JP2022502482A - 骨損傷を治療するための組成物及び方法 - Google Patents
骨損傷を治療するための組成物及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2018年9月17日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/732,534号及び2019年5月9日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/845,500号の利益を主張するものである。これら先行して提出された出願の内容は、参照によりそれらの全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書及び添付の特許請求の範囲で使用される場合、単数形の「a」、「an」及び「the」は、文脈により別段明らかに指示されない限り、複数の指示対象を含む。
本明細書に開示されるのは、エクスビボ血腫である。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫は、(a)単離された全血と、(b)クエン酸ナトリウムと、(c)エカリン、オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム、塩化カルシウム、トロンビン、又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムとを含み得る。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫は、(a)多血小板血漿、血漿、又は赤血球を有する血漿と、(b)エカリン、オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム、塩化カルシウム、トロンビン、又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムとを含み得る。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫はクエン酸ナトリウムを更に含み得る。いくつかの態様において、語句「赤血球を有する血漿」は血小板を含まない血漿を意味する。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫は、少なくとも150〜300nm±10%の厚さを有するフィブリン繊維を含み得る。いくつかの態様において、エカリン、オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム、塩化カルシウム、トロンビン、又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムは、少なくとも150〜300nm±10%の厚さを有する1つ以上のフィブリン繊維の形成をもたらし得る。本明細書で使用される「エクスビボ」という用語は、例えば、外部環境において、生物の外側で形成することができる血腫を指す。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫は、(a)単離された全血及びクエン酸ナトリウム多血小板血漿、血漿単独、赤血球を有する血漿(血小板を含まない)又は他の血液産物と(b)1つ以上の凝固因子とを含み得る。いくつかの態様において、エクスビボ血腫は、全血と1つ以上の凝固因子とを含み得る。
本明細書に開示されるのは、骨治癒を促進する方法である。骨置換材料の産生方法も本明細書に開示される。本明細書では、インプラントの産生方法が更に開示される。いくつかの態様において、本明細書に開示される方法は組み合わせ得る。本明細書に開示されるのは、骨治癒を促進する、骨置換材料を産生する方法、インプラント又はそれらの組み合わせを産生する方法である。いくつかの態様において、本方法は、本明細書に開示されるエクスビボ血腫を含む治療有効量の組成物をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含む。本明細書に開示されるのは、本明細書に開示されるエクスビボ血腫を含む治療有効量の組成物をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含む、対象において骨治癒を促進する方法、骨置換材料を産生する方法、インプラント又はそれらの組み合わせを産生する方法である。
本明細書に記載される組成物及びエクスビボ血腫は、例えば、骨欠損を治療するための療法として、又は本明細書に開示される方法のいずれかを使用するために、標識された好適な容器にパッケージ化され得る。したがって、本明細書に記載の少なくとも単離された全血及びクエン酸ナトリウム、又は多血小板血漿、血漿、若しくは赤血球を有する血漿と、エカリン、オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム、塩化カルシウム、トロンビン、又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムとを含むパッケージ製品(例えば、本明細書に記載の組成物又はエクスビボ血腫を含有し、濃縮又は使用可能な濃度で保管、出荷、若しくは販売のためにパッケージ化された滅菌容器)及びキット、並びに使用説明書もまた、本開示の範囲内である。製品は、本明細書に記載の組成物又はエクスビボ血腫を含有する容器(例えば、バイアル、ジャー、ボトル、バッグなど)を含み得る。更に、製造品は、例えば、包装材料、使用説明書、シリンジ、緩衝液、又は予防若しくは治療が必要とされる状態を治療又は監視するための他の対照試薬を更に含み得る。製品はまた、凡例(例えば、印刷されたラベル若しくは挿入物、又は製品の使用を説明する他の媒体(例えば、音声又はビデオテープ)を含み得る。凡例は、容器と関連付けられ得(例えば、容器に貼付される)、その中の組成物又はエクスビボ血腫を投与すべき方法(例えば、投与の頻度及び経路)、したがって、指示、並びに他の使用を説明することができる。組成物又はエクスビボ血腫は、投与の準備ができ(例えば、用量に適した単位で存在する)、薬学的に許容されるアジュバント、担体、又は他の希釈剤を含み得る。あるいは、化合物は、希釈剤とともに濃縮形態で、希釈のための添付の説明書とともに提供され得る。
大分節性骨欠損を治癒するためのアプローチ骨折部位に形成された血腫が骨折の治癒方法に著しく影響を及ぼすことは十分に確立されている。例えば、研究は、血腫の除去が骨折治癒を遅らせることを示した(Schell H,Peters A,Duda GN.Removal of fracture hematoma and replacement with fresh hematoma delays bone healing in sheep.Bone.2012)。更に、フィブリン繊維の多孔性及び厚さなどの形成されたフィブリン凝塊の構造的特性が骨修復に影響を及ぼすことを示唆する報告がある(Wang X,Friis TE,Masci PP,Crawford RW,Liao W,Xiao Y.Alteration of blood clot structures by interleukin−1 beta in association with bone defects healing.Sci Rep. Nature Publishing Group;2016;6:35645、及びWang X,Friis T,Glatt V,Crawford R,Xiao Y.J Tissue Eng Regen Med.2017;11:2864−2875)。本明細書に記載の結果は、0.5mmラット大腿骨欠損(通常は治癒する骨折)から単離されたインビボ血腫が、術後3日後に5mmの分節性骨欠損(介入なしでは治癒しない;320±64nm)と比較して、35%細いフィブリン繊維(209±20nm)を有したことを実証する(図2、7、8、及び9)。更に、0.5mmと比較して5mm欠損においてもより少ない多孔性ネットワークが観察され(42.56%対50.03%)、グループ間で16%の差が生じた。大きな骨欠損(5mm)で形成された血腫と、通常は治癒する骨折(0.5mm)で形成された血腫との間に生物学的特性に差があるかどうかを調査するために、RNAシーケンシング分析を使用してインビボ研究が行われた(表1)。
表1.遺伝子制御
骨欠損は、雄のSASフィッシャーラット(10〜12週齢、n=38;n=5〜8/群)の群で作製され、外部固定器で安定化され(RISystem AG;Glatt V,Evans CH,Matthys R.Eur Cell Mater.2012;23:289−98;discussion 299、及びGlatt V,Miller M,Ivkovic A,Liu F,Parry N,Griffin D,et al.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2012Nov21;94(22):2063−73)、通常の骨治癒(0.5mm、図3A)中に形成された血腫及び大分節性骨欠損(5mm、図3B)中に形成された血腫の構造的及び生物学的特性を特徴付け、比較された。骨折治癒の経過を評価するために、同じ外部固定装置でも可能な0.5mmの骨切り術が行われた。骨切り術を使用する理由は、それらが再現可能であり、血腫構造特性の特徴付けに重要な、より一貫したサイズの血腫形成を可能にすることである。血栓が成熟した後、手術の3日後に動物を屠殺して、骨折血腫の構造特性を評価した(図3A、B)。フィブリン繊維の太さ、密度、及び多孔性などの血腫の構造特性は、走査電子顕微鏡法(SEM;n=8/群)及びImageJソフトウェアを使用して評価された。更に、異なる試料セットが使用され、RNAシーケンシングを使用して骨修復プロセスの開始に関与する発現差のある遺伝子を分析した(n=6/群)。組織を特徴付けるため、並びに、マクロファージ(CD68、CD40、及びCD206)オステリックス、PECAM1、vWF、VEGF、I型コラーゲンなどの修復プロセスの開始に関与する主要なタンパク質の存在、及び全体的な組織形態についてのH&Eを確認するために組織学及び免疫組織化学(IHC)もまた実施される(n=5/群)。その結果を使用して、3日齢の血腫における構造特性と特定の遺伝子及びタンパク質の発現との間に相関があるかどうかを判定した。
様々な濃度のエカリンを使用して、取り組みの中で血栓の構造特性を変更し、0.5mmの骨切りモデルで形成された天然血腫の特性を模倣するために、SVCE、エカリンが使用された。安楽死時に21ゲージ針を用いた心臓穿刺によって実施例2で使用した同じ動物から全血が収集された。血液の予想収率は、1匹当たり約5〜10mLであった。凝固を防ぐために、血液は、9部の血液に1部の4%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液を混合した。ノコギリヘビ毒から精製された酵素、エカリンは、Sigma(Sigma−Aldrich Co.,St.Louis,MO,USA)から購入された。pH、イオン強度、及びカルシウムなどの変数は一定に維持され、一方で、血栓促進酵素は、最終濃度のためにピコモルからナノモルまでの範囲にわたって適用された。塩化カルシウム(CaCl2)及びCaCl2+組換えヒトトロンビンを対照として使用した。エクスビボ血栓は、欠損サイズにまたがる高さ5mm、及びラット大腿骨の平均直径と一致する直径4mmのシリンダを有することが意図される。高さが0.5mmの血栓が対照として使用され、同じ濃度のSVCEがより少ない体積の血液に添加されると、形成された血栓において同じ構造特性を産生するかどうかを決定した。SEMを用いて、構造変化、特にフィブリン繊維の太さ及び密度、並びに凝塊構造全体を評価した。図4A〜Dは、本明細書に記載される方法を使用して、異なる構造特性を有するラットにおける血栓を示す。
これらの実験が実施され、MSCが、エカリンの存在下だけでなくエカリン誘導血栓内で播種されたときに生存する能力を決定し、これらの足場の生体適合性を評価する。様々な濃度でのエカリンの細胞生存率及び潜在的な細胞毒性は、2D及び3Dアッセイで測定される。ラット骨MSCが、異なる濃度のエカリンの存在下で培養され、細胞生存率を決定する。細胞増殖(例えば、CyQUANT(商標)Cell Proliferation Assay Kit)及び細胞毒性(例えば、Vybrant(商標)Cytotoxicity Assay Kit)は、1日目、7日目、14日目、及び21日目に測定される。その後、エカリンを、決定された特定の構造特性とともに細胞生存率を考慮に入れて、以前の実験から確立された濃度でクエン酸化血液の混合物に添加される。凝固後、血栓は、成長培地を含有する24ウェルプレートに移される。
雄のSASフィッシャーラット(10〜12週齢、n=8〜16;パイロット研究n=4;エクスビボ血腫、BMP−2、PRP)の群で作製され、本明細書に記載の外部固定器で安定化された5mmの大腿骨欠損。エクスビボ血腫を骨折ギャップに移植し、大分節性骨欠損の治癒力を強化する能力を決定した(図6)。2つの対照群が使用され、骨治癒過程を実験群と比較した。第1の対照群における治癒は、現在臨床的に使用されているものと同じ製品である吸収性コラーゲンスポンジ(Infuse(登録商標)、Medtronic plc.,Minneapolis,MN,USA)上に送達される組換えヒトBMP−2を使用して強化された。これはBMP−2を使用した確立された研究モデルで、8週間以内に治癒することが報告されており(Glatt V,Bartnikowski N,Quirk N,Schuetz M,Evans C.Reverse Dynamization:Influence of Fixator Stiffness on the Mode and Efficiency of Large−Bone−Defect Healing at Different Doses of rhBMP−2.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2016;98:677−87、Yasko AW,Lane JM,Fellinger EJ,Rosen V,Wozney JM,Wang EA.The healing of segmental bone defects,induced by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein(rhBMP−2).A radiographic,histological,and biomechanical study in rats.J Bone Joint Surg Am.The American Orthopedic Association;1992;74:659−70、及びGantenbein−Ritter B,Sprecher CM,Chan S,Illien−Junger S,Grad S.Confocal imaging protocols for live/dead staining in three−dimensional carriers.Methods Mol Biol.2011;740:127〜40)、したがって、減少した数の動物が使用された(n=4)。第2の対照群では、PRPが使用され、高濃度の血小板が豊富なフィブリン凝塊と比較して、エクスビボ血腫が優れた治癒転帰を有するかどうかを決定した。実験群では、エクスビボ血腫が使用され、作成された足場が骨欠損を再生する能力を有するかどうかを決定した。エクスビボ血腫のメリットは以下の通りである:(1)骨誘導性−重要な増殖因子が長期期間存続し、新しい骨形成を刺激する、及び(2)骨伝導性−よく組織化されたフィブリン構造は、MSCの移行及び早期鉱物化に好ましい微小環境を作り出す。この概念証明系の実験を成功させることで、自然増殖因子リザーバーとして機能することができるエクスビボ血腫だけでなくrhBMP−2などの増殖因子を添加することなく大分節性骨欠損の治癒を改善する生体適合性自己足場の発達がもたらされることが予想される。これを評価するために、動物は週1回のX線によって監視され、8週間で安楽死された。安楽死後、回復した欠損をマイクロコンピュータ断層撮影(μCT;全ての試料)による評価のために回収し、組織学/IHC(n=4/群;n=2(BMP−2群)及び生体力学的試験(n=12/群;n=6(BMP−2群))について使用された。
凝固剤、エカリン、カルシウム/トロンビン、だけでなくBMP−2の様々な濃度が試験され、大分節性骨欠損の治癒を開始する能力を実証した。試験したエカリンの濃度は、0.3、0.6、及び0.75U/mLを含み、これらの濃度は正常に治癒を開始した(図15、4〜8列)が、0.6U/mLのエカリンの濃度は、試験した用量の最良の結果を示した。同様に、凝固剤10mMのCaCl2及び0.5U/mLのトロンビンの組み合わせ(図15、3列目)もまた、0.6U/mLのエカリンと0.33μgのBMP−2と同様の方法で大きな骨欠損を効果的に治癒させた(図15、4列目)。このラットモデルにおいて一貫して5mm骨欠損の治癒を開始したBMP−2の濃度は、0.33μgである。この用量は、11μgの標準用量よりも33倍低く、この用量は、5mmの大腿骨欠損ラットモデル(5.5μg、図15、1番目のカラム)において、大分節性骨を効率的に治癒させるBMP−2/ACS(ACS=吸収性コラーゲンスポンジ)の最低有効用量よりも17倍低い。骨欠損の治癒を開始した他の2つの試験された用量は、0.165μg及び0.0825μgであった(図15、7列及び8列参照)が、これらの用量による応答は、0.33μgと比較して、一貫性が低く、それぞれ75%及び50%であった(例えば、カラム5を参照)。
Claims (54)
- (a)単離された全血と、(b)クエン酸ナトリウムと、(c)エカリン;オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム;塩化カルシウム;トロンビン;又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムとを含むエクスビボ血腫であって、少なくとも150〜300nm±10%の厚さを有するフィブリン繊維を含むことを特徴とするエクスビボ血腫。
- (a)多血小板血漿、血漿、又は赤血球を有する血漿と、(b)エカリン;オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム;塩化カルシウム;トロンビン;又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムとを含むエクスビボ血腫であって、少なくとも150〜300nm±10%の厚さを有するフィブリン繊維を含む、前記エクスビボ血腫。
- クエン酸ナトリウムを更に含む、請求項2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 抗生物質を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 1つ以上の増殖因子を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記1つ以上の増殖因子が、骨形成タンパク質2(BMP−2)、BMP−7、BMP−4、BMP−6、BMP−9、BMP−14、血小板由来増殖因子(PDGF)、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、線維芽細胞増殖因子2(FGF−2)、又はそれらの組み合わせである、請求項1又は5に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記全血が、生存細胞及び1つ以上の生物学的因子を含む、請求項1に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記全血の前記生存細胞の約50%〜70%が、前記血腫の形成後、生存可能なままである、請求項7に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 治療剤を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 全血と、エカリンと、クエン酸ナトリウムとを含む、請求項1に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 全血と、塩化カルシウムと、クエン酸ナトリウムとを含む、請求項1に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 多血小板血漿と、エカリンとを含む、請求項2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 多血小板血漿と、塩化カルシウムとを含む、請求項2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 全血と、クエン酸ナトリウムと、トロンビンとを含む、請求項1に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 全血と、塩化カルシウム、又はオスクタリン及び塩化カルシウムと、クエン酸ナトリウムとを含む、請求項1に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫中に存在する前記エカリンの濃度が、少なくとも0.05U/mLである、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫中に存在する前記エカリンの濃度が、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、又は1U/mLである、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 骨形成タンパク質2(BMP−2)を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記治療剤が、骨形成タンパク質2(BMP−2)である、請求項9に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫中に存在する前記BMP−2の用量が、少なくとも0.01mgである、請求項18に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記BMP−2が、組換えBMP−2である、請求項18に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記組換えBMP−2が、ヒトBMP−2を含む、請求項21に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 増殖因子、血小板、及び細胞を更に含む、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- ゲル又は液体として製剤化される、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 局所投与のために製剤化される、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫中に存在する前記エカリンの量が、少なくとも0.05U/mLであり、前記エクスビボ血腫中に存在する前記BMP−2の量が少なくとも0.01mgである、請求項18に記載のエクスビボ血腫。
- 骨治癒を促進する、又は骨置換材料又はインプラントを産生する方法であって、請求項1又は2に記載のエクスビボ血腫を含む治療有効量の組成物を、それを必要とする対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 前記全血が、生存細胞及び1つ以上の生物学的因子を含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫が、全血、エカリン及びクエン酸ナトリウム;全血、塩化カルシウム及びクエン酸ナトリウム;多血小板血漿及びエカリン;又は多血小板血漿及び塩化カルシウムを含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記エクスビボ血腫が、骨形成タンパク質2(BMP−2)を更に含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記BMP−2が、組換えBMP−2である、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えBMP−2が、ヒトBMP−2を含む、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 増殖因子、血小板、及び細胞を前記更に含む、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、ヒトである、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、凝塊又は足場として製剤化される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、局所投与のために製剤化される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、局所投与され、移植され、又は経皮的に送達される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、移植される、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物中に存在する前記エカリンの量が少なくとも0.05U/mLであり、前記組成物中に存在する前記BMP−2の量が少なくとも0.01〜5mgである、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、骨格欠損を有する、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記骨格欠損が、大分節性骨欠損である、請求項40に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、1つ以上の骨折を有する、請求項27に記載の方法。
- 前記対象が、1つ以上の骨損傷を有する、請求項27に記載の方法。
- インプラントを構築する方法であって、
a)デポーインプラントの骨欠損への移植を容易にする形状及びサイズのうちの少なくとも1つにおいて、前記デポーインプラントを寸法決定する工程と、
b)(i)単離された全血及びクエン酸ナトリウム;又は多血小板血漿、血漿、若しくは赤血球を有する血漿;並びに(ii)エカリン;オスクタリン及び塩化カルシウム;塩化カルシウム;トロンビン;又はトロンビン及び塩化カルシウムを導入することによって、足場を有するための前記デポーインプラントを構築して、前記足場を作製する工程と、
を含み、前記足場が、55〜75%の多孔率を有することを特徴とする方法。 - 前記足場が、少なくとも150〜300nm±10%の厚さを有するフィブリン繊維を含む、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記デポーインプラントの前記形状が、シリンダ又は球体の形状である、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記足場が、凝塊として構築される、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の増殖因子を更に含む、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記1つ以上の増殖因子が、骨形成タンパク質2(BMP−2)、BMP−7、BMP−4、BMP−6、BMP−9、BMP−14、血小板由来増殖因子(PDGF)、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)、線維芽細胞増殖因子2(FGF−2)、又はそれらの組み合わせである、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記BMP−2が、前記足場に導入される、請求項49に記載の方法。
- 前記足場中に存在する前記エカリンの量が少なくとも0.05U/mLであり、前記足場中に存在する前記BMP−2の量が少なくとも0.01mgである、請求項49に記載の方法。
- 前記足場が、所与の骨欠損の前記サイズ及び形状に類似する、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記足場が、走化性である、請求項44に記載の方法。
- 前記足場が、生存可能な血液細胞及び適切な生物学的因子を含む、請求項44に記載の方法。
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