JP3548761B2 - Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation - Google Patents
Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3548761B2 JP3548761B2 JP21588396A JP21588396A JP3548761B2 JP 3548761 B2 JP3548761 B2 JP 3548761B2 JP 21588396 A JP21588396 A JP 21588396A JP 21588396 A JP21588396 A JP 21588396A JP 3548761 B2 JP3548761 B2 JP 3548761B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- carbon dioxide
- transparent
- container
- humidity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
- C12M23/22—Transparent or translucent parts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
- C12M29/06—Nozzles; Sprayers; Spargers; Diffusers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
- C12M41/30—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration
- C12M41/34—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration of gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
- C12M41/30—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration
- C12M41/36—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration of biomass, e.g. colony counters or by turbidity measurements
Abstract
Description
【0001】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、生物、生殖又は、バイオテクノロジーの研究分野において、各種の細胞の培養状態の観察や、写真、ビデオ撮影等の記録を行う際に、顕微鏡観察を行いながら、温度、二酸化炭素濃度、湿度を自由に制御出来る事により、培養条件を各種設定出来るので、培養状態の経時変化の観察及びその記録が、連続的にかつ簡便に行う事の出来る、顕微鏡観察用透明恒温培養容器に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
生物、生殖又は、バイオテクノロジーの研究分野においての細胞の培養状態の観察又は、写真撮影等の記録を行う場合は、別置きの大型培養器にて培養された細胞を一時的に培養器から取り出して顕微鏡にセットし、観察又は、写真撮影を行う。又は、顕微鏡全体をプラスチックの容器で囲い温度を管理し、その中に小さいさらなる容器を用い二酸化炭素濃度、及び湿度を管理しつつ、顕微鏡観察又は、写真撮影を行っていた。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
これには次のような欠点があった。
(イ)別置きの大型の培養器にて培養した細胞を一時的に培養器から出して行う方法では、細胞の培養状態を経時的に観察したり、ビデオにて録画する事が出来ない。
(ロ)顕微鏡全体をプラスチック容器で囲う方法は、大掛かりな装置になってしまい、設置スペースも広く必要としてしまう。又、温度管理するスペースが広いので、本来温度管理が必要とされる部位での温度制御が不確実になり易い。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために、本発明の顕微鏡観察用透明恒温培養容器は、温度調節器により設定温度に自動調節できる2枚の透明発熱プレートが上下に設置された、密閉可能な容器と、前記容器内の二酸化炭素濃度を調整するための二酸化炭素供給口及び排出口と、前記容器内の湿度を一定に保つための水を入れる蒸発皿を備え、顕微鏡観察をしながら、容器内で温度、二酸化炭素濃度、湿度を制御しつつ各種の細胞の培養ができる。好ましくは、シール用パッキンにより密閉される。符号を付けて本発明を説明すれば、温度調節器により設定温度に自動調節できる透明発熱プレート(1)を上下に設ける事により、温度を自由に制御できる空間を有し、その空間の二酸化炭素濃度を調整する為の二酸化炭素供給口(2)と、排出口(3)を設け、シール用パッキン(4)により密閉された容器内に温度を保つ為の蒸発皿(5)を有す事により、顕微鏡観察しながら、温度、二酸化炭素濃度、湿度を制御しつつ細胞培養の出来る、顕微鏡用透明恒温培養容器である。
好ましくは、2枚の透明発熱用プレートにそれぞれ温度測定用センサーが設けられている。
【0005】
【作用】
透明発熱プレート(1)の温度を培養する細胞に適した温度で自動制御させ、排出口(3)より流量調整バルブ(7)を用いて排気口を設け、二酸化炭素供給口(2)より二酸化炭素を適時濃度に合わせて供給する。その際、蒸発皿(5)の中の水(8)は、蒸発して容器内の湿度は一定に保たれる。温度、二酸化炭素濃度、湿度が安定した状態で顕微鏡対物レンズ(6)の焦点を合わせて細胞の培養状態の経時変化が、連続的に観察及び記録の出来る容器である。
【0006】
【実施例】
以下、本発明の実施例について説明する。
(イ)透明発熱プレート(1)は、透明導電膜を施した発熱ガラス(9)の両端に電極(10)を導電性接着剤にて固定し、リード線(13)を設ける。
(ロ)発熱ガラス(9)とカバーガラス(11)の間に温度測定用センサー
(12)を設け、透明なゲル状シリコン接着剤にて貼り合わせる。温度測定用センサー(12)には、熱電対を用いるが、サーミスター、測温抵抗体でも良い。
(ハ)以上の様な構成より成る透明発熱プレート(1)は、温度調節器により設定温度で自動制御されます。
(ニ)容器内の二酸化炭素濃度を制御する為に、容器外周部は、シール用パッキン(4)とクランプ用フック(14)にて気密状態と成って居り、二酸化炭素供給口(2)と排出口(3)及び流量調整バルブ(7)を有す。
(ホ)容器内の湿度は、蒸発皿(5)の中の水(8)が蒸発して95%以上の湿度を常時保持した状態と成る。
本発明は、以上の様な構造で、これを使用する時は、透明発熱プレート(1)の温度を培養する細胞に適した温度で自動制御させ、排出口(3)より流量調整バルブ(7)を用いて排気口を設け、二酸化炭素供給口(2)より二酸化炭素ガスを適時、濃度に合わせて供給する。その際、二酸化炭素ガスは適度な加湿と加温したものを供給すると更に安定性が向上する。又、蒸発皿(5)の中の水(8)は蒸発して容器内の湿度は一定に保たれる。温度、二酸化炭素濃度、湿度が安定した状態で顕微鏡対物レンズ(6)の焦点を合わせて細胞の培養状態が経時的に観察及び記録の出来る容器である。その際、使用する顕微鏡によっては(図5)に示す様な顕微鏡ステージにはめ込みタイプとしても使い易さが良好と成る。
【0007】
【発明の効果】
本発明により、生物、生殖、バイオテクノロジーの研究分野において、各種の細胞の培養状態の観察、写真撮影等の記録を行う際に以下の様な効果がある。
(イ)顕微鏡観察を行いながら細胞培養が長時間に渡って行える事により、培養状態の経時的変化の観察が、顕微鏡下にて観察でき、又、その状態の記録を写真のみならずビデオに収録して残す事ができる。
(ロ)全体がコンパクトに納まり、設置スペースを取らない。
(ハ)容器全体の容量が少なくて済むので、二酸化炭素ガスの消費量が少なくて済み、ランニングコストが安価で済む。
(ニ)2枚の透明発熱用プレートにそれぞれ温度測定用センサーが設けられている場合には、培養する細胞の直下、直上にて温度管理が可能となり、正確な温度制御が簡便に行える。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の一例を示す斜視図である。
【図2】本発明の断面図(1)である。
【図3】本発明の断面図(2)である。
【図4】発熱プレート(1)の断面図及び回路図である。
【図5】本発明の丸タイプ斜視図である。
【図6】図5の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 透明発熱プレート 2 二酸化炭素供給口 3 排出口
4 シール用パッキン 5 蒸発皿 6 顕微鏡対物レンズ
7 流量調整バルブ 8 水 9 発熱ガラス
10 電極 11 カバーガラス 12 温度測定用センサー
13 リード線 14 クランプ用フック 15 顕微鏡ステージ[0001]
[Industrial applications]
The present invention is a biological, reproductive or biotechnology research field, in the field of observation of the culture state of various cells, photographs, when recording such as video, while performing microscopic observation, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, The present invention relates to a transparent constant-temperature culture vessel for microscopic observation, in which various conditions of culture can be set by freely controlling the humidity, so that the observation and recording of changes over time in the culture state can be performed continuously and easily.
[0002]
[Prior art]
When observing the culture state of cells in the biological, reproductive, or biotechnology research fields, or recording photographs, etc., temporarily remove the cells cultured in a separate large incubator from the incubator. And set it on a microscope for observation or photography. Alternatively, the entire microscope was enclosed in a plastic container to control the temperature, and a small additional container therein was used to control the carbon dioxide concentration and humidity, while performing microscopic observation or photographing.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
This had the following disadvantages.
(A) In the method in which cells cultured in a separate large-sized incubator are temporarily taken out of the incubator, it is not possible to observe the culture state of the cells over time or to record a video.
(B) The method of enclosing the entire microscope in a plastic container requires a large-scale device and requires a large installation space. Further, since the space for temperature control is large, temperature control in a portion where temperature control is originally required tends to be uncertain.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the transparent thermostatic culture container for microscopic observation of the present invention is a hermetically sealable container in which two transparent heating plates that can be automatically adjusted to a set temperature by a temperature controller are provided above and below, A carbon dioxide supply port and a discharge port for adjusting the concentration of carbon dioxide in the container, and an evaporating dish containing water for keeping the humidity in the container constant, while observing with a microscope, the temperature in the container, Various cells can be cultured while controlling carbon dioxide concentration and humidity. Preferably, it is sealed by a seal packing. The present invention will be described with reference numerals. By providing transparent heating plates (1) which can be automatically adjusted to a set temperature by a temperature controller on the upper and lower sides, a space capable of freely controlling the temperature is provided, and carbon dioxide in the space is provided. Providing a carbon dioxide supply port (2) for adjusting the concentration and a discharge port (3), and having an evaporating dish (5) for keeping the temperature in a container sealed with a sealing packing (4) Is a transparent constant-temperature culture vessel for a microscope that enables cell culture while controlling the temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and humidity while observing with a microscope.
Preferably, a temperature measuring sensor is provided on each of the two transparent heating plates.
[0005]
[Action]
The temperature of the transparent heat generating plate (1) is automatically controlled at a temperature suitable for the cells to be cultured, an exhaust port is provided from the outlet (3) using a flow control valve (7), and carbon dioxide is supplied from the carbon dioxide supply port (2). Carbon is supplied in a timely manner. At that time, the water (8) in the evaporating dish (5) evaporates and the humidity in the container is kept constant. A container in which the time-dependent changes in the culture state of the cells can be continuously observed and recorded by focusing the microscope objective lens (6) in a state where the temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and humidity are stable.
[0006]
【Example】
Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described.
(A) In the transparent heating plate (1), electrodes (10) are fixed to both ends of a heating glass (9) provided with a transparent conductive film with a conductive adhesive, and lead wires (13) are provided.
(B) A temperature measurement sensor (12) is provided between the heat-generating glass (9) and the cover glass (11), and bonded with a transparent gel silicon adhesive. Although a thermocouple is used for the temperature measurement sensor (12), a thermistor or a resistance temperature detector may be used.
(C) The transparent heating plate (1) with the above configuration is automatically controlled at the set temperature by the temperature controller.
(D) In order to control the concentration of carbon dioxide in the container, the outer periphery of the container is air-tight by a sealing packing (4) and a clamping hook (14). It has an outlet (3) and a flow control valve (7).
(E) The humidity in the container is such that the water (8) in the evaporating dish (5) evaporates and a humidity of 95% or more is constantly maintained.
When the present invention is used, the temperature of the transparent heating plate (1) is automatically controlled at a temperature suitable for the cells to be cultured, and the flow adjusting valve (7) is discharged from the outlet (3). ) To provide an exhaust port, and supply carbon dioxide gas from the carbon dioxide supply port (2) in a timely manner according to the concentration. At this time, if the carbon dioxide gas is supplied with moderate humidification and heating, the stability is further improved. Further, the water (8) in the evaporating dish (5) evaporates and the humidity in the container is kept constant. This is a container in which the cell culture state can be observed and recorded with time by focusing the microscope objective lens (6) in a state where the temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and humidity are stable. At that time, depending on the microscope to be used, it is easy to use even if it is a type that is mounted on a microscope stage as shown in FIG.
[0007]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, the following effects can be obtained in the field of research on biology, reproduction, and biotechnology when observing the culture state of various cells and recording photographs and the like.
(A) The cell culture can be performed over a long period of time while observing with a microscope, so that the time-dependent changes in the culture state can be observed under a microscope. You can record and leave.
(B) The whole is compact and does not take up installation space.
(C) Since the capacity of the whole container is small, the consumption of carbon dioxide gas is small and the running cost is low.
(D) If the two transparent heating plates are provided with temperature measuring sensors, the temperature can be controlled directly below and directly above the cells to be cultured, and accurate temperature control can be easily performed.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view (1) of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view (2) of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view and a circuit diagram of a heating plate (1).
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a round type according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of FIG . 5 ;
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1
Claims (3)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP21588396A JP3548761B2 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1996-07-12 | Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP21588396A JP3548761B2 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1996-07-12 | Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH1028576A JPH1028576A (en) | 1998-02-03 |
JP3548761B2 true JP3548761B2 (en) | 2004-07-28 |
Family
ID=16679845
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP21588396A Expired - Fee Related JP3548761B2 (en) | 1996-07-12 | 1996-07-12 | Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3548761B2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1885838A2 (en) * | 2005-05-30 | 2008-02-13 | Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG | Fermenter system for biotechnical processes |
KR101336327B1 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2013-12-06 | (주)마이크로디지탈 | Multi microplate based optical detection instruments |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100431044B1 (en) * | 1998-08-07 | 2004-05-12 | 아사히 가세이 가부시키가이샤 | Magnetic sensor and method for fabricating th e same |
JP4002720B2 (en) * | 2000-11-22 | 2007-11-07 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | Single cell long-term culture microscope |
JP2003093040A (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2003-04-02 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Device and method for biospecimen observation |
JP4562165B2 (en) | 2002-08-28 | 2010-10-13 | 株式会社東海ヒット | Microscope incubator |
JP4740554B2 (en) * | 2004-05-12 | 2011-08-03 | オリンパス株式会社 | Culture microscope equipment |
US7799559B2 (en) | 2003-10-24 | 2010-09-21 | Olympus Corporation | Culture microscope apparatus |
US7141802B2 (en) | 2003-12-01 | 2006-11-28 | Olympus Corporation | Optical device and imaging method |
EP1711590B1 (en) | 2004-01-08 | 2016-12-14 | Dako Denmark A/S | Apparatus and methods for processing biological samples and a reservoir therefore |
JP5207300B2 (en) * | 2008-10-14 | 2013-06-12 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | High pressure sample container for optical microscopy |
JP5954079B2 (en) | 2012-09-25 | 2016-07-20 | ソニー株式会社 | Culture observation apparatus and culture observation method |
JP2016021969A (en) * | 2014-07-24 | 2016-02-08 | 国立大学法人 東京大学 | Cell culture apparatus and cell culture test observation system with the same |
JPWO2016110980A1 (en) * | 2015-01-08 | 2017-10-12 | オリンパス株式会社 | Image acquisition apparatus and image acquisition method |
JP6414142B2 (en) * | 2016-06-16 | 2018-10-31 | ソニー株式会社 | Culture temperature control device, culture observation device, and culture temperature control method |
CN108060067A (en) * | 2018-01-18 | 2018-05-22 | 广西作物遗传改良生物技术重点开放实验室 | A kind of culture dish for being used to cultivate P. viticola |
CN111205980B (en) * | 2020-01-20 | 2024-01-26 | 河海大学常州校区 | Cell culture device for single cell in-situ real-time microscopic observation and operation method thereof |
CN113469865B (en) * | 2021-06-28 | 2024-04-19 | 平湖莱顿光学仪器制造有限公司 | Method and equipment for acquiring microscopic image |
CN114875485B (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2024-04-19 | 南平市鼎诚科技有限公司 | Process for cultivating diamond in laboratory and manufacturing equipment thereof |
-
1996
- 1996-07-12 JP JP21588396A patent/JP3548761B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1885838A2 (en) * | 2005-05-30 | 2008-02-13 | Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG | Fermenter system for biotechnical processes |
KR101336327B1 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2013-12-06 | (주)마이크로디지탈 | Multi microplate based optical detection instruments |
WO2014017731A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | (주)마이크로디지탈 | Multi-microplate-based optical measuring instrument |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH1028576A (en) | 1998-02-03 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP3548761B2 (en) | Transparent thermostatic culture vessel for microscope observation | |
US6521451B2 (en) | Sealed culture chamber | |
US6555365B2 (en) | Microincubator comprising a cell culture apparatus and a transparent heater | |
US7816126B2 (en) | Culture observation apparatus, sample tray heat-insulating device and lid | |
JP4562165B2 (en) | Microscope incubator | |
CA2227149A1 (en) | Dialyzed multiple well tissue culture plate | |
JP4626768B2 (en) | Method for microscopic observation of culture state | |
JP4321841B2 (en) | Microscope incubator | |
US8393234B2 (en) | Apparatus, device and method for arranging at least one sample container | |
JPS5943439B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for controlling solidification of two-phase liquid/solid systems | |
US4264728A (en) | Indirect microbial detection | |
JP2004113092A (en) | Cell culture chip | |
Lorber et al. | A versatile reactor for temperature controlled crystallization of biological macromolecules | |
Patching et al. | Chapter II The Effects and Control of Temperature | |
US6670170B1 (en) | Temperature-regulated cell perifusion chamber | |
DeBusschere et al. | Design of an integrated silicon-PDMS cell cartridge | |
JP2005323509A (en) | Cell culture-observing device for measuring gene expression | |
JPH07274938A (en) | Temperature control device for observing cell and biological ingredient | |
KR100745110B1 (en) | Culture chamber for a microscope | |
JP2003061641A (en) | Incubator for minute culture | |
JP2004198538A (en) | Thermo-hygrostat capable of keeping observation object placed on microscope alive for long time | |
US4622049A (en) | Apparatus for adjusting and maintaining the humidity of gas at a constant value within a closed system | |
JP2005331862A (en) | Cultivation apparatus for microscope observation | |
CN218666093U (en) | Adjustable cell culture device | |
JPH09122507A (en) | Combination heating and cooling device |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20040302 |
|
A711 | Notification of change in applicant |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A711 Effective date: 20040315 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20040315 |
|
A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821 Effective date: 20040315 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130430 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130430 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20160430 Year of fee payment: 12 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |