JP2023074287A - Optical element, and authentication body - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide an optical element and an authentication body that can easily make an authentication determination of the optical element and an ID body packaged inside a polycarbonate-made card.SOLUTION: An optical element has: a first layer; a second layer that contacts the first layer; and a third layer that contacts the second layer, each having light translucency, and the first layer contains urethane resin with a molecular weight equal to or more than 1000 and less than 10000 at a weight ratio equal to or more than 5% and less than 45% with respect to at least ultraviolet ray hardening resin with a molecular weight equal to or more than 20000 and less than 100000.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Embodiments of the present invention relate to optical elements and authenticators.

Optical elements using holograms, diffraction gratings, multilayer interference films, etc., for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting of securities such as gift certificates, banknotes, and credit cards, as well as product brand protection. is attached. Since such an optical element is not easy to manufacture, the optical element has the effect of preventing counterfeiting of the article to which the optical element is attached.

As the optical element described above, an optical element is widely used that can be judged only by visual observation without using a special verification tool when judging the authenticity of the optical element. Among them, those in which the color visually recognized by the optical element and the image displayed by the optical element change depending on the angle at which the optical element is observed are widely used. Among them, the optical element whose color changes according to the angle at which the optical element is observed includes the diffraction grating and the multilayer interference film as described above.

Diffraction gratings and multilayer interference films have the characteristic that the color of the optical element visually recognized by the observer changes continuously when the angle at which these optical elements are observed is changed. Since a plurality of colors are observed by an observer in this way, it is difficult to clearly define the colors that should be visually recognized when determining that an optical element is a genuine optical element in authenticity determination. Further, in determining the authenticity of the optical element, it is difficult for the observer to understand the appropriate angle range among the angles at which the optical element is observed.

In order to solve such problems, a grating structure is used as an optical element that develops a predetermined color. The period of fine structures in the lattice structure is equal to or less than the wavelength of visible light. The grating structure has a characteristic of emitting only light of a specific wavelength out of light incident on the grating structure in a specular direction due to a phenomenon called waveguide mode resonance. Therefore, according to the grating structure, when the observer observes the optical element from a direction other than the direction of specular reflection, the observer cannot visually recognize light having a predetermined color in the optical element. Therefore, unlike a diffraction grating or a multilayer interference film, the grating structure can define the angle at which the optical element should be observed and the color to be viewed at that angle. As a result, it is possible to stipulate the method of authenticity determination of the optical element. An example of an anti-counterfeiting optical element using such a sub-wavelength grating is the optical element described in Patent Document 1.

By the way, in the optical element described in Patent Document 1, after viewing the optical element at the first angle at which the first color is viewed, the optical element is rotated around the normal to the plane on which the optical element spreads as the axis of rotation. . Then, the authenticity of the optical element is determined by viewing the optical element at a second angle at which the second color is viewed.

Here, the motion of the hand performed by the observer to rotate the optical element is not as natural as other motions, such as the motion of tilting the optical element. Therefore, the operability of the judgment work by the observer tends to be low, and the efficiency of judgment tends to be low as a result. Also, the sub-wavelength grating emits light of a given color only in the specular direction, as described above. Therefore, the moment the observer picks up the optical element, or the moment the observer places the optical element on a flat surface and then observes the optical element, the observer can visually recognize the color exhibited by the optical element. Unlikely. That is, it is unlikely that the observer will observe the optical element in the specular direction at such moments. Therefore, the observer rotates the optical element after finding the angle at which the color exhibited by the optical element can be visually recognized, and further rotates the optical element to determine the angle at which another color exhibited by the optical element can be visually recognized. need to find. As a result, it takes time for an observer to determine the authenticity of an optical element, and thus an optical element that can more easily determine the authenticity of an optical element is desired.

As such an optical element, for example, an optical element as described in Patent Document 2 can be cited. In the optical element described in Patent Document 2, the appearance and disappearance of color due to the first lattice structure and the second lattice structure occur simultaneously. Therefore, in determining the authenticity of an optical element, whether or not the optical element has a first region exhibiting a color derived from the first lattice structure and a second region exhibiting a color derived from the second lattice structure is determined once. can be grasped. Therefore, by rotating the optical element, it is possible to more easily determine the authenticity of the optical element compared to the case of determining whether the optical element has a state of exhibiting two colors.

Japanese Patent Publication No. 2013-527938 International Publication No. 019-182051

By the way, for example, when an optical element is embedded in a card made of polycarbonate, a plurality of polycarbonate sheets including a polycarbonate sheet to which the optical element is pasted are stacked and laminated. At that time, the uneven surface shape of the polycarbonate sheet may be transferred to the optical element, and as a result, the color development caused by each structure described above may be weakened, the ease of authenticity determination may be reduced, and there is a risk of damaging the brand image. be.

In order not to transfer the surface irregularities of the polycarbonate sheet to the optical element during lamination, it is necessary to apply heat and pressure during lamination little by little over time. becomes more likely to occur and is a problem.

An optical element for solving the above problems includes a first layer, a second layer in contact with the first layer, and a third layer in contact with the second layer, each layer having light-transmitting properties. The first layer is a resin layer having a first refractive index, has a first surface in contact with the second layer, and has a grating formed by concave portions and convex portions on at least a portion of the first surface. structure, wherein the second layer is a dielectric layer having a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index, has an uneven shape following the lattice structure, and the third layer is and a resin layer having a third refractive index lower than the second refractive index. The first surface has an uneven surface, the lattice structure includes a first lattice structure and a second lattice structure, and the uneven surface includes a first area where the first lattice structure is located and the first surface. and a second region adjacent to the first region in a plan view opposite to the second grating structure, the second region being located thereon. the azimuth angle of the first grating structure and the azimuth angle of the second grating structure are equal to each other, the grating periods of the first grating structure and the second grating structure are 250 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and the first grating The difference between the grating period of the structure and the grating period of the second grating structure is 20 nm or more.

The first layer is characterized by containing at least 5% or more and less than 45% by weight of a urethane resin having a molecular weight of 1000 or more and less than 10000 to an ultraviolet curable resin having a molecular weight of 20000 or more and less than 100000.

The first layer is characterized by having at least a nanoindenter hardness of 0.03 GPa or more and less than 0.5.

The elongation at break before curing is 0.5% or more and less than 50% when the first layer is provided on a biaxially stretched PET film having a thickness of at least 100 μm and a thickness of 5 μm.

According to the above configuration, even if the optical element is embedded in a polycarbonate card, it is possible to prevent cracks from occurring in the optical element without degrading the ease of authenticity determination or degrading the brand image due to deterioration in color development.

The optical element further includes a third region located between the first region and the second region, and the light source located on the opposite side of the second layer to the third layer is connected to the optical element. is irradiated with light from the light source side at an observation angle, the optical element detects that the color exhibited by the third region is the color exhibited by the first region and the color exhibited by the second region. Regions may have different states as well as the color they exhibit.
According to the above configuration, since the optical element has the third region, the observer of the optical element can more clearly see the boundary between the first region and the second region than when the optical element does not have the third region. It is possible to recognize

The third region may be formed by a flat surface on the first surface of the first layer, and an average roughness Sa of the flat surface may be 20 μm or less. According to the above configuration, in the third area, the light incident on the third area is reflected in the regular reflection direction, and the third area exhibits white color. Thereby, the boundary between the first region and the second region that displays a specific color in the specular direction due to waveguide mode resonance becomes clearer.
In the above optical element, the third region may include a scattering structure or an antireflection structure having directivity in a direction different from a regular reflection direction of light incident on the third region. According to the above configuration, the third area presents a black color in the regular reflection direction. Thereby, the boundary between the first region and the second region that displays a specific color in the specular direction due to waveguide mode resonance becomes clearer.
In the optical element described above, the third region may have a constant width. According to the above configuration, the boundary between the first area and the second area can be uniformly emphasized by the third area. The optical element tends to have a planar impression, and tends to give a strong impression. In particular, when the third region is linear, the impression tends to be sharp. The curved third region tends to give the optical element a soft impression.
In the optical element described above, the third region may include a first portion and a second portion, and the width of the first portion may be different from the width of the second portion. According to the above configuration, the width of the third region is different, so that it is easy to add design to the optical element. Especially when combined with curves, it creates a rhythmic impression. Also, when the width change is continuous, it tends to have a natural appearance.
In the above optical element, the width of the third region may be 30 μm or more and 3000 μm or less. According to the above configuration, since the width of the third region is 30 μm or more, the observer can visually recognize the third region. Further, since the width of the third region is 3000 μm or less, the third region is suppressed from being more conspicuous than the first region and the second region.

In the above optical element, the first region and the second region each include a plurality of cells partitioned to have an area of 0.1 mm or less, and the first region and the second region each include the cells may include the cell in which the lattice structure is located in at least a portion of.

According to the above configuration, it is possible to change the brightness of the cell by changing the area ratio of the lattice structure in each cell.

The optical element further includes a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer, wherein the hardness of the first layer is higher than the hardness of the resin layer and the hardness of the third layer. may be higher.
According to the above configuration, it is possible to absorb the external force acting on the optical element by the resin layer and the third layer. This prevents the shape of the lattice structure of the first layer from being changed by an external force.
In the above optical element, the first layer contains urethane resin with a molecular weight of 1000 or more and less than 10000 in a weight ratio of 5% or more and less than 45% with respect to the ultraviolet curable resin with a molecular weight of 20000 or more and less than 100000. By using an ultraviolet curable resin having a molecular weight within the above range, fluidity capable of forming the lattice structure can be obtained while maintaining tack-free properties. In addition, by including a urethane resin having a molecular weight within the above range at a ratio within the above range, flexibility remains even after the first layer is cured while maintaining fluidity for forming the lattice structure. It is possible to suppress the occurrence of cracks in the optical element when the polycarbonate sheets are stacked and laminated.

The first layer is characterized by having at least a nanoindenter hardness of 0.03 GPa or more and less than 0.5. When the nanoindenter hardness of the first layer is within the range, the flexibility remains even after the first layer is cured. can be prevented from occurring. The nanoindenter hardness can be measured using various nanoindentation hardness testers, for example, TI Premier manufactured by Bruker Japan. The indenter is preferably of the Berkovich type suitable for thin films, and the indentation depth of the indenter is preferably 1/10 of the dry film thickness of the first layer.

The elongation at break is 0.5% or more and less than 50% when the first layer is provided to a thickness of 5 μm on a biaxially stretched PET film having a thickness of at least 100 μm. When the elongation at break of the first layer is within the above range, the flexibility remains even after the first layer is cured, so cracks occur in the optical element when the polycarbonate sheets are stacked and laminated. can be suppressed. The elongation at break can be measured using various tensile testers, for example, a tabletop precision universal tester AGS-X manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. It is preferable to set the test conditions according to the JIS standard (JIS K 7127:1999).

The optical element is embedded in a polycarbonate card, and each polycarbonate sheet constituting the polycarbonate card has a glass transition temperature of 100° C. or more and less than 160° C. and a linear thermal expansion coefficient of 6×10 ^{− 5} /K or more and less than 8×10 ^-5 /K, the thickness is 30 μm or more and less than 200 μm, and the arithmetic mean surface roughness Sa of the surface in contact with the optical element is preferably 1 μm or more and less than 7 μm. When such a polycarbonate card is used, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of cracks in the optical element during lamination as described above.
The first layer may have a thickness of 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less, and the resin layer and the third layer may be made of a thermoplastic resin. According to the above configuration, the change in the shape of the lattice structure of the first layer due to external force is further suppressed.

The optical element further includes a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer, wherein at least one of the first layer, the third layer, and the resin layer is a filler. and the average particle size of the filler may be 400 nm or less. According to the above configuration, the range of emission angles of light emitted from the optical element is widened compared to the case where each layer does not contain a filler. As a result, the range of observation angles that allow the observer to observe the colors presented by the optical element is widened.

Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present invention, it is possible to easily determine the authenticity of an optical element and an identification card body embedded in a polycarbonate card, and prevent deterioration of the brand image.

1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 1 is a plan view schematically illustrating the appearance of an optical element according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 1 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a first embodiment of the invention; FIG. FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating azimuth angles in the cell of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure in a cross section taken along the II line and the II-II line in FIG. 3; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the action of the optical element of the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically illustrating the relationship between the wavelength and the azimuth angle of light emitted from the grating structure of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view schematically illustrating the relationship between the wavelength and the azimuth angle of light emitted from the grating structure of the present invention; 1 is a perspective view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. The operation of the first embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated. The operation of the first embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated. (a) A plan view schematically illustrating the structure of the boundary region of the first embodiment of the present invention, (b) a cross-sectional view taken along lines III-III and IV-IV. (a) A plan view schematically illustrating the structure of the boundary region of the first embodiment of the present invention, (b) a cross-sectional view taken along line VV. (a) A plan view schematically illustrating the structure of the boundary region of the first embodiment of the present invention, (b) a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI. 1 is an apparatus configuration diagram schematically illustrating the configuration of an optical element colorimetry apparatus according to the present invention; FIG. 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a chromaticity diagram showing the optical characteristics of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a chromaticity diagram showing the optical characteristics of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; 4 is a graph showing the optical properties of the structure of the first embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the boundary area of the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the configuration of regions according to the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the configuration of regions according to the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the configuration of regions according to the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically illustrating the configuration of regions according to the first embodiment of the present invention; 1 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of a first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure in a cross section taken along line VII-VII in FIG. 30; FIG. 31 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure in a cross section taken along line VII-VII in FIG. 30; FIG. 2 is a plan view and cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of each region provided in the optical element of the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view and cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of each region provided in the optical element of the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of another example of the first embodiment of the present invention together with an enlarged view; FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view along with an enlarged view of the structure of the optical element of the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of another example of the optical element of the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of another example of the optical element of the second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a third embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of a first example in the optical element of the fourth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of a second example in the optical element of the fourth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of a first example in the optical element of the fifth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the layer structure of an optical element according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the first example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; The effect|action in the 1st example of the optical element of 6th Embodiment of this invention is illustrated schematically. FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating the first state in the first example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating a second state in the first example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating the third state in the first example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating a fourth state in the first example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the second example of the optical element of the sixth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the first example of the optical element of the seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the second example of the optical element of the seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the third example of the optical element of the seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the fourth example of the optical element of the seventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of a transfer foil according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 20 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of an ID card to which the optical element of the ninth embodiment of the present invention is applied; FIG. 11 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of an optical element according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 20 is a plan view schematically illustrating the structure of the authenticator of the tenth embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 59 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure in a cross section taken along line XIV-XIV of FIG. 58; FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating the structure of the authentication body of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention; The operation of the first example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation of the first example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation of the first example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation of the first example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation in the second example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation in the second example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. The operation in the second example of the authenticator of the eleventh embodiment of the present invention is schematically illustrated. A crack generated on the optical element is illustrated.

[First embodiment]
A first embodiment of the optical element of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 35. FIG. In addition, in each drawing, the same reference numerals are given to all constituent elements exhibiting the same or similar functions, and redundant explanations are omitted. Also, the inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are a group of embodiments that originate from a unique single invention from the background. Moreover, each aspect of this disclosure is an aspect of a group of embodiments based on a single invention. Each configuration of this disclosure can have each aspect of this disclosure. Each feature of the disclosure is combinable to form each configuration. Accordingly, each feature of this disclosure, each configuration of this disclosure, each aspect of this disclosure, and each embodiment of this disclosure are combinable, and the combination has synergistic function and synergistic effective.
As shown in FIG. 1 , the optical element 10 comprises a first layer 11 , a second layer 12 in contact with the first layer 11 and a third layer 13 in contact with the second layer 12 . Each layer has light transmissivity. The optical element can be all or part of the security seal. In other words, the security seal can include an optical element. Also, the optical element can be a visible motif. Security seals can be in the form of patches, stripes, overlays, stickers. In the optical element 10, the state in which light is emitted from the light source located on the side opposite to the third layer 13 with respect to the second layer 12 is the state in which the light is emitted from the side opposite to the third layer 13 with respect to the second layer 12. Observed. In the optical element 10, the surface of the first layer 11 opposite to the surface in contact with the second layer 12 is an observation surface 10S viewed by the observer.

The first layer 11 is a resin layer having a first refractive index n1. The first layer 11 includes a lattice structure 11G on at least a portion of the surface 11S that contacts the second layer 12 . The surface 11S is an example of a first surface. The second layer 12 has an uneven shape following the grid structure 11G. The second layer 12 is a dielectric layer having a second refractive index n2 higher than the first refractive index n1. The third layer 13 is a resin layer having a third refractive index n3 lower than the second refractive index n2. A plurality of lattice structures 11G, which are the minimum structural unit composed of concave portions and convex portions, are arranged along one direction and spread over the surface 11S as a lattice pattern GP. The grid pattern GP can be formed as an uneven surface on the surface 11S. The grating period of the grating structure 11G is a sub-wavelength equal to or shorter than the visible wavelength of 250 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and is, for example, 400 nm.

The refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 may be the same as or different from the refractive index n3 of the third layer 13 . The difference between the refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 and the refractive index n3 of the third layer 13 is preferably 0.2 or less, and more preferably 0.1 or less. If the difference between the refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 and the refractive index n3 of the third layer 13 is 0.2 or less, it is easy to increase the saturation. If the difference between the refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 and the refractive index n3 of the third layer 13 is 0.1 or less, the saturation approaches the maximum. The difference between the refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 and the refractive index n2 of the second layer 12, and the difference between the refractive index n3 of the third layer 13 and the refractive index n2 of the second layer 12 are each 0.3 or more. is preferable, and 0.5 or more is more preferable.

A region of the surface 11S of the first layer 11 where the lattice structure 11G is located is an uneven surface. That is, the surface 11S has an uneven surface. Although the entire surface 11S is uneven in this embodiment, only a part of the surface 11S may be uneven.

FIG. 2 shows the appearance of the optical element 10 in plan view facing the viewing surface 10S. The optical element 10 comprises a motif area 11S1 and a background area 11S2. Motif region 11S1 is an example of a first region, and background region 11S2 is an example of a second region. Motif region 11S1 is formed from a plurality of image elements 11R1, 11R2, 11R3, 11R4 and 11R5. Background area 11S2 is formed from pattern elements 11P1 and 11P2. The motif area 11S1 is a main element in the entire design such as characters, symbols, object shapes, and symbols, and is an area having a contour with a specific meaning. On the other hand, the background area 11S2 is an area that does not have a special meaning, and may be striped as in the example of FIG. 2, or may be other figures such as geometric patterns. .
The motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2 are adjacent to each other with a boundary region 11S3 interposed therebetween. The boundary area 11S3 is an example of a third area. When the optical element 10 is observed at a certain viewing angle, the optical element 10 has a state in which the color exhibited by the boundary region 11S3 is different from both the color exhibited by the motif region 11S1 and the color exhibited by the background region 11S2. Since the optical element 10 has the boundary region 11S3, the observer of the optical element 10 can recognize the boundary between the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2 more clearly than when the optical element 10 does not have the third region 11S3. It is possible to Note that the optical element 10 may not have the boundary region 11S3. When the optical element 10 does not have the boundary region 11S3, the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2 are in contact.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of part of the optical element 10 shown in FIG. A plurality of cells Px are defined in the motif region 11S1, the background region 11S2, and the boundary region 11S3. The area of each cell Px is preferably 0.1 mm ² or less. A plurality of cells Px are arranged without gaps on the entire surface 11S of the first layer 11 . In the present embodiment, each cell Px has a square shape in plan view facing the surface 11S, but the pixel region Px may have a regular triangular shape, a regular hexagonal shape, or the like. Further, each cell Px may be polygonal and may have a shape including sides having mutually different lengths. In the cell Px, the length of one side is preferably 0.3 mm or less. In addition, it is more preferable that the length of one side is 0.08 mm or less. In this case, since the length of one side of the cell Px is a value smaller than the resolution of the human eye, each cell Px is not visually recognized by the observer. This allows the optical element 10 to display a high-resolution image.

Hereinafter, for convenience of illustration and description, the structure in a plan view facing the observation surface 10S is used to form the surface 11S of the first layer 11, that is, the interface with the second layer 12 in the first layer 11. Describe the surface. In addition, in FIG. 3, for convenience of illustration, the direction in which the grid pattern GP extends is indicated by a straight line. Here, as an example, among the image element 11R1 and the pattern element 11P2 adjacent to the boundary area 11S3, the lattice directions of the lattice structures arranged in the cells 11G1 and 11G2 in the area whose distance from the contour of the boundary area 11S3 is at least 300 μm are A case where they are orthogonal to each other is shown. The lattice directions of the cells 11G1 and 11G2 may be combined in any manner as long as the lattice directions are parallel or perpendicular to each other.

The definition of the azimuth angle representing the lattice direction will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 4, an arbitrary direction along the viewing surface 10S of the optical element 10 is the X direction, and a direction perpendicular to the X direction is the Y direction. In this embodiment, the X direction is the reference direction for the azimuth angle, and the angle formed by the X direction and the direction in which the lattice structure extends is the azimuth angle φ. Therefore, the azimuth angle φ in the first cell Px1 is 0°, and the azimuth angle φ in the second cell Px2 is 45°. The azimuth angle φ in the third cell Px3 is 90°, and the azimuth angle φ in the fourth cell Px4 is 135°. The X direction often coincides with the horizontal direction of the optical element 10, and the azimuth angle φ of the lattice structure used in that case is preferably 0°, 90°, or 0° and 90°. Such a design facilitates the manufacture of the optical element 10 and increases the production efficiency of the optical element 10 . When the difference between the azimuth angle of the first grating structure and the azimuth angle of said second grating structure is less than or equal to 1°, the respective azimuth angles can be defined as equal.

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional structure of the grid structure 11G taken along lines II and II-II in FIG. In FIG. 5, for convenience of illustration, the cross-sectional structure of the first lattice structure 11G1 arranged in the image element and the cross-sectional structure of the second lattice structure 11G2 arranged in the pattern element are shown side by side in the vertical direction of the paper surface. . The cross-sectional structure of each lattice structure schematically shows the cross-sectional structure of the lattice structure located in one cell Px. In addition, in FIG. 5, for convenience of illustration, each lattice structure is shown as a surface forming a convex portion projecting in a direction away from the flat surface.

As shown in FIG. 5, in each grid pattern GP, the distance between adjacent grid structures is the grid period d. The grating period of the first grating structure 11G1 is the first period d1, and the grating period of the second grating structure 11G2 is the second period d2. In this embodiment, the first period d1 is shorter than the second period d2, but the first period d1 may be longer than the second period d2. In the present embodiment, the lattice structure is a minimum unit structure having convex portions and concave portions, and a pattern in which the lattice structure is repeated in one direction is the lattice pattern GP.

When the lattice direction of the first lattice structure 11G1 and the lattice direction of the second lattice structure 11G2 are orthogonal to each other, the first period d1 and the second period d2 may be the same or different. On the other hand, when the lattice direction of the first lattice structure 11G1 and the lattice direction of the second lattice structure 11G2 are parallel to each other, the first period d1 and the second period d2 are preferably different. In either case, the optical element 10 may have a configuration that satisfies the formula (1).
|d1(n21-R)-d2(n22-R)|≧20 Equation (1)
In equation (1), n21 is the effective refractive index of the virtual layer 12V for incident light in the region where the first grating structure 11G1 is arranged, and n22 is the effective refractive index of the virtual layer 12V for incident light in the region where the second grating structure 11G2 is arranged. The effective refractive index, R, is a constant defined by the refractive index n1 of the first layer 11 and the angle θ of incident light.

FIG. 6 schematically shows how light is incident on the region in which the grating structure 11G is arranged in the optical element 10. As shown in FIG. Incident light IL enters the second layer 12 at an incident angle θ from the first layer 11 side. The second layer 12 corresponds to the shape of the grating structure 11G, but in a fine structure below the visible wavelength, that is, in a sub-wavelength grating, the region where the grating structure exists is substantially a two-dimensional plane with a constant thickness in the z direction. layer, i.e., a virtual layer 12V. The refractive index neff of the virtual layer 12V is called an effective refractive index or effective refractive index, and its value varies depending on the polarization direction (optical anisotropy). The optical anisotropy that occurs when the structure has directionality, as in this case, is called structural birefringence, and the effective refractive index varies depending on the relationship between the incident light and the direction of the structure.

FIG. 7 shows a perspective structure of the grating structure 11G with an azimuth angle φ of 0°. On the other hand, FIG. 8 shows a perspective structure of a grating structure 11G with an azimuth angle φ of 90°. In this embodiment, for convenience of illustration, the lattice structure is rectangular, but may be wavy. Among the polarized components included in the incident light to the grating structure 11G, the polarized light whose electric field oscillates perpendicularly to the plane of incidence of the grating structure 11G is the s-polarized light. On the other hand, p-polarized light is polarized light whose electric field oscillates parallel to the plane of incidence of the grating structure 11G. The plane of incidence is a plane that is perpendicular to the plane on which the grating structure spreads and that contains the incident light and the reflected light. Also, each of the s-polarized light and the p-polarized light is independent of the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G. In other words, both the incident light incident on the grating structure 11G shown in FIG. 7 and the grating structure 11G shown in FIG. 8 contain s-polarized light and p-polarized light.

Here, in a structure having grooves such as the lattice structure 11G, optical anisotropy occurs depending on the direction in which the grooves extend, that is, the relationship between the azimuth angle φ and the vibration direction of the electric field as described above. Among the light incident on the grating structure 11G, the component whose vibration direction of the electric field is parallel to the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G is the TE wave. On the other hand, among the light incident on the grating structure 11G, the component whose electric field oscillation direction is perpendicular to the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G is the TM wave. As described above with reference to FIG. 7, in the grating structure 11G having an azimuth angle φ of 90°, the p-polarized light whose electric field oscillation direction is parallel to the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G is a TE wave. is equal to On the other hand, as described above with reference to FIG. 8, in the lattice structure 11G in which the azimuth angle φ is 0°, the oscillation direction of the electric field is the component p Polarization is equal to TM waves.

Referring to FIG. 9, the effective refractive index of virtual layer 12V will be described using a simple model in which grating structure 11G has a rectangular shape.
As shown in FIG. 9, let na be the refractive index of the regions corresponding to the convex portions of the grating structure with the period d, let nb be the refractive index of the regions corresponding to the concave portions, and let a be the width occupied by the convex portions in the period d. , the width occupied by the recess is b. Assuming that the occupancy rate of the convex portion with respect to the period d is F, the effective refractive index neff for the TE wave and the TM wave of the incident light is expressed by Equations (2) and (3), respectively.
n_(eff_TE)=√(Fn_a^2+(1-F)n_b^2) … Equation (2)
n_(eff_TM)=1／√(F/(n_a^2)+((1-F))/(n_b^2)) … Formula (3)

The derivation process of the above formula (1) will be described below. In formula (1), both the effective refractive index n21 and the effective refractive index n22 are treated as including the refractive indices for both the TE wave and the TM wave. As described above, the values of the effective refractive index n21 and the effective refractive index n22 change depending on the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G. Here, in order for waveguide mode resonance to occur in the grating structure 11G, it is necessary to satisfy the phase matching conditions represented by the following formulas (4) to (7). Light of a specific wavelength that satisfies this formula propagates through the virtual layer 12V and is emitted in the direction of the viewer. In the grating structure formed on the flat surface as shown in FIG. 6, the incident angle θ of the incident light IL and the exit angle θ of the emitted light EL are equal. Observed.
kn1sin θ+mK=β (4)
k=2π/λ … Equation (5)
K=2π/d... Formula (6)
β=(2π/λ)·neff Expression (7)
where k is the wavenumber, n1 is the refractive index of the first layer 11, θ is the angle of light incident on the virtual layer 12V, m is the diffraction order, λ is the resonance wavelength, and K is the is the reciprocal lattice vector, d is the grating period, β is the propagation constant, and neff is the effective refractive index.

By substituting equations (5) to (7) into equation (4), equation (8) is derived.
d(neff-R)=mλ... Formula (8)
Since the refractive index n1 and the incident angle θ are constant when the material and the incident angle are fixed, n1 sin θ is treated as a constant R here. Since it is mainly the first-order diffracted light that contributes to guided mode resonance, m=1 can be set in Eq. For the first grating structure 11G1 and the second grating structure 11G2, assuming that the resonance wavelengths λ derived from the formula (8) are λ1 and λ2, respectively, the formula (9) holds.
|λ1-λ2|=|d1(n21-R)-d2(n22-R)|... Equation (9)
In the visible wavelength range, when there is a wavelength difference of 205 nm or more, which is wider than the relatively narrow wavelength range corresponding to yellowish green, yellow, and orange, the color difference is displayed in two areas. It can be said that it is perceptible. Therefore, it is desirable to provide the image element and the pattern element with the first grating structure 11G1 and the second grating structure 11G2 such that the right side of Equation (9) is 205 or more so that the difference in color can be perceived, and the wavelength difference |λ1 The larger -λ2| is preferable because the color difference becomes clearer. Note that the TE wave parallel to the azimuth angle of the grating structure has a higher effective refractive index than the TM wave perpendicular to the azimuth angle of the grating structure due to the structure, and the refraction between the virtual layer 12V and the first layer 11 Since the index difference increases, the intensity of the specific wavelength emitted in the direction of specular reflection is high, which can be said to be dominant as an optical effect.

The optical element 10 described above with reference to FIG. 3 can comprise the first grating structure 11G1 shown in FIG. 7 in the image element 11R1 and the second grating structure 11G2 shown in FIG. 8 in the pattern element 11P2. It is possible to prepare. In this case, the state in which the image element 11R1 exhibits the first color and the pattern element 11P2 exhibits the second color is the initial relative position of the optical element 10, the observer, and the light source. When the optical element 10 is rotated 90° from the initial position with the normal to the optical element 10 as the axis of rotation, the s-polarized light corresponds to the TE wave and the p-polarized light corresponds to the TM wave in the image element 11R1. In contrast, in pattern element 11P2, s-polarized light corresponds to TM waves and p-polarized light corresponds to TE waves. As a result, the image element 11R1 exhibits the second color and the pattern element 11P2 exhibits the first color. Therefore, the observer perceives that the rotation of the optical element 10 reverses the color exhibited by the image element 11R1 and the color exhibited by the pattern element 11P2.

As described above, the azimuth angle φ of the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second grating structure 11G2 are preferably 90° or less for the following reasons. The angle formed by the observation surface 10S of the optical element 10 and the plane including the line of sight of the observer is the observation angle. The viewing angle at which the colors exhibited by the grating structure are viewed is defined by being influenced only by the relative positional relationship between the light source, the observer, and the optical element 10 . Therefore, even if the azimuth angle φ of the first lattice structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second lattice structure 11G2 are different from each other, the observation angle at which the color exhibited by the first lattice structure 11G1 is visually recognized and the second lattice structure 11G2 The color exhibited by and the viewing angle at which the is visually recognized are equal to each other. In other words, the observation angle at which the colors exhibited by the gratings 11G1 and 11G2 appear and the observation angle at which the colors exhibited by the gratings 11G1 and 11G2 disappear are equal between the two gratings.

When the difference between the azimuth angle φ of the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second grating structure 11G2 is 90°, the wavelength of the zero-order diffracted light emitted from the first grating structure 11G1 and the second grating structure The wavelength is different from that of the zero-order diffracted light emitted from 11G2. Accordingly, the first color exhibited by the first lattice structure 11G1 and the second color exhibited by the second lattice structure 11G2 are different from each other. When the difference between the azimuth angle φ of the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second grating structure 11G2 is set to an angle that is greater than 0° and less than 90°, the first grating structure At least one of 11G1 and the second grating structure 11G2 presents an intermediate color between the first color and the second color. The color exhibited by the first lattice structure 11G1 and the color exhibited by the second lattice structure 11G2 change according to the difference in the azimuth angle φ. Therefore, depending on the difference between the azimuth angle φ of the first lattice structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second lattice structure 11G2, the color of each cell Px arranged along one direction is gradually changed, Between the cells Px adjacent to each other, the color exhibited by each cell Px can be abruptly changed.

In addition, in the grating structure 11G, when the difference between the azimuth angle φ of the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second grating structure 11G2 is set to 90°, the amount of light emitted from the first grating structure 11G1 is The difference between the wavelength and the wavelength of light emitted from the second grating structure 11G2 is the largest. On the other hand, even if the difference between the azimuth angle φ of the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ of the second grating structure 11G2 is larger than 90°, the wavelength of the light emitted from the first grating structure 11G1 , the difference from the wavelength of the light emitted from the second grating structure 11G2 is not large.

The smaller the difference between the azimuth angle φ in the first lattice structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ in the second lattice structure 11G2, the difference in shape accuracy between the first lattice structure 11G1 and the second lattice structure 11G2. is less likely to occur. Therefore, the maximum difference between the azimuth angle φ in the first grating structure 11G1 and the azimuth angle φ in the second grating structure 11G2 is preferably 90°.

As shown in FIG. 10, in the optical element 10, for example, on a plane perpendicular to the observation surface 10S of the optical element 10, the light source LS and the observer OB are symmetrical with respect to the normal to the observation surface 10S. , the observer OB can visually recognize the zero-order diffracted light emitted by the optical element 10 . In other words, the optical element 10 can emit light having a wavelength corresponding to the grating period of the grating structure 11G in the direction of specular reflection of the incident light from the light source LS.

As described above, in the present embodiment, the grating period of the grating structure is set to be less than or equal to the visible wavelength, particularly 250 nm or more and 500 nm or less. However, the grating period for emitting only light having a specific wavelength due to zero-order diffracted light in a specific direction varies depending on the refractive index of the grating structure, the incident angle of the incident light on the grating structure, and the like. In the following, the conditions for the grating structure to emit only the zero-order diffracted light, in other words the conditions for the sub-wavelength grating not to emit the first-order diffracted light, will be described.

It is known that the following formula (10) is established in a reflective diffraction grating.
sin θ1 + sin θ2 = mλ/nd Equation (10)
In equation (10), θ1 is the incident angle of the incident light with respect to the diffraction grating, θ2 is the diffraction angle of the diffracted light emitted from the diffraction grating, and m is the diffraction order of the diffracted light. λ is the wavelength, n is the refractive index of the grating, and d is the grating period of the grating.

Here, let us consider first-order diffracted light when it is assumed that the refractive index n is 1 and the light is incident perpendicular to the plane on which the diffraction grating is arranged. At this time, the incident angle θ1 is 0° and the diffraction order m is 1. Therefore, substituting these numerical values into the equation (10) leads to the following equation (11).

sin θ2 = λ/d... Equation (11)
Since sin θ2 is −1 or more and 1 or less, when the right side (λ/d) in equation (11) is greater than 1, equation (11) does not hold. In other words, when the right side (λ/d) is greater than 1, the 1st order diffracted light is not emitted from the diffraction grating. Therefore, under the above assumption, the diffraction grating emits only the zero-order diffracted light when the grating period of the diffraction grating is smaller than the wavelength.

On the other hand, if the refractive index is not 1 and the incident angle θ1 is not 0°, the diffraction grating may emit diffracted light of orders other than the zeroth order. For example, consider first-order diffracted light when the incident angle θ1 is 30° and the wavelength λ is 600 nm. At this time, the incident angle θ1 is 30°, the wavelength λ is 600 nm, and the diffraction order m is one. Therefore, substituting these numerical values into the equation (10) leads to the following equation (12).

1/2+sin θ2=600/nd Equation (12)
Since sin θ2 is −1 or more and 1 or less, the left side (1/2+sin θ2) of Equation (12) is −0.5 or more and 1.5 or less, and the product of the refractive index n and the grating period d is 0 or more and 400 or less. is satisfied, the diffraction grating emits the first-order diffracted light depending on the combination of the refractive index n and the grating period d. For example, the combination (n, d) of the refractive index n and grating period d when the first-order diffracted light is emitted is as follows.

(n,d) = (1,400), (1.5,200), (2,100)
As described above, depending on the refractive index n of the diffraction grating, even if the grating period d of the diffraction grating is equal to or less than the wavelength λ, first-order diffracted light and higher-order diffracted light may be emitted. In other words, by adjusting the grating period d of the diffraction grating and the refractive index n of the diffraction grating, the diffraction grating emits zero-order diffracted light while not emitting diffracted light of higher orders than the zero-order diffracted light. It is possible to construct a grid.

On the other hand, by designing the diffraction angle θ2 of the first-order diffracted light to be significantly larger than the diffraction angle θ2 of the zero-order diffracted light, the zero-order diffracted light can be obtained in a state where the relative position of the diffraction grating with respect to the observer is fixed. It is also possible to configure the diffraction grating so that it is visible to the observer, while the first order diffracted light is not visible to the observer. This makes it possible to increase the degree of freedom in selecting the material forming the diffraction grating and the degree of freedom in the grating period of the diffraction grating.

As shown in FIG. 11, with the light source LS and the viewpoint of the observer OB fixed, the optical element 10 is tilted so that the above-described plane and the optical element 10 intersect at an angle other than perpendicular. In this case, the optical element 10 does not emit zero-order diffracted light in the direction of the line of sight of the observer OB, so the observer cannot visually recognize light of a specific wavelength emitted by the optical element 10 . In other words, the observer cannot visually recognize the color exhibited by the optical element 10 .

In the optical element 10, in both the first grating structure 11G1 and the second grating structure 11G2, the appearance and disappearance of color due to each grating structure occur simultaneously. Therefore, the entire optical element 10 switches between a state of exhibiting a specific color and a state of not exhibiting a specific color. Therefore, in authenticity determination of the optical element 10, the optical element 10 includes the motif region 11S1 exhibiting the color derived from the first lattice structure 11G1 and the background region 11S2 exhibiting the color derived from the second lattice structure 11G2. It is possible to grasp at once whether or not. As a result, by rotating the optical element 10, the authenticity of the optical element 10 can be determined more easily than determining whether the optical element 10 has a state of exhibiting two colors.

The structure of the boundary area 11S3 will be described with reference to FIGS. 12 to 14. FIG. 12 to 14, (a) shows the schematic structure along the XY plane in the boundary region 11S3, and (b) shows the cross-sectional structure along the cross-sectional indication line in (a).

FIG. 12 shows an example of an omnidirectional scattering structure.
As shown in FIG. 12, an omnidirectional scattering structure is a configuration in which the width and height of the structure are irregular. For convenience of illustration, the structures are arranged randomly in the X direction and the Y direction in FIG. This omnidirectional scattering structure may be formed simultaneously with the step of forming the lattice structure of the motif region 11S1 and the lattice structure of the background region 11S2, or the laminate including the first to third layers 11 to 13 may be formed separately. It may also be one that is physically generated during transfer or lamination to a base material.

FIG. 13 shows an example of a directional scattering structure.
As shown in FIG. 13, in the directional scattering structure, the width and height of the structure are irregular, but the directions in which the structures are arranged are aligned. Assuming that the observer observes from the front side of the paper, when light is incident from the back of the paper toward the front of the paper with respect to the structural cross-sectional view shown in FIG. It is perceived as white because it is dark. On the other hand, when light is incident from the left side of the paper to the right side of the paper with respect to the structure cross section, the light is weak even when viewed from the exit direction, and the scattering structure appears substantially black or gray. . In other words, depending on the direction in which the directional scattering structure is provided when the optical element 10 is viewed from above, the boundary region can be displayed in either white or black. For example, according to a scattering structure having directivity in a direction different from the regular reflection direction of light incident on the boundary region 11S3, the third region presents black in the regular reflection direction. As a result, the boundaries between the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2, which display a specific color in the specular direction due to waveguide mode resonance, become clearer.

FIG. 14 shows an example of an antireflection structure represented by a moth-eye structure.
As shown in Fig. 14, the principle of anti-reflection by the moth-eye structure is that the refractive index around the structure gradually changes by providing a nano-order needle-like structure, so the reflection and refraction of incident light are extremely small. It is the principle that it becomes black as a result. FIG. 14 shows an example in which conical structures are arranged in a square arrangement, but any fine structure may be used as long as the cross-sectional area of the structure in the XY direction changes in the Z direction, and the arrangement is not limited to a square arrangement. .

Also, the lattice structure 11G may be provided in the boundary region 11S3. In this case, the color of the specific wavelength is displayed in the boundary region 11S3 as well as in the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2. The boundary area 11S3 is the color difference between the average color value L*a*b* within the boundary area 11S3 and the average color value L*a*b* within at least one of the image elements and pattern elements adjacent to the boundary area 11S3. ΔE*ab is 13 or more. As long as this condition is satisfied, the lattice structure 11G provided in the boundary area 11S3 is arbitrary.

The lattice structure 11G arranged in the boundary region 11S3 preferably extends in the vertical direction in plan view facing the optical element 10, that is, the lattice structure 11G has an azimuth angle φ of 90°. The optical characteristics differ between when the azimuth angle φ of the grating structure 11G is 0° and when it is 90°.

15 to 24, the characteristics of the grating structure 11G due to the different azimuth angles will be described. 16 to 24 are examples of results obtained from experiments. This experiment relates to the results of colorimetry of samples in which the grating period d varies from 300 nm to 500 nm in increments of 20 nm. The sample had a form in which a laminate including the first layer 11 to the third layer 13 was laminated with a base material. For each condition, a grating structure 11G having a constant grating period d is provided on a plane of 5 mm square, and as shown in FIG. Colorimetry was performed by acquiring the spectral reflectance in the case of β incidence, in which the light was incident orthogonally.

The measurement was performed using an optical system as shown in FIG. An optical system was prepared so that the angle of incidence on the sample and the angle of light reception were the same, reflected light was received from an area of about 4 mmφ on the surface of the sample placed on the sample holder, and the color of the reflected light was measured. The incident angle and the light receiving angle were basically set to 30 degrees. The spectrometer obtains spectral reflectance spectra as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 to be referred to later as raw data. The tristimulus values XYZ are derived from the reflectance of the object for each wavelength, the spectral characteristics of the light source, and the human visibility, and converted into various color values such as the L*a*b* color system.

Respective resonance wavelengths λ1 and λ2 can be obtained by measuring the image element and the pattern element by the method shown in FIG. Therefore, it is possible to easily determine the extent of the wavelength difference between the two without obtaining the right side of the equation (9). That is, it is possible to experimentally obtain the relationship between the difference between the resonance wavelengths λ1 and λ2 and the difference in the structural period, which is given by the formula (9). Thus, from the experimentally obtained results shown in FIG. 15, it can be seen that the difference in the structural period is 20 nm when the difference between the resonance wavelengths λ1 and λ2 is 25 nm. In other words, strictly speaking, the relationship between the resonance wavelengths λ1 and λ2 and the structural period difference can be formulated by Equation (9). Since it is a relationship, an approximation using experimental values can be obtained. This approximation depends on the viewing angle and structure materials, but is reasonably practical in most practical configurations because realistic viewing angles and structure materials are similar.

16 and 17 are spectral reflectance spectra obtained by measuring samples with different grating periods d under conditions of α incidence and β incidence with different relationships between the grating direction of the grating structure 11G and the incident direction. FIG. 16 is the spectral reflectance spectrum obtained under the condition of α incidence, and FIG. 17 is the spectral reflectance spectrum obtained under the condition of β incidence.

FIG. 18 shows the relationship between the grating period d of the grating structure 11G and the reflection peak wavelength for the results of FIGS.
As shown in FIG. 18, the relationship between the grating period d and the reflection peak wavelength has linearity for both α incidence and β incidence. However, in the case of α incidence, the change is consistent from beginning to end, whereas in the case of β incidence, the relationship between the two differs at a boundary between 360 nm and 380 nm in the grating period. From this, it can be said that the lattice structure 11G with α incidence is easier to control in terms of design and manufacturing.

FIG. 19 shows the relationship between the grating period d of the grating structure 11G and the peak reflectance for the results of FIGS.
As shown in FIG. 19, α incidence generally has higher reflectance than β incidence. This is because, in FIG. 17, the reflection peak of the grating structure 11G with a small grating period d appears not only on the long wavelength side, which is the main component, but also on the short wavelength side. It can be said that these are due to the influence of polarization caused by the relationship between the grating direction and the incident direction. In the structural design for α incidence, the higher the reflectance in the wavelength corresponding to the main hue, the stronger the color development of the displayed color and the higher the visibility. Therefore, the structural design for α incidence is preferable.

20 and 21 are the results of converting the spectral reflectances shown in FIGS. 16 and 17 into color values. FIG. 20 shows a u'v' chromaticity diagram based on CIE 1976. FIG. 21 shows an ab chromaticity diagram of the CIE Lab color system. In both cases, the starting point of the arrow shown in the chromaticity diagram is the color value at the grating period of 300 nm, and the grating period increases by 20 nm along the lines connecting the plots. Between α incidence and β incidence, the former is positioned outside the chromaticity diagram as a whole and has higher saturation than the latter. The higher the saturation, the stronger the hue of each hue. Therefore, providing a lattice structure in which the incident direction is parallel to the α incidence, that is, the lattice direction, improves the visibility.

FIG. 22 shows the grating periods d that give similar hues in the case of α incident and β incident with respect to wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red, extracted from FIG. 21, and corresponding spectral reflection spectra from FIGS. It is superimposed. Blue has a peak around 450 nm, green around 500 nm, and red around 650 nm. Also, the solid-line spectrum shows the result of α-incidence, and the dashed-line spectrum shows the result of β-incidence. Comparing the solid line and the dashed line for each wavelength, it is easy to see that there is a difference in reflectance as described above.

FIG. 23 and FIG. 24 show spectral reflectance spectra when the specular reflection angle to be measured is changed from 30° to 20° and 40° for α incidence and β incidence, respectively. FIG. 23 shows the spectral reflection spectrum for α incidence, and FIG. 24 shows the spectral reflection spectrum for β incidence. Comparing the fluctuation width S1 and the fluctuation width S2 of the center of the peak wavelength at the specular reflection angle of 20° to 40°, the fluctuation width S2 of β incidence is large. In other words, when an observer is instructed to observe the optical element 10 at a specular reflection angle, there is a possibility that the observed hue will largely deviate depending on the viewing angle even with the same specular reflection at β incidence. On the other hand, in the case of α-incidence, the amount of change in hue is relatively small. Therefore, by designing the structure for α-incidence, the angular dependence of observed colors can be reduced.

The phenomenon that the color changes depending on the specular reflection angle can be explained by the phase matching condition of the above equation (4). When the incident angle θ changes, the resonance wavelength λ changes because the grating period d is constant. When the grating direction and the incident direction are parallel as shown in FIG. 7, even if the incident angle θ changes, F in the equations (2) and (3) does not change, that is, the effective refractive index does not change. change is small. On the other hand, when the grating direction and the incident direction are perpendicular to each other as shown in FIG. 8, F varies depending on the incident angle θ. In particular, when the thickness of the dielectric layer of the second layer 12 has a distribution with respect to the shape of the lattice structure formed at the interface between the first layer 11 and the second layer 12, the change in F is It is likely to occur, and the variation of the effective refractive index with the angle of incidence θ may become large.

As described above, it can be said that α incidence, that is, provision of a grating structure in which the grating direction and the incident direction are parallel is superior from the viewpoint of visibility and color stability. In general, the optical element 10 is often observed under a lighting environment in which light hits it from directly above or from above in front. Based on this, the state of α incidence is such that the azimuth angle of the grating structure 11G is 90° as seen from the observer, that is, the vertical direction, as shown in FIG. Another advantage of such a grating direction is that diffracted light is less likely to enter the observer's eyes. According to this, when observing while tilting the optical element 10, the line of sight can be focused only on the motif area or the background area that is originally desired to be shown.

Further, when the lattice structure 11G arranged in the motif region 11S1, the background region 11S2, and the boundary region 11S3 all have an azimuth angle of 90°, the following manufacturing advantages are obtained. For example, when a film having such a grid structure 11G is produced, the metal plate on which the grid structure 11G is formed is subjected to thermal pressure to a thermoplastic resin or an ultraviolet-curing resin so that the resin is formed in the structure of the metal plate. A method of producing by filling and curing is conceivable. When mass-producing the optical element 10, there is a method of winding a metal plate around a roll and embossing it on a long film. It is easy to obtain the desired optical effect, and it is less likely that defects such as resin being removed from the metal plate and the plate becoming unusable soon will occur.

FIG. 25 shows one aspect of the boundary area 11S3.
As shown in FIG. 25(a), the boundary area 11S3 has contours at a portion in contact with the image element 11R and at a portion in contact with the pattern element. The width Wb of the boundary region 11S3 is defined as the distance from the point perpendicular to the tangent line and intersecting the other contour.
As shown in FIG. 25(b), the width Wb may be constant throughout the boundary region. Thereby, the boundary between the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2 is uniformly emphasized by the boundary region 11S3.
Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 25(c), the width of boundary region 11S3 may vary locally to include width Wb1 and width Wb2. That is, the boundary region 11S3 may include the first portion and the second portion, and the width Wb1 of the first portion may differ from the width Wb2 of the second portion. As a result, the design aesthetics of the optical element 10 are enhanced by the difference in the width of the boundary region 11S3. It can be said that the width of the boundary region 11S3 is preferably 30 μm or more and 3000 μm or less. Since the width of the boundary region 11S3 is 30 μm or more, the observer can visually recognize the boundary region 11S3. Further, by setting the width of the boundary region 11S3 to 3000 μm or less, the boundary region 11S3 is suppressed from being more conspicuous than the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2. In particular, when the width of the boundary region 11S3 is 30 μm or more and less than 300 μm, it can be used as an auxiliary boundary line because a fine line can be drawn. On the other hand, when the width of the boundary region 11S3 is 300 μm or more and 3000 μm or less, the width is sufficiently large enough to be resolved by the human eye, and thus can be used as a boundary line between regions, particularly as a boundary between different patterns.

26 to 29, modified examples regarding the arrangement of the motif region 11S1, the background region 11S2, and the boundary region 11S3 will be described.

In FIG. 26, a motif area 11S1 is formed from three image elements, and a boundary area 11S3 is provided around the motif area 11S1. The boundary region 11S3 and the background region 11S2 may not have the grating structure 11G, and may be substantially flat surfaces with an average roughness Sa of 20 μm or less. With such a structure, when displaying a symbol such as a national flag, for example, the area other than the motif area 11S1 is white, so the design to be displayed can be emphasized without impairing the image of the symbol.

FIG. 27 shows an example in which the motif area 11S1 is formed from a plurality of image elements 11R that are not in contact with each other. In such a case, each of the image elements may be regarded as the motif region 11S1, and a boundary region 11S3 may be provided for each. Even with such a structure, the outline of each image element is clearly displayed by the boundary region 11S3, and as a result, it is possible to impress the observer with the shape of the entire motif region 11S1.

FIG. 28 shows an example in which the background area 11S2 and the boundary area 11S3 are not part of the outline of the motif area 11S1. As shown in FIG. 28, even if the configuration does not completely surround the outline of the motif area 11S1 as shown in FIG. The border area 11S3 may be absent. However, when the motif area 11S1 and the outer color of the design area are similar, it is preferable to provide a boundary area 11S3 to make the outline stand out, so that the motif shape can be easily recognized.

FIG. 29 shows an example in which the entire design area is filled with motif areas 11S1.
As shown in FIG. 29, even if a figure that has no meaning at first glance is placed in the entire design and has the meaning of "pattern" itself, each "pattern" can be used as a motif area 11S1. can handle. At this time, when a boundary region 11S3 is provided for each of the motif regions 11S1, a region of the surface 11S where the motif regions 11S1 are not located can be treated as the background region 11S2. If the boundary region 11S3 is not provided in consideration of the appearance of the entire design, a plurality of adjacent motif regions 11S1 may be regarded as the background region 11S2, and a region on the surface 11S where the motif regions 11S1 are not located may be regarded as the boundary region 11S3. may be regarded as If the distance between the nearest points of a plurality of motif regions 11S is 1 mm or less, they can be defined as close.

Modifications of the grid structure 11G will be described with reference to FIGS. 30 to 32. FIG.
FIG. 30 shows grating structures 11G arranged at an azimuth angle φ on the XY plane. 31 and 32 show cross-sectional shapes taken along line VII-VII perpendicular to the lattice structure 11G in FIG.

The structure shown in FIG. 31 is the basic structure. In FIG. 31, when Hp is the height of the convex portion and Hv is the height of the concave portion, the distance H between the height Hp and the height Hv is the structural height. When the center position CL of the protrusion and the recess is used as a reference, the width of the protrusion above the center position CL is dp, and the width of the recess below the center position CL is dv. In the example of FIG. 31, width dp and width dv are equal to each other.

On the other hand, the structure shown in FIG. 32 is a modification of the structure shown in FIG. In the structure shown in FIG. 32, the width dp of the convex portion and the width dv of the concave portion with respect to the center position CL are different from each other. The above effective refractive index changes depending on the ratio of the width dp and the width dv. When the effective refractive index changes, the resonance wavelength λ that satisfies the phase matching conditions shown in Equations (4) to (7) changes, resulting in a change in observed color.

Thus, the observed color changes with the values of the variables involved in the phase matching condition. 31 and 32 show the ratio of the widths of the protrusions and recesses of the grating structure 11G, the effective refractive index also changes depending on the azimuth angle φ and the grating period d of the grating structure 11G.

Furthermore, even under a certain condition that satisfies the phase matching condition, the interference state of the light reflected by the convex portion and the concave portion differs depending on the structure height H of the grating structure 11G, and the intensity of the observed light is different. In other words, the saturation, which is a variable corresponding to gradation, changes.

By changing at least one of these variables, the hue and shade of the motif area 11S1, the background area 11S2, and the boundary area 11S3 can be changed, so that color expression can be freely performed. An example is shown in FIG. Cells Px arranged in the X direction and their cross-sectional shapes are shown for image elements 11R1 and 11R2 forming the motif region 11S1 and pattern elements 11P1 and 11P2 forming the background region 11S2. FIG. 33(a) shows the planar structure of the pixel element 11R1 and the cross-sectional structure along the VIII-VIII line, and FIG. 33(b) shows the planar structure of the pixel element 11R2 and the cross-sectional structure along the IX-IX line. 33(c) shows the planar structure of the pattern element 11P1 and the cross-sectional structure along the line XX, and FIG. 33(d) shows the planar structure of the pattern element 11P2 and the cross-section along the line XI-XI. showing the structure.
In this example, the lattice structure 11G of the cells Px is uniform within each element, giving the appearance of being solidly painted with a specific color. However, the cross section from the VIII-VIII line to the XI-XI line is different for each element. The heights H are equal to each other (H1=H2). In contrast, the pattern elements differ in azimuth angle φ from the image elements. Furthermore, the pattern element 11P1 and the pattern element 11P2 have the same grating period d (d3=d4) and different structure heights H (H3<H4).

34 shows another modification of the optical element 10. FIG. For the image element 11R1 and the pattern element 11P1, cells Px arranged in the X direction or the Y direction and their cross-sectional shapes are shown. FIG. 34(a) shows the plane structure of the image element 11R1 and the cross-sectional structure along line XII-XII, and FIG. 34(b) shows the plane structure of the pattern element 11P1 and the cross-sectional structure along line XIII-XIII. showing. In this example, the grating period d is partially changed in the image element 11R1. In the section along the line XII-XII, the structural height H1 is constant and the grating periods d1 and d2 differ from each other.
Moreover, in the pattern element 11P1, the grating period d is constant, and the structural height H3 and the structural height H4 are different from each other. In this way, by changing the azimuth angle of the lattice structure, the lattice period, the height of the lattice structure, or the ratio of the concave portions to the convex portions of the lattice structure within the element, gradation can be imparted to the hue or shade can be obtained. can be given. At this time, any one of the lattice structure azimuth angle, grating period, structure height, and ratio of concave portions to convex portions of the grating structure is changed within the element. In the case of display, a pseudo three-dimensional effect can be expressed by changing the shade of hue from the center of the petal to the outside.

FIG. 35 shows another example of the optical element 10 of this embodiment. Similar to FIG. 3, FIG. 35 shows the structure of the optical element 10 in plan view facing the viewing surface 10S.
As shown in FIG. 35, the plurality of cells Px may include cells Px having the first lattice structure 11G1 located in a portion of each cell Px in plan view facing the surface 11S. In the example described above with reference to FIG. 3, the first lattice structure 11G1 is located throughout each cell Px. Without being limited to this, in each cell Px, the first lattice structure 11G1 may be located only in part of the cell Px. In each cell Px, the ratio of the area of the first lattice structure 11G1 to the area of the pixel region Px is the area ratio. Cells Px having different area ratios are included in the plurality of cells Px.
may be included.

The higher the area ratio in each cell Px, the higher the brightness of each cell Px. Therefore, by including the cells Px having different area ratios in the plurality of cells Px, it is possible to form shading by luminance in the same hue in the color exhibited by the first region 11S1. Also, the area ratio may be changed gradually. This also makes it possible to display a pseudo stereoscopic image in the motif area 11S1. In this case, the area ratio can be determined according to the level of luminance in the stereoscopic image to be displayed by the motif area 11S1, that is, the gradation value.
Further, the optical element 10 includes the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2, but does not include the boundary region 11S3. In the optical element 10, the motif region 11S1 and the background region 11S2 are in contact with each other.

In the present embodiment, the optical element 10 includes a portion having a smaller area ratio in the cell Px along the direction from the center of the motif region 11S1 to the outer edge of the motif region 11S1, and the area ratio at the outer edge of the motif region 11S1. is the smallest.

[Second embodiment]
A second embodiment of the optical element will now be described with reference to FIGS. 36-38. The optical element of the second embodiment of the present invention differs from the optical element of the first embodiment in the shape of the grating pattern having the grating structure. Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment are given to the optical elements of the second embodiment that correspond to the optical elements of the first embodiment. A detailed explanation is omitted. In addition, in FIGS. 36 to 38 referred to below, for convenience of illustration, the lattice structure is shown as a structure in which convex portions protruding in a direction away from the flat surface are arranged. In addition, in the optical element of the second embodiment, the color of the grating structure observed by the observer may be based on higher-order diffracted light than zero-order diffracted light. Therefore, hereinafter, the angle at which the grating structure produces the color with the highest efficiency is defined as the mth order, and the diffracted light at the mth order is defined as the mth order diffracted light.

As described above, the grid pattern includes multiple grid structures 11G. The direction in which the plurality of lattice structures are arranged is the first direction D1, and the direction orthogonal to the first direction D1 is the second direction D2. In each lattice structure, the shape of the cross section along the first direction D1 and perpendicular to the plane on which the first layer 11 extends is the cross-sectional shape. In each grid pattern, grid groups are repeatedly arranged. In the lattice group, two or more lattice structures having different cross-sectional shapes are arranged along the second direction D2. The optical element of this embodiment will be described in more detail below.

As shown in FIG. 36, the optical element 20 comprises a first layer 11, a second layer 12 and a third layer 13, like the optical element 10 of the first embodiment. The optical element 20 includes three portions in the first direction D1. That is, the optical element 20 has a first portion 20A, a second portion 20B, and a third portion 20C. The first portion 20A, the second portion 20B, and the third portion 20C are arranged in the order of description in the direction in which the lattice structures are arranged.

In the grid pattern, a plurality of grid structures 11G belonging to each portion have the same cross-sectional shape. On the other hand, between the portions, the cross-sectional shapes of the lattice structures belonging to the portions are different from each other. In the lattice pattern, the portion belonging to the first portion 20A is the first lattice 20AG, the portion belonging to the second portion 20B is the second lattice 20BG, and the portion belonging to the third portion 20C is the third lattice 20CG.

The first grating 20AG includes a plurality of first grating structures AGP. A plurality of first lattice structures AGP are repeated along the first direction D1. The cross-sectional shape of the first grating 20AG is wavy. The grating period of the first grating 20AG is the first period d1. The first lattice structure AGP has a shape in which one peak is sandwiched between two valleys in a cross section along the first direction D1. The first lattice structure AGP has slopes connecting one valley and peaks and slopes connecting the peaks and the other valley. Each slope has an inclination with respect to the plane on which the first layer 11 extends.

In a cross section along the first direction D1, a first tangent angle θ1 is formed by a line tangent to one of the slopes and a straight line connecting a plurality of valleys. A straight line connecting the plurality of valleys is a straight line substantially parallel to the surface of the first layer 11 . The first tangential angle θ1 is equal to the angle formed by the plane on which the first layer 11 spreads and the slope.

The second grating 20BG includes a plurality of second grating structures BGP. A plurality of second lattice structures BGP are repeated along the first direction D1. The cross-sectional shape of the second grating 20BG is wavy. The grating period of the second grating 20BG is the second period d2. The second period d2 is equal to the first period d1. Like the first lattice structure AGP, the second lattice structure BGP has a shape in which one peak is sandwiched between two valleys in the cross section along the first direction D1. The second lattice structure BGP has slopes connecting one valley and peaks and slopes connecting the peaks and the other valley. Each slope has an inclination with respect to the plane on which the first layer 11 extends.

In the cross section along the first direction D1, the second tangent angle θ2 is the angle formed by the tangent to one of the slopes and the straight line connecting the plurality of valleys. The second tangent angle θ2 is an angle different from the first tangent angle θ1. In addition, the second tangential angle θ2 is equal to the angle formed by the plane on which the first layer 11 spreads and the slope. In this embodiment, the second tangent angle θ2 is smaller than the first tangent angle θ1. On the other hand, as described above, the second grating period d2 of the second grating 20BG is equal to the first grating period d1 of the first grating 20AG. Therefore, in the cross section along the first direction D1, the cross-sectional shape of the second lattice structure BGP and the cross-sectional shape of the first lattice structure AGP are different from each other.

The third grating 20CG includes a plurality of third grating structures CGP. A plurality of third lattice structures CGP are repeated along the first direction D1. The cross-sectional shape of the third grating 20CG is wavy. The grating period of the third grating 20CG is the third period d3. The third period d3 is equal to the first period d1 and the second period d2. Similar to the first lattice structure AGP, the third lattice structure CGP has a shape in which one peak is sandwiched between two valleys in the cross section along the first direction D1. The third lattice structure CGP has slopes connecting one valley and peaks and slopes connecting the peaks and the other valley. Each slope has an inclination with respect to the plane on which the first layer 11 extends.

In the cross section along the first direction D1, the third tangent angle θ3 is the angle formed by the tangent to one of the slopes and the straight line connecting the plurality of valleys. The third tangent angle θ3 is an angle different from the first tangent angle θ1 and also from the second tangent angle θ2. In addition, the third tangential angle θ3 is equal to the angle formed by the plane on which the first layer 11 spreads and the slope. In this embodiment, the third tangent angle θ3 is smaller than the first tangent angle θ1 and smaller than the second tangent angle θ2. On the other hand, as mentioned above, the third period d3 of the third grating 20CG is equal to the first period d1 and the second period d2. Therefore, in the cross section along the first direction D1, the cross-sectional shape of the third lattice structure CGP is different from both the cross-sectional shape of the first lattice structure AGP and the cross-sectional shape of the second lattice structure BGP.

That is, in the present embodiment, the above-described cross-sectional shape of each lattice pattern includes a slope that is inclined with respect to the plane on which the first layer 11 extends. The plurality of grid patterns include grid structures having different slope angles with respect to the first layer 11 .

According to such a grating pattern, by changing the tangential angles θ1, θ2, θ3 on each slope, the angle at which light incident on the optical element 20 is diffracted can be changed. That is, by making the tangential angles θ1, θ2, and θ3 different among the first grating 20AG, the second grating 20BG, and the third grating 20CG, m-order diffracted light is emitted from each grating 20AG, 20BG, and 20CG. can be different from each other. This makes it possible to widen the range of angles at which the m-th order diffracted light is emitted, compared to the case where the tangential angles are the same across the plurality of grating patterns. In other words, it is possible to widen the range of observation angles in which the observer can observe the m-order diffracted light. The gratings 20AG, 20BG, and 20CG have different cross-sectional shapes but have the same grating period, so that the gratings 20AG, 20BG, and 20CG exhibit substantially the same color. Therefore, the set of m-order diffracted lights emitted from each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG do not produce white light.

In the first direction D1, the width of each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG is preferably 300 μm or less, and more preferably 85 μm or less. Since the width of each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG is 300 μm or less, the gratings 20AG, 20BG, 20CG cannot be separated with the resolution of the human eye. Therefore, the observer cannot recognize that each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG diffracts light at different angles.

The width of each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG is more preferably 85 μm or less for the following reason. In general, it is known that the distance that a person with a visual acuity of 1.0 can separate from a position 5 m away from an observation object in 1 visual minute is 1.454 mm. These matters are explained using the Landolt ring. Note that 1 minute is 1/60 of 1°. Assuming that the observer observes the optical element 20 from a position 30 cm away from the optical element 20, the distance that can be separated by the observer's eyes, that is, the resolution R can be derived from the following equation (13). can be done.

R = 1454 x (30/500) (μm)... Formula (13)
In the right side of equation (13), the unit of the first term is μm and the unit of the second term is cm. From equation (13), the resolution R is 87.24 μm. Therefore, if the width of each grating 20AG, 20BG, 20CG is 85 μm or less, it is possible to increase the certainty that the gratings 20AG, 20BG, 20CG cannot be resolved with the resolution of the human eye. Therefore, if the width of each of the gratings 20AG, 20BG, and 20CG is 85 μm or less, it is easy to prevent the image from appearing unnatural, such as jaggies.

It is preferable that the cross-sectional shape of each of the grating structures AGP, BGP, and CGP is a wave shape with tangent angles different from each other in that the direction in which the m-th order diffracted light is emitted can be controlled by the tangent angle. . On the other hand, when the cross-sectional shape of the grating structure is a rectangular shape composed of a plane parallel to the surface of the optical element 20 and a plane orthogonal to the surface, the m-order diffracted light, that is, the zero-order The diffracted light is emitted in the direction of specular reflection of the incident light. For example, when the incident angle of the incident light with respect to the surface of the optical element 20 is 45°, the exit angle of the specularly reflected light is also 45°. Therefore, the observer cannot observe the light emitted from the optical element 20 unless the observer observes the optical element 20 from a direction with an observation angle of 45°.

When the optical element 20 is observed at the emission angle of the specularly reflected light, the specularly reflected light of the light emitted from the light source toward the optical element 20 is also observed by the observer. Therefore, it may be difficult for an observer to visually recognize the light emitted by the grating structure. Furthermore, due to the relative position of the light source with respect to the optical element 20, it may be difficult to observe the optical element 20 from specular angles. In this regard, since the direction in which the m-order diffracted light is emitted can be controlled by the tangential angle, the degree of freedom of the angle at which the optical element 20 emits the m-order diffracted light increases. for that reason,
It also makes it possible to solve the problems mentioned above.

A grid pattern comprising three grid structures may have the following structures.
As shown in FIG. 37, the grid pattern includes a first grid structure AGP, a second grid structure BGP and a third grid structure CGP. The first lattice structure AGP, the second lattice structure BGP, and the third lattice structure CGP are arranged in the order of description along the first direction D1. Thus, the first lattice structure AGP, the second lattice structure BGP, and the third lattice structure CGP constitute one lattice group GPG. In the grid pattern, multiple grid groups GPG are repeated along the first direction D1.

In the first direction D1, the grating period of the first grating structure AGP is the first period d1, the grating period of the second grating structure BGP is the second period d2, and the grating period of the third grating structure CGP is the third period. d3. The first period d1, the second period d2 and the third period d3 are equal to each other.

In the first direction D1, the period D of the grating group GPG is preferably 20 μm or more. The larger the period D of the grating group GPG, the higher order diffracted light is included within the same viewing angle. In other words, the larger the period D of the grating group GPG, the narrower the observation angle range in which the diffracted light of the same order is included. Accordingly, by reducing the difference between the observation angle of the m-order diffracted light and the observation angles of the other diffracted lights, the observer can visually recognize a plurality of diffracted lights simultaneously with the m-order diffracted light. This widens the range of observation angles in which the observer can visually recognize the light emitted from the optical element 20 .

For example, as described above, in a diffraction grating with a rectangular cross-sectional shape, the angle formed by the incident light and the radiation of the diffraction grating is the angle α, and the angle formed by the diffracted light and the radiation of the diffraction grating is the angle When β, the following formula (14) holds. The angle α is the incident angle, and the angle β is the diffraction angle.

d(sinα+sinβ)=mλ... Equation (14)
In equation (14), d is the period of the diffraction grating, m is the diffraction order, and λ is the wavelength of light. The unit of period and wavelength is nm. In addition, in the sub-wavelength grating 11G shown in FIG. 37, the period d corresponds to the period D of the grating group GPG described above. In equation (14), when the angle α is set to 45° and the wavelength λ is set to 500 nm, and the period d is set to 5000 nm, the diffraction order m and the angle β are determined as follows.
(m, β) = (1, -37.4), (2, -30.5), (3, -24.0)...

Further, when the period d is changed to 10000 nm, the diffraction order m and the angle β are determined as follows.
(m, β) = (1, -41.1), (2, -37.4), (3, -33.9)...

Further, when the period d is changed to 20000 nm, the diffraction order m and the angle β are determined as follows.
(m, β) = (1, -43.0), (2, -41.1), (3, -39.2)...

Thus, the larger the period d, the smaller the difference in angle β between diffracted lights of different diffraction orders.

Here, it is assumed that the pupil diameter of the human eye is 5 mm and the distance at which the observer observes the optical element 20 is 30 cm. In this case, the light emitted from a point on the optical element 20 that falls within a viewing angle of about 1° enters the observer's eye. That is, the observer visually recognizes the result of integrating light within an observation angle of about 1°. In other words, when diffracted light having a specific wavelength is included within an observation angle range of approximately 1°, the diffraction efficiency increases within this observation angle range. Also, when the observer observes while tilting the optical element 20 so as to change the observation angle, the color exhibited by the optical element 20 is maintained at a specific color while the observer changes the observation angle by 2° or more. Thereby, the observer can easily recognize the color exhibited by the optical element 20 . Therefore, it is preferable that the optical element 20 is configured to emit at least two diffracted lights of different orders within a range of 2° in the observation angle so as to have the above effect. In this respect, it is preferable that the period D in the optical element 20 is 20 μm or more so that the above effect can be obtained.

A grid pattern comprising three grid structures may have the following structures.
As shown in FIG. 38, the grid structure 11G includes a first grid structure AGP, a second grid structure BGP and a third grid structure CGP. The first lattice structure AGP, the second lattice structure BGP, and the third lattice structure CGP are arranged in the order of description along the first direction D1. Thus, the first lattice structure AGP, the second lattice structure, and the third lattice structure constitute one lattice group GPG. In the grid pattern, multiple grid groups GPG are repeated along the first direction D1.

The grating period of the first grating structure AGP is the first period d1, the grating period of the second grating structure BGP is the second period d2, and the grating period of the third grating structure CGP is the third period d3. The first period d1, the second period d2 and the third period d3 are different from each other. It can be said that the difference in grating period between the grating structures adjacent to each other in the first direction D1 is preferably less than 20 nm. For example, it is possible to set the first period d1 to 300 nm, the second period d2 to 310 nm, and the third period d3 to 290 nm.

Since the grating periods are different between the grating structures, the diffraction angles are different between the grating structures. Between grating structures, the smaller the grating period difference, the smaller the diffraction angle difference. As described above, if the grating period difference between the grating structures adjacent to each other in the first direction D1 is less than 20 nm, the diffraction angles of the m-order diffracted lights emitted from the grating structures are substantially equal to each other. . As a result, the observer cannot separate the m-th order diffracted light emitted from each grating structure. Therefore, the observation angle at which the observer can observe the light emitted from the optical element 20 can be widened.

As described above, according to the second embodiment of the optical element, the effects described below can be obtained.
(1) Widening the observation angle at which the observer can visually recognize the light emitted from the lattice structure 11G compared to the case where the cross-sectional shapes along the first direction D1 are the same in the plurality of lattice patterns. can be done.

(2) In a plurality of lattice patterns, compared with the case where the inclination angles of the slopes included in the cross-sectional shape along the first direction D1 are the same, the lattice structure 11G is changed from the lattice structure 11G to the The observation angle at which the observer can visually recognize the emitted light can be widened.

[Modification of Second Embodiment]
In addition, the above-described second embodiment can be implemented with appropriate changes as follows.
[Cross-sectional shape]
- The lattice structure 11G may include four or more kinds of lattice structures having mutually different cross-sectional shapes as described above. Also, as described above, the cross-sectional shape may include four or more lattice structures. Also, the lattice structures of multiple types may be randomly positioned within the lattice pattern.

- The cross-sectional shape of 11 G of grating|lattice structures is not restricted to the wave shape mentioned above. Even if the grating structure 11G has a shape other than the wavy shape, the pattern grating includes grating structures having different cross-sectional shapes, so that the effect according to (1) described above can be obtained.

[Third Embodiment]
A third embodiment of the optical element will be described with reference to FIG. The optical element of the third embodiment of the present invention differs from the optical element 10 of the first embodiment in that the first layer contains a filler. Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, in the optical element of the third embodiment, the configurations corresponding to the optical elements of the first embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as those of the first embodiment. , the detailed description of which will be omitted.

As shown in FIG. 39 , the first layer 11 included in the optical element 30 contains fillers 31 dispersed in the resin forming the first layer 11 . The average particle size of the filler 31 is 400 nm or less. At least part of the light incident on the first layer 11 is scattered by the filler dispersed within the first layer 11 . Therefore, the light incident on the grating structure 11G includes light having different incident angles. As a result, each grating structure 11G included in the grating pattern GP reflects light in the direction of specular reflection according to the incident angle of the light incident on the grating structure 11G. The light reflected by the grating structure 11G is emitted to the outside of the optical element 30 without being scattered by the filler 31 or after being scattered by the filler 31 . Therefore, compared with the case where the first layer 11 does not contain filler, the range of the emission angle of the light emitted from the optical element 30 is widened. As a result, the range of viewing angles through which the observer can observe the colors exhibited by the optical element 30 is widened.

As described above, it can be said that the average particle diameter of the filler 31 is preferably 400 nm or less. As a result, the occurrence of Mie scattering is suppressed, so that the transparency of the first layer 11 is not a little increased. The shape of the filler 31 is not limited to spherical. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the average value of a plurality of diameters that can be defined for each filler 31 is the average particle size of each filler 31 . Here, the following is known about the relationship between the size of the scatterer such as the filler 31 and the scattering state. When the average particle size of the scatterer is in the range of 400 nm or more and 700 nm or less, the scatterer causes Mie scattering. In Mie scattering, light in the visible range is scattered to the same extent regardless of the wavelength of the light, so the light scattered by Mie scattering is viewed as white light. In Mie scattering, the scattering angle of light is affected by the particle size of the scatterer. In Mie scattering, the larger the particle size of the scatterer, the stronger the forward scattering in the traveling direction of light.

On the other hand, if the scatterer is smaller than 1/10 of the wavelength of light, Rayleigh scattering will occur. In Rayleigh scattering, the direction in which light is scattered does not depend on the particle size of the scatterer. In Rayleigh scattering, light is scattered in a figure-of-eight distribution with respect to the traveling direction of the light, regardless of the particle size of the scatterer. In Rayleigh scattering, the shorter the wavelength of light, the stronger the scattering of light.

When transparency is required for the first layer 11 in which the filler 31 as a scatterer is dispersed as in the present embodiment, the average particle diameter of the filler 31 is at least equal to or less than the wavelength of light, and It is necessary that the scattering of the filler 31 causes Rayleigh scattering. Therefore, in this case, the average particle size of the filler 31 is preferably 400 nm or less. When the average particle diameter of the filler 31 is D and the wavelength of light is λ, the scattering cross section α can be calculated by the following formula (15).

α = πD/λ... Equation (15)
By using equation (15), it can be easily determined whether the scattering phenomenon caused by the filler 31 is Rayleigh scattering or Mie scattering. When the scattering cross section α is 0.4 or more, mainly Rayleigh scattering occurs. Scattering is known to occur. Therefore, when the light incident on the filler 31 is light in the visible region and has a wavelength of 400 nm, for example, if the average particle size of the filler 31 is 50 nm or less, the filler 31 mainly causes Rayleigh scattering. can be generated. Thereby, the light incident on the first layer 11 can be scattered by the filler 31 while the transparency of the first layer 11 is high.

As described above, according to the optical element of the third embodiment, the effects described below can be obtained.
(3) The range of the emission angle of the light emitted from the optical element 30 is widened as compared with the case where the first layer 11 does not contain the filler. Therefore, the range of viewing angles that allows the viewer to view the colors presented by the optical element 30 is widened.

[Fourth embodiment]
A fourth embodiment of the optical element will be described with reference to FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG. The optical element of the fourth embodiment of the present invention differs from the optical element 10 of the first embodiment in the state of the surface of the third layer 13 opposite to the surface in contact with the second layer 12 . Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, detailed descriptions thereof will be omitted by assigning the same reference numerals to the structures of the optical element of the third embodiment that correspond to those of the optical element 10 of the first embodiment. . Moreover, below, the 1st example and 2nd example in 4th Embodiment are demonstrated in order.

[First example]
As shown in FIG. 40, in the optical element 40, the third layer 13 is a thermoplastic adhesive layer. The third layer 13 contains fillers 41 dispersed in a portion closer to the surface opposite to the surface in contact with the second layer 12 than the center in the thickness direction of the third layer 13 . In the third layer 13, the surface in contact with the second layer 12 is the surface 13F, and the surface opposite to the surface 13F is the back surface 13R. In the third layer 13, as described above, the filler 41 is preferably located closer to the back surface 13R than the center in the thickness direction of the third layer 13, and preferably located near the back surface 13R.

As described above, the third layer 13 is a thermoplastic adhesive layer. A thermoplastic adhesive can be used as the material forming the third layer 13 . Since the third layer 13 is an adhesive layer having thermoplastic properties, the optical element 40 is transferred to the transfer target by applying heat and pressure to the optical element 40 while the third layer 13 is in contact with the transfer target. be able to. At this time, due to the heat and pressure applied to the third layer 13, unevenness due to the filler 41 is generated on the rear surface 13R of the third layer 13, and thus the surface 13F of the third layer 13 is also uneven. As a result, in the first layer 11 and the second layer 12, unevenness is also generated in a portion overlapping with the unevenness formed in the third layer 13 when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 40. FIG. As a result, at the interface between the first layer 11 and the second layer 12, unevenness caused by the filler 41 is added to the lattice pattern GP. Examples of transfer-receiving objects include bills, passports, and ID cards.

The unevenness at the interface between the first layer 11 and the second layer 12 is adjusted by the size of the filler 41, the thickness of each layer 11, 12, 13, and the heat and pressure conditions when transferring the optical element 40. can do.

Since unevenness caused by the filler 41 is added to the lattice pattern GP, the plurality of lattice structures 11G forming the lattice pattern GP includes the lattice structures 11G having different incident angles of light with respect to the lattice structures 11G. . Each grating structure 11G reflects the m-order diffracted light at an exit angle corresponding to the incident angle of the light on the grating structure 11G. The range of emission angles at which m-th order diffracted light is emitted from each grating structure 11G varies depending on the curvature of the unevenness provided to each grating structure 11G. In other words, the observation angle at which the observer can observe the color exhibited by the grid pattern GP changes depending on the curvature of the unevenness given to each grid structure 11G.

As described above, it is preferable that the color exhibited by the optical element 40 is maintained within a viewing angle range of 2° or more. On the other hand, if the range of observation angles over which the colors exhibited by the optical element 40 can be observed is too wide, the intensity of the light emitted by the optical element 40 will be low at each observation angle. Therefore, the range of observation angles at which the colors exhibited by the optical element 40 can be observed is preferably 2° or more and 10° or less, and more preferably 2° or more and 5° or less. It is preferable that such an observation angle range includes the emission angles of the m-order diffracted lights emitted by all the grating patterns GP.

Therefore, it is preferable that the curvature of the unevenness caused by the filler 41 is not excessively large. The following two methods can be cited as methods for suppressing excessive increase in the curvature of the unevenness caused by the filler 41 by the following two methods. In the first method, the heat and pressure conditions in the transfer are adjusted so that the filler 41 is uniformly dispersed in the third layer 13 and the curvature of the unevenness is not excessively increased. In the second method, a filler having a flat shape is used as the filler 41 instead of a filler having a spherical shape. Filler 41 is dispersed in layer 13 .

[Second example]
As FIG. 41 shows, the optical element 40 further comprises a fourth layer 42 in contact with the third layer 13 . The fourth layer 42 includes a surface 42</b>F that contacts the third layer 13 . The surface 42F includes unevenness.

The unevenness on the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 can be formed by various methods. For example, unevenness is formed on the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 so as to follow the deformation of the third layer 13 due to heat and pressure when the third layer 13 is transferred to the fourth layer 42, which is the object to be transferred. be able to. In this case, a thermoplastic adhesive layer can be used for the third layer 13 . Paper or a resin film can be used for the fourth layer 42, for example. Alternatively, by dispersing fine particles or fibers in the fourth layer 42, the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 can be uneven. The surface 42</b>F of the fourth layer 42 can also be uneven due to defoaming and unevenness that occur when the fourth layer 42 is formed. In the second example, similarly to the first example, unevenness caused by the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 can be added to the lattice structure 11G. Therefore, the same effects as those of the optical element 40 of the first example can be obtained with the optical element 40 of the second example.

When the fourth layer 42 is the object to be transferred and contains fine particles, the average particle diameter of the fine particles should be approximately the same as the thickness of the third layer 13, which is the adhesive layer. is preferred. Also, in the transfer to the fourth layer 42, by adjusting the conditions of heat and pressure, it is possible to prevent the irregularities imparted to the sub-wavelength grating 11G from becoming excessively large.

Moreover, the fourth layer 42 made of paper can be used as the fourth layer 42 in which the fibers are dispersed. In this case, the fibers forming the fourth layer 42 are arranged parallel to the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 . The pulp fibers have a diameter of 20 μm or more and 50 μm or less and a length of approximately 1 mm or more and 5 mm or less. Therefore, the unevenness given to the grid pattern GP may become excessively large. In contrast, cellulose nanofibers have a diameter of 4 nm or more and 100 nm or less and a length of about 5 μm or more. Therefore, the unevenness provided to the sub-wavelength grating 11G is prevented from becoming excessively large. Cellulose nanofibers are fibers obtained by decomposing pulp fibers.

As described above, according to the optical element of the fourth embodiment, the effects described below can be obtained.
(4) Since the unevenness caused by the filler 41 is imparted to the grating pattern GP, the plurality of grating structures 11G can include the grating structures 11G having different incident angles of light with respect to the grating structure 11G. This makes it possible to widen the observation angle at which the light emitted from the grating pattern GP is observed, since the emission angles in the grating structure 11G are also different.

(5) Since the unevenness caused by the surface 42F of the fourth layer 42 is imparted to the grating pattern GP, the plurality of grating structures 11G can include the grating structures 11G having different incident angles of light with respect to the grating structure 11G. . This makes it possible to widen the observation angle at which the light emitted from the grating pattern GP is observed, since the emission angles in the grating structure 11G are also different.

[Fifth embodiment]
A fifth embodiment of the optical element will be described with reference to FIGS. 42 and 43. FIG. The optical element of the fifth embodiment of the present invention differs from the optical element of the first embodiment in that it includes a resin layer in addition to the first to third layers. Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, the same reference numerals as those of the optical element 10 of the first embodiment will be given to the configurations of the optical element of the fifth embodiment that correspond to those of the optical element 10 of the first embodiment. Therefore, detailed description thereof will be omitted.

[First example]
As shown in FIG. 42 , the optical element 50 has the resin layer 14 on the side of the first layer 11 opposite to the second layer 12 . The resin layer 14 is in contact with the first layer 11 . The hardness of the first layer 11 is higher than the hardness of the third layer 13 and the hardness of the resin layer 14 . In addition, in the laminate of these layers, the thickness of the second layer 12 is thinner than the thickness of the other layers. Therefore, the hardness of the second layer 12 is omitted because it can be assumed that the properties of the optical element 50 are not significantly affected.
For example, when manufacturing a medium such as a card provided with the first layer 11, the second layer 12, the third layer, and the resin layer 14, the fine uneven structure of each layer and the unevenness of fillers form the card. may be applied to the lattice pattern GP when laminating a plurality of layers. At this time, since the resin layer 14 and the third layer 13 are made of a relatively elastic material, the resin layer 14 and the third layer can absorb external forces. In addition, by forming the first layer 11 from a material having a higher hardness than these layers, even when a force is applied to the laminate from the outside, fine irregularities are produced even in the region of the grid pattern GP. can be prevented. This prevents the shape of the lattice structure 11G included in the lattice pattern GP from being deformed, thereby maintaining the purity and intensity of color observed in a specific direction.
In order to achieve the hardness described above, the material forming the first layer 11 may be an ultraviolet curable resin, and the material forming the third layer 13 and the resin layer 14 may be a thermoplastic resin. Furthermore, by making the thickness of the first layer 11 thicker than the structure height of the lattice structure 11G formed in the first layer 11, the effect of the hardness of the first layer 11 can be further enhanced. The thickness of the first layer 11 is preferably 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less.
In addition, the resin layer 14 may contain the filler mentioned above.

[Second example]
FIG. 43 shows an example of the structure of an ID card 50C including the structure of the first example.
In the example shown in FIG. 43, for example, the first layer 11 is a molding layer, the second layer 12 is a reflective layer, the third layer 13 is an adhesive layer, and the resin layer 14 is a release layer. These laminates are transferred to the printed layer 16, and then the white layer 17 and the printed layer 16 are laminated on the printed layer 16 in this order. Then, the protective layer 15 is laminated on each of the resin layer 14 as the uppermost layer and the print layer 16 as the lowermost layer. As a result, the ID card 50C shown in FIG. 43 can be obtained.
The printing layer 16 is made of a material that exhibits a black color by reacting to a laser beam, for example. The printing layer 16 can be formed of a material that is carbonized by a laser beam and turns black. On the printing layer 16, it is possible to print biometric information images such as identification personal information and face photograph images after lamination as described above. Moreover, it is preferable to use a highly heat-resistant substrate made of polycarbonate or the like for the white layer 17 . The surface of the white layer 17 may be printed.
The protective layer 15 has unevenness on the surface in contact with the resin layer 14 . As a result, after lamination as described above, the ID card 50C is provided with an effect of scattering light incident on the ID card 50C through the protective layer 15. FIG. As a result, the observer can widen the range of observation angles in which the light emitted from the ID card 50C can be visually recognized. At this time, the first layer 11 can have at least one of the hardness described in the first example and the thickness described in the first example. As a result, while suppressing the influence of the unevenness of the protective layer 15 on the shape of the grid pattern GP, that is, while maintaining the clear hue of the light emitted from the ID card 50C, the angle range in which the light is observed can be expanded.

[Sixth Embodiment]
A sixth embodiment of the optical element will be described with reference to FIGS. The optical element of the sixth embodiment of the invention differs from the optical element of the first embodiment in that it comprises a relief layer with a relief surface. Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, the same reference numerals as those of the optical element 10 of the first embodiment will be given to the configurations of the optical element of the sixth embodiment that correspond to those of the optical element 10 of the first embodiment. Therefore, detailed description thereof will be omitted. Two examples of the optical element of the fifth embodiment will be described in order below.

[First example]
[Configuration of optical element]
The configuration of the optical element of the first example will be described with reference to FIG.

As shown in FIG. 44, the optical element 60 includes a first layer 11, a second layer 12 in contact with the first layer 11, and a second layer 12 in contact with the second layer 12, similarly to the optical element 10 of the first embodiment described above. three layers 13; The first layer 11 is a resin layer including a lattice structure 11G on at least a portion of the back surface 11R that contacts the second layer 12 . The back surface 11R is an example of a first surface. For convenience of illustration, FIG. 44 shows a cross-sectional shape in which the lattice structure 11G is positioned over the entire rear surface 11R. It is

A surface 12F of the second layer 12, which is in contact with the rear surface 11R of the first layer 11, has an uneven shape following the lattice structure 11G. The surface 12F is an example of a second surface. The second layer 12 is a dielectric layer having a higher refractive index than the first layer 11 . The third layer 13 is a resin layer having a lower refractive index than the second layer 12 .

The optical element 60 includes a relief layer including a relief surface 13Re different from the back surface 11R and the front surface 12F. The relief surface 13Re includes a plurality of reflective surfaces, and the pitch between adjacent reflective surfaces is larger than the pitch of the grating structure 11G. In this embodiment, the relief layer is the third layer 13 described above. More specifically, in the third layer 13, the back surface 13R, which is the surface in contact with the fourth layer 14, is the relief surface 13Re.

In FIG. 44, the relief surface 13Re is positioned over the entire back surface 13R for convenience of illustration, but in the optical element 60 of the present embodiment, the relief surface 13Re is positioned on a portion of the front surface 13F. Also, the relief surface 13Re is formed at a position overlapping the grating structure 11G in the surface 13F when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 60. As shown in FIG.

The grating structure 11G displays a colored image in reflection directions, including the specular reflection direction, with a color unique to the grating period of the grating structure 11G. The relief surface 13Re displays a reflected image by white reflected light in a reflection direction including a direction different from the regular reflection direction. The optical element 60 has a first state in which the colored image and the reflected image are not displayed, a second state in which the colored image is mainly displayed, a third state in which the reflected image is mainly displayed, and a fourth state in which the colored image and the reflected image are mainly displayed. have a state. The angle formed by the plane in which the optical element 60 extends and the plane containing the line of sight of the observer is the viewing angle. The optical element 60 has one of each state depending on the viewing angle.

Optical element 60 further comprises a fourth layer 61 . The fourth layer 61 may be a reflective layer or a refractive layer. When the fourth layer 61 is a refractive layer, the refractive index of the fourth layer 61 is different from the refractive index of the third layer 13 . By having the refractive index of the fourth layer 61 different from that of the third layer 13, the fourth layer 61 can increase the reflectance on the relief surface 13Re. For two layers adjacent to each other, the reflectance at the interface is determined by the difference in refractive index between the two layers. Therefore, since the refractive index of the fourth layer 61 is different from that of the third layer 13, the same effect as when the fourth layer 61 is a reflective layer can be obtained.

As described above, the optical element 60 is viewed from the side opposite to the third layer 13 with respect to the second layer 12 . Therefore, the fourth layer 61 may or may not have optical transparency. The fourth layer 61 may be composed of a single layer, or may be composed of a plurality of layers. When the fourth layer 61 is a refractive layer and is composed of a plurality of layers, the fourth layer 61 includes a layer with a relatively low refractive index and a layer with a relatively high refractive index. be able to.

The relief surface 13Re includes a plurality of reflecting surfaces as described above. The relief surface 13Re displays a reflected image formed by white light by at least one of scattering and reflection. The relief surface 13Re includes a plurality of reflecting surfaces as described above, and the plurality of reflecting surfaces may be arranged according to a predetermined rule within the relief surface 13Re, or may be arranged irregularly. In the relief surface 13Re, the direction of light emitted from the relief surface 13Re can be controlled by the orientation and angle of each reflecting surface.

The grating structure 11G emits light in a range of emission directions including the specular reflection direction described above. Among the lights emitted by the grating structure 11G, the intensity of the light emitted in the specular reflection direction is the highest. On the other hand, the relief surface 13Re emits light in a range of emission directions including directions different from the regular reflection direction. Among the light emitted from the relief surface 13Re, the intensity of the light emitted in a direction different from the regular reflection direction is the highest. In other words, the direction and angle of the reflective surface of the relief surface 13Re are set so that the intensity of light emitted in a direction different from the regular reflection direction among the light emitted from the relief surface 13Re is maximized. there is

In the relief surface 13Re, the period of the reflective surface may be greater than 400 nm and less than or equal to 1000 nm, or may be greater than 1000 nm. In order to prevent the relief surface 13Re from emitting diffracted light, the period of the reflecting surface is preferably larger than 1000 nm. The relief surface 13Re may have, for example, a sawtooth shape in a cross section orthogonal to the direction in which the reflecting surface extends.

A colored image displayed by the grating structure 11G is an image formed by light of a specific wavelength included in the wavelengths of visible light. Color images include, for example, chromatic images such as red images, green images, and blue images. When the grating structure 11G displays a red image, the light emitted by the grating structure 11G includes, for example, light with a wavelength of 620 nm or more and 750 nm or less. When the grating structure 11G displays a green image, the light emitted by the grating structure 11G includes, for example, light with a wavelength of 495 nm or more and 570 nm or less. When the grating structure 11G displays a blue image, the light emitted by the grating structure 11G includes, for example, light with a wavelength of 450 nm or more and 495 nm or less. It should be noted that the lattice structure 11G displaying a colored image is synonymous with the lattice structure 11G presenting a chromatic color.

The reflected image displayed by the relief surface 13Re is an image formed by white light caused by reflection or scattering on the relief surface 13Re. In other words, the reflected image displayed by the relief surface 13Re is an achromatic image with no hue. The relief surface 13Re may be configured such that the intensity of white light emitted from each position is different from each other. Thereby, the relief surface 13Re can display a specific image by the difference in intensity of white light, in other words, by the difference in brightness. It should be noted that the fact that the relief surface 13Re displays a reflected image is synonymous with the fact that the relief surface 13Re presents an achromatic color.

[Action of optical element]
The action of the optical element 60 will be described with reference to FIGS. 45 to 49. FIG.
As shown in FIG. 45, the angle at which the incident light IL emitted by the light source LS is incident on the optical element 60 is the incident angle α, and the angle at which the emitted light EL emitted from the optical element 60 is emitted is the exit angle β. . The angle formed by the plane including the line-of-sight direction of the observer OB and the plane in which the optical element 60 extends is the observation angle θOB. The specular reflection direction mentioned above is the direction in which the emitted light EL is emitted at the exit angle β having the same magnitude as the incident angle α. In the optical element 60, the grating structure 11G displays a colored image in the reflection direction including the specular direction, while the relief surface 13Re displays a white light reflected image in the reflection direction including the direction different from the specular direction. do. The optical element 60 has one of the following four states according to the observation angle θOB.

In this embodiment, an example in which the colored image displayed by the grating structure 11G has a moon shape and the reflected image displayed by the relief surface 13Re has a star shape will be described. However, the shape of the colored image displayed by the grating structure 11G and the shape of the reflected image displayed by the relief surface 13Re can be arbitrary. The image displayed by the grating structure 11G is the first image, and the image displayed by the relief surface 13Re is the second image.

46 shows the first state of the optical element 60. FIG.
As shown in FIG. 20 , in the first state of the optical element 60 , both the first image P1 and the second image P2 disappear in the optical element 60 . In the first state, the brightness of the light for forming the first image P1 and the brightness of the light for forming the second image P2 are such that the observer OB cannot distinguish between the first image P1 and the second image P2. moderately low. In other words, at the observation angle θOB at which the observer OB observes the optical element 60, the brightness of the light reflected by the grating structure 11G and the light reflected by the relief surface 13Re both correspond to the brightness of the medium on which the optical element 60 is attached. Since it is low compared to the reflected light, the first image P1 and the second image P2 are not discernible by the observer OB.

47 shows the second state of the optical element 60. FIG.
As shown in FIG. 47, in the second state of the optical element 60, the first image P
1 appears and the second image P2 disappears. Appearance of the first image P1 means that the optical element 60 displays the first image P1 in a state where the brightness of the light in the first image P1 is higher than the brightness of the light in the second image P2. Therefore, the second state includes a state in which the first image P1 is identified while the second image P2 is not identified. In the second state, the first image P1 and the second image P2 appear on the optical element 60, and the brightness of the light in the first image P1 is higher than the brightness of the light in the second image P2. included.

In other words, at the observation angle θOB at which the observer OB observes the optical element 60, the observer easily perceives the light reflected by the sub-wavelength grating 11G, but the observer hardly perceives the light reflected by the relief surface 13Re. .

48 shows the third state of the optical element 60. FIG.
As shown in FIG. 48 , in the third state of the optical element 60 , the second image P2 appears on the optical element 60 . Appearance of the second image P2 means that the brightness of the light in the second image P2 is higher than the brightness of the light in the first image P1, and the optical element 60 displays at least the second image P2. Therefore, the third state includes a state in which the second image P2 is identified while the first image P1 is not identified. In the third state, the optical element 60 displays the second image P2 and the first image P1, and the brightness of the light in the second image P2 is higher than the brightness of the light in the first image P1. included.

In other words, at the observation angle θOB at which the observer OB observes the optical element 60, the luminance of the light reflected by the relief surface 13Re is such that the observer can identify the image, and the luminance of the light reflected by the grating structure 11G is such that the observer can distinguish the image. not to the extent that a person can identify it.

49 shows the fourth state of the optical element 60. FIG.
As shown in FIG. 49 , in the fourth state of the optical element 60 , both the first image P1 and the second image P2 appear on the optical element 60 . When both the first image P1 and the second image P2 appear, the optical element 60 makes both the first image P1 and the second image P2 visible to the observer. In this state, the brightness of the light in the first image P1 may be substantially equal to the brightness of the light in the second image P2. In other words, at the observation angle θOB at which the observer OB observes the optical element 50, the intensity of the light reflected by the sub-wavelength grating 11G and the light reflected by the relief surface 13Re is such that the observer OB can distinguish between them. In addition, the optical element 60 only needs to have the first state to the third state. In addition, in the optical element 60, the fourth state is not essential.

In this way, the optical element 60 displays a reflected image formed by reflected white light, that is, an achromatic image, and a colored image formed by light having a specific wavelength, that is, a chromatic image. . Here, discrimination between an achromatic image and a chromatic image is performed by discriminating between an achromatic first image and an achromatic second image, or by discriminating between a chromatic first image and a chromatic second image. Individual differences are less likely to occur in discrimination between the two images than in the case of discriminating . Therefore, in the optical element 60, compared to the case of determining the authenticity of the optical element 60 based on two chromatic images or two achromatic images, individual differences in authenticity determination are less likely to occur. In addition, the criteria for judging authenticity are likely to be clearly stated.

The optical element 60 has a second state in which the first image P1 is mainly displayed, a third state in which the second image P2 is mainly displayed, and neither the first image P1 nor the second image P2 is displayed. and a first state. Here, since the second or third state and the first state are mutually contrasting states, it is difficult for individual differences to occur in discrimination between the second or third state and the fourth state. Therefore, it is difficult for individual differences to occur in judgment of authenticity, and the criteria for judging authenticity are easily stipulated.

[Second example]
A second example of the optical element 60 will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 50, the optical element 60 of the second example includes a first layer 11, a second layer 12 and a third layer 13, like the optical element 60 of the first example. On the other hand, in the optical element 60 of the second example, the second layer 12 is a relief layer. The second layer 12 includes a relief surface 12Re as a surface opposite to the surface 12F of the second layer 12, ie, a back surface 12R. In FIG. 50, the relief surface 12Re is positioned over the entire back surface 12R, but the relief surface 12Re may be positioned over the entire back surface 12R or only part of the back surface 12R. .

In the optical element 60 of the second example, the difference between the refractive index of the first layer 11 and the refractive index of the second layer 12 makes it possible to display a colored image by the light reflected by the grating structure 11G. Further, in the optical element 60 of the second example, the difference between the refractive index of the second layer 12 and the refractive index of the third layer 13 allows the reflected image of the light reflected by the relief surface 12Re to be displayed.

In the optical element 60 of the second example, the surface of the third layer 13 opposite to the surface in contact with the second layer 12 may be a flat surface, or the unevenness of the relief surface 12Re of the second layer 12 may be It may have a conforming shape.

As described above, according to the sixth embodiment of the optical element, the effects described below can be obtained.
(6) Since the optical element 50 displays a colored image and a reflected image by white light, it is difficult for individuals to distinguish between the two images. Therefore, with the optical element 50, individual differences are less likely to occur in judgment of authenticity, and the criteria for judging authenticity are easily stipulated.

(7) Since the second layer 12 includes the grating structure 11G and the relief surface 12Re, the difference between the refractive index of the first layer 11 and the refractive index of the second layer 12 increases the reflectance of the grating structure 11G, Moreover, the difference between the refractive index of the second layer 12 and the refractive index of the third layer 13 can increase the reflectance on the relief surface 12Re.

[Modified example of the sixth embodiment]
In addition, the sixth embodiment described above can be implemented with appropriate changes as follows.

[Relief layer]
- In the optical element 50, the first layer 11 may be a relief layer. That is, the surface of the first layer 11 opposite to the surface containing the grating structure 11G may contain a relief surface. Even in such a case, the effect according to (6) described above can be obtained.

- In the optical element 60 of the second example, the surface of the third layer 13 that is in contact with the relief surface 12Re has a shape that follows the relief surface 12Re. Therefore, the surface of the third layer 13 can also function as a relief surface.

[Seventh Embodiment]
A seventh embodiment of the optical element will be described with reference to FIGS. The optical element of the seventh embodiment of the present invention differs from the optical element 60 of the sixth embodiment in that layers other than the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13 are relief layers. different. Therefore, hereinafter, while such differences will be described in detail, in the optical element of the seventh embodiment, the configurations corresponding to the optical element 60 of the sixth embodiment are denoted by the same reference numerals as in the sixth embodiment. A detailed description thereof is omitted. Four examples of the optical element of the seventh embodiment will be described below in order.

[First example]
The optical element of the first example will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 51, the optical element 70 comprises a first layer 11, a second layer 12 and a third layer 13. As shown in FIG. The optical element 70 further comprises a relief layer 71 including a relief surface 71Re. The relief surface 71Re is a surface different from the back surface 11R and the front surface 12F described above. The relief surface 71Re includes a plurality of reflective surfaces, and the pitch between adjacent reflective surfaces is larger than the pitch of the grating structure 11G. The relief surface 71Re is included in the back surface 71R of the relief layer 71 .

The optical element 70 further includes a reflective layer 72 and an adhesive layer 73 . The reflective layer 72 is in contact with the relief surface 71Re and has a shape that follows the unevenness of the relief surface 71Re. The adhesive layer 73 is in contact with the reflective layer 72 on the side opposite to the relief layer 71 with respect to the reflective layer 72 . In the optical element 70, the third layer 13 functions as an adhesive layer. As a result, the multilayer body composed of the first layer 11 and the second layer 12 is attached to the relief layer 71 by the third layer 13 . Therefore, in the optical element 70, the grating structure 11G and the relief surface 71Re overlap when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element .

The adhesive layer 73 may be positioned on the entire surface of the reflective layer 72 opposite to the surface in contact with the relief layer 71, or may be positioned partially.
According to the optical element 70 of the first example, the first multilayer body formed from the first layer 11, the second layer 12 and the third layer 13, the relief layer 71, the reflective layer 72 and the adhesive layer 73 A second multi-layer body formed from can be manufactured separately. Further, according to the optical element 70 of the first example, the optical element 70 can be attached to the adherend using the adhesive layer 73 .

[Second example]
The optical element of the second example will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 52, the optical element 70 includes the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13, as well as the relief layer 71 and the reflective layer 70, similarly to the optical element 70 of the first example described above. 72 and an adhesive layer 73 . The optical element 70 of the second example further comprises a substrate 74 between the third layer 13 and the relief layer 71 . Of the pair of surfaces of the substrate 74 that are adjacent to each other, the third layer 13 is located on one surface and the relief layer 71 is located on the other surface. The base material 74 has optical transparency. The base material 74 can function as a support layer for the first layer 11 and the relief layer 71 formed on the base material 74 when the optical element 70 is manufactured. The optical element 70 of the second example is observed from the substrate 74 side with respect to the relief layer 71 .

[Third example]
The optical element of the third example will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 53, in the optical element 70, in addition to the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13, the relief layer 71 and the reflective layer are provided, as in the optical element 70 of the first example described above. 72 and an adhesive layer 73 . The optical element 70 of the third example further includes a first base material 75 and a second base material 76 . A first substrate 75 is located between the third layer 13 and the relief layer 71 . The third layer 13 functions as an adhesive layer, whereby the multi-layer body composed of the first layer 11 and the second layer 12 is adhered to the first substrate 75 by the third layer 13 . The adhesive layer 73 is adhered to the second base material 76 . The first base material 75 has optical transparency. On the other hand, the second base material 76 may or may not have optical transparency.

A first multilayer body composed of the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13 is located on a part of the first base material 75 in plan view facing the sub-wavelength grating 11G. . A second multilayer body including the relief layer 71, the reflective layer 72, and the adhesive layer 73 is positioned on a portion of the second base material 76 in plan view facing the relief surface 71Re. The first layer 11 overlaps the relief layer 71 when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70 .

[Fourth example]
The optical element of the fourth example will be described with reference to FIG.
As shown in FIG. 54, the optical element 70 includes, in addition to the first layer 11, the second layer 12 and the third layer 13, a relief layer 71, a reflective layer 72, a and an adhesive layer 73 . Optical element 70 further comprises a first substrate 75 and a second substrate 76 . The third layer 13 functions as an adhesive layer and adheres to the relief layer 71 . The adhesive layer 73 adheres to the second base material 76 .

The above-described first multilayer body is positioned on a portion of the first base material 75 in plan view corresponding to the grid structure 11G. The second multilayer body is positioned on a portion of the second base material 76 in plan view facing the relief surface 71Re. The first layer 11 overlaps the relief layer 71 when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70 .

The optical element 70 is observed from the reflective layer 72 side with respect to the adhesive layer 73 . Therefore, the first base material 75 has optical transparency. On the other hand, the second base material 76 may or may not have optical transparency.

In addition, in the first to third examples of the optical element 70, paper, plastic film, or the like can be used for each base material. Each substrate may be printed. Alternatively, each base material may be a multi-layer body, and printing may be applied to at least some of the layers constituting the base material.

As described above, according to the optical element of the seventh embodiment, in addition to the above (6), the following effects can be obtained.
(8) Since the layers other than the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13 are relief layers having relief surfaces, the degree of freedom in designing the relief layers is increased.

[Modification of the seventh embodiment]
In addition, the above-described seventh embodiment can be implemented with appropriate modifications as follows.

[Base material]
- In the optical element 70 of the first to third examples, each substrate may be smaller than at least one of the first multilayer body and the second multilayer body in plan view facing the grating structure 11G.

• A first multilayer body comprising the first layer 11 and a second multilayer body comprising the relief layer 71 may be encapsulated between two substrates. In other words, each of the first multilayer body and the second multilayer body may be laminated while sandwiched between two substrates.

- Each base material may be a laser coloring layer that develops color when irradiated with a laser beam. The base material 74 in the first example may include information recorded on the base material 74 by irradiation with a laser beam.

Further, in the optical element 70 of the second example, at least one of the first substrate 75 and the second substrate 76 can contain information recorded by irradiation with a laser beam. When the first base material 75 contains information, by superimposing the second image displayed by the relief surface 71Re and the information contained in the first base material 75 when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70, the Only part of the two images are visible. This increases the resistance to forgery in the optical element 70 . On the other hand, when the second base material 76 contains information, when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70, the entire first image displayed by the lattice structure 11G and the second image displayed by the relief surface can be seen in its entirety.

In the optical element 70 of the third example, when the first base material 75 contains information, the first image displayed by the lattice structure 11G and the relief surface 71Re are displayed when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70. By superimposing the second image and the information contained in the first substrate 75, only a portion of the first image and a portion of the second image are visible. This increases the resistance to forgery in the optical element 70 . On the other hand, when the second base material 76 contains information, when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element 70, the entire first image displayed by the lattice structure 11G and the second image displayed by the relief surface can be seen in its entirety.

[Eighth embodiment]
A transfer foil with optical elements will be described with reference to FIG. In the eighth embodiment of the present invention, a case where the optical element included in the transfer foil is the first example of the optical element 60 of the sixth embodiment will be described as an example of the transfer foil.

As shown in FIG. 55, the transfer foil 80 has an adherent including the optical element 60 and an adhesive layer 81 for adhering the optical element 60 to the object to be transferred. Transfer foil 80 further comprises support layer 82 and release layer 83 . In the transfer foil 80, a support layer 82, a release layer 83, an optical element 60, and an adhesive layer 81 are stacked in the order described. The optical element 60 after being transferred to the transferred body is observed from the side opposite to the optical element 60 with respect to the release layer 83 . Therefore, the release layer 83 has optical transparency. On the other hand, since the release layer 83 is separated from the support layer 82 when the optical element 60 is transferred, the support layer 82 may or may not have optical transparency. .

Transfer foil 70 includes grating structure 11G and relief surface 13Re. Therefore, the optical element 50 that displays the first image P1 and the second image P2 can be transferred to the transfer target only by transferring a part of the transfer foil 80 . A hot stamp method, for example, can be used to transfer the optical element 60 .

[Modification of the eighth embodiment]
[Transfer foil]
- It is possible to provide a first transfer foil comprising the grating structure 11G and a second transfer foil comprising the relief surface 13Re and to form the optical element using the two transfer foils. In this case, when viewed from the thickness direction of the optical element, the first transfer foil is applied to the object so that the lattice structure 11G included in the first transfer foil overlaps the relief surface 13Re included in the second transfer foil. A portion of the foil and a portion of the second transfer foil may be transferred. In this case, when forming the optical element, it is necessary to align the position where a portion of the first transfer foil is transferred and the position where a portion of the second transfer foil is transferred. Therefore, the optical element is more resistant to counterfeiting.

[Optical element]
The transfer foil is the optical element 10 of the first embodiment, the optical element 20 of the second embodiment, the optical element 30 of the third embodiment, and the optical element of the fourth embodiment instead of the optical element 60 described above. 40 may be included. Also, the transfer foil may include the optical element 60 of the second example in the fifth embodiment, and the optical elements 70 of the first and second examples in the sixth embodiment, instead of the optical element 60 described above.

[Ninth Embodiment]
The optical element of the ninth embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 56 to 58. FIG. The ninth embodiment of the present invention differs from the sixth embodiment in that the relief surface in the sixth embodiment is provided on the same surface as the grating structure.
As shown in FIG. 56, in the optical element 90, the first layer 91 has a lattice structure 11G and a relief surface 11Re at the interface with the second layer 12. As shown in FIG. In the optical element 90, for example, grating areas SA1 in which the grating structure 11G is formed and relief areas SA2 in which the relief surfaces 11Re are formed are alternately arranged. In FIG. 56, for convenience of illustration, the first layer 11 has one lattice area SA1 and one relief area SA2, and the back surface 11R of the first layer 11 has an area other than the lattice area SA1 and the relief area SA2. do not have However, the number and arrangement of grating areas SA1 and relief areas SA2 are changed according to the image displayed by optical element 90. FIG.

Similar to the relief surface 71Re described above, the relief surface 11Re includes a plurality of reflective surfaces. The width of the structure containing each reflective surface may be greater than the width of the grating structure 11G, and the height of the structure containing each reflective surface may be greater than the height of the grating structure 11G. Alternatively, the width of the structure containing the reflective surface may be equal to the width of the grating structure 11G, and the height of the structure containing the reflective surface may be equal to the height of the grating structure 11G. However, the colors displayed by the relief surface 11Re are mainly achromatic colors, and the relief surface 11Re displays an image at an observation angle different from the observation angle at which a colored image is displayed by the grating structure 11G.
As described above, the relief surface 11Re may have, for example, a sawtooth shape in a cross section perpendicular to the direction in which the reflecting surface extends. If the structure including the reflective surface is large enough to prevent the occurrence of diffracted light on the relief surface 11Re, the pitch between the adjacent reflective surfaces on the relief surface 11Re may be substantially constant. White light can be reflected in a specific direction. On the other hand, when the structure including the reflective surface is small enough to generate diffracted light on the relief surface 11Re, for example, structures having different sizes are mixed within the relief surface 11Re, thereby Mixing the diffracted light due to the structure of the scale may cause the optical element 90 to display white.

FIG. 57(a) shows an example of the first image P1 displayed by the optical element 90 using the grating structure 11G, and FIG. 57(b) shows an example of the second image P2 displayed by the optical element 90 using the relief surface 11Re. showing. 57 shows the face structure of an ID card 90C to which the optical element 90 is applied, together with the third image P3 of the ID card 90C. The third image P3 contains personal identification information for identifying the owner of the ID card 120. FIG. The third image P3 includes, for example, the face photograph image of the owner and personal identification information such as name and ID number.
As shown in FIG. 57(a), the optical element 90 can display a symbol representing the euro as the first image P1. As shown in FIG. 57(b), the optical element 90 can display a character string (EURO) meaning euro as the second image P2. The optical element 90 can display a portion of the first image P1 and a portion of the second image P2 in the area A. FIG. That is, in the area A, a portion of the grating structure 11G for displaying the first image P1 and a portion of the relief surface 11Re for displaying the second image P2 are located.
As shown in FIG. 58, in the region A, cells in which the grating structure 11G is located and cells in which the structure including the reflective surface forming the relief surface 11Re are located are arranged.
As shown in FIG. 58(a), the cells Px and the cells Pxr may be arranged in a checkerboard pattern. As shown in FIG. 58(b), the cells Px and the cells Pxr are arranged in a stripe pattern. good too. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 58(c), the cells Px and the cells Pxr may be arranged such that one cell Pxr is surrounded by eight cells Px. Note that in the area A, the arrangement of the cells Px and the cells Pxr and the ratio of the area of the cells Px to the area of the cells Pxr can be changed according to the image displayed by the optical element 90 . For example, if a portion of the first image P1 is to be emphasized more than a portion of the second image P2 in the region A, the proportion of the cells Px in the region A may be made larger than the proportion of the cells Pxr.

[Tenth embodiment]
An authenticator according to the tenth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 59 and 60. FIG. An ID card will be described below as an example of an authenticator. Examples of cards are ID cards, driver's licenses, license cards, membership cards and credit cards. The ID card includes the third example of the optical element 70 of the seventh embodiment as part of the ID card.

[Configuration of ID card]
As shown in FIG. 59, the ID card 100 has a plate shape that spreads out two-dimensionally in plan view facing the surface 100F of the ID card 100 . ID card 100 displays first image 101, second image 102, and third image 103 through surface 100F. Also, the ID card 100 displays the first image P1 and the second image P2 through the surface 100F.

In this embodiment, the first image 101 includes a face image 101a and a background image 101b. The face image 101 a is an image showing the face of the owner of the ID card 100 . The background image 101b contains the face image 101a therein and constitutes the background of the face image 101a. A second image 102 contains information about the owner of the ID card 100 . The second image 102 contains information represented by letters and numbers. A third image 103 contains information about the ID card 100 . Information included in the third image 103 is the name of the ID card 100 . The face image 101a and the second image 102 are identification information for identifying the owner of the card. Note that the ID card 100 only needs to be able to display the first image P1 and the second image P2 through the surface 100F. The images described above are examples of images that can be displayed by the ID card 100 .

FIG. 60 shows the cross-sectional structure of the ID card 100 along line XIV-XIV in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 60, an ID card 100, which is an example of an authenticator, has an optical element . Optical element 70 may cover the identification information. In the optical element 70 provided by the ID card 100 , the first multi-layer body comprising the first layer 11 , the second layer 12 and the third layer 13 further comprises a release layer 78 . A release layer 78 covers the first layer 11 . The second multilayer body comprising relief layer 71 , reflective layer 72 and adhesive layer 73 further comprises release layer 79 . A release layer 79 covers the relief layer 71 . In the optical element 70 the second multilayer body is covered by the first substrate 75 .

The second base material 76 as a whole has a characteristic of developing color by laser beam irradiation before laser beam irradiation. The second base material 76 included in the ID card 100 includes a first coloring portion 76a and a second coloring portion 76b, which are portions colored by irradiation with a laser beam. The first coloring portion 76a is a portion that displays the face image 101a, and the second coloring portion 76b is a portion that displays the second image 102. As shown in FIG.

The ID card 100 has a white layer 111 , a lower protective layer 112 and an upper protective layer 113 . The white layer 111 is a layer colored white and is in contact with the second base material 76 . A part of the surface of the white layer 111 that is in contact with the second base material 76 is printed 114 . When viewed from the thickness direction of the ID card 100, the print 114 is located in a region overlapping the first coloring portion 76a. Print 114 displays background image 102b.

The lower protective layer 112 is located on the surface of the white layer 111 opposite to the surface in contact with the second base material 76 . The upper protective layer 113 covers the first base material 75 and encloses the first multilayer body between the first base material 75 and the first base material 75 . The upper protective layer 113 has optical transparency. On the other hand, the lower protective layer 112 may or may not have optical transparency.

[Modification of the tenth embodiment]
[Authenticator]
- The authentication body is not limited to an ID card, but may be embodied as other authentication bodies used for authenticating the owner, such as a passport.

[Optical element]
The authentication body is the optical element 10 of the first embodiment, the optical element 20 of the second embodiment, the optical element 30 of the third embodiment, the optical element 40 of the fourth embodiment, instead of the optical element 70 described above. The optical element 60 of the sixth embodiment and the optical element 90 of the ninth embodiment may be included. Also, the authentication body may include the optical element 70 in the first, second, and fourth examples of the seventh embodiment instead of the optical element 70 described above.

[Eleventh embodiment]
An authenticator according to the eleventh embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 61 to 68. FIG. Another example of an ID card will be described below as an example of an authenticator.

[Configuration of ID card]
The configuration of the ID card will be described with reference to FIG. An ID card including the optical element 10 of the first embodiment will be described as an example of an ID card, but the ID card is not limited to the optical element 10 of the first embodiment, and can be any of the second to ninth embodiments. You may provide the optical element in.

ID card 120 further includes display layer 121 in addition to first layer 11 , second layer 12 , and third layer 13 . The display layer 121 can display predetermined information. The display layer 121 can display predetermined information using, for example, letters, numbers, graphics, QR codes (registered trademark), and the like. The ID card 121 includes a surface 121</b>F as the surface of the first layer 11 opposite to the surface in contact with the second layer 12 .

The display layer 121 can display predetermined information by printing on the display surface 121</b>F in contact with the third layer 13 . Examples of methods for printing on the display surface 121F include letterpress printing, gravure printing, offset printing, and screen printing. Functional ink can be used for the ink used for printing. Functional ink includes ink that changes color depending on the type or state of the light source that irradiates the ID card 120 with light, ink that changes color and gloss depending on the viewing angle of the observer, and the like. Phosphorescent ink, photochromic ink, and the like can be given as examples of ink whose color changes depending on the type or state of the light source. Pearl inks, magnetic inks, color shift inks, and the like are examples of inks that change color and gloss depending on the viewing angle.

Phosphorescent ink has the function of absorbing and accumulating light energy emitted from sunlight, fluorescent lamps, etc., and gradually emitting light in the dark. Forochromic ink is an ink that develops color in response to ultraviolet light. Photochromic ink has the function of exhibiting different colors such as red, blue, purple, and yellow, depending on the amount of ultraviolet light applied to the photochromic ink. Pearl ink is ink to which a pearl pigment is added. The luster of pearl ink changes depending on the viewing angle. Since the pearl ink contains a pearl pigment formed from polarized pearl as a pearl pigment, the color tone changes depending on the viewing angle. With the functional ink, it is possible to easily confirm whether or not the color of the print formed on the display surface 121F changes. Therefore, the authenticity of the ID card 120 can be reliably determined based on the printed color.

As a method for printing on the display surface 121F, an inkjet method, a thermal printer method, a laser method, or the like may be used. According to these methods, information to be formed on the display surface 121F can be set for each ID card 120. FIG. Therefore, patterns common to a plurality of ID cards 120 are printed at a relatively high speed by the above-described printing, and personal identification information unique to each ID card 120 is printed using an inkjet method or a thermal printer. It is preferable to print using a method, a laser method, or the like.

As described above, the optical element included in the ID card 120 is not limited to the optical element 10 of the first embodiment, and may be the optical element of each of the fifth and sixth embodiments. That is, the ID card 120 may be capable of displaying the first image P1 displayed by the grating structure 11G, the second image P2 displayed by the relief surface, and the third image displayed by the display layer 121. . With such an ID card 120, when the brightness of the first image P1 and the brightness of the second image P2 are sufficiently high, the observation angle at which the first image P1 is displayed and the second image P2 are displayed. At each viewing angle, the third image is less visible. On the other hand, at an observation angle at which neither the first image P1 nor the second image P2 are displayed, the third image is visible. Therefore, the observer can visually recognize the third image.

The observation angle at which each of the first image P1, the second image P2, and the third image is visually recognized is the observation angle at which each of the first image P1 and the second image P2 appears, that is, the grating structure 11G and the relief surface can be arbitrarily set depending on the shape of

In the ID card 120, the multilayer body composed of the first layer 11, the second layer 12 and the third layer 13 preferably has a transmittance of 70% or more in the direction in which the three layers are stacked. As a result, the image displayed by the ID card 120 is easily visible. In this case, in particular, when the optical element, which is a multi-layer body composed of the first layer 11, the second layer 12 and the third layer 13, covers the identification information, the ease of identification is important. For example, Article 195 of the Safety Standards for Road Transport Vehicles requires that the transmittance of each of the front glass and side glass of an automobile be 70% or more. Considering these standards, it can be said that the transmittance of the transmissive material through which the light for displaying information is transmitted is preferably 70% or more in order for people to visually recognize the information clearly and reliably.

The transmittance of transparent multilayers can be measured using a spectrophotometer. In the environment in which the ID card 120 is observed, it is assumed that the light source is sunlight or a fluorescent lamp. Therefore, it is preferable to measure the transmittance at a wavelength of 500 nm as the transmittance of the multilayer body used for the ID card 100 . The transmittance of the multilayer body is preferably measured by a method conforming to JIS K7375:2008 "Determination of total light transmittance and total light reflectance of plastic".

[Function of ID card]
The operation of the ID card 120 will be described with reference to FIGS. 62 to 68. FIG. Below, the operation of the first example of the ID card 120 and the operation of the second example of the ID card 120 will be described in order. A first example of the ID card 120 has an optical element including a lattice structure 11G and a relief surface, and has a configuration in which the authenticity of the ID card 120 is determined by visual observation of an observer. On the other hand, the second example of the ID card 120 has an optical element that includes the grating structure 11G but does not include a relief surface, and has a configuration in which the authenticity of the ID card 120 is determined by a verifier.

[First example]
The operation of the first example of the ID card 120 will be described with reference to FIGS. 62 to 65. FIG.
FIG. 62 schematically shows how the observer OB judges the authenticity of the ID card 120 visually.

As shown in FIG. 62, the observer OB visually recognizes the ID card 120 while holding the ID card 120 in his/her hand. The reference plane Ph0 is a plane on which the ID card 120 is placed when the observer OB starts observing the ID card 120 . A reference plane Ph0 is a reference plane for determining the authenticity of the ID card 120 . The observer OB tilts the ID card 120 placed on the reference plane Ph0 along each of the first plane Ph1, the second plane Ph2, and the third plane Ph3. Observer OB observes ID card 120 when ID card 120 is positioned on each of planes Ph1, Ph2, and Ph3. The angle formed by the reference plane Ph0 and the first plane Ph1 is the first angle θ1, the angle formed by the reference plane Ph0 and the second plane Ph2 is the second angle θ2, and the reference plane Ph0 and the third plane Ph3. is the third angle θ3. The first angle θ1 is larger than the second angle θ2 and the third angle θ3, and the second angle θ2 is larger than the third angle θ3.

The light source LS is located on the opposite side of the ID card 120 from the observer OB. In other words, the light source LS is positioned in front of the observer OB. The light source LS, the ID card 120, and the observer OB are arranged at relative positions such that the light from the light source LS incident on the ID card 120 is reflected at the ID card 120 toward the observer OB. When observing the ID card 120, it is preferable that the light from the point light source is incident on the ID card 120 from one direction. However, in practice, when the ID card 120 is observed, light from a fluorescent lamp and external light enter the ID card 120 from various directions. Even in this case, if the light incident on the ID card 120 includes light reflected by the ID card 120 toward the observer OB, the brightness of the light emitted from the ID card 120 will be low. However, the observer OB can visually recognize the information displayed by the ID card 120 .

63 to 65 show images displayed by the ID card 120, respectively. FIG. 63 shows an image of the ID card 120 when the ID card 120 is placed on the first plane Ph1, and FIG. 64 shows an image of the ID card 120 when the ID card 120 is placed on the second plane Ph2. is a statue. FIG. 65 is an image of the ID card 120 when the ID card 120 is placed on the third plane Ph3. ID card 120 is configured to be able to display first image P1, second image P2, and third image P3.

As shown in FIG. 63, when the observer OB places the ID card 120 on the first plane Ph1, the ID card 120 displays only the third image P3. The third image P3 contains personal identification information about the owner of the ID card 120. FIG. The third image P3 includes, for example, the face photograph of the owner and identifying personal information such as name and ID number. When the observer OB places the ID card 120 on the first plane Ph1, the ID card 120 displays the entire third image P3 to the outside through the surface 120F.

As shown in FIG. 64, when the observer OB places the ID card 120 on the second plane Ph2, the ID card 120 displays the second image P2. In a plan view facing front surface 120F of ID card 120, second image P2 partially overlaps third image P3. Therefore, in this embodiment, part of the third image P3 is hidden by the second image P2. The brightness of the second image P2 may be a brightness that does not completely hide a part of the third image P3.

As shown in FIG. 64, when the observer OB places the ID card 120 on the third plane Ph3, the ID card 120 displays the first image P1. On the other hand, the ID card 120 does not display the second image P2. In a plan view facing front surface 120F of ID card 120, first image P1 partially overlaps third image P3. Therefore, in this embodiment, part of the third image P3 is hidden by the first image P1. Note that the brightness of the first image P1 may be a brightness that does not completely hide a part of the third image P3.

In this way, when the observer OB tilts the ID card 120 forward with respect to the reference plane Ph0, the ID card 120 displays the first image P1 and the second image P2 according to the position of the ID card 120. do. In other words, when the observer OB brings the surface 120F of the ID card 120 closer to the observer OB while the position of the portion of the ID card 120 gripped by the observer OB is substantially fixed in the observation space, Depending on the position of ID card 120, ID card 120 displays first image P1 and second image P2.

Note that even if the observer OB tilts the ID card 120 to the left or right with respect to the second plane Ph2, for example, the observer OB cannot see the first image P1 and the second image P2 displayed by the ID card 120. Visibility is possible. In other words, even when the observer OB inclines the ID card 120 without substantially changing the distance between the front surface 120F of the ID card 120 and the observer OB in the observation space, the observer OB is in the first position. It is possible to visually recognize the image P1 and the second image P2. However, while the observer OB can easily view the second image P2, the observer OB can view the first image P1 only under limited viewing conditions for the following reasons.

As described above, the first image P1 is viewed by the observer OB only when the light source LS and the observer OB are positioned at symmetrical angles with respect to the plane containing the radiation for the surface of the ID card 120 . Therefore, when the ID card 120 is tilted left or right with respect to the second plane Ph2, the angle formed by the second plane Ph2 and the reference plane Ph0 must be the third angle θ3. Here, the second plane Ph2 is a plane on which the ID card 120 is arranged when the observer OB picks up the ID card 120 unconsciously. Therefore, the probability that the angle formed by the second plane Ph2 and the reference plane Ph0 matches the third angle θ3 is low. On the other hand, when the observer OB tilts the ID card 120 back and forth with respect to the reference plane Ph0, there is a high probability that the observer OB will place the ID card 120 on the third plane Ph3.

Therefore, when observing the ID card 120, the observer OB preferably tilts the ID card 120 back and forth with the light source LS positioned obliquely above the plane including the line of sight of the observer OB. This increases the probability that the observer OB observes both the first image P1 and the second image P2. Therefore, the authenticity determination of the ID card 120 by the observer OB is likely to be performed accurately.

[Second example]
The operation of the second example of the ID card 120 will be described with reference to FIGS. 66 to 68. FIG.
FIG. 66 schematically shows a method of determining the authenticity of the ID card 120 by the verifier V. As shown in FIG.

As shown in FIG. 66, the light from the light source LS is incident on the surface 120F of the ID card 120 at an incident angle α, and the reflected light reflected at an exit angle β is input to the verifier V. An environment for determining the authenticity of the ID card 120 is set. For the verifier V, for example, a camera capable of reading images, a sensor capable of reading luminance distribution, and the like can be used. The verifier V may be any device capable of processing each of the first image P1 and the second image P2 as an image or optical information such as luminance.

FIG. 67 shows the image displayed by the genuine ID card 120. FIG. On the other hand, FIG. 68 shows an image displayed by the fake ID card 200. FIG. 67 and 68 show images displayed by the ID cards 120 and 200 under specific viewing conditions.

As shown in FIG. 66, the authentic ID card 120 shows a QR code (registered trademark) P3a as part of the third image P3.
On the other hand, the fake ID card 200 shows the QR code (registered trademark) P3a as part of the third image P3 and also displays the first image P1 through the surface 200F. Here, the verifier V determines that the ID card 120 is genuine when the QR code (registered trademark) P3a displayed by the ID card 100 is read under the observation conditions described above. In this case, the ID card 120 displays the QR code (registered trademark) P3a as part of the third image P3, and the QR code (registered trademark) P3a does not overlap other images, so the verifier V determines that the ID card 120 is a genuine ID card 120 . On the other hand, although the ID card 200 displays the QR code (registered trademark) P3a as part of the third image P3, it overlaps the QR code (registered trademark) P3a when viewed from the thickness direction of the ID card 120. The first image P1 is displayed as follows. In other words, the information read by the verifier V includes information other than the QR code (registered trademark). Therefore, the verifier V determines that the ID card 200 is a fake.

In this embodiment, the QR code (registered trademark) P3a is exemplified as the code displayed by the ID cards 120 and 200, but the code displayed by the ID cards 120 and 200 may be other codes that can be read by the verifier V. . Other codes may include, for example, barcodes. For determination by the verifier V, the first image P1 may be used instead of the third image P3, or the second image P2 may be used.

Also, in the above example, the position of the verifier V is fixed in one place, but the verifier V is movable, and the verifier V has an exit angle β The light emitted from the ID card 120 may be read at an angle γ that is different from . In this case, the authenticity of the ID card 120 can be determined in two steps by using two pieces of information obtained at different angles. As a result, the accuracy of authenticity determination can be further increased.

[Material for Forming Optical Element]
Materials that can be used to form optical elements are described below. Materials for forming each of the first layer 11, the second layer 12, and the third layer 13 of the optical element will be described below.

[First layer]
A material for forming the first layer 11 includes an ultraviolet curable resin. Examples of UV-curable resins include acrylic acrylate, urethane acrylate, polyester acrylate, epoxy acrylate, alicyclic epoxy, glycidyl type epoxy, and oxetane compounds, with acrylic acrylate and urethane acrylate being particularly preferred.
The material for forming the first layer 11 preferably contains urethane resin. Modified urethane resins such as acrylic-modified urethane, epoxy-modified urethane, polyester-modified urethane, silicon-modified urethane, and vinyl-modified urethane may be used as the urethane resin.
Materials for forming the first layer 11 include at least curing agents, plasticizers, dispersants, various leveling agents, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, viscosity modifiers, lubricants, and light stabilizers. may include one.
[Third layer]
A material for forming the third layer 13 can be used that essentially contains various resins listed below. Materials for forming each layer include, for example, the above resins such as poly(meth)acrylic resins, polyurethane resins, fluorine resins, silicone resins, polyimide resins, epoxy resins, and polyethylene resins. , polypropylene resin, methacrylic resin, polymethylpentene resin, cyclic polyolefin resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polycarbonate resin, polyester resin, polyamide resin, polyamideimide resin, polyarylphthalate resins, polysulfone-based resins, polyphenylene sulfide-based resins, polyethersulfone-based resins, polyethylene naphthalate-based resins, polyetherimide-based resins, acetal-based resins, and cellulose-based resins. As the material for forming the third layer, only one of these resins may be used, or two or more of them may be mixed or combined. Materials for forming the third layer 13 include at least curing agents, plasticizers, dispersants, various leveling agents, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, viscosity modifiers, lubricants, and light stabilizers. may include one.

Methods for forming each of the first layer 11 and the third layer 13 include, for example, a hot embossing method, a casting method, and a photopolymer method. In the photopolymer method, a radiation-curable resin is poured between a flat substrate such as a plastic film and a metal stamper. Then, after curing the radiation-curable resin by irradiation with radiation, the cured resin film together with the substrate is peeled off from the metal stamper. The photopolymer method is preferable to the pressing method and the casting method that use thermoplastic resins, because the transfer accuracy of the fine relief structure is high, and the heat resistance and chemical resistance are also excellent.

[Second layer]
As the material for forming the second layer 12, a dielectric having optical transparency can be used as described above. A metal, a metal compound, a silicon compound, or a mixture thereof can be used for the dielectric. Dielectrics can include, for example, ZnS, ZnO, _ZnSe , SiNx, SiOx, _TixOx , _Ta2O5 , _Cr2O3 , _ZrO2 , _{Nb2O5 ,} and ITO.

As a method for forming the second layer 12, for example, a physical vapor deposition method, a chemical vapor deposition method, or the like can be used. Examples of physical vapor deposition methods include vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, and ion cluster beam methods. Examples of chemical vapor deposition methods include plasma chemical vapor deposition, thermal chemical vapor deposition, and photochemical vapor deposition. Among these methods, the vacuum deposition method tends to increase productivity. and the ion plating method are preferable in that they are more productive than other methods and that a good reflective layer can be easily formed. The film formation conditions in the physical vapor deposition method and the chemical vapor deposition method can be appropriately selected according to the material for forming the reflective layer.

The second layer 12 can also be formed using various printing methods, casting methods, die coating methods, and the like. In this case, the second layer 12 can be formed using a resin in which at least one of the dielectrics described above is dispersed.

[Example 1]
Example 1 will be described below. Example 1 is a test example corresponding to the authenticator of the tenth embodiment described above. In Test Example 1, a first transfer foil including the first layer 11 and a second transfer foil including the relief layer 71 were prepared. A portion of the first transfer foil was transferred to the first base material 75 and a portion of the second transfer foil was transferred to the second base material 76 . As the second base material 76, a base material that develops color when irradiated with a laser beam was used. By laminating the first base material 75 and the second base material 76, an ID card was obtained as an authenticator of Test Example 1. FIG.

More specifically, when manufacturing the first transfer foil, first, a PET film (Lumirror (registered trademark), Toray Industries, Inc.) having a thickness of 38 μm was prepared as a support layer. A release layer was obtained by applying a release layer ink to one surface of the support layer and drying the release layer ink. The thickness of the release layer 78 was 1 μm. Next, the ink for the first layer was applied onto the release layer 78 by gravure printing, and then the ink for the first layer was dried. The thickness of the ink for the first layer after drying was 2 μm. Then, a grid structure 11G was formed by pressing an original plate for forming the grid structure 11G against the dried first layer ink. During molding, the press pressure was set at 2 kgf/cm ² , the press temperature was set at 80° C., and the press speed was set at 10 m/min.

Simultaneously with the molding, the ink for the first layer was irradiated with ultraviolet rays from the opposite side of the support layer to the release layer 78 . A high-pressure mercury lamp was used for the irradiation of ultraviolet rays, and the output of the high-pressure mercury lamp was set to 300 mJ/cm ² . Thus, the first layer 11 was obtained by curing the ink for the first layer. Then, a TiO ₂ film having a thickness of 50 nm was formed on the first layer 11 by vacuum deposition. Thereby, the second layer 12 was obtained. Next, the adhesive layer ink was applied and the adhesive layer ink was dried to obtain the third layer 13 having a thickness of 2.5 μm or more and 4 μm or less and functioning as an adhesive layer. The drying temperature was set to 120° C. and the drying time was set to 45 seconds. When forming the second transfer foil, the same method as for the first transfer foil was used except that the original plate used for molding the relief surface 71Re was different from the original plate used for molding the grid structure 11G.

Inks having the following compositions were used as the release layer ink, the first layer ink, the relief layer ink, the third layer ink, and the adhesive layer ink.
[Ink for release layer]
Acrylic resin 70.0 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 30.0 parts by mass [Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable acrylic acrylate resin (molecular weight = 40000) 60.0 parts by mass Urethane acrylate (molecular weight = 6500) 18.0 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 22.0 parts by mass [Third layer ink/adhesive layer ink]
Urethane resin 50.0 parts by mass Silica filler 10.0 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 40.0 parts by mass

A transparent polycarbonate base material (LEXAN SD8B14, manufactured by SABIC) (LEXAN is a registered trademark) having a thickness of 100 μm was prepared as the first base material 75 . As the second base material 76, a polycarbonate base material (LEXAN SD8B94, manufactured by SABIC) which has a thickness of 100 μm and develops color when irradiated with a laser beam was prepared. After transferring the first transfer foil to the first substrate 75, the support layer was removed. After the second transfer foil was transferred to the second base material 76, the support layer was removed. At the time of transfer, an electric hot stamping machine is used, the temperature of the surface in contact with the transfer foil is set to 120 ° C., the pressure is set to 1.05 t / cm ² , and the pressurization time is set to 1 second. bottom.

Next, a white resin film (LEXAN SD8B24, manufactured by SAVIC) having a thickness of 400 μm was prepared as the white layer 111 . A transparent resin film (LEXAN SD8B14) having a thickness of 100 μm was prepared as the lower protective layer 112 and the upper protective layer 113 . Then, the lower protective layer 112, the white layer 111, the second base material 76, the first base material 75, and the upper protective layer 113 were stacked in the order described, and these layers were laminated. During lamination, the temperature was set to 200° C., the pressure was set to 80 N/cm ² , and the heating and pressing time was set to 25 minutes. Then, a part of the multilayer body after lamination was cut into a card shape.

Using a laser printer, the multilayer body was irradiated with a laser beam having a wavelength of 1064 nm. As a result, a first coloring portion 76 a and a second coloring portion 76 b were formed on the second base material 76 . As a result, a card was obtained as an ID identifier of Test Example 1.

[Example 2]
A card was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that an ink having the following composition was used for the first layer.
[Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable urethane acrylate resin (molecular weight = 88000) 70.0 parts by mass Polyester urethane (molecular weight = 1800) 3.5 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 26.5 parts by mass

[Comparative Example 1]
An attempt was made to prepare a sample in the same manner as in Example 1, except that an ink having the following composition was used as the ink for the first layer. It did not proceed to the process to form 11G.
[Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable acrylic acrylate resin (molecular weight = 12000) 60.0 parts by mass Urethane acrylate (molecular weight = 6500) 18.0 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 22.5 parts by mass

[Comparative Example 2]
A card was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an ink having the following composition was used for the first layer.
[Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable acrylic acrylate resin (molecular weight = 40000) 70.0 parts by mass Urethane acrylate (molecular weight = 6500) 2.1 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 27.9 parts by mass

[Comparative Example 3]
An attempt was made to prepare a sample in the same manner as in Example 1, except that an ink having the following composition was used as the ink for the first layer. It did not proceed to the process to form 11G.
[Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable acrylic acrylate resin (molecular weight = 40000) 46.0 parts by mass Urethane acrylate (molecular weight = 6500) 24.0 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 30.0 parts by mass

[Comparative Example 4]
A card was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that an ink having the following composition was used for the first layer.
[Ink for first layer/Ink for relief layer]
UV curable acrylic acrylate resin (molecular weight = 82000) 45.5 parts by mass Urethane acrylate (molecular weight = 11000) 24.5 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone 30.0 parts by mass

[Evaluation method]
For the samples prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples, the nanoindenter hardness and breaking elongation were measured by the method described in the specification for the samples on which the first layer was formed, and the following three evaluations were performed.

[Tack free]
After drying the ink for the first layer, when the ink was touched with a finger, ◯ was given when the ink did not adhere, and x was given when the ink adhered.

[Molding rate]
The depth of the lattice structure 11G of the first layer 11 was measured using a scanning probe microscope (AFM5400L/manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Science) to obtain the ratio to the depth of the original for forming the lattice structure 11G.

[Presence or absence of cracks]
The card was visually checked, and if cracks as shown in FIG. 69 did not occur on the optical element, it was evaluated as ◯, and if it occurred, it was evaluated as x.

[Evaluation results]
As shown in Table 1, the evaluation results of Examples 1 and 2 produced according to the present invention were able to suppress cracks during card lamination without affecting the manufacturing process. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1, in which the molecular weight of the UV-curable resin was small, and in Comparative Example 3, in which the amount of urethane resin added was too large, tackiness remained even after the solvent was dried. In Comparative Example 2, in which the amount of urethane resin added was too small, cracks during card lamination could not be suppressed. Also, in Comparative Example 4, in which the urethane resin had a large molecular weight, a high nanoindenter hardness, and a low elongation at break, cracks during card lamination could not be suppressed, resulting in poor moldability.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above with reference to the drawings, the specific configuration is not limited to the present embodiments, and the design and the present invention are provided within the scope of the gist of the present invention. It can also include all embodiments that provide equivalent effects.
Furthermore, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the inventive features defined by the claims, but includes each and every feature disclosed, and any combination of the features. .

The terms "portion", "element", "pixel", "segment", "unit", "print", and "article" as used in this disclosure are physical entities. A physical presence can refer to a physical form or a spatial form surrounded by matter. A physical entity can be a structure. A structure may have a specific function. A combination of structures having specific functions can exhibit a synergistic effect due to the combination of each function of each structure.

The terms used in the present disclosure and particularly in the appended claims (eg, in the appended claim text) are generally intended as "open" terms (eg, "having"). The terms are to be interpreted as "having at least", the term "including" is to be interpreted as "including but not limited to", and so on.

Also, when interpreting terms, configurations, features, aspects, and embodiments, reference should be made to the drawings as necessary. Matters that can be directly and unambiguously derived from drawings should serve as grounds for amendment in the same way as text.

Moreover, where a particular number of introduced claim recitations are intended, such intentions are expressly recited in the claims; in the absence of such recitations, no such intention exists. For example, to aid understanding, the following appended claims contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, use of such phrases indicates that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite article "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such claim to embodiments containing only one such recitation. should not be construed to mean that Initial phrases of "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an") shall be construed to mean at least "at least" It should be. "one" or "one or more"). The same is true for the use of distinct words used to introduce claim recitations.

A supplementary remark is made regarding the embodiment.
(Appendix 1)
An optical element comprising a first layer, a second layer in contact with the first layer, and a third layer in contact with the second layer, each layer having light transmissivity,
The first layer is a resin layer having a first refractive index, has a first surface in contact with the second layer, and has a grating formed by concave portions and convex portions on at least a portion of the first surface. including structure,
The second layer is a dielectric layer having a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index, and has an uneven shape following the lattice structure,
The third layer is a resin layer having a third refractive index lower than the second refractive index,
the first surface has an uneven surface, the lattice structure includes a first lattice structure and a second lattice structure,
The uneven surface includes a first region where the first lattice structure is located, and a second region adjacent to the first region in plan view facing the first surface and where the second lattice structure is located. ,
the azimuth angle of the first lattice structure and the azimuth angle of the second lattice structure are equal to or orthogonal to each other;
grating periods of the first grating structure and the second grating structure are 250 nm or more and 500 nm or less;
An optical element, wherein a difference between a grating period of the first grating structure and a grating period of the second grating structure is 20 nm or more.
(Appendix 2)
Further comprising a third region located between the first region and the second region,
When a state in which the optical element is irradiated with light from a light source located on the side opposite to the third layer with respect to the second layer is observed from the light source side at a certain observation angle, the optical element , the optical element according to appendix 1, wherein the color exhibited by the third region is different from both the color exhibited by the first region and the color exhibited by the second region.
(Appendix 3)
3. The optical element according to appendix 1 or 2, wherein any one of the azimuth angle of the grating structure, the grating period, the structure height, and the ratio of the concave parts to the convex parts of the grating structure is changed in the element.
(Appendix 4)
the third region is formed by a flat surface on the first surface of the first layer;
4. The optical element according to appendix 2 or 3, wherein the flat surface has an average roughness Sa of 20 μm or less.
(Appendix 5)
5. The optical system according to any one of appendices 2 to 4, wherein the third region includes a scattering structure or an antireflection structure having directivity in a direction different from the regular reflection direction of light incident on the third region. element.
(Appendix 6)
6. The optical element according to any one of appendices 2 to 5, wherein the third region has a constant width.
(Appendix 7)
6. The optical element according to any one of Appendixes 2 to 5, wherein the third region includes a first portion and a second portion, and the width of the first portion is different from the width of the second portion.
(Appendix 8)
7. The optical element according to any one of appendices 2 to 6, wherein the width of the third region is 30 μm or more and 3000 μm or less.
(Appendix 9)
The first region and the second region each include a plurality of cells partitioned to have an area of 0.1 mm or less,
8. The optical element according to any one of appendices 1 to 7, wherein the first region and the second region include the cells in which the grating structure is located in at least part of the cells.
(Appendix 10)
9. The optical element according to appendix 8, wherein in each of the cells, the first region and/or the second region include cells having different area ratios.
(Appendix 11)
9. The optical element according to appendix 9, wherein the area ratio changes gradually.
(Appendix 12)
Further comprising a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer,
11. The optical element according to any one of Appendixes 1 to 10, wherein hardness of the first layer is higher than hardness of the resin layer and hardness of the third layer.
(Appendix 13)
The first layer is formed of an ultraviolet curable resin,
The thickness of the first layer is 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less,
The optical element according to appendix 9, wherein the resin layer and the third layer are made of a thermoplastic resin.
(Appendix 14)
Further comprising a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer,
At least one of the first layer, the third layer, and the resin layer contains a filler,
14. The optical element according to appendices 1 to 13, wherein the filler has an average particle size of 400 nm or less.
(Appendix 15)
14. An authentication body in which the optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 13 covers identification information.

10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60... optical element, 10S... viewing surface, 11... first layer, 11G... grating structure, 11G1... first grating structure, 11G2... second grating structure, 11P1, 11P2... pattern Elements 11R, 12R, 13R, 61R Back surface 11R1, 11R2, 11R3, 11R4, 11R5 Image elements 11Re, 12Re, 13Re, 61Re Relief surface 11S, 12F, 13F, 42F, 80F, 100F, 200F Surface 11S1 Motif area 11S2 Background area 11S3 Boundary area 12 Second layer 12V Virtual layer 13 Third layer 14 Resin layer 15 Protective layer 16 Printed layer 17 White layer 20A First portion 20AG First grating 20B Second portion 20BG Second grating 20C Third portion 20CG Third grating 31, 41 Filler 42, 51 Fourth layer 61 Relief layer 62 Reflective layer 63, 71 Adhesive layer 64 Base material 65 First base material 66 Second base material 66a First coloring portion 66b Second 2 Color development part 68, 69, 73 Release layer 70 Transfer foil 72 Support layer 80, 100, 200 ID card 81 First image 81a Face image 81b Background image 82 Second image, 83... Third image, 91... White layer, 92... Lower protective layer, 93... Upper protective layer, 94... Printing, 101... Display layer, 101F... Display surface, V... Verifier, GP... Lattice pattern , LS...light source, OB...observer, P1...first image, P2...second image, P3...third image, P3a...QR code (registered trademark), Px...cell, AGP...first grating structure, BGP... Second grating structure, CGP... Third grating structure, G1A... First grating, G1B... Second grating, GPG... Grating group, Ph0... Reference plane, Ph1... First plane, Ph2... Second plane, Ph3... Third grating Plane, Px1... 1st cell, Px2... 2nd cell, Px3... 3rd cell, Px4... 4th cell, S1A... 1st element, S1B... 2nd element

Claims (15)

An optical element comprising a first layer, a second layer in contact with the first layer, and a third layer in contact with the second layer, each layer having a light-transmitting property,
The first layer is a resin layer having a first refractive index,
including a lattice structure having a first surface in contact with the second layer and formed by recesses and protrusions on at least a portion of the first surface;
The second layer is a dielectric layer having a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index, and has an uneven shape following the lattice structure,
The third layer is a resin layer having a third refractive index lower than the second refractive index,
the first surface has an uneven surface, the lattice structure includes a first lattice structure and a second lattice structure,
The uneven surface includes a first region where the first lattice structure is located, and a second region adjacent to the first region in plan view facing the first surface and where the second lattice structure is located. ,
the azimuth angle of the first lattice structure and the azimuth angle of the second lattice structure are equal to each other;
grating periods of the first grating structure and the second grating structure are 250 nm or more and 500 nm or less;
the difference between the grating period of the first grating structure and the grating period of the second grating structure is 20 nm or more;
The optical element, wherein the first layer contains a urethane resin having a molecular weight of 1000 or more and less than 10000 in a weight ratio of 5% or more and less than 45% with respect to an ultraviolet curable resin having a molecular weight of 20000 or more and less than 100000. The optical element, wherein the first layer has a nanoindenter hardness of at least 0.03 GPa or more and less than 0.5. An optical element characterized in that the elongation at break is 0.5% or more and less than 50% when the first layer is provided on a biaxially stretched PET film having a thickness of at least 100 μm and a thickness of 5 μm. Further comprising a third region located between the first region and the second region,
When a state in which the optical element is irradiated with light from a light source located on the side opposite to the third layer with respect to the second layer is observed from the light source side at a certain observation angle, the optical element 2. The optical element according to claim 1, wherein the color exhibited by the third region is different from both the color exhibited by the first region and the color exhibited by the second region. the third region is formed by a flat surface on the first surface of the first layer;
The optical element according to claim 2, wherein the flat surface has an average roughness Sa of 20 µm or less. 3. The optical element according to claim 2, wherein the third region includes a scattering structure or an antireflection structure having directivity in a direction different from the regular reflection direction of light incident on the third region. The optical element according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the third region has a constant width. The optical element according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the third region includes a first portion and a second portion, the width of the first portion being different from the width of the second portion. The optical element according to any one of claims 2 to 6, wherein the width of the third region is 30 µm or more and 3000 µm or less. The first region and the second region each include a plurality of cells partitioned to have an area of 0.1 mm ² or less,
8. The optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first region and the second region comprise the cells in which the grating structure is located in at least part of the cells. Further comprising a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer,
The optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the hardness of the first layer is higher than the hardness of the resin layer and the hardness of the third layer. The first layer is formed of an ultraviolet curable resin,
The thickness of the first layer is 1 μm or more and 10 μm or less,
The optical element according to claim 9, wherein the resin layer and the third layer are made of thermoplastic resin. Further comprising a resin layer located on the side opposite to the second layer with respect to the first layer,
At least one of the first layer, the third layer, and the resin layer contains a filler,
The optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the filler has an average particle size of 400 nm or less. 14. An authenticator in which the optical element according to any one of claims 1 to 13 is provided with identification information. The optical element is contained in a polycarbonate card, and each polycarbonate sheet constituting the polycarbonate card has a glass transition temperature of 100° C. or more and less than 160° C. and a linear thermal expansion coefficient of 6×10 ⁻⁵ /K or more. × 10 ^-5 /K or less, the thickness is 30 µm or more and less than 200 µm, and the arithmetic mean surface roughness Sa of the surface in contact with the optical element is 1 µm or more and less than 7 µm. 15. The optical element according to any one of 14.

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