JP3514861B2 - Device for determining the position of side windows in houses - Google Patents

Description

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a technique for determining the arrangement of side windows and rooms in a house in consideration of daylight reflected on the outer wall and ground of an adjacent building. . 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in designing and constructing a building such as a house, in order to determine a position of a window or a room by estimating a daytime light environment in a room or to determine an arrangement of a room around the room. In order to understand the impact on buildings, the weather, location, date and time can be set arbitrarily, and multiple irradiation units that can be automatically dimmed by being arranged on the entire sky and one side of the sky from the horizon It consists of an artificial sun that can automatically move up and down to the center of the sky, irradiates the illumination unit and light using the artificial sun as a light source to a house model arranged on artificial ground, and before building a house, Simulates the situation of light entering a room from a window as a light source for lighting and makes it possible to analyze the situation, and predicts the daytime light environment in the room to determine the window arrangement position and room position that can secure the optimal light environment The known artificial sky device is known Was something. For example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 4-121773. [0003] In the above-mentioned prior art, as light that enters the room from a window as a light source for daylight illumination, in addition to sky light and direct sunlight, the window is actually a relative light source. There is reflected light, which is the light that reaches the window after the sky light and direct sunlight are reflected on the feature that is reflected, but this reflected feature light is added even though it can be simulated using an artificial sky device and matched. It was neglected as a strategic light source and was rarely considered as the main subject of the study. This is because there are many types of features that can actually be seen through windows, and even the buildings themselves consist of irregular arrangements of a large number of accessories, such as trees, flowers, fences, and sheds. It also fluctuates constantly due to factors such as weather and time, and is extremely complicated, making it difficult to reproduce daylight environments, and its calculation method is complicated and impractical. For the sake of convenience, the reflectance of an outdoor feature was considered to be uniform and constant in illuminance calculation and the like. [0004] However, in recent cities and houses in the suburbs, the space between adjacent buildings is small, narrow, and in a high-density environment. In the daytime, sufficient indoor brightness can be obtained only by skylight and direct sunlight. The situation is very rare and often relies on electric lighting. Therefore, if daylighting is considered from a practical standpoint, such as by considering the effective use of electrical energy, the reflected light of a terrestrial object should be considered as a part of a valuable natural light source without underestimating and its characteristics should be understood. It is necessary to consider more effective utilization methods. Also, experiments were not conducted to systematically reproduce and measure daylight environments emphasizing terrestrial reflections by changing the setting conditions (weather, time, distance to neighboring buildings, etc.) surrounding the house. There is a demand for a means capable of performing a daylight environment reproduction experiment along the line. In view of the above, the present invention provides an artificial sky apparatus capable of performing a lighting experiment and a shading experiment on a house, so that a model experiment assuming a corner of a residential area can be performed, and the influence of reflected light from an outdoor feature is reduced. It is another object of the present invention to provide means for predicting a daylight environment in consideration of the above, arranging a window at a position where an optimum light environment can be secured, and determining a position of the room. [0005] As means for solving the above-mentioned problems, the present invention reproduces a daylight environment to realize daylighting.
An artificial sky device capable of performing an experiment.
The sky device has an illumination unit 1 and an artificial
The sun 2 is provided, and the irradiation unit 1
The artificial sun 2 is configured to be remotely controllable, and the irradiation unit
Units 1 are arranged on the entire inner surface of the dome part of the sky dome D.
It is possible to irradiate white light and it will have the set sky brightness.
The artificial sun 2 is driven by a driving device.
Can be moved up and down from the horizon position to the sky center position via 12
A residential area on the artificial ground of the artificial sky device.
House consisting of one building and many neighboring buildings
Place a model and assume the windows on the first and second floor of the building.
Window surface illuminance measurement means, and horizontal surface illuminance measurement
Setting means for illuminating the artificial sky device via the measuring means.
Of solar radiation unit and artificial sun from artificial ground and adjacent building
Predict the amount of light and determine the position of side windows and rooms in houses
It is configured in such a way. According to the above construction, before designing and constructing a house, a daylight environment in which reflected light from the ground and an adjacent building is considered as a precious light source, and a window of the house is predicted. In determining the position of the windows and the arrangement of the rooms, it is possible to grasp the illuminance of the light reaching the position, and to determine the position of the windows that can secure the optimal lighting environment and how to arrange the rooms. It can be done easily. Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described. 1 is a side view showing a configuration of an artificial sky device, FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an arrangement state of a house model, FIG. 3 is a side view showing an illuminance measurement position in the house model, and FIG. 4 is a path of reflected light from the ground. FIG. 5 is a side view showing the path of reflected light from the outer wall of the adjacent building, FIG. 6 is a chart showing an experimental mode using an artificial sky device,
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a change in window daylight rate at the vernal equinox time, FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a change in window surface illuminance at the vernal equinox time, FIG. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the effect of the ground reflectance, FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the effect of the adjacent building outer wall reflectance, FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the effect of the own building outer wall reflectance, FIG. 13 is the reflectance of the outer wall and the ground, FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the sun position at the set date and time, FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the influence of the reflectance of the ground and the outer wall on the window surface illuminance, and FIG. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a difference between adjacent buildings, FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a difference between window directions, and FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a difference between seasons. Referring to FIG. 1, the structure of the artificial sky device A will be described. The artificial sky device A is installed indoors and can perform a lighting experiment and a shading experiment on a house. It is composed of a control measurement room (not shown) provided outside. An irradiation unit 1 and an artificial sun 2 are disposed inside the sky dome D, and control-related devices are disposed in the control and measurement room. The irradiation unit 1 and the artificial sun 2 are provided via the control-related devices. Can be remotely controlled. A plurality of irradiation units 1 are provided on the entire inner surface of the dome portion of the sky dome D, and can be irradiated with white light and can be controlled to have a set sky luminance. It can be moved up and down from the horizon position to the center of the sky via the camera. A spotlight 11 for emitting blue, red, and white light is disposed at a lower circumferential position in the sky dome D. The spotlight 11 illuminates the blue sky, , Sunset and daytime can be produced and expressed. At a central position in the sky dome D, a rotating model stand 10 on which an artificial ground 3 is configured is arranged. The artificial ground 3 is moved to a horizon level by a rotary driving device 13 to produce morning and afternoon. , And can be moved up and down via a scissors link mechanism 14 so as to easily place and adjust the position of a 1/50 scale house model MS on the upper surface. In addition, the house model MS
The artificial ground 3 on which is mounted can be set and changed to an arbitrary direction via the rotation driving device 13. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a house model MS can be placed on the artificial ground 3 of the rotary model stand 10, and the house model MS has a rectangular parallelepiped shape and a size of Is L1 × L2 × H = 200mm × 200mm × 12
Set the dimensions to 0mm (scale 1/50) and the color of the outer wall is black B
(Reflectivity ρ1 = 4.4%, lightness V = 2.4) and white W (reflectivity ρ2 = 75.4%, lightness V = 8.9). Are black B (reflectance ρ3 = 2.7%, lightness V = 1.8) and white W (reflectance ρ
4 = 85.8%, lightness V = 9.3), two levels of black B with low reflectivity and white W with high reflectivity, the number of arrangements is assumed to be one corner of a residential area, and the window surface There are a total of six bodies, namely, an integral building M for measuring illuminance and five neighboring buildings S, S... The first floor illuminance sensor 4 for measuring the first floor window illuminance and the second floor illuminance sensor 5 for measuring the second floor window illuminance are provided on side surfaces of the own building M, and the whole sky is provided on the upper surface. A horizontal plane illuminance sensor 6 for measuring illuminance is provided, and the arrangement height h1 of the first and second floor illuminance sensors 4.5 is provided.
H2 is scaled 1/50 to correspond to the actual window height
H1 = 36 mm and h2 = 90 mm. The own building M is (in this embodiment) an illuminance sensor 4
・ 5 is located on the vertical line in the center of the artificial ground 3 and is oriented so as to face south, and the window is set so that the setting orientation of the window is facing south. .. Are arranged in a total of three bodies, and the distance d between adjacent buildings is ＨH (60 mm), 3 / 2H (180 mm) based on the model height H (120 mm).
mm) and ∞ (no adjacent building). Light radiated from the irradiation unit 1 and the artificial sun 2 of the artificial sky apparatus A and reaching the own building M includes not only sky light and direct sunlight but also artificial ground 3 as shown in FIG. And the reflected light from the outer wall of the adjacent building S, as shown in FIG. 5, and the reflected light of the terrestrial features is measured by the illuminance sensors 4 and 5, and the reflectance of the artificial ground 3 and the adjacent building S is measured. In simulating how the window daylight factor and window surface illuminance change according to the conditions, the setting conditions are the sky luminance distribution (weather) and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).
Can be set to the standard clear sky and standard cloudy sky specified in, the location is set to the representative point of Japan at 35 ° N, 135 ° E, FIG. 6 shows the experimental mode that can be set at the hour on the hour. In the experimental mode, the window daylight ratio (Dw) is calculated as Dw = E'w / E's (E ') based on the measured values of the illuminance sensors 4, 5, and 6 provided in the own building M. w is calculated using the equation of the measurement window illuminance [lx], E's is the measurement whole sky illuminance [lx]), and the window illuminance (Ew) is calculated as Ew = Es × D.
w (Es is the preset horizontal plane clear sky illuminance [lx]) is calculated, and the results are shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 9. Looking at the temporal change in the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface in clear sky, it shows a substantially constant value over all the experiment modes, and the daily fluctuation of the illuminance of the window surface (Ew) is the horizontal plane clear sky illuminance. It can be seen that (Es) is caused by daily fluctuation. Therefore, in order to compare the amount of luminous flux entering the room through the window on the south side of the building (lighting ability of the side window), the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface should be considered. (Dw)
Is affected by the reflectance (ρ1 to ρ4) of the outer wall of the own ridge M, the artificial ground 3, and the outer wall of the adjacent ridge S, and the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface increases regardless of the reflectance. . Also, as the adjacent building distance d is larger and the light receiving position is higher (1
It can be seen that the window daylight factor (Dw) tends to be larger on the second floor than on the first floor, and this tendency does not change even in a cloudy sky. Next, in FIG. 10, FIG. 11 and FIG.
The effects of the ground surface reflectance, the adjacent building outer wall reflectance, and the own building outer wall reflectance on the window daylight ratio (Dw) will be compared by taking differences and ratios for the results between the experimental modes. The effect of the ground reflectivity is as follows: For experiment modes 3) and 1), 4) and 2), 7) and 5), 8) and 6), where the outer wall conditions of own building M and adjacent building S are the same, Comparing the difference ΔDw between the daylight ratios of the window surface when the surface of the artificial ground 3 is set to white W and black B, the difference is ΔDw (WB)> 0, and the one with the higher ground reflectance is the window. The surface daylight ratio (Dw) is also high. In addition, the higher the outer wall reflectance of the adjacent building S and the own building M, the greater the effect, and the larger the adjacent building interval d, the larger ΔDw. This effect is more pronounced on the first floor than on the second floor. Looking at the rate of change 3) / 1), 4) / 2), 7) / 5), 8) / 6) when the artificial ground 3 changes from black B to white W, the adjacent building spacing d on the first floor Regardless of the window daylight ratio (D
w) is increased by a factor of 1.4 to 1.8. On the second floor, the distance between adjacent buildings becomes larger as the adjacent building distance d increases, and there is a difference depending on the position of the light receiving window. The influence of the reflectance of the outer wall of the adjacent building on the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface is as follows: the experimental modes 2), 1), 4), 3), 6) where the conditions of the own building M and the artificial ground 3 are the same. Comparing 5), 8) and 7) similarly, ΔDw (= WB)> 0, and the higher the outer wall reflectance of the adjacent building S, the higher the window surface daylight rate (Dw). When the reflectance of the artificial ground 3 is high, ΔDw increases as the adjacent building distance d decreases on both the first and second floors. When the reflectance of the artificial ground 3 is low, ΔDw becomes convex at d = H and has an extreme value. The rate of change when the outer wall of the adjacent building S changes from black B to white W 3)
Looking at / 1), 4) / 2), 7) / 5), and 8) / 6), the smaller the distance d between adjacent buildings, the larger the rate of change in the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface, and the tendency is 1 The floor is significantly larger than the second floor. The influence of the reflectivity of the outer wall of the own building on the daylight ratio (Dw) of the window surface is due to the experimental mode 5) in which the conditions of the own building M and the adjacent building S are the same.
Similarly, comparing 1), 6) and 2), 7) and 3), 8) and 4), if the reflectance of both the artificial ground 3 and the outer wall of the adjacent building S is high,
As the adjacent building distance d becomes smaller, ΔDw becomes larger, and the influence of the reflectance of the outer wall of the own building is clearly recognized. However, when both have low reflectance, there is no effect at all. Also, the change rate when the outer wall of own building M changes from black B to white W 5) / 1), 6)
/ 2), 7) / 3) and 8) / 4), there is a similar tendency.
More prominent on the floor. Further, when examining the indoor lighting of a house,
It is necessary to consider the orientation, position, height, size, etc. of the windows appropriate to the space, and also consider the season and time zone. Therefore, the orientation of the windows, the ground and the outer wall of the adjacent building as shown in Figs. 15 (black B and white W) and the window mode illuminance were measured in an experimental mode in which the set date and time were changed. FIG. 15 shows the influence of the reflectance of the ground and the outer wall on the window surface illuminance based on the measured values. .
In addition, differences in the illuminance of the window surface between adjacent buildings d, differences in the orientation of the windows (south windows and east windows), differences due to the seasons (spring equinox, summer solstice, winter solstice)
16, 17, and 18 show the results of the experiment. From the above experimental results, it can be confirmed that the difference in reflectance between the ground, the outer wall of the adjacent building, and the outer wall of the own building has a considerable effect on the window surface daylight ratio (Dw) and the window surface illuminance (Ew). In addition, the characteristics of the change due to the difference between the adjacent buildings and the position of the windows can be grasped. ) Can be used to determine the approximate upper and lower limits of the ratio of the reflected light from the features in a simplified model experiment. As described above, by conducting a model experiment assuming a corner of a residential area using the artificial sky apparatus A, before actually designing and constructing the house, the setting conditions (weather, time, adjacent building) surrounding the house are required. Can be simulated by systematically reproducing and measuring daylight environments emphasizing the reflected light of terrestrial objects by changing the distance between them. Predict the daylight environment that also takes into account the effects of reflected light, and easily determine where to place the optimal light environment and how to arrange each room when installing windows. be able to. As described above, the present invention has the following advantages. That is, by performing a model experiment assuming a corner of a residential area using an artificial sky device capable of performing a lighting experiment, it is possible to predict the indoor illuminance more accurately than in the conventional illuminance calculation at the design stage. Before actually designing and constructing a house, it is possible to reproduce and measure the daylight environment that emphasizes the reflected light from the ground and adjacent buildings, and determine the arrangement position of windows and the arrangement position of rooms. Since the indoor lighting state can be predicted at each stage, it is possible to easily determine the position of the window and the arrangement of each room that can ensure the optimal lighting environment. In addition, since windows and rooms can be placed in a position where an optimal lighting environment can be secured, in the indoor daytime lighting environment, daylight is actively used and sufficient brightness is obtained without relying on electric lighting. Thus, consumption of electric energy can be suppressed, and energy can be saved.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side view showing a configuration of an artificial sky device. FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an arrangement state of a house model. FIG. 3 is a side view showing an illuminance measurement position in the house model. FIG. 4 is a side view showing the path of reflected light from the ground. FIG. 5 is a side view showing the path of reflected light from the outer wall of the adjacent building. FIG. 6 is a table showing an experiment mode using the artificial sky device. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a change in the daylight rate of the window surface at the time of the vernal equinox. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a change in illuminance of a window surface at a vernal equinox time. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a change in the daylight ratio of the window surface in the interval between adjacent buildings. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the influence of ground reflectance. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the influence of the reflectance of the outer wall of the adjacent building. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the influence of the own building outer wall reflectance. FIG. 13 is a table showing experiment modes in which the reflectance of the outer wall and the ground, the orientation of the window, and the set date and time are changed. FIG. 14 is a chart showing the sun position at a set date and time. FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating the influence of the reflectance of the ground and the outer wall on the illuminance of the window surface. FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating a difference depending on an interval between adjacent buildings. FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a difference depending on a window direction. FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a difference according to a season. [Description of Signs] 1 Irradiation unit 2 Artificial sun 3 Artificial ground 4 1st floor illuminance sensor 5 2nd floor illuminance sensor 6 Horizontal plane illuminance sensor A Artificial sky device M Own building S Adjacent building

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-4-121773 (JP, A) JP-B-53-7856 (JP, B1) (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. ⁷ , DB name) G09B 9/00 G09B 25/04 G09B 27/00 E04H 1/00

Claims (1)

(57) [Claims] [Claim 1] Reproducing a daylight environment and conducting a lighting experiment
An artificial sky device, the artificial sky device being
Irradiation unit 1 and artificial sun 2 are installed inside dome D
And the irradiation unit 1 and the artificial sun 2
The irradiation unit 1 is configured to be operable by remote control.
A plurality of dome D are arranged on the entire inner surface of the dome portion, and
Can be irradiated with light and can be controlled to the set sky brightness
The artificial sun 2 is driven via a driving device 12
It can be moved up and down from the horizon to the center of the sky.
And a portion of a residential area is placed on the artificial ground 3 of the artificial sky device.
Assuming a house model consisting of one building and many neighboring buildings
In a position assuming the windows on the first and second floors of the building.
A window surface illuminance measurement means is provided, and a horizontal plane illuminance measurement means is provided on the upper surface.
And an irradiation unit of the artificial sky device via the measuring means.
The amount of light reflected from the artificial ground of the
It can be measured and configured to determine the position of the side window and room in the house
An apparatus for determining a side window position of a house .