JP3629014B2

JP3629014B2 - How to build a decorative form and a normal form

Info

Publication number: JP3629014B2
Application number: JP2002162404A
Authority: JP
Inventors: 加藤　　明
Original assignee: 加藤明
Priority date: 2002-06-04
Filing date: 2002-06-04
Publication date: 2005-03-16
Anticipated expiration: 2022-06-04
Also published as: JP2004011147A

Description

【０００１】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、少なくても表面の一部に意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を構築するにあたり好適に用いられる化粧型枠の建込み方法、及び通常型枠の建込み方法に関する。
【０００２】
【従来の技術】
従来、建物や建物基礎等のコンクリート構造物を構築する際に一般に使用されているコンパネを用いた型枠工法は、木材の軽量性、加工性の良さ、等から構造物の形状に容易に追従可能であり、合理性に富んだ工法である。最近では、建物や建物基礎のみならず、擁壁や海岸又は港の防波突堤、防波堤、等をコンクリート構造物として構築することが増えてきている。旧来の大きな自然石や割石、あるいは耐食処理された木材を用いる工法は、より自然破壊につながる上に、構造上の非堅牢性、工期の遅延、高コストになる所以である。
【０００３】
コンクリート構造物は、通常、特別な表面形状をなさない所謂コンクリート打ち放しも素朴で好ましく感じられ得る。しかしながら、防波突堤や防波堤等の、自然の中に構築されるコンクリート構造物においては、例えば石積みや石面や木柵等を擬装することが好ましく感じられるのも事実である。
【０００４】
以上の事情から、少なくても表面の一部に意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を構築するにあたり化粧型枠の需要が生じ、研究され、実際に多く使用されるようになってきており、近年、表面をカラー仕上げにすることも行われつつあり、今後、益々増加の一途を辿るものと予測される。
【０００５】
ところが、現在行われている工法では、その化粧型枠の建込み段階を主因として、問題が存在する。以下に、先ず、コンクリート構造物として通常の防波突堤を構築する場合を例に、従来の木製型枠の建込み方法について、図面を参照して説明する。
【０００６】
図２は、防波突堤を構築するに用いられる従来の型枠の建込み方法（第１の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。又、図９は、仮立てした型枠の上部振れ止め及び転倒防止対策に用いるタル木の使用状態並びに型枠を垂直にするために用いるパイプサポート（ＰＳとも記す）の使用方法を説明する図である。以下に、図２及び図９を参酌して、従来の第１の建込み方法について説明する。
【０００７】
（１）先ず、法線側の基礎コンクリート２４の側面に残留しているプラスチックコーン（Ｐコンとも記す）の軸足に合わせて型枠２１ａの下部を穿孔し、得られた孔をＰコンの軸足に嵌め込み、その軸足の先端螺子部に型枠２１ａ背面側よりホームタイを螺合し、基礎コンクリート２４の側面と型枠２１ａとを隙間なく密着させることにより、型枠２１ａを仮に立てる。
【０００８】
（２）次いで、図９に示されるように、上記型枠上部振れ止め、転倒防止対策としてタル木８１を差し筋２５ｂと型枠２１ａ頂部に渡して、タル木８１と差し筋２５ｂとは点Ｔにおいて番線で緊縛し、タル木８１と型枠２１ａ頂部とは点Ｓにおいて大きめの釘を打ち込み仮固定する。
【０００９】
（３）対向する側においても、上記（１）、（２）の作業を繰り返し、型枠２１ｂを仮立てし振れ止め、転倒防止対策を施す。この時点で２面の型枠２１ａ，２１ｂは概ね垂直に保持される。
【００１０】
（４）型枠２１ａ，２１ｂにセパレータ２３を取り付ける位置を決定し、その位置にセパレータ２３を挿入する孔を穿孔し、得られた孔にセパレータ２３の先端部を型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの内面側より挿入しながら、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの背面側よりホームタイ５をセパレータ２３の先端部Ｐコン螺子に螺合する。
【００１１】
（５）タテバタ９を型枠２１ａ背面に沿わせて立て、ヨコバタ７を添えて、締付座金３により、セパレータ２３、型枠２１ａ、タテバタ９、ヨコバタ７の四者を固定する。
【００１２】
（６）型枠２１ｂ側においても上記（５）の作業を同様に施す。尚、図２は、一の垂直断面上にセパレータ２３を４段設けた例である。
【００１３】
（７）次いで、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの最上部付近において幅決材２２を用いることにより、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂ間の幅を決定する。そして、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂの内面をＰＳ８２で押し（突き）、タル木８１を取り除く。この時点で、型枠２１ａ，２１ｂは精密ではないが大略垂直である。尚、ＰＳ８２を型枠の背面側から押したりチェーン等で引き寄せることは、構築する構造物が防波突堤、防波堤の場合は施工現場が海であることから不可能である。
【００１４】
（８）最後に、２本の筋交い２６を、最上段のセパレータ２３の点Ｑ，Ｒにおいて溶接等で固着する。点Ｑ，Ｒは、それぞれ近傍の型枠２１ａ，２１ｂとの距離が概ね等しくなるように位置決めされている。更に、４本の筋交い２７は、差し筋２５ｃと、上から２〜４段目のセパレータ２３とを溶接等により頑丈に固着し、ＰＳを取り除けば、粗方、建込み完了である。
【００１５】
尚、差し筋２５ａ，２５ｂは、差し筋２５ａと型枠２１ａとの距離、及び、差し筋２５ｂと型枠２１ｂとの距離が概ね等しくなるように位置決めされている。セパレータ２３は、コンクリート打設による両面型枠の膨らみを防ぎ、且つ、間隔を正確に保つために用いられ、一般に直径が数〜十数ｍｍの丸鋼棒であり、先端部が螺子切りしてある。
【００１６】
次に、図３は、他の従来の型枠建込み方法（第２の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。従来の第２の建込み方法は、上記した従来の第１の建込み方法のうち、筋交い２７（４本）を省いたものである。
【００１７】
更に、図４は、構造物の幅が比較的広く高さが低い場合に多用される従来の型枠の建込み方法（第３の建込み方法とよぶ）を説明する図であり、建込み完了後の組固め型枠断面を示す。従来の第３の建込み方法は、上記した従来の第１及び第２の建込み方法と概ね同じであるが、使用するセパレータが異なり、図示されるように、片螺子セパレータ４８と差し筋４５ａ〜４５ｄは筋交い４７とで固着（溶接）し型枠の垂直を確保する。片螺子セパレータ４８は、径が概ね１２〜１５ｍｍ、長さが１００ｍｍ程度の片螺子の短物であり、筋交い４７は、第１及び第２の建込み方法で用いるものより太めの丸棒鋼を使用する。
【００１８】
防波突堤等を構築する場合、例えば法線方向に６００ｍｍピッチでセパレータをセットし、幅決具は概ね１２００〜１５００ｍｍ間隔に設けて、上記第１〜第３の何れか適合した建込み方法を選び施工する。
【００１９】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記した防波突堤等にかかる従来の建込み方法では、型枠の対向する内面への化粧板の取り付けは、セパレータや筋交いを取り付けた後に化粧板の取り付けを行うことがセパレータや筋交いが障害となり不可能に近いことから、型枠を立てる時とほぼ同じ時、即ち、セパレータや筋交いを取り付ける前に行う必要が生じる。セパレータや筋交いを取り付けた後に、無理に化粧板の取り付けを行おうとすれば、化粧板を切断し小片にせざるを得ず、作業性が著しく悪く莫大な時間と労力を要しコスト高となる上に、瑕疵なく取り付けることが極困難であり、コンクリート構造物が意図する美観を表し得なくなるおそれがある。
【００２０】
ところが、セパレータや筋交いを取り付ける前に型枠の対向する内面へ化粧板を取り付けた場合には、その後に、上記したように、型枠を確実に鉛直に立てるために、型枠内面からＰＳで押す（突く）、セパレータと筋交いを溶接する。このようなＰＳで押す（突く）、及び溶接作業を行うことから、化粧板がＰＳの受板により損傷したり、溶接熱による収縮、等の瑕疵が生じ、コンクリート構造物が意図する本来の美観は大いに損なわれる。このような事情から、従来、型枠を確実に鉛直に立て、意匠が施されたコンクリート構造物を精度よく鉛直に構築することは困難であった。
【００２１】
本発明は上記した従来の問題に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的とするところは、セパレータと筋交いを溶接することなく、型枠が確実に鉛直を保持し、コンクリート構造物を高い精度で鉛直に構築することが出来、且つ、化粧板に収縮、損傷等の瑕疵が生じることなく、意図する美観を充分に表したコンクリート構造物を得ることが可能であって、多くの工数（時間）をかけずに容易に、より低コストで行うことが出来る化粧型枠の建込み方法を提供することにある。
【００２２】
今日に至るまで、化粧板を用いたコンクリート構造物、例えば防波突堤、防波堤、等の型枠工法は確立されておらず、苦慮に苦慮を重ねて、難題に取り組んできたが、型枠の鉛直確保、溶接熱による化粧板の収縮対策、化粧板を切断することなく瑕疵を生じない化粧板の取り付け方法等について多岐にわたり研究が重ねられた結果、以下に示す手段により、上記目的が達成されることが見出された。
【００２３】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明によれば、次に示す化粧型枠の建込み方法が提供される。
【００２４】
即ち、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法は、構造物の成形に用いられ、型枠と化粧板とを有する化粧型枠の建込み方法であって、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、２面の型枠の頂部において、幅決具により２面の型枠の間隔を決定するとともに、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される構造物の天端面より上側に位置する２面の型枠の上部と底面部とを対角線状に結ぶ一対の接続部材、及び、幅決具、により２面の型枠を緊張して、２面の型枠の鉛直を保持したまま、時化時の高波、突風、コンクリート打設等の圧力に充分に耐え、狂いを生じないように、強固に、組み固めることが可能な建込み過程を有し、その建込み過程の直後、速やかに、化粧板が、型枠の対向する面の両側又は片側に取り付けられることを特徴とする化粧型枠の建込み方法である。
【００２５】
型枠とはコンクリート通常型枠を指し、本明細書において単に型枠というときには所定の形状を有する１枚単位の型枠を指す。又、化粧板として例えば発泡ポリスチレン製のものを用いることが出来る。
【００２６】
本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、上記化粧板の取り付けを終えた後に、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される構造物の天端面より下側も鉛直を保持したまま、２面の型枠どうしを概ね水平に結ぶ縦列上下に一本乃至複数本のセパレータにより、２面の型枠どうしをコンクリート幅厚み方向に強固に接合し組み固められる。
【００２７】
上記建込み過程は、２面の型枠内面を横断する断面を基準面として概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍ間隔毎に、法線に対し概ね９０°で横断する他の断面においても、繰り返し行うことによって、全ての化粧型枠を立設することが可能である。（尚、法線が曲線になる場合には、上記建込み過程は、その断面を基準面として概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍ間隔毎に、法線と背面ラインとを結ぶ最短距離の断面において、繰り返し行う。）予め決められた基準線を法線といい、この線上に測点を設置し、概ね直角方向に断面図を作成し施工にあたる（図７参照）。
【００２８】
本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、幅決具が、コンクリート投入打設用足場受けを兼ねることが出来る。又、底面部として、基礎コンクリート又はケーソン等の上部に差し込まれた差し筋又はアンカー筋を用いることが好ましく、接続部材としてターンバックル付フック及び継足材を用いる。その継足材としてはチェーン又は丸棒鋼を用いることが出来る。尚、差し筋の基礎コンクリート等への差込量は、例えば差し筋全長の半分程度とすればよい。
【００２９】
本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法は、構造物として防波突堤又は防波堤を構築する場合に、好適に用いられる。
【００３０】
ところで、上記した化粧型枠の建込み方法を構成する建込み過程で、化粧板を必要としない（意匠を施さない）通常の防波突堤及び防波堤を構築する場合においても、従来の工法に比較して、工数（時間）が大幅に減縮され、より低コストであり、しかも高精度である。従って、本発明により、次の防波突堤及び防波堤の成形に用いられる通常型枠の建込み方法が提供される。
【００３１】
即ち、本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は、防波突堤及び防波堤の成形に用いられる型枠の建込み方法であって、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、その２面の型枠の頂部において、幅決具により２面の型枠の間隔を決定するとともに、２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される防波突堤又は防波堤の天端面より上側の２面の型枠の上部と、底面部と、を対角線状に結ぶ一対のターンバックル付フック及び継足材、並びに、幅決具、により２面の型枠を緊張して、２面の型枠の鉛直を保持したまま、その２面の型枠の内部空間を横断する断面において、成形される防波突堤又は防波堤の天端面より下部の両側面どうしを略水平に結ぶ一乃至複数のセパレータをセットし、型枠夫々の背面に補強材を添えて組み固める建込み過程を有することを特徴とする。化粧板にかかる工程のみを除けば、上記化粧型枠の建込み方法にかかる建込み過程と同様の建込み過程を有する通常型枠の建込み方法である。
【００３２】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を詳細に説明する。先ず、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法について説明する。この建込み方法は、型枠と化粧板とを有する化粧型枠の建込み方法である。即ち、本発明にいう化粧型枠とは、コンクリート構造物に意匠を施すための型である化粧板と、打設するコンクリートの打設圧及び重量を支えるための型枠に分離され得る型枠である。尚、意匠とは、表面が平滑でなく一見してコンクリートに見え難い工夫程度を意味する。
【００３３】
型枠は、通常、合板、縦桟木、及び横桟木からなり、木材で形成されることが多いが、本発明においては、木製型枠に限定されるものではない。鋼製型枠であっても、本発明は適用可能である。又、型枠の補強材として、強度を向上させるために必要に応じた数のタテバタ、ヨコバタが、縦方向と横方向に格子状に取り付けられるが、この補強材としても、充分な強度が保たれれば、木製でも鋼製であってもよい。通常、木製の型枠と鋼製の補強材が多用されることから、本明細書において、木製型枠と、鋼製の補強材を用いた場合を例示して説明する。
【００３４】
本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法においては、２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てし、２面の型枠内面を横断する断面において、幅決具により２面の型枠頂部をそれぞれ嵌合係止して、２面の型枠の間隔を固定するとともに、一の型枠側の底面部と他の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、及び、他の型枠側の底面部と一の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、を例えばターンバックル付フック及び継足材からなる接続部材を用いて緊張し、２面の型枠を鉛直に立てる建込み過程を含み、その後に、化粧板を２面の型枠の対向する面板に取り付けられることに特徴がある。尚、本明細書において、平行に立つ型枠の対向する面の側を型枠の内面側とよび、その裏側を背面側とよぶ。
【００３５】
本発明にかかる建込み過程によれば、従来の建込み方法のようにセパレータ（型枠の膨らみを防ぎコンクリート厚み幅の間隔を正確に保つ支物を指す、通し用丸セパレータが多く用いられる、本明細書においては通し用丸セパレータを単にセパレータと記す）や筋交いを、型枠の面板（型枠の対向する内面にあたる）上であって成形される構造物に相当する高さ内に取り付けることなく、２面の型枠を鉛直に立てることが出来る。勿論、パイプサポートやタル木は不要である。従って容易に化粧板を取り付けられ、尚且つ、化粧板に瑕疵を生じることがない。
【００３６】
上記接続部材は、概ね対角線を形成する筋交いである。一の型枠側の底面部と他の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、及び、他の型枠側の底面部と一の型枠の上部（成形される構造物の天端面より上側）の内面側と、を結ぶものであるので、従来方法の筋交いのように型枠に化粧板を取り付ける際の障害にはならず、型枠を鉛直に立てた後に、型枠の面板に化粧板を容易に取り付けることが出来る。
【００３７】
型枠の鉛直を保持したまま化粧板を型枠の面板に取り付けた後に、セパレータをセットし、型枠背面を組固める。セパレータの設置数は、構造物の高さ（型枠の高さはコンクリート構造物の高さに概ね１００〜１５０ｍｍ加えた高さ）により決定すればよいが、コンクリート打設圧に対する安全性、出来栄え、等を考慮し、間隔を決定する。例えば２面の型枠内面を横断するセパレータは縦方向、横方向ともに６００ｍｍピッチで配列する。本発明においては、化粧板を設置した後に、鉛直確保のための内部空間に全く筋交いを用いないため溶接は不要になる。従って、当然溶接に伴う瑕疵は生じない。
【００３８】
最初に２面の型枠を概ね平行に仮立てする方法は、後に幅決具により２面の型枠の頂部を嵌合係止する等の作業が行えればよく、限定されるものではない。例えば、基礎コンクリートを打設し、脱型した後に型枠を立設する場合には、基礎コンクリートの側面に残留しているＰコンをそのまま取り付けておき、そのＰコン軸足に合致する孔を穿孔した型枠を、Ｐコン軸足に嵌め込み、基礎コンクリートの側面に沿わせて立たせ、Ｐコン軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ（型枠締め付け具兼バタ締め付け具）を螺合して、型枠を基礎コンクリートの側面に隙間なく密着させる手段を、それぞれの型枠毎に用いる。
【００３９】
又、コンクリート構造物が防波堤等の場合に基礎として用いられ得るケーソン（水中基礎工事用潜函）上に型枠を立設する場合には、図４の如くケーソン両側に足場を設け、型枠をケーソンの側面に沿わせて足場より稍上から立たせ、上記基礎コンクリートがある場合とおおよそ同様の手段を用いて、２面の型枠を組固める。尚、セルラーブロック、直立消波ブロック、鋼管杭等の上部に、防波突堤、防波堤を構築する場合であっても、ケーソン上に型枠を立設する方法と概ね同一手順とすればよい。
【００４０】
幅決具とは、２面の型枠の間隔、即ち、型枠の法線が直線状の場合に法線（前面）と背面ラインとを概ね９０°で横断する２面の型枠の面間の幅を決定する道具である。法線が曲線状の場合には法線と背面ラインとを最短距離で横断する２面の型枠の面間幅を決定する道具となる。幅決具は、その下面にＬ型鋼（等辺山型鋼）で嵌合部を形成し、その嵌合部に型枠の頂部（通常、構造物の天端より１００〜１５０ｍｍ上側）を嵌め込むことにより、２面の型枠の間隔を固定する。
【００４１】
緊張される接続部材（筋交い）の上端は、後に成形される構造物の天端面より上側にあり、化粧板を取り付ける作業の障害にならない位置にある。接続部材の下端は底面部に固着されるが、その底面部として差し筋等を採用することが出来る。即ち、基礎コンクリートの型枠近傍に差し筋等を設けておき、通常、その差し筋等と化粧板取り付け前に溶接し固着する。尚、ケーソン上に構築する場合には、ケーソン天端部に差し筋又はアンカー筋を設ける。その差し筋又はアンカー筋に接続部材の下端を溶接する。
【００４２】
通常の場合、対向する２面の型枠がそれぞれ連なって形成され、本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法にかかる建込み過程は、その対向する面の長手方向に対して概ね直角に横断する断面において行われる。最初に本発明にかかる建込み過程を施した断面を基準面として、所定の間隔毎に型枠の長手方向に対して概ね９０°で横断する他の断面において繰り返し行うことによって、型枠全体のうち長手方向の型枠を鉛直に施工することが可能である。間隔は概ね９００〜１８００ｍｍとすることが好ましい。
【００４３】
本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法により型枠全体を立設し、コンクリートを投入打設し、養生期間を経過した後の脱型時に、化粧板をはぎ取り、化粧板用セパレータジョイント、Ｐコン、等を完全に抜取した後、化粧板用セパレータジョイント、Ｐコン等で成形されていた凹部へ、モルタルを充填する。
【００４４】
本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法により得られるコンクリート構造物、例えば防波突堤、防波堤、等は、表面に意匠が施され環境に融合し得て、且つ、法線が乱れることなく（法線が直線であれば一直線になり、法線が曲線であれば滑らかな曲線になる）、鉛直に立設され、安定感を与え得る。
【００４５】
以下、図面に基づき、本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法について、更に詳しく説明する。説明にかかわりコンクリート構造物の一例として、表面に石積みを擬装した意匠が施されてなり、高さ２．５ｍ、幅３ｍ、１スパンの長さ１０ｍの防波突堤を挙げる。
【００４６】
図７は、これを構築するのに用いる化粧型枠（化粧板取付直前）全体の一実施形態を示す上部平面図である。その型枠は、長手方向に、片側あたり、横９００ｍｍ×縦２６５０ｍｍの型枠１１を１１枚（合計２２枚）と、それに加えて調整用補助型枠７２を１枚（合計２枚）立て、短手方向に、補助型枠１枚を含んだ４枚（合計８枚）の端部型枠７１を立てて形成され、型枠全体は概ね長手方向１０．１２ｍ、短手方向３．１２ｍになる（３ｍ＋（化粧板６０ｍｍ×２）＝３．１２ｍ）。そして、対向して平行に立つ型枠１１を概ね１．８ｍ間隔で横断する６つの断面において、本発明にかかる建込み過程が行われ、幅決具１２により幅（平行に立つ型枠１１の間隔）が固定されるとともに精度よく鉛直に立つ防波突堤用の化粧型枠（化粧板取付直前）が立設される。
【００４７】
複数の幅決具１２はコンクリート投入打設用の足場受材になり、コンクリートを投入打設する際には、丈夫な足場板が幅決具１２の上面に置かれ、幅決具１２と足場板とが番線等で緊縛される。
【００４８】
図６に、幅決具１２の一例を斜視図として示す。例えば、断面が角状で６０ｍｍ×６０ｍｍ、長さが４ｍの角鋼管６１の両端近傍において、それぞれ２ケのＬ型鋼６２を溶接にて固着され、２つの嵌合部６４を形成してなる幅決具１２を用いることが出来る（図６では角鋼管６１の一端近傍を示している）。この２つの嵌合部６４に対向する２面の型枠の頂部を嵌め込み係止することにより、２面の型枠の間隔を固定することが出来る。幅決具１２の２つの嵌合部６４を形成する計４個のＬ型鋼６２のうち、内側のＬ型鋼６２には、掛止部６３が形成される。掛止部６３は、補強材としての鋼板に掛止用の孔を設けたリブをＬ型鋼６２に溶接したものである。又、Ｌ型鋼６２のうち、外側のＬ型鋼６２には、孔のない通常のリブが溶接されている。
【００４９】
最初に、図７に示すＣＣ断面（化粧板取り付け直前）において、２面の型枠（型枠１１に含まれる型枠１１ａと調整用補助型枠７２及び型枠１１ｂと調整用補助型枠７２）を鉛直に立てる。図１は、鉛直を確保し、型枠１１ａ及び型枠１１ｂの内面側（面板）に化粧板１０を取り付けた断面図である（セパレータはセットされる直前である）。又、図５は、図１において幅決具１２が型枠１１ａを嵌合係止する部分と成形される構造物の僅か上部を組固めた部分を拡大するとともに、化粧板１０を取り付けた後にセパレータ１３をセットし型枠１１ａ背面の上段を組固めた状態を示す図である。更に、図８は、型枠１１ａの下部を拡大した断面図であり、型枠１１ａを基礎コンクリート１４の側面に合わせて仮立てし、下部のみを組固めた状態を表す。以下、本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法について、その一例を説明する。
【００５０】
（Ａ）先ず、図８に示す如く、一の型枠１１ａの下部を法線側の基礎コンクリート１４の側面に残留しているＰコン４の軸足に合わせて穿孔し、その孔をＰコン４の軸足に嵌め込み、型枠１１ａ背面よりＰコン４の軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ５を螺合し、基礎コンクリート１４の側面と型枠１１ａとを隙間なく密着させることにより、型枠１１ａを仮に立てる。
【００５１】
対向する他の型枠１１ｂも同様にして仮立てする。これを交互に繰り返し、全ての型枠１１と調整用補助型枠７２を仮立てする。タテバタ９（縦方向補強鋼管）を型枠１１の背面に添え立てるとともに、ヨコバタ７（横方向補強鋼管）を添える（格子状に取り付けられるタテバタ９とヨコバタ７の最下段に相当する）。そして、締付座金３により型枠１１と調整用補助型枠７２の下部のみを組固める。図１０は、タテバタ９がセットされた型枠１１を背面側からみた図である。図示されるように、タテバタ９は縦桟木９１と縦桟木９１との中間に立てることが好ましい。
【００５２】
（Ｂ）次に、図５に示す（法線側のみ）如く、幅決具１２の嵌合部６４に、型枠１１ａ，１１ｂの頂部を嵌め込み係止し、対向する型枠１１ａと型枠１１ｂの間隔を固定する。（調整用補助型枠７２も含まれているが、以下省略する。）
【００５３】
（Ｃ）続いて、型枠１１ａの頂部を係止した側の幅決具１２の掛止部６３と、対向する型枠１１ｂ側の基礎コンクリート１４の差し筋１５ｂとを、ターンバックル１６とチェーン１７とからなる接続部材１８によって接続する。掛止部６３にはターンバックル１６のフックを掛け、差し筋１５ｂとチェーン１７の端部を溶接する（図１のＢ点）。
【００５４】
同様に、型枠１１ｂの頂部を係止した側の幅決具１２の掛止部６３と、型枠１１ａ側の基礎コンクリート１４の差し筋１５ａとを、ターンバックル１６とチェーン１７とからなる接続部材１８によって、接続する。掛止部６３にはターンバックル１６のフックを掛け、差し筋１５ａとチェーン１７の端部を溶接する（図１のＡ点）。そして、ターンバックル１６を締め付けて、対向する型枠１１ａ，１１ｂが正確に鉛直に立つように交差した２つの接続部材１８を緊張する。尚、差し筋１５ａ，１５ｂは曲げている。理由は、作業者の安全を図るためであるが、強いて曲げる必要はない。そして、型枠１１ａのコンクリート天端面１９より僅か上側にＰコン４をセットするために穿孔し、得られた孔にＰコン４の軸足を型枠１１ａ内面より挿入し、型枠１１ａの背面側よりＰコン４の軸足の先端螺子部にホームタイ５を螺合し、Ｐコン４と型枠１１ａを確実に締め付け、その後に、ヨコバタ７を添えて組固める。（格子状に取り付けられるタテバタ９とヨコバタ７の最上段に相当する）対向する型枠１１ｂも同作業を繰り返す。（図５）
【００５５】
上記した建込み過程を、図７に示すＣＣ断面以外の幅決具１２が示される残りの５つの断面においても、繰り返し行うことにより、法線側及び対向する背面側の両型枠１１全体を鉛直確保する。
【００５６】
（Ｄ）次に、端部型枠（止め、妻型枠ともよぶ）７１を従来の方法（第３の建込み方法に準じる）に従い、組固める。尚、端部型枠７１の背面側よりＰＳ等で押せる場合には、コンクリート打設圧に充分耐え得るように、頑丈に押すことが好ましい。端部型枠７１のセパレータの溶接を省けるメリットがある。
【００５７】
（Ｅ）その後、型枠１１の対向する内面、即ち面板８に、化粧板１０を小釘にて丁寧に打ち込み取り付ける。
【００５８】
（Ｆ）そして、図５に示すように（図は型枠１１ａ側のみ示す）、コンクリート構造物の天端面より下部の化粧板１０及び型枠１１ａ，１１ｂにセパレータ１３を通す孔を穿孔し、対向する型枠１１ａと型枠１１ｂに掛け渡すセパレータ１３を、型枠１１ａ，１１ｂの内面側から挿入すると同時に型枠１１ａ，１１ｂ背面側からホームタイ５をセパレータ１３先端の化粧板用セパレータジョイント６に螺合する。そして、各段全ての螺合が完了した後に、ヨコバタ７を添えて締付座金３により締め付け、型枠１１全体を組固める。最後に、型枠１１全体の鉛直微調整を行って組固め、化粧型枠全体の建込みが完了する。
【００５９】
続いて、防波突堤及び防波堤の成形に用いられる本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法について説明する。この建込み方法は、上記した化粧板を有する化粧型枠の建込み方法に示される建込み過程を有する方法である。即ち、本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は本発明にかかる化粧型枠の建込み方法から、化粧板にかかる工程のみを除いたものである。再述は避けるが、上記（Ａ）〜（Ｃ）の建込み過程を行った後に、上記（Ｄ）の通り端部型枠を組固め、上記（Ｆ）の通り（化粧板は除く）セパレータ（先端部にＰコン）を取り付けて型枠全体を組固め、最後に全体の微調整を行って型枠全体の建込みを完了、即、コンクリート投入打設が出来る態勢となる。
【００６０】
本発明にかかる通常型枠の建込み方法は、従来の方法（例えば上記（１）〜（８））に比較して、工数が大幅に減縮され低コストで施工出来尚且つより容易に鉛直を確保した型枠を立設出来ることから、防波突堤及び防波堤が、化粧板を用いない通常のコンクリート打ち放し構造物である場合にも好適に用いられる。
【００６１】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明の化粧型枠及び通常型枠の建込み方法によれば、多くの工数（時間）をかけずに、低コストでしかも容易に、確実に鉛直に立設された型枠を建込むことが出来る。本発明の化粧型枠及び通常型枠の建込み方法で建て込まれた２タイプの構造物は、設計値と殆ど誤差を生じず、幅、高さともに精度よく、又、鉛直に構築される。特に化粧型枠で建て込まれた構造物の仕上がり表面は化粧板に収縮や損傷等の瑕疵が生じることなく、意図する美観を充分に表し安定感溢れる防波突堤、防波堤、等のコンクリート構造物を構築することが可能である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す断面図である。
【図２】従来の型枠の建込み方法の一例を示す断面図である。
【図３】従来の型枠の建込み方法の他例を示す断面図である。
【図４】従来の型枠の建込み方法の更に他例を示す断面図である。
【図５】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す図であり、型枠上部を拡大した断面図である。
【図６】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法に用いる幅決具の斜視図である。
【図７】化粧板を取り付ける直前の一実施形態を示す型枠上部平面図である。
【図８】本発明の化粧型枠の建込み方法の一実施形態を示す図であり、型枠下部を拡大した断面図である。
【図９】従来の型枠の建込み方法の一例を示す図であり、型枠上部振れ止め及び転倒防止対策としてのタル木の使用方法並びに型枠を垂直にするためのパイプサポートの使用方法を説明する図である。
【図１０】１枚の型枠にタテバタが施された様子を示し、型枠を背面側からみた図である。
【符号の説明】
１ａ，１ｂ…化粧型枠、３…締付座金、４…プラスチックコーン（Ｐコン）、５…ホームタイ、６…化粧板用セパレータジョイント、７…ヨコバタ（横方向補強鋼管）、８…面板、９…タテバタ（縦方向補強鋼管）、１０…化粧板、１１，１１ａ，１１ｂ，２１ａ，２１ｂ，３１ａ，３１ｂ，４１ａ，４１ｂ…型枠、１２…幅決具、１３，２３，３３…セパレータ、１４，２４，３４，４４…基礎コンクリート、１５ａ〜１５ｃ，２５ａ〜２５ｃ，３５ａ〜３５ｃ，４５ａ〜４５ｄ…差し筋（又はアンカー筋）、１６…ターンバックル、１７…チェーン、１８…接続部材、２２，３２，４２…幅決材、２６，２７，３６，４７…筋交い、１９，２９，３９，４９…コンクリート天端面、４８…片螺子セパレータ、５０…基礎コンクリート内に残留するセパレータ、６１…角鋼管、６２…Ｌ型鋼（等辺山形鋼）、６３…掛止部、６４…嵌合部、７１…端部型枠、７２…調整用補助型枠、８１…タル木、８２…パイプサポート（ＰＳ）、８４…ケーソン、８５…足場、８９…ケーソン天端面、９１…縦桟木、９２…横桟木。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for constructing a decorative form and a method for constructing a normal form which are preferably used in constructing a concrete structure having a design applied to at least a part of its surface.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, the formwork method using a panel generally used for building concrete structures such as buildings and building foundations easily follows the shape of the structure due to its light weight and good workability. It is possible and is a rational construction method. In recent years, not only buildings and building foundations, but also retaining walls, coastal breakwater breakwaters, breakwaters, and the like have been constructed as concrete structures. The traditional method of using large natural stones, crushed stones, or anti-corrosion-treated wood leads to more natural destruction, as well as structural non-robustness, delay in construction period, and high cost.
[0003]
In concrete structures, so-called concrete release, which does not normally have a special surface shape, can be felt simply and preferably. However, in concrete structures built in nature, such as breakwater jetty and breakwater, it is also true that it is preferable to disguise masonry, stone surfaces, wooden fences, and the like.
[0004]
Due to the above circumstances, the demand for decorative formwork has arisen in the construction of concrete structures with a design on at least a part of the surface, which has been researched and used in practice. The surface of the surface is also being colored, and is expected to continue increasing in the future.
[0005]
However, there are problems with the construction methods currently being used, mainly due to the stage of building up the decorative formwork. Below, the construction method of the conventional wooden formwork is demonstrated with reference to drawings first, using the case where a normal breakwater jetty is constructed | assembled as a concrete structure first.
[0006]
FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a conventional method of building a formwork used for constructing a breakwater jetty (referred to as a first building method), and shows a cross section of a compacted formwork after the completion of construction. . Further, FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a usage state of a tall tree used for preventing the upper form of the temporary formwork from being shaken over and preventing overturning and a method for using a pipe support (also referred to as PS) used for making the formwork vertical. It is. Below, the conventional 1st construction method is demonstrated with reference to FIG.2 and FIG.9.
[0007]
(1) First, the lower part of the mold 21a is drilled in accordance with the shaft foot of the plastic cone (also referred to as P-con) remaining on the side surface of the basic concrete 24 on the normal side. The mold frame 21a is temporarily stood by fitting into the shaft foot, screwing the home tie into the threaded end of the shaft foot from the rear side of the mold frame 21a, and bringing the side surface of the foundation concrete 24 and the mold frame 21a into close contact with each other. .
[0008]
(2) Next, as shown in FIG. 9, as a measure for preventing the above-mentioned formwork upper part from being overturned and falling, the tall tree 81 is passed over the incision bar 25b and the top of the mold form 21a. A tight wire is tied at T, and a large nail is driven and temporarily fixed at the point S between the tall wood 81 and the top of the mold 21a.
[0009]
(3) On the opposite side, the above operations (1) and (2) are repeated, and the mold 21b is temporarily raised to prevent it from swinging and to take measures to prevent it from falling. At this time, the two molds 21a and 21b are held substantially vertically.
[0010]
(4) The position where the separator 23 is attached to the molds 21a and 21b is determined, and a hole for inserting the separator 23 is drilled at that position, and the leading end of the separator 23 is placed on the inner side of the molds 21a and 21b. While being inserted further, the home tie 5 is screwed into the leading end P-component screw of the separator 23 from the back side of the molds 21a and 21b.
[0011]
(5) The vertical butterfly 9 is erected along the back of the mold 21 a, the horizontal butterfly 7 is attached, and the separator 23, the mold 21 a, the vertical butter 9, and the horizontal flap 7 are fixed by the fastening washer 3.
[0012]
(6) The above operation (5) is similarly performed on the mold 21b side. FIG. 2 shows an example in which four stages of separators 23 are provided on one vertical section.
[0013]
(7) Next, the width between the molds 21a and 21b is determined by using the width determining material 22 in the vicinity of the uppermost portions of the molds 21a and 21b. Then, the inner surfaces of the molds 21a and 21b are pushed (protruded) with PS82, and the tall tree 81 is removed. At this point, the molds 21a and 21b are not precise but are generally vertical. Note that it is impossible to push the PS 82 from the back side of the formwork or pull it with a chain or the like because the construction site is a breakwater or a breakwater because the construction site is the sea.
[0014]
(8) Finally, the two braces 26 are fixed at points Q and R of the uppermost separator 23 by welding or the like. The points Q and R are positioned so that the distances from the neighboring molds 21a and 21b are approximately equal. Furthermore, the four bracings 27 are rough and complete when the insertion bar 25c and the second to fourth separators 23 from the top are firmly fixed by welding or the like and the PS is removed.
[0015]
The incisors 25a and 25b are positioned so that the distance between the incisor 25a and the mold 21a and the distance between the incisor 25b and the mold 21b are substantially equal. The separator 23 is a round steel bar having a diameter of several to several tens of mm, which is used to prevent the double-sided formwork from bulging due to concrete placement and to maintain an accurate interval. is there.
[0016]
Next, FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining another conventional formwork erection method (referred to as a second erection method), and shows a cross section of the assembled formwork after the completion of erection. The conventional second erection method is one in which the brace 27 (four) is omitted from the above-described conventional first erection method.
[0017]
Furthermore, FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a conventional method for laying a formwork (called a third erection method) that is frequently used when the width of a structure is relatively wide and low. The cross-section of the assembled mold after completion is shown. The conventional third erection method is substantially the same as the above-described conventional first and second erection methods, but the separator used is different, and as shown in the drawing, the single screw separator 48 and the insertion bar 45a. ˜45d is fixed (welded) to the brace 47 to ensure the vertical of the formwork. The single screw separator 48 is a short piece of single screw having a diameter of about 12 to 15 mm and a length of about 100 mm, and the bracing 47 uses a round bar steel that is thicker than those used in the first and second erection methods. To do.
[0018]
When building a breakwater jetty or the like, for example, separators are set at a pitch of 600 mm in the normal direction, width determination tools are provided at approximately 1200 to 1500 mm intervals, and any one of the above first to third construction methods is used. Select and install.
[0019]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the conventional erection method for the breakwater jetty and the like described above, the decorative plate is attached to the opposite inner surface of the formwork by attaching the decorative plate after the separator or the brace is attached. Since it becomes an obstacle and is almost impossible, it is necessary to carry out the process almost at the same time as when the mold is erected, that is, before attaching the separator and the brace. If you try to attach the decorative plate forcibly after installing the separator or brace, you will have to cut the decorative plate into small pieces, which will cause the workability to be extremely poor and will require enormous time and labor, resulting in high costs. In addition, it is extremely difficult to install without any wrinkles, and there is a possibility that the concrete structure cannot express the intended aesthetics.
[0020]
However, when the decorative plate is attached to the inner surface facing the formwork before attaching the separator or brace, as described above, in order to securely stand the formwork vertically, PS is used from the inner surface of the formwork. Press (poke) and weld the separator and brace. By pushing (pushing) with such a PS and performing welding work, the decorative plate is damaged by the PS receiving plate, shrinkage due to welding heat, etc., and the original aesthetic that the concrete structure is intended for Is greatly impaired. Under such circumstances, it has conventionally been difficult to accurately and vertically construct a concrete structure to which a formwork is erected vertically and a design is applied.
[0021]
The present invention has been made in view of the above-described conventional problems, and the object of the present invention is to ensure that the formwork is kept vertical without welding the brace and the brace, and the concrete structure can be accurately obtained. It is possible to obtain a concrete structure that can be constructed vertically and that sufficiently expresses the intended aesthetics without causing wrinkles such as shrinkage and damage to the decorative board, and requires a lot of man-hours (hours). It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for laying a decorative mold that can be carried out easily and at a lower cost.
[0022]
To date, concrete structures using decorative panels, such as breakwater jetty, breakwater, etc., have not been established, and we have been struggling with hardships. As a result of extensive research on vertical securing, measures against shrinkage of the decorative plate due to welding heat, and methods of attaching the decorative plate that does not cause wrinkles without cutting the decorative plate, the above object has been achieved by the following means. It was found that
[0023]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
According to the present invention, the following method for building a decorative form is provided.
[0024]
That is, the method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention is a method for building a decorative mold that is used for forming a structure and has a mold and a decorative board, and the two-sided mold is generally parallel. In the top of the two-sided formwork, the distance between the two-sided formwork is determined by the width determining tool at the top of the two-sided formwork, and the structure to be molded in the cross section crossing the internal space of the two-sided formwork A two-sided formwork is formed by tensioning the two-sided formwork with a pair of connecting members and a width determining tool that diagonally connect the upper and bottom surfaces of the two-sided formwork located above the top end face. It has a built-in process that can withstand the high waves during aging, gusts, concrete placement, etc. Immediately after the erection process, promptly make sure that the decorative board is attached to both sides or one side of the facing surface of the formwork. It is denominated inclusive method of decorative mold frame and butterflies.
[0025]
The formwork refers to a normal concrete formwork. In the present specification, when simply referred to as a formwork, it refers to a single-unit formwork having a predetermined shape. Further, as the decorative board, for example, those made of expanded polystyrene can be used.
[0026]
In the method for installing a decorative mold according to the present invention, after the attachment of the decorative plate, the cross section across the internal space of the two molds is also below the top end surface of the structure to be molded. While maintaining the vertical, two or more molds are firmly joined in the thickness direction of the concrete by one or a plurality of separators in the vertical direction connecting the two molds approximately horizontally.
[0027]
The above erection process is all performed by repeatedly performing the cross-section crossing the inner surface of the two molds at the intervals of about 900 to 1800 mm and at other cross-sections crossing at about 90 ° with respect to the normal line. It is possible to stand up the decorative form. (In addition, when the normal line becomes a curve, the above-described erection process is repeated on the cross section of the shortest distance connecting the normal line and the back line at intervals of approximately 900 to 1800 mm with the cross section as the reference plane. ) A predetermined reference line is called a normal line, and a measuring point is set on this line, and a sectional view is created in a substantially right angle direction (see FIG. 7).
[0028]
In the method of building a decorative mold according to the present invention, the width determining tool can also serve as a concrete receiving and casting scaffolding. In addition, it is preferable to use an incision bar or an anchor bar inserted into the upper part of basic concrete or caisson as the bottom surface part, and a hook with a buckle and a joint material are used as the connecting member. A chain or a round steel bar can be used as the anchoring material. In addition, what is necessary is just to make the insertion amount of the reinforcing bar into the basic concrete etc., for example, about half of the total length of the reinforcing bar.
[0029]
The method of building a decorative form according to the present invention is suitably used when a breakwater jetty or a breakwater is constructed as a structure.
[0030]
By the way, in the erection process that constitutes the erection method of the above-mentioned decorative formwork, a decorative board is not required (design is not applied). Breakwater and breakwater Even in the case of constructing, the man-hour (time) is greatly reduced, the cost is lower, and the accuracy is higher than the conventional construction method. Therefore, according to the present invention, the following Used for forming breakwater jetty and breakwater A normal formwork erection method is provided.
[0031]
That is, the method of building a normal formwork according to the present invention is Breakwater and breakwater A method for erection of a mold used for molding, wherein two molds are temporarily set up substantially in parallel, and at the top of the two molds, the distance between the two molds is set by a width determiner. Determined and molded in a cross section that traverses the interior space of the two-sided formwork Breakwater or breakwater Tighten the two-sided formwork with a pair of hooks with turnbuckles and joints that connect the upper part and bottom part of the two-sided formwork above the top end face of the base plate diagonally. While keeping the vertical of the two-sided formwork In the cross section crossing the inner space of the two-sided formwork, one or a plurality of separators that connect the both sides of the breakwater jetty to be formed or both sides below the top end face of the breakwater substantially horizontally are set. It is characterized by having an erection process in which a reinforcing material is attached to the back surface of the slab and assembled. Except only the process concerning a decorative board, it is the construction method of the normal form which has the same construction process as the construction process concerning the construction method of the said decorative form.
[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. First, a method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention will be described. This erection method is a erection method for a decorative mold having a mold and a decorative board. That is, the decorative form referred to in the present invention is a form that can be separated into a decorative board that is a mold for applying a design to a concrete structure, and a form that supports the casting pressure and weight of the concrete to be cast. It is. The design means a degree of ingenuity such that the surface is not smooth and hardly looks like concrete.
[0033]
The formwork is usually made of plywood, vertical crosspieces, and crosspieces and is often formed of wood, but in the present invention, it is not limited to wooden formwork. The present invention is applicable even to a steel mold. In addition, as a reinforcing material for the formwork, as many vertical and horizontal butterflies as necessary to improve the strength are attached in the form of a lattice in the vertical and horizontal directions. Sufficient strength is also maintained as this reinforcing material. It can be made of wood or steel as long as it falls. Usually, since a wooden formwork and a steel reinforcing material are frequently used, in this specification, a case where a wooden formwork and a steel reinforcing material are used will be described as an example.
[0034]
In the method of building a decorative mold according to the present invention, the two molds are temporarily set up substantially in parallel, and the tops of the two molds are respectively formed by the width determiner in the cross section crossing the inner surface of the two molds. It is fitted and locked to fix the distance between the two molds, and the bottom of one mold and the inner side of the upper part of the other mold (above the top end of the structure to be molded) And a connecting member made of a hook with a turnbuckle and a joint material, for example, a bottom surface part on the other mold side and an inner surface side of the upper part of the one mold form (above the top end surface of the structure to be molded). It is characterized by the fact that it includes a erection process in which the two-sided formwork is set up vertically, and then the decorative board is attached to the opposing faceplates of the two-sided formwork. In the present specification, the opposite surface side of the mold frame standing in parallel is called the inner surface side of the mold frame, and the back side is called the back surface side.
[0035]
According to the erection process according to the present invention, as in the conventional erection method, a separator (a round separator for passing through, which refers to a support that prevents the formwork from bulging and accurately maintains the interval of the concrete thickness width, is often used. In this specification, the round separator for threading is simply referred to as a separator) and the braces are attached to the height corresponding to the structure to be molded on the face plate of the mold (corresponding to the inner surface facing the mold). In addition, a two-sided formwork can be set up vertically. Of course, pipe support and tall wood are not required. Therefore, the decorative plate can be easily attached, and the decorative plate is not wrinkled.
[0036]
The connecting member is a brace that generally forms a diagonal line. The bottom surface of one mold side and the upper surface of another mold frame (above the top end surface of the structure to be molded), and the bottom surface of the other mold frame side and the upper part of the one mold frame ( The upper surface of the structure to be molded is connected to the inner surface side of the structure, so that it does not become an obstacle when attaching a decorative plate to the mold like the brace of the conventional method. After standing up, the decorative plate can be easily attached to the face plate of the formwork.
[0037]
After attaching the decorative plate to the face plate of the mold frame while maintaining the vertical of the mold frame, the separator is set and the back of the mold frame is solidified. The number of separators to be installed may be determined by the height of the structure (the height of the formwork is approximately 100 to 150 mm higher than the height of the concrete structure). , Etc. are taken into consideration to determine the interval. For example, separators that cross the inner surface of two molds are arranged at a pitch of 600 mm in both the vertical and horizontal directions. In the present invention, after the decorative plate is installed, no bracing is used in the internal space for ensuring verticality, so welding is not necessary. Accordingly, no wrinkles associated with welding occur.
[0038]
The method of initially standing the two-sided formwork substantially in parallel is not limited as long as the work such as fitting and locking the top of the two-sided formwork can be performed later with a width determiner. . For example, when placing the concrete after placing the concrete foundation and removing it from the mold, attach the P-con that remains on the side of the foundation concrete, and make a hole that matches the P-con shaft foot. Fit the punched formwork into the P-con shaft foot, stand along the side of the foundation concrete, and screw the home tie (formwork clamping tool / butter fastening tool) into the tip screw part of the P-con shaft foot, Means for closely attaching the formwork to the side surface of the foundation concrete is used for each formwork.
[0039]
When a formwork is erected on a caisson (submersible for underwater foundation work) that can be used as a foundation when the concrete structure is a breakwater, etc., a scaffold is provided on both sides of the caisson as shown in FIG. Stand up from the scaffolding along the side of the caisson, and assemble the two-sided formwork using the same means as when there is the foundation concrete. In addition, even if it is a case where a breakwater jetty and a breakwater are constructed in the upper part of a cellular block, an upright wave-dissipating block, a steel pipe pile, etc., the procedure may be almost the same as the method of standing a formwork on a caisson.
[0040]
The width determiner is the distance between two molds, that is, the surface of the two molds that intersects the normal (front) and the back line at approximately 90 ° when the normal of the mold is linear. It is a tool to determine the width between. When the normal line is a curved line, it is a tool for determining the width between the two forms that cross the normal line and the back line at the shortest distance. The width determiner is formed with a fitting portion made of L-shaped steel (equilateral mountain-shaped steel) on its lower surface, and the top of the mold (usually 100 to 150 mm above the top end of the structure) is fitted into the fitting portion. Thus, the interval between the two mold forms is fixed.
[0041]
The upper end of the tensioned connecting member (the brace) is above the top end surface of the structure to be molded later, and is in a position that does not hinder the operation of attaching the decorative plate. The lower end of the connecting member is fixed to the bottom surface portion, and an insertion line or the like can be adopted as the bottom surface portion. That is, a reinforcing bar or the like is provided near the formwork of the basic concrete, and is usually welded and fixed to the reinforcing bar or the like before attaching the decorative plate. In addition, when constructing on a caisson, an insertion line or an anchor line is provided at the caisson top end. The lower end of the connecting member is welded to the insertion bar or anchor bar.
[0042]
In a normal case, two facing molds are formed in series, and the building process according to the method for building a decorative mold of the present invention traverses substantially at right angles to the longitudinal direction of the facing surfaces. Done in cross section. First, the cross-section subjected to the erection process according to the present invention is used as a reference plane, and is repeatedly performed at other intervals crossing at approximately 90 ° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the mold at predetermined intervals. Of these, it is possible to construct a longitudinal formwork vertically. The interval is preferably approximately 900 to 1800 mm.
[0043]
The entire formwork is erected by the method of installing the decorative formwork according to the present invention, the concrete is poured in, and when the mold is removed after the curing period, the decorative board is peeled off, and the separator joint for decorative board, P After completely removing the corn and the like, the mortar is filled into the concave portion formed by the separator joint for decorative plate, P-con and the like.
[0044]
A concrete structure obtained by the method of building a decorative form of the present invention, such as a breakwater jetty, a breakwater, etc., can be fused with the environment by applying a design to the surface, and the normal line is not disturbed (method If the line is a straight line, it will be a straight line, and if the normal line is a curve, it will be a smooth curve).
[0045]
Hereinafter, the construction method of the decorative mold according to the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. As an example of a concrete structure related to the description, a breakwater jetty having a height of 2.5 m, a width of 3 m, and a span of 10 m, which has a design imitating masonry on the surface, is given.
[0046]
FIG. 7 is a top plan view showing an embodiment of the entire decorative form (just before attaching the decorative plate) used to construct this. In the longitudinal direction, in the longitudinal direction, one side of each of the molds 11 (900 mm wide × 2650 mm long) (22 sheets in total), and in addition to that, one auxiliary mold frame 72 for adjustment (2 sheets in total) stands, In the short direction, four end molds 71 including one auxiliary formwork (a total of eight pieces) are formed upright, and the whole formwork is approximately 10.12 m in the longitudinal direction and 3.12 m in the short direction. (3 m + (decorative board 60 mm × 2) = 3.12 m). And in the six cross sections that cross the opposite and parallel formwork 11 at intervals of approximately 1.8 m, the erection process according to the present invention is performed, and the width determination tool 12 determines the width (of the parallel formwork 11). And a decorative formwork for the breakwater jetty (just before the decorative plate is installed) is set up vertically.
[0047]
The plurality of width determiners 12 serve as scaffold receiving materials for placing concrete, and when placing concrete, a strong scaffold plate is placed on the upper surface of the width determiner 12, and the width determiner 12 and the scaffold are placed. The board is tied up with a wire.
[0048]
FIG. 6 shows an example of the width determining device 12 as a perspective view. For example, in the vicinity of both ends of a square steel pipe 61 having a square cross section of 60 mm × 60 mm and a length of 4 m, two L-shaped steels 62 are each fixed by welding to form two fitting portions 64. The fixing tool 12 can be used (FIG. 6 shows the vicinity of one end of the square steel pipe 61). By fitting and locking the tops of the two-side molds facing the two fitting parts 64, the interval between the two-side molds can be fixed. A latching portion 63 is formed on the inner L-shaped steel 62 among the four L-shaped steels 62 forming the two fitting portions 64 of the width determiner 12. The latching portion 63 is obtained by welding a rib provided with a latching hole to a steel plate as a reinforcing material to the L-shaped steel 62. Further, of the L-shaped steel 62, the outer L-shaped steel 62 is welded with a normal rib without a hole.
[0049]
First, in the CC cross section shown in FIG. 7 (immediately before attaching the decorative plate), the two-sided formwork (the formwork 11a included in the formwork 11 and the adjustment auxiliary formwork 72, the formwork 11b, and the adjustment auxiliary formwork 72). ) Stand vertically. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view in which a vertical plate is secured and a decorative plate 10 is attached to the inner surfaces (face plates) of the mold 11a and the mold 11b (just before the separator is set). FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the portion in which the width determiner 12 fits and locks the mold 11a and the slightly upper portion of the structure to be molded in FIG. It is a figure which shows the state which set the separator 13 and solidified the upper stage of the back of the formwork 11a. Further, FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the lower part of the formwork 11a, and shows a state where the formwork 11a is temporarily set up according to the side surface of the foundation concrete 14 and only the lower part is consolidated. Hereinafter, an example of the method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention will be described.
[0050]
(A) First, as shown in FIG. 8, the lower part of one mold 11a is drilled in accordance with the shaft foot of the P-con 4 remaining on the side surface of the normal concrete 14 on the normal side, and the hole is formed in the P-con 4, the home tie 5 is screwed onto the tip screw portion of the shaft foot of the P-con 4 from the back of the mold 11 a, and the side surface of the foundation concrete 14 and the mold 11 a are brought into close contact with each other without any gaps. The frame 11a is temporarily set up.
[0051]
The other formwork 11b facing each other is temporarily set up in the same manner. This is alternately repeated to temporarily stand up all the molds 11 and the auxiliary auxiliary molds 72. A vertical butterfly 9 (longitudinal reinforcing steel pipe) is erected on the back surface of the mold 11 and a horizontal butterfly 7 (lateral reinforcing steel pipe) is added (corresponding to the vertical stage 9 and the lowermost stage of the horizontal butterfly 7 attached in a lattice shape). Then, only the lower part of the mold 11 and the auxiliary auxiliary mold 72 is assembled by the fastening washer 3. FIG. 10 is a view of the mold 11 on which the vertical flap 9 is set as seen from the back side. As shown in the figure, it is preferable to stand the vertical flap 9 between the vertical crosspiece 91 and the vertical crosspiece 91.
[0052]
(B) Next, as shown in FIG. 5 (only on the normal line side), the tops of the molds 11a and 11b are fitted and locked into the fitting part 64 of the width determiner 12, and the opposing molds 11a and 11b are engaged. The interval of 11b is fixed. (Auxiliary mold 72 for adjustment is also included, but will be omitted below.)
[0053]
(C) Subsequently, the hook 63 of the width determiner 12 on the side where the top of the mold 11a is locked, the reinforcing bar 15b of the foundation concrete 14 on the opposite mold 11b side, the turnbuckle 16 and the chain 17 is connected by a connecting member 18 composed of 17. The hook of the turnbuckle 16 is hooked on the hook 63, and the insertion bar 15b and the end of the chain 17 are welded (point B in FIG. 1).
[0054]
Similarly, the connecting portion 63 of the width determiner 12 on the side where the top of the mold 11b is locked and the reinforcing bar 15a of the foundation concrete 14 on the mold 11a side are connected by the turnbuckle 16 and the chain 17. The connection is made by the member 18. The hook of the turnbuckle 16 is hooked on the hook 63, and the insertion bar 15a and the end of the chain 17 are welded (point A in FIG. 1). Then, the turnbuckle 16 is tightened, and the two connecting members 18 that cross each other are tensioned so that the opposing molds 11a and 11b stand accurately vertically. The incisors 15a and 15b are bent. The reason is to ensure the safety of the operator, but it is not necessary to bend it strongly. And it drills in order to set the P-con 4 slightly above the concrete top end surface 19 of the mold 11a, and the shaft foot of the P-con 4 is inserted into the obtained hole from the inner surface of the mold 11a, and the back of the mold 11a. From the side, the home tie 5 is screwed into the tip screw portion of the shaft foot of the P-con 4, and the P-con 4 and the mold 11a are securely tightened. Opposite formwork 1 (corresponding to the uppermost stage of vertical butterfly 9 and horizontal butterfly 7 attached in a lattice shape) 1 Repeat for b. (Fig. 5)
[0055]
By repeating the above-described erection process in the remaining five cross sections in which the width determining tool 12 other than the CC cross section shown in FIG. 7 is shown, the entire mold form 11 on the normal side and the opposite back side is obtained. Ensure vertical.
[0056]
(D) Next, the end part formwork (also referred to as a stop or wife formwork) 71 is assembled according to a conventional method (according to the third erection method). In addition, when it can push with PS etc. from the back side of the edge part formwork 71, it is preferable to push firmly so that it can fully endure concrete placement pressure. There is a merit that the welding of the separator of the end mold 71 can be omitted.
[0057]
(E) After that, the decorative plate 10 is carefully driven and attached to the opposing inner surface of the mold 11, that is, the face plate 8 with a small nail.
[0058]
(F) And, as shown in FIG. 5 (the figure shows only the mold 11a side), the decorative plate 10 and the molds 11a, 11b below the top end surface of the concrete structure are perforated with holes through which the separator 13 is passed, The separator 13 that spans the opposing mold 11a and 11b is inserted from the inner surface side of the mold 11a, 11b, and at the same time, the home tie 5 is inserted from the back of the mold 11a, 11b to the separator joint 6 for the decorative plate at the tip of the separator 13. Threaded onto. Then, after all the stages are screwed together, the horizontal form 7 is attached and tightened by the tightening washer 3, and the entire mold 11 is assembled. Finally, vertical fine adjustment of the entire mold 11 is performed and the assembly is completed, and the installation of the entire decorative mold is completed.
[0059]
continue, Used for forming breakwater jetty and breakwater A method for building a normal formwork according to the present invention will be described. This erection method is a method having the erection process shown in the erection method of the decorative mold having the decorative board. That is, the method for building a normal form according to the present invention is obtained by removing only the process for the decorative board from the method for building a decorative form according to the present invention. Although the restatement is avoided, after performing the above-mentioned construction process (A) to (C), the end formwork is assembled as shown in (D) above, and the separator as shown in (F) (excluding the decorative board) (P-con on the front end) is attached and the entire mold is solidified, and finally the entire mold is finely adjusted to complete the construction of the entire mold, and the concrete can be put in immediately.
[0060]
As compared with the conventional methods (for example, the above (1) to (8)), the normal formwork erection method according to the present invention is significantly reduced in man-hours and can be constructed at low cost and more easily. Because the secured formwork can be erected, Breakwater jetty and breakwater Ordinary concrete exposed structure without decorative panel If it is Also preferably used.
[0061]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the decorative form frame and the normal form frame erection method of the present invention, it is possible to easily and surely stand upright at a low cost without much man-hour (time). Formwork can be built. The present invention of Makeup formwork as well as The two types of structures built by the normal formwork construction method produce little error from the design value, and are constructed vertically and accurately in both width and height. In particular, the finished surface of the structure built with a decorative form does not cause wrinkles such as shrinkage or damage on the decorative board, and it fully expresses the intended aesthetics and is a concrete structure such as a breakwater jetty, breakwater, etc. full of stability. It is possible to build
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a conventional method for building a formwork.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of a conventional method for building a formwork.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing still another example of a conventional method for building a formwork.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention, and is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the upper part of the mold.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a width determining tool used in the method of building a decorative mold according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a plan view of the upper part of the mold frame showing an embodiment immediately before attaching a decorative board.
FIG. 8 is a view showing an embodiment of the method for building a decorative mold according to the present invention, and is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the lower part of the mold.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of a conventional method of erection of a formwork, a method of using a tall tree as a formwork upper part steadying and a fall prevention measure, and a method of using a pipe support for making a formwork vertical FIG.
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a state in which a vertical form is applied to a single formwork, and is a view of the formwork as seen from the back side.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1a, 1b ... Makeup formwork, 3 ... Fastening washer, 4 ... Plastic cone (P-con), 5 ... Home tie, 6 ... Separator joint for decorative plates, 7 ... Horizontal flap (transverse reinforcing steel pipe), 8 ... Face plate, DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 9 ... Vertical flap (longitudinal direction reinforcement steel pipe), 10 ... Decorative plate, 11, 11a, 11b, 21a, 21b, 31a, 31b, 41a, 41b ... Formwork, 12 ... Width determiner, 13, 23, 33 ... Separator, 14, 24, 34, 44 ... foundation concrete, 15a to 15c, 25a to 25c, 35a to 35c, 45a to 45d ... bayonet (or anchor), 16 ... turnbuckle, 17 ... chain, 18 ... connecting member, 22 , 32, 42 ... width determining material, 26, 27, 36, 47 ... bracing, 19, 29, 39, 49 ... concrete top end face, 48 ... single screw separator, 50 ... in the foundation concrete 61 ... Square steel pipe, 62 ... L-shaped steel (equal edge angle steel), 63 ... Hook, 64 ... Fitting part, 71 ... End formwork, 72 ... Auxiliary formwork for adjustment, 81 ... Talwood , 82 ... Pipe support (PS), 84 ... Caisson, 85 ... Scaffolding, 89 ... Caisson top face, 91 ... Vertical pier, 92 ... Horizontal pier.

Claims

A method of erection of a decorative mold that is used for forming a structure and has a mold and a decorative board,
Temporarily standing the two-sided formwork in parallel, and at the top of the two-sided formwork, determining the interval between the two-sided formwork with a width determiner;
A pair of connections that diagonally connect the upper and bottom surfaces of the two-side molds located above the top end surface of the structure to be molded in a cross section that traverses the internal space of the two-side molds. Tensioning the two-sided formwork with the member and the width determiner,
Having an erection process of holding and solidifying the vertical of the two-sided formwork,
After the building process, the decorative plate is attached to both sides or one side of the facing surface of the mold frame.

After the attachment of the decorative plate, both sides below the top end surface of the structure to be molded in a cross section crossing the internal space of the two-sided formwork while maintaining the verticality of the two-sided formwork The method for erection of a decorative mold according to claim 1, wherein one or a plurality of separators that connect the faces substantially horizontally are set, and a reinforcing material is attached to the back of each of the molds to fix them.

The method of building a decorative form according to claim 1, wherein the building process is repeatedly performed in another cross section that crosses the cross section at intervals of about 900 to 1800 mm with the cross section as a reference plane.

The method for building a decorative mold according to claim 1, wherein the width determining tool also serves as a scaffolding for placing concrete.

The method for building a decorative mold according to claim 1, wherein the connecting member is a hook with a turnbuckle and a joint material.

The method for installing a decorative mold according to claim 5, wherein the joint material is a chain or a round steel bar.

The method for building a decorative form according to claim 1, wherein the structure is a breakwater jetty or a breakwater.

A method for building a normal formwork used for forming a breakwater jetty and a breakwater ,
Temporarily standing the two-sided formwork in parallel, and at the top of the two-sided formwork, determining the distance between the two-sided formwork with a width determiner;
In a cross section that traverses the internal space of the two-sided formwork, the upper part of the two-sided formwork located above the top end face of the breakwater pier or the breakwater to be molded and the bottom part are connected diagonally. Tensioning the two-sided formwork with a pair of hooks with turnbuckles and joint material, and the width determining tool,
In the cross section that crosses the internal space of the two-sided formwork while maintaining the verticality of the two-sided formwork, the both sides of the lower part of the breakwater jetty or the top end face of the breakwater are connected substantially horizontally. A method for erection of a normal mold, comprising a process of setting one or a plurality of separators and attaching a reinforcing material to a back surface of each of the moulds.