JP2858152B2 - Electrophotographic photoreceptor - Google Patents

Description

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer containing a carrier generating substance and a carrier transporting substance.

(Prior art)

Conventionally, selenium, zinc oxide,
Those having a photosensitive layer containing an inorganic photoconductor such as cadmium sulfide or silicon as a main component have been widely known.
However, these are not always satisfactory in characteristics such as thermal stability and durability, and also have problems in production and handling.

On the other hand, a photoconductor having a photosensitive layer containing an organic photoconductive compound as a main component is relatively easy to manufacture, inexpensive, easy to handle, and generally has a higher thermal conductivity than a selenium photoconductor. It has many advantages such as excellent stability, and such organic photoconductive compounds include poly-
N-vinylcarbazole is best known, and photoreceptors having a photosensitive layer mainly composed of a charge transfer complex formed from this and a Lewis acid such as 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone have already been developed. Has been put to practical use.

On the other hand, there is known a photoreceptor having a function-separated type photosensitive layer of a laminated type or a single layer type in which a carrier generating function and a carrier transporting function of a photoconductor are respectively assigned to separate substances, for example, amorphous selenium. A photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer composed of a carrier generating layer composed of a thin layer and a carrier transporting layer containing poly-N-vinylcarbazole as a main component has already been put to practical use.

However, poly-N-vinyl carbazole lacks flexibility, its film is hard and brittle, and it is easy to cause cracking and film peeling, and the photoreceptor using this has poor durability, and a plasticizer is added. If the disadvantage is improved, the residual potential is increased when the electrophotographic process is performed, and the residual potential is accumulated with repeated use, so that the fog gradually increases and the copied image is damaged.

In addition, since low-molecular organic photoconductive compounds generally do not have a film-forming ability, they are used in combination with an appropriate binder, and the physical properties or photosensitive properties of the film are controlled to some extent by selecting the type and composition ratio of the binder. Although it is preferable from the point of view, the kind of the organic photoconductive compound having high compatibility with the binder is limited. Actually, there are few types of binders that can be used for forming a photosensitive layer, particularly a photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member.

For example, 2,5-bis (p described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,189,447
-Diethylaminophenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole has low compatibility with binders commonly used as materials for the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, such as polyester and polycarbonate, and is necessary for improving electrophotographic properties. When the photosensitive layer is formed by mixing at a rate of 50% or more, oxadiazole crystals are deposited at a temperature of 50 ° C. or more, and there is a disadvantage that the electrophotographic properties such as charge holding power and photosensitivity are reduced.

On the other hand, the diarylalkane derivative described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,820,989 has a small compatibility problem with respect to a binder, but has low stability to light, and is repeatedly charged and exposed. When used in the photosensitive layer, there is a disadvantage that the sensitivity of the photosensitive layer gradually decreases.

Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,274,000 and JP-B-47-36428 describe different types of phenothiazine derivatives, but all have the disadvantages of low photosensitivity and low stability upon repeated use.

Further, the stilbene compounds described in JP-A-58-65440 and JP-A-58-198043 have relatively good charge holding power and photosensitivity, but are not satisfactory in durability upon repeated use. These compounds also have a problem in sensitivity at low potential.

As a matter of fact, a carrier transporting material having practically satisfactory characteristics for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member has not been found yet.

[Object of the invention]

An object of the present invention is to provide a photosensitive member having high sensitivity.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high sensitivity and low residual potential.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having high sensitivity and low residual potential.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a photosensitive member having high sensitivity even at a low potential.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoreceptor for repetitive transfer type electrophotography in which charging, exposure, phenomenon, and transfer steps are repeatedly performed. An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member having excellent durability.

[Means for solving the problem]

As a result of intensive studies for the above purpose, it has been found that an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing at least one compound represented by the following general formula [I] has excellent utility.

General formula [I] In the formula, Ar ¹ represents an arylene group which may have a substituent.

Ar ² and Ar ^{3 each} represent a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom which may have a substituent 1
And 5 to 5 lower alkyl groups and aryl groups which may have a substituent. R ₁ and R ₂ are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group,
Or a lower alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.

More specifically, the alkyl group of R ₁ and R ₂ is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc., the alkoxy group is methoxy, ethoxy, the halogen atom is fluorine,
Chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.

Ar ¹ arylene groups include phenylene and naphthylene groups.

Examples of the alkyl group of Ar ² and Ar ³ include methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl, and examples of the aryl group include groups of phenyl and naphthyl.

Next, specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula [I] according to the present invention will be illustrated.

The synthesis examples of the compound of the present invention are shown below.

(Synthesis of Exemplified Compound 14) 4.0 g of potassium-t-butoxide was dispersed in 25 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution prepared by dissolving 1.5 g of N, N-diphthyl-4-formylaniline and 1.7 g of diethyl diphenylmethylphosphonate in 25 ml of N, N-dimethylformamide was added dropwise thereto in about 20 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted with 200 ml of toluene. The organic layer was washed with water, and after removing the solvent, reconstituted with toluene-hexane.
%).

Melting point: 181 to 182 ° C Various structures are known for the structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, but the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention can take any of these forms.

Normally, the configuration is as shown in FIGS. FIGS. 1 and 2 show a photosensitive structure comprising a laminate of a carrier generating layer 2 mainly containing a carrier generating substance and a carrier transporting layer 3 mainly containing a carrier transporting substance on a conductive support 1. Layer 4 is provided.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the photosensitive layer 4 may be provided via an intermediate layer 5 provided on a conductive support. Thus, when the photosensitive layer 4 has a two-layer structure, a photosensitive member having the best electrophotographic characteristics can be obtained. In the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, a photosensitive layer 4 formed by dispersing the carrier generating substance 7 in a layer 6 containing a carrier transporting substance as a main component is provided on the conductive support 1. It may be provided directly or via the intermediate layer 5. In the present invention,
After FIG. 4, a protective layer 8 may be provided as the outermost layer.

The following are examples of the carrier generating substance used in the carrier generating layer of the photosensitive layer according to the present invention.

(1) Azo dyes such as monoazo dyes, disazo dyes and trisazo dyes (2) Perylene dyes such as perylene anhydride and perylene imide (3) Indigo dyes such as indigo and thioindigo (4) Anthraquinone and pyrenequinone And polycyclic quinones such as flavanthrones (5) quinacridone dyes (6) bisbenzimidazole dyes (7) indathrone dyes (8) squarylium dyes (9) cyanine dyes (10) azurenium dyes (11) Triphenylmethane pigments (12) Amorphous silicon (13) Phthalocyanine pigments such as metal phthalocyanine and metal-free phthalocyanine (14) Selenium, selenium-tellurium, selenium-arsenic (15) CdS, CaSe (16) pyrylium salt Dyes, thiapyrylium salt dyes, etc. It can also be used as a mixture of two or more.

Since the compound of the present invention has no coating forming ability by itself, a photosensitive layer is formed by combining various binders.

Any binder can be used here, but it is preferable to use a high molecular polymer which is hydrophobic, has a high dielectric constant, and forms an electrically insulating film. Examples of such a high-molecular polymer include the following, but are not limited thereto.

(P-1) Polycarbonate (P-2) Polyester (P-3) Methacrylic resin (P-4) Acrylic resin (P-5) Polyvinyl chloride (P-6) Polyvinylidene chloride (P-7) Polystyrene (P -8) Polyvinyl acetate (P-9) Styrene-butadiene copolymer (P-10) Vinylidene chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer (P-11) Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (P-12) Vinyl chloride-acetic acid Vinyl-maleic anhydride copolymer (P-13) Silicone resin (P-14) Silicone-alkyd resin (P-15) Phenol formaldehyde resin (P-16) Styrene-alkyd resin (P-17) Poly-N- Vinyl carbazole (P-18) Polyvinyl butyral (P-19) Polyvinyl formal These binder resins are used alone. Alternatively, they can be used as a mixture of two or more.

Examples of the solvent for forming the carrier generation layer and the transport layer according to the present invention include N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,2. -Dichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide , Methyl cellosolve, etc., and can be used as a mixture.

When the photoreceptor of the present invention has a laminated structure, the weight ratio of binder: carrier generating substance: carrier transporting substance in the carrier generating layer is preferably from 0 to 100: 1 to 500: 0 to 500.

If the content of the carrier-generating substance is less than this, the photosensitivity is low and the residual potential is increased, and if it is more than this, the dark decay and the receiving potential are reduced.

Further, the amount of the carrier transporting material is preferably 20 to 200 wt.%, Particularly preferably 30 to 150 wt. Per 100 wt.% (Expressed as wt.) Of the binder resin in the carrier transporting layer.

The thickness of the carrier generation layer formed as described above is preferably 0.01 to 10 μm, particularly preferably 0.1 to 5 μm.
μm.

The thickness of the carrier transporting layer formed is preferably 5 to 50 μm, particularly preferably 5 to 30 μm.

On the other hand, when the photoconductor of the present invention has a single-layer function-separated structure,
The weight ratio of binder: carrier generating substance: carrier transporting substance in the photosensitive layer is preferably from 0 to 100: 1 to 500: 1 to 500, and the thickness of the formed photosensitive layer is preferably from 5 to 50 μm, particularly preferably from 5 to 50 μm. 3030 μm.

As the conductive support used in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, a metal plate including an alloy, a metal drum or a conductive polymer, a conductive compound such as indium oxide or an alloy including aluminum, palladium, gold, etc. Conductive paper by applying, depositing or laminating a thin metal layer,
Plastic films and the like.

As the binder used for the intermediate layer, the protective layer, and the like, those described above for the carrier generation layer and the carrier transport layer can be used.Other polyamide resins, nylon resins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, Ethylene-based resin such as ethylene-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate-methacrylic acid copolymer,
Polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivatives and the like are effective.

Organic amines can be added to the photosensitive layer of the invention for the purpose of improving the carrier generation function of the carrier generation substance. Among the organic amines, it is particularly preferable to add a secondary amine.

Further, the photosensitive layer may contain a deterioration inhibitor such as an antioxidant and a light stabilizer for the purpose of improving storage stability, durability and environmental resistance. Compounds used for such purposes include, for example, chromanol derivatives such as tocopherol and etherified or esterified compounds thereof, polyarylalkane compounds, hydroquinone derivatives and mono- and dietherified compounds thereof, benzophenone derivatives, benzotriazole derivatives, thioethers Compounds, phosphonates, phosphites, phenylenediamine derivatives, phenol compounds, hindered phenol compounds, linear amine compounds, cyclic amine compounds, hindered amine compounds, and the like are effective. Specific examples of particularly effective compounds include “IRGANOX 10
10 "," IRGANOX 565 "(manufactured by Ciba-Geigy)," Sumilyzer BHT "," Sumilyzer MDP "(manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.), etc.," Sanol LS "
-2626 "and" Sanol LS-622LD "(manufactured by Sankyo).

In the present invention, one or two or more kinds of electron accepting substances can be contained in the carrier generating layer for the purpose of improving sensitivity, reducing residual potential, or reducing fatigue during repeated use.

Electron accepting substances that can be used here include
For example, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, dibromomaleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride,
Tetrabromophthalic anhydride, 3-nitrophthalic anhydride,
4-nitrophthalic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, melitic anhydride, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyamiquinodimethane, o-dinitrobenzene, m-dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, paranitrobenzonitrile, Piclink chloride, quinone chlorimide, chloranil, bulmanil, dichlorodicyanoparabenzoquinone, anthraquinone, dinitroanthraquinone, 2,7
-Dinitrofluorenone, 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone, 9-fluorenylidenemalonodinitrile, polynitro-9-fluorenylidene-malonodinitrile, picric acid, o-nitrobenzoate Acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, pentafluorobenzoic acid, 5-nitrosalicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, phthalic acid, melitic acid, and other compounds having a large electron affinity it can.

The amount of the electron-accepting substance to be added is as follows: carrier generating substance: electron-accepting substance = 100: 0.01 to 200, preferably 100:
0.1 to 100.

The electron accepting substance may be added to the carrier transport layer.
The amount of the electron accepting substance added to such a layer is carrier transporting substance: electron accepting substance = 100: 0.01 to 100, preferably 100: 0.1 to 50 by weight ratio.

In addition, the photoreceptor of the present invention may further contain, if necessary, an ultraviolet absorber or the like for the purpose of protecting the photosensitive layer, or may contain a dye for correcting color sensitivity.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is configured as described above, and as is clear from the examples described later, charging characteristics,
It has excellent sensitivity characteristics and image forming characteristics. In particular, it has little fatigue deterioration even when used repeatedly, and has excellent durability.

Further, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is not limited to an electrophotographic copying machine, but also includes a laser, a cathode ray tube (CRT),
It can be widely used in application fields such as photoconductors of printers using D) as a light source.

〔Example〕

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described specifically with reference to Examples.
This does not limit the embodiments of the present invention.

Example 1 An intermediate having a thickness of 0.04 μm and comprising a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymer “ESREC MF-10” (manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) was placed on a conductive support obtained by evaporating aluminum on a polyester film. Layer, and dibromoanthranthrone “Monolite Red 2Y” (CI No. 593)
In a dispersion obtained by adding 1 g of 1 g of (00ICI) to 30 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane and dispersing with a ball mill, 1.5 g of polycarbonate "Panlite L-1250" (manufactured by Teijin Chemicals) is dissolved, and coated well. The liquid was applied so that the film thickness after drying became 2 μm to form a carrier generation layer.

A solution prepared by dissolving 5 g of the exemplified compound (14) and 10 g of polycarbonate “Z-200” (Mitsubishi Gas Chemical) in 80 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane was applied so that the film thickness after drying became 20 μm. A carrier transport layer was formed to prepare a photoreceptor of the present invention.

The photoreceptor thus obtained was manufactured by Kawaguchi Electric Co., Ltd.
The following characteristics were evaluated using EPA-8100. Charge voltage -6
After charging for 5 seconds with KV, the photosensitive member was left in the dark for 5 seconds, and then irradiated with a halogen lamp light so that the illuminance on the surface of the photoreceptor became 2 lux, thereby obtaining the initial surface potential V _A and the half-exposure amount E1 / 2. Also 30
The residual potential V _R after exposure with an exposure amount of lux · sec was determined.
Further, the same measurement was repeated 1000 times. The results were as shown in Table 1.

Examples 2 to 10 Photoconductors were prepared and measured in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the exemplified compounds shown in Table 2 below were used instead of the exemplified compound (14).

Comparative Example (1) A comparative photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the following compound was used as a carrier transporting substance.

The comparative photoreceptor was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results shown in Table 3 were obtained.

Example 11 An intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.1 μm and made of a polyamide resin “A-70” (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was provided on a conductive support obtained by evaporating aluminum on a polyester film.

2 g of the bisazo pigment having the above structure and 2 g of the polycarbonate resin “PANLITE L-1250” were mixed with 100 ml of 1.2-dichloroethane, and dispersed for 8 hours with a sand grinder. This dispersion is put on an intermediate layer and the thickness after drying is 0.2 μm.
It was applied so that

Using Exemplified Compound (3) as a carrier transporting substance,
Deterioration inhibitor “IRGANOX1010” for carrier transport substances
A photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 with the addition of 1.5 wt%. The same measurement as in Example 1 was performed on this photoreceptor, and the results in Table 4 were obtained.

Examples 12 to 20 Photoconductors were prepared and measured in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the exemplified compounds shown in Table 5 below were used instead of the exemplified compound (3).

Comparative Examples (2) and (3) Comparative photoconductors were prepared in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the following compound was used as a carrier transporting substance.

This photoreceptor was measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results in Table 6 were obtained.

With respect to the photoconductor of Example 11, the amount of light required to reduce the surface potential from 300 V to 20 V was determined.

Comparative Example (4) A comparative photoconductor was prepared in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the following compound was used as a carrier transporting substance.

The amount of light required to reduce the surface potential from 300 V to 20 V for this photoreceptor was determined.

Example 21 1 g of Exemplified Compound 1 and 1.5 g of polyester resin “Vylon 200” (manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) as a carrier transporting material of the present invention
Is dissolved in 10 g of 1,2-dichloroethane, applied on an aluminum drum by dip coating, dried,
A carrier transport layer having a thickness of 15 μm was formed. On the other hand, 1 g of titanyl phthalocyanine having a crystal form described in JP-A-64-17066 as a carrier-generating substance, 3 g of polycarbonate "Panlite L-1250" (manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.) as a binder resin, and 15 g of monochlorobenzene as a dispersion medium were used. , 1,2-
After dispersing 35 g of dichloroethane using a ball mill,
Further, Exemplified Compound 1 was added as a carrier transporting substance in a ratio of 74 wt% to the binder resin. The dispersion thus obtained was applied on the carrier transporting layer by a spray coating method to form a carrier generating layer having a thickness of 2 μm.

The photoreceptor thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Evaluation 1, except that the charging polarity was set to a positive polarity.

Va = 1510 (V) E _1/2 = 0.8 (lux · sec) Example 22 A vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate maleic anhydride copolymer “Eslec MF-10” (manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) was formed on an aluminum drum. An intermediate layer having a thickness of 0.15 μm was formed. On the other hand, 1 g of dibromoanthranthrone “Monolite Red 2Y” as a carrier generating substance was ball-milled,
A dispersion of 3 g of a polycarbonate resin “PANLITE L-1250”, 15 g of monochlorobenzene, and 35 g of 1,2-dichloroethane was added and dispersed. To the obtained dispersion, 2 g of the exemplary compound 1 of the carrier transporting substance of the present invention is further added, and the resultant is coated on the intermediate layer by a spray coating method and dried.
A photosensitive layer of 20 μm was formed.

The photoreceptor thus obtained was evaluated in the same manner as in Evaluation 1, except that the charging polarity was set to a positive polarity.

Va = 1121 (V) E1 _{/ 2} = 2.8 (lux · sec)

[Brief description of the drawings]

 1 to 6 are cross-sectional views of an example of the photoreceptor of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Support 2 ... Carrier generating layer 3 ... Carrier transporting layer 4 ... Photosensitive layer 5 ... Intermediate layer 6 ... Layer containing carrier transporting material 7 ... Carrier generating material 8 ... Protective layer

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuation of the front page (56) References JP-A-63-316868 (JP, A) JP-A-62-95534 (JP, A) JP-A-1-310904 (JP, A) JP-A-2- 134643 (JP, A) JP-A-61-210363 (JP, A) (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. ⁶ , DB name) G03G 5/06 314 G03G 5/06 313

Claims (1)

(57) [Claims] 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a layer containing a compound represented by the following general formula [I]. General formula [I] [In the formula, Ar ¹ represents an arylene group which may have a substituent. Ar ² and Ar ^{3 each} represent a hydrogen atom or a carbon atom having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
5 represents a lower alkyl group or an aryl group which may have a substituent. R ₁ and R _{2 each} represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a lower alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may have a substituent Represents ]