JP2570029Y2 - Water purification cartridge - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cartridge for water purification, and more particularly to a cartridge for water purification using two kinds of filtration materials.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Tap water used for drinking contains about 1 ppm of chlorine for sterilization. This chlorine presents a person drinking tap water with discomfort due to chlorine odor. In addition, during the drought period of the water source, a green odor, which cannot be removed by the ordinary water purification treatment at the water purification plant, remains in the tap water, giving more discomfort than chlorine.

[0003] In order to remove such chlorine and blue odors, for example, water purification using a water purification filter using an activated carbon fiber layer and hollow fibers as disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 3-51032 has been proposed. Vessels have been supplied and are becoming more widespread.

[0004]

The water purifying cartridge of a water purifier used in ordinary households is, for example, a combination of activated carbon and hollow fibers, which removes chlorine and blue odors with activated carbon. Suspended substances are removed by hollow fibers.

[0005] Such home water purifiers must have their cartridges compact so that they can be mounted directly on a tap. Therefore, various measures have been taken such as disposing the hollow fiber on the center side and disposing activated carbon on the outer peripheral side.

For example, hollow fibers are stored in a cylindrical case bent in a U-shape, and an inlet for raw water is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the inlet of the case is covered so as to cover the inlet for raw water. An activated carbon fiber layer is wound around the outer peripheral surface. According to such a structure, the raw water first passes through the activated carbon fiber layer in its thickness direction, enters the inside of the case through the inflow port, and is filtered through the wall surface of the hollow fiber.

However, when the activated carbon fiber layer is wound directly on the outer peripheral surface of the case, raw water can easily pass directly through the portion corresponding to the inlet of the activated carbon fiber layer, but the inlet is provided. In the activated carbon fiber layer wound around the outer periphery of the region where the raw water is not provided, the distance to the inflow port becomes longer, so that it becomes difficult for raw water to pass through. As a result, the raw water flows unevenly to the portion corresponding to the inflow port of the activated carbon fiber layer, which hinders effective use of the entire surface of the activated carbon fiber layer.

The present invention has been made in view of such a problem, and allows raw water to permeate and flow evenly in an activated carbon fiber layer wound around an outer peripheral surface of a case. It is an object of the present invention to provide a water purification cartridge in which the activated carbon fiber layer can be effectively used in the entire area.

[0009]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, a first filtering material is disposed in a case having an open end, and a plurality of inlets are formed on an outer peripheral surface of the case. ,
In addition, a second space is formed between the flanges at both ends in the axial direction of the case on the outer peripheral surface of the case where the inflow port is formed.
The case is accommodated in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and a gap between the outer peripheral surface of the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder is provided. Is a raw water passage, and the raw water introduced from the opening at one end of the outer cylinder passes through the second filtration material on the outer peripheral surface of the case,
Means for permeating the first filter material in the case, being discharged from an opening at one end of the case, and separating the second filter material from the outer surface of the case on the outer surface of the case. The present invention relates to a water purification cartridge characterized by comprising:

In a second aspect of the present invention, a hollow fiber is arranged in a U-shaped state in a case having an open end, and the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. While being fixed by an encapsulant in a state, one end of the case is closed by the encapsulant, and the case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and an outer peripheral side of the case. The gap between the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder is a raw water passage, and an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer in the thickness direction thereof. So that a plurality of inlets are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and raw water passing through the activated carbon fiber layer and introduced into the case through the inlet passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber. Into the hollow fiber, A water purifying cartridge, characterized in that a means for discharging the activated carbon fiber layer from the outer peripheral surface of the case is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case so as to be discharged through the open ends of both ends of the fiber. is there.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, a hollow fiber is arranged in a U-shaped state in a case having one end open, and both ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. While being fixed by an encapsulant in a state, one end of the case is closed by the encapsulant, and the case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and an outer peripheral side of the case. The gap between the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder is a raw water passage, and an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer in the thickness direction thereof. So that a plurality of inlets are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and raw water passing through the activated carbon fiber layer and introduced into the case through the inlet passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber. Into the hollow fiber, A coarse nonwoven fabric is wound around the outer peripheral surface of the case and between the flanges at both ends in the axial direction of the case, and the active fabric is wound on the coarse nonwoven fabric. The present invention relates to a water purification cartridge having a carbon fiber layer disposed thereon.

[0012]

According to the first aspect of the present invention, the raw water passes through the gap between the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder, passes through the second filtering material on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and forms on the outer peripheral surface of the case. The liquid enters the case through the inflow port, passes through the first filter medium in the case, and is discharged from the opening at one end of the case. Means are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case for separating the second filtering material from the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the second filtering material is arranged on the separating means. , Second
A gap is substantially formed between the filter material and the outer peripheral surface of the case by the above-mentioned separating means.
The filtration material is effectively filtered not only in the region corresponding to the inflow port but also in the region between the inflow port and the raw water.

According to the second invention, the raw water passes through the gap between the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder, passes through the activated carbon fiber layer on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case. The hollow fiber enters the case through the inflow port, passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber in the case, and is discharged from the opening at one end enclosed by the resin of the case through the open ends at both ends of the hollow fiber. Since the activated carbon fiber layer is wound around with a gap provided by means for separating from the outer peripheral surface of the case, the activated carbon fiber layer is formed not only in a region corresponding to the inlet but also in a region between the inlet. In this case, the raw water passes effectively.

According to the third invention, the raw water passes through the gap between the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder, passes through the activated carbon fiber layer on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case. The hollow fiber enters the case through the inflow port, passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber in the case, and is discharged from the opening at one end enclosed by the resin of the case through the open ends at both ends of the hollow fiber. A coarse nonwoven fabric is wound on the outer peripheral surface of the case and the entire length between the flanges at both ends, and the activated carbon fiber layer is arranged on the coarse nonwoven fabric. A gap is formed substantially by the coarse nonwoven fabric between the outer peripheral surface of the activated carbon fiber layer and the activated carbon fiber layer. Filtration is performed.

[0015]

1 to 4 show a water purifier using a water purifying cartridge according to an embodiment of the present invention. The water purifier includes a frame 10 having a valve chamber. An adapter ring 12 having a connection port 11 is provided at a connection portion of the frame 10 connected to a water tap. The adapter ring 12 is adapted to be tightened by a holding nut 13 as shown in FIG.

A packing 14 is arranged inside the presser nut 13 and the packing 14 is pressed against the tip of a water tap. A rotary valve 15 is provided inside the packing 14. The rotary valve 15 includes a support shaft 16 as shown in FIG.
A switching knob 17 is attached to the tip of the support shaft 16.

The rotary valve 15 is provided with a discharge port 20 on the outer peripheral side, and a lower passage 21 is formed below the rotary valve 15 so as to extend vertically. A raw water discharge port 22 is provided at the outlet side portion of the lower passage 21.
Is provided. A shower connection passage 28 is provided on the outer peripheral side of the lower passage 21, and a shower hole 29 is formed below the shower connection passage 28.

The housing of the rotary valve 15 is
It is connected to the discharge pipe 23 shown in FIG. The distal end of the discharge pipe 23 communicates with the raw water passage 24. The raw water passage 24 communicates with an annular passage 25, and the annular passage 25 communicates with a passage hole 26. The passage hole 26 is connected to a connection passage 27 with the cartridge 30.

The cartridge 30 detachably mounted on the upper part of the frame 10 in FIG. 1 has an outer cylinder 31 whose tip is closed. The case 32 is accommodated in the outer cylinder 31.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the case 32 has flanges 33 and 34 at both ends thereof.
Activated carbon fiber layer 35 and non-woven fabric 3
6 are wound alternately (see FIG. 6). The activated carbon fiber layer 35 is made of felt of activated carbon fibers. The activated carbon fiber layer 35 is manufactured from carbon fibers obtained by activating a polyacrylonitrile-based, cellulose-based, pitch-based, phenol-based, or other fiber as a raw material by a normal method. Such an activated carbon fiber layer is effective for adsorbing and removing organic substances and bactericide components in raw water, and has a function of adsorbing and removing chlorine and blue water in raw water.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 5, a slit-shaped inflow port 40 is provided on the outer peripheral portion of the case 32 of the cartridge 30.
Are formed. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, countless hollow fibers 41 are accommodated in the case 32 in a state of being bent in a U-shape. It is opened so as to face the portion and is fixed by the sealing resin 42. The hollow fiber 41 has a myriad of fine holes of 0.01 to 0.1 μm formed on its wall surface to remove turbidity components and bacteria in raw water.

Examples of such a hollow fiber include a fiber material made of a high molecular polymer such as cellulose, polyolefin, polysulfone, and polyvinyl alcohol.

In addition, the case 3
The opening at one end of 2 is closed. An O-ring 43 is mounted on the outer peripheral side of one end of the case 32 sealed with the resin 42, and the O-ring 43 seals at the time of connection (see FIG. 1).

A water purification discharge passage 44 is provided at the center of the cartridge 30 housing the case 32 therein, as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG.
When it is connected to zero, it is connected to the purified water discharge pipe 45. A float 4 is provided at the tip of the clean water discharge pipe 45.
6 is housed and is pressed upward by a spring 47 in FIG. The distal end side of the purified water discharge pipe 45 provided with the float 46 is bent in an L-shape as shown in FIG. 3 and constitutes a purified water discharge port 48.

Next, the operation of the water purifier according to the above configuration will be described. By connecting the connection port 11 of the frame 10 to a water tap by the adapter ring 12 and the holding nut 13, the water purifier can be attached to the water tap. When the switching knob 17 is rotated to the upper position in FIG. 4 in such a state, the raw water from the faucet taps the opening 18 of the rotary valve 15,
Raw water discharge port 22 through discharge port 20 and lower passage 21
Will be discharged directly from Therefore, in this case, the tap water is not purified at all, and
From the raw water discharge port 22.

Next, when the switching knob 17 is turned to the oblique position shown by the solid line in FIG. 4, the discharge port 20 of the rotary valve 15 is connected to the shower connection passage 2 outside the lower passage 21.
8 will be connected. Therefore, the tap water entering from the upper part is the opening 18 of the rotary valve 15 and the outlet 2
The shower unit 29 is discharged downward from the shower hole 29 of the shower unit through the shower connection passage 28 and the shower connection passage 28. That is, in this case, the tap water is discharged in a shower shape by the shower unit without being purified.

Next, when the switching knob 17 is switched to the horizontal position shown by the chain line in FIG. 4, the opening 18 of the rotary valve 15 is connected to the discharge pipe 23 shown in FIG. Therefore, the raw water from the tap is shown in FIG. 5 through the opening 18 of the rotary valve 15, the discharge pipe 23, the raw water passage 24, the annular passage 25, the passage hole 26, and the connection passage 27 as shown by arrows in FIG. It is introduced into the gap between the cartridge 30 and the case 32 on the outer peripheral side. After this, the raw water passes through the activated carbon fiber layer 35 wound around the outer peripheral surface of the case 32 in the thickness direction thereof, and is introduced into the case through the inlet 40 of the case 32.

Since the hollow fibers 41 are arranged in a U-shape in the case 32, the raw water introduced into the case 32 passes through the wall surfaces of the hollow fibers 41, and Break into Then, the air is discharged through the openings at both ends of the hollow fiber and fixed by the encapsulating resin 42, whereby the hollow fiber is purified.

The purified water thus obtained is discharged through the purified water discharge passage 44, the purified water discharge pipe 45, and the purified water discharge port 48. That is, purified water purified in the cartridge 30 of the water purifier is obtained through the purified water outlet 48. And the flow rate at this time is
7 is visually detected from the position of the float 46 which is moved in opposition to the float 7.

In the cartridge 30 of the water purifier for purifying tap water in this way, the inlet 4 of the case 32
Reference numeral 0 denotes the axial direction of the case 32 as shown in FIG. 5, which has the smallest opening ratio at the portion where the opening of the case 32 is provided, and has the largest opening ratio at the opposite side. By changing the aperture ratio in this manner, the water flow is sufficiently distributed also to the inner part of the case 32.

As described above, the cartridge 30 whose opening ratio is increased toward the far side as viewed from the side where water flows in is used, and the inflow port 40 is rectangular, has a length of 20 mm, and is constant. Yes, the width is variable from 1 to 5 mm. This cartridge 30 has a flow rate of 2 to 5 l /
That is, the thickness of the activated carbon fiber layer 35 wound around the outer peripheral portion between the flanges 33 and 34 of the case 32 is 7 mm.

In addition, the cartridge 30 has an outer cylinder 31
As shown in FIGS. 5 and 7, ridges 55 are formed in a lattice shape on a portion of the outer peripheral surface of the case 32 housed therein where the inlet 40 is not formed. The activated carbon fiber layer 35 wound on the outer peripheral surface of the case 32 and between the flanges 33 and 34 by such a ridge 55,
There is a gap between the case 32 and the outer peripheral surface.

Due to such a gap, raw water passes not only in a region corresponding to the portion of the activated carbon fiber layer 35 where the inlet 40 is formed but also in a region corresponding to the portion where the inlet 40 is not formed. I will be. That is, the flow of the raw water can be made more uniform, and the activated carbon fiber layer 35 can be effectively used over the entire area. Therefore, clogging of the activated carbon fiber layer 35 is prevented, and it becomes possible to stably purify raw water for a longer period.

FIG. 8 shows a cartridge 30 of a modified example. The cartridge 30 has a coarse net 56 wound around the outer peripheral surface of the case 32.
Even with such a rough net 56, it is possible to form a gap between the activated carbon fiber layer 35 and the outer peripheral surface of the case 32, and such a gap causes a portion where the inflow port 40 is not formed to be formed. Activated carbon fiber layer 35
Water can be evenly distributed in the inside, and the same operation and effect as in the above embodiment can be achieved.

FIG. 9 shows still another modification. In this modification, a coarse nonwoven fabric 57 is wound on the inner side without directly wrapping the activated carbon fiber layer 35 between the flanges 33 and 34 on the outer peripheral surface of the case 32, and the activated carbon fiber layer 35 is wound. Further, in this modification, the inflow port 40 on the outer peripheral surface of the case 32 is provided.
Are constant, and the aperture ratio is constant.

Since the coarse nonwoven fabric 57 has a function of forming a gap between the activated carbon fiber layer 35 and the case 32,
Such a coarse nonwoven fabric 57 enables more uniform fluidization of the water flow. Therefore, also in this modified example, it is possible to provide a water purification cartridge that can prevent clogging of the activated carbon fiber layer 35 and can be used stably for a longer period.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to one embodiment shown in the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment.
Various modifications are possible based on the technical concept of the present invention.
For example, in the above embodiment, a first filter made of hollow fibers 41 is provided in a case, and a second filter made of an activated carbon fiber layer 35 is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case. However, the present invention can be applied to a water purification cartridge in which various kinds of filtration materials are combined.

[0038]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, a first filtering material is disposed in a case having an opening at one end, and a plurality of inlets are formed on an outer peripheral surface of the case. Is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, between the flanges at both ends in the axial direction of the case, and the case has an outer cylinder open at one end and closed at the other end. And the gap between the outer peripheral surface of the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder is defined as a raw water passage, and the raw water introduced from the opening at one end of the outer cylinder is the second raw water on the outer peripheral surface of the case. Permeate through the filter material, further permeate through the first filter material in the case, and are discharged from the opening at one end of the case. Further, the second filter material is placed on the outer peripheral surface of the case. A means for separating the object from the object.

Therefore, according to such a configuration, in particular, the separating means provided between the second filtering material and the outer peripheral surface of the case substantially separates the second filtering material and the case from each other. In the region corresponding to the portion where the inlet of the case is not provided, the raw water flows into the second filtration material, and uniform distribution of the water flow is enabled. Become. Therefore, it is possible to perform the filtration by effectively utilizing almost the entire area of the second filtration material.

In the second invention, a hollow fiber is arranged in a U-shaped bent state in a case having one end opened, and the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. While being fixed by the encapsulant, one end of the case is closed by the encapsulant, and the case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and the outer peripheral side of the case and the outer cylinder The gap between the inner peripheral surface is a raw water passage, an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case,
The raw water flows so as to penetrate the activated carbon fiber layer in its thickness direction, a plurality of inlets are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer and is introduced into the case through the inlet. Penetrates into the hollow fiber through the wall surface of the hollow fiber and is discharged through the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber, and furthermore, the activated carbon fiber layer is separated from the outer peripheral surface of the case on the outer peripheral surface of the case. Means are provided.

Therefore, according to such a configuration, a gap is formed between the activated carbon fiber layer and the case, particularly by means of separating provided between the activated carbon fiber layer and the outer peripheral surface of the case. Such a gap allows raw water to flow in the activated carbon fiber layer in a region corresponding to a portion where the inflow port of the case is not provided, thereby enabling uniform distribution of the water flow. This makes it possible to perform the filtration while effectively utilizing almost the entire area of the activated carbon fiber layer.

In the third invention, a hollow fiber is arranged in a U-shaped state in a case having an open end, and the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. While being fixed by the encapsulant, one end of the case is closed by the encapsulant, and the case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and the outer peripheral side of the case and the outer cylinder The gap between the inner peripheral surface is a raw water passage, an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case,
The raw water flows so as to penetrate the activated carbon fiber layer in its thickness direction, a plurality of inlets are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer and is introduced into the case through the inlet. Penetrates into the hollow fiber through the wall surface of the hollow fiber and is discharged through the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber, and furthermore, on the outer peripheral surface of the case and between the flanges at both ends in the axial direction of the case. Is wound with a coarse nonwoven fabric over its entire length, and an activated carbon fiber layer is disposed on the coarse nonwoven fabric.

Therefore, according to such a configuration, a gap is substantially formed between the activated carbon fiber layer and the case, particularly by the coarse nonwoven fabric provided between the activated carbon fiber layer and the outer peripheral surface of the case. Such a gap allows raw water to flow in the activated carbon fiber layer in a region corresponding to a portion where the inflow port of the case is not provided, thereby enabling uniform distribution of the water flow. This makes it possible to perform the filtration while effectively utilizing almost the entire area of the activated carbon fiber layer.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the entire structure of a water purifier.

FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the entire structure of the water purifier.

FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view showing a water purifier outlet.

FIG. 4 is a side view showing the appearance of the case.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the cartridge.

FIG. 6 is an external perspective view of a case in which an activated carbon fiber layer and a nonwoven fabric are alternately wound.

FIG. 7 is an external perspective view of a case.

FIG. 8 is an external perspective view of a case according to a modification.

FIG. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a case of a modification.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Frame 11 Connection port 12 Adapter ring 13 Holding nut 14 Packing 15 Rotary valve 16 Support shaft 17 Switching knob 18 Opening 20 Drain 21 Lower passage 22 Raw water discharge 23 Drain pipe 24 Raw water passage 25 Annular passage 26 Through hole 27 Connection passage 28 Shower connection passage 29 Shower hole 30 Cartridge 31 Outer cylinder 32 Case 33, 34 Flange 35 Activated carbon fiber layer 36 Non-woven fabric 40 Inlet 41 Hollow fiber 42 Encapsulating resin 43 O-ring 44 Purified water discharge passage 45 Purified water discharge pipe 46 Float 47 Spring 48 Clean water outlet 55 Ridge 56 Coarse net 57 Coarse non-woven fabric

 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continuing on the front page (72) Inventor Toyohiko Takatsuki 1-20-5 Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka Inside Zojirushi Mahobin Co., Ltd. (72) Masahiro Yoshida 1-1-20 Tenma, Kita-ku, Osaka, Osaka No. 5 Zojirushi Mahobon Co., Ltd. (56) References JP-A 4-126799 (JP, U) JP-A 2-86688 (JP, U)

Claims (3)

(57) [Scope of request for utility model registration] A first case is provided in a case having an open end.
And a plurality of inlets are formed on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and on the outer peripheral surface of the case where the inflow ports are formed, at both ends in the axial direction of the case. A second filter material is disposed between the flanges, the case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and the outer peripheral surface of the case and the inner peripheral surface of the outer cylinder; The raw water introduced from the opening at one end of the outer cylinder passes through the second filtration material on the outer peripheral surface of the case, and further the first water in the case. Means for permeating the filter material and discharging from the opening at one end of the case, and further, means for separating the second filter material from the outer peripheral surface of the case are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case. Water purification cartridge. 2. A hollow fiber is arranged in a U-shaped bent state in a case having an open end, and an encapsulant is placed in a state in which both open ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. And one end of the case is closed by the encapsulating material. The case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and the outer periphery of the case is A gap between the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder is a raw water passage, and an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case,
The raw water flows so as to pass through the activated carbon fiber layer in the thickness direction thereof, and a plurality of inlets are formed on an outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer and passes through the inlet into the case. The raw water introduced into the hollow fiber passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber, enters the hollow fiber, and is discharged through the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber. A water purification cartridge, comprising means for separating the layer from the outer peripheral surface of the case. 3. A hollow fiber is disposed in a U-shaped bent state in a case having an open end, and an encapsulant is provided in a state in which both open ends of the hollow fiber face the opening of the case. And one end of the case is closed by the encapsulating material. The case is housed in an outer cylinder having one end opened and the other end closed, and the outer periphery of the case is A gap between the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder is a raw water passage, and an activated carbon fiber layer is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the case,
The raw water flows so as to pass through the activated carbon fiber layer in the thickness direction thereof, and a plurality of inlets are formed on an outer peripheral surface of the case, and the raw water permeates the activated carbon fiber layer and passes through the inlet into the case. The raw water introduced into the hollow fiber passes through the wall surface of the hollow fiber, enters the hollow fiber, and is discharged through the open ends of both ends of the hollow fiber. A coarse non-woven fabric is wound around the entire length between the flanges at both ends in the axial direction,
The cartridge for water purification, wherein the activated carbon fiber layer is disposed on the coarse nonwoven fabric.