JP2024016632A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which can suppress short-term variation of a bright part potential, under a high temperature and high humidity environment.SOLUTION: An electrophotographic photoreceptor has a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer formed right above the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by a specific formula, a surface of the support is formed of Al or an Al alloy, the surface of the support in a surface direction of an aggregate structure of Al on the support surface is composed of crystal grains of Al having (α) a surface in {001} orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° and (β) a surface in {101} orientation of -15° or more and less than +15°, a ratio of an area occupied by the crystal grains of the Al having the (β) to a total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and an area occupied by the crystal grains of the Al having the (α) exceeds 10%.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

In recent years, users of electrophotographic devices have become more diverse, and output images are required to have higher image quality than ever before.

Patent Document 1 describes an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which an undercoat layer disposed on a conductive substrate contains a specific perinone compound and polyurethane, as a technique for improving charge retention of the photoreceptor. There is.

Patent Document 2 describes an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing a specific perinone compound and a specific acceptor compound as a technique for suppressing a decrease in photosensitivity of the photoreceptor that occurs when images are repeatedly formed. There is.

JP2020-46640A JP2020-46641A

According to the studies conducted by the present inventors, the electrophotographic photoreceptors described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 have room for improvement in potential fluctuations after being placed in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, particularly bright area potential fluctuations during short-term use. I found out something.

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that can highly suppress fluctuations in bright area potential during short-term use after being placed in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment.

式（Ａ１）及び式（Ａ２）中、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６、Ｒ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０は、それぞれ独立に、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基、水素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ハロゲン原子、アルコキシカルボニル基、置換若しくは無置換のアルキル基、置換若しくは無置換のアリール基、又は置換もしくは無置換の複素環基を示す。ただし、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６の少なくとも１つ、及びＲ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０の少なくとも１つは、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基である。該アルキル基のＣＨ_２の１つはＯ又はＳで置換されていてもよい、あるいは該アルキル基のＣＨの１つはＮで置換されていてもよい。該置換のアルキル基の置換基は、アリール基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ハロゲン原子、及びヒドロキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。該置換のアリール基及び該置換の複素環基の置換基は、ハロゲン原子、ニトロ基、シアノ基、アルキル基、ハロゲン基置換アルキル基、及びアルコキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。

式（Ｂ）中、ａ、ｂ、及びｃの少なくとも１つは、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有する。ｌ及びｍは、それぞれ独立に、０又は１であり、ｌとｍの和は、０以上２以下である。
ａは、主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、炭素数１～６のアルキル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、ベンジル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、アルコシキカルボニル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、又はフェニル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基を示し、これらのアルキレン基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。これらのアルキレン基の主鎖中のＣＨ_２の１つはＯ又はＳで置換されていてもよい、あるいはこれらのアルキレン基の主鎖中のＣＨの１つはＮで置換されていいてもよい。
ｂは、フェニレン基、炭素数１～６のアルキル基置換フェニレン基、ニトロ基置換フェニレン基、ハロゲン基置換フェニレン基、又はアルコキシ基置換フェニレン基を示し、これらのフェニレン基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。
ｃは、水素原子、カルボキシ基、主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキル基、又は炭素数１～５のアルキル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキル基を示し、これらのアルキル基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。 The above object is achieved by the present invention as follows. That is, an electrophotographic photoreceptor according to one embodiment of the present invention is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer formed directly on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. A photoreceptor,
The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by the following formula (A1) and/or a compound represented by the following formula (A2),
The surface of the support is made of Al and/or an Al alloy,
The surface of the support in the surface direction of the Al texture on the support surface is:
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°; (β) {101} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°;
The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (α) exceeds 10%. It is characterized by

In formulas (A1) and (A2), R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ each independently represent a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B), a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, It represents a halogen atom, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. However, at least one of R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and at least one of R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ are monovalent groups represented by the following formula (B). One of the CH ₂ of the alkyl group may be substituted with O or S, or one of the CH 2 of the alkyl group may be substituted with N. The substituent of the substituted alkyl group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, and a hydroxy group. The substituent of the substituted aryl group and the substituted heterocyclic group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an alkyl group, a halogen group-substituted alkyl group, and an alkoxy group. It is.

In formula (B), at least one of a, b, and c has at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group. l and m are each independently 0 or 1, and the sum of l and m is 0 or more and 2 or less.
a is an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a benzyl group; An alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkoxycarbonyl group, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a phenyl group These alkylene groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. One of the CH ₂ in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with O or S, or one of the CH 2 in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with N.
b represents a phenylene group, a phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenylene group substituted with a nitro group, a phenylene group substituted with a halogen group, or a phenylene group substituted with an alkoxy group; may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group.
c represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxy group, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; These alkyl groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent.

Further, a process cartridge according to another aspect of the present invention integrally supports the electrophotographic photoreceptor and at least one means selected from the group consisting of charging means, developing means, and cleaning means, and It is characterized by being detachable from the main body of the photographic device.

Further, an electrophotographic apparatus according to still another aspect of the present invention is characterized by having the above-mentioned electrophotographic photoreceptor, charging means, exposure means, developing means, and transfer means.

According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor that can highly suppress fluctuations in bright area potential during short-term use after being placed in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the distribution of Al crystal grains. It is a figure which shows the measurement position of the Al crystal grain on the surface of a support body. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge equipped with an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail by citing preferred embodiments.
The present inventors investigated and found that in the techniques described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, when an electrophotographic photoreceptor is placed in a high temperature and high humidity environment, the characteristics of Al or Al alloy crystals of the support In some cases, moisture was attracted to the support. For this reason, electrons may remain in the subbing layer directly above the support. In the case of an undercoat layer containing an electron-transporting compound, the injection of holes from the support into the undercoat layer is extremely small, and it is difficult to remove the stagnant electrons, so repeated use may lead to an increase in bright area potential. It turns out that there is a possibility that

In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems that occurred in the prior art, the present inventors investigated the crystal orientation of the surface of an aluminum support.

As a result of the above studies, it has been found that the above technical problems can be solved by using the following electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention.

式（Ａ１）及び式（Ａ２）中、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６、Ｒ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０は、それぞれ独立に、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基、水素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ハロゲン原子、アルコキシカルボニル基、置換若しくは無置換のアルキル基、置換若しくは無置換のアリール基、又は置換若しくは無置換の複素環基を示す。ただし、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６の少なくとも１つ、及びＲ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０の少なくとも１つは、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基である。該アルキル基のＣＨ_２の１つはＯ又はＳで置換されていてもよい、あるいは該アルキル基のＣＨの１つはＮで置換されていてもよい。該置換のアルキル基の置換基は、アリール基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ハロゲン原子、及びヒドロキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。該置換のアリール基及び該置換の複素環基の置換基は、ハロゲン原子、ニトロ基、シアノ基、アルキル基、ハロゲン基置換アルキル基、及びアルコキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。 That is, the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention is an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer formed directly on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. There it is,
The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by the following formula (A1) and/or a compound represented by the following formula (A2),
The surface of the support is made of Al and/or an Al alloy,
The surface of the support in the surface direction of the Al texture on the support surface is:
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°; (β) {101} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°;
The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (α) exceeds 10%. It is characterized by

In formulas (A1) and (A2), R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ each independently represent a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B), a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, It represents a halogen atom, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group. However, at least one of R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and at least one of R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ are monovalent groups represented by the following formula (B). One of the CH ₂ of the alkyl group may be substituted with O or S, or one of the CH 2 of the alkyl group may be substituted with N. The substituent of the substituted alkyl group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, and a hydroxy group. The substituent of the substituted aryl group and the substituted heterocyclic group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an alkyl group, a halogen group-substituted alkyl group, and an alkoxy group. It is.

式（Ｂ）中、ａ、ｂ、及びｃの少なくとも１つは、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有する。ｌ及びｍは、それぞれ独立に、０又は１であり、ｌとｍの和は、０以上２以下である。

In formula (B), at least one of a, b, and c has at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group. l and m are each independently 0 or 1, and the sum of l and m is 0 or more and 2 or less.

a is an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a benzyl group; An alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkoxycarbonyl group, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a phenyl group. These alkylene groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. One of the CH ₂ in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with O or S, or one of the CH 2 in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with N.

b represents a phenylene group, a phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenylene group substituted with a nitro group, a phenylene group substituted with a halogen group, or a phenylene group substituted with an alkoxy group; may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group.

c represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxy group, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; These alkyl groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent.

Regarding a and b, the main chain refers to a chain having the minimum number of carbon atoms extending from the carbon or nitrogen atom of the skeleton structure of the above formula (A1) or the above formula (A2) to c. Regarding c, the main chain refers to the chain having the maximum number of carbon atoms from the atom bonded to a or b to the terminal. Note that the alkylene group having a main chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms for a and the alkyl group having 1 to 6 main chain carbon atoms for c are a linear alkylene group and a linear alkyl group, respectively, The alkyl group that may be included as a substituent becomes a side chain bonded to the above linear chain.

The present inventors think as follows about the mechanism by which the above-mentioned technical problems in the prior art can be solved by the configuration of the present invention.

The crystal orientation of aluminum can be roughly divided into three types: {101} orientation, {001} orientation, and {111} orientation. As described in "Koberunikusu ([No. 28] Vol. 14 2005.OCT)", normally, as shown in (a) of Figure 1, crystal grains with each crystal orientation are Randomly distributed.

In the present invention, regarding crystal grains having the above three crystal orientations,
(α) {001} Surface with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° (β) {101} Surface with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° (γ) {111} Surface with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° do. For example, (α), that is, a plane with a {001} orientation of -15° or more and less than +15°, refers to a crystal plane that has a variation of -15° or more and less than +15° from the {001} plane in an Al crystal. Point. Similarly, (β) is a crystal plane with a variation of -15° or more and less than +15° from the {101} plane in an Al crystal, and (γ) is a -15 degree plane from the {111} plane in an Al crystal. Refers to crystal planes with surface variations of at least 15 degrees and less than +15 degrees.

The present inventors conjecture that the hydrophilicity of crystal grains differs depending on the crystal orientation. Specifically, crystal grains with (β) {101} orientation -15° or more and less than +15° are crystal grains that have (γ) {111} orientation -15° or more and less than +15°, and ( The present inventors estimate that α) {001} has higher hydrophilicity than crystal grains having faces of -15° or more and less than +15°.

In the conventional aluminum support, since crystal grains with three types of crystal orientation exist randomly, it is considered that the hydrophilicity tends to be high due to the contribution of the crystal grains having (β). Therefore, it is thought that the photoreceptor surface easily attracts moisture, and this moisture causes electrons to stagnate in the undercoat layer directly above the support, causing the bright area potential of the photoreceptor surface to fluctuate. In particular, in the case of an undercoat layer containing an electron-transporting material, the injection of holes from the support is extremely small due to its characteristics, and it is thought that the above-mentioned influence was significant.

Therefore, in the present invention, on the surface of the aluminum support, for example, as shown in FIGS. Form a support in a reduced state. This makes it difficult for moisture to be attracted to the surface of the aluminum support and for electrons to remain in the undercoat layer directly above it, making it possible to reduce fluctuations in bright area potential on the photoreceptor surface. Conceivable.

The reason why the hydrophilicity of crystal grains differs depending on the crystal orientation is considered as follows.
The surface free energy of aluminum crystals differs depending on its orientation. In descending order of surface free energy, the order is crystal grains having (β), crystal grains having (α), and crystal grains having (γ). It is believed that this difference in surface free energy causes differences in hydrophilicity. Therefore, it can be predicted that the crystal grains having (β) have the highest hydrophilicity based on the magnitude of the surface free energy.

On the other hand, the present inventors have found that the ease with which electrons flow through crystal grains differs depending on the crystal orientation, and that crystal grains with (γ){111} orientations of −15° or more and less than +15° have slip planes in aluminum crystals. Therefore, it is presumed that it is difficult for electrons to flow in these grains compared to crystal grains having faces with an (α){001} orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°.

Therefore, the surface of the aluminum support is formed in a state rich in crystal grains having planes with an (α) {001} orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°, which is presumed to facilitate the flow of electrons. This allows electrons to flow smoothly through the aluminum support, making it difficult for electrons to stagnate in the undercoat layer directly above it, making it possible to further reduce fluctuations in bright area potential on the photoreceptor surface. It is thought that

Based on this idea, the present inventors have discovered that the above technical problem can be solved as follows. In other words, on the surface of the aluminum support, the proportion of crystal grains with large surface free energy and the highest hydrophilicity (β) is reduced, and the proportion of crystal grains with (α) and crystal grains with (γ) is reduced. Among them, the proportion of crystal grains having (α), which is estimated to allow electrons to flow easily, is increased.

Hereinafter, the structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention will be explained in more detail.
[Electrophotographic photoreceptor]
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention has a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer, and a photosensitive layer.
A method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention includes a method of preparing a coating solution for each layer, which will be described later, and coating the layers in desired order, followed by drying. At this time, examples of methods for applying the coating liquid include dip coating, spray coating, inkjet coating, roll coating, die coating, blade coating, curtain coating, wire bar coating, and ring coating. Among these, dip coating is preferred from the viewpoint of efficiency and productivity.
The support and each layer will be explained below.

<Support>
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention has a cylindrical support, and the surface of the support is made of at least one selected from Al and an Al alloy. Further, the surface of the support may be subjected to hot water treatment, blasting treatment, cutting treatment, or the like.

(1) Crystal Orientation In the present invention, the notation of the crystal orientation of Al in the surface direction of the support surface, for example, the plane of {001} orientation, is the crystal plane of Al expressed by the Miller index. In other words, the {001}-oriented plane is a comprehensive set of Miller indices indicating any of the crystal lattice planes (001), (010), (100), (00-1), (0-10), and (-100). It is an expression.

In the present invention, the surface of the support is
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° (β) {101} faces with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15°.

Further, the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having α) is more than 10%, preferably 11% or more.

From the viewpoint of increasing the surface area through which electrons can easily flow, it is more preferable that the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (α) to the total area of the surface of the support is 50% or more. In particular, the effects of the present invention can be better obtained when the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (α) is 75% or more.

Furthermore, from the viewpoint of reducing the number of highly hydrophilic surfaces, it is preferable that the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 5% or less.

(Method for measuring crystal orientation of Al crystal grains on the surface of a support)
In the present invention, the crystal orientation of Al crystal grains on the surface of the support can be measured, for example, as follows.
First, the surface of the support is buffed and treated with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and the crystal orientation of Al crystal grains is measured at points within 20 μm from the surface of the support before treatment. The crystal orientation is preferably measured by the SEM-EBSP method.
For measurements using the SEM-EBSP method, an FE-SEM (Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy) equipped with an EBSP (Electron Back Scatter Diffraction Pattern) detector was used. croscope). Here, the SEM-EBSP method is a method to determine the crystal orientation at the electron beam incident position by analyzing the Kikuchi pattern obtained from the reflected electrons generated when the electron beam is incident on the surface of the specimen. It is a method that can be done. Furthermore, the Kikuchi pattern refers to a pattern that appears behind an electron diffraction image in the form of a pair of black and white parallel lines, a band shape, or an array shape when an electron beam that hits a crystal is scattered and diffracted.
As the FE-SEM equipped with an EBSP detector, for example, a field emission scanning electron microscope (trade name: JSM-6500F, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) can be used.

(2) Area of Al crystal grains on the surface of the support In the present invention, the surface of the support is
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15° (β) {101} faces with an orientation of -15° or more and less than +15°. Further, the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having α) exceeds 10%, and is 11% or more.

The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having each of the above crystal orientations can be determined as follows.
As shown in Fig. 2, first, 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8, and 7/8 of the total length in the axial direction from either end of the support body. Decide on position. Furthermore, each position is divided into four parts by 90° in the circumferential direction. At each of the 28 points where the axial parting line and the circumferential parting line intersect, a 100 μm square area was set so that the intersection of the axial parting line and the circumferential parting line was the center, and the above SEM-EBSP The crystal orientation is measured using the method. Next, for Al crystal grains having (α), (β), and (γ) crystal orientations, the area occupied by each orientation is calculated, and the obtained value is divided by 10000 ^μm2 . The ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having each crystal orientation in the region is determined. Finally, the average value of the respective values obtained from the 28 regions is determined as the ratio of the area occupied by (α), (β), and (γ) of the support.

The area occupied by Al crystal grains having each crystal orientation can be calculated using the attached software, or for example, by using the orientation obtained by measurement and the hue h of the HSV color space, (α) The ranges of 0≦h<60 and 300≦h<360, the range of (β) 60≦h<180, and the range of (γ) 180≦h<300 are determined, and Al crystals having each crystal orientation are determined. It may be calculated by performing hue mapping of the grain area.

(3) Al alloy for use as support The support in the present invention may be any Al and/or Al alloy. Generally, Al alloys for wrought materials such as JIS 3000 series, 5000 series, and 6000 series are used as supports for electrophotographic photoreceptors.
Among them, from the viewpoint of controlling the crystal orientation, the Al alloy forming the surface of the support should contain 0.2% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass of Si and 0.45% by mass or more and 0.9% by mass or less. It is preferable that Mg is included. As such an Al alloy, it is preferable to use a 6000 series Al alloy, for example, a JIS designation A6063 alloy. JIS designation A6063 alloy specifically contains 0.2% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less of Si, 0.35% by mass or less of Fe, 0.1% by mass or less of Cu, and 0.1% by mass or less of It is an Al alloy containing Mn, 0.45% by mass or more and 0.9% by mass or less of Mg, 0.1% by mass or less of Cr, 0.1% by mass or less of Zn, and 0.1% by mass or less of Ti. .

(4) Method for manufacturing the support The method for manufacturing the support is not particularly limited as long as it is a method that can manufacture a support that satisfies the requirements of the present invention.

Examples of the method for manufacturing the support include a method including the following four steps.
(i) a step of preparing a specific Al alloy and a first step of hot extrusion to obtain a molded body;
(ii) a second step of subjecting the molded body obtained in the first step to cold drawing;
(iii) a third step of annealing after the second step; and (iv) a fourth step of cutting the surface after annealing.

When controlling the crystal orientation by annealing, it is possible to control the crystal orientation by adjusting the heating rate, annealing temperature, holding time, and cooling rate (temperature falling rate).
In particular, by setting the annealing temperature to 405°C or more and 450°C or less and the cooling rate to 6°C/min or more and 20°C/min or less, the proportion of the area occupied by crystal grains having (β) on the surface of the support. decreases, and the proportion of the area occupied by crystal grains having (α) increases.

Furthermore, the ratio of each crystal grain can be controlled by the temperature increase rate and maintenance time, and it is preferable that the temperature increase rate is 10° C./min or less and the maintenance time is 2.5 hours or less.

In addition, since thermal history is important in controlling crystal orientation, the Al alloy that has undergone the first step of hot extrusion and the second step of cold drawing is annealed and used. It is preferable.

In the method for manufacturing a support according to the present embodiment, other steps may be included as necessary before, after, between, or during each step of the method for manufacturing a support described above. Good too. For example, processing steps such as dimension matching, chamfering/spigot formation, mirror finishing/roughening, etc., cutting, honing, blasting, and grinding are performed as necessary.

Generally, the rotation axis of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is secured by fitting flange members to both ends of a cylindrical support and attaching the rotation axis to the flange members. Generally, the inner diameter dimensions of both ends of the support are set to about H8, which is the fitting tolerance of JIS B 0401-1999. In addition, the surface roughness of the inner diameter of both ends of the support body is preferably small from the viewpoint of fitting tolerance, but from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost, the arithmetic mean roughness Ra of JIS B 0601-2001 is set to 1.6 μm or less, the maximum The height Rz is set to about 6.3 μm or less (old JIS finishing symbol ▽▽▽ or more).

If cutting oil or dust is attached to the surface of the support, cleaning may be performed. The cleaning method for the support includes a degreasing process to remove deposits such as oil and foreign matter from the surface of the support, a rinsing process to wash away the degreasing agent, and a drying process to dry the water remaining on the support to complete the cleaning process. It is known to provide

In the degreasing and cleaning step, the support is immersed in a cleaning solution containing a degreasing detergent such as a surfactant and alkaline electrolyzed water. At that time, it is effective to use ultrasonic waves or to increase the temperature of the cleaning liquid to increase the degreasing and cleaning ability. The frequency of the ultrasonic waves is preferably 10 kHz or more and 100 kHz or less. A temperature of 30°C or higher and 60°C or lower is effective.

In the rinsing step, the support is immersed in a rinsing solution. The rinsing liquid may be city water or pure water, but pure water is preferred. At this time, it is effective to use ultrasonic waves or to increase the temperature of the rinsing liquid in order to improve the rinsing ability. The frequency of the ultrasonic wave is preferably 10 kHz or more and 1 MHz or less. A temperature of 20°C or higher and 60°C or lower is effective. There may be one rinsing tank or a plurality of rinsing tanks. Using a shower when pulling up after soaking will increase the rinsing effect.

Although any drying method such as hot air drying, vacuum drying, or hot water drying is effective in the drying process, pulling drying using warm pure water is preferable in order to reduce dust. The temperature of the warm pure water may range from 30°C to 99°C.

<Undercoat layer>
The undercoat layer is formed directly on the support and contains a cured product of a composition containing the compound represented by the above formula (A1) and/or the compound represented by the above formula (A2).
That is, the compound represented by the above formula (A1) and the compound represented by the above formula (A2) have a structure represented by the formula (B) as a substituent, and the polymerization reaction for forming the above cured product is as follows: It includes a reaction of a polymerizable functional group possessed by the structure represented by formula (B).

The above composition contains a monomer having a polymerizable functional group, and is copolymerized with the compound represented by the above formula (A1) and/or the above formula (A2) to form a cured film as an undercoat layer. may be formed. Further, the undercoat layer may further contain a resin.

Examples of the polymerizable functional group of the monomer having a polymerizable functional group include an isocyanate group, a blocked isocyanate group, a methylol group, an alkylated methylol group, an epoxy group, a metal alkoxide group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a thiol group, Examples include carboxylic acid anhydride groups and carbon-carbon double bond groups.

Examples of resins include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinylphenol resin, alkyd resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polyethylene oxide resin, polypropylene oxide resin, and polyamide resin. , polyamic acid resin, polyimide resin, polyamideimide resin, cellulose resin, etc.

Further, the undercoat layer may further contain an electron transport substance, a metal oxide, a metal, a conductive polymer, etc. for the purpose of improving electrical properties. Among these, it is preferable to use electron transport substances and metal oxides.

As electron transport materials, Tables 1-1 to 1-6 show specific examples of the compounds represented by the above formula (A1), and Tables 2-1 to 2-2 show specific examples of the compounds shown by the above formula (A2). A specific example is shown below.

In Tables 1-1 to 1-6 and Tables 2-1 to 2-2, when "(H)" is written for c, c is hydrogen in the structure shown in the column a or b. It means that it is an atom, and the structure of formula (B) is the structure shown in the column a or b. A (-) in the a or b column indicates that l or m is 0.

The following are specific examples, and the effects of the present invention are not brought about only by the following specific examples. These compounds may be used alone or in combination.

Examples of metal oxides include indium tin oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, and silicon dioxide. Examples of metals include gold, silver, and aluminum.
Further, the undercoat layer may further contain an additive.

The thickness of the undercoat layer is particularly preferably 0.1 μm or more and 2.5 μm or less.
The undercoat layer can be formed by preparing an undercoat layer coating solution containing each of the above-mentioned materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on a support, and drying and/or curing it. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution for the undercoat layer include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.

<Photosensitive layer>
The photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor is mainly classified into (1) a laminated photosensitive layer and (2) a single layer photosensitive layer. (1) The laminated photosensitive layer has a charge generation layer containing a charge generation substance and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport substance. (2) A single-layer type photosensitive layer has a photosensitive layer containing both a charge-generating substance and a charge-transporting substance.

(1) Laminated photosensitive layer The laminated photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer.

(1-1) Charge Generating Layer The charge generating layer preferably contains a charge generating substance and a resin.

Examples of the charge generating substance include azo pigments, perylene pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, and phthalocyanine pigments. Among these, azo pigments and phthalocyanine pigments are preferred. Among the phthalocyanine pigments, oxytitanium phthalocyanine pigments, chlorogallium phthalocyanine pigments, and hydroxygallium phthalocyanine pigments are preferred.
The content of the charge generating substance in the charge generating layer is preferably 40% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the charge generating layer. preferable.

Examples of resins include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, polyvinyl acetal resin, polyvinyl butyral resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, polyurethane resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, cellulose resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin. , polyvinyl chloride resin, etc. Among these, polyvinyl butyral resin is more preferred.

Further, the charge generation layer may further contain additives such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers. Specific examples include hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, and benzophenone compounds.

The thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 1 μm or less, more preferably 0.15 μm or more and 0.4 μm or less.

The charge generation layer can be formed by preparing a charge generation layer coating solution containing each of the above-mentioned materials and a solvent, forming this coating on the undercoat layer, and drying it. Examples of the solvent used in the charge generation layer coating solution include alcohol solvents, sulfoxide solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.

(1-2) Charge Transport Layer The charge transport layer preferably contains a charge transport substance and a resin.

Examples of the charge transport substance include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having groups derived from these substances. It will be done. Among these, triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are preferred.
The content of the charge transport substance in the charge transport layer is preferably 25% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the charge transport layer. preferable.

Examples of the resin include polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, and polystyrene resin. Among these, polycarbonate resins and polyester resins are preferred. As the polyester resin, polyarylate resin is particularly preferred.
The content ratio (mass ratio) of the charge transport material and the resin is preferably 4:10 to 20:10, more preferably 5:10 to 12:10.

Further, the charge transport layer may contain additives such as an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a plasticizer, a leveling agent, a slipperiness imparting agent, and an abrasion resistance improver. Specifically, hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oil, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, boron nitride particles. Examples include.

The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably 5 μm or more and 50 μm or less, more preferably 8 μm or more and 40 μm or less, and particularly preferably 10 μm or more and 30 μm or less.

The charge transport layer can be formed by preparing a charge transport layer coating solution containing each of the above-mentioned materials and a solvent, forming this coating film on the charge generation layer, and drying it. Examples of the solvent used in the charge transport layer coating solution include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. Among these solvents, ether solvents or aromatic hydrocarbon solvents are preferred.

(2) Single-layer type photosensitive layer A single-layer type photosensitive layer is prepared by preparing a coating solution for a photosensitive layer containing a charge generating substance, a charge transporting substance, a resin, and a solvent, and coating this coating on a support or an undercoat layer. It can be formed by forming and drying. The charge-generating substance, charge-transporting substance, and resin are the same as those exemplified in the above “(1) Laminated photosensitive layer”.

<Protective layer>
In the present invention, a protective layer may be provided on the photosensitive layer. By providing a protective layer, durability can be improved.
The protective layer preferably contains conductive particles and/or a charge transport substance and a resin.

Examples of the conductive particles include particles of metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and indium oxide.

Examples of the charge transport substance include polycyclic aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, hydrazone compounds, styryl compounds, enamine compounds, benzidine compounds, triarylamine compounds, and resins having groups derived from these substances. Among these, triarylamine compounds and benzidine compounds are preferred.

Examples of the resin include polyester resin, acrylic resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, and epoxy resin. Among these, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, and acrylic resin are preferred.

Further, the protective layer may be formed as a cured film by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group. Examples of reactions at that time include thermal polymerization reactions, photopolymerization reactions, radiation polymerization reactions, and the like. Examples of the polymerizable functional group contained in the monomer having a polymerizable functional group include an acryloyl group and a methacryloyl group. As the monomer having a polymerizable functional group, a material having charge transport ability may be used.

The protective layer may contain additives such as antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, plasticizers, leveling agents, slipperiness agents, and abrasion resistance improvers. Specifically, hindered phenol compounds, hindered amine compounds, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, benzophenone compounds, siloxane-modified resins, silicone oil, fluororesin particles, polystyrene resin particles, polyethylene resin particles, silica particles, alumina particles, boron nitride particles. Examples include.

The thickness of the protective layer is preferably 0.5 μm or more and 10 μm or less, and preferably 1 μm or more and 7 μm or less.

The protective layer can be formed by preparing a protective layer coating solution containing each of the above-mentioned materials and a solvent, forming a coating film, and drying and/or curing the coating solution. Examples of the solvent used in the coating solution include alcohol solvents, ketone solvents, ether solvents, sulfoxide solvents, ester solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.

[Process cartridge, electrophotographic device]
A process cartridge according to the present invention integrally supports the electrophotographic photoreceptor described above and at least one means selected from the group consisting of charging means, developing means, and cleaning means, and is suitable for use in an electrophotographic apparatus. It is characterized by being detachable from the main body.

Further, the electrophotographic apparatus according to the present invention is characterized by having the electrophotographic photoreceptor described above, as well as charging means, exposure means, developing means, and transfer means.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge equipped with an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
A cylindrical electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is rotated around a shaft 2 in the direction of the arrow at a predetermined circumferential speed. The surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is charged to a predetermined positive or negative potential by the charging means 3.

Although FIG. 3 shows a roller charging method using a roller-type charging member, charging methods such as a corona charging method, a proximity charging method, and an injection charging method may be employed.

The surface of the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is irradiated with exposure light 4 from an exposure means (not shown) to form an electrostatic latent image corresponding to target image information. The electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is developed with toner contained in the developing means 5, and a toner image is formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1. The toner image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 is transferred onto a transfer material 7 by a transfer means 6. The transfer material 7 onto which the toner image has been transferred is conveyed to a fixing means 8, undergoes a toner image fixing process, and is printed out of the electrophotographic apparatus.

The electrophotographic apparatus may include a cleaning means 9 for removing deposits such as toner remaining on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 after transfer. Furthermore, a so-called cleaner-less system may be used in which the cleaning means 9 is not provided separately and the deposits are removed by the developing means 5 or the like.

The electrophotographic apparatus may include a static elimination mechanism that eliminates static electricity from the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor 1 using pre-exposure light 10 from a pre-exposure means (not shown). Furthermore, a guide means 12 such as a rail may be provided in order to attach and detach the process cartridge 11 according to the present invention to and from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus.

The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present invention can be used in laser beam printers, LED printers, copying machines, facsimile machines, and multifunctional machines thereof.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail using Examples and Comparative Examples. The present invention is not limited in any way by the following examples unless it exceeds the gist thereof. In addition, in the following description of Examples, "part" is based on mass unless otherwise specified.

[Manufacture of support]
The support was manufactured by the following method.

(Production example of support A-1)
A hot-extruded extruded tube made of JIS A6063 alloy was cold drawn to obtain a drawn tube with an outer diameter of 30.8 mm, an inner diameter of 28 mm, and a length of 371 mm.
Next, the drawn tube was placed in an electric furnace, and the temperature was raised at a temperature increase rate of 5°C/min, maintained at 450°C for 1 hour, and then cooled at 6°C/min until the drawn tube reached 150°C. After an hour, it was taken out of the electric furnace.
By performing cutting after annealing, a "support A-1" having an outer diameter of 30.5 mm, a length of 370 mm, and a pilot part with an inner diameter of 28.5 mm and a depth of 20 mm at both ends was obtained. Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for support A-1.
Elemental analysis of the drawn tube used revealed 0.4% by mass of Si, 0.3% by mass of Fe, 0.06% by mass of Cu, 0.08% by mass or less of Mn, and 0.65% by mass. of Mg, 0.05% by mass of Cr, 0.07% by mass of Zn, and 0.06% by mass of Ti.

(Production example of supports A-2 to A-9)
In the production example of support A-1, the support was produced in the same manner as in the production example of support A-1, except that the same drawn tube was used and the annealing conditions were changed as shown in Table 3. . The obtained supports are referred to as "Support A-2 to Support A-9". Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for supports A-2 to A-9.

(Production example of support A-10)
A hot-extruded extruded tube made of JIS A3003 alloy was cold drawn to obtain a drawn tube with an outer diameter of 30.8 mm, an inner diameter of 28 mm, and a length of 371 mm.
Next, the drawn tube was placed in an electric furnace, and the temperature was raised at a rate of 10°C/min, maintained at 450°C for 2.5 hours, and then cooled at 15°C/min until the drawn tube reached 150°C. After 24 hours, it was taken out from the electric furnace.
By performing cutting after annealing, "Support A-10" having the same dimensions as Support A-1 was obtained. Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for support A-10.
Elemental analysis of the drawn tube used revealed that it contained 0.2% by mass of Si, 0.3% by mass of Fe, 0.09% by mass of Cu, 1.3% by mass of Mn, and 0.02% by mass. It was an Al alloy containing Zn.

(Production example of support B-1)
In the production example of support A-1, the support was produced in the same manner as in the production example of support A-1, except that the annealing conditions were changed as shown in Table 3. The obtained support is referred to as "Support B-1". Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for support B-1.

(Production example of supports B-2 to B-10)
In the production example of support B-1, the support was produced in the same manner as in the production example of support B-1, except that the same drawn tube was used and the annealing conditions were changed as shown in Table 3. . The obtained supports are referred to as "Support B-2 to Support B-10". Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for Supports B-2 to B-10.

(Production example of support B-11 and support B-12)
Annealing was performed under the conditions shown in Table 3 using a drawn tube made of an Al--Mg alloy containing 2.5% by mass of magnesium and having an outer diameter of 30.8 mm, an inner diameter of 28 mm, and a length of 371 mm. By cutting after annealing, "Support B-11 and Support B-12" having the same dimensions as Support A-1 were obtained. Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for Support B-11 and Support B-12.

(Production example of support B-13)
A hot-extruded extruded tube made of JIS A3003 alloy was cold drawn to obtain a drawn tube with an outer diameter of 30.8 mm, an inner diameter of 28 mm, and a length of 371 mm.
Next, the drawn tube was placed in an electric furnace, and the temperature was raised at a temperature increase rate of 5°C/min, maintained at 405°C for 1 hour, and then cooled at 30°C/min until the drawn tube reached 150°C. After an hour, it was taken out of the electric furnace.
By performing cutting after annealing, "Support B-13" having the same dimensions as Support A-1 was obtained. Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for support B-13.
Elemental analysis of the drawn tube used revealed that it contained 0.2% by mass of Si, 0.3% by mass of Fe, 0.07% by mass of Cu, 1.2% by mass of Mn, and 0.02% by mass. It was an Al alloy containing Zn.

(Production example of support B-14)
In the production example of support B-13, the support was produced in the same manner as in the production example of support B-13, except that the same drawn tube was used and the annealing conditions were changed as shown in Table 3. . The obtained support is referred to as "Support B-14". Table 3 shows the manufacturing conditions for support B-14.

[Production example of the compound represented by the above formula (A1) and the compound represented by the above formula (A2)]
Derivatives (derivatives of electron transporting substances) having the structure represented by the above formula (A1) are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,442,193, US Pat. No. 4,992,349, US Pat. No. 5,468,583, Chemistry of materials, Vol. 19, No. 11, 2703-2705 (2007). It can also be synthesized by reacting naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, which is available from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd., and Johnson Matthey Japan Inc., with a monoamine derivative.

The compound represented by formula (A1) has a polymerizable functional group (hydroxy group, thiol group, amino group, and carboxy group) that can be polymerized with the isocyanate group of the isocyanate compound. Methods for introducing these polymerizable functional groups into a derivative having a structure represented by formula (A1) include a method of directly introducing a polymerizable functional group into a derivative having a structure represented by formula (A1); There is a method of introducing a structure having a functional group or a functional group that can be a precursor of a polymerizable functional group. As a method described later, for example, there is a method of introducing a functional group-containing aryl group using a cross-coupling reaction using a palladium catalyst and a base based on a halide of a naphthylimide derivative. Further, for example, there is a method of introducing a functional group-containing alkyl group using a cross-coupling reaction using a FeCl ₃ catalyst and a base based on a halide of a naphthylimide derivative. Furthermore, for example, there is a method in which a halide of a naphthylimide derivative is subjected to lithiation and then treated with an epoxy compound or CO ₂ to introduce a hydroxyalkyl group or a carboxyl group. There is a method of using a naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride derivative or a monoamine derivative having the above polymerizable functional group or a functional group that can be a precursor of the polymerizable functional group as a raw material for synthesizing a naphthylimide derivative.

The derivative having the structure represented by formula (A2) is described, for example, in Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129, No. 49, 15259-78 (2007). It can also be synthesized by reacting perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, which can be purchased as a reagent from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd., and Johnson Matthey Japan Inc., with a monoamine derivative. .

The compound represented by formula (A2) has a functional group (hydroxy group, thiol group, amino group, and carboxyl group) that is polymerizable with the isocyanate group of the isocyanate compound. Methods for introducing these polymerizable functional groups into the derivative having the structure represented by formula (A2) include a method of directly introducing the polymerizable functional group into the derivative having the structure represented by formula (A2), and the method described above. There is a method of introducing a structure having a polymerizable functional group or a functional group that can be a precursor of a polymerizable functional group. The methods described below include, for example, a method using a cross-coupling reaction using a palladium catalyst and a base based on a halide of a perylene _imide derivative; There are methods that use coupling reactions. Further, there is a method of using a perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride derivative or a monoamine derivative having the above polymerizable functional group or a functional group that can be a precursor of the polymerizable functional group as a raw material for synthesizing a perylene imide derivative.

(Synthesis example 1)
5.4 parts of naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4 parts of 2-methyl 6-ethylaniline, and 3 parts of 2-amino 1-butanol were added to 200 parts of dimethylacetamide under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. , a solution was prepared. After preparing the solution, it was refluxed for 8 hours, the precipitate was separated by filtration, and recrystallized with ethyl acetate to obtain 1.0 part of compound A101.

(Synthesis example 2)
5.4 parts of naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4 parts of 4-heptylamine, and 3 parts of 2-amino-1,3-propanediol were added to 200 parts of dimethylacetamide under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. and prepared a solution. After preparing the solution, it was refluxed for 8 hours, separated by silica gel column chromatography (developing solvent: ethyl acetate/toluene), and then the fraction containing the target product was concentrated. The concentrate was recrystallized from a mixed solution of ethyl acetate/toluene to obtain 2.0 parts of compound A154.

(Synthesis example 3)
7.4 parts of perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and 4 parts of 2,6-diethylaniline (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) were added to 200 parts of dimethylacetamide under a nitrogen atmosphere. , 4 parts of 2-aminophenylethanol were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to prepare a solution. After preparing the solution, it was refluxed for 8 hours, the precipitate was filtered off, and recrystallized with ethyl acetate to obtain 5.0 parts of compound A203.

<Manufacture of electrophotographic photoreceptor>
(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 1)
Support A-1 was used as the support.

Next, 4 parts of the exemplary compound (A101), 1.5 parts of polyvinyl butyral resin (trade name: BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.), and 0.0005 parts of zinc (II) octylate as a catalyst, It was dissolved in a mixed solvent of 100 parts of dimethylacetamide and 100 parts of tetrahydrofuran. Blocked isocyanate (trade name: BL3175, manufactured by Sumika Bayer) corresponding to 6 parts of solid content was added to this solution to prepare a coating solution for an undercoat layer. This coating solution for undercoat layer is dip-coated onto a support to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film is heated and cured at 165°C for 30 minutes to form an undercoat layer with a film thickness of 0.8 μm. Formed.

・ポリビニルブチラール（商品名：エスレックＢＸ－１、積水化学工業（株）製）１０部
・シクロヘキサノン６００部
これらを、直径１ｍｍガラスビーズを用いたサンドミルに入れ、４時間分散処理した。その後、酢酸エチル７００部を加えることによって、電荷発生層用塗布液を調製した。この電荷発生層用塗布液を下引き層上に浸漬塗布し、得られた塗膜を１５分間８０℃で乾燥させることによって、膜厚０．１７μｍの電荷発生層を形成した。 Next, the following materials were prepared.
・20 parts of hydroxygallium phthalocyanine crystal (charge generating substance) in a crystal form having peaks at 7.4° and 28.2° of Bragg angle 2θ ± 0.2° in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction ・In the following formula (C) 0.2 parts of the indicated calixarene compound,

- 10 parts of polyvinyl butyral (trade name: S-LEC BX-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) - 600 parts of cyclohexanone These were placed in a sand mill using glass beads with a diameter of 1 mm, and dispersed for 4 hours. Thereafter, 700 parts of ethyl acetate was added to prepare a charge generation layer coating solution. This charge generation layer coating solution was applied onto the undercoat layer by dip coating, and the resulting coating film was dried at 80° C. for 15 minutes to form a charge generation layer having a thickness of 0.17 μm.

・ポリカーボネート樹脂（商品名：ユーピロンＺ４００、三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス（株）製、ビスフェノールＺ型のポリカーボネート）１００部
・下記構造式（Ｇ－１）と下記構造式（Ｇ－２）の共重合ユニットを有するポリカーボネート樹脂０．０２部（ｘ／ｙ=０．９５／０．０５：粘度平均分子量Ｍｖ＝２００００）

これらを、混合キシレン６００部及びジメトキシメタン２００部の混合溶剤に溶解させることによって、電荷輸送層用塗布液を調製した。この電荷輸送層用塗布液を上記電荷発生層上に浸漬塗布して塗膜を形成し、得られた塗膜を３０分間１００℃で乾燥させることによって、膜厚１８μｍの第一電荷輸送層を形成した。 Next, the following materials were prepared.
・30 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (D) (charge transport substance)
・60 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (E) (charge transport substance)
・10 parts of a compound represented by the following formula (F) (charge transport substance)

・100 parts of polycarbonate resin (product name: Iupilon Z400, manufactured by Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd., bisphenol Z type polycarbonate) ・Copolymerized units of the following structural formula (G-1) and the following structural formula (G-2) 0.02 part of polycarbonate resin (x/y=0.95/0.05: viscosity average molecular weight Mv=20000)

A coating solution for a charge transport layer was prepared by dissolving these in a mixed solvent of 600 parts of mixed xylene and 200 parts of dimethoxymethane. This charge transport layer coating solution is applied onto the charge generation layer by dip coating to form a coating film, and the resulting coating film is dried at 100°C for 30 minutes to form a first charge transport layer with a thickness of 18 μm. Formed.

・１，１，２，２，３，３，４－ヘプタフルオロシクロペンタン７０部
・１－プロパノール７０部
これらを上記混合溶剤に加えた。これをポリフロンフィルター（商品名：ＰＦ－０２０、アドバンテック東洋製）で濾過することによって、第二電荷輸送層（保護層）用塗布液を調製した。この第二電荷輸送層用塗布液を第一電荷輸送層上に浸漬塗布し、得られた塗膜を大気中において６分間５０℃で乾燥させた。その後、窒素中において、支持体（被照射体）を２００ｒｐｍで回転させながら、加速電圧７０ｋＶ、吸収線量８０００Ｇｙの条件で１．６秒間、電子線を塗膜に照射した。引き続いて、窒素中において２５℃から１２５℃まで３０秒かけて昇温させ、塗膜の加熱を行った。電子線照射及びその後の加熱時の雰囲気の酸素濃度は１５ｐｐｍであった。次に、大気中において３０分間１００℃で加熱処理を行うことによって、電子線により硬化された膜厚５μｍの第二電荷輸送層（保護層）を形成した。 Next, a mixed solvent of 20 parts of 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluorocyclopentane (trade name: Zeorola H, manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.)/20 parts of 1-propanol was added to Polyflon. It was filtered using a filter (trade name: PF-040, manufactured by Advantech Toyo Co., Ltd.).
In addition, the following materials were prepared.
・90 parts of a hole transporting compound represented by the following formula (H)

- 70 parts of 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluorocyclopentane and 70 parts of 1-propanol These were added to the above mixed solvent. This was filtered through a Polyflon filter (trade name: PF-020, manufactured by Advantech Toyo) to prepare a coating solution for a second charge transport layer (protective layer). This second charge transport layer coating solution was applied onto the first charge transport layer by dip coating, and the resulting coating film was dried at 50° C. for 6 minutes in the atmosphere. Thereafter, the coating film was irradiated with an electron beam for 1.6 seconds under conditions of an accelerating voltage of 70 kV and an absorbed dose of 8000 Gy while rotating the support (irradiated body) at 200 rpm in nitrogen atmosphere. Subsequently, the coating film was heated by raising the temperature from 25° C. to 125° C. over 30 seconds in nitrogen. The oxygen concentration in the atmosphere during electron beam irradiation and subsequent heating was 15 ppm. Next, heat treatment was performed at 100° C. for 30 minutes in the atmosphere to form a second charge transport layer (protective layer) having a thickness of 5 μm and cured by electron beam.

Next, linear grooves were formed on the surface of the protective layer using a polishing sheet (trade name: GC3000, manufactured by Riken Corundum). The feeding speed of the polishing sheet was 40 mm/min, the rotation speed of the workpiece was 240 rpm, and the pressure against which the polishing sheet was pressed against the workpiece was 7.5 N/m ² . The feeding direction of the polishing sheet and the rotating direction of the workpiece were set to be the same direction. Further, a backup roller with an outer diameter of 40 cm and an Asker C hardness of 40 was used. Under these conditions, linear grooves were formed on the circumferential surface of the workpiece for 10 seconds.
In this way, photoreceptor 1 was manufactured.

(Production example of photoreceptors 2 to 10 and photoreceptors 101 to 114)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was manufactured in the same manner as Photoreceptor 1 except that the support shown in Table 4 was used. The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptors were designated as "Photoreceptor 2 to Photoreceptor 10 and Photoreceptor 101 to Photoreceptor 114."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 11 to photoreceptor 20)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced using the support shown in Table 4 in the same manner as Photoreceptor 1 except that Exemplified Compound (A101) was changed to Exemplified Compound (A154). The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptors are referred to as "photoreceptors 11 to 20."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 21 to photoreceptor 30)
The electrophotographic process was carried out in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1 except that the support shown in Table 4 was used, the exemplary compound (A101) was changed to the exemplary compound (A203), and the thickness of the undercoat layer was changed to 1.0 μm. manufactured a body. The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptors are referred to as "photoreceptors 21 to 30."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 31 to photoreceptor 40)
The electrophotographic process was carried out in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1 except that the support shown in Table 4 was used, the exemplified compound (A101) was changed to the exemplified compound (A205), and the thickness of the undercoat layer was changed to 1.0 μm. manufactured a body. The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptors are referred to as "photoreceptors 31 to 40."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 41 to photoreceptor 50)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was produced in the same manner as Photoreceptor 1 except that the support and exemplified compounds shown in Table 4 were used and the film thickness was changed as shown in Table 4. The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptors are referred to as "photoreceptors 41 to 50."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 115)
20 parts of blocked isocyanate (Sumidur BL3175, manufactured by Sumika Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd., solid content 75% by mass) and 7.5 parts of butyral resin (S-LEC BL-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) are dissolved in 150 parts of methyl ethyl ketone. did. Next, 34 parts of Pigment Orange 43 (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was mixed with the solution, and then dispersed in a sand mill for 10 hours to obtain a dispersion. To this dispersion, 0.005 parts of bismuth carboxylate (K-KAT XK-640, manufactured by King Industries) and 2 parts of silicone resin particles (Tospearl 145, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials) were added. A coating liquid for a pulling layer was obtained. This coating solution was applied onto Support B-1 by dip coating and allowed to stand at 160° C. for 60 minutes to cure, thereby forming an undercoat layer with a thickness of 7 μm.
Subsequently, a charge generation layer, a first charge transport layer, and a second charge transport layer (protective layer) were all formed in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1.
The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor is referred to as "photoreceptor 115."

(Manufacturing example of photoreceptor 116)
20 parts of blocked isocyanate (Sumidur BL3175, manufactured by Sumika Bayer Urethane Co., Ltd., solid content 75% by mass) and 7.5 parts of butyral resin (S-LEC BL-1, manufactured by Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) are dissolved in 150 parts of methyl ethyl ketone. did. Next, 34 parts of Pigment Orange 43 (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and 10 parts of anthraquinone (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) were mixed with the solution, and then dispersed in a sand mill for 10 hours to obtain a dispersion. To this dispersion, 0.005 parts of bismuth carboxylate (K-KAT XK-640, manufactured by King Industries) and 2 parts of silicone resin particles (Tospearl 145, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials) were added. A coating liquid for a pulling layer was obtained. This coating solution was applied onto Support B-1 by dip coating and allowed to stand at 160° C. for 60 minutes to cure, thereby forming an undercoat layer with a thickness of 7 μm. Subsequently, a charge generation layer, a first charge transport layer, and a second charge transport layer (protective layer) were all formed in the same manner as in Photoreceptor 1.
The obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor is referred to as "photoreceptor 116."

(Examples 1 to 50 and Comparative Examples 1 to 16)
Using electrophotographic photoreceptors 1 to 50 and electrophotographic photoreceptors 101 to 116 manufactured above, short-term potential fluctuations, residual potential fluctuations, and crystal orientation were evaluated as follows.

[evaluation]
First, each photoreceptor was stored for 7 days in a high temperature, high humidity environment of 50° C./95% RH. Thereafter, each photoreceptor was transferred to a normal temperature and normal humidity environment of 23° C./50% RH, and potential fluctuations were evaluated using the method described below.

<Short-term potential fluctuation evaluation>
The evaluation of each photoreceptor was carried out by attaching it to the cyan station of an electrophotographic apparatus (copying machine) (product name: imagePRESS C910, manufactured by Canon Inc.), which was an evaluation apparatus.
To measure the surface potential of the photoreceptor, remove the developing cartridge from the evaluation device, set a potential probe (product name: model 6000B-8, manufactured by Trek), and use a surface electrometer (model 344, manufactured by Trek). So I went.

First, the dark potential (Vd) of the photoreceptor used for evaluation was adjusted to -610V. Next, the exposure light amount of the exposure device was adjusted so that the bright area potential (Vl) of the photoreceptor was -380V.
The bright area potential was measured at 12 points every 30 degrees in the circumferential direction at the axial center position of the photoreceptor and at positions 40 mm from both ends of the photoreceptor (total: 3 points in the axial direction x 12 points in the circumferential direction = 36 points) ). Thereafter, the average value during one rotation of the photoreceptor was calculated for each axial position, and this was taken as the initial potential at each axial position.
Next, the developing cartridge was returned to its original position, and 20 sheets were passed through. Thereafter, the potential probe was set again, and the average value during one rotation of the photoreceptor was calculated for each axial position in the same manner as above, and this was taken as the potential after 20 sheets of paper were passed at each axial position.
Finally, the absolute value of the difference between the initial potential and the potential after passing 20 sheets was calculated at each axial position, and the average value of the obtained values was calculated as a short-term potential fluctuation value.

According to the obtained values, evaluation was performed according to the ranks shown below. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Note that in the following ranks, if the photoreceptor is ranked A to D, the effects of the present invention can be obtained. On the other hand, rank E is an evaluation of short-term potential fluctuation values that are at the same level as conventional photoreceptors.
A...Less than 2.0V B...2.0V or more and less than 2.5V C...2.5V or more and less than 3.0V D...3.0V or more and less than 3.5V E...3.5V or more

<Residual potential fluctuation evaluation>
The measurement of the residual potential was started when the photoreceptor had made one revolution from the position where the charge was cut off after the measurement of the bright area potential, and the measurement was carried out for one revolution of the photoreceptor. Further, the residual potential was measured at 12 points every 30 degrees in the circumferential direction, similarly to the measurement of the bright area potential. Thereafter, the average value during one rotation of the photoreceptor was calculated, and this was taken as the initial residual potential.
The residual potential after passing 20 sheets was determined in the same manner, and the average value during one rotation of the photoreceptor was calculated, and this was taken as the residual potential after passing 20 sheets.
Finally, the absolute value of the difference between the initial residual potential and the residual potential after passing 20 sheets was calculated, and the average value of the obtained values was taken as the residual potential fluctuation value. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
The values obtained were at the same level for all photoreceptors.

[Crystal orientation evaluation]
Using each of the electrophotographic photoreceptors manufactured above, crystal orientation was evaluated as follows.
First, positions corresponding to 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8, and 7/8 of the total length in the axial direction from either end of the support were determined. Furthermore, each position is divided into four parts by 90° in the circumferential direction. At each of the 28 points where the axial parting line and the circumferential parting line intersect, a 10 mm square piece is cut out so that the center is the intersection of the axial parting line and the circumferential parting line. After removing the protective layer with a polishing sheet, the photosensitive layer was removed using methyl ethyl ketone. Thereafter, the surface of the support was exposed and mirror-finished by buffing. Next, the sample was immersed in a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution for 1 minute to obtain a sample for crystal orientation observation.
A 100 μm square area centered at the center of the surface of the obtained sample, that is, the intersection of the axial parting line and the circumferential parting line of the support, was observed by SEM-EBSP method. From the observation results, the ratio of the area occupied by Al crystal grains having each crystal orientation and the average area of Al crystal grains were calculated. The results are shown in Tables 5 and 6.

（式（Ａ１）及び（Ａ２）中、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６、Ｒ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０は、それぞれ独立に、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基、水素原子、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ハロゲン原子、アルコキシカルボニル基、置換若しくは無置換のアルキル基、置換若しくは無置換のアリール基、又は置換若しくは無置換の複素環基を示す。ただし、Ｒ^１０１～Ｒ^１０６の少なくとも１つ、及びＲ^２０１～Ｒ^２１０の少なくとも１つは、下記式（Ｂ）で示される１価の基である。該アルキル基のＣＨ_２の１つは、Ｏ又はＳで置換されていてもよい、あるいは該アルキル基のＣＨの１つはＮで置換されていてもよい。該置換のアルキル基の置換基は、アリール基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ハロゲン原子、及びヒドロキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。該置換のアリール基及び該置換の複素環基の置換基は、ハロゲン原子、ニトロ基、シアノ基、アルキル基、ハロゲン基置換アルキル基、及びアルコキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基である。）

（式（Ｂ）中、ａ、ｂ、及びｃの少なくとも１つは、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有する。ｌ及びｍは、それぞれ独立に、０又は１であり、ｌとｍの和は、０以上２以下である。
ａは、主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、炭素数１～６のアルキル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、ベンジル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、アルコシキカルボニル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基、又はフェニル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキレン基を示し、これらのアルキレン基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。これらのアルキレン基の主鎖中のＣＨ_２の１つはＯ又はＳで置換されていてもよい。あるいはこれらのアルキレン基の主鎖中のＣＨの１つはＮで置換されていてもよい。
ｂは、フェニレン基、炭素数１～６のアルキル基置換フェニレン基、ニトロ基置換フェニレン基、ハロゲン基置換フェニレン基、又はアルコキシ基置換フェニレン基を示し、これらのフェニレン基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。
ｃは、水素原子、カルボキシ基、主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキル基、又は炭素数１～５のアルキル基で置換された主鎖の炭素数が１～６のアルキル基を示し、これらのアルキル基は、置換基として、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、アミノ基、及びカルボキシ基からなる群より選択される少なくとも１種の基を有してもよい。）
（構成２）
前記支持体の表面の全面積に対する、前記（α）を有するＡｌの結晶粒が占める面積が１１％以上である、構成１に記載の電子写真感光体。
（構成３）
前記支持体の表面の全面積に対する、前記（α）を有するＡｌの結晶粒が占める面積が５０％以上である、構成１又は２に記載の電子写真感光体。
（構成４）
前記支持体の表面の全面積に対する、前記（α）を有するＡｌの結晶粒が占める面積が７５％以上である、構成１から３のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
（構成５）
前記支持体の表面の全面積に対する、前記（β）を有するＡｌの結晶粒が占める面積が５％以下である、構成１から４のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
（構成６）
前記Ａｌ合金が、０．２質量％以上０．６質量％以下のＳｉ及び０．４５質量％以上０．９質量％以下のＭｇを含む、構成１から５のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体。
（構成７）
構成１から６のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体と、帯電手段、現像手段、及びクリーニング手段からなる群より選択される少なくとも１つの手段と、を一体に支持し、電子写真装置の本体に着脱自在であるプロセスカートリッジ。
（構成８）
構成１から６のいずれかに記載の電子写真感光体、並びに、帯電手段、露光手段、現像手段、及び転写手段を有する電子写真装置。 Embodiments of the present invention include the following configurations.
(Configuration 1)
An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer formed directly on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer,
The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by the following formula (A1) and/or a compound represented by the following formula (A2),
The surface of the support is made of Al and/or an Al alloy,
The surface of the support in the surface direction of the Al texture on the support surface is:
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°; (β) {101} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°;
The ratio of the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having the (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having the (α) exceeds 10%.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by:

(In formulas (A1) and (A2), R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ each independently represent a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B), a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, Indicates a halogen atom, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.However, at least one of R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ , and R ²⁰¹ At least one of ~R ²¹⁰ is a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B). One of the CH ₂ of the alkyl group may be substituted with O or S, or the alkyl group One of CH may be substituted with N. The substituent of the substituted alkyl group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, and a hydroxy group. The substituent of the substituted aryl group and the substituted heterocyclic group is at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an alkyl group, a halogen group-substituted alkyl group, and an alkoxy group. It is the basis of seeds.)

(In formula (B), at least one of a, b, and c has at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group. l and m are , each independently is 0 or 1, and the sum of l and m is 0 or more and 2 or less.
a is an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a benzyl group; An alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkoxycarbonyl group, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a phenyl group These alkylene groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. One of the CH ₂ in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with O or S. Alternatively, one of the CHs in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with N.
b represents a phenylene group, a phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenylene group substituted with a nitro group, a phenylene group substituted with a halogen group, or a phenylene group substituted with an alkoxy group; may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group.
c represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxy group, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; These alkyl groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. )
(Configuration 2)
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to configuration 1, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 11% or more.
(Configuration 3)
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to configuration 1 or 2, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 50% or more.
(Configuration 4)
4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of Structures 1 to 3, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) is 75% or more of the total surface area of the support.
(Configuration 5)
5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of configurations 1 to 4, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (β) is 5% or less of the total area of the surface of the support.
(Configuration 6)
The electrophotographic photosensitive material according to any one of configurations 1 to 5, wherein the Al alloy contains 0.2% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass of Si and 0.45% by mass or more and 0.9% by mass or less of Mg. body.
(Configuration 7)
The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of Structures 1 to 6 and at least one means selected from the group consisting of charging means, developing means, and cleaning means are integrally supported, and A removable process cartridge.
(Configuration 8)
An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of Structures 1 to 6, a charging means, an exposure means, a developing means, and a transfer means.

1 Electrophotographic photoreceptor 2 Axis 3 Charging means 4 Exposure light 5 Developing means 6 Transfer means 7 Transfer material 8 Fixing means 9 Cleaning means 10 Pre-exposure light 11 Process cartridge 12 Guide means

Claims (8)

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a cylindrical support, an undercoat layer formed directly on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer,
The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition containing a compound represented by the following formula (A1) and/or a compound represented by the following formula (A2),
The surface of the support is made of Al and/or an Al alloy,
The surface of the support in the surface direction of the Al texture on the support surface is:
(α) consists of Al crystal grains having {001} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°; (β) {101} planes with an orientation of −15° or more and less than +15°;
The ratio of the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (β) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) exceeds 10%.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by:

(In formulas (A1) and (A2), R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ and R ²⁰¹ to R ²¹⁰ each independently represent a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B), a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group, Indicates a halogen atom, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.However, at least one of R ¹⁰¹ to R ¹⁰⁶ , and R ²⁰¹ At least one of ~R ²¹⁰ is a monovalent group represented by the following formula (B). One of the CH ₂ of the alkyl group may be substituted with O or S, or the alkyl group One of CH may be substituted with N. The substituent of the substituted alkyl group is at least one group selected from the group consisting of an aryl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, a halogen atom, and a hydroxy group. The substituent of the substituted aryl group and the substituted heterocyclic group is at least one selected from the group consisting of a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an alkyl group, a halogen group-substituted alkyl group, and an alkoxy group. It is the basis of seeds.)

(In formula (B), at least one of a, b, and c has at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group. l and m are , each independently is 0 or 1, and the sum of l and m is 0 or more and 2 or less.
a is an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a benzyl group; An alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkoxycarbonyl group, or an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with a phenyl group These alkylene groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. One of the CH ₂ in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with O or S. Alternatively, one of the CHs in the main chain of these alkylene groups may be substituted with N.
b represents a phenylene group, a phenylene group substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenylene group substituted with a nitro group, a phenylene group substituted with a halogen group, or a phenylene group substituted with an alkoxy group; may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group.
c represents a hydrogen atom, a carboxy group, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain, or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the main chain substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms; These alkyl groups may have at least one group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group, a thiol group, an amino group, and a carboxy group as a substituent. ) The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 11% or more. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 50% or more. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (α) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 75% or more. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the area occupied by the Al crystal grains having (β) with respect to the total area of the surface of the support is 5% or less. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the Al alloy contains 0.2% by mass or more and 0.6% by mass or less of Si and 0.45% by mass or more and 0.9% by mass or less of Mg. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 4 and at least one means selected from the group consisting of charging means, developing means, and cleaning means are integrally supported, and an electrophotographic apparatus is provided. A process cartridge that can be attached to and detached from the main body. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, charging means, exposure means, developing means, and transfer means.

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