JP2551848B2 - Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel - Google Patents

Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel

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Publication number
JP2551848B2
JP2551848B2 JP1191798A JP19179889A JP2551848B2 JP 2551848 B2 JP2551848 B2 JP 2551848B2 JP 1191798 A JP1191798 A JP 1191798A JP 19179889 A JP19179889 A JP 19179889A JP 2551848 B2 JP2551848 B2 JP 2551848B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
ferroelectric liquid
crystal panel
degrees
electrode substrates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP1191798A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0355517A (en
Inventor
信一 岡本
裕和 大野
政則 藤田
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Seiko Precision Inc
Original Assignee
Seiko Precision Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Seiko Precision Inc filed Critical Seiko Precision Inc
Priority to JP1191798A priority Critical patent/JP2551848B2/en
Priority to US07/554,234 priority patent/US5093742A/en
Priority to DE4022888A priority patent/DE4022888A1/en
Priority to GB9015996A priority patent/GB2237401B/en
Priority to KR1019900011256A priority patent/KR910003422A/en
Publication of JPH0355517A publication Critical patent/JPH0355517A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP2551848B2 publication Critical patent/JP2551848B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R23/00—Transducers other than those covered by groups H04R9/00 - H04R21/00
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
    • G02F1/141—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent using ferroelectric liquid crystals

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Piezo-Electric Transducers For Audible Bands (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 ［産業上の利用分野］ 本発明は、圧電素子として発音装置に利用できるとと
もに、表示素子として表示にも利用できる強誘電性液晶
パネルに関するものである。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel that can be used as a piezoelectric element in a sounding device and also as a display element for display.

［従来の技術］ 従来、表示用の強誘電性液晶パネルを製造する場合に
は、均一な配向状態を得るために、パネルを構成する上
下の電極基板に施す配向処理方向は、片方の電極基板の
配向処理方向に対して他方の電極基板の配向処理方向が
反平行（180度）となるようにラビングなどの配向処理
を施して、この両電極基板間に液晶を注入していた。[Prior Art] Conventionally, in the case of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel for display, in order to obtain a uniform alignment state, the alignment treatment direction applied to the upper and lower electrode substrates forming the panel is one electrode substrate. Alignment treatment such as rubbing was performed so that the orientation treatment direction of the other electrode substrate was anti-parallel (180 degrees) with respect to the orientation treatment direction, and liquid crystal was injected between the two electrode substrates.

上記構成の強誘電性液晶パネルは発音機能を有するこ
とが知られているが、上記両電極基板の配向処理方向の
なす角度が180度の場合、その機能は不十分で、両電極
基板の配向処理方向を90度前後にすることで十分な発音
機能を得ていた。しかしこのパネルは配向状態が悪く、
表示用としては利用できなかった。It is known that the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel with the above configuration has a sounding function, but when the angle formed by the alignment processing directions of the both electrode substrates is 180 degrees, the function is insufficient and the alignment of both electrode substrates A sufficient sounding function was obtained by setting the processing direction to around 90 degrees. However, this panel has a bad orientation,
It could not be used for display.

［解決しようとする課題］ このように、従来の強誘電性液晶パネルは、表示用と
発音用とを兼用することができず、目的に応じて各別に
製造しなければならないので、製造に手間がかかる問題
があった。[Problems to be Solved] As described above, the conventional ferroelectric liquid crystal panel cannot be used for both display and sound generation, and must be separately manufactured according to the purpose. There was a problem that takes.

そこで本発明の目的は、表示用にも発音用にも兼用で
きる強誘電性液晶パネルを提供することにある。Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel that can be used for both display and sound.

［問題点を解決するための手段］ 上記の目的を達成するために、本発明の特徴は、対向
する２枚の電極基板間に、相転移系列においてN*相が存
在する強誘電性液晶が封入される一方、ホモジニアス配
向される強誘電性液晶パネルにおいて、パネルの前面か
ら見た上記両電極基板の配向処理方向の示す捩れの方向
が、強誘電性液晶のN*相での液晶分子の捩れ方向と逆方
向であり、かつ両電極基板の配向処理方向のなす角度
を、110度以上150度以下としているところにある。[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to achieve the above object, a feature of the present invention is that a ferroelectric liquid crystal having an N * phase in a phase transition series exists between two opposing electrode substrates. On the other hand, in the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel that is homogeneously aligned while being enclosed, the twisting direction indicated by the alignment treatment direction of both the electrode substrates when viewed from the front surface of the panel is the direction of the liquid crystal molecules in the N * phase of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. It is opposite to the twisting direction, and the angle formed by the alignment treatment directions of both electrode substrates is 110 degrees or more and 150 degrees or less.

［実施例］ 本発明の一実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。[Embodiment] An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

第１図に示すように、２枚の電極基板1,2が所定間隙
をもって対向しており、この間隙内に強誘電性液晶３が
封止材４によって封止してある。電極基板1,2の対応面
には、駆動電極1a,2aと配向層1b,2bが形成されている。
電極基板１の前面および電極基板２の背面には、偏光板
5,6が設けてある。As shown in FIG. 1, two electrode substrates 1 and 2 are opposed to each other with a predetermined gap, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal 3 is sealed in the gap by a sealing material 4. Driving electrodes 1a, 2a and alignment layers 1b, 2b are formed on the corresponding surfaces of the electrode substrates 1, 2.
Polarizing plates are provided on the front surface of the electrode substrate 1 and the back surface of the electrode substrate 2.
There are 5 and 6.

封入される強誘電性液晶３は、その相転移系列におい
てカイラルネマティック（N*）相（コレステリック（C
h）相）が存在する材料が選ばれる。The encapsulated ferroelectric liquid crystal 3 has a chiral nematic (N * ) phase (cholesteric (C
The material in which h) is present is selected.

また配向層1b,2bは、ポリイミド膜をスピンコートし
た後でベーキングし、これをラビング法などにより配向
してホモジニアス配向処理を行ったものである。いまN*
相での液晶分子の捩れ方向が右捩れである強誘電性液晶
３を使用した場合における電極基板1,2の配向処理の方
向について説明する。第２図に示すように、電極基板１
の前面から見て、電極基板１は矢印ａ方向に、電極基板
２は矢印ｂ方向にそれぞれ配向処理されている。矢印ａ
とｂとのなす角度は、第３図に示すように、110度以上1
50度以下となるようにしてある。すなわち、この矢印ａ
方向及びｂ方向の配向処理により、両電極基板1,2の配
向処理方向の示す捩れの方向は、左捩れ方向の配向処理
となり、封入されている強誘電性液晶３の液晶分子の上
記した右捩れ方向とは、逆方向に配向処理されたことに
なる。この配向処理によって、封入された強誘電性液晶
３の液晶分子は、N*相において、30度以上70度以下の角
度で電極基板１側から電極基板２側へ右捩れ配向する。
そしてこの効果により強誘電性液晶を示すSmC*相まで温
度を下げたとき、表示に適した均一な配向が得られるの
である。なおN*相での捩れのピッチは、電極基板1,2間
の間隙に対して充分に長いものである。The orientation layers 1b and 2b are obtained by spin-coating a polyimide film, baking it, and then orienting the polyimide film by a rubbing method or the like to perform a homogeneous orientation treatment. Now N *
The direction of the alignment treatment of the electrode substrates 1 and 2 when the ferroelectric liquid crystal 3 in which the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules in the phase is right twist will be described. As shown in FIG. 2, the electrode substrate 1
The electrode substrate 1 and the electrode substrate 2 are oriented in the arrow a direction and the arrow b direction, respectively, as viewed from the front surface of the. Arrow a
The angle between b and 110 is 110 degrees or more 1
It is set to 50 degrees or less. That is, this arrow a
By the alignment treatment in the direction b and the direction b, the twisting direction indicated by the alignment treatment direction of both electrode substrates 1 and 2 becomes the alignment treatment in the left twist direction, and the above-mentioned right of the enclosed liquid crystal molecules of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 3 is described. Orientation processing is performed in the opposite direction to the twist direction. By this alignment treatment, the enclosed liquid crystal molecules of the ferroelectric liquid crystal 3 are right-twisted and aligned in the N * phase from the electrode substrate 1 side to the electrode substrate 2 side at an angle of 30 degrees or more and 70 degrees or less.
Due to this effect, when the temperature is lowered to the SmC * phase showing the ferroelectric liquid crystal, uniform alignment suitable for display can be obtained. The twist pitch in the N * phase is sufficiently long with respect to the gap between the electrode substrates 1 and 2.

第４図は市販の強誘電性液晶ZLI−3774（メルク社
製）を用いて、配向処理方向のなす角を130度として構
成した本発明の強誘電性液晶パネルと、表示用として用
いられていた反平行の配向処理を施した従来の強誘電性
液晶パネルとの圧電特性を、各周波数での音圧により超
過した測定結果を示している。横軸は各パネルの電極間
に印加される交流電圧の駆動周波数であり、20Hz〜20KH
zの範囲で測定を行なった。縦軸は音圧（dB）であり、
電極の上方約15mmの位置で、マイクロフォンにより音圧
を測定し、本発明の強誘電性液晶パネルについて測定し
た音圧特性Ａと、従来のパネルについて測定した音圧特
性Ｂとを得た。このグラフから明らかなように、本発明
のものは十分に音圧レベルが高いが、従来のものは本発
明に比して音圧レベルが低く、発音用としては適さない
ことが分る。FIG. 4 shows a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel of the present invention in which a commercially available ferroelectric liquid crystal ZLI-3774 (manufactured by Merck & Co., Inc.) is used, and the angle formed by the alignment treatment direction is set to 130 degrees, and is used for display. The measurement results show that the piezoelectric characteristics of the conventional ferroelectric liquid crystal panel subjected to the antiparallel alignment treatment are exceeded by the sound pressure at each frequency. The horizontal axis is the drive frequency of the AC voltage applied between the electrodes of each panel, 20Hz-20KH
The measurement was performed in the range of z. The vertical axis is the sound pressure (dB),
Sound pressure was measured with a microphone at a position approximately 15 mm above the electrodes, and sound pressure characteristics A measured for the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel of the present invention and sound pressure characteristics B measured for the conventional panel were obtained. As is clear from this graph, the sound pressure level of the present invention is sufficiently high, but the sound pressure level of the conventional one is lower than that of the present invention, and it is understood that it is not suitable for sound generation.

第５図は、本発明者らが従来発音用に用いていたの10
0度配向の強誘電性液晶パネルについて、上記と同様の
方法で測定した音圧特性Ｃを示している。このグラフか
ら、本発明の強誘電性液晶パネルは、発音専有の強誘電
性液晶パネルとほぼ同等の音圧特性を発揮していること
が理解できる。FIG. 5 shows that the present inventors have previously used for pronunciation.
A sound pressure characteristic C measured by a method similar to the above is shown for a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel oriented at 0 degrees. From this graph, it can be understood that the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel of the present invention exhibits substantially the same sound pressure characteristics as the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel dedicated to sound generation.

第６図および第７図は、強誘電性液晶パネルの配向面
の状態を示す偏光顕微鏡写真（倍率＝50倍）であって、
第６図は配向角度を130度とした本発明の強誘電性液晶
パネルであり、第７図は発音用として用いられていた配
向角度が100度の従来の強誘電性液晶パネルである。こ
の２枚の顕微鏡写真から、本発明のものは、配向むらが
なく均一で良好な配向状態が維持されているのに対し、
従来のものは、筋状の欠陥が多数見え、配向状態が崩れ
ていることが理解できる。このことから、従来のものは
発音用として使用できたとしても表示用には適さないこ
とが分る。これに対し本発明のものは、発音用にも表示
用にも適しているものである。FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are polarization micrographs (magnification = 50 times) showing the state of the alignment surface of the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel.
FIG. 6 shows a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel of the present invention having an orientation angle of 130 degrees, and FIG. 7 shows a conventional ferroelectric liquid crystal panel having an orientation angle of 100 degrees used for sound generation. From these two micrographs, the one of the present invention has a uniform and good alignment state without alignment unevenness, whereas
It can be understood that many stripe defects can be seen and the alignment state is broken in the conventional device. From this, it is understood that the conventional one is not suitable for display even if it can be used for sounding. On the other hand, the present invention is suitable for both pronunciation and display.

なお、配向角度は小さすぎると配向が乱れるので110
度以上が望ましく、大きすぎると音圧が低くなるので15
0度以下が望ましい。If the orientation angle is too small, the orientation will be disturbed.
15 degrees or more is desirable, and if it is too high, the sound pressure will decrease.
0 degrees or less is desirable.

［効果］ 以上の構成を有する本発明の強誘電性液晶パネルは、
表示用としても配向のむらがなく良好な均一な表示が可
能であり、また発音用としても十分な音圧が得られるか
ら、表示用および発音用に兼用できる強誘電性液晶パネ
ルを提供することができる。[Effect] The ferroelectric liquid crystal panel of the present invention having the above configuration
It is possible to provide a ferroelectric liquid crystal panel that can be used both for display and for sound generation, because it is possible to perform good uniform display without unevenness of orientation even for display, and obtain sufficient sound pressure for sound generation. it can.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief description of drawings]

図面は本発明の一実施例を示すもので、第１図は断面
図、第２図は両電極基板の配向処理方向を示す斜視図、
第３図は配向処理方向のなす角の説明図、第４図は本発
明および従来の表示用の強誘電性液晶パネルの圧電特性
を比較して示す特性図、第５図は従来の発音用の強誘電
性液晶パネルの圧電特性を示す特性図、第６図および第
７図は本発明および従来の発音用の強誘電性液晶パネル
の配向層の構造を示すそれぞれの偏光顕微鏡写真であ
る。 1,2……電極基板、1a,2a……電極、1b,2b……配向層、
３……強誘電性液晶、a,b……配向処理方向。The drawings show an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view, FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the alignment treatment directions of both electrode substrates,
FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of the angle formed by the alignment treatment direction, FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the piezoelectric characteristics of the present invention and the conventional ferroelectric liquid crystal panel for display in comparison, and FIG. FIGS. 6 and 7 are polarization micrographs showing the structure of the alignment layer of the ferroelectric liquid crystal panel for sound production of the present invention and FIGS. 6 and 7, respectively. 1,2 …… electrode substrate, 1a, 2a …… electrode, 1b, 2b …… alignment layer,
3 ... Ferroelectric liquid crystal, a, b ... Orientation processing direction.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 昭62−56932（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭62−18522（ＪＰ，Ａ) 特開 昭62−131697（ＪＰ，Ａ) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (56) Reference JP 62-56932 (JP, A) JP 62-18522 (JP, A) JP 62-131697 (JP, A)

Claims (1)

(57)【特許請求の範囲】(57) [Claims] 【請求項１】対向する２枚の電極基板間に、相転移系列
においてN*相が存在する強誘電性液晶が封入される一
方、ホモジニアス配向される強誘電性液晶パネルにおい
て、 上記パネルの前面から見た上記両電極基板の配向処理方
向の示す捩れの方向が、上記強誘電性液晶のN*相での液
晶分子の捩れ方向と逆方向であり、 かつ上記両電極基板の配向処理方向のなす角度を、110
度以上150度以下とした ことを特徴とする強誘電性液晶パネル。1. A ferroelectric liquid crystal panel in which a ferroelectric liquid crystal having an N * phase in a phase transition series is sealed between two opposing electrode substrates, while a homogeneously oriented ferroelectric liquid crystal panel is provided. The direction of the twist shown by the alignment treatment direction of both electrode substrates is opposite to the twist direction of the liquid crystal molecules in the N * phase of the ferroelectric liquid crystal, and the direction of the alignment treatment of both electrode substrates is The angle to make is 110
A ferroelectric liquid crystal panel characterized by having a temperature of not less than 150 degrees and not more than 150 degrees.
JP1191798A 1989-07-25 1989-07-25 Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel Expired - Lifetime JP2551848B2 (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1191798A JP2551848B2 (en) 1989-07-25 1989-07-25 Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel
US07/554,234 US5093742A (en) 1989-07-25 1990-07-17 Ferro-electric liquid-crystal panel having a chiral-nematic mesophase in a phase translation system
DE4022888A DE4022888A1 (en) 1989-07-25 1990-07-18 FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTAL PANEL
GB9015996A GB2237401B (en) 1989-07-25 1990-07-20 Ferroelectric liquid crystal device
KR1019900011256A KR910003422A (en) 1989-07-25 1990-07-24 Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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JP1191798A JP2551848B2 (en) 1989-07-25 1989-07-25 Ferroelectric liquid crystal panel

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JPH0355517A JPH0355517A (en) 1991-03-11
JP2551848B2 true JP2551848B2 (en) 1996-11-06

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KR (1) KR910003422A (en)
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JPH07287232A (en) * 1994-04-18 1995-10-31 Fujitsu Ltd Liquid crystal display device, and its manufacture and driving method
US5888420A (en) * 1994-06-13 1999-03-30 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Liquid crystal device and process for preparing the same
JPH0862604A (en) * 1994-06-13 1996-03-08 Mitsui Petrochem Ind Ltd Liquid crystal element and its production
KR970007426A (en) * 1995-07-20 1997-02-21 윤종용 Ferroelectric Nematic Liquid Crystal Display
KR100695304B1 (en) * 2000-11-14 2007-03-14 삼성전자주식회사 ferroelectric liquid crystal display and manufacturing method thereof

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JPH0355517A (en) 1991-03-11
KR910003422A (en) 1991-02-27
GB2237401B (en) 1994-02-16
GB2237401A (en) 1991-05-01
DE4022888A1 (en) 1991-02-07
GB9015996D0 (en) 1990-09-05
DE4022888C2 (en) 1992-10-15
US5093742A (en) 1992-03-03

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