JP3590303B2 - Method of composting plant material - Google Patents

Method of composting plant material Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3590303B2
JP3590303B2 JP22442399A JP22442399A JP3590303B2 JP 3590303 B2 JP3590303 B2 JP 3590303B2 JP 22442399 A JP22442399 A JP 22442399A JP 22442399 A JP22442399 A JP 22442399A JP 3590303 B2 JP3590303 B2 JP 3590303B2
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Prior art keywords
fermentation
weight
plant
generating material
component
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JP2000239086A (en
Inventor
良一 小西
健 神前
憲三 岡田
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Nisshin Seifun Group Inc
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Nisshin Seifun Group Inc
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Priority to JP22442399A priority Critical patent/JP3590303B2/en
Priority to US09/599,445 priority patent/US6383246B1/en
Priority to CA002312161A priority patent/CA2312161C/en
Priority claimed from US09/599,445 external-priority patent/US6383246B1/en
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/78Recycling of wood or furniture waste

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  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、山間部でのダム工事や道路工事等に伴い発生する森林伐採木や伐採根、緑地、街路樹、公園、植栽樹木などの剪定枝葉、枯損樹木、建築現場から発生する廃木材などの植物発生材の発酵を促進して堆肥化することからなる前記した各種植物発生材の堆肥化方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
ダム工事や道路工事等に伴い発生する森林伐採木や伐採根、緑地、街路樹、公園、植栽樹木などの剪定枝葉、枯損樹木、建築現場から発生する廃木材などの、いわゆる樹木に由来して発生する材料は、従来、主として焼却または埋め立てによって処分されていた。
しかしながら、焼却処分は、地球資源の消失につながるばかりでなく、焼却による二酸化炭素の発生が地球環境破壊を助長し、また住宅密集地では多量の煙りが近隣に迷惑を及ぼすという問題がある。
【0003】
また、埋め立てによる処分方法は、土壌中で木質有機物が白紋羽病、紫紋羽病、ならたけ病、べっこうたけ病などを引き起こす土壌伝染病菌の温床となり、植物に障害が発生したり、ヒメコガネ幼虫などの根切り虫の温床となり、低潅木や若木の衰退や枯死などの問題を発生する。また、土壌中に埋めた生の植物発生材を細菌や菌類が分解する際に、植物発生材自体の窒素源が極めて少量であることから、土壌細菌や菌類が足りない窒素源を土壌中に求め、土壌中の窒素源の大半を消費するため、植物が窒素飢餓に陥る危険がある。さらに、植物発生材中のリグニン、フェノール類、テルペンなどが土壌水中に溶出し、これらの物質は植物根の成長を阻害する作用を有することから、植物の健全な成長に支障をきたすという問題がある。
【0004】
上記の点から、焼却や埋め立て以外の方法で植物発生材を処理する方法が模索されており、その一つとして植物発生材の堆肥化が考えられる。
しかしながら、前記した植物発生材は、難分解性であるセルロースやリグニンなどを多量に含有しており、かつ炭素源に比して窒素源が非常に少なく、且つ植物発生材中に含まれるテルペンやフェノール類が微生物に対して有害であることから、植物発生材をチップ化して堆積しておくだけでは堆肥化に数年を要する。
すなわち、植物発生材の元をなす樹木は、根部、幹部、枝部、小枝部、葉部の5つに分けられ、これらを成分の面から見ると、主要成分をなすセルロース、ヘミセルロース、リグニン、および従属成分をなす灰分、含窒素化合物(タンパク質など)、油脂等からなっている。骨格成分であるセルロースは、10,000〜14,000個程度のD−グルコース残基が直鎖状にβ−D(1,4)結合した高分子物質であり、そのいくつかが横にしっかり結びついて束になって結晶化していて且つリグニンおよび他の多糖類と共に複雑な複合体を形成するために、物理的および化学的に強固な構造をとり、分解し難いものとなっている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
本発明の目的は、セルロースやリグニンなどの難分解性の成分を多量に含み、そのままでは堆肥化しにくい植物発生材において、その発酵を促進して短期間に堆肥化する方法を提供することである。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記の目的を達成すべく本発明者らが検討を重ねた結果、植物発生材に対して、小麦フスマおよび/または末粉並びに有機性廃棄物および/または有機質肥料を添加すると、植物発生材の発酵が促進されて短期間に堆肥化が可能であることを見出した。さらに、本発明者らは、植物発生材に対して小麦フスマおよび/または末粉並びに有機性廃棄物および/または有機質肥料を添加して発酵させるに当たって、本発明者らが先に発明した特願平10−327611号に記載した発酵促進材を発酵助材として更に添加すると、植物発生材の発酵が一層促進されて、より短期間に堆肥化が可能であることを見出し、それらの知見に基づいて本発明を完成した。
【0007】
すなわち、本発明は、植物発生材100重量部に対して、(A)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を0.5〜50重量部、(B)畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種を3〜30重量部、並びに(C)下記の発酵助材を0.1〜10重量部の割合で添加して発酵させることを特徴とする植物発生材の堆肥化方法である
発酵助材
(i)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉、並びに植物発生材を資化する耐熱性菌を含有し且つpHを6.0〜8.5に調整した発酵助材であって、( ii )小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を発酵助材の全重量に基づいて60重量%以上の割合で含有し、( iii )前記耐熱性菌が80℃の温度で10分間処理後に55℃の温度で生存可能な菌であって且つ該耐熱性菌を発酵助材1g中に10 5 CFU以上含有しており、さらに( iv )発酵助材の全重量に基づいて腐植酸またはその誘導体を2.5重量%の以下の割合で含有する発酵助材
【0008】
本発明は、植物発生材が、チップ化した植物発生材である前記の堆肥化方法を好ましい態様として包含する
【0009】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明について詳細に説明する。
本発明でいう「植物発生材」とは、植物の根部、幹部、枝部、小枝部などの樹木に由来する材料をいい、具体例としては、山間部でのダム工事や道路工事等に伴い発生する森林伐採木や伐採根、緑地、街路樹、公園、植栽樹木などの剪定枝葉、枯損樹木、建築現場から発生する廃木材などを挙げることができ、場合によっては落ち葉、刈草、刈芝などであってもよく、本発明の堆肥化方法は、前記した植物発生材のいずれに対しても有効に使用することができる。前記した植物発生材を発酵させて堆肥化するに当たっては、発酵を均一に且つ速やかに行わせるために、植物発生材を約2〜8cmの大きさのチップにしておくことが好ましい。
【0010】
本発明の堆肥化方法では、第1の成分[(A)成分]として、小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を用いる。
小麦フスマは、周知のように小麦粒の外皮であり、また末粉(すえこ)は小麦粒外皮に付着する胚乳部(小麦粉)と小麦フスマを含む粉状物であり、いずれも小麦製粉時の副産物として得られる。
本発明の堆肥化方法では、(A)成分として、小麦フスマを単独で使用しても、末粉を単独で使用しても、または両者を併用してもよい。
小麦フスマおよび末粉が植物発生材に対して優れた発酵促進効果を有する理由は明確ではないが、次のような理由によるものと推察される。
すなわち、植物発生材、畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および/または有機質肥料中に存在する土着菌が小麦フスマおよび/または末粉部で増殖が活発になり、その増殖に伴う小麦フスマおよび/または末粉部の発熱により、その周囲の植物発生材の温度が上昇し、植物発生材、有機性廃棄物および/または有機質肥料中のバクテリアなどの土着菌の活動が一層活発となり発熱する。この発熱により、さらにその周囲の土着菌が活発化されて発熱するという連鎖反応が生じて発酵が促進される。さらに土着菌の活性化による発酵に伴ってアンモニアが生成されて、被発酵物のpHが上昇して土着菌の活動に適したアルカリ性側のpHとなり、微生物活動が促進され、植物発生材の腐塾が進行することによるものと推察される。
【0011】
さらに、本発明の堆肥化方法では、第2の成分[(B)成分]として、畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種を用いる
畜産排泄物としては、鶏糞などの家禽類の糞、豚糞、牛糞、馬糞、羊糞などの畜産排泄物を挙げることができ、これらの1種または2種以上を用いることができる。そのうちでも鶏糞、豚糞が植物発生材に対する発酵促進効果および入手の容易さなどの点から好ましく用いられる。
また、(B)成分として用いる前記有機質肥料は、有機質原料を発酵させて得られた有機質肥料であればいずれでもよく、有機質肥料としては、例えば、畜産排泄物、食品残渣、活性汚泥などの有機質系の被発酵原料を発酵させて得られた有機質肥料、本発明の堆肥化方法により得られる植物発生材由来の堆肥化物などを挙げることができる。本発明では、前記した有機質肥料の1種または2種以上を用いることができる。そのうちでも、本発明では有機質肥料として畜産排泄物を発酵させて得られた有機質肥料が植物発生材に対する発酵促進効果および入手の容易さなどの点から好ましく用いられる。
【0012】
本発明の堆肥化方法では、(B)成分として、畜産排泄物または有機汚泥を単独で用いても、有機質肥料を単独で用いても、または畜産排泄物または有機汚泥と有機質肥料を併用してもよい。
(B)成分をなす畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種として、水分含量の少ない乾燥物、特に粉状または粒状にした乾燥物を用いると、(A)成分(小麦フスマおよび/または末粉)、(B)成分および(C)成分(発酵助材)を混合して得られる混合物(発酵促進材の異臭を低減させ且つ取り扱い性を向上させることができる。
【0013】
本発明において、(B)成分として用いる畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種が植物発生材に対して優れた発酵促進効果を有する理由としては、以下のことが推察される。
すなわち、植物発生材自体はC/N比が高いため、微生物の活動が緩慢であり、植物発生材のみではそこに含まれる有機物の分解速度や腐熟が遅い。これに対して、畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料のC/N比は平均して10〜20程度であり、畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種を植物発生材に添加すると、そのC/N比が微生物の活動に適したものとなって、微生物の活動が活発になり、植物発生材中の有機物の分解、腐熟が促進されるものと推察される。
【0014】
また、本発明の堆肥化方法では、上記した(A)成分および(B)成分と共に、第3の成分[(C)成分]として、上記した発酵助材を用いる。(A)成分および(B)成分と共に、該発酵助材を用いることにより、植物発生材の発酵が一層促進されて、より短い期間に肥効性の高い有機質肥料(堆肥)に変えることができる。
【0015】
本発明で好ましく用いられる発酵助材は、上述のように、(i)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉、並びに植物発生材を資化する耐熱性菌を含有し且つpHを6.0〜8.5に調整してあり、(ii)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を発酵助材の全重量に基づいて60重量%以上の割合で含有し、(iii)前記耐熱性菌が80℃の温度で10分間処理後に55℃の温度で生存可能な菌であって且つ該耐熱性菌を発酵助材1g中、105CFU以上含有しており、さらに(iv)発酵助材の全重量に基づいて腐植酸またはその誘導体を2.5重量%の以下の割合で含有する。
【0016】
発酵助材中で用いる、植物発生材を資化する上記の耐熱性菌の具体例としては、バチルス・サブチルス(Bacillus subtilis)、バチルス・セレウス(Bacillus cereus)、バチルス・コアギュランス(Bacillus coagulans)、バチルス・ステアロサーモフィラス(Bacillus stearothermophilus)などのバチルス属微生物、サーモアクチノミセス・ブルガリス(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris)、サーモモノスポーラ・カーバラ(Thermomonospora curvara)などの好温・好熱性の放線菌、フミコーラ・インソレンス(Humicola insokens)、タラロマイセス・デユポンティ(Talaromyces dupontii)などの好熱性の糸状菌などを挙げることができ、発酵助材はこれらの耐熱性菌の1種または2種以上を含有することができる。
前記した耐熱性菌は、80℃の温度で10分間処理後に55℃の温度で生存可能であり且つ植物発生材に対する資化能に優れている。
【0017】
発酵助材は、植物発生材に対する発酵促進効果の点から、上述のように、発酵助材1g中に前記した耐熱性菌を105CFU(Coloni Forming Unit)以上の割合で含有していることが好ましく、106CFU以上の割合で含有していることがより好ましい。
ここで、本発明でいう耐熱性菌の前記したCFUの値は、55℃の高温槽内で標準寒天培地を用いて48時間培養したときの、コロニー数をいい、その具体的な内容は以下の実施例の項に記載するとおりである。
【0018】
また、発酵助材中に含まれる上記腐植酸またはその誘導体の具体例としては、石炭化度の低い泥炭、亜炭などの若年炭類に含まれるアルカリ可溶の不定形高分子有機酸、および該不定形高分子有機酸を硝酸で酸化分解して得られるニトロフミン酸およびその塩類、泥炭、亜炭等の若年炭などのフミン酸を含有する物質など挙げることができる。そのうちでも、発酵助材は、腐植酸またはその誘導体として、泥炭、亜炭などから分離されたフミン酸や、ニトロフミン酸、またはその塩類を用を含有していることが発酵促進効果などの点から好ましい。
発酵助材は、小麦フスマおよび/または末粉、前記した耐熱性菌並びに腐植酸またはその誘導体を、必要に応じてpH調整剤と共に混合して、pHが6.0〜8.5の範囲の混合物とすることにより得ることができる。
本発明で好ましく用いる発酵助材の詳細は、上述のように特願平10−327611号の明細書に記載されており、該明細書に記載されている「発酵促進材」が本発明で用いる発酵助材に相当する。
【0019】
本発明の堆肥化方法では、上記した成分の外に、必要に応じて、他の成分、例えばバーミキュライト、パーライト、ゼオライト、ケイソウ土などの鉱物、例えば米糠、トウモロコシ外皮、オガクズなどの小麦フスマおよび末粉以外の他の有機質材料などを、(A)成分と(B)成分の合計重量に対して40重量%以下、好ましくは20重量%以下の割合で用いてもよい。
【0020】
本発明では、上記した(A)成分、(B)成分および(C)成分を、場合により他の成分と共に予め混合して発酵促進材を調製し、その発酵促進材を植物発生材に添加して発酵させて堆肥化を行ってもよいし、或いは(A)成分、(B)成分および(C)成分、場合により他の成分のそれぞれを植物発生材に直接個別に添加して発酵させて堆肥化を行ってもよい。
【0021】
(A)成分、(B)成分および(C)成分を、場合により他の成分と共に予め混合して発酵促進材を調製する場合は、その調製方法は特に制限されず、(A)成分、(B)成分、および(C)成分、場合により他の成分を均一に混合し得る方法であればいずれの方法で調製してもよい。一般的には、前記した成分を室温下で単に混合するだけで発酵促進材を簡単に製造することができ、またその混合物をペレット状に成形することも可能である。
これにより得られる発酵促進材は、現場で各成分の秤量や配合を行う必要がなく、該発酵促進材をそのまま直接植物発生材に添加して発酵を行うだけで、植物発生材を短期間に円滑に堆肥化することができるため、便利である。
【0022】
上記した発酵促進材は、(A)成分および(B)成分を、(A)成分:(B)成分=1:0.1〜1:60の重量比で含有することが、植物発生材の発酵促進、植物生長阻害の生じない良質な堆肥の調製などの点から好ましく、1:1〜1:20の重量比で含有することがより好ましい。
また、(A)成分および(B)成分の合計重量に基づいて、(C)成分を0.2〜300重量%の割合で含有することが発酵促進効果、植物生長阻害の生じない良質な堆肥の調製などの点から好ましく、2.5〜100重量%の割合で含有することがより好ましい。
【0023】
植物発生材に前記した発酵促進材を添加して発酵させて堆肥化するに当たっては、植物発生材100重量部に対して、発酵促進材を3.5〜90重量部の割合で添加することが、発酵促進、植物生長阻害の生じない良質な堆肥の調製などの点から好ましく、7〜45重量部の割合で添加することがより好ましい。植物発生材100重量部に対する発酵促進材の添加量が3.5重量部未満であると、植物発生材の発酵が十分に促進されず、堆肥化に長い期間を要する。また、植物発生材100重量部に対する発酵促進材の添加量が90重量部を超えても発酵、堆肥化には弊害にならないが、発酵促進材を多量に用いることによりコストの上昇を招き、得策ではない。
【0024】
また、植物発生材に対する各成分の添加量でみると、植物発生材100重量部当たり、(A)成分(小麦フスマおよび/または末粉)の添加量が0.5〜50重量部、特に1〜20重量部、(B)成分(畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種)の添加量が3〜30重量部、特に5〜20重量部、および(C)成分(発酵助材)の添加量が0.1〜10重量部、特に1〜5重量部になる量で植物発生材に添加して発酵させて堆肥化を行う、発酵促進効果が高く、植物生長阻害の生じない良質な堆肥が調製可能である。植物発生材100重量部に対する(A)成分の添加量が0.5重量部未満であるかおよび/または(B)成分の添加量が3重量部未満であると、植物発生材の発酵が十分に促進されず、堆肥化に長い期間を要する。また、植物発生材100重量部に対する(A)成分の添加量が50重量部を超えても、また(B)成分の添加量が30重量部を超えても、発酵、堆肥化には弊害にならないが、(A)成分および(B)成分を多量に用いることによりコストの上昇を招き、また(B)成分を多量に用いると悪臭の発生にもつながることから得策ではない。
【0025】
また、上記した発酵促進材を用いずに、植物発生材に対して(A)成分(小麦フスマおよび/または末粉)、(B)成分(畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料から選ばれる少なくとも1種)、および(C)成分(発酵助材)、場合により他の成分のそれぞれを直接個別に添加して発酵させて堆肥化を行う場合にも、植物発生材100重量部に対して、(A)成分の添加量が0.5〜50重量部、特に1〜20重量部、(B)成分の添加量が3〜30重量部、特に5〜20重量部、および(C)成分の添加量が0.1〜10重量部、特に1〜5重量部になるようにして各成分を添加して発酵させて堆肥化を行う
【0026】
植物発生材を発酵させて堆肥化する際の発酵条件は特に制限されず、植物発生材が円滑に発酵して堆肥化される条件であればいずれでもよい。そのうちでも、植物発生材に上記した発酵促進材を添加するか、または上記(A)成分、(B)成分および(C)成分を個別に添加し、均一に混合した後、混合物の水分含量を50〜70重量%程度に調整し、それを畝状、錐状、山形、台形などの堆積物に形成し、必要に応じて撹拌(切り返し)を行って好気性条件に保つことによって、肥効性の高い、品質に優れる堆肥(有機質肥料)を短期間(通常1.5〜4カ月程度)で円滑に製造することができる。切り返しを行う場合は通常2〜4週間に1回程度の割合で行えば十分である。特に、畝状に堆積して行う場合は、畝の大きさを放熱せず且つ酸素の供給が中心部まで行き渡る大きさにしておくと、切り返しを行わなくても発酵を円滑に行わせることができる。また、畝の形成時に、南面を大きくとると日照を多く取り入れることができて、発酵の促進をはかることができる。
【0027】
本発明による植物発生材の堆肥化で得られる有機質肥料は、悪臭や異臭が少なく、植物発生材の分解が進んでいるために、そのまま土壌に還元することができる。特に、道路や堤防などの法面緑化用の肥料として有用である。
【0028】
【実施例】
以下に本発明を実施例により本発明について具体的に説明するが、本発明はそれにより何ら限定されない。以下の例において、発酵時(堆肥製造時)の最高温度の測定および発酵後の重量減少率は、以下の方法で求めた。
【0029】
[発酵時(堆肥製造時)の最高温度の測定]
発酵時の堆積層の上部から約20cmの場所に温度センサーを差し込み、温度記録計(安立計器社製「温度コレクターAM7012」)により温度を経時的に記録してその最高温度を調査した。
【0030】
[発酵後の重量減少率]
下記の数式により発酵後の重量減少率を求めた。
【0031】
【数1】
発酵後の重量減少率(%)={(Wa−Wb)/Wa}×100
式中、Wa=植物発生材(バークチップ)と発酵促進材の発酵前の合計重量
Wb=植物発生材(バークチップ)と発酵促進材の発酵後の合計重量
(発酵物の重量)
【0032】
《参考例1》[発酵助材の製造]
小麦フスマ1000g、微生物資材(武田科学飼料製「BST−9」;有機質材料を資化するバチルス・サブチルス他の耐熱性菌を微生物資材1g当たり1×108CFUの割合で含有)54g、ニトロフミン酸(テルナイト社製「NHA」)11gおよびpH調整剤として炭酸カルシウム11gを均一に混合して、発酵助材(pH7.0、耐熱性菌5×106/発酵助材1g)を調製した。
なお、この発酵助材の調製に用いた前記微生物資材中の耐熱性菌数は、以下の方法により測定した。
【0033】
[微生物資材中の耐熱性菌数の測定]
微生物資材1gを滅菌水9mlで混釈し、その後、微生物菌数に応じて希釈する(平板希釈法)。次いで80℃で10分間保温した後、標準寒天培地(栄研化学製「パールコア」)に塗沫し、55℃の恒温槽内で2日間培養した後、培地上のコロニー数を数えて、微生物資材1g当たりの耐熱性菌数を求めた。
【0034】
参考例2》[植物発生材(バークチップ)の発酵・堆肥化]
樹皮(バーク)を約10mm以下の大きさに粉砕してチップ(以下「バークチップ」という)にし、このバークチップに対して小麦フスマおよび発酵鶏糞(鶏糞を発酵させて得られた有機質肥料)を下記の表1に示す割合で混合し、その水分含量を60重量%に調整した後、容積40リットルの発泡スチロール容器中に約50cmの厚さに充填し、屋内(温度約14〜30℃)に放置して、26日間にわたって発酵を行った。その間に、発酵物の温度を経時的に測定して最高温度を求めたところ、下記の表1に示すとおりであった。また、26日目に被発酵物(植物発生材)の重量減少率を上記した方法で求めたところ、下記の表1のとおりであった。
【0035】
【表1】

Figure 0003590303
【0036】
上記の表1の結果から、植物発生材(バークチップ)に対して、小麦フスマおよび発酵鶏糞を添加して発酵を行った実験番号2〜7では、小麦フスマを添加せずに発酵鶏糞のみを添加して植物発生材(バークチップ)を発酵させた実験番号1に比べて、発酵時の最高温度が高く且つ被発酵物の重量減少率が大きく、発酵が促進されることがわかる。特に、植物発生材(バークチップ)の重量に対する小麦フスマの添加量が多くなるほど、発酵時の最高温度が高く且つ被発酵物の重量減少率も高く、植物発生材(バークチップ)の発酵が一層促進されることがわかる。
【0037】
《実施例》[植物発生材(バークチップ)の発酵・堆肥化]
参考例2で使用したのと同じバークチップに対して、小麦フスマ、発酵鶏糞および上記の参考例1で調製した発酵助材を下記の表2に示す割合で混合し、その水分含量を65重量%に調整した後、容積20リットルの発泡スチロール容器中に約25cmの厚さに充填し、屋内に放置して、7日間にわたって発酵を行い、その間に発酵物の温度を経時的に測定して最高温度を求めたところ、下記の表2に示すとおりであった。また、7日目に被発酵物(植物発生材)の重量減少率を上記した方法で求めたところ、下記の表2のとおりであった。
【0038】
【表2】
Figure 0003590303
【0039】
上記の表2の結果から、植物発生材(バークチップ)に対して小麦フスマ、発酵鶏糞および発酵助材を添加して発酵を行った実験番号9では、小麦フスマと発酵鶏糞を添加して発酵を行った実験番号8に比べて、発酵時の最高温度がより高く、かつ7日目の被発酵物の重量減少率もより大きく、植物発生材(バークチップ)の発酵が一層促進されることがわかる。
【0040】
参考例3》[植物発生材(伐採根チップ)の発酵・堆肥化]
(1) 伐採根を75mm以下の大きさに粉砕してチップ(以下「伐採根チップ」という)にし、この伐採根チップに対して小麦フスマおよび発酵鶏糞(鶏糞を発酵して得られた有機質肥料)を下記の表3に示す割合で混合し、その水分含量を60重量%に調整した後、野外に、円錐台形状(底面の直径=約2.5m、上面の直径=約0.8m、高さ=約1.2m、容積=約2.8m3、重量=約1120kg)に堆積し、100日間にわたって放置し発酵させて堆肥化を行った(実験番号10〜13)。なお、前記100日間の堆肥化期間中の野外温度は、約−8.2℃から約22.4℃の間の温度であった。
(2) 伐採根チップ堆肥を法面に散布する場合は篩分けを行って篩通過分を散布することが一般に行われていることから、上記(1)の堆肥化期間中に、実験番号10〜13のそれぞれにおける被発酵物を経時的に採取して目開き5mmの篩で篩分けて篩通過分を回収して、その発酵状態(堆肥化の程度;肥効性)を以下の「茶花粉管試験」により評価した。
【0041】
[茶花粉管試験による評価]
(i) 上記(2)で回収した目開き5mmの篩を通過した伐採根チップ堆肥30g(乾物重量)に水300mlを加え、常温で1時間振とう抽出を行った。前記で得られた抽出液100重量部に水250重量部を加えて希釈し、これに蔗糖を8重量%、寒天を1.2重量%の割合で加え、さらにホウ素を17mg/リットルの割合で加えて、pHを5.5に調整し、加熱溶解後にシャーレに入れ固化して、経時的に採取した被発酵物に対するそれぞれの培地を作成した。
(ii) 対照用として、水のみに前記と同じように蔗糖を8重量%、寒天を1.2重量%の割合で加えると共にホウ素を17mg/リットルの割合で加え、pHを5.5に調整し、加熱溶解後にシャーレに入れ固化した培地を作成した。
(iii) カバーグラスで茶花粉を均一にかきとり、上記(i)および(ii)で作成したそれぞれの培地に放射線状に置床した。その後、25℃の暗所で培養し、20時間後に茶花粉管の伸び(茶花粉管の平均長さ)を観察した。
対照における茶花粉管の伸び(茶花粉管の平均長さ)を100としたときに、実験番号10〜13のそれぞれにおいて茶花粉管の伸びが80以上(対照に対する伸び率80%以上)になった時点をもって、堆肥化が十分に行われていると評価した。その結果は以下の表3に示すとおりである。
【0042】
【表3】
Figure 0003590303
【0043】
上記の表3の結果から、植物発生材(伐採根チップ)に対して小麦フスマおよび発酵鶏糞を添加して発酵を行った実験番号13では、堆肥化開始後51日目に茶花粉管の伸び率が既に80%以上に達している。これに対して、植物発生材(伐採根チップ)に対して小麦フスマおよび発酵鶏糞のいずれも添加せずに発酵を行った実験番号10では、堆肥化開始後100日を経過しても茶花粉管の伸び率は80%以上にならず、また発酵鶏糞のみを添加して発酵を行った実験番号11および小麦フスマのみを添加して発酵を行った実験番号12では、堆肥化開始93日目および99日目に茶花粉管の伸び率がようやく80%以上となっており、小麦フスマと発酵鶏糞を添加して発酵を行った実験番号13に比べて、発酵促進効果が大幅に劣ることがわかる。すなわち、植物発生材(伐採根チップ)の堆肥化期間が、実験番号13では、実験番号10に比べて1/2以下に短縮されており、実験番号11に比べて約3/5以下に短縮されており、実験番号12に比べて約1/2に短縮されている。
【0044】
【発明の効果】
本発明の堆肥化方法による場合は、セルロースやリグニンなどの難分解性物質を多量に含んでいてその発酵・堆肥化が困難であり、従来、主として焼却や地中への埋め立てによって処分されていた各種の植物発生材を、短期間に円滑に発酵させて肥効性の高い有機質肥料に変換することができ、地球環境の保護、資源の有効活用を行うことができる。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to pruned branches and leaves such as deforested trees and felling roots, green spaces, roadside trees, parks, planted trees, dead trees, and waste wood generated from construction sites. Accelerate fermentation of plant-derived materials such as compostConsist ofThe present invention relates to a method for composting various plant generating materials.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Derived from so-called trees such as deforested trees and felling roots, green spaces, roadside trees, parks, planted trees and other pruned branches, dead trees, and waste wood generated from construction sites due to dam construction and road construction Conventionally, materials generated in the past have been disposed mainly by incineration or landfill.
However, incineration not only leads to the loss of global resources, but also the problem that the generation of carbon dioxide by incineration promotes the destruction of the global environment, and in densely populated areas, there is a problem that a large amount of smoke disturbs the neighborhood.
[0003]
In addition, the disposal method by landfill is a warm bed of soil infectious fungi that cause woody organic matter in the soil to cause white coat rot, purple coat rot, rape symptom, vine rot, etc. It becomes a hotbed for root-cutting insects such as larvae, and causes problems such as decline of shrubs and young trees and death. In addition, when bacteria and fungi decompose raw plant-generated material buried in soil, the nitrogen source of the plant-generated material itself is very small, so nitrogen sources that lack soil bacteria and fungi are contained in the soil. In search of and consumes most of the nitrogen source in the soil, there is a risk that the plant will fall into nitrogen starvation. In addition, lignin, phenols, terpenes, etc. in plant generating materials are eluted in soil water, and these substances have an action of inhibiting the growth of plant roots, which hinders the healthy growth of plants. is there.
[0004]
From the above points, methods for treating plant-generated materials by methods other than incineration and landfill are being sought, and one of them is composting of plant-generated materials.
However, the plant generating material described above contains a large amount of cellulose, lignin and the like that are hardly decomposable, has a very small nitrogen source compared to the carbon source, and contains terpenes contained in the plant generating material. Since phenols are harmful to microorganisms, composting takes several years if the plant-generated material is simply deposited in chips.
That is, the tree that forms the source of plant generating material is divided into five parts, root, trunk, branch, twig, and leaf. From the viewpoint of components, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, It consists of ash, nitrogen-containing compounds (proteins, etc.), fats and oils, etc. which are subordinate components. Cellulose, which is a skeletal component, is a polymer substance in which about 10,000 to 14,000 D-glucose residues are linearly linked by β-D (1,4), and some of them are firmly attached horizontally. In order to form a complex complex with lignin and other polysaccharides in a bundle and crystallized, it has a physically and chemically strong structure and is difficult to decompose.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
An object of the present invention is to produce a plant-generating material that contains a large amount of hardly decomposable components such as cellulose and lignin and is difficult to be composted as it is.how toIs to provide.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of the repeated studies by the present inventors to achieve the above object, when wheat bran and / or powder and organic waste and / or organic fertilizer are added to the plant generating material, It was found that composting was possible in a short period of time because fermentation was promoted. Furthermore, the present inventors have applied the patent application previously invented by the present inventors to ferment by adding wheat bran and / or powder and organic waste and / or organic fertilizer to the plant generating material. It is found that when the fermentation promoting material described in Hei 10-327611 is further added as a fermentation aid, the fermentation of the plant generating material is further promoted and composting is possible in a shorter period of time. The present invention has been completed.
[0007]
That is,The present invention relates to (A) wheat bran and / or powder powder in an amount of 0.5 to 50 parts by weight, (B) livestock excrement, organic sludge, and organic fertilizer with respect to 100 parts by weight of the plant generating material. 3 to 30 parts by weight, and (C) a method for composting a plant generating material, characterized in that the following fermentation aid is added at a rate of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight for fermentation..
Fermentation aid:
(I)A fermentation aid containing wheat bran and / or powder and heat-resistant bacteria that assimilate plant-generating materials and having a pH adjusted to 6.0 to 8.5, ii ) Containing wheat bran and / or powder in a proportion of 60% by weight or more based on the total weight of the fermentation aid; iii ) The heat-resistant bacterium is a bacterium that can survive at a temperature of 55 ° C. after being treated at a temperature of 80 ° C. for 10 minutes, and the heat-resistant bacterium is added to 10 g of fermentation aid. Five Contains more than CFU and ( iv ) Fermentation aid containing humic acid or its derivative in the following proportion of 2.5% by weight based on the total weight of the fermentation aid.
[0008]
The present invention includes the above-described composting method in which the plant generating material is a chip-generated plant generating material..
[0009]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below.
The “plant generating material” as used in the present invention refers to materials derived from trees such as roots, trunks, branches, and twigs of plants, and specific examples include dam construction and road construction in mountainous areas. Examples include deforested trees and roots, green areas, roadside trees, parks, planted trees, pruned branches, dead trees, and waste wood generated from construction sites. Or the like of the present invention.Composting methodCan be effectively used for any of the above-mentioned plant generating materials. In fermenting the above-mentioned plant generating material into compost, it is preferable to make the plant generating material into chips having a size of about 2 to 8 cm in order to perform the fermentation uniformly and quickly.
[0010]
Of the present inventionComposting methodThen, wheat bran and / or powder are used as the first component [component (A)].
As is well known, wheat bran is the outer skin of wheat grains, and powder is a powder containing endosperm (wheat flour) adhering to the wheat grain outer skin and wheat bran. As a by-product of
Of the present inventionComposting methodThen, as the component (A), wheat bran may be used alone, powder may be used alone, or both may be used in combination.
The reason why wheat bran and powder have an excellent fermentation promoting effect on plant-derived materials is not clear, but is presumed to be as follows.
That is, plant generating material,Livestock excrement, organic sludgeAnd / or indigenous bacteria present in the organic fertilizer grow actively in the wheat bran and / or the powdered portion, and the heat of the wheat bran and / or the powdered portion associated with the growth causes the surrounding plant generating material As the temperature rises, the activity of indigenous bacteria such as bacteria in plant generating materials, organic wastes and / or organic fertilizers becomes more active and generates heat. This exotherm further promotes fermentation by causing a chain reaction in which the surrounding indigenous bacteria are activated and generate heat. In addition, ammonia is generated with fermentation due to the activation of indigenous bacteria, the pH of the material to be fermented rises to an alkaline pH suitable for the activity of indigenous bacteria, microbial activity is promoted, and the rot of the plant generating material is accelerated. Presumably due to the progress of the cram school.
[0011]
Furthermore, the present inventionComposting methodThen, as the second component [component (B)],Use at least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizer.
Livestock excrementFor example, livestock excretion of poultry manure such as chicken manure, pig manure, cow manure, horse manure and sheep manureList things1 type, or 2 or more types of these can be used. Anyway,Chicken droppings and pig droppings are preferably used from the standpoint of the effect of promoting fermentation with respect to the plant generating material and the availability.
Also used as component (B)AboveThe organic fertilizer may be any organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting organic raw materials,As organic fertilizer,For example, organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting organic fermentable raw materials such as livestock excrement, food residue, activated sludge, composted material derived from plant generating material obtained by the composting method of the present invention, etc. it can. In the present invention, one or more of the organic fertilizers described above can be used. Among them, in the present invention, an organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting livestock excrement as an organic fertilizer is preferably used from the standpoints of the effect of promoting fermentation with respect to plant generating materials and the availability.
[0012]
Of the present inventionComposting methodThen, as (B) component,Livestock excrement or organic sludgeCan be used alone, organic fertilizer can be used alone, orLivestock excrement or organic sludgeAnd organic fertilizer may be used in combination.
(B) ComponentAt least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizerAs a dried product with a low water content, especially a dried product in the form of powder or granules, (A) component (wheat bran and / or powder), (B)Component and component (C)Obtained by mixing (fermentation aid)blend(Fermentation promoter)Odor can be reduced and handleability can be improved.
[0013]
In the present invention, it is used as the component (B).At least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizerAs the reason why has an excellent fermentation promoting effect on plant-generated materials, the following is presumed.
That is, since the plant generating material itself has a high C / N ratio, the activity of microorganisms is slow, and the decomposition rate and ripening of organic substances contained therein are slow only with the plant generating material. On the contrary,Livestock excrement, organic sludge andThe average C / N ratio of organic fertilizer is about 10-20,At least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizerIt is inferred that when C is added to plant material, its C / N ratio becomes suitable for the activity of microorganisms, the activity of microorganisms becomes active, and the decomposition and ripening of organic substances in plant material are promoted. Is done.
[0014]
In addition, the present inventionComposting methodThen, together with the components (A) and (B) described aboveThe secondAs the component 3 (component (C)), the fermentation aid described above is used.Use. The fermentation aid is used together with the component (A) and the component (B).ByFermentation of the plant generating material is further promoted, and it can be changed to organic fertilizer (compost) with high fertilization effect in a shorter period of time.
[0015]
As described above, the fermentation aid preferably used in the present invention contains (i) wheat bran and / or powder, and heat-resistant bacteria that assimilate the plant generating material, and has a pH of 6.0 to 8. (Ii) containing wheat bran and / or powder in a proportion of 60% by weight or more based on the total weight of the fermentation aid, and (iii) the heat-resistant bacteria at a temperature of 80 ° C. It is a bacterium that can survive at a temperature of 55 ° C. after treatment for 10 minutes, and the heat-resistant bacterium is added to 10 g of 1 g of fermentation aid.FiveIt contains CFU or more, and (iv) contains humic acid or its derivative in the following proportion of 2.5% by weight based on the total weight of the fermentation aid.
[0016]
Specific examples of the above-mentioned thermotolerant bacteria that assimilate plant generating materials used in fermentation aids include Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus coagulans, and Bacillus. -Thermophilic and thermophilic actinomycetes such as Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermomonospora curvara, Humicola insolens (Humicola insokens), thermophilic filamentous fungi such as Talaromyces dupontii, and the like, and the fermentation aid may contain one or more of these heat-resistant bacteria.
The heat-resistant bacteria described above can survive at a temperature of 55 ° C. after being treated at a temperature of 80 ° C. for 10 minutes, and have an excellent ability to assimilate the plant generating material.
[0017]
As described above, the fermentation aid is composed of 10 heat-resistant bacteria described above in 1 g of the fermentation aid, from the viewpoint of the effect of promoting the fermentation with respect to the plant generating material.FiveIt is preferable to contain in the ratio more than CFU (Coloni Forming Unit).6It is more preferable that it is contained at a ratio of CFU or higher.
Here, the above-mentioned CFU value of the thermotolerant bacterium referred to in the present invention means the number of colonies when cultured in a high-temperature bath at 55 ° C. for 48 hours using a standard agar medium. As described in the Examples section.
[0018]
Specific examples of the humic acid or derivatives thereof contained in the fermentation aid include alkali-soluble amorphous high-molecular organic acids contained in young coals such as peat and lignite with a low degree of coalification, and Examples thereof include nitrohumic acid obtained by oxidative decomposition of an amorphous organic acid with nitric acid and its salts, and substances containing humic acid such as peat, lignite and other young charcoal. Among them, the fermentation aid preferably contains humic acid separated from peat, lignite or the like, nitrohumic acid, or salts thereof as humic acid or a derivative thereof from the viewpoint of fermentation promotion effect and the like. .
The fermentation aid is prepared by mixing wheat bran and / or powder, the above-mentioned heat-resistant bacteria and humic acid or a derivative thereof with a pH adjuster as necessary, so that the pH is in the range of 6.0 to 8.5. It can be obtained by making a mixture.
The details of the fermentation aid preferably used in the present invention are described in the specification of Japanese Patent Application No. 10-327611 as described above, and the “fermentation promoter” described in the specification is used in the present invention. Corresponds to fermentation aid.
[0019]
Of the present inventionComposting methodIn addition to the above ingredients, other ingredients such as vermiculite, pearlite, zeolite, diatomaceous earth, and other organic substances other than wheat bran such as rice bran, corn hulls, sawdust, and powder, as necessary. You may use material etc. in the ratio of 40 weight% or less with respect to the total weight of (A) component and (B) component, Preferably it is 20 weight% or less.
[0020]
In the present invention, the above-described component (A) and component (B)And (C)Ingredients premixed, optionally with other ingredientsFermentation promoting materialMay be prepared, and the fermentation promoting material may be added to the plant generating material and fermented to be composted, or (A) component, (B) componentAnd (C) component, optionallyEach of the other components may be added directly to the plant generating material and fermented for composting.
[0021]
(A) component, (B) componentAnd (C)Pre-mix the ingredients, optionally with other ingredientsFermentation promoterThe preparation method is not particularly limited, and component (A) and component (B)And (C)component, In some casesAny method may be used as long as other components can be mixed uniformly. Generally, the above ingredients are simply mixed at room temperatureJust a fermentation promoterCan be easily produced, and the mixture can be formed into pellets.
ThisFermentation promoting material obtainedThis eliminates the need to weigh and mix each component on site, and by simply adding the fermentation promoter directly to the plant generating material and performing fermentation, the plant generating material can be composted smoothly in a short period of time. It is convenient because it can.
[0022]
AboveThe fermentation promoting material contains the component (A) and the component (B) at a weight ratio of (A) component: (B) component = 1: 0.1 to 1:60. From the standpoint of preparation of high-quality compost that does not inhibit plant growth, it is more preferable to contain it at a weight ratio of 1: 1 to 1:20.
(A)Based on the total weight of the component and the component (B), including the component (C) at a ratio of 0.2 to 300% by weight, such as preparation of good quality compost that does not cause fermentation promotion effect and plant growth inhibition It is preferable to contain in the ratio of 2.5 to 100 weight%.
[0023]
For plant materialAs described aboveWhen fermenting material is added and fermented for composting, it is possible to add fermentation promoting material at a ratio of 3.5 to 90 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of plant generating material. It is preferable from the viewpoint of preparation of good quality compost that does not inhibit, and more preferably added in a proportion of 7 to 45 parts by weight. If the addition amount of the fermentation promoter with respect to 100 parts by weight of the plant generating material is less than 3.5 parts by weight, the fermentation of the plant generating material is not sufficiently promoted, and a long period is required for composting. Moreover, even if the addition amount of the fermentation promoter with respect to 100 parts by weight of the plant generating material exceeds 90 parts by weight, there is no harmful effect on fermentation and composting. is not.
[0024]
Moreover, when it sees in the addition amount of each component with respect to a plant generating material, the addition amount of (A) component (wheat bran and / or powder) per 100 weight part of plant generating materials is 0.5-50 weight part, especially 1 -20 parts by weight, (B) component (at least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizer) is added in an amount of 3-30 parts by weight, especially 5-20 parts by weight,And (C)The amount of the component (fermentation aid) added is 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, particularly 1 to 5 parts by weight.Plant generating material in quantityAdd to fermented and compostWhenIt is possible to prepare high-quality compost that has a high fermentation promoting effect and does not inhibit plant growth.is there. When the addition amount of the component (A) is less than 0.5 parts by weight and / or the addition amount of the component (B) is less than 3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the plant generation material, the fermentation of the plant generation material is sufficient It takes a long time to compost. Moreover, even if the added amount of the component (A) exceeds 100 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the plant generating material, and the added amount of the component (B) exceeds 30 parts by weight, it is harmful to fermentation and composting. However, using a large amount of the component (A) and the component (B) causes an increase in cost, and using a large amount of the component (B) leads to generation of a bad odor, which is not a good idea.
[0025]
Also,AboveWithout using a fermentation promoter, component (A) (wheat bran and / or powder), component (B) (Livestock excrement, at least one selected from organic sludge and organic fertilizer), and (C)Ingredient (fermentation aid),SometimesEven when each of the other components is added directly and fermented for composting, the amount of component (A) added is 0.5 to 50 parts by weight, particularly 100 parts by weight of the plant generating material. 1 to 20 parts by weight, the amount of component (B) added is 3 to 30 parts by weight, particularly 5 to 20 parts by weight,And (C)Each component is added and fermented so that the amount of the component added is 0.1 to 10 parts by weight, particularly 1 to 5 parts by weight.Do.
[0026]
Fermentation conditions for fermenting the plant generating material to compost are not particularly limited, and any conditions may be used as long as the plant generating material is smoothly fermented and composted. Even among these,AboveAdd fermentation promoter, or (A) component, (B) component aboveAnd (C) componentAre added individually and mixed uniformly, then the water content of the mixture is adjusted to about 50 to 70% by weight, and it is formed into sediments such as bowls, cones, chevrons, trapezoids, etc. By maintaining the aerobic condition by stirring (turning back), it is possible to smoothly produce compost (organic fertilizer) with high fertilization efficiency and excellent quality in a short period (usually about 1.5 to 4 months). . When switching is performed, it is usually sufficient to perform the switching at a rate of about once every 2 to 4 weeks. In particular, when it is carried out by depositing it in the shape of a cocoon, if the size of the cocoon is not dissipated and the oxygen supply reaches the center, fermentation can be carried out smoothly without turning over. it can. In addition, if the south side is taken large during the formation of cocoons, more sunlight can be taken in, and fermentation can be promoted.
[0027]
The organic fertilizer obtained by composting the plant generating material according to the present invention has few bad odors and off-flavors, and since the decomposition of the plant generating material is proceeding, it can be directly reduced to the soil. In particular, it is useful as a fertilizer for slope planting on roads and dikes.
[0028]
【Example】
EXAMPLES The present invention will be specifically described below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the following examples, the measurement of the maximum temperature during fermentation (compost production) and the weight reduction rate after fermentation were determined by the following methods.
[0029]
[Measurement of maximum temperature during fermentation (compost production)]
A temperature sensor was inserted about 20 cm from the upper part of the deposited layer during fermentation, and the temperature was recorded over time with a temperature recorder (“Temperature Collector AM7012” manufactured by Anritsu Keiki Co., Ltd.) to investigate the maximum temperature.
[0030]
[Weight reduction rate after fermentation]
The weight reduction rate after fermentation was calculated | required with the following numerical formula.
[0031]
[Expression 1]
Weight reduction rate after fermentation (%) = {(Wa−Wb) / Wa} × 100
[In the formula, Wa = total weight before fermentation of plant generating material (bark chip) and fermentation promoting material
Wb = total weight after fermentation of the plant generating material (bark chip) and the fermentation promoting material
(Weight of fermented product)]
[0032]
<< Reference Example 1 >> [Production of fermentation aid]
Wheat bran 1000g, microbial material ("BST-9" manufactured by Takeda Scientific Feed; Bacillus subtilis and other heat-resistant bacteria that assimilate organic materials, 1 x 10 per gram of microbial material854 g of CFU content), 11 g of nitrohumic acid (“NHA” manufactured by Ternite) and 11 g of calcium carbonate as a pH adjuster are uniformly mixed to give a fermentation aid (pH 7.0, heat-resistant bacteria 5 × 106/ Fermentation aid 1g) was prepared.
The number of heat-resistant bacteria in the microbial material used for the preparation of the fermentation aid was measured by the following method.
[0033]
[Measurement of the number of heat-resistant bacteria in microbial materials]
1 g of microbial material is mixed with 9 ml of sterilized water, and then diluted according to the number of microbial bacteria (plate dilution method). Next, after incubating at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes, smear on a standard agar medium (“Pearl Core” manufactured by Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd.), incubate in a constant temperature bath at 55 ° C. for 2 days, and count the number of colonies on the medium. The number of heat-resistant bacteria per gram of material was determined.
[0034]
Reference example 2>> [Fermentation and composting of plant generating materials (bark chips)]
Bark is crushed to a size of about 10 mm or less into chips (hereinafter referred to as “bark chips”), wheat bran and fermented chicken manure (organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting chicken manure) to the bark chips After mixing at the ratio shown in Table 1 below and adjusting the water content to 60% by weight, it is filled to a thickness of about 50 cm in a 40 liter foamed polystyrene container and indoors (temperature about 14-30 ° C.). The fermentation was carried out for 26 days. During that time, the temperature of the fermented material was measured over time to obtain the maximum temperature, and as shown in Table 1 below. Moreover, when the weight decreasing rate of to-be-fermented material (plant generating material) was calculated | required by the above-mentioned method on the 26th day, it was as Table 1 below.
[0035]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003590303
[0036]
From the results of Table 1 above, in Experiment Nos. 2 to 7 where fermentation was performed by adding wheat bran and fermented chicken manure to the plant generating material (bark chip), only fermented chicken manure was added without adding wheat bran. It can be seen that the maximum temperature during fermentation is high and the weight reduction rate of the fermented material is large and the fermentation is promoted as compared with Experiment No. 1 in which the plant generating material (bark chips) was fermented by addition. In particular, the higher the amount of wheat bran added to the weight of the plant generating material (bark chip), the higher the maximum temperature during fermentation and the higher the weight reduction rate of the fermented material, and the more the fermentation of the plant generating material (bark chip) becomes more. It turns out that it is promoted.
[0037]
"Example1>> [Fermentation and composting of plant generating materials (bark chips)]
Reference example 2To the same bark chip used in the above, wheat bran, fermented chicken manure and fermentation aid prepared in the above Reference Example 1 were mixed in the proportions shown in Table 2 below, and the water content was adjusted to 65% by weight. After that, it is filled to a thickness of about 25 cm in a 20 liter foamed polystyrene container, left indoors and fermented for 7 days, during which time the temperature of the fermented material is measured over time to obtain the maximum temperature. As a result, it was as shown in Table 2 below. Moreover, when the weight reduction | decrease rate of to-be-fermented material (plant generation material) was calculated | required by the above-mentioned method on the 7th day, it was as Table 2 below.
[0038]
[Table 2]
Figure 0003590303
[0039]
From the result of Table 2 above, in Experiment No. 9 where fermentation was performed by adding wheat bran, fermented chicken manure and fermentation aid to the plant generating material (bark chip), fermentation was performed by adding wheat bran and fermented chicken manure. The maximum temperature during fermentation is higher and the weight reduction rate of the material to be fermented on the 7th day is larger than that of Experiment No. 8 in which the fermentation of the plant generating material (bark chips) is further promoted. I understand.
[0040]
Reference example3 >> [Fermentation and composting of plant generating materials (cutting root chips)]
(1) The harvested roots are crushed to a size of 75 mm or less into chips (hereinafter referred to as “cutting root chips”), and wheat bran and fermented chicken manure (organic fertilizer obtained by fermenting chicken manures) to the harvested root chips ) At a ratio shown in Table 3 below, and the water content was adjusted to 60% by weight, then in the field, a frustoconical shape (bottom diameter = approximately 2.5 m, top diameter = approximately 0.8 m, (Height = about 1.2 m, volume = about 2.8 m 3, weight = about 1120 kg), and left to stand for 100 days for fermentation to perform composting (experiment numbers 10-13). The outdoor temperature during the composting period of 100 days was a temperature between about -8.2 ° C and about 22.4 ° C.
(2) When felling root chip compost is sprayed on the slope, it is generally performed to screen the portion that passes through the screen by sieving, so during the composting period of (1) above, experiment number 10 The materials to be fermented in each of 13 to 13 are collected over time, sieved with a sieve having an opening of 5 mm, and the amount passed through the sieve is collected. The fermentation state (degree of composting; Evaluated by “powder tube test”.
[0041]
[Evaluation by tea pollen tube test]
(I) 300 ml of water was added to 30 g (dry matter weight) of felled root chip compost that passed through the sieve with an opening of 5 mm collected in the above (2), and shake extraction was performed at room temperature for 1 hour. To 100 parts by weight of the extract obtained above, 250 parts by weight of water was added for dilution, and sucrose was added at a rate of 8% by weight and agar at a rate of 1.2% by weight, and boron was further added at a rate of 17 mg / liter. In addition, the pH was adjusted to 5.5, and after heating and dissolving, it was placed in a petri dish and solidified to prepare each medium for the fermented material collected over time.
(Ii) As a control, add sucrose 8 wt% and agar 1.2 wt% in the same manner as above, and add boron 17 mg / liter and adjust the pH to 5.5. Then, after heating and dissolving, a medium that was solidified in a petri dish was prepared.
(Iii) The tea pollen was scraped uniformly with a cover glass and placed in a radial pattern on each medium prepared in (i) and (ii) above. Thereafter, the cells were cultured in a dark place at 25 ° C., and the elongation of tea pollen tubes (average length of tea pollen tubes) was observed after 20 hours.
Assuming that the elongation of the tea pollen tube (average length of the tea pollen tube) in the control is 100, the elongation of the tea pollen tube is 80 or more (elongation rate of 80% or more with respect to the control) in each of the experiment numbers 10 to 13. At that time, it was evaluated that composting was sufficient. The results are as shown in Table 3 below.
[0042]
[Table 3]
Figure 0003590303
[0043]
From the results of Table 3 above, in Experiment No. 13 where fermentation was performed by adding wheat bran and fermented chicken manure to the plant-generated material (cutting root chips), the elongation of the tea pollen tube was 51 days after composting was started. The rate has already reached 80% or more. On the other hand, in Experiment No. 10 in which fermentation was performed without adding either wheat bran or fermented chicken manure to the plant generating material (cutting root chip), tea pollen even after 100 days had elapsed since the start of composting. In the experiment number 11 in which only the fermented chicken dung was added and fermentation was conducted, and in the experiment number 12 in which only wheat bran was added and fermentation was conducted, the elongation rate of the tube did not become 80% or more. On the 99th day, the rate of elongation of the tea pollen tube is finally 80% or more, and the fermentation promotion effect may be significantly inferior to Experiment No. 13, which was fermented by adding wheat bran and fermented chicken manure. Recognize. That is, the composting period of the plant generating material (cutting root chips) is shortened to 1/2 or less in Experiment No. 13 compared to Experiment No. 10, and is reduced to about 3/5 or less compared to Experiment No. 11. Compared with the experiment number 12, it is shortened to about ½.
[0044]
【The invention's effect】
Of the present inventionComposting methodIs difficult to ferment and compost because it contains a large amount of difficult-to-decompose substances such as cellulose and lignin. Conventionally, various plant-generated materials that have been disposed mainly by incineration or underground landfill are used. It can be fermented smoothly in a short period of time and converted to organic fertilizers with high fertilizer effectiveness, protecting the global environment and effectively utilizing resources.

Claims (2)

植物発生材100重量部に対して、(A)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を0.5〜50重量部、(B)畜産排泄物、有機汚泥および有機質肥料の少なくとも1種を3〜30重量部、並びに(C)下記の発酵助材を0.1〜10重量部の割合で添加して発酵させることを特徴とする植物発生材の堆肥化方法
発酵助材
(i)小麦フスマおよび/または末粉、並びに植物発生材を資化する耐熱性菌を含有し且つpHを6.0〜8.5に調整した発酵助材であって、( ii )小麦フスマおよび/または末粉を発酵助材の全重量に基づいて60重量%以上の割合で含有し、( iii )前記耐熱性菌が80℃の温度で10分間処理後に55℃の温度で生存可能な菌であって且つ該耐熱性菌を発酵助材1g中に10 5 CFU以上含有しており、さらに( iv )発酵助材の全重量に基づいて腐植酸またはその誘導体を2.5重量%の以下の割合で含有する発酵助材
100 parts by weight of plant generating material (A) 0.5 to 50 parts by weight of wheat bran and / or powder, (B) 3 to 30 parts by weight of at least one of livestock excrement, organic sludge and organic fertilizer And (C) a composting method for a plant generating material, wherein the following fermentation aid is added at a rate of 0.1 to 10 parts by weight and fermented .
Fermentation aid :
(I) A wheat flour bran and / or powder and a fermentation aid containing a heat-resistant bacterium that assimilate plant-generating material and having a pH adjusted to 6.0 to 8.5, and ( ii ) wheat bran And / or powdery powder in a proportion of 60% by weight or more based on the total weight of the fermentation aid, and ( iii ) the heat-resistant bacteria can survive at a temperature of 55 ° C. after treatment at a temperature of 80 ° C. for 10 minutes. a bacterium which contains and the heat-resistant bacterium in the fermentation aids 1 g 10 5 CFU or more, further (iv) the total weight humic acid or a derivative thereof to 2.5 wt% on the basis of the fermentation aids Fermentation aid contained in the following proportions .
植物発生材が、チップ化した植物発生材である請求項1に記載の堆肥化方法 The composting method according to claim 1, wherein the plant generating material is a chip-generated plant generating material .
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JP4529224B2 (en) * 2000-04-03 2010-08-25 株式会社東洋精米機製作所 Fermentation promoter and intermediate fermented product of organic waste, fertilizer and soil improver using the same
WO2003095120A1 (en) * 2002-05-09 2003-11-20 Nisshin Flour Milling Inc. Method of cleaning contaminated soil
JP7489809B2 (en) * 2020-03-30 2024-05-24 Ube三菱セメント株式会社 Method for producing fermented and dried product, method for producing cement clinker, and method for using the fermented and dried product
CN115176668B (en) * 2022-08-01 2023-07-25 中国农业科学院都市农业研究所 Regenerated material of plant source waste as well as preparation method and application thereof

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