JP2706365B2 - Land transportation refrigeration equipment - Google Patents
Land transportation refrigeration equipmentInfo
- Publication number
- JP2706365B2 JP2706365B2 JP2260445A JP26044590A JP2706365B2 JP 2706365 B2 JP2706365 B2 JP 2706365B2 JP 2260445 A JP2260445 A JP 2260445A JP 26044590 A JP26044590 A JP 26044590A JP 2706365 B2 JP2706365 B2 JP 2706365B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- freezer
- dew point
- heating operation
- heating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D2700/00—Means for sensing or measuring; Sensors therefor
- F25D2700/14—Sensors measuring the temperature outside the refrigerator or freezer
Landscapes
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明はサブエンジンによって駆動される陸上輸送用
冷凍ユニット等の冷凍装置に関する。The present invention relates to a refrigeration apparatus such as a refrigeration unit for land transportation driven by a sub-engine.
従来の陸上輸送用冷凍装置は車両に搭載されたエンジ
ンによって駆動される冷凍装置の冷却運転又は加熱運転
を繰返すことによって被冷凍物の種類に応じて冷凍庫内
を所定の温度に制御している。In the conventional refrigeration system for land transportation, the inside of the freezer is controlled to a predetermined temperature in accordance with the type of the object to be frozen by repeatedly performing a cooling operation or a heating operation of a refrigeration device driven by an engine mounted on a vehicle.
ところで大都市間を往復輸送する場合には被冷凍物は
常に同じものとは限らず例えば往路はマイナス20℃の被
冷凍物、復路は常温のいわゆるドライ物を輸送すること
があり、かかるとき被冷凍物の荷降し及び荷積作業の際
にドッグシェル（外気から遮断された冷蔵倉庫に車両を
横付けて荷降し等を行うためのもの）が使用されない場
合には冷凍庫内が外気に曝されて庫内が結露されること
となる。By the way, in the case of round-trip transportation between large cities, the frozen objects are not always the same.For example, on the outbound route, the frozen items at -20 ° C may be transported, and on the return route, the so-called dry items at room temperature may be transported. If a dog shell is not used for unloading and loading the frozen material (for loading and unloading vehicles sideways in a refrigerated warehouse protected from outside air), the inside of the freezer is exposed to outside air. As a result, the inside of the refrigerator is dewed.
このため結露水を除去すべく冷凍庫内を全開状態にし
て風乾させる必要がありドライ物を荷積みするまでに長
時間を要するという不具合があった。For this reason, it is necessary to air-dry the freezer in a fully open state in order to remove the dew condensation water, and there is a problem that it takes a long time to load the dry matter.
本発明は上記事情に鑑み、冷凍庫を開放した際の結露
水量の低減もしくは結露を防止することによってドライ
物の荷積みまでの時間を短縮化させた陸上輸送用冷凍装
置を提供することを目的とする。The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a land transportation refrigeration apparatus that reduces the amount of dew condensation water when a freezer is opened or prevents condensation by shortening the time required for loading dry products. I do.
本発明は上記課題の解決手段として次の（１），
（２）に記載の陸上輸送用冷凍装置を提供しようとする
ものである。The present invention provides the following (1),
An object of the present invention is to provide a refrigeration system for land transportation described in (2).
（１） 車両に積載され、冷凍庫の外気の露点温度を検
出する露点検出手段と、上記冷凍庫内の温度を検知する
内温検知手段と、冷凍装置の加熱運転を開始させる加熱
指定手段とを備え、該加熱指定手段に入力して開始され
た冷凍装置の加熱運転を、上記内温検知手段で検知され
た庫内温度が上記露点検出手段で検出された露点温度以
上になったとき停止させる制御装置とを具備してなるこ
とを特徴とする陸上輸送用冷凍装置。(1) The vehicle includes a dew point detecting means for detecting a dew point temperature of outside air in a freezer, an inner temperature detecting means for detecting a temperature in the freezer, and a heating designating means for starting a heating operation of the freezer. A control to stop the heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus started by inputting to the heating designating means when the internal temperature detected by the internal temperature detecting means becomes equal to or higher than the dew point temperature detected by the dew point detecting means. A refrigeration unit for land transportation, comprising:
（２） 上記（１）に記載の陸上輸送用冷凍装置におい
て、内温検知手段に代えて冷凍庫の内壁温度を検知する
壁温検知手段を具備してなることを特徴とする陸上輸送
用冷凍装置。(2) The refrigeration system for land transportation according to the above (1), further comprising wall temperature detection means for detecting the inner wall temperature of the freezer instead of the internal temperature detection means. .
本発明は上記のように構成されるので次の（１），
（２）の作用を有する。Since the present invention is configured as described above, the following (1),
It has the effect of (2).
（１） 上記（１）の構成にあっては加熱指定手段に入
力することによって冷凍装置の加熱運転が開始され、こ
れにより冷凍庫内及びその内壁の温度が上昇する。その
際、内温検知手段が検知した温度が、露点検出手段の検
出した外気の露点温度より低くければ加熱運転は継続さ
れ、高ければ加熱運転は停止される。従って冷凍庫内は
外気が侵入しても結露しない温度に短時間で達すると同
時に、不必要な加熱運転の継続が生じない。(1) In the configuration of the above (1), the heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus is started by inputting to the heating designating means, whereby the temperature in the freezer and the inner wall thereof increases. At this time, if the temperature detected by the internal temperature detecting means is lower than the dew point temperature of the outside air detected by the dew point detecting means, the heating operation is continued, and if it is higher, the heating operation is stopped. Therefore, the temperature in the freezer reaches a temperature at which dew condensation does not occur even when outside air enters, and at the same time, unnecessary heating operation does not continue.
（２） 上記（２）の構成にあっては（１）の構成の内
温検知手段に代えて冷凍庫の内壁温度を検知する壁温検
知手段を設けるので、上記（１）の作用に加え冷凍庫内
に侵入した外気が最も結露を生じやすい内壁の温度が外
気の露点温度以上に上昇することが保証され、一層確実
に結露の原因が排除される。(2) In the configuration of the above (2), a wall temperature detecting means for detecting the inner wall temperature of the freezer is provided instead of the internal temperature detecting means of the configuration of (1). It is guaranteed that the temperature of the inner wall where dew condensation is most likely to occur when outside air has entered the inside rises to a temperature equal to or higher than the dew point temperature of the outside air, and the cause of dew condensation is more reliably eliminated.
本発明の第１実施例を第１図により説明する。 A first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
第１図は本実施例の陸上輸送用冷凍装置の系統図で、
１はエンジン、２はエンジン１により駆動されるコンプ
レッサ、３は三方弁でソレノイド４によって駆動される
ことにより冷却運転と加熱運転とを切換える。５はコン
デンサ、６はコンデンサ５に外気を送風するファンでモ
ータ７によって駆動される。８は膨脹弁、９は冷凍庫10
内に配設されたエバポレータ、11はエバポレータ９に冷
凍庫10内空気を送風するファンでモータ12によって駆動
される。13は逆止弁、14は冷凍庫10内の温度を検知する
内温センサ、15は制御装置、16はエンジン１によって駆
動される発電機、17は発電機16によって充電されるバッ
テリでエンジン１の始動用、制御装置15の作動用等の電
源となる。冷却運転時、冷媒は実線矢印で示すようにコ
ンプレッサ２、三方弁３、コンデンサ５、膨脹弁８、エ
バポレータ９、逆止弁13をこの順に経てコンプレッサ２
に戻る。一方加熱運転時、冷媒は２点鎖線で示すように
コンプレッサ２、三方弁３、エバポレータ９、逆止弁13
をこの順に経てコンプレッサ２に戻る。内温センサ14の
出力は制御装置15に入力され、この制御装置15からの指
令によってエンジン１、ソレノイド４、モータ７、モー
タ12が制御される。FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a land transportation refrigeration system of the present embodiment,
1 is an engine, 2 is a compressor driven by the engine 1, and 3 is a three-way valve driven by a solenoid 4 to switch between a cooling operation and a heating operation. Reference numeral 5 denotes a condenser, and reference numeral 6 denotes a fan that blows outside air to the condenser 5 and is driven by a motor 7. 8 is an expansion valve, 9 is a freezer 10
An evaporator 11 disposed in the inside is driven by a motor 12 with a fan that blows air in the freezer 10 to the evaporator 9. 13 is a check valve, 14 is an internal temperature sensor for detecting the temperature in the freezer 10, 15 is a control device, 16 is a generator driven by the engine 1, and 17 is a battery charged by the generator 16 of the engine 1. It is a power source for starting, operating the control device 15, and the like. During the cooling operation, the refrigerant passes through the compressor 2, the three-way valve 3, the condenser 5, the expansion valve 8, the evaporator 9, and the check valve 13 in this order as indicated by the solid arrow.
Return to On the other hand, during the heating operation, the refrigerant flows through the compressor 2, the three-way valve 3, the evaporator 9, the check valve 13 as shown by the two-dot chain line.
And returns to the compressor 2 in this order. The output of the internal temperature sensor 14 is input to a control device 15, and the engine 1, the solenoid 4, the motor 7, and the motor 12 are controlled by a command from the control device 15.
上記制御装置15にはサーモスタット18、サーモスタッ
ト19が内蔵され、サーモスタット18は庫内温度Ｔがその
設定温度Tsに到達したときONとなり上限温度T1に到達し
たときOFFとなる。またサーモスタット19は庫内温度Ｔ
がその設定温度Tsに到達したときOFFとなり下限温度T2
に到達したときONとなる。Thermostat 18 to the control device 15, the thermostat 19 is built, the thermostat 18 is turned OFF when it reaches the ON and upper temperatures T 1 when the internal temperature T has reached its set temperature T s. The thermostat 19 has a temperature T
OFF next lower temperature T 2 when but which reached its set temperature T s
Turns ON when reaching.
而して負荷が冷却負荷であるときは吸熱運転が行わ
れ、負荷が加熱負荷であるときは放熱運転が行われる。
吸熱運転時、庫内温度Ｔがサーモスタット18の上限温度
T1に達すると出力手段20に入力され、この出力手段20か
らの指令により冷凍装置が冷却運転を開始する。この冷
却運転によって庫内温度Ｔが低下し設定温度Tsに到達し
たとき内温センサ14を経てサーモスタット18の信号が出
力手段20に入力され、この出力手段20からの指令により
冷却運転から加熱運転に切換えられる。このようにして
冷凍装置は冷却運転と加熱運転を交互に繰返しながら
（以下交互運転という）庫内温度Ｔを設定温度Tsの近傍
に維持している。Thus, when the load is a cooling load, an endothermic operation is performed, and when the load is a heating load, a heat dissipation operation is performed.
During the heat absorption operation, the internal temperature T is the upper limit temperature of the thermostat 18.
To reach T 1 is input to the output unit 20, the refrigeration apparatus starts a cooling operation by a command from the output unit 20. The signal of the cooling inside temperature T by operation through the internal temperature sensor 14 when it reaches the set temperature T s decreases the thermostat 18 is inputted to the output unit 20, the heating operation from the cooling operation by a command from the output unit 20 Is switched to In this way, the refrigeration system is maintained in the vicinity of the cooling operation and while repeating alternately heating operation (hereinafter alternate operation hereinafter) sets the in-compartment temperature T the temperature T s.
また負荷が加熱負荷のときは放熱運転が行われ、庫内
温度Ｔがサーモスタット19の下限温度T2に到達したとき
加熱運転が指定され、設定温度Tsに到達したとき加熱運
転から冷却運転に切換えられて上述した吸熱運転時の場
合と同様に交互運転が行なわれ庫内温度Ｔを設定温度Ts
の近傍に維持している。The load is performed radiating operation when the heating load, the heating operation when the interior temperature T reaches the lower limit temperature T 2 of the thermostat 19 is specified, the cooling operation from the heating operation when it reaches the set temperature T s The operation is switched and the alternating operation is performed in the same manner as in the above-described heat absorbing operation, and the internal temperature T is set to the set temperature T s.
In the vicinity.
次に図中の21は冷凍装置の加熱運転を開始させる加熱
指定手段で、この加熱指定手段21に入力するとこの信号
が出力手段20へ出力され、出力手段20からの指令により
冷凍装置が庫内温度Ｔを設定温度Tsに維持する交互運転
から加熱運転に切換えられたり、又は冷凍装置が運転停
止下にあるとき加熱運転を開始し、これによって庫内温
度Ｔが上昇される。Next, in the figure, reference numeral 21 denotes heating designation means for starting the heating operation of the refrigeration apparatus. When input to the heating designation means 21, this signal is output to the output means 20. or it is switched to heating operation from alternating operation for maintaining the temperature T to the set temperature T s, or refrigeration system starts heating operation when under shutdown, thereby the internal temperature T is raised.
また22は冷凍庫10の外気の温度を検知する外温セン
サ、23は外気の相対湿度を検知する外湿センサで、これ
ら外温センサ22及び外湿センサ23の信号は露点検出手段
24に入力され、ここで記憶手段25から入力されたデータ
に基づいて外気の露点温度が算定検出される。上記記憶
手段25には温度及び相対湿度と露点温度との関係を示す
湿り空気のデータが記憶されている。Reference numeral 22 denotes an outside temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the outside air of the freezer 10, and reference numeral 23 denotes an outside humidity sensor for detecting the relative humidity of the outside air. The signals of the outside temperature sensor 22 and the outside humidity sensor 23 correspond to dew point detecting means.
The dew point temperature of the outside air is calculated and detected based on the data input from the storage means 25. The storage means 25 stores humid air data indicating the relationship between the temperature and the relative humidity and the dew point temperature.
露点検出手段24で検出された露点温度は比較手段26に
入力され、ここで内温センサ14から入力された庫内温度
Ｔと比較される。この庫内温度Ｔが露点温度以上になっ
たとき出力手段20に入力され、出力手段20からの指令に
より冷凍装置の加熱運転を停止する。The dew point temperature detected by the dew point detecting means 24 is input to the comparing means 26, where it is compared with the internal temperature T input from the internal temperature sensor 14. When the in-compartment temperature T becomes equal to or higher than the dew point temperature, it is input to the output means 20 and the heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus is stopped according to a command from the output means 20.
而して、冷凍装置が運転されて庫内温度Ｔが外気温度
よりもかなり低い場合には、被冷凍物の荷降し作業の前
に加熱指定手段21に入力することによって強制的に加熱
運転が開始され、庫内温度Ｔが外気の露点温度以上にな
るまで加熱運転が継続される。この結果、冷凍庫10の内
壁温度も庫内温度Ｔの上昇に伴って上昇されるため被冷
凍物の荷降しの際に冷凍庫10が開放されて外気に曝され
た場合にも冷凍庫10の内壁において結露される水量は低
減されるのでドライ物を荷積みするまでの時間は短縮化
される。When the refrigerator is operated and the inside temperature T is considerably lower than the outside air temperature, the heating operation is forcibly performed by inputting to the heating designation means 21 before the unloading operation of the frozen object. Is started, and the heating operation is continued until the inside temperature T becomes equal to or higher than the dew point temperature of the outside air. As a result, the inner wall temperature of the freezer 10 is also increased in accordance with the rise of the internal temperature T. Therefore, even when the freezer 10 is opened when the object to be frozen is unloaded and exposed to the outside air, the inner wall temperature of the freezer 10 is also increased. In this case, the amount of water condensed is reduced, so that the time required for loading the dry matter is shortened.
次に本発明の第２実施例を第２図により説明する。な
お、第１実施例と同様の構成部材には同符号を付し、説
明を省略する。Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. The same components as those in the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
第２図は第２実施例の陸上輸送用冷凍装置の系統図
で、図において、30は冷凍庫10の内壁の温度を検知する
壁温センサで、この壁温センサ30の信号が制御装置31に
入力されて加熱運転が継続され、又は停止されるように
なっている。FIG. 2 is a system diagram of the refrigeration system for land transportation according to the second embodiment. In the figure, reference numeral 30 denotes a wall temperature sensor for detecting the temperature of the inner wall of the freezer 10, and a signal from the wall temperature sensor 30 is sent to the control device 31. The heating operation is input and the heating operation is continued or stopped.
即ち、加熱指定手段21に入力するとこの信号が制御装
置31の出力手段32へ出力され、出力手段32からの指令に
より冷凍装置が加熱運転を開始し、これによって冷凍庫
10の内部温度及び内壁温度が上昇される。この内壁温度
は壁温センサ30の信号として比較手段33に入力され、こ
こで露点検出手段24で検出された外気の露点温度と比較
される。内壁温度が露点温度に到達するまでは加熱運転
は継続され、一方内壁温度が露点温度以上になったとき
は出力手段32に入力され、出力手段32からの指令により
冷凍装置は加熱運転を停止する。従って被冷凍物の荷降
しの際に冷凍庫10内が外気に曝されてもその内壁におけ
る結露は防止される。That is, when the signal is input to the heating designating means 21, this signal is output to the output means 32 of the control device 31, and the refrigeration apparatus starts the heating operation in accordance with the command from the output means 32, and thereby the freezer
The internal temperature and the internal wall temperature of 10 are increased. The inner wall temperature is input to the comparing means 33 as a signal of the wall temperature sensor 30, and is compared with the dew point temperature of the outside air detected by the dew point detecting means 24 here. The heating operation is continued until the inner wall temperature reaches the dew point temperature.On the other hand, when the inner wall temperature becomes equal to or higher than the dew point temperature, the heating operation is input to the output means 32, and the refrigeration apparatus stops the heating operation by a command from the output means 32. . Therefore, even if the inside of the freezer 10 is exposed to outside air when unloading the frozen object, dew condensation on the inner wall thereof is prevented.
他の構成、作用は第１図に示す第１実施例と同様であ
る。Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
以上の通り、第１、第２実施例によれば冷凍庫内の温
度を内温センサよって、或は冷凍庫の内壁の温度を壁温
センサによって検出し、露点検出手段によって検出した
外気の露点温度と比較し、冷凍庫内温度、又は冷凍庫内
壁の温度が外気の露点温度より高まっている場合は出力
手段を通じて加熱運転を停止し、外気の露点温度より低
い場合は加熱指定手段を通じて加熱運転を行なうので、
荷降し作業の際、冷凍庫内に入った外気が結露を生じる
ことがなく、生じたとしても微量で、次なる荷積み作業
迄の時間が著しく短縮されるという利点がある。As described above, according to the first and second embodiments, the temperature in the freezer is detected by the internal temperature sensor, or the temperature of the inner wall of the freezer is detected by the wall temperature sensor. In comparison, if the temperature in the freezer or the temperature of the freezer inner wall is higher than the dew point temperature of the outside air, the heating operation is stopped through the output means, and if the temperature is lower than the dew point temperature of the outside air, the heating operation is performed through the heating designation means.
At the time of unloading work, there is an advantage that the outside air that has entered the freezer does not cause dew condensation, and if it does occur, the amount is very small and the time until the next loading operation is significantly reduced.
本発明は上記のように構成されるので次の効果を有す
る。The present invention has the following effects because it is configured as described above.
即ち、本発明では被冷凍物の荷降しの前に冷凍装置の
加熱運転を開始させることによって、冷凍庫内の温度も
しくは内壁温度を上昇させ、外気の露点温度以上にせし
めることができるため、被冷凍物の荷降しに際して、冷
凍庫の内壁での結露が制御もしくは防止されるので、ド
ライ物の荷積みまでの時間が短縮化される。That is, in the present invention, by starting the heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus before unloading the frozen object, the temperature in the freezer or the inner wall temperature can be raised to be higher than the dew point temperature of the outside air. When unloading the frozen product, dew condensation on the inner wall of the freezer is controlled or prevented, so that the time required for loading the dry product is reduced.
第１図は本発明の第１実施例に係る陸上輸送用冷凍装置
の系統図、第２図は本発明の第２実施例に係る陸上輸送
用冷凍装置の系統図である。 10……冷凍庫,14……内温センサ,15……制御装置,21…
…加熱指定手段,22……外温センサ,23……外湿センサ,2
4……露点検出手段,25……記憶手段,30……壁温センサ,
31……制御装置。FIG. 1 is a system diagram of a ground transportation refrigeration system according to a first embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a system diagram of a land transportation refrigeration system according to a second embodiment of the invention. 10 …… Freezer, 14 …… Inner temperature sensor, 15 …… Control device, 21…
... Heating designation means, 22 ... Outside temperature sensor, 23 ... Outside humidity sensor, 2
4 …… Dew point detection means, 25 …… Storage means, 30 …… Wall temperature sensor,
31 ... Control device.
Claims (2)
を検出する露点検出手段と、上記冷凍庫内の温度を検知
する内温検知手段と、冷凍装置の加熱運転を開始させる
加熱指定手段とを備え、該加熱指定手段に入力して開始
された冷凍装置の加熱運転を、上記内温検知手段で検知
された庫内温度が上記露点検出手段で検出された露点温
度以上になったとき停止させる制御装置とを具備してな
ることを特徴とする陸上輸送用冷凍装置。1. A dew point detecting means mounted on a vehicle for detecting a dew point temperature of the outside air of a freezer, an internal temperature detecting means for detecting a temperature in the freezer, and a heating designating means for starting a heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus. And stopping the heating operation of the refrigerating apparatus started by inputting to the heating designating means when the internal temperature detected by the internal temperature detecting means becomes equal to or higher than the dew point temperature detected by the dew point detecting means. A refrigeration unit for land transportation, comprising:
において、内温検知手段に代えて冷凍庫の内壁温度を検
出する壁温検知手段を具備してなることを特徴とする陸
上輸送用冷凍装置。2. A land transportation refrigeration system according to claim 1, further comprising wall temperature detection means for detecting the inner wall temperature of the freezer instead of the internal temperature detection means. For refrigeration equipment.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2260445A JP2706365B2 (en) | 1990-10-01 | 1990-10-01 | Land transportation refrigeration equipment |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2260445A JP2706365B2 (en) | 1990-10-01 | 1990-10-01 | Land transportation refrigeration equipment |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH04139369A JPH04139369A (en) | 1992-05-13 |
| JP2706365B2 true JP2706365B2 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
Family
ID=17348038
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2260445A Expired - Fee Related JP2706365B2 (en) | 1990-10-01 | 1990-10-01 | Land transportation refrigeration equipment |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2706365B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6980731B2 (en) * | 2019-09-03 | 2021-12-15 | 東プレ株式会社 | How to operate the refrigerating device and refrigerating device |
| CN116841336A (en) * | 2023-07-03 | 2023-10-03 | 江苏拓米洛高端装备股份有限公司 | Control method, device and system of test box and test box |
-
1990
- 1990-10-01 JP JP2260445A patent/JP2706365B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH04139369A (en) | 1992-05-13 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |