases, the volume of the pressurizing chamber (17) of the element (6) decreases and increases in proportion to this. Reduce the volume of compressed air. For this reason, the pressure drop value is extremely smaller than the pressure drop value due to the fact that the volume of pressurized air is constant and only the pressure is reduced.
[0015]
Therefore, the pressure difference due to temperature drop is much smaller than the pressure difference due to air leakage, and even with a digital manometer that uses pressure as a measurement element, the degree of influence of temperature change is equivalent to that of a water column manometer, and the ambient temperature Incorrect determination of “leakage” due to a drop in the level is not caused.
[0016]
In addition, in the case of an existing pipe to which gas has already been supplied, the airtightness inspection work is performed by first connecting the first flow path (3) and the third flow path (8) with the three-way plug (2). The flow path (3) is connected to a gas stopper such as a kitchen, and then the cock of the gas stopper is opened, and the gas pressure is introduced into the element (6) and the digital manometer (11). Next, the cock on the inlet side of the gas meter is closed, and the gas pressure is confined between the gas pipe (1) and the flow path (8) between the digital manometer (11). Then, the measurement start switch of the digital manometer (11) is pushed.
[0017]
Thereby, the air tightness inspection of the pipe by the digital manometer (11) can be performed in the same manner as described above by the gas pressure in the pipe.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, the pressurizing chamber of the element is formed of a diaphragm, a bellows, or a piston having an air chamber on the other surface, and the diaphragm, bellows, or piston is pressed by the biasing means. And a stopper for restricting the amount of movement of the diaphragm, bellows, or piston toward the pressurizing chamber .
[0018]
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an element having a pressurizing chamber whose volume changes due to a change in pressure of pressurized air or gas, and a difference between an initial pressure and an end pressure having a semiconductor pressure sensor and acting thereon. A digital manometer that calculates the presence or absence of leakage by calculating the pressure, a flow path for applying air pressure or gas pressure in the pressurizing chamber of the element to the semiconductor sensor, a gas pipe to be inspected, and a pressurizing chamber of the element The element pressurizing chamber is formed of a diaphragm, bellows or piston having an air chamber on the other surface, and the diaphragm, bellows or piston is urged toward the pressurizing chamber by the urging means. Furthermore, a stopper is provided for restricting the amount of movement of the diaphragm, bellows or piston toward the pressurizing chamber.
[0019]
In the present invention, when an airtight inspection of an existing pipe is performed, the flow path (3) is connected to a gas plug of a kitchen or the like, and the gas is tested in the same manner as the airtight inspection of an existing pipe described in the invention of claim 1 above. Airtight inspection is performed by pressure.
[0020]
In the second and third inventions according to the second and third aspects, when the pressure of the pressurized air or gas in the pressurizing chamber (17) decreases, the diaphragm (15) or the bellows or the piston is urged ( 24) is moved to the pressurizing chamber (17) side to reduce the volume of the pressurizing chamber (17), the urging load of the decreasing pressure component urging means (24) pressurizes the pressurized air or gas, and the air pressure Or stop at a position that balances the gas pressure. Further, when the pressure of pressurized air or gas is greatly reduced due to air or gas leakage, the diaphragm (15) or bellows or piston abuts against the stopper ( 25 ) and the volume reduction of the pressurizing chamber (17) is prevented. Also, the pressure of pressurized air or gas is reduced. Therefore, only the pressure is greatly reduced without reducing the volume, and the digital manometer (11) determines that “leak is present”.
[0021]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described based on the examples shown in the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram (piping diagram) of a gas piping airtightness inspection apparatus as a first embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 denotes a gas pipe to be inspected, which is a gas pipe downstream from a gas meter in a gas consumer.
[0022]
Reference numeral 2 denotes a three-way plug, which forms a hose 3 that forms a first flow path that can be attached to and detached from the cock portion of the gas pipe 1 to be inspected, and a second flow path that communicates with a pressurizing pump 4 consisting of two continuous balls. A hose 5 that forms a third flow path that communicates with the inlet 7 of the element 6, and the first hose 3 can be switched to the second hose 5 and the third hose 8 to communicate with each other. Is formed. The outlet 9 of the element 6 communicates with the digital manometer 11 by a hose 10 that forms a fourth flow path.
[0023]
As shown in FIG. 2, the components communicated in this way are accommodated in a portable case 12 so that the person to be inspected can easily carry it to the inspection site. In FIG. 2, reference numeral 2 a denotes a connection port for connecting the first hose 3, and the first hose 3 is accommodated in the carrying case 12 and carried.
[0024]
Next, the element 6 will be described with reference to FIGS.
Reference numeral 13 denotes a lower case, and reference numeral 14 denotes an upper case. Both cases 13 and 14 are hermetically connected by bolts and nuts 16 with an outer peripheral portion 15a of a diaphragm 15 interposed between opposing surfaces of these peripheral walls. 15, a pressurizing chamber 17 and an atmospheric chamber 18 are defined in the element 6. Reference numeral 19 denotes an atmospheric passage formed in the upper case 14, which communicates the atmospheric chamber 18 with the atmosphere outside the case.
[0025]
A piston 20 is disposed on the side of the atmospheric chamber 18 of the diaphragm 15 and connects the central portion of the piston 20 and the central portion of the diaphragm 15 with a piston guide 21, a washer 22 and a nut 23. The element 6 is integrally movable in the axial direction. In addition, the connection part by this piston guide 21, washer 22, and nut 23 is in an airtight state.
[0026]
Reference numeral 24 denotes a spring that constitutes an urging means, more specifically a coil spring, which is compressed between the upper case 14 and the piston 20 to constantly urge the central portion of the piston 20 and the diaphragm 15 toward the pressurizing chamber 17. ing.
[0027]
The biasing load of the coil spring 24 is set so that the diaphragm 15 and the piston 20 can move forward and backward with respect to a slight increase / decrease in the air pressure supplied into the pressurizing chamber 17.
[0028]
Reference numeral 25 denotes a stopper protruding from the bottom surface of the lower case 13, and the amount of protrusion is reduced in the pressure of the pressurized air due to a decrease in the ambient temperature when the diaphragm 15 is located near the center of the element 6 as shown in FIG. When the diaphragm 15 is moved to the extent, the diaphragm 15 does not contact the stopper 25, and when the diaphragm 15 moves due to a large pressure reduction such as air leakage, the diaphragm 15 contacts the stopper 25. Has been. Further, the stoppers 25 are provided in a scattered manner, and even when the diaphragm 15 comes into contact with the stoppers 25, a partial gap remains between the diaphragm 15 and the bottom surface of the lower case 13.
[0029]
In the lower case 13, the inlet 7 and the outlet 9 shown in FIG. 1 are formed, and these are open to the pressure chamber 17.
Next, the digital manometer 11 will be described.
[0030]
As shown in the block diagram of FIG. 6, the digital manometer 11 includes a semiconductor pressure sensor 26 that converts the pressure of air or gas supplied from the fourth hose 10 into an electrical signal, and an amplification that amplifies the electrical signal. A circuit 27; an A / D conversion circuit 28 for converting the output of the amplifier circuit 27 into a digital signal; a control unit 29 comprising a microcomputer for calculating the output of the A / D conversion circuit 28; A display 30 for displaying, a printing device 31 for printing calculation results, and an operation unit 32 for outputting an operation signal to the control unit 29 are configured.
[0031]
Then, the air pressure or gas pressure from the fourth hose 10 is applied to the semiconductor pressure sensor 26, and the control unit 29 stores the initial value of the pressure and the final value of the pressure after a predetermined time has elapsed. The difference between the initial value and the final value is calculated, and when “final value” − “initial value”> “positive specified value”, it is determined that there is no leakage, and “final value” − “initial value” When “is a negative specified value”, it is determined that there is “leak”. Then, the calculation result is displayed on the display 30 and, if necessary, the calculation result is printed by the printing device 31.
[0032]
Next, a description will be given of the airtightness inspection work of the gas pipe to be inspected in the case of a new pipe to which no gas is supplied yet.
First, after all gas plugs in the gas pipe 1 to be inspected are closed and confirmed, the first hose 3 is connected to one gas plug, and the three-way plug 2 is connected to the first hose 3 and the second hose. Switch so that 5 communicates. Then, the pressurizing pump 4 is manually pressurized, and the air is supplied into the inspection gas pipe 1 by increasing the pressure up to 900 mmH ₂ O within 10 seconds.
[0033]
Next, the three-way plug 2 is switched so that the first hose 3 and the third hose 8 communicate with each other, and the pressurized air in the gas pipe 1 to be inspected passes through the pressurizing chamber 17 of the element 6 to the digital manometer 11. Introduce in.
[0034]
When the pressurized air is introduced into the pressurized chamber 17 of the element 6, the diaphragm 15 and the piston 20 move toward the atmospheric pressure chamber 18 against the biasing force of the coil spring 24 due to the pressure, and the coil It stops at the position shown in FIG. 5 balanced with the urging force of the spring 24. The pressure of the pressurized air introduced into the digital manometer 11 is detected by the semiconductor pressure sensor 26 and stored as an initial value in the control unit 29.
[0035]
Then, the pressure value of the pressurized air after a lapse of a predetermined time, for example, 2 to 3 minutes, is detected by the semiconductor pressure sensor 26 and stored in the control unit 29 as an end value. If the difference between the “final value” − “initial value” is within the allowable negative value range, it is determined that there is no leakage.
[0036]
Further, during this inspection time, when the atmospheric temperature due to the phenomenon described above decreases and the pressurized air is cooled and its pressure decreases, the diaphragm 15 and the piston 20 in the element 6 are connected to the coil spring 24 by the pressure decrease. Is moved to the pressurizing chamber 17 side by the urging force of the pressure chamber 17, the volume of the pressurizing chamber 17 is reduced in proportion to the above-mentioned reduced pressure, and the pressurized air is reduced by the urging load of the coil spring 24 by the pressure decrease of the pressurized air. Pressurize. Therefore, the pressure value of the pressurized air is kept equal to the initial pressure, and the digital manometer 11 determines that there is no leakage because the pressure is within the allowable specified range.
[0037]
Further, if there is a leaking portion in the gas pipe 1 to be inspected and the pressure of the pressurized air is reduced, the pressure reduction amount of the pressurized air is much larger than the pressure reduction amount at the time of the temperature drop. The inner diaphragm 15 and the piston 20 abut against the stopper 25 , and further, the pressure reduction of the pressurized air proceeds in a state where the volume of the pressurizing chamber 17 does not change due to this abutment. For this reason, the pressure of the pressurized air decreases more than the pressure at the time of the temperature decrease.
[0038]
Therefore, the difference between the “final value” and “initial value” of the pressurized air becomes a large negative value exceeding the set value, and the digital manometer 11 determines that “leak is present”.
From the above, the presence or absence of “gas leak” can be determined without being affected by the decrease in the ambient temperature during the inspection time.
[0039]
Next, the experimental result of the gas tightness inspection of the gas piping performed using pressurized air will be described.
[Experiment 1]
Using only the above-mentioned conventional water column manometer, pressurizing the inside of the pipe to about 1000 mmH ₂ O with a pressurizing pump, and pressurizing when the indoor cooler is not operated during inspection and when the indoor cooler is operated during inspection As a result of recording the pressure of air with a pressure gauge with an analog output and performing the experiment three times, as shown in FIG. 7, the value of the characteristic B was shown in the former case and the value of the characteristic B was shown in the latter case.
[0040]
From this, it can be seen that the water column manometer has little pressure drop due to a temperature drop and has no trouble in leak inspection.
[Experiment 2]
Using only the above-mentioned conventional digital manometer, the pressure of the pressurized air when the indoor cooler is not activated during the inspection under the above conditions and when the indoor cooler is activated during the inspection is recorded with a pressure gauge with analog output. As a result of three experiments, as shown in FIG. 8, the value of the characteristic D was shown in the former case and the value of the characteristic D was shown in the latter case.
[0041]
From this, the digital manometer alone showed a pressure drop of about twice as much as the temperature drop under the same conditions as compared with the water column manometer alone. From this, as described above, it can be seen that there is a possibility that the temperature drop may be erroneously determined as “leak”.
[0042]
[Experiment 3]
FIG. 9 shows an intentional arrangement in which a water column manometer only, a digital manometer only, a combination of a digital manometer and a water column manometer, and a device of the present invention in which an element 6 is added to a digital manometer are connected in parallel to the gas pipe to be inspected. The experimental results of making a leak and measuring the pressure change of the pressurized air due to the leak are shown.
[0043]
In this experiment, air of the volume shown in each column of FIG. 9 was pressurized and sealed in 250 mmH ₂ O, and then the leak was intentionally leaked by taking out the air by the amount of leakage shown in each column with a syringe provided in the pipe. The pressure difference between the final value of the pressure and the initial value is expressed.
[0044]
In FIG. 9, the characteristic ho is only a water manometer, the characteristic is only a digital manometer, the characteristic is a combination of a digital manometer and a water column manometer, and the characteristic is an element 6 added to the digital manometer of the present invention device. is there.
[0045]
From this experimental result, the value h obtained by the device of the present invention almost coincided with the value e in the case of the water column manometer alone under various leakage conditions.
Therefore, in the device of the present invention, it can be seen that even if the element 6 is added, an airtight inspection can be performed with the same degree of accuracy as the measurement by the water column manometer alone.
[0046]
In the above description, the atmospheric temperature is decreased. However, when the atmospheric temperature is increased, for example, when the heater is operated during the inspection in winter, the volume of the pressurized air naturally increases. In this case, since the pressure of the pressurized air increases, it is not determined that there is “leak”, so there is no need to consider this temperature rise.
[0047]
In the above embodiment, the pressurizing chamber 17 in the element 6 is formed of the rubber diaphragm 15. However, as a means for changing the volume of the pressurizing chamber 17 by a change in pressure, instead of the above diaphragm. A metal or resin bellows or piston may be used.
Next, the airtightness inspection work in the case of existing pipes to which gas has already been supplied will be described.
[0048]
First, the three-way plug 2 is set so that the first hose 3 and the third hose 8 communicate with each other, the first hose 3 is connected to a kitchen gas tap, and then the cock of the gas tap is opened. The gas pressure is introduced into the pressurizing chamber 17 and the digital manometer 11 of the element 6. Next, the cock on the inlet side of the gas meter is closed, and the gas pressure is sealed between the digital manometer 11 from the inspected gas pipe 1 and the first hose 3. Then, the measurement start switch of the digital manometer 11 is pushed. In this case, the normal gas pressure is 200 mmH ₂ O.
[0049]
When the measurement start switch is turned on, the gas pressure acts on the element 6 and the digital manometer 11 in the same manner as in the case of the pressurized air, and the gas pressure is directly used to perform an airtight inspection of the gas piping by the digital manometer 11. Yes.
[0050]
In the case of the airtight inspection of the existing piping, the pressurizing pump 4 is not used.
As described above, in the apparatus having the three-way plug 2 and the pressurizing pump 4 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the airtightness inspection of both the new pipe and the existing pipe can be performed.
[0051]
However, when the airtight inspection of the existing piping is dedicated, the above-described three-way plug 2 and pressurizing pump 4 are unnecessary, and in this case, the configuration of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 10 may be used.
[0052]
In the second embodiment, the three-way plug 2 and the pressurizing pump 4 in the first embodiment are eliminated, and the first flow path 3 is directly connected to the pressurizing chamber 17 of the element 6. Other structures are the same as those in the first embodiment. Further, in the airtightness inspection work for the existing piping, the hose 3 is connected to the gas piping as described above, and the airtightness inspection is performed as described above by the gas pressure.
[0053]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, the degree of influence due to a decrease in ambient temperature due to a cooler or the like is made equivalent to that of a water column manometer, and airtight inspection of gas piping by a digital manometer can be performed with the same ease of use as a water column manometer. The conventional problem of using the water column manometer and the digital manometer alone can be solved, and the gas pipe airtight inspection work by the inspector can be facilitated to meet the demands from the site. Furthermore, there is an effect that an existing digital manometer can be used.
[0054]
Further, according to the second and third aspects of the invention, since the pressurizing chamber is formed of a diaphragm, a bellows or a piston, the element can be easily formed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing a first embodiment of a gas piping airtightness inspection apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing a state where the gas piping airtightness inspection device of FIG. 1 is housed in a carrying case.
FIG. 3 is a bottom view of an element in the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in FIG.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a state during pressurization.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a digital manometer.
FIG. 7 is a characteristic diagram showing a pressure change at a temperature drop in a water column manometer.
FIG. 8 is a characteristic diagram showing a pressure change at a temperature drop in a digital manometer alone.
FIG. 9 is a diagram comparing a pressure difference by intentionally creating a leak in a water column manometer, a digital manometer, a digital manometer + water column manometer, and a digital manometer + element of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing a second embodiment of the gas piping airtightness inspection apparatus of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Gas pipe to be inspected 2 ... Three-way plug 3, 5, 8, 10 ... Flow path 4 ... Pressurizing pump 6 ... Element 11 ... Digital manometer 15 ... Diaphragm 17 ... Pressurizing chamber 18 ... Air chamber 24 ... Energizing means
25 ... Stopper 26 ... Semiconductor pressure sensor

Claims (3)

 Digital that judges the presence or absence of leakage by calculating the difference between the initial pressure and the final pressure that have an element having a pressurized chamber whose volume changes due to a change in the pressure of pressurized air or gas and a semiconductor pressure sensor. A manometer, a flow path for applying air pressure or gas pressure in the pressurizing chamber in the element to the semiconductor sensor, a flow path connected to the gas pipe to be inspected, a flow path connected to the pressurizing pump, and the addition of the element A gas pipe airtightness inspection device comprising a three-way plug having a flow path connected to a pressure chamber. The pressurizing chamber of the element is formed of a diaphragm, bellows or piston having an air chamber on the other surface, and the diaphragm, bellows or piston is urged toward the pressurizing chamber by the urging means, and further the diaphragm, bellows or piston The gas piping airtightness inspection apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a stopper for restricting a moving amount to the pressurizing chamber side. Digital that judges the presence or absence of leakage by calculating the difference between the initial pressure and the final pressure that have an element having a pressurized chamber whose volume changes due to a change in the pressure of pressurized air or gas and a semiconductor pressure sensor. A manometer, a flow path for applying air pressure or gas pressure in the pressurizing chamber of the element to the semiconductor sensor, and a flow path for connecting the gas pipe to be inspected and the pressurizing chamber of the element. The pressure chamber is formed of a diaphragm, bellows or piston having an air chamber on the other surface, and the diaphragm, bellows or piston is urged toward the pressurizing chamber by the urging means, and further, the pressure chamber of the diaphragm, bellows or piston A gas pipe airtightness inspection device provided with a stopper for restricting the amount of movement to the side.

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