JP2023118575A - Model of human head part - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a model 1 of a human head part which can learn a three-dimensional structure in a region (for example, a cancellous venous sinus) to which a periosteum (for example, a periosteum dura mater) and a dura mater (for example, a unique dura mater) in a human skull can relate, and/or which is useful for training or education of a surgery in a region (for example, a cancellous venous sinus) to which a periosteum (for example, a periosteum dura mater) and a dura mater (for example, a unique dura mater) in a human skull can relate.SOLUTION: A human head part model 1 includes: a human skull part 4 including a part of a frontal bone 2 and a part of a sphenoidal sinus back wall; a first layer attached to at least a part of the sphenoid sinus back wall at least partially; and a second thin layer 6 attached to at least a part of the first thin layer, the first thin layer being arranged between the human skull part 4 and the second thin layer 6.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a human head model. More particularly, the present invention learns three-dimensional structures in regions (eg, the cavernous sinus) that may involve the periosteum (eg, periosteal dura) and dura (eg, dura proper) in the human cranium. and/or useful for surgical training and education in areas (e.g., cavernous sinus) where the periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura (e.g., proper dura) may be involved. Regarding.

The human skull base (anterior base, middle fossa, posterior fossa) is covered with a complex membrane structure. Representative membranes constituting this membrane structure include the periosteum (eg, periosteal dura mater) at least partially in contact with the human cranium and the dura mater (eg, proper dura mater) at least partially in contact with the periosteum. It has been known. It is known that a region such as the cavernous sinus exists between the periosteum and the dura mater.

The cavernous sinus is surrounded by cranial nerves such as the trigeminal nerve, arteries such as the internal carotid artery, and veins such as the superior ocular vein. If a tumor develops in an area where the periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura mater (e.g., proper dura mater) may be involved, such as the cavernous sinus, surgical craniotomy should be performed to remove excessive force on the cranial nerves and internal carotid artery. In some cases, the periosteum (for example, periosteal dura mater) or dura mater (for example, proper dura mater) is peeled away to remove a tumor or the like so as not to damage it. Therefore, in such surgical procedures, the membranous structures and bone structures around the human intracranial periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura mater (e.g., proper dura) may be involved (e.g., the cavernous sinus). A three-dimensional understanding of structures, cranial nerves, arteries and veins, etc. is extremely important.

However, the membranous structure and bone structure around the human intracranial periosteum (e.g. periosteal dura) and dura mater (e.g. proper dura) (e.g. cavernous sinus) may be involved in specialized literature. Although it was mentioned in two dimensions, no books or models that could be understood in three dimensions were known. For this reason, doctors and medical students who have little experience in surgical operations observe the actual surgery performed by doctors with extensive surgical experience, etc. There was no choice but to three-dimensionally learn the membrane structure and bone structure around the area (eg, cavernous sinus) that can be involved (eg, proper dura mater). Also, in human intracranial regions where periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura (e.g., dura proper) may be involved (e.g., cavernous sinus), the sensation (force However, doctors and medical students who have little experience in surgical operations have had no opportunity to learn and train such senses. Therefore, the area around the periosteum and dura mater in the human cranium (e.g., the cavernous sinus) is surrounded by many nerves and blood vessels that are important for maintaining human vital activities. The problem is that there are few opportunities to learn these three-dimensional structures and to train surgical operations within the human skull, even though such manipulations can have a significant impact on the maintenance of the patient's vital activities. was there.

Thus, the present invention can learn the three-dimensional structure in regions (e.g., the cavernous sinus) in which the periosteum (e.g., the periosteal dura) and the dura (e.g., the proper dura) in the human cranium may be involved, and and/or to provide a human head model useful for surgical training and teaching in areas where periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura (e.g., proper dura) may be involved (e.g., cavernous sinus) for the purpose.

In view of the above problems, the present inventors made use of their many years of experience in human intracranial surgical operations and conducted extensive studies. By making a human head model including a first thin layer at least partially adhered to the part and a second thin layer adhered to at least a part of the first thin layer, the periosteum ( For example, three-dimensional structures in areas where the periosteal dura mater) and dura mater (e.g., dura proper) may be involved (e.g., the cavernous sinus) and/or periosteal (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura mater To complete the present invention, it was found that a human head model can be provided that is useful for surgical training and education in areas (e.g., cavernous sinuses) where membranes (e.g., proper dura mater) may be involved. Arrived.

Accordingly, the present invention provides, in summary, the following.
[1] A human head model,
a human skull comprising at least a portion of the frontal bone and at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a first lamina at least partially adhering to some or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a second lamina at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina;
the first lamina is positioned between the human skull and the second lamina;
Human head model.
[2] The human head model according to [1], wherein the first thin layer is at least partially adhered to part or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus via the first adhesive.
[3] The human head model of [2], wherein the first adhesive includes a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive or a starch-containing adhesive.
[4] Any one of [1] to [3], wherein the second thin layer is at least partially adhered to part or all of the first thin layer via a third adhesive. Human head model as described.
[5] The human head model of [4], wherein the third adhesive comprises a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive or a starch-containing adhesive.
[6] The human head model according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein the first thin layer is made of paper.
[7] The human head model according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the second thin layer is made of paper.
[8] The human head model according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the color of the first thin layer and the color of the second thin layer are different.
[9] The human head model according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein at least part of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus includes at least the sella turcica, the posterior floor process and the oblique base.
[10] The human head model according to any one of [1] to [9], which is used for surgical training or education for diseases in the human cranium.

According to the present invention, the three-dimensional structure of the periosteum (e.g. periosteal dura) and dura mater (e.g. proper dura) in the human cranium can be learned (e.g. cavernous sinus), and and/or to provide a human head model useful for surgical training and teaching in areas where periosteum (e.g., periosteal dura) and dura (e.g., proper dura) may be involved (e.g., cavernous sinus) be able to.

Furthermore, according to the present invention, the feeling when peeling off the first thin layer and/or the second thin layer is the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura) and the dura (preferably the dura) in the human cranium in actual clinical practice. It is possible to provide a human head model that can reflect the feeling of peeling off the proper dura mater. Thus, the present invention trains a surgical approach to the region (preferably the cavernous sinus) that exists between the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura) and the dura (preferably the proper dura) in the human cranium. can be useful for

1 shows a front view of an example of a human head model described herein. FIG. 1 shows a left side view of an example of a human head model described herein. FIG. 1 shows a right side view of an example of a human head model described herein. FIG. 1 shows a rear view of one example of a human head model described herein. FIG. 1 shows a plan view of an example of a human head model described herein. FIG.

Construction of the human head model described herein

In one embodiment of the invention,
A human head model,
a human skull comprising at least a portion of the frontal bone and at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a first lamina at least partially adhering to some or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a second lamina at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina;
the first lamina is positioned between the human skull and the second lamina;
A human head model is provided.

[Human skull]
The human skull includes at least a portion of the frontal bone and at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The human skull may include both left and right sides in a front view, may be one of the left and right sides, or may be a part of one side. The human skull may comprise nasal cavities. The nasal cavity may be surrounded by the outer wall of the nasal cavity and divided into two chambers by the nasal septum. Also, the human skull may be positioned above the nasal cavity and may have an eye socket recessed rearward. Furthermore, the human skull may be formed with a fan-shaped front skull base, a butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa located behind the front skull base, and a trapezoid-shaped posterior cranial fossa located behind the middle cranial fossa. .

The posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is a portion of the sphenoid bone that covers the posterior side of the sphenoid sinus located behind the nasal cavity. The posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is located in the center of the middle cranial fossa and is depressed downward, and the anterior floor is located on both left and right sides of the serra turcica and protrudes posteriorly from the posterior end of the base of the anterior skull. A projection, a rear floor projection projecting upward from the rear end of the turcish saddle, and an oblique base extending obliquely downward toward the rear from the lower side of the rear floor projection may be formed.

In one embodiment of the invention, at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus includes at least the sella turcica, the posterior floor process and the oblique platform.

The anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is a portion of the sphenoid bone that covers the front side of the sphenoid sinus located behind the nasal cavity. The sphenoid sinus is one of the sinuses and is a cavity within the sphenoid bone.

The human skull includes nasal bones or parts thereof, lacrimal bones or parts thereof, parietal bones or parts thereof, temporal bones or parts thereof, occipital bones or parts thereof, cheekbones or parts thereof (e.g. body parts, buccal arch), maxilla or part thereof, mandible or part thereof, palatine or part thereof, ethmoid bone or part thereof (e.g. superior turbinate, middle turbinate, vertical plate), inferior turbinate or It may further include any one or more of a portion thereof, the vomer or a portion thereof.

The outer wall of the nasal cavity consists of the nasal bones located between the orbits, the frontal bones located superior to the nasal bones, the maxilla located posterior to the nasal bones, and the superior and middle turbinates of the ethmoid bones located posterior to the maxilla. , the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the pterygoid process of the inferior turbinate, located inferior to the middle turbinate, and the palatine bone, located posterior to the middle and inferior turbinate, and the sphenoid bone, located posterior to the palate and may be composed of The nasal septum may be composed of the nasal septal cartilage located at the anterior end, the vertical plate of the ethmoid bone located posteriorly superior to the nasal septal cartilage, and the vomer located posteriorly inferior to the nasal septal cartilage.

Although the material of the human skull is not particularly limited, for example, a sintered powder material may be used. Examples of powder sintering materials include, but are not limited to, polyamide (nylon), polycarbonate, polyester, polyacetal, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polybutylene, ABS resin, cellulose resin, acrylic Relatively rigid synthetic resin powder such as resin, epoxy resin and fluorine resin, talc, calcium carbonate, glass beads, silica, clay, kaolin, barium sulfate, wollastonite, mica, titanium oxide, diatomaceous earth, hydroxyapatite, metal powder and inorganic fillers such as

When the human head model described herein is used for surgical training and education, a part of the sphenoid bone (e.g., anterior floor process) may be cut, so a powder sintered material is used. preferably has machinability similar to that of human bone. Therefore, the powder sintered material preferably contains synthetic resin powder and inorganic filler powder. The ratio of the synthetic resin powder and the inorganic filler is about 30 to about 90% by weight of the synthetic resin powder and about 10 to about 70% by weight of the inorganic filler in terms of machinability similar to that of human bones. It is often preferred that the synthetic resin powder is about 50 to about 80 weight percent and the inorganic filler is about 20 to about 50 weight percent.

The powder sintered material is polyamide (preferably nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 66, more preferably nylon 66, more preferably nylon 6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 66, from the viewpoint of moldability, strength and hardness when manufacturing a human skull by powder sintering additive manufacturing. preferably contains nylon 12). Moreover, the sintered powder material preferably contains glass beads from the viewpoint of machinability of human bones.

[First thin layer]
The first lamina is at least partially adhered to at least part or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and preferably reflects the periosteum (eg periosteal dura). The first lamina need only adhere to at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. Therefore, the range in which the first thin layer adheres to at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus or covers at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. not to be The first lamina preferably covers (preferably adheres to) the serra turcica of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, more preferably a portion of the frontal bone and the sella turcica of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall. It is (preferably glued) and more preferably covers (preferably glued to) a portion of the frontal bone and the sella turcica and posterior floor process of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus.

The first thin layer may be a single layer, or may be a laminate of multiple layers. The material of the first thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. Combinations of these are included.

When the first thin layer is a plurality of layers, each layer may be adhered with an adhesive agent or the like, or may be adhered with heat, pressure, or the like, if necessary. When the first thin layer is a plurality of layers, each layer is composed of an adhesive (e.g., vinyl acetate resin-based (e.g., vinyl acetate resin-based solvent type, vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type), acrylic resin-based (e.g., acrylic resin-based emulsion type), chloroprene-based, SBR-based, rubber-based (e.g., rubber-based latex type, rubber-based solvent type), epoxy resin-based, urethane resin-based (e.g., polyurethane resin-based), silicone resin-based (e.g., modified silicone resin-based), a starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesive, or a combination thereof, preferably a starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesive). The first thin layer preferably has a lowermost layer (the layer in contact with the human skull) made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper). The first thin layer preferably has a top layer (the layer opposite to the layer in contact with the human skull) made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

When the first lamina is a single layer, in one embodiment of the invention the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

When the first lamina is a plurality of layers, in one embodiment of the present invention the bottom layer of the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper), The top layer of the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

The thickness of the first thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. , more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.3 mm, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm. Alternatively, if the first lamina is paper (eg, Japanese paper) or the like, the thickness of the first lamina is, for example, from about 1 to about 20 momme, preferably from about 1 to about 15 momme, or more. Preferably from about 2 to about 10 momme, and even more preferably from about 2 to about 6 momme. About 3 momme or less can be, for example, a see-through thickness. About 3 to about 6 momme can be, for example, about the thickness of common shoji paper. Above about 6 momme, for example, it can be of substantial thickness.

The first lamina is preferably of non-opaque color and/or thickness. The first lamina is "non-impermeable" when the first lamina is at least partially adhered to a portion or all of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall, including the posterior sphenoid sinus wall. It means that at least part of the human skull is not totally invisible (ie at least slightly visible) through the first lamina.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) having a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm. Alternatively, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme.

The first lamina is at least partially adhered to part or all of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall, preferably to the sella turcica of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall, more preferably comprising: It is attached to a portion of the serra turcica and posterior floor process of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, and more preferably to a portion of the sella turcica and posterior floor process of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and to a portion of the frontal bone. ing. The method of at least partially adhering the first thin layer to part or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. 1 adhesive, heat, pressure, or the like. The first adhesive is not particularly limited as long as it can bond the human skull (for example, at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus) and the first thin layer. , vinyl acetate resin (e.g., vinyl acetate resin solvent type, vinyl acetate resin emulsion type), acrylic resin (e.g., acrylic resin emulsion type), chloroprene, SBR, rubber (e.g., rubber latex type, rubber-based solvent type), epoxy resin-based, urethane resin-based (e.g., polyurethane resin-based), silicone resin-based (e.g., modified silicone resin-based), starch-containing (e.g., modified starch-containing) adhesive, or these A combination of The first adhesive preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive or a starch-containing adhesive, and more preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive or a modified starch-containing adhesive.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is formed in a butterfly shape via a second adhesive that is capable of bonding the first lamina and the human skull more firmly than the first adhesive. It is at least partially adhered to a portion of the posterior wall of the bone sinus (preferably including at least the vicinity of the anterior floor process). The second adhesive that "can bond the first thin layer and the human skull more firmly than the first adhesive" means that the first thin layer is stronger than when the first adhesive is used. It means an adhesive that makes it difficult for the human skull to separate from the human skull. With such a configuration, in a part of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus (preferably including the vicinity of the anterior floor process), compared to other parts, the human skull and the first thin layer adheres more firmly, and the feeling when peeling the human skull and the first thin layer is closer to the feeling when peeling the human skull and the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura) in actual clinical practice. can be The second adhesive is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the type of the first adhesive. Examples of the second adhesive include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate resin (e.g., vinyl acetate resin solvent type, vinyl acetate resin emulsion type), acrylic resin (e.g., acrylic resin emulsion type), chloroprene type, SBR type, rubber type (e.g. rubber latex type, rubber solvent type), epoxy resin type, urethane resin type (e.g. polyurethane resin type), silicone resin type (e.g. modified silicone resin-based), starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesives, or combinations thereof. The second adhesive preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based (more preferably, a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type) adhesive.

In one embodiment of the invention, the first lamina is at least partially adhered to part or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus via a first adhesive. In one embodiment of the present invention, the first thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive (preferably a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type adhesive) or a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive). ) to some or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. In one embodiment of the present invention, the first thin layer is attached to the sphenoid bone via a second adhesive that can bond the first thin layer and the human skull more firmly than the first adhesive. at least partially adhered to a portion of the posterior sinus wall (preferably including at least the vicinity of the anterior floor process) and partially or entirely to the other portion of the posterior sinus wall via the first adhesive; and at least partially adhere. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first thin layer is partially attached to the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus via a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive (preferably a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive). (preferably including at least the vicinity of the anterior floor process), and a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive) at least partially.

[Second thin layer]
The second lamina is at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina and preferably reflects dura mater (eg, intrinsic dura mater). The second thin layer only needs to adhere to at least a portion of the first thin layer. The extent to which the second thin layer adheres to or covers the first thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. Therefore, the second thin layer may not cover the entire range of the first thin layer, or may cover substantially the entire range. Where the second lamina extends beyond the first lamina, the second lamina may be partially or wholly adhered to the human skull. The second lamina preferably covers the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus serra turcica, more preferably a portion of the frontal bone and the posterior sphenoid sinus wall of the serra turcica, more preferably the frontal bone. as well as the sella turcica and posterior floor process of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus.

The first thin layer and the second thin layer may be partly adhered and not entirely adhered. A gap may be formed between the first lamina and the second lamina by not adhering the entire extent of the first lamina and the second lamina. The gaps thus formed may reflect, for example, sinuses and the like. When such a gap forms near the sella turcica, it may reflect the cavernous sinus.

The second thin layer may be a single layer or a laminate of multiple layers. The material of the second thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. Combinations of these are included. Stretchable materials such as rubber are not preferred if the second lamina reflects dura mater (eg, intrinsic dura mater).

When the second lamina is a single layer, in one embodiment of the invention the second lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

When the second thin layer is a plurality of layers, each layer may be adhered with an adhesive agent or the like, or may be adhered by heating, pressure, or the like, if necessary. When the second thin layer is a plurality of layers, each layer is composed of an adhesive (e.g., vinyl acetate resin-based (e.g., vinyl acetate resin-based solvent type, vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type), acrylic resin-based (e.g., acrylic resin-based emulsion type), chloroprene-based, SBR-based, rubber-based (e.g., rubber-based latex type, rubber-based solvent type), epoxy resin-based, urethane resin-based (e.g., polyurethane resin-based), silicone resin-based (e.g., modified silicone resin-based), a starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesive, or a combination thereof, preferably a starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesive). The second thin layer preferably has a lowermost layer (the layer in contact with the human skull) made of paper (preferably cardboard, Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper). The second thin layer preferably has an uppermost layer (the layer opposite to the layer in contact with the first thin layer) made of paper (preferably cardboard, Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

When the second lamina is a plurality of layers, in one embodiment of the invention the bottom layer of the second lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper), The top layer of one thin layer is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper).

The thickness of the second thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. , more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.3 mm, more preferably about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm. Alternatively, if the second lamina is paper (eg, Japanese paper) or the like, the thickness of the first lamina is, for example, from about 1 to about 20 momme, preferably from about 1 to about 15 momme, or more. Preferably from about 2 to about 10 momme, and even more preferably from about 2 to about 6 momme. About 3 momme or less can be, for example, a see-through thickness. About 3 to about 6 momme can be, for example, about the thickness of common shoji paper. Above about 6 momme, for example, it can be of substantial thickness.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the second lamina is made of paper, preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, having a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm. Alternatively, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme.

The second lamina is preferably of a non-opaque color or thickness. The second lamina is "non-impermeable" when the second lamina is at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina, the first lamina, the cranial nerves, the inner It means that at least a portion of the human skull, including the carotid artery, vein and/or posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, is not at all visible (ie at least slightly visible) through the second lamina. .

Preferably, the first lamina and the second lamina are of non-identical colors. Since the color of the first lamina and the color of the second lamina are not the same, the first lamina may and the second thin layer can be easily distinguished. Therefore, in one embodiment of the invention, the color of the first lamina and the color of the second lamina are not identical.

In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) with a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm, and the second The thin layer of is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) with a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm. Alternatively, in one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme, and the second lamina The lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme.

The method of at least partially adhering the second thin layer to part or all of the first thin layer is not particularly limited as long as the object of the present invention can be achieved. 3 adhesive, heating, pressurization, or the like. The third adhesive is not particularly limited as long as it can bond the second thin layer and the first thin layer. solvent type, vinyl acetate resin emulsion type), acrylic resin type (e.g. acrylic resin emulsion type), chloroprene type, SBR type, rubber type (e.g. rubber latex type, rubber solvent type), epoxy resin type, Urethane resin-based (eg, polyurethane resin-based), silicone resin-based (eg, modified silicone resin-based), starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesives, or combinations thereof. The third adhesive preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive or a starch-containing adhesive, and more preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive or a modified starch-containing adhesive.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second thin layer is formed via a fourth adhesive capable of bonding the second thin layer and the first thin layer more firmly than the third adhesive, It is at least partially adhered to a portion of the first lamina (preferably including at least the vicinity of the cavernous sinus). The fourth adhesive that "can bond the second thin layer and the first thin layer more firmly than the third adhesive" means that the second adhesive is stronger than the third adhesive. It means an adhesive that makes it difficult for the thin layer and the first thin layer to separate. With such a configuration, in a part of the first thin layer (preferably including at least the vicinity of the cavernous sinus part), the second thin layer and the first thin layer are more dense than the other part. The thin layer adheres more firmly, and the feeling when the second thin layer and the first thin layer are peeled off is different from the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura mater) and the dura mater (preferably the intrinsic dura mater) in actual clinical practice. It can be much closer to the feeling when peeling off the membrane). The fourth adhesive is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the type of the third adhesive. Examples of the fourth adhesive include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate resin-based (e.g., vinyl acetate resin-based solvent type, vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type), acrylic resin-based (e.g., acrylic resin emulsion type), chloroprene type, SBR type, rubber type (e.g. rubber latex type, rubber solvent type), epoxy resin type, urethane resin type (e.g. polyurethane resin type), silicone resin type (e.g. modified silicone resin-based), starch-containing (eg, modified starch-containing) adhesives, or combinations thereof. The fourth adhesive preferably includes a vinyl acetate resin-based (more preferably, a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type) adhesive.

In one embodiment of the invention, the second lamina is at least partially adhered to part or all of the first lamina via a third adhesive. In one embodiment of the present invention, the second thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive (preferably a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type adhesive) or a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive). agent) to some or all of the first lamina. In one embodiment of the present invention, the second thin layer is bonded to the first thin layer via a fourth adhesive that can bond the second thin layer and the first thin layer more firmly than the third adhesive. at least partially adhering to a portion of one lamina (preferably including at least the vicinity of the cavernous sinus) and a third adhesive to some or all of the other portion of the first lamina; At least partially adhere through. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second thin layer is part of the first thin layer ( (preferably at least partially adjacent to the cavernous sinus), and a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive) in some or all of the other portions of the first lamina. agent) at least partially.

In one more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper, preferably corrugated paper or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, having a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm, and the second The thin layer is made of paper, preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, with a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm, and the second thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive ( preferably a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive) or a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive) at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina; ing. Alternatively, in a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper, preferably corrugated board or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme, and the second lamina The thin layer is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) with a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme, and the second thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin based adhesive (preferably acetic acid It is at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina via a vinyl resin emulsion type adhesive) or a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive). With such a configuration, the feeling when peeling the first thin layer and the second thin layer is different from the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura) and the dura (preferably the proper dura) in actual clinical practice. Closer to the feeling when exfoliating. Therefore, it is more suitable for training the approach to the area (preferably the cavernous sinus) existing between the periosteum (preferably the periosteal dura) and the dura mater (preferably the proper dura).

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper (preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper) with a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm, and the second The thin layer is made of paper, preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, with a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 mm, and the first thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive ( at least partially adhered to a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus (preferably including at least the vicinity of the anterior floor process) via a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive); Other portions of the back wall are at least partially adhered via a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive) on some or all of the remaining portion of the back wall, and the second thin layer is vinyl acetate. At least partially adhered to a portion of the first lamina (preferably including at least the vicinity of the cavernous sinus) via a resin-based adhesive (preferably a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion-type adhesive) However, part or all of the other portion of the first thin layer is at least partially adhered via a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive). Alternatively, in a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first lamina is made of paper, preferably corrugated board or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme, and the second lamina The thin layers are made of paper, preferably cardboard or Japanese paper, more preferably Japanese paper, having a thickness of about 2 to about 6 momme, and the first thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive (preferably vinyl acetate At least partially adhere to a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus (preferably including at least the vicinity of the anterior floor process) via a resin-based emulsion-type adhesive), and the other part of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall. Part or all of the portion is at least partially adhered via a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive), and the second thin layer is a vinyl acetate resin-based adhesive. (preferably, a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion adhesive) is at least partially adhered to a portion of the first thin layer (preferably including at least the vicinity of the cavernous sinus); Some or all of the other portions of the thin layer are at least partially adhered via a starch-containing adhesive (preferably a modified starch-containing adhesive).

[Cranial nerves, arteries, veins]
The human head phantom may include cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins. The entire length or portion of cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins may be disposed inside the second lamina or may be disposed between the second lamina and the first lamina. . The entire length or portion of cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins may be located near the serra turcica, posterior floor process and/or oblique plateau of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus.

Examples of cranial nerves include oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve (optic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve) and the like. The material of cranial nerves is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include synthetic resin, rubber, and metal. The thickness of the cranial nerves is not particularly limited, and can be changed as appropriate according to the size of the human head model described herein, the application (for example, the disease for which surgical training is to be performed), and the like. .

The artery may be single or multiple, and may contain branches. The artery includes, but is not limited to, the internal carotid artery, the middle meningeal artery, and the like. The material of the artery is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include synthetic resin, rubber, and metal. The artery may be formed hollow. If the artery is hollow, it may be filled with a liquid (colorless or colored). Since the inside is filled with liquid, it is possible to check for bleeding during surgical training. A predetermined amount of liquid may be filled in the artery in advance, or the artery may be connected to a liquid supply means (pump or the like), and the liquid may be supplied to the artery by operating the liquid supply means when necessary. good too. The thickness of the artery is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately changed according to the size of the human head model described herein, the application (diseases for surgical training), and the like.

The vein may be single or multiple, and may include branches. Examples of veins include, but are not limited to, superior ocular veins, inferior ocular veins, and the like. The material of the vein is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include synthetic resin, rubber, and metal. The vein may be formed hollow. If the vein is hollow, it may be filled with a liquid (colorless or colored). Since the inside is filled with liquid, it is possible to check for bleeding during surgical training. A predetermined amount of liquid may be filled in the vein in advance, or the vein may be connected to a liquid supply means (pump or the like), and the liquid may be supplied to the vein by operating the liquid supply means when necessary. good too. The thickness of the vein is not particularly limited, and can be changed as appropriate according to the size of the human head model described herein, the application (diseases for surgical training), and the like.

Cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins may each be of distinct material, thickness and/or color. Distinct materials, thicknesses and/or colors make it easier to distinguish between cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins.

The human head models described herein may include configurations other than those described above. For example, the inner and outer surfaces of the outer wall of the nasal cavity and the surface of the nasal septum may be covered with an elastic membrane (for example, a rubber material such as silicone rubber) that mimics human mucous membranes.

The human head phantoms described herein may be used (eg, as mannequins) in combination with, for example, partial or full human torso phantoms.

A method for manufacturing a human head model described herein

[Method for producing human skull]
The human skull is not limited to these, but is manufactured, for example, by powder sintering additive manufacturing from powder sintered material based on three-dimensional image data generated from tomography information of the human head. good too. Since the powder sintering additive manufacturing method itself is a known manufacturing method, its detailed description is omitted in this specification.

[Adhesion of the first thin layer]
In the human skull produced as described above, a first thin layer of desired material, size and thickness is applied (for example, via an adhesive or the like) so as to contact at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. Can be glued.

[Placement of cranial nerves, arteries and veins]
In the human skull produced as described above, cranial nerves such as the trigeminal nerve and the oculomotor nerve may be arranged as necessary. In addition, arteries such as the middle meningeal artery and the internal carotid artery may be placed in the human skull produced as described above, if necessary. Furthermore, in the human skull produced as described above, veins such as superior ocular veins and inferior ocular veins may be placed as necessary. The cranial nerves, arteries and/or veins may be placed in any suitable location in human anatomy.

[Adhesion of second thin layer]
A second thin layer having a desired material, size, and thickness (for example, an adhesive, etc.) is applied so that at least a portion of the upper side of the first thin layer (the surface opposite to the human skull) is in contact. via) to produce the human head model described herein.

Uses of the human head models described herein

The human head phantom described herein can be used, for example, as a surgical training or educational phantom for diseases within the human skull. Accordingly, in one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a human head model as described herein for surgical training or education of diseases within the human skull.

Human intracranial diseases include, but are not limited to, tumors such as cavernous sinus tumor, mesencephalic cavernous hemangioma, cavernous sinus hemangioma, internal carotid artery cavernous sinus unruptured brain Vascular disorders such as aneurysm, internal carotid artery cavernous sinus rupture cerebral aneurysm, internal carotid artery cerebral aneurysm, basilar artery aneurysm, and dural arteriovenous fistula.

The human head model described herein can be used, for example, for training and teaching of intracranial surgery in humans as follows.

The human head model is tilted at an arbitrary angle (for example, the cheekbones are directed toward the ceiling and the base of the skull is tilted at an angle where the user (trainer) can see the first thin layer and/or the first thin layer from an arbitrary point. Alternatively, peeling of the second thin layer may be started with a surgical tool such as a scalpel. When peeling the first lamina from the human skull, the first lamina may be peeled from the human skull along with the second lamina. After peeling the first thin layer from the human skull to an arbitrary position, the second thin layer may be peeled off from the first thin layer using a surgical tool such as a scalpel. In addition to peeling the first thin layer and/or the second thin layer, a part of the bone (for example, the sphenoid bone) forming the human skull may be cut with a cutting tool or the like.

The human head model described herein will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings. However, it is not intended to limit the human head model described herein in any way.

Figures 1-5 show one embodiment of the human head model described herein. The human head model 1 includes a human skull 4 including at least a portion of the frontal bone 2 and a portion of the posterior wall 3 of the sphenoid sinus, and a posterior wall 3 of the sphenoid sinus at least partially adhered to the cranium. a first lamina 5 and a second lamina 6 adhered to at least a portion of the first lamina 5, the first lamina 5 connecting the human skull 4 and the second lamina It is located between 6. Although FIGS. 1-5 show embodiments for one side (half) of a human skull, the human head models described herein may include both sides of a human skull.

In one embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the human skull part 4 is located above the nasal cavity 7 (not shown) located on the center side in the left-right direction and on the bottom side in the up-down direction when viewed from the front and recessed backward. An eye socket 8 is formed. The nasal cavity 7 may be surrounded by an outer wall 9 of the nasal cavity and divided into two left and right chambers by a nasal septum 10 . In one embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the human skull 4 includes a fan-shaped frontal skull base 11 located on the front side in plan view, a butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa 12 located behind the frontal skull base 11, and a middle A trapezoidal posterior cranial fossa 13 located behind the cranial fossa 12 is formed. Cheekbones 37 are also formed.

In one embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the posterior wall 3 of the sphenoid sinus in the human skull 4 is formed by the sella turcica 14, which is centrally located in the middle cranial fossa 12 and recesses downwards, and the left and right sides of the sella turcica 14. An anterior floor process 15 (not shown) projecting posteriorly from the posterior end of the anterior cranial base 11 , a posterior floor process 16 projecting upward from the posterior end of the sella turcica 14 , and a posterior floor process 16 . A slanting base 17 is formed to extend downward from the lower side of the housing while being inclined toward the rear.

In one embodiment, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the outer wall 9 of the nasal cavity consists of the nasal bone 18, the frontal bone 2 above the nasal bone 18, the maxilla 19 behind the nasal bone 18, and the maxillary bone 19 behind the maxillary bone 19. The superior turbinate 20a and the middle turbinate 20b of the ethmoid bone 20, the inferior turbinate 21 located below the middle turbinate 20b, and the palatal bone 22 located behind the middle turbinate 20b and the inferior turbinate 21 , the anterior wall 24 of the sphenoid sinus 23 and the pterygoid process 25 of the sphenoid bone 23 located behind the palate 22 . The sphenoid sinus anterior wall 24 is a portion of the sphenoid bone 23 that covers the front side of the sphenoid sinus 26 located behind the nasal cavity 7 . The sphenoid sinus 26 is one of the paranasal sinuses and is a cavity within the sphenoid bone 23 . On the other hand, the nasal septum 10, in one embodiment shown in FIG. 27 and the vomer bone 28 positioned posteriorly and downwardly. The sphenoid bone 23 includes the foramen spinosum 29, foramen ovale 30, foramen ovale 31 and superior orbital fissure 32 (not shown). A parietal bone 38 is also formed.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-5, the first lamina 5 (preferably reflecting the periosteum). Although the first lamina 5 is colored in dark gray for easy distinction, the color of the first lamina 5 is not limited.) extends from the frontal bone 2 to at least the sphenoid sinus. It is arranged so as to cover the range over the turcish saddle 14 of the rear wall 3 . The first lamina 5 extends over at least part of the range from the frontal bone 2 to at least the serra turcica 14 of the posterior wall 3 of the sphenoid sinus (preferably from the frontal bone 2 to at least the serra turcica 14 of the posterior sphenoid sinus wall 3). 14), or may be bonded (preferably via a first adhesive, more preferably via a first adhesive and a second adhesive).

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-5, the second lamina 6 (which preferably reflects a hardened film). The second thin layer 6 is colored light gray to make it easier to distinguish 6, but the color of the second thin layer 6 is not limited.) is an abbreviation for the first thin layer 5. They are arranged to cover the entire surface. The second lamina 6 is arranged to cover the area from the frontal bone 2 to at least the serratum turcica 14 of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus 3 (covering the area from the frontal base 11 to the posterior fossa 13). there is The second lamina 6 directly covers the human skull 4 beyond the first lamina 5 . The second thin layer 6 is adhered (preferably via a third adhesive) to at least a portion of the first thin layer 5 (preferably substantially the entire area covering the first thin layer 5). (more preferably, through a third adhesive and a fourth adhesive). The second thin layer 6 may be adhered (for example, adhered via a third adhesive) to the human skull 4 beyond the first thin layer 5. In this case, the periosteum and It may reflect a layer in which the dura mater adheres (a layer in which the periosteum and the dura mater are inseparable).

1 to 5, between the human skull 4 and the second lamina 6, the cranial nerves 33 are the trigeminal nerve 33a and the oculomotor nerve 33b. The oculomotor nerve 33b is arranged between the first lamina 5 and the second lamina 6 . The trigeminal nerve 33a and the oculomotor nerve 33b are located near the saddle turcica 14, the posterior floor process 16 and/or the oblique platform 17 of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus 3. The trigeminal nerve 33a branches into three (optical nerve 33c, maxillary nerve 33d, and mandibular nerve 33e) along the way. The optic nerve 33c extends to the orbit 8. The maxillary nerve 33 d extends through the foramen rotundum 30 of the sphenoid bone 23 . The mandibular nerve 33 e extends through the foramen ovale 31 of the sphenoid bone 23 .

1-5, between the human skull 4 and the second lamina 6, the arteries 34 comprise an internal carotid artery 34a and a middle meningeal artery 34b. At least a portion of the internal carotid artery 34 a is located between the human skull 4 and the first lamina 5 and passes near the sphenoid bone 23 . The internal carotid artery 34a is located near the serratum turcica 14, the posterior floor process 16 and/or the oblique platform 17 of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus 3. A portion of the middle meningeal artery 34 b is located between the human skull 4 and the first lamina 5 . The middle meningeal artery 34 b is also extended through the spinous foramen 29 of the sphenoid bone 23 .

1-5, between the human skull 4 and the second lamina 6, the veins 35 are provided with an upper eye vein 35a and a lower eye vein 35b. At least some of these veins 35 pass through the region that exists between the first lamina 5 and the second lamina 6 (preferably the cavernous sinus 36). These veins 35 also extend from the orbit 8 to the vicinity of the sella turcica 14 , the posterior floor process 16 and/or the oblique base 17 of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus 3 .

The human skull 4 may be an integral member, or, for example, the fan-shaped front skull base 11, the butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa 12, and the trapezoid-shaped posterior cranial fossa 13 may be separate members. . In the case of separate members, each may be detachable by screws, magnets, or the like, or may be non-detachable by bonding with an adhesive or the like.

Next, a method of training and education for surgical operations in the human skull when using the human head model 1 will be described.

For example, when starting from the position of A in FIG. (In this case, the first lamina 5, including the second lamina 6, would be detached from the human skull 4). As the dissection of the first lamina 4 progresses, the middle meningeal artery 34b, the foramen spinosum 29 of the sphenoid bone 23, the foramen rotunda 30, the foramen ovale 31 and/or the superior orbital fissure 32, etc. can be identified. At this time, the first thin layer 5 (first thin layer 5a) on the sphenoid sinus posterior wall 3 side and the first thin layer 5 (first thin layer 5b) extending from the orbit 8 side It is preferable to peel off the first thin layer 5 (the first thin layer 5a) until the junction becomes visible. The separation of the first thin layer 5 and the second thin layer 6 may be started from the vicinity of the junction of the first thin layer 5a and the first thin layer 5b. By proceeding with the detachment of the first lamina 5 and the second lamina 6 in this manner, the area between the first lamina 5 and the second lamina 6 (eg, the cavernous sinus 36) is exposed. approach to training and teaching.

In actual surgery, a part of the sphenoid bone (such as the anterior floor process) can be an obstacle when removing the periosteum and dura mater in the human skull. may be cut with a cutting tool, etc. Therefore, even when training or educating using the human head model 1, a part of the sphenoid bone 23 (for example, the anterior floor projection 15, etc.) is cut with a cutting tool or the like as needed at any timing. preferably. The generated chips may be sucked by a suction tool. Since the human head model described in this specification can be used for training and education in cutting a part of the sphenoid bone, etc., it can It is possible to provide training and education that reflects the change of grip, cutting work, etc.).

The present invention will be described in more detail by the following examples, but the invention is not limited to these.

[Production of the human head model described herein]
(1) Production of human skull
The human skull was manufactured from powder sintered material by powder sintering additive manufacturing by a known method based on three-dimensional image data generated from tomography information of the human head. In this example, polyamide and glass beads (manufactured by Aspect Co., Ltd., product name: ASPEX-GB) were used as materials, and approximately half (left half) of the skull was manufactured. In this example, a human skull corresponding to FIGS. 1-5 was produced. The human skull in this embodiment includes a portion of the frontal bone and a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus (including the sella turcica, the anterior floor process, the posterior floor process, and the oblique platform). In addition, the human skull in this embodiment is formed with a fan-shaped frontal cranial base, a butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa located behind the frontal cranial base, and a trapezoidal posterior cranial fossa located behind the middle cranial fossa. ing. In addition, the human skull in this example includes nasal bones, maxilla, vertical version of ethmoid bone, superior and middle turbinate, inferior turbinate, palate, sphenoid sinus anterior wall of sphenoid bone and pterygoid process , as well as the vomer. The human skull in this example includes an anterior sphenoidal sinus wall and a posterior sphenoidal sinus wall, and thus also includes a sphenoidal sinus surrounded by them. In addition, the sphenoid bone was provided with the foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, foramen ovale, and superior orbital fissure.
(2) Adhesion of the first thin layer
In the human skull produced as described above, Japanese paper (manufactured by Tanaka Paper Co., Ltd., product number: S-16-C, rakusui paper) is placed so that it is in contact with at least a part of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. , Adhered with a modified starch-containing adhesive (manufactured by Lintec Commerce Co., Ltd., product number: HT110).The first thin layer with a thickness of about 0.2 mm or less, about 2 to 6 momme) They were adhered via an adhesive (manufactured by Lintec Commerce, product number: HT110) (first thin layer a). In addition, in the vicinity of the anterior floor projection, the first thin layer and the human skull were adhered via a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion adhesive (manufactured by Konishi Co., Ltd., product number: 10822). In this example, a first lamina a made of Japanese paper is adhered to the frontal bone, the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus (including the anterior floor process, the posterior floor process, the oblique platform and the sella turcica). Furthermore, a first thin layer made of Japanese paper is applied toward the back of the orbit so as to cover the entire inner wall of the orbit with an adhesive containing modified starch (manufactured by Lintec Commerce Co., Ltd., product number: HT110). (first thin layer b). The first lamina a and the first lamina b were merged near the superior orbital fissure. At the joined portion, the first thin layer a and the first thin layer b were adhered via an adhesive containing modified starch (manufactured by Lintec Commerce, product number: HT110). Light yellow Japanese paper was used for the first thin layer a, and dark yellow Japanese paper was used for the first thin layer b. The confluence of the periosteum from the frontal bone to the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the periosteum on the orbital side leads to the area (especially the cavernous sinus) between the dura mater (proper dura mater) and the periosteum (periosteal dura mater). Therefore, by separating the colors of the first thin layer a and the first thin layer b, the confluence of the first thin layer a and the first thin layer b can be visually observed. Making things easier is beneficial.
(3) Placement of cranial nerves, arteries and veins
The trigeminal nerves (optic, maxillary and mandibular) and oculomotor nerves were placed in the human skull prepared as described above. The oculomotor nerve originated from the orbit and extended to the vicinity of the sella turcica. After passing through the orbit, the oculomotor nerve was placed through the region between the first and second lamina (particularly the cavernous sinus). The trigeminal nerve is located between the second lamina and the human skull and branches along the way into three nerves (optic, maxillary and mandibular). The optic nerve was extended to the orbit. The maxillary nerve was placed through the foramen rotunda. The mandibular nerve was placed through the foramen ovale. These nerves are produced by using a polyamide (manufactured by Aspect Co., Ltd., product name: ASPEX-PA2Neo) and a mixture of polyamide and glass beads (manufactured by Aspect Co., Ltd., product name: ASPEX-GB), using a 3D printer (Aspect Co., Ltd. (The thickness of each nerve is about 3 to about 8 mm, and the color of each nerve is yellow). The part (ganglion) where the three trigeminal nerves (optic nerve, maxillary nerve and mandibular nerve) converge was made thicker than each nerve.
The middle meningeal artery and internal carotid artery were also placed in the human skull prepared as described above.
The middle meningeal artery was placed between the first lamina and the human skull and passed through the spinous foramen of the sphenoid bone. The middle meningeal artery was manufactured using a red-colored synthetic resin having a thickness of about 1 mm. The internal carotid artery originated near the posterior floor process of the sphenoid bone and was placed so as to pass through the vicinity of the sphenoid bone. The internal carotid artery was prepared using a red-colored hollow synthetic resin tube having a thickness of about 4 mm, and a wire was passed through the hollow.
In addition, superior and inferior ocular veins were placed in the human skull prepared as described above. The superior and inferior ocular veins originate in the orbit and pass between the second lamina and the human skull (preferably between the second lamina and the first lamina) to the sphenoid bone. It was arranged so as to extend to the rear floor projection or the vicinity of the oblique base. These veins were manufactured using wire with a thickness of approximately 1 mm.
By appropriately changing the color, thickness, material, etc., of each nerve, artery, and vein in this manner, the human head model described herein can be used for surgical training. It becomes easy to visually observe the positional relationship of the veins.
(4) Adhesion of the second thin layer
A second thin layer made of Japanese paper (manufactured by Tanaka Paper Co., Ltd., product number: S-16 -C, Rakusui paper: Two sheets of this are stacked and adhered with an adhesive containing modified starch (manufactured by Lintec Commerce Co., Ltd., product number: HT110).Thickness of about 0.2 mm or less, about 2 to about 6 momme) were adhered via an adhesive containing modified starch (manufactured by Lintec Commerce, product number: HT110). In the vicinity of the cavernous sinus, the first thin layer and the second thin layer were adhered via a vinyl acetate resin-based emulsion type adhesive (manufactured by Konishi Co., Ltd., product number: 10822). Thus, the human head model of this example was manufactured. In this example, Japanese paper with different colors was used so that the first thin layer and the second thin layer can be easily distinguished (first thin layer: yellowish, second thin layer: brownish). . The cavernous sinus, which is the region between the first thin layer and the second thin layer, was filled with blue-colored cotton-like material. In this way, by filling the cavernous sinus with solids, liquids, etc., it is confirmed whether approach to the cavernous sinus can be achieved during surgical training using the human head model described herein. be able to.

The human head model described herein comprises a first lamina (e.g., periosteum (preferably periosteal dura)) and a second lamina (e.g., dura (preferably proper dura)). Since it is useful in training the approach to the area (preferably the cavernous sinus) that exists between the two, it is industrially applicable. Further, the human head models described herein may be configured such that when the first and/or second lamina are adhered by an adhesive, the first lamina and/or the second lamina Since the feeling when the layers are peeled off can reflect the feeling during actual surgery, it is industrially applicable.

1: Human head model 2: Frontal bone 3: Sphenoid sinus posterior wall 4: Human skull 5: First thin layer 5a: First thin layer 5b extended from the sphenoid sinus posterior wall side: First lamina extended from the orbital side 6: Second lamina 8: Orbit 9: Outer wall of nasal cavity 10: Nasal septum 11: Anterior base of skull 12: Middle cranial fossa 13: Posterior fossa 14: Sella turcica 16: Posterior Floor process 17: oblique base 18: nasal bone 19: maxillary bone 20: ethmoid bone 20a: superior nasal turbinate 20b: middle nasal turbinate 20c: vertical plate 21: inferior nasal turbinate 22: palatal bone 23: sphenoid bone 24: sphenoid bone Anterior sinus wall 25: pterygoid process 26: sphenoid sinus 28: vomer 33: cranial nerve 33a: trigeminal nerve 33b: oculomotor nerve 33c: optic nerve 33d: maxillary nerve 33e: mandibular nerve 34: artery 34a: internal carotid artery 34b: medium hardness Membrane artery 35: vein 35a: superior ocular vein 35b: inferior ocular vein 36: cavernous sinus 37: cheekbone 38: parietal bone

Claims (10)

A human head model,
a human skull comprising at least a portion of the frontal bone and at least a portion of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a first lamina at least partially adhering to some or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus;
a second lamina at least partially adhered to some or all of the first lamina;
the first lamina is positioned between the human skull and the second lamina;
Human head model. 2. The human head model of claim 1, wherein the first lamina at least partially adheres to part or all of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus via the first adhesive. 3. The human head model of claim 2, wherein the first adhesive comprises a vinyl acetate based adhesive or a starch-containing adhesive. The human of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the second lamina is at least partially adhered to part or all of the first lamina via a third adhesive. head model. 5. A human head model according to claim 4, wherein the third adhesive comprises a vinyl acetate based adhesive or a starch containing adhesive. A human head model according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first lamina consists of paper. A human head model according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the second lamina consists of paper. Human head model according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the color of the first lamina and the color of the second lamina are different. The human head model according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein at least part of the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus comprises at least the serra turcica, the posterior floor process and the oblique platform. 10. The human head model according to any one of claims 1 to 9, which is for surgical training or education for diseases in the human cranium.

Images