JP3384696B2 - LED print head - Google Patents
LED print headInfo
- Publication number
- JP3384696B2 JP3384696B2 JP24212596A JP24212596A JP3384696B2 JP 3384696 B2 JP3384696 B2 JP 3384696B2 JP 24212596 A JP24212596 A JP 24212596A JP 24212596 A JP24212596 A JP 24212596A JP 3384696 B2 JP3384696 B2 JP 3384696B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- driving
- led array
- light emitting
- array
- led
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/10—Bump connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/15—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/16—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process of an individual bump connector
- H01L2224/161—Disposition
- H01L2224/16135—Disposition the bump connector connecting between different semiconductor or solid-state bodies, i.e. chip-to-chip
- H01L2224/16145—Disposition the bump connector connecting between different semiconductor or solid-state bodies, i.e. chip-to-chip the bodies being stacked
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/4805—Shape
- H01L2224/4809—Loop shape
- H01L2224/48091—Arched
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/484—Connecting portions
- H01L2224/48463—Connecting portions the connecting portion on the bonding area of the semiconductor or solid-state body being a ball bond
- H01L2224/48465—Connecting portions the connecting portion on the bonding area of the semiconductor or solid-state body being a ball bond the other connecting portion not on the bonding area being a wedge bond, i.e. ball-to-wedge, regular stitch
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/73—Means for bonding being of different types provided for in two or more of groups H01L2224/10, H01L2224/18, H01L2224/26, H01L2224/34, H01L2224/42, H01L2224/50, H01L2224/63, H01L2224/71
- H01L2224/732—Location after the connecting process
- H01L2224/73251—Location after the connecting process on different surfaces
- H01L2224/73265—Layer and wire connectors
Landscapes
- Printers Or Recording Devices Using Electromagnetic And Radiation Means (AREA)
- Facsimile Heads (AREA)
- Led Device Packages (AREA)
- Led Devices (AREA)
Description
【0001】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、LEDプリンタ等
の光源に用いられるLEDプリントヘッドに関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an LED print head used as a light source for an LED printer or the like.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】LEDプリントヘッドにおいては、LE
Dアレイとその駆動用ICの接続をワイヤボンド配線に
よって行うのが一般的であるが、近年このワイヤボンド
配線に代わる実装技術が、例えば特開平7−61040
号公報や特開平5−229174号公報にて提案されて
いる。In LED printheads, LE
It is common to connect the D array and its driving IC by wire bond wiring. In recent years, a mounting technique replacing this wire bond wiring has been disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-61040.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. Hei 5-229174.
【0003】前者の構造を図4を参照して説明すると、
配線基板100の側方にLEDアレイ101を配置し、
配線基板100とLEDアレイ101を跨ぐように駆動
用IC102をバンプ103による接続構造を用いて実
装するとともに、配線基板100の下面から延出した導
体104をLEDアレイ101の下面に接着して実装し
た構造となっている。このような構造によれば、LED
アレイ101と駆動用IC102の間のワイヤボンド配
線が不要となるので量産化に適しているが、基板100
とLEDアレイ101の接続構造が複雑となるととも
に、LEDアレイ101の固定が不安定となってLED
アレイ101を精度良く配列することができないという
課題がある。The former structure will be described with reference to FIG.
The LED array 101 is arranged on the side of the wiring board 100,
The driving IC 102 is mounted using a connection structure using bumps 103 so as to straddle the wiring board 100 and the LED array 101, and a conductor 104 extending from the lower surface of the wiring board 100 is bonded and mounted on the lower surface of the LED array 101. It has a structure. According to such a structure, the LED
Since the wire bond wiring between the array 101 and the driving IC 102 is unnecessary, it is suitable for mass production.
The connection structure between the LED array 101 and the LED array 101 becomes complicated, and the fixation of the LED array 101 becomes unstable.
There is a problem that the array 101 cannot be arranged accurately.
【0004】次に、後者の構造を図5を参照して説明す
ると、配線基板200の上に駆動用IC201を導電性
接着剤によって接着固定し、この駆動用IC201の上
に発光部を下にしたLEDアレイ202をバンプ203
による接続構造を用いて面実装した構造である。このよ
うな構造によれば、LEDアレイ202と駆動用IC2
01の間のワイヤボンド配線が不要となるので量産化に
適しているが、LEDアレイ202の発光部が設けられ
た側を駆動用IC201に対面配置する必要があるの
で、LEDアレイ202の発光方向が駆動用IC201
の存在によって側面に限定されてしまい、設計の自由度
が少なくなる。また、LEDアレイ202を駆動用IC
201の上に配置するので、ドライバーIC201の形
状や取付精度がLEDアレイ202の取付精度に影響を
与える要因となるため、LEDアレイ201を精度良く
配列することができないという課題がある。Next, the latter structure will be described with reference to FIG. 5. The driving IC 201 is adhered and fixed onto the wiring board 200 with a conductive adhesive, and the light emitting portion is placed above the driving IC 201. Bumped the LED array 202
It is a structure that is surface-mounted using the connection structure according to. According to such a structure, the LED array 202 and the driving IC 2
This is suitable for mass production because the wire bond wiring between 01 is unnecessary, but since the side where the light emitting portion of the LED array 202 is provided needs to be face-to-face with the driving IC 201, the light emitting direction of the LED array 202 Is the driving IC 201
Is limited to the side, and the degree of freedom in design is reduced. In addition, the LED array 202 is a driving IC
Since the LED array 201 is arranged on the LED 201, the shape and the mounting accuracy of the driver IC 201 affect the mounting accuracy of the LED array 202, so that the LED array 201 cannot be accurately arranged.
【0005】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、上記の点を
考慮して成されたもので、LEDアレイの配列精度を良
好に保ち、プリンタの印字品位を良好にすることを主な
課題とする。また、製品の歩留まりを高めること、設計
の自由度を確保すること、形状の小型化を図ること、組
立て作業性を良好にすること、など課題とするものであ
る。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in consideration of the above points, and its main object is to maintain good LED array arrangement accuracy and to improve the printing quality of a printer. To do. Further, there are problems such as increasing the yield of products, ensuring the degree of freedom in design, downsizing the shape, and improving the workability in assembling.
【0006】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明のLEDプリント
ヘッドは、発光部に接続した個別電極並びにIC入力用
の配線電極を上面に有し、主出光部を上面に設定したL
EDアレイと、下面に入出力端子を有して前記LEDア
レイ上面に実装される駆動用ICを備え、前記LEDア
レイの主出光部が前記駆動用ICと平面的に重ならない
ように前記駆動用ICを配置したことを特徴とする。An LED printhead according to the present invention has an individual electrode connected to a light emitting portion and a wiring electrode for inputting an IC on the upper surface, and a main light emitting portion set on the upper surface.
An ED array and a driving IC having an input / output terminal on the lower surface and mounted on the upper surface of the LED array are provided, and the main light emitting portion of the LED array is not overlapped with the driving IC in plan view. It is characterized by arranging an IC.
【0007】[0007]
【0008】また、本発明のLEDプリントヘッドは、
発光部に接続した個別電極並びにIC入力用の配線電極
を上面に有し、主出光部を側面に設定したLEDアレイ
と、下面に入出力端子を有して前記LEDアレイ上面に
実装される駆動用ICを備え、前記LEDアレイの発光
部と前記駆動用ICの平面的な重なり持たせて前記駆動
用ICを配置したことを特徴とする。Further, the LED print head of the present invention is
An LED array having individual electrodes connected to the light emitting section and wiring electrodes for IC input on the upper surface, and a main light emitting section set on the side surface, and an input / output terminal on the lower surface mounted on the upper surface of the LED array A driving IC, and the driving IC is arranged such that the light emitting portion of the LED array and the driving IC overlap each other in a plane.
【0009】[0009]
【発明の実施の形態】以下本発明の実施例を図面を参照
して説明する。まず、図1,2を参照して第1の実施例
を説明する。この実施例の光プリントヘッド1は、長尺
の配線基板2の上に複数個のLEDアレイ3をその長手
方向に沿って配列固定し、このLEDアレイ3の上に駆
動用IC4を実装して構成している。BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. First, a first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. In the optical print head 1 of this embodiment, a plurality of LED arrays 3 are arrayed and fixed on a long wiring board 2 along the longitudinal direction thereof, and a driving IC 4 is mounted on the LED array 3. I am configuring.
【0010】配線基板2は、絶縁基材の上にLEDアレ
イ2配置用の共通電極21、電源や信号の供給を行うた
めの電極配線22を有している。The wiring board 2 has a common electrode 21 for arranging the LED array 2 and an electrode wiring 22 for supplying power and signals on an insulating base material.
【0011】LEDアレイ3は、例えば、GaAsP/
GaAsなどのN型の化合物半導体基板31の表面に保
護膜32を形成し、この保護膜32に整列して開けた孔
からP型不純物を拡散させてP層33を形成し、PN接
合による発光部34を整列して形成している。LEDア
レイ3の上面には、各発光部34のP層33に個別に接
続する個別電極35と、駆動用IC4に外部から印字デ
ータに対応する信号を入力するIC入力用の配線電極3
6を保護膜32の上に設け、LEDアレイ3の下面に
は、共通電極37を設けている。個別電極35と入力用
の配線電極36は、同じ厚みに設定され、例えばアルミ
ニウム配線で構成される。発光部34から発せられた光
は等方向に出てくるが、内部吸収により図1に矢印で示
すように上向きの光が最大となるように、すなわち、主
出光部がLEDアレイ3の上面となるように設定されて
いる。The LED array 3 is, for example, GaAsP /
A protective film 32 is formed on the surface of an N-type compound semiconductor substrate 31 such as GaAs, and P-type impurities are diffused from holes formed in the protective film 32 aligned with each other to form a P layer 33. The parts 34 are formed in alignment. On the upper surface of the LED array 3, an individual electrode 35 that is individually connected to the P layer 33 of each light emitting unit 34, and a wiring electrode 3 for IC input that inputs a signal corresponding to print data to the driving IC 4 from the outside.
6 is provided on the protective film 32, and the common electrode 37 is provided on the lower surface of the LED array 3. The individual electrode 35 and the input wiring electrode 36 are set to have the same thickness and are made of, for example, aluminum wiring. The light emitted from the light emitting portion 34 is emitted in the same direction, but the internal light is absorbed so that the upward light is maximized as shown by the arrow in FIG. 1, that is, the main light emitting portion is located on the upper surface of the LED array 3. Is set to.
【0012】駆動用IC4は、LEDアレイ3よりも幅
が狭いもので構成され、下面の一側に前記配線電極36
に対応した入力端子部、他側に前記個別電極35に対応
した出力端子部(いずれも図示せず)を有している。The driving IC 4 has a width smaller than that of the LED array 3, and the wiring electrode 36 is formed on one side of the lower surface.
And an output terminal (not shown) corresponding to the individual electrode 35 on the other side.
【0013】この駆動用IC4は、LEDアレイ3の上
面に位置決め配置され、LEDアレイ3もしくは駆動用
IC4に予め設けた導電接続材、例えばバンプ5(金や
ハンダ等で構成される)を介して接続される。ここで、
LEDアレイ3から発せられる上向きの光が駆動用IC
4によって阻害されないように、駆動用IC4は、前記
LEDアレイ3の発光部34上に位置する主出光部と平
面的に重ならないように実装されている。The driving IC 4 is positioned and arranged on the upper surface of the LED array 3, and via a conductive connecting material such as a bump 5 (composed of gold or solder) provided in advance on the LED array 3 or the driving IC 4. Connected. here,
The upward light emitted from the LED array 3 is a driving IC.
The driving IC 4 is mounted so as not to overlap the main light emitting portion located on the light emitting portion 34 of the LED array 3 in plan view so as not to be obstructed by the light emitting portion 4.
【0014】LEDアレイ3と駆動用IC4の実装体
は、配線基板2への実装前に容易に特性検査を行うこと
ができるので、検査によって良品と判断されたもののみ
を配線基板2に実装することができ、LEDプリントヘ
ッド1の歩留まりを高めることができる。Since a characteristic inspection can be easily performed on the mounting body of the LED array 3 and the driving IC 4 before mounting on the wiring board 2, only those which are judged to be non-defective by the inspection are mounted on the wiring board 2. Therefore, the yield of the LED print head 1 can be increased.
【0015】LEDアレイ3と駆動用IC4の実装体
は、位置決めされて導電性接着剤6によって配線基板2
の共通電極21に実装される。そして、電極配線22と
駆動用IC4のIC入力用の配線電極36の間にワイヤ
ボンド装置(図示せず)によってボンディングワイヤ7
が接続される。The mounting body of the LED array 3 and the driving IC 4 is positioned and the wiring board 2 is formed by the conductive adhesive 6.
Mounted on the common electrode 21. Then, a bonding wire 7 is formed between the electrode wiring 22 and the wiring electrode 36 for IC input of the driving IC 4 by a wire bonding device (not shown).
Are connected.
【0016】光プリントヘッド1は上記のように、配線
基板2の上にLEDアレイ3を配置し、その上に駆動用
IC4をバンプ5を介して接続配置しているので、全体
の幅を短くすることができるとともに、配線基板2の上
にLEDアレイ3を配置するので、駆動用IC4を介在
して基板2に配置する従来方式に比べて、駆動用IC4
の形状や駆動用IC4を接続するための接続構造(導電
性接着剤やバンプ等)に起因する取付誤差を少なくで
き、配線基板2に沿ったLEDアレイ2全体の配置精度
を高めることができる。よって、プリンタの印字品を良
好に保つことができる。As described above, in the optical print head 1, the LED array 3 is arranged on the wiring board 2, and the driving IC 4 is connected and arranged thereon via the bumps 5, so that the overall width is shortened. In addition, since the LED array 3 is arranged on the wiring board 2, the driving IC 4 is arranged in comparison with the conventional method in which the driving IC 4 is arranged on the board 2.
It is possible to reduce the mounting error due to the shape and the connection structure (conductive adhesive, bumps, etc.) for connecting the driving IC 4, and it is possible to improve the placement accuracy of the entire LED array 2 along the wiring board 2. Therefore, the printed product of the printer can be kept good.
【0017】また、LEDアレイ3はその発光部34を
上部に位置させて装着することができるので、発光部を
下部に位置させた従来方式のように側面発光方式に限定
されることがなく、上面発光方式と側面発光方式を必要
に応じて設計することができる。Further, since the LED array 3 can be mounted with the light emitting portion 34 positioned above, the LED array 3 is not limited to the side light emitting type as in the conventional method in which the light emitting portion is positioned below. The top emission method and the side emission method can be designed as needed.
【0018】ここで、側面発光方式の実施例について、
図3を参照して説明する。図1に示す上面発光方式との
主な相違点は、LEDアレイ3の発光部34からそれに
隣接する側面までの距離を短くして側面に主出光点を設
定した点、LEDアレイ3の発光部34と駆動用IC4
の平面的な重なりを持つように、LEDアレイ3の幅を
狭くした点で、その他の基本的な構成は第1実施例とほ
ぼ同じである。側面発光を助長するために、図3に示す
ようにP層33が側面に露出するようにしてもよいし、
上面発光を抑えるために、発光部34の上を個別電極3
5によってより広く覆うこともできる。側面発光方式に
することによって、駆動用IC4の配置に要するLED
アレイ3上の領域が少なくて済み、LEDアレイ3や配
線基板2の幅を狭く設定することができる。Here, regarding the embodiment of the side surface emission type,
This will be described with reference to FIG. The main difference from the top emission method shown in FIG. 1 is that the distance from the light emitting portion 34 of the LED array 3 to the side surface adjacent thereto is shortened and the main light emitting point is set on the side surface. 34 and driving IC 4
The other basic configuration is almost the same as that of the first embodiment in that the width of the LED array 3 is narrowed so as to have a planar overlap. In order to promote side surface light emission, the P layer 33 may be exposed on the side surface as shown in FIG.
In order to suppress the top emission, the individual electrode 3 is placed on the light emitting portion 34.
It can also be covered more broadly by 5. LEDs required for arranging the driving IC 4 by adopting the side surface emission method
The area on the array 3 is small, and the width of the LED array 3 and the wiring board 2 can be set narrow.
【0019】[0019]
【発明の効果】以上のように、本発明のLEDプリント
ヘッドによれば、LEDアレイと駆動用ICの接続のた
めのワイヤが不要となり、組立て作業性を高めることが
できるとともに、LEDアレイと駆動用ICを接続した
状態で特性検査ができるので、歩留まりの向上を図るこ
とができる。また、基板にLEDアレイを配置しその上
に駆動用ICを配置するので、LEDアレイの取付誤差
の発生要因を最小限にでき、LEDアレイの組立て精度
(発光点の配列精度)を高めることができる。さらに、
LEDプリントヘッドの幅を狭くすることができる。ま
た、上面発光方式と側面発光方式の両方に対応すること
ができるので、LEDヘッドの設計自由度を高めること
もできる。As described above, according to the LED print head of the present invention, the wire for connecting the LED array and the driving IC is not necessary, the assembling workability can be improved, and the LED array and the driving can be improved. Since the characteristics can be inspected in the state where the IC for use is connected, the yield can be improved. Further, since the LED array is arranged on the substrate and the driving IC is arranged on the LED array, it is possible to minimize the cause of the LED array mounting error and improve the LED array assembling accuracy (light emitting point arrangement accuracy). it can. further,
The width of the LED print head can be reduced. Further, since it is possible to support both the top emission method and the side emission method, it is possible to increase the degree of freedom in designing the LED head.
【図1】本発明の一実施例を示す要部断面図である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an essential part showing an embodiment of the present invention.
【図2】同実施例の要部平面図である。FIG. 2 is a plan view of a main part of the embodiment.
【図3】本発明の他の実施例を示す要部断面図である。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an essential part showing another embodiment of the present invention.
【図4】従来例を示す断面図である。FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a conventional example.
【図5】他の従来例を示す断面図である。FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing another conventional example.
1 LEDプリントヘッド 2 配線基板 3 LEDアレイ 4 駆動用IC 5 バンプ 1 LED print head 2 wiring board 3 LED array 4 Driving IC 5 bumps
フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 平2−3354(JP,A) 特開 平7−61040(JP,A) 特開 平2−278893(JP,A) 特開 昭63−249669(JP,A) 実開 平5−5463(JP,U) 実開 昭62−167645(JP,U) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7,DB名) B41J 2/44 B41J 2/45 B41J 2/455 H01L 33/00 H04N 1/036 Continuation of the front page (56) Reference JP-A-2-3354 (JP, A) JP-A-7-61040 (JP, A) JP-A-2-278893 (JP, A) JP-A-63-249669 (JP , A) Actually open 5-5463 (JP, U) Actually open 62-167645 (JP, U) (58) Fields investigated (Int.Cl. 7 , DB name) B41J 2/44 B41J 2/45 B41J 2/455 H01L 33/00 H04N 1/036
Claims (2)
力用の配線電極を上面に有し、主出光部を上面に設定し
たLEDアレイと、下面に入出力端子を有して前記LE
Dアレイ上面に実装される駆動用ICを備え、前記LE
Dアレイの主出光部が前記駆動用ICと平面的に重なら
ないように前記駆動用ICを配置したことを特徴とする
LEDプリントヘッド。 [Claim 1, wherein a wiring electrode of the individual electrodes and the IC input connected to the light emitting portion has a top surface, a LED array is set to the upper surface of the main light exit portion, the input and output terminals on the lower surface LE
The LE is provided with a driving IC mounted on the upper surface of the D array.
An LED print head in which the driving ICs are arranged so that the main light emitting portion of the D array does not overlap the driving ICs in plan view.
力用の配線電極を上面に有し、主出光部を側面に設定し
たLEDアレイと、下面に入出力端子を有して前記LE
Dアレイ上面に実装される駆動用ICを備え、前記LE
Dアレイの発光部と前記駆動用ICの平面的な重なり持
たせて前記駆動用ICを配置したことを特徴とするLE
Dプリントヘッド。2. The LE having an LED array having an individual electrode connected to a light emitting portion and a wiring electrode for inputting an IC on the upper surface, and a main light emitting portion set on the side surface, and an input / output terminal on the lower surface.
The LE is provided with a driving IC mounted on the upper surface of the D array.
The LE is characterized in that the driving IC is arranged such that the light emitting portion of the D array and the driving IC overlap each other in a plane.
D print head.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP24212596A JP3384696B2 (en) | 1996-09-12 | 1996-09-12 | LED print head |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP24212596A JP3384696B2 (en) | 1996-09-12 | 1996-09-12 | LED print head |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH1086439A JPH1086439A (en) | 1998-04-07 |
JP3384696B2 true JP3384696B2 (en) | 2003-03-10 |
Family
ID=17084680
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP24212596A Expired - Fee Related JP3384696B2 (en) | 1996-09-12 | 1996-09-12 | LED print head |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3384696B2 (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-09-12 JP JP24212596A patent/JP3384696B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH1086439A (en) | 1998-04-07 |
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