JP2022183416A - Direction information acquisition device, direction information acquisition program and direction information acquisition method - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of obtaining direction information from signals transmitted from the GNSS satellite, particularly, the method enabling a user to obtain information inexpensively, efficiently and suitably for the usage context of the device.

SOLUTION: In a process of obtaining an azimuth direction in a limited way using acquired satellite signals while blocking satellite signals from a GNSS satellite existing on one side of a half celestial sphere in the sky by using a body, and simultaneously retrieving satellite signals from a GNSS satellite existing on the other side, Signal intensity for waves from both sides of the body serving as a shield is sampled for a certain period of time by a GNSS receiver, and then, the signal strength is also sampled by the GNSS receiver for a certain period of time in an azimuth direction after re-orientated to the opposite direction or the like by such as rotating around a body axis. By determining which area of a quarter celestial sphere in the sky the GNSS satellite was located in based on comparison among records of signal intensity sampled by the GNSS receiver, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more accurately with a simple method.

SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 5

COPYRIGHT: (C)2023,JPO&INPIT

Description

The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from positioning satellite system satellites such as GPS satellites.

Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude, and positioning satellite system time such as GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from positioning satellite system satellites such as GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites. No information was obtained.


Therefore, the inventor of the present invention proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).

According to this direction information acquisition method,
arranging a pair of planar patch antennas parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other;

each planar patch antenna having antenna sensitivity and sky coverage in the upper quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction in which it is pointed;

Take out the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna,

I took this out

Based on signal strength comparison,

The GPS satellite that sent each signal

Determine which antenna was in the sky coverage area,

Circularly align the satellite existence area determination results,

Based on the information contained in the above circular decision result column

The azimuth of the measurement direction is limited or specified.

In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method with a commercially available GPS receiver, the present inventor further

GPS reception provided with data transmission unit, data reception unit and data processing unit

proposed a machine (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-364605).

As a result, the pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and

When a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other,

GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver,

By processing the two pieces of data in the data processing unit, it is now possible to easily obtain the azimuth information.

Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.

However, the conventional azimuth information acquisition method has the following problems to be solved for the next generation.

That is, the conventional direction information acquisition method is

Scenes consisting of satellites with uniform signal strength, or

Scenes where there is a relatively small difference in signal strength, or

In situations such as when the probability of being mixed with satellites with exceptional signal strength is extremely low,

I was able to get good results.




but,

A satellite with an outstandingly strong received signal strength

In mixed situations,

In the conventional direction information acquisition method,

expected to occur.

i.e.

In such situations,

a certain threshold preset as a default, and

the received signal strength of each satellite;

, compare

Determine the existence area of each satellite

The thing is

necessarily,

correct

Existence area determination

to lead

There are unlimited

necessarily,

correct

How easy it is to obtain azimuth information

hard to say

Rarely

there were.

This originates from a signal mixed as a diffracted wave from the rear surface.

In this case, there is a trade-off between the rate of correct answers, the rate of incorrect answers, the rate of non-answers, and the size of the azimuth limitation width.

In this case, there was also a situation where it was considered necessary to analyze the trade-off and skillfully set the threshold as the optimum solution.

In other words,

“If we get above a certain signal strength threshold,

There is a satellite that originated the signal within the 'direct wave coverage'."

It was not correct to presume that.

Namely

In areas that are not "direct wave coverage",

Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,

When satellites are mixed,

And,

When the shielding object is the wavelength or several times its size,

If we restrict to

Even if the diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite is received at the edge of the shield,

Even if the diffraction loss is reduced,

There may be (or there may be) a moment when the signal strength is stronger than the threshold,

Based only on the signal strength threshold obtained with the antenna main beam directed only in one direction,

In some cases, it was difficult to ensure the validity of the determination of the existence area of the satellite.



or,

When relying only on instantaneous values

The side of the diffracted wave is

incidentally

high value

on the other hand,

the side of the straight wave

incidentally

Synchronous fluctuation

showing a low value,

If there is a

If the antenna main beam is directed only in one direction and is based only on the signal strength threshold obtained,

In some cases, it was difficult to ensure the validity of the determination of the existence area of the satellite.

Therefore, as mentioned above,

"Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,

A scene where satellites are mixed” (*)

And

"Scenes where the shielding object is the wavelength or several times larger" (**)

Even in the limited and special aspects of

Existence area determination

of

able to perform correctly,

In addition, direction information acquisition

of

able to perform correctly

Direction information acquisition method

suggest.

The situation (*) may occur for the following reasons, for example.

(a) Even if a problem occurs in outer space, it is basically impossible to repair it in close proximity, or it is accompanied by great difficulty.

In space, for example, there may be cases of satellites that have developed strong signals due to poor transmission power adjustments.

In most cases, satellites in outer space that have caused such a strong signal due to malfunction must be abandoned because of the impossibility of approaching repairs.

This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

(b) The satellite must be launched on board a vehicle and placed in an appropriate orbit in space.

Building a positioning satellite system or the like inevitably requires a plurality of satellites, sometimes as many as 32 satellites.

However, it is technically, financially, and politically impossible or extremely difficult to launch and orbit a large number of satellites at once.

Therefore, if there is a specification change or the like in the satellite part of the existing positioning satellite system, the satellite will be gradually replaced over many years.

In such a case, there will be a period when old specification satellites and future specification satellites are mixed.

It is possible if the specification change includes a change in signal strength.

This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

(c) With the international situation where multi-GNSS is progressing, there are high expectations for the conversion of GNSSS receivers to multi-GNSS receivers.

There is a problem on the side of such a multi-GNSS receiver,

Even when it should be recognized as a different type of GNSS satellite, there may be a situation in which a GNSS receiver that has lost only its identification function must be diverted.

For example, there may be a situation where both GPS satellites and GLONASS satellites are successfully received, but it is not possible to distinguish between them.

Long-term mountaineering (vertical running), polar expeditions, and marine navigation (especially in distress and similar situations) are not always the best conditions for GNSS equipment.

However, if there is still a remaining function that both GPS and glonass satellites can be received (even if the system type cannot be distinguished),

It is very disappointing and unreasonable that direction information cannot be obtained using only the remaining functions.

This is very similar to the situation in which some satellites of a certain positioning system have extremely high reception strengths.

Even if their signal strengths are different, and even if they are indistinguishable, it would be better if there was a way to obtain azimuth information using them.

This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

On the contrary, it is easy to understand if we consider a scene that does not correspond to (*). Output levels are aligned in a certain GNSS system or group of multiple GNSS systems

The above problem does not occur if direction information can be obtained from well-controlled satellite constellations.

The situation (**) may occur for the following reasons, for example.

(A) When using the body as a shield.

(B) When using a shield that is approximately the same size as the body or smaller.

Specifically, this includes the use of certain types of helicopters, small aircraft, huge rocks, large trees that are nearly 1000 years old, cliffs that are not large-scale natural or artificial, and buildings that are not large-scale.

Conversely, it is easy to understand if we consider a situation in which there is a high possibility of avoiding the case corresponding to (**). This includes the case of obtaining azimuth information in the background of a mountainside, a building, a huge structure, a huge cliff, a huge moving object, or the like.

This research is a situation that fits the above (*), which tends to occur in the next generation, that is,

Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,

When satellites are sometimes mixed (*)

Or, even when constantly mixed,

Existence area determination

correctly,

Direction information acquisition

can do correctly

Direction information acquisition method

suggest.

In order to solve the above problems, a method having the following features is proposed.

The method of estimating the existence area of the signal source is different from the method conventionally proposed by the inventor.

Conventional methods compare the signal strength obtained at a given pose to a predetermined threshold. The existence area of the signal source was determined by the size. In this case, a situation where it is difficult to guarantee the validity of the inference may occur. While it is desirable to narrow the width of the azimuth limitation when the azimuth range is limited, there is also a tendency to cause a trade-off with the percentage of correct answers. Therefore, as long as some kind of inexpensive receiver is used,
It may be necessary to search for the optimum threshold that lowers the rate of incorrect answers and satisfies the trade-off in each characteristic geographical situation, such as mountainous areas, urban areas, and spaces with good views. there were.

In the proposed method, the reception state of the signal strength obtained in a certain attitude for a predetermined period of time is compared with the reception state of the signal strength obtained in the reversed attitude for a predetermined period of time.

For diffracted waves that affect from unintended directions, in order to distinguish between direct waves and diffracted waves, not only instantaneous values but also values for a certain period of time (about 10 to 30 seconds or so) taking data (which may be shorter or longer, depending on the performance of the receiver);

From the characteristics such as the fluctuation of the signal strength, it is easier to secure reliability because it is possible to examine whether the reception is as a diffracted wave or as a direct wave from the data of the two-sided posture and to produce the result. is.

In other words, we can express:

In the conventional method, only the part represented by one semicircle as the direct wave coverage area is sampled as the direct wave coverage area, and then compared with the threshold value,

The results were obtained by estimating the signal source (direct wave) included in the semicircle.
While the method is attractive for its simplicity, therefore, it is sometimes difficult to ensure the validity of the judgment when the threshold is not appropriate.

Preliminary experiments were sometimes considered necessary to determine the optimum threshold, depending on the characteristics of individual receiver models and the characteristics of the measurement area.

In the proposed method, after sampling the direct wave target coverage area, that is, the portion represented by one semicircle as the direct wave target coverage area,
The portion represented by the complementary semicircle is also sampled as another direct wave target coverage area, that is, another direct wave target coverage area,

By closely comparing the characteristics of the signal from the same signal source in both data, in light of the characteristics of the direct wave and the diffracted wave,

The signal sources included in both semicircles (signal sources that could be received as direct waves) are estimated and the result is given.

To solve the above problems, we propose a method with the following features. Specifically, it is as follows.

Claim 1
Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere
Placing electromagnetic wave absorbing material or electromagnetic wave shielding material that prevents direct incidence of signals,
In a first positioning satellite system receiver connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna,
cause it to attempt to acquire signals transmitted from all or some of the positioning satellites,
Next to a second positioning satellite system antenna that observes the reception state,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,
arranging the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material that prevents direct incidence of a signal from a signal source located in a direction within the spherical surface of the second hemisphere complementary to the first hemisphere;
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
to the second positioning satellite system receiver connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna,
cause it to attempt to acquire signals transmitted from all or some of the positioning satellites,
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed and observed reception conditions
a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

It provides two antenna/receiver pairs and assumes one or two shields, the shields being adjacent or nearly adjacent, for positioning satellites. be. Actually, since the measurement is performed by changing the geometrical positions of the two antenna/receiver pairs, the shielding object, and the signal source, it is possible to perform the measurement at the same time.


Claim 2
Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere
Placing electromagnetic wave absorption materials or electromagnetic wave shielding materials that prevent direct incidence of signals,
In a positioning satellite system receiver connected to the positioning satellite system antenna,
Attempt to acquire signals transmitted from all or some of the positioning satellites,
After recording the reception state, next to the positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material that prevents direct incidence of a signal from a signal source in a direction within the spherical surface of the hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
to the positioning satellite system receiver connected to the positioning satellite system antenna,
Attempt to acquire signals transmitted from all or some of the positioning satellites,
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded and recorded
The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

This assumes one antenna/receiver, one or two obscuration objects, adjacent or nearly adjacent, intended for positioning satellites.
In practice, one would change the geometry of the antenna, shield and signal source.
Claim 3
of the celestial sphere around an antenna coupled to a receiver,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence on the antenna is obstructed by an electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;
a step of recording the reception status;
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,
a step of recording the reception status;
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,
and a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source emitting the signal exists.

This assumes one antenna/receiver and one shield, and expresses it as a state that blocks direct waves instead of adjoining, and uses the term signal source instead of the term positioning satellite. It is.
The shield and the antenna/receiver may be reversed as a unit, or the position of the shield alone, the antenna alone, or the combination of the antenna and receiver may be changed in relation to the signal source. .


Claim 4
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of both states in claim 3,
A greater signal strength, a more stable signal strength, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
A direction information acquisition method, comprising a step of certifying that a signal source of the signal was present.

It describes the process of using the magnitude and stability of signal strength to make a qualification about the location of a signal source.


Claim 5
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,
Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,
A direction information acquisition method, comprising a recognition step of determining that a signal source of the signal exists.

This uses expressions such as quickness of synchronization and stable maintenance rather than the magnitude and stability of signal strength.

Claim 6
6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver.

Claim 7
6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a receiver for a positioning satellite system.

Claim 8
6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with a multi-positioning satellite system.

Claim 9
6. A direction information acquiring method according to claim 5, wherein the radio wave shielding object or the electromagnetic wave absorbing object is a human body.

Claim 10
6. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 5, wherein the radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorbing material includes a human body.

This is included in the sense that the use on the surface of the earth may also be used.

Claim 11
When the radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber of claim 5 includes a human body or a human body,
A direction information obtaining method, wherein the antenna and the human body are rotated by 180 degrees around the body axis to realize both the above states.


This is not limited to use on the surface of the earth, but also expresses use in outer space.

Claim 12
When the radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber of claim 5 includes a human body or a human body,
By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by realizing both of the above states.

This expression is not limited to reversing as a whole, but also includes removing and replacing.

Claim 13
Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
a step of recording the reception status;
of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,
For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
the reception status,
concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;
a step of recording;
For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,
Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,
In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,
whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,
and a determining step of determining.

This is expressed by using two antennas, including sequential or simultaneous measurements, and the sameity of shields and the like is not questioned.

Claim 14
In claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the signal source that emitted the signal exists in which direction of the two hemispheres based on a comparison of the reception conditions in the two states. A method for obtaining direction information, comprising: an inference step of inferring that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a region limited within the spherical surface, based on the determination.

This is expressed by the expression of inferring the central axis direction existence area from the expression of signal source existence area determination.

Claim 15
In claim 12, if there is one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
A direction information acquisition method, comprising: a synthesis step for direction narrowing down.

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.

Claim 16
In claim 12,
If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
A direction information acquisition method, comprising a synthesis step for narrowing down directions.

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.




Claim 17
In claim 3,
Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and
With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,
Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,
direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;
of,
superposition,
a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;
A direction information acquisition method, comprising:

This concludes a set of measurements (a set of two different measurements capable of capturing only direct waves from sources contained in one hemisphere of the celestial sphere and its complementary hemisphere, respectively). After that, the measurer gives an arbitrary angle of rotation, performs another set of measurements again, and shows that it is possible to obtain a composite product with the knowledge obtained thereby.


Claim 18
In claim 17,
so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,
A direction information acquisition method, comprising a function of proposing an optimum value for the direction and angle of rotation to be given.

This is because, after completing one set of measurements, when performing another set of measurements again,
It can also be expressed as a function that "proposes a convenient rotation angle like a concierge".
If there is no particular information, for example, a rotation of 90 degrees is generally considered. , it is disappointing that there is little available (information that can narrow the azimuth width substantially more about the azimuth). Therefore, including the intention to avoid such a case, the direction in which the signal sources are appropriately clustered is such that the base of the hemisphere where the beam that captures the direct wave is directed in the next measurement coincides. The rotation of the angle, along with the direction of rotation, is intended to have a proposed function. May have a function like this


Claim 19
In claim 3,
at a given time interval,
of the celestial sphere around an antenna coupled to a receiver,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence on the antenna is obstructed by an electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
a step of recording the reception status on the premise that
At different time intervals,
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
a step of recording the reception status on the premise that
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
Based on the comparison of each reception situation assuming both the above states,
and a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source emitting the signal exists.



This proposal can be tuned up in various ways, and it is true that combining an acceleration sensor or a rotation angle sensor that inputs the rotation angle or automatically detects the rotation angle will further increase convenience. It is also true that convenience can be further improved by combining functions such as sending some kind of instructions by tapping. but,
If a simple promotional version can be implemented at little additional cost before it is widely distributed around the world, it will be perceived as convenient and will even promote adoption. Therefore, we propose the following, which requires almost no H/W modifications.
Although it is only an example, for example,
For one minute starting from an even-numbered minute, such as from 0 to 1 minute, from 2 minutes to 3 minutes, from 4 minutes to 5 minutes every hour,
"assuming" that the user is in a position to receive the direct wave of the signal source only if it is within a certain hemisphere;
vice versa,
for the next minute, i.e.
1 minute to 2 minutes, 3 minutes to 4 minutes, 5 minutes to 6 minutes, etc.
"assuming" that the user is conditioned to receive the direct wave of the signal source only if it is in the complementary hemisphere;
"assume" that the user is in the appropriate position, such as 1 set for 0 to 2 minutes, 1 set for 2 to 4 minutes, etc.
The azimuth information is also continuously calculated all the time (or, if the power is turned on in a special manner, it may be always turned off until the power is turned off).
Of course, I used 1 minute for the sake of understanding, but you can do it in units of 30 seconds instead of 1 minute, and that is optional.
Since it is meaningful to experience the convenience of actual use before widespread use, this function is possible only by rewriting inexpensive firmware,
great effect.
To put it the other way around, it can be said that manufacturers frequently update the firmware of devices such as GPS because of the rollover problem.
Therefore, if such a function is provided as a firmware update, it is believed that it will have the effect of promoting the spread of the trial version as a method of obtaining direction information with high accuracy. At the time of the Tohoku earthquake and other disasters, inter-generational teaching occurred, with young to middle-aged and elderly evacuees making effective use of mobile phones and twitter, which they did not use on a daily basis, at evacuation centers. Suitable for such situations.
To add to this, the detailed construction of buttons, the input device's burial, and the construction of vibration sensors, rotation sensors, and acceleration sensors will increase the price, and will delay the international contribution of our country to the world's disasters. could become
Therefore, it is recognized that it is important to set the azimuth to be automatically calculated at all times by dividing it into even-numbered minutes and odd-numbered minutes.
Usually, if the user does not take such a posture, even if the user tries to calculate the bearing, the observation result will be inconsistent.
Directions are not displayed (if the direction cannot be limited, it is best to leave the display blank).
Therefore, from the user's point of view, there is no particular confusion as to what this direction is. However, if you seriously decide the attitude and start measuring, the numerical value of the azimuth limitation will suddenly appear at the end of the output.
Alternatively, even if you implement it as a kind of hidden command function that appears only when you press the power key at the same time,
It is thought that it is good at the spread promotion time.









Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,

is from the signal source in the spherical inward direction of the first hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,



connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna

In a first positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception





next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere;
Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,



Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna

For the second positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception



based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed



a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith,

A direction information acquisition method that acquires a limited

In order to solve the above problems, we propose the following "featured" method. Specifically, it is as follows.





Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in the spherical surface direction of a certain hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,



connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status



after that



Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,



connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status



based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded



The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith,

A direction information acquisition method that acquires a limited number of

It should be noted that this is not something that can be easily conceived.



In textbooks, etc., SS communication (Spread Spectrum communication) is weak in reception in urban areas with many multipaths, etc.

etc., and

There is almost no description that suggests that its weaknesses can be actively exploited.

(e.g. Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications, Roger L., Prentice Hall, 1995)
(For example, Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I, Eds. Parkinson and Spilker, Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Volume 163, AIAA (American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics) press, 1996.)


In such an environment, this is by no means an easy thing to come up with.



In the first place, the arrangement of the antennas in parallel itself is a configuration that only the inventor of the present invention came up with.
It is unthinkable that there are those skilled in the art who are familiar with the configuration and can easily conceive of further improvements.

I don't think so. No one has actually implemented this method.



In the first place, not only SS communication, but weaknesses are generally thought of in the direction of erasing them.

And there is certainly a lot of research in that direction.

However, only the inventor's originality led him to think in the direction of actively utilizing it.

The inventor of the present invention has made originality many times,

This is by no means something that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art.

For example, it has become popular in recent years to take an image of oneself standing on a large plain from the sky using an unmanned airplane.
Again, if the bearing (the projection of the direction onto the ground plane) is known in advance, a safe flight plan can be made.

is a conceptual diagram when measuring in the first direction and a conceptual diagram when measuring in the reversed direction. This diagram shows the celestial sphere, a signal source (which may be a positioning satellite), an antenna, and an electromagnetic wave shield (or electromagnetic wave absorber, not shown in the diagram) adjacent or nearly adjacent to the antenna. It is intended to conceptually express that relative positional relationships allow direct waves from one signal source to enter the antenna, but direct waves from another signal source cannot. This is intended, and the size (dimensions) of the antenna, electromagnetic wave shield, signal source, and celestial sphere can vary, so the size (dimensions) relationship in this figure is not as it is. In particular, the size of the antenna is drawn much larger than the size of the electromagnetic wave shield for clarity. In particular, the size of the celestial sphere is drawn extremely small compared to the size of the electromagnetic wave shield. In particular, the size of the satellite is drawn extremely small compared to the size of the electromagnetic wave shield. is a conceptual diagram of a satellite positioning antenna receiver-integrated unit attached to the back of a human body. This diagram shows the celestial sphere, a signal source (which may be a positioning satellite), an antenna, and an electromagnetic wave shield (or electromagnetic wave absorber, not shown in the diagram) adjacent or nearly adjacent to the antenna. is the body.), the direct wave from one signal source can be incident on the antenna, but the direct wave from another signal source cannot be incident on the antenna. Since there are various sizes (dimensions) of the antenna, electromagnetic wave shield, signal source, and celestial sphere, the size (dimension) relationship in this figure is do not have . In particular, the size of the antenna is drawn slightly larger than the size of the electromagnetic wave shield for clarity. In particular, the size of the celestial sphere is drawn extremely small compared to the size of the electromagnetic wave shield. In particular, the size of the satellite is drawn extremely small compared to the size of the electromagnetic wave shield.

is a conceptual diagram of changes in signal strength measured in each direction, showing the received signal strength ( black small circles (indicated by )) and the received signal strength (indicated by small white circles) when received as a direct wave. Taking time, taking the received signal strength on the vertical axis, and plotting them on the same graph so that their characteristics can be clearly compared, here is a visual aid for understanding. To give a specific example, the situation in which the signal from the same signal source A (satellite A) is received as a diffracted wave and the situation in which it is received as a direct wave is shown in Fig. 1(b). ), the signal from signal source A (satellite A) diffracted from the end point of the electromagnetic shield is received via the antenna located behind the electromagnetic shield as viewed from the signal source, and In Fig. 1(a), the signal from the same signal source A (satellite A) was received via the antenna located on this side of the signal source of the electromagnetic wave shield (signal source A side) when viewed from the signal source. Again, to aid in visual understanding, another specific example is that the signal from the same signal source A (satellite A) is received as a diffracted wave. In Fig. 2(b), the situation in which the signal is received as a direct wave and the situation in which the signal is received as a direct wave is that the signal from signal source A (satellite A) diffracted from the end point of the electromagnetic wave shield (body) is seen from the signal source. In Fig. 2(a), the signal from the same signal source A (satellite A) is received as seen from the signal source. 10 is a graph showing the condition of reception via an antenna located on this side (signal source A side) of the signal source of the electromagnetic wave shielding body (body), and showing matters including the above.

Similar to the graph in Fig. 3, the horizontal axis indicates the elapsed time from the start of data acquisition, and the vertical axis indicates the received signal strength. In order to be able to compare the data acquisition in a situation where the waves are received as diffracted waves (i.e., in the opposite body orientation), on the same graph, if , the former and the latter are visually grasped as two strips with maximum and minimum values, respectively, but the logical In view of the fact that they may be close to each other or partly overlapped, we have 8 logically possible relationships as the geometric arrangement of the two zones. The four figures from the upper left to the upper right are (a), (b), (c), and (d) in order and each scenario indicated in the specification. , and the four figures from the lower left to the lower right show (a') (b') (c') (d') and each scenario indicated in the specification in order, and each scenario is as follows (a) An example of two-band separation (in this case, it is determined that the transmitting satellite exists in a quarter of the celestial sphere on the antenna coverage side when the α band is obtained), (b) An example of two-band proximity (in this case, it is judged that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarters of the celestial sphere), (c) An example of two-band overlap (in this case, both quarters (d) An example of one-band multi-band subsumption (in this case, it is determined that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarters of the celestial sphere). ) (a') An example of 2-band separation (In this case, the existence area of the transmitting satellite is not determined. There is a high possibility that the feature is blocked. Shifting to a probabilistic use by visually verifying the feature blocking.) ,(b') An example of 2-band proximity loud. Moved to calculative use with visual verification of feature occlusion. ) (c') An example of two-band superposition (In this case, the existence area of the transmitting satellite is not determined. There is a high possibility that it is blocked by a feature. Shifting to use for verification by visual verification of the feature's shielding.) (d ') 1 belt An example of inclusion in other belts (In this case, the existence area of the transmitting satellite is not determined. There is a high possibility of feature occlusion. Transition to computational use with visual verification of feature occlusion.) Here In the figure, v means that the signal source that gives the received signal strength in a certain band is not shielded by a feature, and the signal source is not shielded, and the signal source is defective, and the signal is transmitted at a considerably weaker level than expected. In order to be able to determine that the receiver is synchronizing and receiving the signal from that signal source, at least the minimum value of the band of sampled data must be exceeded. The threshold of the received signal strength is defined as the α-band above, and in (a), (b), (c), (a'), (b') and (c'), In (d) and (d'), it refers to the band that is larger when comparing the maximum values, and the band that subsumes the other band. Here, the above two-band separation means that the value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the β band (hereinafter referred to as βmax) from the minimum value of the α band (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is a given and the value obtained by subtracting v from the α-band minimum value (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is a positive value. The value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the β band (hereinafter referred to as βmax) from the value (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is a positive value and is not greater than a given positive value, The above two-band superposition means that the value obtained by subtracting the maximum value of the β band (hereinafter referred to as βmax) from the minimum value of the α band (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is a negative value. One-band multi-zone subsumption means that the value obtained by subtracting the minimum value of the β-band (hereinafter referred to as βmin) from the minimum value of the α-band (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is not a positive value. where (a) is two-band separation and the value obtained by subtracting v from the α-band minimum value (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is not a negative value, (b) indicates that the two bands are adjacent and that the value obtained by subtracting v from the minimum value of the β band (hereinafter referred to as βmin) is not a negative value; is a superposition, and the value obtained by subtracting v from the minimum value of the β-band (hereinafter referred to as βmin) is not a negative value; , indicates that the value obtained by subtracting v from the minimum value of the β band (hereinafter referred to as βmin) is not a negative value, and (a') is the two-band separation and the minimum value of the α band ( (hereinafter referred to as αmin) indicates that the value obtained by subtracting v is a negative value, and (b') is two-band proximity and from the α-band minimum value (hereinafter referred to as αmin) , v is a negative value, (c') is a two-band superimposition, and the value obtained by subtracting v from the α-band minimum value (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is , is a negative value, and (d') is one-band multi-band inclusion, and the value obtained by subtracting v from the minimum value of the α-band (hereinafter referred to as αmin) is a negative value. It is a diagram showing items including the above. shows a flowchart that configures the eight scenarios classified in Fig. 4. Conditional expressions (1) and (2), additional conditional expressions (3) and additional conditional expressions (4), which will be described later, Each of the four graphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) in Fig. 4 corresponds to (a), (b), The four scenarios (a'), (b'), (c') and (d') in Fig. 4 correspond to the scenarios indicated by the reaching points (c) and (d). Each graph corresponds to each scenario indicated by the reaching points indicated by (a'), (b'), (c') and (d') in the flow chart of FIG. The rhombus in the flow chart of 1 indicates a conditional branch, and the number enclosed by the rhombus indicates the identification number of each conditional branch, and the content is as follows: Conditional branch 1 αmax ≧ v Conditional branch 2 αmin - βmax ≥ p, hereinafter referred to as conditional expression (1) Conditional branch 3αmin ≥ βmax, hereinafter referred to as conditional expression (3) Conditional branch 4αmin ≥ βmin, hereinafter referred to as conditional expression (3) is called conditional expression (4), and in FIG. 5, the arrow (→) extending horizontally indicates a Yes branch in the conditional branch. ) shows No branches in conditional branching, and is a diagram to show that only conditional branches 1 and 2 are actually required in the program. It is also a diagram to show that there is no need to implement, and conditional branches 3 and 4 are conditional branches shown only for completeness for human intuitive grasp or visual understanding The reason is that (b), (c) and (d) show the same judgment result, and (b'), (c') and (d') show the same judgment result. because it shows In the unlikely event that it is desired to make the judgment results for subtle differences among (b), (c) and (d) different, in the flowchart of FIG. 5, (b), (c ) and (d) can be assigned different determination results, and if such is desired, for example, in (b), (c) and (d) Increase the width of the boundary area assumed in the sky (specifically, increase the visual angle of the boundary area assumed in the sky) or narrow the width (specifically, reduce the visual angle, ), etc.), it is a diagram showing that the desired can be realized. FIG. 10 is a diagram showing that it can be realized by assigning different determination results to (d), and a diagram showing items including the above. receives electromagnetic waves from GPS receivers or GNSS receivers or multi-GNSS receivers or signal sources transmitting rangeable electromagnetic waves on either the anterior or posterior or dorsoventral or both sides of the body As an example, in order to illustrate the mode of wearing a receiver that uses a spread spectrum communication system that receives electromagnetic waves from a signal source that uses a spread spectrum communication system or a receiver that uses a spread spectrum communication system, It is a diagram showing the state when the receiver is attached. To attenuate, water, salt water, drinking water, electrolyte solution, sea water, medicines such as transfusions as medicines, foods, gel substances such as animals, plants, agar, etc., or fuels such as alcohol Alternatively, use the above liquids on water-absorbing objects or substances (towels, highly absorbent materials such as sodium polyacrylate, newspapers, water-absorbing materials for portable toilets, cooling agents, heat-insulating agents, etc.). or those with similar attributes, or river water, lake water, sea water, animals, plants, soil, sand, etc. Gravel, sewage, or similar materials that have similar electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics (containers, vinyl bags, etc. may be used in combination) to show how they are arranged. This is because the human body is a figure or drawn as a human body because it has good absorption characteristics for electromagnetic waves such as electromagnetic waves that are often used in this theme. It is a diagram showing that it is possible to arrange not only the body but also other objects that have absorption characteristics for electromagnetic waves, including electromagnetic waves that are often used in this theme. It is a figure which shows the matter containing. is the relationship between the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna and the human body when the main beam direction of the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed from the dorsal side to the ventral side of the user. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a geometric relationship; FIG. is the relationship between the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna and the human body when the main beam direction of the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed from the dorsal side to the ventral side of the user. It is a conceptual diagram of the geometric relationship, and the difference from the previous diagram is that when the GPS (GNSS) antenna is actually installed immediately adjacent to the front of the body, FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing that part of the antenna pattern is apparently supposed to be shielded by the human body; is the relationship between the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna and the human body when the main beam direction of the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed from the ventral side to the dorsal side of the user. 1 is a conceptual diagram of a geometric relationship; FIG. is the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna when the main beam direction of the antenna pattern of the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed from the ventral side to the dorsal side of the user, and the human body and The difference from the previous figure is that when the GPS (GNSS) antenna is actually installed directly adjacent to the front of the body, the antenna pattern FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing that part of the shield is clearly supposed to be shielded by the human body. is a conceptual diagram showing the geometrical positional relationship between the antenna pattern of the deployed GPS (GNSSS) antenna and the shielding by people in the figure immediately following. from mountain climbing parties, desert caravans, maritime navigation, sea drifting, expeditions and reconnaissance expeditions in or near the North and South Poles, or conflict areas where civil wars have occurred, mainly by walking, etc. It can also be used advantageously when multiple people can use it, as seen in cases such as when citizens who are trying to escape by taking a long-distance route that is as safe as possible cooperate and move. In shape, for example, on a ridgeline during a walk on a ridgeline if it is a mountaineering party, or on the desert if it is a desert caravan, or on the deck of a ship if it is drifting at sea. Direct wave shielding is carried out on a boat or on a lifeboat so that when viewed from the sky with the bodies of two or more people, a letter "D" (character shape with the same vertical length) is drawn. This is a conceptual diagram of an example of use, in which the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed so that the direction of the main beam is directed toward the front of the body as seen from the person below. It is a conceptual diagram showing. is a conceptual diagram showing a situation in which shielding other than the person drawn on the lower side in the previous diagram is removed. is a conceptual diagram showing the geometrical positional relationship between the antenna pattern of the deployed GPS (GNSSS) antenna and the shielding by people in the figure immediately following. from mountain climbing parties, desert caravans, maritime navigation, sea drifting, expeditions and reconnaissance expeditions in or near the North and South Poles, or conflict areas where civil wars have occurred, mainly by walking, etc. It can also be used advantageously when multiple people can use it, as seen in cases such as when citizens who are trying to escape by taking a long-distance route that is as safe as possible cooperate and move. In shape, for example, on a ridgeline during a walk on a ridgeline if it is a mountaineering party, or on the desert if it is a desert caravan, or on the deck of a ship if it is drifting at sea. Direct wave shielding is carried out on a boat or on a lifeboat so that when viewed from the sky with the bodies of two or more people, a letter "D" (character shape with the same vertical length) is drawn. This is a conceptual diagram of an example of use, in which the GPS (GNSS) antenna is deployed so that the main beam direction is to the left of the person drawn on the bottom. It is a conceptual diagram showing is a conceptual diagram showing a situation in which shielding other than the person drawn on the lower side in the previous diagram is removed. , desert caravans, maritime navigation, sea drifting, exploration and reconnaissance parties in or near the Arctic and Antarctica, and citizens trying to escape from conflict areas where civil wars have occurred. It is a shape that can be used advantageously even when multiple people can use it, as seen in cases such as when moving on a mountain. , on the ridgeline, or in the desert if it is a desert caravan, or on the deck of a ship or on a lifeboat if it is drifting at sea. An example of use in which the present invention is implemented by forming a shape to draw the character "kanmuri" (or a shape in which the upper part of the letter "katakana" or "katakana" is attached) to directly shield waves. It is a conceptual diagram at the time. , desert caravans, maritime navigation, sea drifting, exploration and reconnaissance parties in or near the Arctic and Antarctica, and citizens trying to escape from conflict areas where civil wars have occurred. It is a shape that can be used advantageously even when multiple people can use it, as seen in cases such as when moving on a mountain. , on the ridge line, or in the desert if it is a desert caravan, or on the deck of a ship if it is drifting at sea or on a lifeboat, when looking down from the sky with the bodies of three people. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of an example of use in which the present invention is implemented by shielding direct waves in a linear fashion. When a wristwatch-type GNSS (PGS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is attached to the left arm so that the main beam of the antenna faces the back of the hand, the person normally walks while swinging the arm. In addition to the advantage that positioning can be performed without any particular problem even if the arm is attached to the front of the body, when the present invention is implemented in the form of software, for example, in the form of firmware, It is a conceptual diagram showing that measurement can be achieved extremely simply by simply placing it on the ventral side, in this case, so that the thumb of the left hand faces upward, and that the measurement can be achieved very easily. Next, wrap that arm around your back, and this time place your left arm against your back in the form of a thumb pointing downwards or in a position similar to the inversion described in this article. It is a conceptual diagram showing that it is extremely easy to make measurements with When the wristwatch-type GNSS (PGS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is mounted on the left arm so that the main beam of the antenna faces the back of the hand (instead of the palm), it is normal to wave the arm as it is. In addition to the advantage that positioning can be performed without any particular problems even while walking, if the present invention is implemented in the form of software, for example, in the form of firmware, the arm can be placed on the front of the body, that is, on the front of the body. Conceptual diagram showing that measurement can be achieved very simply by simply placing it on the ventral side, in this case with the left thumb pointing upwards, against the abdomen (see the previous figure). Next, as shown in this figure, the arm is placed around the back, and the left arm is placed on the back with the thumb facing downward or in the form of a left arm. This is a new invention that was created as a result of selecting from many candidate proposals through preliminary experiments through various trials and errors that the reversal measurement described in this article can be realized extremely easily. It is a conceptual diagram. In addition, in the case of people with physical disabilities, it is possible to use a wristwatch-shaped band with an elastic rubber band, etc., in order to make it easier to take a posture. Put your left arm behind your back, as long as you flip the orientation of the device 180 degrees on your wrist so that the main beam of the antenna points toward your palm (rather than the back of your hand) before turning it. It can also be explained at the same time that a similar inverted measurement shape can be realized by simply placing the back of the hand on the back while keeping the left thumb facing upward when turning. 1 is a conceptual diagram when the present invention is embodied in combination with a one-side shoulder body bag. (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is deployed, and a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is deployed on the back side; , the strap (belt) can be pulled with one hand, for example, with the right hand of the dominant arm. Therefore, it is very convenient for users, and it is suitable for fashion sense that is popular among young people and travelers internationally. It is the figure which showed becoming. 1 is a conceptual diagram when the present invention is embodied in combination with a one-side shoulder body bag, showing a state in which a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is deployed on the ventral side. It is a conceptual diagram, and the reverse measurement described in this paper can be realized extremely simply by simply pulling the strap (belt) with one hand by the user, as shown in the previous drawing. It is a conceptual diagram of a new invention created as a result of selecting a certain thing through trial and error from many candidate ideas through preliminary experiments. At the same time, it also shows that it is well suited to the fashion sense popular among young people and tourists. At the same time, instead of a one-sided shoulder body bag, a waist pouch wrapped around the waist or abdomen was used, and a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit was deployed in the bag. For example, even if we consider the state of the case, for example, first measure with the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit attached to the bag on the dorsal side, then measure with one hand, etc. The GPS (GNSS) receiver and antenna-integrated unit attached to the bag can be moved to the ventral side by simply pulling the belt, so it is described in this paper as reversed. Since the essential part of obtaining azimuth information by measuring the distance can be accurately realized, it is extremely convenient for users and is suitable for the fashion sense that is popular among young people and travelers internationally. It is also a diagram purposely shown to make it possible to consider at the same time that realization is possible in the form of conformity, in the form of extremely large effects. At the same time, instead of a one-sided shoulder body bag, a low back pain prevention belt (low back pain prevention corset or back pain prevention supporter) wrapped around the waist or abdomen is used to create an accessory storage section or bag section (or there). Even if a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna all-in-one unit is deployed in such a newly intentionally given structure, for example, first on the dorsal side, the bag part Measurements were taken with the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit attached to the bag, and then it was attached to the bag by simply pulling the belt part with one hand. Since the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit can now move to the ventral side, the essential part of the method of obtaining azimuth information by reversing measurement described in this paper is Since it can be realized accurately, it is extremely convenient for users and suitable for the elderly, disabled, sports, daily life, and those who have been injured in traffic accidents. It is also a diagram purposely shown to enable us to simultaneously think about what can be realized in a form that produces an extremely large effect. At the same time, instead of the one-sided shoulder body bag, a low back pain prevention belt (low back pain prevention corset or low back pain prevention supporter) wrapped around the waist or abdomen is used, and the accessory storage section or bag section (or Even if we consider a situation in which a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit is deployed in such a structure newly intentionally added there, for example, the first , GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit attached to the bag is deployed, and after that, it is attached to the bag simply by pulling the belt part with one hand etc. Since the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit can now move to the ventral side, the essential part of the method of obtaining azimuth information by reversing measurement described in this paper is accurate. It is highly convenient for users, and suitable for elderly people, people with disabilities, and those who have been injured in sports, daily life, or traffic accidents. It is also a diagram that is intentionally shown in order to make it possible to think at the same time that it is possible to realize it in a form that produces an extremely large effect. At the same time, instead of the one-sided shoulder body bag, a string-shaped object, which is also part of ancient Japanese traditional culture, is “tasukikake”, and a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna is attached at the intersection of the back of the string-shaped object. Even considering the situation when deploying an integrated unit, it is extremely useful outdoors in the sense that it can be conveniently used for other purposes at any time. It is possible to deploy a GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit on one side of the body without adding anything, and it is easy to understand that measurements can be made there. In the case of , all you have to do is attach the intersection point of the string-like object and the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit with Velcro tape, hook it, or hang it. Alternatively, in an emergency, it is only necessary to stick it with packing tape. To reverse the position, remove the string-like objects from the left and right shoulders, and then place them on, for example, the chest side (abdominal side). It is also a diagram that makes it possible to think (think experiment) at the same time that it is possible to think (think experiment) that there is an advantage that it is only necessary to re-do the sash on the other side. You don't have to prepare a one-sided shoulder bag, a waist pouch, or a back pain belt, which is common, but at the same time, it's good if you just have a traditional Japanese cheap sarcasm or a cheap string-like item. It is also a diagram that makes it possible to think (do a thought experiment). For example, first measure with the GPS (GN SS) receiver/antenna integrated unit attached to the bag on the back, and then pull the belt with one hand. , the GPS (GNSS) receiver/antenna integrated unit attached to the bag can now move to the ventral side. Since the essential part of the direction information acquisition method can be accurately realized, the user's convenience is extremely high, and it is also suitable for the elderly, the disabled, and those injured in sports, daily life, and traffic accidents. It is also a diagram purposely shown to make it possible to consider at the same time that it is possible to realize it in a form that is compatible with the above, and in a form that produces an extremely large effect. Calculated as deployed

Description will be made along FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. FIG.

FIG. 1(a) is a conceptual diagram of estimating the presence direction area of a signal source by each (complementary) measurement in a state where the direction of each hemisphere is shielded.
In FIG. 1(a), a planar patch antenna is drawn for convenience, and a planar electromagnetic wave shielding material or electromagnetic wave absorbing material is placed on the back surface to realize a state in which the direction of the hemispherical surface behind is shielded. ing.
Although a planar patch antenna is drawn for convenience in FIG. 1(a), the principle is the same for any other antenna.

Strictly speaking, it is not essential that the antenna be hemispherical, so any antenna may be used.
If possible, it is desirable to have a clean hemispherical antenna pattern. As will be explained later, it is
Since the received intensity and stability as a direct wave and the received intensity and stability as a diffracted wave are compared (taken the difference),
If you use an antenna that "differs in antenna sensitivity depending on the direction", there is no particular problem if you have already factored in that fact. Because it is sufficient to calibrate including the fact that there is a difference.)
That said, it can also be said to be a cumbersome procedure, so for simplicity it is desirable to have a clean hemispherical antenna pattern.
In FIG. 1, the bottom surface of the hemisphere is placed in a parallel geometric relationship with the bottom surface of the planar patch antenna. This is preferable because it tends to result in a clean hemispherical antenna pattern as described above.
However, it is not particularly limited to that.
As mentioned, it may be arranged vertically, but in that case there will be a loss of reception on the side other than the main beam direction, but if you are aware of that and use it, There is no problem even if it is calibrated in consideration of the fact that ``the antenna sensitivity differs depending on the direction'' when comparing (obtaining the difference).

In the attitude shown in FIG. 1(a), the antenna can receive a signal as a direct wave from a signal source located on the side (right side) of the hemisphere where the sensitivity of the antenna is not shielded.
In the attitude shown in FIG. 1(a), the antenna cannot receive a signal as a direct wave from a signal source located on the side (left side) of the hemisphere where the sensitivity of the antenna is shielded. It will be received as a diffracted wave.

In the attitude shown in FIG. 1(b), the antenna can receive a signal as a direct wave from a signal source located on the side (left side) of the hemisphere where the sensitivity of the antenna is not shielded.
In the posture shown in FIG. 1(b), the antenna cannot receive the signal as a direct wave from the signal source located on the side (right side) of the hemisphere where the sensitivity of the antenna is shielded. It will be received as a diffracted wave.

The hemispherical surface on the side (right side) where the antenna sensitivity is not shielded in the posture of FIG. 1(a),
In the posture of FIG. 1(b), the hemispherical surface on the side (left side) where the antenna sensitivity is not shielded,
are combined to form a celestial sphere.
In other words, the hemispherical surfaces in which the sensitivity of the antenna is not shielded in the orientations of FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) are complementary to each other.

In the posture of Fig. 1(a), the antenna receives the direct wave from the signal source A.
In the posture of FIG. 1(a), the antenna receives the diffracted wave from the signal source B.

In the posture of Fig. 1(b), the antenna receives the direct wave from the signal source A.
In the posture of FIG. 1(b), the antenna receives diffracted waves from signal source B.

The signal from signal source A is
It is received as a direct wave in the posture of Fig. 1(a),
It is received as a diffracted wave in the posture of Fig. 1(b).

The signal from source B is
It is received as a direct wave in the posture of Fig. 1(b),
It is received as a diffracted wave in the posture of Fig. 1(a).

The user (and receiver) is (at this stage)
Which posture receives the signal from which signal source as a direct wave,
We do not (yet) know which posture receives the signal from which signal source as the diffracted wave.

A signal from a source is
received as a direct wave in either posture,
It is possible to discriminate in which posture the diffracted wave is received by the inventor's next idea.

First, as a very general argument, as suggested by the existence of a phenomenon known as diffraction loss,
A diffracted wave has a lower signal strength when received and a smaller power when received than a direct wave.
If the receiver has sufficient accuracy, discrimination can be easily performed using this discrimination index first.

If we use a (low-cost) receiver that makes it difficult to detect diffraction loss only by short-term measurements,
A signal from some signal source X is
received as a direct wave in either posture,
In order to discriminate in which posture the diffracted wave is received, it is just an example, but the inventor has found that it is almost certainly possible, for example, by the following idea of the inventor, many times. found in preliminary experiments.

The principle is as follows.

A device used for spread spectrum communication generally assumes a rectangular wave as a target waveform.
Synchronization acquisition and synchronization maintenance mechanisms play an important role in spread spectrum communication. Synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of spread spectrum communication are generally based on the premise that the waveform is a rectangular wave.
Synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of spread spectrum communication are generally based on the premise that the waveform is a square wave.
When a non-square wave signal is arriving and one is trying to receive it, stable reception presents great difficulties.

In other words, the synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of spread spectrum communication generally assume that the waveform is a rectangular wave, so it is not a rectangular wave, that is, it is not a rectangular wave for some reason. When trying to receive a signal, first
The synchronization acquisition mechanism cannot fully demonstrate its function,
In addition, the synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of spread spectrum communication generally assume that the waveform is a rectangular wave. Then, the synchronism maintenance mechanism cannot fully demonstrate its ability.

What this means is as follows.

Synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of spread spectrum communication are generally based on the premise that the waveform is a square wave. Then, it becomes difficult to acquire synchronization in the first place, and even if it is possible to acquire synchronization, it is extremely difficult to maintain stable synchronization. Therefore, there is a high probability that synchronization will be lost or desynchronized.

Such fluctuations in synchronization and out-of-synchronization appear as instability or sudden drop in received signal strength, that is, received signal power.

In the case of communication, these are directly linked to the loss of communication channels, and are recognized as one of the drawbacks of spread spectrum communication.

In this paper, we find that the weak point of SS communication, which has been regarded as a drawback so far, can be used meaningfully when using it as an index for discriminating between diffracted waves and direct waves, and actively detects its characteristics. However, it can be said that this is a framework that can be converted to an effective role and opens a way to effective utilization.

The waveform, which was originally a rectangular wave in the direct wave, is no longer a rectangular wave in the diffracted wave because the rectangular shape of the wave collapses due to the diffraction.
If this is the attitude of arriving at the receiver via the antenna, the signal from that signal source will be extremely difficult for a synchronization acquisition mechanism that assumes a square wave. In other words, even if synchronization is acquired once, it becomes difficult to maintain synchronization with the synchronization maintenance mechanism that assumes rectangular waves, and the stability of synchronization is threatened. As a result, the signal strength or power may fluctuate significantly compared to the direct wave, or may be clearly more often out of sync than the direct wave, resulting in a sharp drop in signal strength or power.

Using these characteristics,
The signal from the signal source of interest is received as a direct wave in which of the two postures,
The diffracted wave is received in which of the two postures,
You can identify if there is.




A more specific method is as follows.

For example, for 1 minute, measure in each posture for 1 minute.

That is, as we said earlier,
The signal from signal source A is
It is received as a direct wave in the posture of Fig. 1(a),
It is received as a diffracted wave in the posture of Fig. 1(b).

The signal from source B is
It is received as a direct wave in the posture of Fig. 1(b),
It is received as a diffracted wave in the posture of Fig. 1(a).

The posture of FIG. 1(a) is tentatively called posture a.
The posture of FIG. 1(b) is tentatively called posture b.
Here, attitude is used as a term that expresses the geometrical relationship between the antenna, its (substantially) adjacent shields, and the celestial sphere.
The hemispherical regions of direct-wave sensitivity in attitude a and the hemispherical regions of direct-wave sensitivity in attitude b are complementary geometries that together cover the complete celestial sphere. I have already said that.

So, as long as we take these two positions, the signal source always has the advantage that it can be received as a direct wave in one position, but it can also be received as a diffracted wave in the other position. It is a geometric arrangement that also has the advantage of

Therefore, based on the principle described earlier, the diffracted wave is classified as one in which phenomena such as fluctuations or sudden drops in signal intensity/signal power occur frequently, or one in which an event that appears to be diffraction loss is observed, or one in which both are observed. Through numerous experiments, the inventor has found that the discrimination between the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be estimated with extremely high accuracy.

Here, the disadvantage of the SS communication system is that the greater the degree of waveform collapse from the square wave, the more difficult it is to acquire synchronization and the more difficult it is to maintain synchronization. It can be utilized as a meaningful detection index as a direction information acquisition method in





FIG. 2 is obtained by replacing the electromagnetic wave shield in FIG. 1 with a body such as a human body.
Since the human body always exists as long as there is a user, it can be used very conveniently.
In recent years, smartphones and mobilephones have been equipped with positioning satellite system antennas and receivers (such as GPS).
Considering that is built in, it is possible to utilize the device (as described, it is even possible to utilize it only by updating the firmware,
In extreme cases, it is even possible for humans to perform manual calculations while taking notes without changing anything)). I have to say.

As described separately, in FIGS. 1 and 2, the sizes (dimensions) between the elements are not intentionally drawn in a proportional relationship.
This is because celestial spheres and satellites are large, antennas are small, and shields are in between, making it difficult to draw a proportional relationship. Also, if you draw it like that, you will not be able to understand something, and it will be difficult to understand the intention of each object.
This is the purpose of clarification. The essential part is that the dynamic changes in the geometric positional relationship between each element are clearly shown,
The relation of size (dimension) was intentionally omitted.




Based on the above principle, FIG. The graph shows what the inventor found out through numerous experiments that, by using diffracted waves, discrimination between direct waves and diffracted waves can be estimated with extremely high accuracy. It is.

Data observations obtained for the two postures are indicated by open circles and black circles, respectively.
The black circles show relatively stable and high values.
The white circles are relatively low values, and frequent drops in signal strength are observed.

As long as the above-mentioned two positions are taken, the signal source always has the advantage that it can be received as a direct wave in one of the positions, and it also has the advantage that it can be received as a diffracted wave in the other position. Because it is a geometric arrangement,

In this case, the attitude that brought the observed value represented as an open circle is received as a diffracted wave,
At attitudes resulting in observations represented as black circles, received as direct waves,
It can be estimated easily.




FIG. 4 shows considerations when measurements are taken with a less expensive device.

Even if the signal strength itself of such a white circle and a black circle is gradually approaching,
Even if it is becoming difficult to distinguish from the human eye,
Although it is just an example, it is also shown that discrimination is possible by the following mathematical processing, for example.


Assume that the measurement time in a certain posture is 1 minute. Assume that the measurement time in another posture is also 1 minute.
One minute feels like a long time, but at this point, it's just that I gave priority to ease of understanding and chose it for convenience as a good time.

Among them, the following mathematical processing is performed in order not to overlook the received power characteristics such as sudden drops and fluctuations.
That is, do the following.


There is an existing concept of "moving average".
Now, we define the concept of "the median value in the interval 10 seconds of the moving minimum value in the interval 5 seconds".
Averages tend to be dragged out by the outliers.
It is not impossible for a diffracted wave to coincidentally coincidentally match the synchronization of the gold code and produce a large value in that case.
Averages are therefore dangerous and undesirable.

In order not to miss power fluctuations and sudden drops in received power due to difficulties in acquiring and maintaining synchronization,
In a moving time frame, for example, 10 seconds, during 10 seconds,
It is considered appropriate to take the maximum value or the middle value among "minimum values in short time intervals every 5 seconds".

In other words, at the point of "minimum value in a short time interval every 5 seconds",
A point of view that does not overlook power fluctuations and sudden drops in received power due to difficulties in acquiring and maintaining synchronization is used.

Next, it should not be the case that we are picking up an outlier by chance, so
In order to reliably detect such a frequent occurrence "tendency",
That "minimum value in a short time interval every 5 seconds" (for example, if it is a moving time frame of 10 seconds, it exists multiple times during 10 seconds)
Avoid catching outliers by choosing the maximum value (although intermediate values are also considered appropriate) in .

In other words, the maximum value among the "minimum values of received power for five consecutive seconds (between 5 outputs)" within 10 seconds (between 10 outputs) in the same posture. is a representative value.

Furthermore, just in case, carefully, in 1 minute, you can get multiple such "intermediate values in the interval 10 seconds of the moving minimum value in the interval 5 seconds", so By looking at those time fluctuations, we were able to confirm that there were no particularly large time changes (for example, if the stability increases sharply over time, it simply means that it took time to acquire synchronization. In that case, it is only necessary to allow sufficient time for the process of signal synchronization to each satellite in the sky in advance, and it is not an essential problem, so we were able to eliminate that possibility.) Above,
It is sufficient to compare the average (or the maximum value or the median value) of "the maximum value (or the median value) in the 10-second segment of the moving minimum value in the 5-second segment".

Note that the average is taken at the end, but the intermediate value is taken before that, so the risk of being influenced by the deviation value is eliminated there.
Therefore, there is no such concern.

This is just an example, but if the above comparison results in a difference greater than or equal to a set value,
Either attitude receives the direct wave,
If its complementary posture is receiving the diffracted wave,
You can judge.

The value set here is different from the conventional threshold. Because it is defined to find the meaning in the difference,
extremely sensitive,

Inexpensive ones, middle-class ones, slightly high-performance ones, extremely high-performance ones, etc.
Since it may depend on the resolution of the received power of each receiver, it would be efficient to determine it by preliminary experiments.

Of course, the purpose is that the diffracted wave is characterized by waveform collapse from the rectangular wave,
On the other hand, the synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism of SS communication are designed to perform signal processing on the assumption that a "square wave" will arrive.
I struggled to process a signal whose waveform was broken from a square wave,
Originating from the fact that the waveform of the signal targeted for such synchronization acquisition and synchronization maintenance does not match the actual waveform,
Due to the inability to demonstrate the full capabilities of the mechanism,
It takes time to acquire synchronization, the synchronization fluctuates, it becomes easy to lose synchronization, and it is difficult to restore synchronization once it is lost.
Power fluctuations and sudden drops in signal power occur more frequently than in direct waves, but in order not to miss them,
Compared to direct waves, we do not judge by instantaneous measurements, nor by simple averages, which are known to have a high probability of being influenced by large outliers due to accidental synchronization. The essential point is to look at the tendency of the received power instability.

Therefore, mathematical operations appropriate to the characteristics of each receiver used may be performed.




Figure 6 shows: in short,
In the phase of using a low-resolution receiver, if it is necessary to further attenuate the diffracted wave and make it particularly easy to distinguish it from the direct wave,
A contrivance such as that shown in FIG. 6 may be used together. This utilizes the fact that the microwave band is easily absorbed by polar molecules such as water molecules (H20).
It aims at the synergistic effect of the diffraction loss of the diffracted wave and the absorption effect.
When there is no choice but to use a very inexpensive receiver, it may be effective to use such a device together due to resolution issues.






The above is considered to be a sufficient explanation, but in more detail, it is also possible to express as follows.

A signal from a signal source in a direction included in the shielded hemisphere will receive a diffracted wave coming around from the end point.
The diffracted wave reaches the antenna with its power attenuated by the diffraction loss.
Diffracted waves may also arrive at the antenna as a superposition of diffracted waves ((thus different phases and intensities)) from various end points (exactly, there are differences in the optical path difference from the center of the athena). Severe waveform collapse is often observed.
The synchronization detection (acquisition) mechanism of SS communication and the synchronization maintenance mechanism of SS communication are the lifeline of SS communication, but it is assumed that it is a square wave and that it has sufficient amplitude. .
Therefore, SS communication is said to be vulnerable to multipath environments such as moving bodies in urban areas. In other words, due to multipath, multiple paths of waves with different phases and different intensities are superimposed, and the shape of the rectangular wave, which was originally a clean rectangular wave and had a sufficiently large amplitude, collapses greatly, and the amplitude This tends to cause problems such as lowering the peak of
Therefore, the synchronization detection (acquisition) mechanism of SS communication and the synchronization maintenance mechanism of SS communication, which were premised on them, lost the premise of square wave and sufficient amplitude, which are the lifeline of SS communication,
Synchronization detection (acquisition) mechanism of SS communication will not work sufficiently, and even if it can be obtained, synchronization maintenance mechanism of SS communication will not be able to function fully, and synchronization loss (synchronization loss) will be repeated frequently. It becomes a thing.
I will leave the details of this matter to other books, such as all about spread spectrum technology. (Literature: All about spread spectrum technology - from CDMA to IMT-2000 and Bluetooth, May 2002 by Kenichi Matsuo, "Spread spectrum communication - Towards high performance digital communication system" 2001/7 Yukiji Yamauchi (Author))
Taking advantage of the fact that it can be used well, other methods of obtaining direction information by the inventors of this proposed method, etc., use direction information (direction information is direction Since the information is projected onto the ground plane perpendicular to the vertical line, it can be said to be directional information) can be determined with realistic accuracy.
However, as shown above, when there is a protruding signal source, if it is received as a direct wave, of course it satisfies the criteria for sufficient synchronization and exceeding the threshold, but
Even if the diffraction loss is taken into account as the diffracted wave, it was rare that the signal still reached the level of synchronization or exceeded the threshold. There is nothing better than having an accurate grasp of the situation and being able to respond accurately. (*1)
Therefore, the hemispherical surface complementary to the previously shielded hemispherical surface is now shielded.
Then, in a contrasting and symmetrical manner to the previous example, it attempts to receive.
Then, if signal source A was previously received as a direct wave, it will now be received as a diffracted wave.
Also, if signal source A was previously received as a diffracted wave, it will now be received as a direct wave.
(In addition, if the boundary area between the two, that is, the common bottom surface of both hemispheres exists in a great circle drawn on the celestial sphere or in a belt-like area with a slight width centered on the great circle, the direct wave and diffracted waves, which can be dealt with without difficulty.For the sake of convenience, this will be discussed later.)
However, the power of the diffracted wave is generally reduced by the amount of the diffraction loss.
It has the characteristic that the synchronization acquisition or maintenance mechanism does not work easily. Therefore, synchronization cannot be achieved at all, and even if synchronization is achieved, it is easily lost (easily deviated).
This is also the reason why engineers have created various types of mekazumi.
By taking advantage of this fact, direct waves can be distinguished from diffracted waves.
That is, the characteristics of the diffracted wave relative to the direct wave are as follows:
(1) generally the signal strength is relatively low;
(2) Generally, it takes a relatively long time to acquire synchronization.
(3) Generally, the frequency of loss of synchrony (loss of synchrony) during observation for a certain period of time is relatively high.
(4) Although it can be said to be derived from (3), it is common for the rate of sudden drop in reception strength to occur at a relatively high rate even if the signal strength seems to be strong and stable at first glance.
(5) Although it can be said to be derived from (2), it generally takes a relatively long time from the out-of-synchronization state until the signal strength suddenly rises in synchronization. By no means are we stating a vague general trend in comparison with all other signal sources (satellites), nor are we stating such vague impressions,
Because of the one-to-one comparison of the state of high reception strength, rapid synchronization acquisition and stable synchronization maintenance when oneself is introduced into the antenna and reception as a direct wave, In that comparison, the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be distinguished very clearly.
The inventor found this out through diligent experiments.
At the same time, it is also found that the presence area thus determined boasts an extremely high percentage of correct answers.
In this way, by incorporating this "signal source existing direction area estimation method by each (complementary) measurement shielding each hemispherical surface direction", the direction (concept including direction) information acquisition method is highly accurate, stable, Directional information can be acquired reliably.
Since this method inherits the conventional features of simplicity, light weight, and low cost, it is very effective.



It should be noted that the conventional method was meaningful in its own way.
It's easy and quick.

1. Glonass GPS is originally a military GNSS, so (arbitrary changes in signal strength are possible. Such arbitrary fluctuations have been pointed out in SA in the past. Cancellation of SA without notice has been observed. , and it was also pointed out that there is a connection between regional conflicts and intensification.)
2. Specifications may also be changed.
3. Furthermore, there will be satellite replacement (generational change with specification change) over several years,
4. There will be malfunctions.
It is not necessarily notified.
Obtaining such information one by one is complicated, and there is no guarantee that information can be obtained.
as an outlier, i.e. no matter how strong signal sources are mixed,
I am looking for a way to get the correct answer.

Mixing multiple GNSS systems is adding to the confusion.
With the signal strength as an outlier, which satellite stands out in such an era,
It is extremely complicated to exchange and respond to such information, and on the contrary, it tends to cause errors.




(*1) This is because direction information acquisition is the basis for action decisions, and it is important that it can be used as the basis for very important decisions at times.
In particular, compass needles are easy to use, but they give wrong results due to deviations, and give wrong results due to deviations. There is no other way than to leave the place.
However, if it is possible to improve the accuracy of the direction easily while staying on the spot, it is considered to be the best good news.
Therefore, as mentioned above, it is ergonomically easy to implement (even on the ground) (much more than walking (especially when walking on the ridgeline of ups and downs), which requires no physical strength, and can be performed in outer space. The merit of being able to do it only by reversing around the body axis etc. is large and has a great effect.In addition, the reflected wave is not considered here.In principle, the reflected wave is inconvenient for this method, so the reflected wave is received. This paper does not deal with the environment in which

For example, a direct wave can be received from a signal source A (specifically, a positioning satellite A) on the right side of FIG. 1(a).

In Fig. 1(a), a certain hemispherical direction is blocked,
When the complementary hemisphere is shielded,
It is FIG.1(b).




FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram when the shielding material or absorbing material in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) is realized by the human body.
In the case of the configuration of FIG. 2, it can be said that the human body is extremely "portable", and for the user, the benefits of utilizing the maximum and highest electromagnetic wave absorbing material and electromagnetic wave shielding material that are always carried are immeasurable. there is something missing In the concept of ``regular use'', ``mobile'' can be a mobile phone, and GPS can be raised, but there is no such thing as forgetting to bring it. is an appropriate adjective. From an engineering point of view, existence is the most reliable. This idea is extremely original.



FIG. 3 shows, in the same graph, the change in reception intensity over time under the condition that the same signal source A received (satellite A) as a diffracted wave, and the condition in which it was received as a direct wave.
In the synchronization mechanism of SS communication, some jitter and fluctuation exist.
However, the waveform collapse from the rectangular wave occurs due to the difference in signal intensity due to the diffraction loss and the superimposition of the diffracted waves having different path lengths, that is, the phases and amplitudes of which are strictly different. A sharp drop in signal strength due to loss of synchronization due to the difficulty of maintaining the synchronization mechanism is shown. We have also already mentioned that once the signal strength drops sharply, it tends to take longer than that of the direct wave to recover. This is also because the deviation from the rectangular wave makes it difficult to detect the beginning of the process. Detection of these features can ensure identification. The difference depends on what kind of synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism are adopted in the receiver, and also on the difference in performance between them. Practically speaking, it is possible to select the largest value given by the following weighted addition.
At its simplest, the following (described on another page) can be considered.
Although this method is simple, it has been clarified by experiments conducted earnestly that determination can be made with extremely high accuracy.
Add that data as well.
A text-based diagram with a sky map is also attached. Signal strength is expressed in AZ, and this conversion to dbm is given in Takahashi's paper. (IEEE 2006 PIMRC Helsinki, Takahashi M.)



The reason why this method is smart can be said as follows. write with feeling).



If one satellite were to go in the opposite direction, for example, if it were to be repeated individually for each of the 12 satellites in the sky, it would feel like a huge increase in work and would be unpleasant.
However, this method is not such a stupid method.


In this proposed method, the 12 satellites are examined in the positive direction at once,
Next, check all 12 satellites at once in the opposite direction,
So the whole sky can be covered completely, i.e. even if the satellite is in the whole sky,
You can complete the study, you can do it at the end--and it's done in a very ergonomically very natural, comfortable, and non-intrusive way: look in one direction for about 30 seconds to a minute, reverse, and stay still in that direction from 30 degrees. There is a conciseness of just looking at it for about a minute.

The potential potency hidden in its brevity works great.

That is, each satellite (signal source) is observed as a direct wave in either measurement,
In either measurement, it is observed in terms of diffracted waves.

(<<When it is assumed that the signal strength of the direct wave received by the signal source is exceptionally strong, the signal strength of the diffracted wave received may exceed the predetermined threshold even after subtracting the diffraction loss. , rather than comparing the observed value of the signal source with the >>threshold, which at such times is difficult to guide to the correct region determination)

First, stationary observations in the positive direction (with a certain amount of stationary time) allow us to see changes over time. It is possible to see the magnitude of the frequency at which the signal fluctuates when it is about to be lost, or when the signal strength is actually lost and the signal strength drops sharply. It is extremely effective in identifying whether it is a reception or not.)

Furthermore, the highly effective identification method does not have to be performed as many times as the number of satellites in the sky, and only one set (one set of positive and negative) is required for measurement. A welcome advantage.

If you think about it for a moment, it seems that you have to repeat forward and reverse as many times as there are satellites.
But no.

If one set of polarities and inverses is performed for a certain satellite (signal source), the comparison can be made for all satellites (signal sources) in the sky. The reason for this is the positively generated merit that arises from the fact that the slab-like existence of shielding is deployed to shield half the celestial sphere.
It is an advantage because it shields the half celestial sphere all at once. that's why,
If you do one set of forward and reverse, you will have already seen the whole sky.
Combining two complementary hemispheres makes the whole celestial sphere.
(When used on the ground, it is the same except that it is shielded by the ground.)




Here, the difference from Japanese Patent Publication No. 11-231038 (*11) becomes even clearer.

Japanese Patent Publication No. 11-231038 (*11) is a small plate, far from shielding a hemisphere.
When it rotates, rather, each signal source (satellite),
are sequentially shielded, and conversely, the time that can be spent shielding one signal source (satellite) is short.

Then, when it comes in the direction of the satellite ((positive)) and when it comes in the opposite direction (counter), it will be possible to compare,
It passes by so easily that it is difficult to grasp changes over time.
As described in the proposed method, intensity fluctuations and sudden drops due to the difficulty of maintaining synchronization, the length of time until synchronization is reacquired compared to direct waves, and the difficulty of reacquisition , etc. is extremely difficult to implement.

This is because, as shown in the figure, the hemisphere cannot be covered. Nowhere does it say so in Mitsubishi's patent.

However, this method can do that. Just as easily as there are two times when you can stay still.
I'm trying to get directional information because I'm encountering difficulties, so being able to stand still for a while helps me to gain mental composure and gain a bird's-eye view of my surroundings. or
Focusing attention in a direction that looks still and still to find distant target identifications and help to find out the arrival of rescuers, and then similarly drifting attention to the other side. Being able to do so is even more advantageous (not missing a small aircraft arriving, or a small formation of a rescue team walking along a ridgeline).
If you pay attention to rotating at a constant speed, or how many times per second, etc. There is also a disadvantage that it is impossible to find a small sugata in the distance and take appropriate countermeasures. For example, reflect sunlight with a mirror to inform the aircraft of your position, or blow a whistle intermittently at the same time as the light to a distant formation (SOS is an artificial It's structured in such a way that it's easy to understand.Oh, if someone in the formation notices something like, "Didn't you hear something? History shows that the subsequent developments will be heading in a very good direction.) .

In addition, performing such constant-speed rotation by a person also increases the demerit of increasing the concentration of nerves and increasing the intellectual load and burden.
,

The number of anti-satellites is equivalent to doing it many times.

It is useless.

The above has been described with reference to FIGS.
―――――

http://www2.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/begin/BE_DETAIL_MAIN.cgi?sType=0&sMenu=1&sBpos=1&sPos=75&sFile=TimeDir_2/mainstr1420134689299.mst&sTime=0
(*11) are as follows.
75/103
Application number : Patent application 10-34788 Application date : February 17, 1998 Publication number : Patent publication 11-231038 Publication date : August 27, 1999 Applicant : Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Inventor : Tomohiro Fukushima Name: Orientation detector
Image ID=000002 Summary:

#<#Challenge#># A direction detection device capable of detecting directions in a wide area by receiving radio waves from GPS satellites instead of radio waves from geostationary satellites such as broadcasting satellites whose reception area is limited. get
# <<#Solution#>># A GPS signal is received by the omnidirectional antenna 12, the position information of the GPS satellites and the position information of the moving body are calculated in the GPS receiver 13, and the absolute direction calculation circuit is based on these position information. At 19, the absolute azimuth angle of the GPS satellite as seen from the moving body is calculated. A directional antenna 20 receives a GPS signal, and a relative azimuth angle detector 23 calculates the relative azimuth angle of a GPS satellite with respect to a specific direction specified in a mobile object based on the strength of the signal. An absolute azimuth angle in the specific direction is calculated based on the absolute azimuth angle of the satellite.

In the above, one integrated unit (1) attached to the human body (H) was turned over on the ground (E).

This proposal is not limited to the human body (1.5 GHZ etc. positioning satellite system electromagnetic wave) electromagnetic shielding material or Kyushu material), but general 1.5 GHZ positioning satellite system electromagnetic wave) electromagnetic shielding material or Kyushu material ( M) can of course be implemented.

This includes buildings, sea water, trains, ships, aircraft, automobiles, polar armored vehicles, military vehicles, water, salt water, nutrient water, sports drinks, alcohol, medical drugs, chemicals, infusions, cosmetics, detergents,

Liquids, sea water, lake water, river water, sewage, small water, faeces, sewage itself, and spongy substances containing them (foodstuffs such as agar, rags, towels, newspapers, etc., highly absorbent) used in mobile storage batteries Materials ・Simple toilet materials ・
(including highly absorbent materials such as sodium picrate), corpses, animal bodies, animal corpses, plants, sand, soil, and the like.

This proposal is not limited to one (1), but can also be implemented with two (2).

In addition, when implementing this proposal with two (2), the method of synchronously comparing and the method of implementing asynchronously can be implemented.

The former is slightly more advantageous. Taking the difference cancels out the effects of external factors such as fading (because it is assumed that the difference due to internal equipment factors has been adjusted by prior calibration).
This is because it is assumed that it will take only a short time to obtain data that purely reflect the characteristics of the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

This proposal is not limited to ground (E), but can also be implemented in space or in the air (A).

The proposal is not limited to one positioning satellite system, but can also be implemented in antennas and receivers intended for Fukusu positioning satellite systems. In this case the accuracy of the result is better. Because the number of satellites matters.

This proposal may also be implemented using something that contains salt water or water that is topped out like a fin to weaken the effect of the diffracted waves. The salt water GPS patent (filed on August 1, 2012) may be used together.


Various variations are possible with the above combinations.

For example, call E1H.






As described above, it can be implemented in any manner.

It can also be used as equipment for the International Disaster Relief Team. SIP promotes the development of international markets for disaster prevention and mitigation, and can be used in that context.

1 Flat antenna for positioning satellite system


* others
Publication text search http://www7.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/Tokujitu/tjktz.ipdl

Inventor Masato Takahashi (no space between first and last names)
AND
Title of invention Directional information Azimuth information Magnetic lines of force Sky view Acquisition Receiver (OR all half-width spaces OK) Number of hits 8

Item number Publication number Title of the invention Applicant
1 Patent 4783930 Positioning satellite signal capture method and satellite positioning device Masato Takahashi //Atmospheric pressure
2 Patent 4783929 Direction information acquisition method Masato Takahashi //3D
3 Patent 4547563 Azimuth or Magnetic Line Direction Information Acquisition Device National Institute of Information and Communications Technology //frisbee type
4 Patent 3522259 Direction information acquisition method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory, etc. //Single type or cross type
5 Patent 3522258 Direction information acquisition method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory, etc. //Single type or cross type
6 Patent 3473948 GPS receiver Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory, etc. //Same type
7 Patent 3430459 Direction information acquisition method and device Independent administrative agency Communications Research Laboratory, etc. // Parallel type
8 Patent No. 2963994 Method for Creating Sky Visibility Range by Location Head of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications

JP 2012-171536//Salt water GPS





================================================== =========================
Both limited and specific functions realizable type Parallel type
US6442480B 2002.08.27 Passed "Method and device for acquiring azimuth information"
JP3430459B 2003.05.23 Passed "Direction information acquisition method and device"
EP1143263B1 2008.02.13 Passed Europe "Method and device for acquiring azimuth information parallel" → Passed Germany only number DE601 32 729.2 UK and France use EP1143263 as is.
================================================== =========================
Thin and light, optimal wearability possible type 1 piece type
GB2379112B 2003.10.15 "Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna", Patents and Designs Journal No.5936, p.884, 26 February 2003
JP3522259B 2004.02.20 Passed "Direction information acquisition method"
■DE10214071B4 2004.05.06 Passed Germany "Verfaren zum Beschaffen von Azimutinfomation"US6774843B 2004.08.10 Passed US "Method for acquiring azimuth information"
FR0203915(applNo.) FR2823570(publi No.) 2006.07.14 Passed France "PROCEDE D'ACQUISITION D'INFORMATIONS AZIMUTALES A L'AIDE D'UNE SEULE ANTENNE PLANE"
================================================== =========================
Arbitrary shape compatible type Intersection type
GB2378835B 2003.10.15 Passed in English "Method for acquiring azimuth information", Patents and Designs Journal No.5969, p.5357, 15 October 2003
JP3522258B 2004.02.20 Passed "Direction information acquisition method"
US6718264B2 2004.04.06 "Method for acquiring azimuth information"
■DE10213502B4 2004.05.06 Passed Germany "Verfaren zum Beschaffen von Azimutinfomation"FR0203914 2006.07.14 Passed France "PROCEDE D'ACQUISITION D'INFORMATIONS AZIMUTALES"==================== ================================================== =====
Reverse communication function possible type (1 sheet) hermaphroditic type
JP3473948 Passed 2003.09.19 "GPS Receiver"
US6542115B 2003.04.01 Passed "Gps receiver system for acquiring azimuth information using a pair of gps receivers "
AU773958 2004.09.30 Passed "GPS receiver and GPS receiving system"
■■EP1211519 (Publication number) 2002.06.05 (Publication date) Waiting for European response (expected to pass) "GPS receiver and GPS receiving system"
(↑EP1211519 was recently filed as a GPS international patent network under the name, and the European Patent Office takes time, so it is appropriate to wait for a response) Same with number EP1211519. Germany (DE) has a new serial number and EP1211519 is the alias of DE60147811.8B http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?adjacent=true&KC=A2&date=20020605&NR=1211519A2&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP&CC=EP&FT=D ( Search results on Esp@ce net)
http://www.patfr.com/200206/EP1211519.html (search results in French for some reason)
http://ep.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=ep.espacenet.com&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=20020605&CC=EP&NR=1211519A2&KC=A2
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On-orbit EVA utilization type (EVA: Extra Vehicular Activity ~ activity called space swimming work such as large antenna structure assembly work in outer space)
■■Publication number JP2007-024617 Publication number JP2007-024617Publication number JP2007-024617 Publication date 2007.02.01 Waiting for response (scheduled to pass) "Direction information acquisition method" The number of examination requests (1). Is there an assessment type (no assessment)? →March 1, 2011 A reason for refusal arrived from the Patent Office to the Fukuda office (Mr. Good first. and direction of correction.
(↑JP2007-024617 is the most recent application in Japan for the GPS international patent network under the name, so it is appropriate to wait for a response.)
http://www1.ipdl.inpit.go.jp/IPDL/keika.htm (Patent Digital Library, Progress Information Search)
Application number: 2005-205312 Application date: 2005/7/14
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JP4547563B, "Azimuth or magnetic field line direction information acquisition device", 2010(H22).07.16 (patent application 2006-078889 (application number))
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Figure 3D_1



Figure 3D_2







Figure 3D_3






Figure 3D_3





Figure 3D_5






Figure 3D 6





The three-dimensional GPS patent claims were as follows.
Claims
Claim 1
using one GPS antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern;
causing a GPS receiver connected to the GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites in coverage from the obtained signals;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the GPS satellites from the positioning calculation process;
limiting the GPS antenna direction by integrating the directions of the derived GPS satellites;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 2
using multiple GPS antennas with hemispherical antenna patterns at different orientations;
causing each GPS receiver connected to each GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites within the coverage of each GPS antenna from signals obtained at each GPS receiver;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the plurality of GPS satellites from a positioning calculation process;
After summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites and temporarily limiting the directions of the GPS antennas;
Information on the direction limitation of one GPS antenna selected from among the plurality of GPS antennas, and direction limitation of other GPS antennas other than the one selected GPS antenna, the mutually different known By superimposing information transformed into directional limits of the selected GPS antenna based on orientation descriptions and taking the product of the information of the directional limits, the linearly secondarily more restricting the restricted direction;
constraining the attitude from the constraining of the orientation of each of the plurality of GPS antennas;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 3
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2;
When notifying the above limited direction information to the mother spacewalker in outer space, the names of any one or more of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or directions close to it shall be indicated. include in notifications;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 4
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3;
Inform the mother spacewalker of the direction of the reference object, or the direction and the distance information to the reference object, which would be more convenient to give to the mother spacewalker;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 5
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
Using three of the GPS antennas, one on the mother spacewalker's head in space, another on one side of the wearable module carried by the mother spacewalker, and one on the mother spacewalk's back. attached to the other side of the wear module;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 6
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The GPS antenna is mounted on the head of the mother extravehicular activist in outer space so that the mounting position on the head can be changed;
When the mounting position of the head is changed within a predetermined time, it is assumed that different GPS antennas are provided in each position before and after the change, thereby providing the plurality of GPS antennas. shall be used;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3 or 4;
When visual information is included in the notification, goggles capable of double-copying any one or more of the names of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or in a direction close to it to be worn by the mother EVA;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1;
Placing the beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 9
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
locating at least one beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





In the following, the problem to be solved will be rephrased to make it easier to understand.


In other words, the problem to be solved can be said as follows.
○ The new judgment method and the old judgment method may be mixed.
when
when
You can use it.

○ The existence of a new judgment method does not impair the old judgment method.
because,
This is because it has a great effect when
moreover,
Because it is.
moreover
Because it is.
d,
at the time of
and
Because
A new method is
It goes without saying that a great deal of achievement can be achieved by doing something.



It is not affected by being determined by external factors. Find out how to judge.

What are external factors?
1. transmission power
1.1 (Whether it is due to unintended failure,
1.2 Whether it is in the mix as a transitional measure for long-term specification changes intended.
1.3 It may have changed the intended short-term (in conflict outbreak, etc.) by a small command from the ground (in the past, when SA existed, it was reported that SA was canceled at the time of conflict).
1.4 In addition, due to what we might call a boom in the launch of positioning satellite systems in various countries in recent years,
1.5 Coexistence of multiple accession satellite systems In the meantime, there is a possibility that the original power will be self-restrained and readjusted.
In that case, resetting the threshold is troublesome. At such times, especially in such circumstances
It is hoped that it will be an advantage of the method that the orientation can be obtained regardless of the change.
The arrival of such a situation is expected in the near future. even at such times
2. Arrival power density at the receiving side (Effects of magnitude of attenuation on the way, mainly effects of quality, quantity and distance of atmosphere and ionosphere between satellite and observer)
Whether it is meteorological factors (absorption by the atmosphere, absorption by heavy rain, absorption by water vapor, anomalies by the ionosphere).
That is the elevation angle factor (reduced to the distance factor. It is also reduced to the meteorological factor on the route at that time)
3. Disturbing factors (solar wind, etc.)
Whether it is the daily effect of the presence or absence of (non-directional) disturbing electromagnetic waves. (Those with directionality are not covered).
We have come to recognize that there is a need for a determination method that is not affected by these factors.
If a judgment method that is not affected by these is established,
It changes the threshold optimally each time, because it eliminates the need for calibration. That's because it eliminates the hassle of having to get those information all the time.
If you can get rid of these troubles, from a comprehensive point of view, even if you add one more trouble, there is no problem at all,
It can even be said that it is rather simple.



What is the self factor?
Concrete method of synchronization acquisition mechanism.
Concrete method of synchronization maintenance mechanism. .
These do not change.

What are largely invariant factors?
frequency.
Modulation method.
Changing these places a heavy burden on satellites (they rarely afford such extra features).

It is not limited to the meaning of 2 instead of 1.
It is easy to understand and closer to the actual situation if it is said that 0.5 is changed to 1.
In other words, I was dealing with half the sky, but by dealing with another complementary half of the sky,
It is not enough to say that the amount of information increases,
in short,
Note that k is complete information.

In other words, just by combining the investigations of the half and the complementary half, there is always a satellite in either half.
In principle, there is no such thing as neither being in either, nor being in either.
That is why the method is efficient.
The direction does not come out as long as the whole celestial sphere is the opponent.
However, when narrowing down too much, it is inefficient.
Conversely, narrowing down too loosely is inefficient.
A seemingly simple method of dividing it in half and examining only which one is
It is suitable for the characteristics of a satellite positioning system having multiple satellites.
This is because the dividing line is expected to lie between some satellites.
It is a very rough calculation, but for the sake of prediction, let us assume that the number of satellites scattered over the celestial sphere is 34.
Suppose they are randomly scattered. Then, in the declination and right ascension between satellites (concept like latitude and longitude on the celestial sphere), the right ascension is
In a very rough calculation, 360 degrees/34=10.5 degrees is the estimation on the back of enverope.
This is a very good value.
Of course, there are few satellites around 90 degrees declination and -90 degrees.
Although it is preferable to change
First of all, it is important to have this kind of perspective.
It is important that there be a method that can be used with few false positives when values of this order are obtained.
It's okay if there are rare errors, so it's good to have a one-sided speedy judgment,
no errors are expected, the overall judgment is good or
It is also a desirable characteristic that the user should decide.




Conventional method
The criteria for judging that it exists in the area are:
Simply, the criteria were as follows.
When you do A synchronization. or
B When the signal strength exceeds a predetermined threshold.
↓
present in the C region
That's why.

When drawn with a Venn diagram
It is premised that A is contained by B, and B is contained by D.

Even with this premise,
Realistically, for the most part, it works, but
In the long run, on rare occasions, the following may occur:

That A subsumes B is practically unquestionable.
The fact that D contains B is practically and mostly successful as long as the threshold is set appropriately, but
If time has passed since the time the threshold was set appropriately and the situation has changed since the time the threshold was set, the following may rarely occur in the long run.

That is, in the following cases.
Example 1) Specification change of spacecraft: Specification change of satellite specification of positioning satellite system.
It is not possible to launch dozens of satellites at once. Over the years, little by little satellites will be launched, put into orbit, and so on.
In this way, there is a feature of the specification change of the positioning satellite system that changes the overall specification while changing the generation of coco satellites over many years.
This is a very unusual feature of the system. Therefore, at a certain point in time, a mixture of satellites with an outstandingly high signal strength occurs in a satellite group that has a certain degree of uniformity.
Example 2) Malfunction: A case in which the output is conspicuously high due to a defect. You can't approach and repair it in space.
At a certain point in time, it is rare that satellites with extremely high signal strengths coexist in a fairly uniform satellite group.
Example 3) Responding to the outbreak of conflict, etc.: Since it is originally developed and used by the military everywhere, it can be considered that in the event of an international conflict, it may become exceptionally strong as necessary. . l
At a certain point in time, it is rare that satellites with extremely high signal strengths coexist in a fairly uniform satellite group.
As described above, at a certain point in time, it is rare that satellites with extremely high signal intensities coexist in a group of satellites that are uniform to some extent.

There are also
Example 4) Observation when capturing a moment: The positioning satellite uses the SS communication system. SS communication uses a synchronization acquisition mechanism and a synchronization maintenance mechanism on the receiver side.
Synchronization acquisition mechanisms and synchronization maintenance mechanisms rarely satisfy the normal signal strength, but due to accidental fading, the synchronization may occasionally fluctuate and the signal strength may drop, and in rare cases, fluctuations may occur.
It is rare that the output goes up by synchronization.
In the above, there are rare cases where satellites with extremely high signal strength coexist in a group of satellites that are uniform to some extent at a certain moment and time, and the same situation occurs as a result.


Examples of cases where A protrudes from D include the above.
Cases corresponding to the part where B protrudes from D include the above.

However, direction information acquisition and direction determination are materials for action decisions whose purpose is to avoid danger.
Sometimes it can also be a material for life-threatening decisions.

In such a situation, even if it is known that there are variations as described above,
If you have not obtained information on which satellite corresponds to that,
Even with a cautious approach, it is natural to demand correct information with a high degree of certainty.

Alternatively, although it is not even known that there are such fluctuations,
Even if it is strongly inferred from the examples so far that there must be such a thing,
Of course, there is no information on which satellite corresponds to that, but
It would be an extremely natural request to demand correct information with a high degree of certainty using a careful method.

As a result of intensive examination of the method to meet such demands, the proposed method
The ability to provide an extremely efficient and highly accurate judgment method,
The inventor has found it.

Ultimately,
Even if satellites with outstandingly high signal strength are mixed in a group of satellites with a certain degree of uniformity in terms of signal strength,
Having a judgment process that can correctly judge the existence area of the satellite,
Direction information acquisition method
is a problem to be solved.

Using the Venn diagram mentioned earlier,
Even if B never subsumes A,
There may be situations where D does not necessarily subsume B. ⇒In this case, it goes around and enters the receiver regardless of diffraction loss.⇒In this case, it may go around and enter the receiver without regard for diffraction loss. I would like to make a technical proposal that can deal with this case as well.
There may be situations where D does not necessarily subsume A. ⇒In this case, it goes around and enters the receiver regardless of diffraction loss.⇒In this case, it may go around and enter the receiver without regard for diffraction loss. I would like to make a technical proposal that can deal with this case as well.
We flexibly incorporate recognition such as changes in the times,
Even in such situations

This is to propose a (new) cut-off criterion of C that D always subsumes.
This criterion C discriminates the protruding parts of A and B protruding from D (in the conventional method, the event of this part (rarely occurring) could not be discriminated - or dared to discriminate). Efficiency, convenience, and simplicity were enhanced by not adopting complexity.Another overspec design that is too heavy and has a problem that the azimuth magnet rarely misdirects due to local magnetism. so as to avoid becoming
In that case, it is possible to guide the user to the part where A and B do not protrude.

As an example of a solution, for example 1,
If it is a satellite of one's own country, information such as the number of the satellite that emits the prominent signal is broadcast for the welfare of the people.
It would be one of the effective measures to use the satellite of it. (The expression that should be written in the claim should be as follows (this statement may be omitted (because the basic application claiming priority (the application) will not be published))
If you actively broadcast even if the signal strength of that level is observed (it may be broadcast in the form of being included in the almanac data (this can also be expressed as follows in the claim expression...)
A separate threshold can be assigned to that satellite.
However, this is not the case with other countries' satellites.
In the case of a satellite system controlled by country A whose primary purpose is military use,
and where it is funded and operated with the taxes of another country, seeking such information
Even if it is not easy in reality, it is easy to imagine that it will be at the present time.
However, even in such cases, the pursuit of technology that does the best possible for the welfare, safety, and security of the people
This proposal is made from the thought that it must be pursued.

In addition, such malfunctions/defects, intentional long-term specification changes, and intentional short-term (during the time when an international conflict is occurring) intentional changes
If so, there are many things that are not informed, so it is not possible to set individual thresholds,
It is very unfortunate that correct judgment becomes difficult.

Ultimately, in the case of the satellite positioning systems of other countries, it is always necessary to check whether satellites with outstanding signal strength are mixed in.
Watching would be preferable, and based on that information it would be possible to assign individual thresholds to each satellite.
In that case, we cannot deny the concern that the advantage of simplicity cannot necessarily be maintained.
This is because the ratio of the total cost and complexity (these are collectively referred to as the total cost) to the benefit is a problem.

If so, at this time, even if you are ignorant of such a real situation, if you do your best in that situation,
It was required to be able to obtain highly accurate measures.

That is, we need a way to arrive at a policy that finds the existence of a set C such that D necessarily subsumes the set C.
As long as C is known, we propose a system that is not affected by the part of A and B that protrudes from D.

However, even in this case, the advantages of the conventional method such as simplicity, low cost, and speed are maintained and inherited as much as possible.
The point is a notable property.

If we take another n expression, it will be as follows.
If the diffracted wave wraps around and there is a loss for the diffraction loss, if the signal intensity is uniform,
It is known that an extremely high percentage of correct answers can be obtained by skillfully setting the threshold (Research by Takahashi, 2011.2 IEICE).

However, there is a problem with newly launched satellites in such a group of satellites with uniform signal strength.
If it emits a prominent strong signal strength, it is practically impossible to repair it by approaching or touching it in space.
Contact in space is dangerous, even if it's not dangerous
is the norm), so it has to be left alone.

Such a probability is expected to increase under the present conditions where various developing nations are participating in space.
It is also important for Japan's space development to prepare ahead of time a method that can respond to such a situation.


Therefore, it was recognized that there was a need for measures to prevent the correctness of area determination from being threatened.

Therefore, the following measures are taken.

Direct waves from the opposite hemisphere for a certain period of time,
When placing a shielding material to block
Reception condition of the same signal source (strength or stability (not for a moment, but for a certain period of time) or both)
to determine whether it is a direct incident wave or a diffracted wave,
Based on that, determine which hemisphere the signal source exists

If both exceed the threshold value or are in sync with each other and cannot be determined, it is determined that they are on the band of the boundary area.

With this, it is possible to determine even when both exceed the threshold value or are synchronized with each other.

(Preliminary) experiment on the overpass proved the correctness.


Suppose it is on either boundary.


In the above, m problems to be solved have been rephrased.














(Surface of attached sheet)
Possible contexts of use include (but are not limited to):

International Airport/Domestic Airport Buildings
Because it is adjacent to the runway for aircraft takeoff and landing, and because the law prohibits the construction of additional buildings, it has a good view.
Once you get off the plane, you're in a foreign country, and you don't necessarily understand the language." The notation on the drawings doesn't necessarily conform to international standards, and in the first place, it can be an undeveloped land where there is nothing like that, and in such an unfamiliar land, First of all, it is important to measure and make a rough study (preventing people from suddenly moving to a dangerous area in the wrong direction and starting to move). ) because there is. (In addition, when a conflict breaks out overseas, when a dedicated return flight to Japan is prepared (for example, in Afghanistan), when walking on a road that is difficult to get to the airport, Therefore, when the arrival/departure lobby or boarding gate changes, it is quite possible that you will have to walk there on your own, unlike in Japan. Such an explanation may sound strange in Japan, but it is not uncommon in Eastern Europe, Central, Eastern and Western Asia, which borders disputed areas.

On the other hand, any developing countries often have this combination of vast runways and modern buildings. Make use of this. In this case, an option of a button (or a voice instruction) may be used, which will be described later, for judging the positive/reverse assuming that all the signals are blocked and not making a decision. In this case, as a concept, it can be said that it comes down to the conventional judging method. ! ! ! !


It was stated that this proposed method is suitable for the contrast between a vast runway and a building. The aircraft fuselage itself could also be used for shielding purposes. Good results have been obtained in experiments conducted at the airframe exterior exhibition of the Aviation Museum located near Narita International Airport.

A favorable aspect similar to the above exists in the ocean.
A ship, for example, a passenger ship has a guest room in the middle. Using that huge man-made structure for shielding is appropriate. It is sufficient to measure on the decks on both sides. One is a vast and open ocean. Very convenient. One of the pleasures of passengers on large cruise ships is the ocean view, the starry sky, and the beautiful scenery of the islands seen in the distance that changes day by day. Information can be enjoyed simply and quickly at the individual level. It is only when there is such directional information that shooting can be enjoyed and can be explained to others. If it is a suitable activity such as rescue or rescue, if it is a record of it, if it is a sharing to make rescue efficient and smooth, simultaneous recording of the direction is required for imaging. At the touch of a button, with WIFI, it is easy to incorporate GPS positioning and this proposed orientation information into the imaging. (In recent years, even if a digital camera does not have that function, an SD card itself has a WIFI function, and information communication is mutually communicated with other digital devices, and it is widely distributed in the market worldwide. Needless to say, it can be realized easily and inexpensively by utilizing it.For example, Toshiba's flashair 8MB, 16MB, 32MB are at least available in the market, and there are also international manufacturers (Sundisk, transcend, max*** : etc.) are available for purchase on Amazon).

In addition, although air mobiles and maritime mobiles have been mentioned, land mobiles also have a similar favorable aspect. The Chuo Line, which crosses Tokyo from east to west, is strangely popular with visitors from overseas. The reason is as follows. In other words, in many places, the track section continues with a very good view. There are very few such track sections overseas (with the exception of mountain railways in Switzerland, which can be said to have been intentionally designed that way). From Tokyo to Shinjuku, you can see the moats and rivers around Iidabashi and Ochanomizu, and from Nakano to Kunitachi and Takao, there is a continuous overpass, and both sides have very good views. Also, the place to cross the river is around Tachikawa or past, but it is the same. When Takao and Mt. Fuji are swollen to the west, it is also very nice to be able to see the mountains normally. And since the train looks down on ordinary private houses, passengers will probably be pleased to see so many things. In addition, it seems that everything is harmoniously integrated, and the density is also favorable as it seems to be a ministry of Japanese culture. In recent years, visitors to Japan can understand such a statement as a kind of enthusiasm for trying to read the culture in the scenery, and a desire to remember it as a memorial, and that is also understandable. Japanese culture has received so much attention, and people are demanding to experience it with their own eyes. It has to do with how to get there. Therefore, I am trying to grasp with my own eyes and eyes the cultural characteristics that are difficult to express in words. Therefore, what is important is the implementation of a direction information acquisition method on an individual level so that a person can act freely according to his/her will. If that technology (direction information acquisition method) becomes an intellectual property that Japan can provide, the cultural effect will be immeasurable. In any case, it is especially convenient if you have a good view, such as an elevated railroad track. In that case, from inside the vehicle, use the left and right windows in the direction of travel to press them, and just in case, press your body (such as your back) against them, and measure both forward and backward (left and right in the direction of travel). There is a distance of several meters to the window), and good results were obtained (in this experiment, the straight track (to the east and west) continued for a long time) The route from Nakano to Hachioji, which is about 1 hour long, is very good.In practical use, of course, 1 hour does not have to be a straight line, and 30 seconds to 1 minute + 30 seconds on one side will suffice. The Narita Express is also likely to be used by many passengers, but since it also runs through vast fields, I tested the left and right windows in the direction of travel as well, and it is a good route.)

(back side of attached sheet)

and,

The coastline is intricate. It's hard to know where you are when you're walking. Multiple coastline options exist within GNSS positioning errors. For example, on which coastline are you on either side of the ocean? Visually, there are only rocks, and they are similar and featureless. When it gets dark, it is urgent to carry it before sunset (overseas, when it gets dark, it becomes completely dark and you lose track of your way back in the harsh wilderness. (Even if the battery runs out, there are many situations where contingency cannot be obtained in situations where it is necessary to communicate linguistically, which is dangerous, and it is also dangerous for security). In fact, if the direction of the normal to the sea is known, it is actually possible to specify the position on the map, which was difficult only by positioning, in many cases. I also experienced this when I was studying abroad in Sydney. Furthermore, unlike Japan, where there are many man-made structures in a narrow space, in Australia, Europe, the United States, and other countries, people are often forced to walk in vast spaces. It is almost impossible to walk around for a while and make a mistake, let's go back, or there will be a signboard sooner or later, or you'll run into someone (in Japanese!) and ask them. of. Even if I try to walk around for a while and make a mistake and try to go back, I soon end up walking for a little more than an hour. No signboards. People who are walking around are not necessarily safe people. (In many cases, in that case, there will be reluctance to talk to k, so the probability of such a thing will decrease as a result.) In such a case, this method is the better one. In the southern hemisphere like Sydney, the position of the sun, the position of the moon, and the position of the center are the opposite of those in the northern hemisphere. They are likely to make mistakes. It's best to say that Australians have a lot of space. It's physically demanding, it's dangerous, and it's a well-known fact that many explorers are missing out on exploration in Australia. Maintaining a sense of direction is difficult. Also, as an aside, it is known from cultural studies that some Aboriginal peoples always maintain their sense of direction (northern in any environment with a fairly high degree of accuracy). I live consciously, whether it's in the place where I've been for the first time or in the room of the man-made structure where I've been for the first time.) Those of us who do not have that ability need the proposed method.

If the direction is obtained from the coastline, the current position may be known. This is especially true in international (including tourism) cities such as Sydney.
International (tourism) cities are often found in harbors along the coastline. Sydney in Australia, Amsterdam in the Netherlands, NY in the US, Washington DC, San Francisco, sanDiego, London in the UK, etc. It is easy to understand if you consider that the former international port city was the center of the world economy. If so, tourism is currently an important tourism resource in any country, a security policy with soft power in promoting cultural understanding, a substrate for gaining cultural respect, and even an essential In terms of cultural contribution, it can be said that it also contributes to the deepening of international approaches. This will be better understood in the future. It goes beyond mere tourism. When thinking in this way, it is not just a package tour, but because each individual visits with a problem in living, we act freely according to the individual's awareness of problems and issues as much as possible. It will become desirable to determine the form, and the signs are already visible. The prosperity of FIT (fee independent tourist or tourism) from package tours speaks for itself. If there is such an individual's awareness of problems and issues, I suddenly notice, ah, if that's the case, let's stretch out there, it seems close, but which direction? Of course, it would be nice to go out of your way to ask a guide, but for situations such as very early in the morning when this is not possible, or for emergencies, it would be a good technique to have. In that sense, the proposed method is based on future predictions of the coming era (there is a prediction of the market for soymilk and the price reduction of receivers compatible with multiple positioning satellite systems).





(front side of separate sheet) (no back side)

Regarding the experiment in August 2014 on the overpass between Nakano Station and Koenji Station on the JR Chuo Line.
At that time, the rotation is memorized as 10 degrees/10 seconds clockwise.
This is a convenience. Only inverting is fine, but I thought too much that I was going to do an experiment.
I did it that way just to get more food so that I could cook various dishes later.
In this proposal, only inversion is sufficient. No need to rotate. No, but I'm embarrassed to bring all the tools with me to implement it, so I only thought about data in each direction so that it would be easy to use in various ways later, so I hope there is no misunderstanding.

10 degrees/10 seconds = 90 degrees/90 seconds = 360 degrees/360 seconds = 1 revolution/6 minutes

Met. I remember. I will show the record at that time later. You can check there.

At that time, the 0 second point and the 180 second point are compared.
90 seconds and 270 seconds are compared.
The experiment was compared for 10 seconds after 0 seconds. 10 seconds after 180 seconds. And so on.







(Surface of attached sheet)



Direction information acquisition device (system)

rotation sensor,

Manual input or voice input

Prepare. It is characterized by Device. system.




If it is not possible or inappropriate to go around the back of the big rock,

Measurement in that direction may be omitted.










"Length of measurement time"
The length of measurement time in the forward and reverse directions may be set in advance. and can be changed on the spot. But it's okay.





(back side of attached sheet)

…you can keep it.
and can be changed on the spot. But it's okay.

You can prepare it in advance.



It is preferable that the length of measurement time in the forward and reverse directions be the same,
As long as the lengths of the measurement times in the forward and reverse directions are close to each other, there is no problem even if they are slightly different.

Also, you can obviously completely block
If it's a big thing, even one side
It is enough.
good at things















compass
in previous experiments
proven
in 10 seconds
1 minute is 1 minute
Was it 15 degrees/10 seconds?

Rotation by 10 degrees

15 degrees
was




The following items may be used as shields.
The present invention and method may be implemented using the following objects as shields. It fits very well as a usage context.
Military, or mobile, or polar mobility, transport machines, equipment, or mobiles are very well suited as use contexts. .
The present invention and method may be implemented by using helicopters as shields on both sides of a helicopter such as a Sikorsky type.
Airplanes, airplanes, and projectiles may be used.
Both decks of the ship may be used to utilize structures such as cabins as cover.
Both decks of a hull such as the Yotai Maru anchored near Odaiba may be used to utilize structures such as cabins as shields.
Hikawa Maru, etc. It is possible to use both decks of the hull anchored near Yamashita Wharf and utilize structures such as passenger cabins as shields.
The Aviation Museum also has an exhibition space outside, but you can use the aircraft that are anchored there. Of course, an actual machine may be used.
Alternatively, a magnetic compass or the like would not be suitable on a train overpass due to the magnetic field, but the present invention would be suitable.
Magnetic fields also affect the vicinity of the fuselage, so a magnetic compass or the like would not be suitable, but the present invention is well suited.


A natural quay used for climbing or an artificial wall may be used as a shield.
It is also possible to use the human body as a shielding object that is several times as long as the wavelength of about 19 cm.

The larger the size of the shielding object, the better.
This is because the diffraction loss is large (because the distance from the diffraction end to the center of the antenna also increases).

The greater the distance from the antenna arrangement location to the diffraction end, the greater the diffraction loss. So it's good (it's convenient).

For the body, the center of the ventral side is acceptable. Similarly, it may be placed in the middle of the back. It is the same.
In that sense, you can fasten the antenna/receiver with a back pain prevention belt (corset). By doing so, the wearability is good, and it is actually effective in preventing lumbago, which is convenient. Also, the firm fastening property of the wide Velcro tape of the back pain prevention belt can be preferably applied.


Occluders may have varying distances from the center.
Also, the surface on which the antenna is arranged may be a slightly uneven surface.
The rock can be more bumpy on the other side.
Any three-dimensional shape may be used on the side other than the side on which the antenna is arranged.
In other words, in an extreme analogy, it can be something like a huge rock cut in half.
These rocks are used as climbing slopes and training grounds, so they are actually well known, and information is shared by mapping them on maps. It has a name and a nickname. It is graded (there are multiple grading systems in Europe and America such as 10, 11, 12 and 5, 6, 7) because of the distance and smallness of the hold, and is loved by enthusiasts. Of course, they can also be used as shields. In particular, most of them are steep rocky areas, so they can be used preferably. Also, for them, it is often the first time for them to explore using a map and GPS, so this method is useful.
There are often steep rocky areas along the coast. Yugawara and others. Izu, etc. If one side of these sheer rocks is the ocean, it is guaranteed that one side will have a good view, so it can be used more preferably.

A little bit about climbing. It is famous both in Japan (Futagoyama, Takatoriyama, Yugawara, Odawara, Izu, etc. have outdoor slopes that are loved throughout the four seasons) and South Korea. It is a popular sport in France. There are indoors, but it thrives in outdoor natural rocky areas. It is also popular in the United States (Yosemite is famous for its climbing slopes). International competitions are also active every year. In Japan, there are many athletes who are ranked high in international competitions, and they sometimes win (for example, Yuji Hirayama), making it one of the most popular outdoor sports around the world. It is also noted as a genre of activity to which the method can be very well applied.

While we've mentioned the outdoor use, it's also well suited for other areas such as mothballs.
country ski. Yamaski. nordic skiing. Mountain ski ^. backcountry skiing. A sport that takes action in nature such as skis (moving in the snow with seals with a high friction coefficient called a seal on the back).
canoe. We act in nature with oars.
Paraglider ^.
climbing.
These are rather steam-powered ships, like sailing ships when contrasted, primarily using the forces of nature and man to play in or be in the bosom of nature. It's an outdoor sport that makes me feel like I'm going to be active, and rather than using too much equipment, I manage with as little equipment as possible, and then skillfully use my wisdom and the power of the human body to overcome difficulties in nature. There is a sport called going. Although the proposed method embodies a high level of wisdom, it is based on simplicity, and is well suited to the spirit of such outdoor sports. Based on the spirit of harmony between nature and humans, it can be said that it has characteristics that are in line with the above-mentioned outdoor equipment, such as minimum electronic equipment but the most excellent wisdom is condensed. I want to wake up


(7)

There is a concept of a moving average value of input (output when viewed from the receiver side) for k seconds (for example, k = 5 (seconds)). It is convenient to think about it.

The moving average is a well-known concept (see, for example, the World Encyclopedia (Hirasha), see Rikagaku Jiten, and see Kojien).

The moving average may be used, but here we consider the following concept by further expanding and diverting the concept. That is, consider the minimum value within a certain period of time. As a frame of that fixed time, we consider the minimum value within that frame as the minimum value within that frame, which is the moving minimum value, along with the time, and the starting point which is the starting point which is the starting point which is the ending point and the time point which goes back a certain amount of time. I will call.



Assuming that the measurement time is now 30 seconds, the moving minimum value is obtained about 30 times.


Compared to the diffracted wave, the direct wave has a smaller signal intensity fluctuation and a smaller drop in the signal intensity over time. relatively stable over time
Compared to the direct wave, the diffracted wave has large fluctuations in signal intensity and large drops in signal intensity over time. Relatively unstable over time.



The time series of the moving minimum of the time series of observed values (i.e., direct waves) with small fluctuations in signal intensity, small dips in signal intensity, and relatively stable in time. take.

A time series of moving minima (i.e. circumpolar waves) in a time series of observations with large fluctuations in signal strength, large dips in signal strength, many, relatively unstable in time take.

The time series obtained with the former should be more stable at generally higher values of signal strength than the time series obtained with the latter.

In order to eliminate accidental fluctuations, we take the maximum value as the best value in the time series obtained in the former, and the maximum as the best value in the time series obtained in the latter. take a value.
Then, the direct wave obtains the most stable value among the stable groups, and more and more the value that appropriately reflects its characteristics is obtained. No matter how good the diffracted wave is, a value of this level can be obtained. Original base value and frequency of drop in value from there
etc. can be deformed and extracted, and the purpose can be achieved well.



Among those multiple moving minimums, the maximum value is
Extracted from the direct wave and the diffracted wave and used as representative values and feature values,
By comparing and in light of the following criteria, which
by direct wave
Which is the diffracted wave can be determined with high accuracy between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

Then, a stable direct wave with less dip gives a more stable representative value.
On the other hand, the diffracted wave means that no matter how good the value is, it is only this much.




Spread spectrum receivers used in satellite positioning systems use various mechanisms for synchronization acquisition and synchronization maintenance. The characteristics may change slightly depending on the mechanism used. Fundamentally, there is no change in the fact that the characteristics of the direct wave and the diffracted wave as described above are generated. Criteria that better reflect some differences in properties can be obtained with some preliminary experiments. You can use it.

In other words, while the moving minimum value is used above, the moving median value or the moving mode value may be used depending on the characteristics of the receiver. It can, and should, use the index that best describes the personality and characteristics of the receiver. It can be changed according to the characteristics of the receiver. It can be a moving average value or a moving maximum value. Furthermore, other feature values may be used.

In any case, if the following criteria are used appropriately, the feature value is the optimum value to be adopted according to the slight difference in the synchronization acquisition and maintenance mechanism adopted by the receiver and the individual difference of the receiver. It may be replaced with a thing, and the measurement time and the value of k may also be returned.
Compared to the diffracted wave, the direct wave has a smaller signal intensity fluctuation and a smaller drop in the signal intensity over time. relatively stable over time
Compared to the direct wave, the diffracted wave has large fluctuations in signal intensity and large drops in signal intensity over time. Relatively unstable over time.

The adopted feature value may be replaced with the optimum one, and the measurement time and the value of k may also be returned. However, this is a conventional method, when the threshold is appropriately set, when it is used, when something with a strong signal strength appears again in the satellite Needless to say, this is much less troublesome than the trouble of resetting the threshold value. This is because, once set, the utility is so high that there is almost no need to review it in comparison with the threshold.




A Sikorsky helicopter may be used as shielding material. Measurements are taken on both the left and right sides. .


Signs can also be used as cover.
It is not limited to one target, and signboards on station platforms such as those on the Chuo Line can also be used.
It goes without saying that it is possible to positively utilize cases in which multiple objects in a certain direction overlap, resulting in the effect of shielding or absorbing (attenuating) electromagnetic waves in a certain direction as a whole.
This is because the platform of the station is lined up in parallel and there are ridges, and rather than the shielding and absorption of individual objects, it is integrated as a whole and combined with the human body. In this case, it can be said that this direction is considerably blocked, and the opposite direction is said to be considerably open. Especially in an elevated station, one side is a cut-out space, and the other side is parallel to the platform. corresponds to this.




Consider what happens with a specific example.

What would happen if the reception at the time of head-on was direct wave reception from directly in front (the elevation angle is assumed to be 30 degrees)?
Because of the inversion around the body axis parallel to the vertical axis, after inversion,
The diffracted wave reception of the signal from directly behind (the angle of elevation remains unchanged at 30 degrees due to the reversal around the body axis parallel to the vertical axis) will be received.
For the sake of simplification, we assume that there are equal-width shielding plates on the left and right, and that their height is infinite (in order to temporarily omit incidents from above and below).
In this case the signal is incident upon diffraction.
Consider the shortest path of that distance from the signal source to the center of the antenna.
It must be bent (diffracted) at nearly 90 degrees from the diffractive edge and enter the antenna.
Therefore, the loss becomes large.

On the other hand, what would happen if the reception at the time of head-on was a direct wave reception from a direction of 45 degrees to the right from the front (the elevation angle is now assumed to be 30 degrees)?
Because of the inversion around the body axis parallel to the vertical axis, after inversion,
A diffracted wave reception of a signal from the left rear 45 degree direction (from the 30 degree direction with the elevation angle still unchanged) will be received.
For the sake of simplification, we assume that there are equal-width shielding plates on the left and right, and that their height is infinite (in order to temporarily omit incidents from above and below).
In this case the signal is incident upon diffraction.
Consider the shortest path of that distance from the signal source to the center of the antenna.
From the left diffraction end, the light must be bent (diffracted) by nearly 45 degrees to enter the antenna.
From the right diffraction end, the light must be bent (diffracted) by nearly 135 degrees to enter the antenna.
The intensity of the diffracted wave, which must be bent (diffracted) at an angle of about 45 degrees from the left diffraction end, is
From the right diffraction edge, the diffracted wave that must be bent (diffracted) by nearly 135 degrees to enter the antenna
will be large and dominant.
Comparatively, the intensity is generally estimated to be equal to or greater than that of the diffracted wave from the front behind the previously mentioned.


next,
What would happen if the reception when facing straight ahead was a direct wave reception from the direction of 85 degrees to the right from the front (the elevation angle is now 30 degrees)?
Because of the inversion around the body axis parallel to the vertical axis, after inversion,
It will be a diffracted wave reception of a signal from the direction of θ=85 degrees to the right from the left rear straight front (from the direction of 30 degrees with the elevation angle still unchanged).
For the sake of simplification, we assume that there are equal-width shielding plates on the left and right, and that their height is infinite (in order to temporarily omit incidents from above and below).
In this case the signal is incident upon diffraction.
Consider the shortest path from the signal source to the receiving antenna.
From the left diffractive end, it can be incident on the antenna only by bending (diffracting) only by 5 degrees, so to speak.
From the right diffraction end, the light must be bent (diffracted) (almost folded back) by nearly 175 degrees to enter the antenna.
The diffracted wave from the right diffraction edge has a larger path difference than the diffracted wave from the dominant left diffraction edge. The path difference is expressed using trigonometric functions. If the center of the antenna is placed in the center of the plate (with a width of 2W), the path difference increases by approximately w·cos (90 degrees - θ) (*31).
As for the intensity of the diffracted waves, the former is expected to be more dominant than the latter.
Comparatively, it is generally estimated that the intensity of the diffracted wave from the front of the back and the diffracted wave from the 45-degree rearward direction are higher.
In this case, it has signal strength and characteristics that are almost close to those of the direct wave.


Seen in this way, the following can be said.
Since the diffraction angle is 0 degrees, which is a direct wave, the signal strength is large, synchronization can be obtained quickly, and synchronization can be stably maintained.

The diffraction angle is 1 degree, which is almost the same.

The diffraction angle is 5 degrees. This is also a small diffraction angle. It looks almost the same as the direct wave, but it is slightly like a diffracted wave, the decrease in signal intensity, the speed of synchronization acquisition, and the synchronization maintenance. Instability is gradually observed.

Through the diffraction angle of 45 degrees and the characteristics of the diffracted wave around this,

The diffraction angle is 90 degrees, and the characteristic as a diffracted wave is completely maximized.


After making the best use of these characteristics to determine the difference between the direct wave and the diffracted wave, the diffraction angle (*21) of the signal source (satellite) can be determined from the magnitude of the diffraction loss. can be estimated.

By utilizing this fact, the direction of existence of the signal source (satellite) can be estimated. Using this, the obtained result of direction limitation may be further narrowed down.

In other words, if this method is repeated many times (which is the same as conducting a preliminary experiment), a difference of this magnitude can be obtained from the difference in the base signal strength between the direct wave and the diffracted wave. What is needed is a signal source with a diffraction angle in the direction of approximately 45 degrees, or a signal source with a diffraction angle in the direction of approximately 90 degrees, or more specifically with a diffraction angle in the direction of approximately 30 degrees, or a diffraction angle of approximately 60 degrees. It is possible to estimate the signal source of the diffraction angle in the degree direction. Needless to say, it is appropriate to use this as a strip with some width. However, by using such estimation together, it can be sufficiently used to verify the result of direction information output. In addition, if there are too few signals (satellites) available, the directional limits are too wide, etc., this information is actively used when there is sufficient availability. , can also be estimated, which is an advantage of this method. The use of such "existing things" without exhaustiveness is related to the concept of "mottainai" in Japan. It has universal value for the world. In other words, a huge system of more than 20 equivalent but identifiable by pseudo-spreading codes and moderately scattered signal sources in the sky and pseudo-spreading at the user's hand. When connected to a small receiver that can decode codes, a planar patch antenna, which is small and lightweight, acquires and maintains synchronization (which is not even possible with ordinary receivers such as radios). Digital signal processing, which used to be a highly advanced military technology, has been accumulated moment by moment, and although it is doing things that ordinary radios of the past could not do, it is enough just to provide the user with positioning and time measurement. It's good that it's being done, but when you look at it from a broader perspective, it's a system that has the value and potential of a more meaningful use for citizens (even though it's in outer space and in the hands of users) ) It is the current situation that it is felt that the potential is "not fully utilized" for the citizens. It is strongly presumed that this is because it was originally used for military purposes, so it was not guided to the output in the sense that it would support the user's autonomous actions. From this point of view, in order to surface and "utilize" such potential system capabilities, we will analyze and design diligently from the perspective of whether it will be possible by adding minor improvements to any place. However, as a result of repeated tests and experiments and earnest research and analysis, he found that this proposal was a very significant method. Therefore, what a person skilled in the art can conceive of, much less what a person skilled in the art can easily conceive of.

Note that *21 can be restated a little more accurately as follows. The plane formed by the shortest paths of the diffracted waves from the signal source to the receiving antenna in the above-mentioned sense (that is, the straight line from the signal source to the diffraction edge and the straight line from the diffraction edge to the center of the antenna) can be said to be the diffraction angle formed by the vectors in the respective traveling directions of the two straight lines at the diffraction edges.

Note that *31 is attenuated accordingly. A corresponding phase difference also occurs. The phase difference acts to strengthen the dominant signal when the phases match or are close to each other, but acts to cancel it when the phases are opposite or close to it. W may be intentionally designed by taking advantage of this point. By actively utilizing this point, you can dare to shift the side dish to the center of the board.









of FIG.
Consider the graph drawn in the second row and third column.
In this graph, measurement time=L=10.
The black circle ● indicates the time variation of the signal intensity of the direct wave.
A white circle ∘ indicates the time change of the signal intensity of the circumpolar wave.
In this graph, for convenience, we consider a set of k=3 moving minima.
Then the number of elements that make up the set of moving minimums (allowing for duplication) is
Since the number of elements constituting the set of moving minimum values = L−k+1,
The number of elements forming the set of moving minimum values=10−3+1=8.
The number of elements that make up the set of moving minima is the same for direct and diffracted waves.
Considering the maximum value among the concrete values lined up by the number of elements,
It is a direct wave and a diffracted wave,
Even if there is almost no drop in signal strength, the measurement time intervals with the smallest drop are
First of all, each is picked up and the minimum value is compared between the intervals.

In other words, the measurement time that is regarded as the most stable signal strength for k seconds is
Each is taken first and the minimum signal strength is compared between the time intervals.
I can say.

by this
This creates a situation where excuses such as accidental out-of-synchronization cannot be used,
Essentially, the data that appeared there showed that the power of the wave (whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave)
Within the measurement time L,
The best expressed or (least disturbed by accidental desynchronization) embodied time intervals (assuming length k) are selected,
The time segment where the best was done
Even in , there is still a minimum value, so by comparing the minimum values,
It is possible to determine which is the direct wave and which is the diffracted wave.
with great precision
I can.

As a result, it is said that the synchronous mechanism peculiar to SS communication caused an accidental loss of synchronization.
It should be noted that a comparative environment has been created in which it is extremely difficult to evade.
The sequence of signal intensities shown there essentially shows the signal intensities as the baseline of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, and the fluctuation components that fluctuate and fluctuate it.

Adding both of the above (the signal intensity as the baseline and the fluctuation component that fluctuates and fluctuates it) gives a model of the signal intensity of the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

First, the direct wave has a higher signal intensity as a baseline than the diffracted wave because it has no diffraction loss.

Next, regarding the component that fluctuates the signal intensity, the diffracted wave (the waveform of the rectangular wave is broken due to the superimposition of the signals that can arrive from multiple diffraction ends--there is also a phase difference--) is the signal intensity. The probability of lowering is overwhelmingly large, and the direct wave has an overwhelmingly smaller probability (although it is not zero in principle due to the mechanism structure as mentioned above, it is much smaller than the probability of the diffracted wave). Already mentioned. In other words, even as for the fluctuation component, the fluctuation component that lowers the signal intensity of the direct wave is smaller than the fluctuation component that lowers the signal intensity of the diffracted wave.

Then, the current value of interest (*41) (i.e., within the total measurement time, the time interval considered to be the most stable during that time as the signal intensity for k seconds is the direct wave If we take up the candidate and the diffracted wave candidate first, and compare the minimum values between those time intervals within the time interval of the reception state considered to be stable, then the direct wave is the diffracted wave. It can be seen that the logical conclusion is that the probability of becoming larger than that of is overwhelmingly large.

Based on this logic, preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the above-mentioned characteristic values, and experimental results supporting the validity of this logic were stably obtained in many trials.

The data are shown below.

(The following shows the results of the experiment with 2013/ on the overpass, including text-based illustrations.)



k times min = means that even if there is a slight downward fluctuation, it will not be overlooked. A process that works against diffracted waves. Even if there is a diffracted wave, even if it is a little bit good, the high value that flies out is ignored because it is strongly focused on the direction of the fluctuation. The unstable characteristics of the signal intensity, which makes it difficult to maintain the synchronism of the diffracted waves, are severely detected. more important and reported. With this, the diffracted waves cannot escape the eyes of surveillance.

In k times of min, there is often no fluctuation at all with a straight wave, so it is often stable at high roots.

That max= works in favor of straight waves. In direct waves, there is often no or almost no fluctuation. Being able to get a high price there works to your advantage. to a straight wave.


In this way, it is easier to extract the features of the straight wave, and the diffracted wave can be extracted with a strict eye on the diffracted wave, even if it fluctuates even a little. can be strictly and accurately discriminated.

such an algorithm.





Conventionally, diffracted waves have been treated only as a nuisance, from the perspective of only being a hindrance to sound communication.
For this reason, there are few studies that directly address this issue.

In addition, since diffracted waves are considered only after there are obstacles and shields,
All diffracted waves along the contour of the viewed object, assuming an infinite number of diffraction edges
In principle, we must consider the superposition of waves reaching the center of the antenna,
The path difference (= path difference from signal source to diffraction edge + path difference from diffraction edge to antenna center),
a phase difference at the center of the antenna as a consequence of said path difference;
Diffraction loss based on the diffraction angle from each diffraction end to the center of the antenna and the path difference,
At least for the above, each has different attributes, which can be said to be infinite via diffraction edges
Superposition of waves reaching the center of the antenna, which can be said to be infinite,
In principle, we must think carefully,
With that difficulty,
It was hard to say that proper research had been done.

However, on the contrary, the inventor focused on the fact that there is a basis for the creation of innovative technology,
In coming up with this proposal, I thought about its industrial usefulness,
As a result of extensive studies, the present invention was completed.

Therefore, it cannot be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art.
In the first place, a person skilled in the art could not even conceive of a method of obtaining azimuth information, which is the basis of the present invention.
The number of those who follow it is very, very few, and many of those few are also very likely to be misunderstood, so those who understand their original intentions will be sent to the world.
Even fewer.

In this regard,
Therefore, it cannot be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art.


Experimental data are shown.









Based on simple threshold crossing,
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
When the threshold needs to be changed (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
I feel like it's necessary, but the hypothesis that it's already done enough with a distracted body and both arms is also valid.
Or if you use your legs and arms while squatting and cover your crotch with a stone or a stump and both hands, even if you don't have anything.
I feel like I can do enough to make a difference even without a cool pillow).


1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.


GPS rollover occurs every 19.6 years. Therefore, the hours, minutes, and seconds are correct as they are, but the year, month, and day must be read differently.
This is more of a GPS specification than a problem. This is also true for the data below.
In addition, in order to avoid this problem, there are many cases where each manufacturer of GPS receivers responds by updating the firmware.
In other words, in the world of GPS receivers, firmware updates are frequently performed, and there is a culture of acceptance by users without hesitation.
You can even say that it already exists as a characteristic rooted in its specifications.
Therefore, in view of this background, it can be handled only by rewriting the firmware proposed in this proposal.
It may be said that the orientation information acquisition method is particularly well suited for conventional GPS receivers.
It can even be said that it is even more suitable for a GPS unit with integrated GPS antenna and GPS receiver. However, it is not limited to firmware updates, and once this method is understood and spread,
A built-in sensor for automatic detection of the rotation angle, a device for inputting the rotation angle, a user interface such as a tap, etc.
It goes without saying that it is a good fit.

In the following, we show that the proposed scheme works very well in real experiments.
The equipment used is SONY IPS5000.
The signal output format is well known and is open to the public on the web.
Regarding Rollover, it should be regarded as a specification rather than a GPS problem, and it is a specification that GPS week returns to 0 once every 19.6 years. This specification is reasonable, and trying to solve it by force is a waste of resources, and is not considered a problem in the world of GPS. Hours, minutes, and seconds are accurate regardless of the Rollver. As for the date, it is necessary to read it appropriately, but it can be said that trying to solve this by force is a waste of resources, and it should be noted that it is not considered a problem in the world of GPS. is. In addition, below, it shows as an output. Changing it to the actual date is easy if you use Unix or Linux sed, awk, sh, bash, ruby, etc., but I dare to leave it as it is.
As for the specifications of the SONY IPS format, since it is a famous machine, it seems that it is well known from many books that have been published, but here is an overview of the specifications of the SONY IPS format.
The definition of the IPS format is as follows.

Sentence (IPS)
SONY81%a%j%b%c%d%e%f%g%h%i%a%j%b%n4B%0l%1l%2l%3l%4l%5l%6l%7lfDBE%y%Z

<Each definition>
SONY81 - SONYGPS type solid 81 → IPS-5000, 5000G, 82 → IPS-5200,
88 → Meaning of IPS-8000

%a - Output YYMMDD YYMMDD 6-digit number
%b - Output hour, minute, and second as 6 digits in HHMMSS
%c - Output north/south latitude as one character N/S
%d - output latitude as 7 characters in DDMMSSS
%e - Output east/west longitude as one character E/W
%f - output longitude as DDDMMSSS 8 characters
%g - Altitude as a 4-digit integer with +/- in meters (e.g. +0012,-1234)
%h - Speed as a 3-digit integer in Km/h
%i - output the direction as a 3-digit integer in degrees (0-360)
%4i - Output direction as +-3 digit integer in degrees (-180 to 180)
%j - print the day of the week as a number 0-6
%nl - Output satellite status in VhRFS format
%n - output DOP in AQ alphabet

example
SONY990005281122909N3623537E14035451+00000050200005281122909
A4BaFOFTQDIFJAbQABVHAFJgCnDDRBeDCdGnCHeDhFIfDBEE

More detailed signal specifications are given below. For those skilled in the art, the SONY IPS format is well-known, and even if you forget it, you can easily read and understand it with this specification. In addition, since there was no appropriate source in Japanese, it is based on the following. However, even though it is written in English, it is simply a list of words and phrases, so if you have this specification, you can easily read and understand it. There are various types of output from GPS receivers, such as NMEA, but all of them have similar contents such as satellite information, positioning information, date and time information of positioning calculation results, DOP information, etc. be. It's nothing like English.
http://happy.emu.id.au/neilp/gps/ipsformat2.htm
Information on decoding the Sony IPS Data Format for Position Output:

The IPS-2010 transmit position data every one second.
This data format is similar to the IPS-3000, which includes 108 ASCII characters, "Carriage Return" and "Line feed".
The sample data is as follows with referencing letters underneath each field.

SONY10 9508211122322 N3833744 W12244456 +2345 234 271 9508211122321 A
ABCDEFGHI

3A RHECT SHQFN BDdFP aGfFM KCJCN dCNFN CcPAB LfEAB P 2 34 O
JKLMNOPQRSTUVW

A: Sony software version 1.0

B: Date & Time
95 08 21 1 12 23 22
where
95 = year
08 = months
21 = day
1 = day of week: 0(Sunday) - 6(Saturday)
12 = hour (24 hour clock)
23 = minutes
22 = seconds

C: Latitude Degree, minute, minute/1000
where N3833744 means N38"33.744' - needs a further update

D: Longitude Degree, minute, minute/1000
where W12244456 means W122"44.456' - needs a further update

E: Altitude in meters
+2345 + indicates above earth ellipsoid
- indicates below earth ellipsoid

F: Velocity
234km/hr

G: True bearing / direction relative to True North
271 degrees measured clockwise from True North (up to 360 degrees)

H: Calculation time. The time the IPS-2010 calculated position
95 08 21 1 12 23 21
95 = year
08 = months
21 = day
1 = day of the week
12 = hours
23 = minutes
21 = seconds
Acquisition time is usually one second prior to display time.

I: Indicates DOP
Dilution of Precision Table:
Display DOP Display DOP
A1J10
B2K11-12
C3L13-15
D4M16-20
E5N21-30
F6O31-50
G7P51-99
H8Q100+
I9
A.....DOP=1

J: Indicates measurement mode
3 = 3 satellites used (2-D mode)
4 = 4 satellites used (3-D mode)

K: Indicates Map Datum of position data
26 different world datums (AZ) selectable from the Map Datum List.
A = WGS-84
B = Tokyo
C = ADINDAN
D = ARC 1950
E = MERCHICH
F = Hong Kong 1963
G = SOUTH ASIA
H = LUZON
I = INDIAN
J = INDIAN
K = FERTAU 1948
L = NORTH AMERICAN 1927 (use for Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador,
M = EUROPEAN 1950 Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua)
EUROPEAN 1979
N = IRELAND 1965
O = ORDNANCE SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN 1936
P = NAHRWAN
Q = NAHRWAN
R = OLD EGYPTIAN
S = NORTH AMERICAN 1927 (use for Canada, Newfoundland Island)
T = NORTH AMERICAN 1983 (Alaska, Canada, Mexico, Central America, USA)
U = AUSTRALIAN GEODETIC 1984
V = GEODETIC DATUM 1949
W = PROVISIONAL SOUTH AMERICAN 1956
X = SOUTH AMERICAN 1969
Y = CAMPO INCHAUSPE
Z = CORREGO ALEGRE

A = WGS-84

L: Indicates Channel 1 satellite information
RHECT
1 2 3 4 5

1st letter indicates satellite PRN Number
2nd Elevation
3rd Azimuth
4th Receiver & Sat info.
5th Sat signal strength

M: Indicates Channel 2 satellite information
N: Indicates Channel 3 satellite information
O: Indicates Channel 4 satellite information
P: Indicates Channel 5 satellite information
Q: Indicates Channel 6 satellite information
R: Indicates Channel 7 satellite information
S: Indicates Channel 8 satellite information

PRN Number:
Display PRN# Display PRN# Display PRN#
A1L12W23
B2M13X24
C3N14a25
D4O15b26
E5P16c27
F6Q17d28
G7R18e29
H8S19f30
I9T20g31
J10U21h32
K11V22
Satellite Elevation:
Display Elevation Display Elevation
A 0 > +5 a 0 > -5
B +6 > +15 b -6 > -15
C +16 > +25 c -16 > -25
D +26 > +35 d -26 > -35
E +36 > +45 e -36 > -45
f +46 > +55 f -46 > -55
G +56 > +65 g -56 > -65
H +66 > +75 h -66 > -75
I +76 > +85 i -76 > -85
J +86 > +90 j -86 > -90

Satellite Azimuth:
Display Azimuth Display Azimuth
A 0 > +5 a 0 > -5
B +6 > +15 b -6 > -15
C +16 > +25 c -16 > -25
D +26 > +35 d -26 > -35
E +36 > +45 e -36 > -45
f +46 > +55 f -46 > -55
G +56 > +65 g -56 > -65
H +66 > +75 h -66 > -75
I +76 > +85 i -76 > -85
J +86 > +95 j -86 > -95
K +96 >+105 k -96 >-105
L +106 >+115 L -106 >-115
M +116 >+125 m -116 >-125
N +126 >+135 n -126 >-135
+136 >+145 o -136 >-145
P +146 >+155 p -136 >-155
Q +156 >+165 q -156 >-165
+166 >+175 r -166 >-175
S +176 >+180 s -176 >-180

Receiver and Satellite Information:
Display Situation
A Searching for satellites (SCAN)
B Receiver has synchronized with satellite signal (LOCK)
C Can be used for position calculation
D Satellite signal has been interrupted (HOLD)
E Satellite has been set unhealthy -not available for calculation
F Satellite has been used for position calculation

Receiver Signal Strength:
A (Low level) through to Z (high level)

T: Indicates Reference Generator Status
Display
P . . . Reference Generator is LOCKED
U . . . Reference Generator is NOT LOCKED
U: (No information)

V: Lat/Lon Format
Lat and Lon are shown as DMS if in Alphabet
Lat and Lon are shown as DMD if in Numeric

W: Indicates parity either E or O

--------------------------------------------
Commands to your IPS-2010
--------------------------------------------

You need to put @ character on the beginning of command.

PT: Enter Approximate position of where you are
At system reset or moving over 2000km with out receiving signal, or after a memory clear
Entering this command makes faster positioning than Automatic .
Example: @PTS35E139 <CR><LF>
(N or S, Lat (Degree), E or W, Lon (Degree)

TM: Enter Approximate UTC time & date
Example: @TM199703042120000 <CR><LF>
(UTC date and day of week and time)

SK: Enter a Local Map Datum
Example: @SKA <CR><LF>
(A=WGS-84 U=AGD84... See earlier table)

DMD: Set Lat and Lon as DMD
Example: @DMD <CR><LF>
Lat and Lon indicate as deg,min,1/1000min

DMS: Set Lat and Lon as DMS
Example: @DMS <CR><LF>
Lat and Lon indicate as deg,min,1/10sec

SR: Software Reset
Example: @SR <CR><LF>
Erase settings of CH command

CD: System Reset
Example: @CD <CR><LF>
Reset all in memory and set as default
Exact Place: Tokyo
Exact Date: random
DATUM : WGS-84
Indicate way of Lat and Lon: DMS

CH: Set SV# of satellites to receive (Fix satellites)
Example: @CH3,5,9,13,21,18 <CR><LF>
Available number is 1 to 32
Way to clear this setting is
SR or CD command and CH command with out parameter.

SV: Calculate number of visible satellites of day
Example: @SV <CR><LF>
DFEEEFD..........................means
|||||||01:30 D(3)
|||||| F(5)
|||||01:00 E(4)
|||| ov 30 deg. E(4)
|||00:30 ov 30 deg. E(4)
||00:00 over 10 deg. from Horizon is F(5)
|00:00 over 30 deg. from Horizon is D(3)

A=0...K=10

LS: Calculate visible satellites of day (each 30 min)
Example: @LS <CR><LF>
05 defenders
||over 10 deg. from Horizon is F(5)
|over 30 deg. from Horizon is D(3)
05 is 02:30 UTC

00=00:00 (UTC)
01=00:30 (UTC)
.
.
2F=23:30 (UTC)




Also, the raw data is shown first, and then the situation suggested by the raw data is briefly shown by graphics in which the text is arranged geometrically. An image of the sky. The upper side of the paper is the north, and the figure is viewed from the zenith. The left side of the paper corresponds to the east. In the SONY IPS signal format, the azimuth angle of each satellite is represented by an alphabet. The notation corresponds to the fact that A is north and R is east and south. In addition, this is a notation corresponding to the fact that from north to west and south is represented by small letters from a to r. These represent the horizon when the sky map is viewed from above, and the text graphic assumes a circular shape. it is not the essence. If it can be used as a visual aid, it will be fine. If there is no saga between the feature value of the signal strength in a certain attitude where the satellite was present and the feature value of the signal strength in the other attitude, the alphabet representing the azimuth angle of the satellite is is shown with slashes around it. On the other hand, the reason why I did not enclose it with a slash and wrote the front and back in kanji right next to it is that I was originally experimenting with it facing due south, so I took an inverted posture immediately after that, but it was facing first. If the satellite is determined to exist in a hemisphere centered on the azimuth (a semicircle when viewed from above), the table is the table, and the reverse is the back. It is natural that there is a case where it cannot be determined whether it is either one or the other. Weakness and weakness are described, and the term 'excluded' is also added to mean that it was excluded from the first stage, which is limited to azimuth. Also, near the zenith, that is, near the middle, the elevation angle J is written because the signal of a satellite with a high elevation angle is measured, but the elevation angle is higher than the upper limit elevation angle specified in advance. As such (meaning as set forth in the prior patent application), it is a sign that the result of the limitation has been uncontaminated. , and aside, GF=1 <3 no difference
, etc., because the feature value of the signal strength is G in one posture and F in another posture, and the difference between them is no more than 1, so the presumed threshold value (3 in this case) is used. It is a record such as "smaller" and "no difference". In addition, the strength table, etc., is described as such. As a result of the comparison of the feature amounts, it is determined to be either the front side or the back side. This is important because it suggests that if only one posture is observed, there is a probability of 1/2 that the validity will be questioned. This is a scene where the importance and significance of the proposed method are well understood. Although these experiments only measured one azimuth posture for only 10 seconds, and the complementary opposite azimuth posture for only 10 seconds, this level of accuracy was obtained. This fact shows the potential of the proposed method.


C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I'm not mistaken, set the GPS vertically to the body, start from 0 degrees north of the GPS plane normal beam direction, rotate clockwise around the body axis at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds, memorize.

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
north = front
Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare the inversion of each body + GPS. Inversion and comparison can be performed.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).


What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・By this, you can effectively capture satellites in the upper hemisphere with only your body and +α (things containing polar molecules such as water are suitable), or in some cases only with your body, only with mountains. [In this case, there is almost no back side], for example, it is possible to identify it only by looking at the window of a hotel as a lodging facility [In this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back side unless it is directly under the roof unless it is located at a very corner).

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques In chronological order\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times ■ and 5 times or overpass 10 Total minute rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it with body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
The condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) is a satellite with ■85 degrees or less■ [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

The condition (1.1) (status: 4th) must be ■receiving status■ (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) ■continuously for more than 5 seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under the condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), each ■ minimum signal strength ■ in each possible series of ■ consecutive 5 seconds ■ is obtained, and the maximum value ■ of these ■ is set to P.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is 2 or less, it is considered that there is no ■ difference ■. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.





From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof (Train window/Building window)\20100629■ Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\2 times■ and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes total rotation \
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the 10-second reversed data, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was one high elevation angle rejection, one strong strong rejection, three weak weak rejections, one front and two back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 No difference j Elevation angle JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe east
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Laptop personal computer I tried it based on the data sent by DAV (2010/8/29 except for the 3rd one).
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show p for weak and strong J for strong fusing, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and strong melting has I, so I don't need to aim for a difficult one, so I have enough good data. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the most of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)




From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front
back front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th seconds, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellite in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓

↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓
↑
↓
↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.







^^^^^^


Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
When the threshold needs to be changed (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
considered necessary.

Assumptions when writing a patent
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
GPS attached to the back) was placed vertically on the body, starting from 0 degrees north of the GPS plane normal beam direction, rotating clockwise around the body axis at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds, memorized.

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
north = front front front
Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as polar substances), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only a mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side. ), it can be identified only by the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back side unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques In chronological order\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times ■ and 5 times or overpass 10 Total minute rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --- ------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
The condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) is a satellite with ■85 degrees or less■ [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

The condition (1.1) (status: 4th) must be ■receiving status■ (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) ■continuously for more than 5 seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under the condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), each ■ minimum signal strength ■ in each possible series of ■ consecutive 5 seconds ■ is obtained, and the maximum value ■ of these ■ is set to P.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is 2 or less, it is considered that there is no ■ difference ■. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof (Train window/Building window)\20100629■ Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\2 times■ and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes total rotation \
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the 10-second reversed data, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe eastward
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010). .
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show me the weak p and the strong fusing J, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and since strong melting has I, it is not necessary to aim for a difficult one, so good enough data has been obtained. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the most of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellite in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.






^^



Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
If you need to change the threshold (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
would be necessary.

premise
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. It's exactly as written in the GPS spec, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130dBm or more.
3. Therefore, when the signal strength is about -130dBm, I am worried.
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

(b) avoiding direct waves and increasing the error rate,
If the threshold is set large such as L or P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) was also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width was increased to 160 degrees, and the number of captured satellites was reduced to 2 or 1.]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule that it is overwhelmingly impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds continuously after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
If so, it is a rule of thumb that the difference exceeds two stages (overwhelmingly, it changes about 19).

7. Inverted measurements would drastically reduce the uncertainty.

8. It can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. It's good to refresh your fatigue.)

9. Polar molecules such as water and salt water that can be used at that time are food brought in, drinking water, medical infusions, fuels, luxury goods alcohol, super absorbent polymers (simple toilet supplies in times of disaster, sanitary physiology, etc.) Goods, heat insulation materials, cold insulation agents, paper diapers, etc. can be used), so it is suitable for the usage context and there is no unreasonable waste.

10. Even if there is no material that can be used, make full use of the body, torso, limbs, head (including the case where the mouth is effectively used as a cavity), etc. can be placed in the crotch and the same effect can be expected. Uncertainty is drastically reduced by allowing sufficient warm-up time. It also serves as a break, so it is suitable for the context of use.

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
North = Front Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as a cool pillow), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only the mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side.] , the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques In order of date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (train window, building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [east is here] + 300 seconds (row) [reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare the inversion of each body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
The condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) is a satellite with ■85 degrees or less■ [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

The condition (1.1) (status: 4th) must be ■receiving status■ (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) ■continuously for more than 5 seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under the condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), each ■ minimum signal strength ■ in each possible series of ■ consecutive 5 seconds ■ is obtained, and the maximum value ■ of these ■ is set to P.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is 2 or less, it is considered that there is no ■ difference ■. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\20100629 Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\twice and 5 times or overpass 10 minute rotation total\
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the data for each 10 seconds of reversal, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe eastward
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010). .
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show p for weak and strong J for strong fusing, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and strong melting has I, so I don't need to aim for a difficult one, so I have enough good data. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the most of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellites in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.


A drawing method will be described.

Uppercase letters such as AR and lowercase letters such as ar are drawn on the outer circumference,
Azimuth angles from 0 degrees to 360 degrees in SONY's IPS5000 format.
The rules are described separately in this article.
Or shown in SONY's IPS5000 format.
Should read circularly.
Even if it is shifted in a diamond shape, it is only necessary to reread it as a circle.
For some reason, even if I draw it in a circular shape, it will be misaligned.
However, manually, according to the SONY IPS5000 format,
All you have to do is arrange them carefully in a circle.
So they are just arranged in a circle at regular intervals. Just print or write on paper inevitably deviating from the circle
It's just that it's been done. The order is preserved, so evenly spaced circularly in that order
I just want it.
The azimuth angle range is indicated by enclosing the alphabetical symbols with slashes on the left and right.
indicates the presence of a satellite (signal source).

Alongside the notation that sandwiches those alphabetic symbols with slashes on the left and right,
The kanji characters for "front" and "back" have the following meanings.

In other words, as a result of the judgment, "the side where the antenna was facing in the first measurement
There was a satellite (signal source), at the time of the first measurement, it was received as a "direct" wave, and after that, the body and the GNSS antenna together 180 degrees around the body axis
It was determined that it rotated (reversed) and was received as a 'diffracted' wave at the time of the second measurement." In that case,
I wrote "'front'" in the sense that 'it was determined that the satellite was on the 'front' when viewed from the first attitude'.
It was written in kanji simply because it was easy to convey such an implication with a single character.
In addition, the SONY IPS5000 data has many alphabets, and this simplified diagram also has many alphabets, so the judgment
If you write the result in English such as front or back, it will be difficult to read and it will be long, so it is just for clarity and visual understanding.
It was written in one kanji character.

And as a result of the judgment, "In the first measurement, the side where the antenna was facing is the side where it is not"
There was a satellite (signal source), and at the time of the first measurement, it was received as a "diffracted" wave, and after that, the body and the GNSS antenna were 180 degrees around the body axis.
Rotated (flipped) and determined that it was being received as a 'direct' wave at the time of the second measurement." In that case, "The satellite
Judging from the first posture, it was determined that it existed in the ``back'' position.
It was written in kanji simply because it was easy to convey such an implication with a single character.
In addition, the SONY IPS5000 data has many alphabets, and this simplified diagram also has many alphabets, so the judgment
If you write the result in English such as front or back, it will be difficult to read and it will be long, so it is just for clarity and visual understanding.
It was written in one kanji character.

Also, sometimes it is written that it is not front, but it is not back, but it is weak, and it is enough strength in both the first posture and the second posture.
is not received. This may be the case for dense trees or building shielding.

Also, sometimes it is written that it is neither front, nor back, nor weak, nor strong, but strong and strong, whether it is the first posture or the second posture.
It shows the case where sufficiently strong, strong and stable reception was obtained, and it was difficult to discriminate between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.
In such a case, we should first suspect that the satellite (signal source) is falling in the boundary area.
After that, after identifying satellites (signal sources) that can be clearly determined, such as front and back, and weak
Identify clearly identifiable satellites (signal sources) (these are probably feature occlusions, or
satellite (signal source) with a weak signal), then (a viewing angle range of about 10 or 15 degrees)
) When the hypothesis that it existed in the boundary zone is tested and it can be explained without contradiction
Rather, it strongly reinforces the group of result judgments that have been judged up to that point, such as heads and tails.
It can be adopted as new evidence, or rather, it can be effectively used as a support for previous judgments.

Weakness excludes the use of information from the signal source (satellite) from the purpose of acquiring direction information, because it is often the shielding of features. sometimes
High elevation angle satellites are excluded (for the purpose of obtaining azimuth information), so they are sometimes referred to as high elevation angle exclusion in the sense of high elevation angle exclusion.

When the front, back, and so on can be said too clearly (distinction between reception as a diffracted wave and reception as a direct wave,
Too strong and clear, in the case of recognized satellites (signal sources)) table! Or the back! And,! Sometimes marked with a mark.

Since these are summaries of my own experimental results, I use a lot of visual aids to make them easier for me to understand.
of. As mentioned earlier, the output format of the IPS5000 is often written in English, so raw data and
In order to visually understand and grasp the judgment results at a glance, the results are written in kanji, not alphabets.
In order to make the judgment results stand out from the list of English characters, we repeatedly devised the notation as short as possible.

No strength difference This represents a case in which the strength is sufficiently strong in both the first and second postures, but the difference is difficult to recognize, suggesting the possibility that it exists in the boundary zone.
This shows a case in which reception conditions are the same in both the first and second attitudes, and it is convergent, and the difference is difficult to recognize. .
Strong strong table A case in which the signal is sufficiently strong in both the first and second postures, but the difference is clearly recognized, and the signal source can be determined to exist in the above "front".
Strong strong back A case where the signal is sufficiently strong in both the first and second postures, but the difference is clearly recognized, and the signal source can be determined to exist in the above-mentioned "back".

Strong Strong High Height Difference ≧ 4 Both the first and second postures are strong enough, but the difference is clearly recognized. A case that shows that there is.

Strong strong low difference ≧ 4 Both the first and second postures are sufficiently strong, but the difference is clearly recognized, and the difference in the minimum value of the signal strength in the IPS5000 format is a difference of 4 characters or more. A case that shows that there is.

This is a brief description of the features such as .

North = Front The first attitude is the direction of the main beam of the antenna toward true north, and the second attitude is an experiment in which the body is rotated 180 degrees around the body axis while keeping the GNSS attitude and the body as one. Here is an example of a memo for the condition of

SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
-

002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak Back Back

This is the so-called 8 channel output, which indicates the reception status of the 8 satellites that the GNSS receiver has.
Below that is an example of how 8 satellites (signal sources) were judged in kanji, showing the judgment status with one or two kanji characters.



The J at the zenith is the elevation angle in SONY's IPS5000 format.
Elevation angles from 0 to 90 degrees are indicated by alphabets.
The rules are described separately in this article.
Or shown in SONY's IPS5000 format.
Elevation angle of 0 degrees is 0 degrees, even if you don't write that alphabet letter,
It is abbreviated because it can be seen on the aforesaid circumference of the azimuth angle.
J is the elevation angle range corresponding to the zenith.
Other elevation angles are omitted because they can be easily guessed. Orientation is not so important.
Satellites close to 90 degrees of elevation angle should be excluded as they contaminate the results when used for azimuth estimation.
For that reason, only the symbol J, whose elevation angle is close to 90 degrees, is expressed expressly as a reminder.


A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.



















^^^^
stardust3383@gmal.com
parrot2000 "20130428 I didn't succeed with IE. It was like this in the memo. There was also a memo about hiking..."

myoe000@gmail.com
harahetta 20130428I have successfully logged in with IE.






Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
If you need to change the threshold (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
I feel like it's necessary, but the hypothesis that it's already done enough with a distracted body and both arms is also valid.
Or if you use your legs and arms while squatting and cover your crotch with a stone or a stump and both hands, even if you don't have anything.
I feel like I can do enough to make a difference even without a cool pillow).



Assumptions when writing a patent
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turn over and pick it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
North = Front Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as a cool pillow), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only the mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side.] , the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --- ------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --- ------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
The condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) is a satellite with ■85 degrees or less■ [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

The condition (1.1) (status: 4th) must be ■receiving status■ (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) ■continuously for more than 5 seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under the condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), each ■ minimum signal strength ■ in each possible series of ■ consecutive 5 seconds ■ is obtained, and the maximum value ■ of these ■ is set to P.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is 2 or less, it is considered that there is no ■ difference ■. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\20100629 Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\twice and 5 times or overpass 10 minute rotation total\
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the data for each 10 seconds of reversal, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe east
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010). .
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show p for weak and strong J for strong fusing, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and strong melting has I, so I don't need to aim for a difficult one, so I have enough good data. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the most of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellites in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.











^^^^^^

Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
If you need to change the threshold (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
I feel like it's necessary, but the hypothesis that it's already done enough with a distracted body and both arms is also valid.
Or if you use your legs and arms while squatting and cover your crotch with a stone or a stump and both hands, even if you don't have anything.
I feel like I can do enough to make a difference even without a cool pillow).

Assumptions when writing a patent
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques In chronological order\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times ■ and 5 times or overpass 10 Total minute rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
North = Front Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as a cool pillow), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only the mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side.] , the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare the inversion of each body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
The condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) is a satellite with ■85 degrees or less■ [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

The condition (1.1) (status: 4th) is ■receiving status■ (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) ■continuously for more than 5 seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under the condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), each ■ minimum signal strength ■ in each possible series of ■ consecutive 5 seconds ■ is obtained, and the maximum value ■ of these ■ is set to P.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is 2 or less, it is considered that there is no ■ difference ■. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days/365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\20100629 Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\twice and 5 times or overpass 10 minute rotation total\
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the data for each 10 seconds of reversal, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe east
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010). .
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show p for weak and strong J for strong fusing, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and strong melting has I, so I don't need to aim for a difficult one, so I have enough good data. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the most of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellites in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.























^^^^^^^^


Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
If you need to change the threshold (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
I feel like it's necessary, but the hypothesis that it's already done enough with a distracted body and both arms is also valid.
Or if you use your legs and arms while squatting and cover your crotch with a stone or a stump and both hands, even if you don't have anything.
I feel like I can do enough to make a difference even without a cool pillow).



Assumptions when writing a patent
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device and only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
North = Front Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as a cool pillow), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only the mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side.] , the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be in reception state (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\20100629 Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\twice and 5 times or overpass 10 minute rotation total\
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the data for each 10 seconds of reversal, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe east
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much to return)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010). .
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show me the weak p and the strong fusing J, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and since strong melting has I, it is not necessary to aim for a difficult one, so good enough data has been obtained. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. . .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the best use of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th seconds, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellites in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.






















^^^^^^^^^^



Based on exceeding the simple threshold value...
The following (a) and (b) are indistinguishable.
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, if
→ (contradiction) No answer, wrong answer, or (accidentally) correct answer.
→ It is troublesome to increase the number of incorrect answers
→ Overall deterioration of measurement results
→ (b) is actually a diffracted wave, but misidentifying it as a direct wave causes an increase in the error rate.
→There is no choice but to raise the threshold.
→ threshold inflation phenomenon
→The following two drawbacks arise.
(Disadvantage 1) The non-response rate rises profusely, increasing to 25% or 35% (even).
(Disadvantage 2) The universality of the threshold cannot be fixed. (If you try to fix it, you will have to set an impractical high threshold.)
(There is a risk that it will be a threshold value that just happened to go well)
When the threshold needs to be changed (the threshold needs to be raised more and more. Otherwize grade deterioration)
1) Differences due to shielding objects (dimensions/thickness)
2) Differences due to individual GPS receivers (sensitivity)
3) Differences due to individual GPS units in the sky (transmission intensity)

→However, the new method is a front-to-back comparison,
The above 2) is expected to cancel out, and I feel that the GPS individual difference will decrease.
The above 3) is also expected to cancel out, and I feel that individual differences in satellites (signal strength) will decrease.
The above 1) is also expected to cancel out, and the size and thickness of the shield are irrelevant (only the magnitude of the signal strength difference reference value when both are OK)
You should take care of yourself. However, when there is a small shield, the signal strength difference reference value should be reduced,
This standard is only used in special cases, so it can be said that it is fine even if this is not discernible.
It is fine to judge only from the channel state, and of course, a little shielding is necessary so that the channel state can change.
I feel like it's necessary, but the hypothesis that it's already done enough with a distracted body and both arms is also valid.
Or if you use your legs and arms while squatting and cover your crotch with a stone or a stump and both hands, even if you don't have anything.
I feel like I can do enough to make a difference even without a cool pillow).



Assumptions when writing a patent
1. Some GPS satellites send satellite signals with a value of just under 130 dBm, while others send signals that are overwhelmingly stronger than that.
2. That's exactly what the GPS spec says, and it can't be helped because only the minimum guaranteed values are shown. -130 dBm or more.
3. So if the signal strength was around -130dBm, it would bother. get lost
4. in short,
(a) Are you picking up direct waves from satellites that send weak direct waves?
(b) It is not possible to distinguish whether or not it is picking up diffracted waves from satellites that transmit strong direct waves.

[The previous iEICE paper method was
(b) is a direct wave and an increase in the wrong answer rate, and the framework of this research is disliked,
I set the threshold as large as L and P in the direction of truncating (b) as much as possible,
Inevitably, (a) is also truncated, and as a result, the limited azimuth width becomes 160 degrees, and the number of acquired satellites becomes 2 or 1.
had become less practical]

5. The only way to distinguish between the direct wave and the diffracted wave (with a cheap device, using only the equipment you have) is to reverse the situation of the direct wave and the diffracted wave, pick them up, and compare them. . This is because just by pivoting, the diffracted wave becomes the direct wave, and the direct wave becomes the diffracted wave, and vice versa.

6. So, when I turned it over and picked it up,
(a') In the case of (a'), the diffracted wave is even weaker, and it is an empirical rule (at least with ips 5000) that it is impossible to achieve normal reception for more than 5 seconds after it has already stabilized.
In the case of (b'), the diffracted wave is weakened, but it is barely -130 dBm or even exceeds it, but compared to the previous (b), the signal strength is subtracted.
In other words, the empirical rule (at least for ips5000) that the difference exceeds 2 steps (overwhelmingly changes about 19).

7. Therefore, in such a case, inversion measurement can eliminate the hesitation and reduce the uncertainty.
8. In other words, it can be distinguished whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave. Inexpensive, effective, and non-fatiguing (Pivot is not tiring, rather, rest and appreciation regenerates emotions and rational judgment. Fatigue is also refreshed.)

9. At that time, the water, salt water, etc. used is the food you brought, drinking water, medical infusion, fuel, luxury goods, alcohol, super absorbent polymers (water toilets, sanitary products, towels, ice packs, paper diapers, etc.) Etc.) or there is no unreasonable waste. (IEICE paper example posture. Also consider Ichiro stretch posture)

10. Even when there is nothing, you can expect the same effect by fully using your body, body, limbs, and head (Japanese-style toilet seat) and placing a large stone, stump, or hill on the ground between your groins. Allow enough time to warm up (this can also be a break).

11. One set can be reasonably expected to be siege limited (simulation). For 2 sets, 1 rotation of 90 degrees. For 3 sets, rotate 60 degrees twice. If you have 4 sets, rotate 45 degrees three times.




C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation\2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.ips
lines 1-10 and lines 301-310 of
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing true north (this way) That is, 1 second (row) - 10 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 135500 N3542203 E13939391 +0103 001 092 9101126 135459 E4A DHGBE JGgCH MFGFI QDRFF BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAB gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 135501 N3542204 E13939391 +0103 001 100 9101126 135500 E4A DHGDD JGgCH MFGFJ QDRFG BFdFQ WCEFV EDjDC GBMAC gDAHO
SONY81 9101126 135502 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 002 168 9101126 135501 K4A DHGDF JGgFH MFGFQ QDRBD BFdFP WCEFW EDjDC GBMAB gDIGO
SONY81 9101126 135503 N3542203 E13939391 +0102 001 164 9101126 135502 K4A DHGBE JGgFH MFGFV QDRDD BFdFN WCEFY EDjDC GBMAB gDIFO
SONY81 9101126 135504 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 176 9101126 135503 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRDE BFdFO WCEFW EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135505 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 001 097 9101126 135504 E4A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFS QDRFE BFdCO WCEFU EDjDB GBMAB gDIEO
SONY81 9101126 135506 N3542203 E13939391 +0101 002 169 9101126 135505 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFK MFGFR QDRBF BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDJDO
SONY81 9101126 135507 N3542204 E13939391 +0100 006 201 9101126 135506 K 4 A DHGBG JGgFL MFGFQ QDRBE BFdFO WCEFV EDjDB GBMAC gDAAE
SONY81 9101126 135508 N3542204 E13939390 +0100 001 180 9101126 135507 K 4 A DHGBF JGgFN MFGFO QDRDE BFdFQ WCEFX EDjDB GBMAB gDEJO
SONY81 9101126 135509 N3542204 E13939390 +0101 001 165 9101126 135508 K 4 A DHGBE JGgFM MFGFL QDRDE BFdFR WCEFY EDjDB GBMAB gDHJO
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
North = Front Front Front Front Back Front Strong Strong Front Weak Back
------ ------- ------ -------- --------- ----- --- --- --- ---- ------ - - - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---- ----
10 seconds when the GPS on the back faces due south (over there) That is, 301 seconds (row) - 310 seconds (row)
SONY81 9101126 140000 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 279 9101126 135959 C3A DHGDB JGgAC MFGDC QCRFX BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFH gDFFE
SONY81 9101126 140001 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 188 9101126 140000 C3A DHGDC JGgAC MFGDC QCRFZ BFdAB WCEFK EDjDD GBLFI gDGEO
SONY81 9101126 140002 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 275 9101126 140001 C3A DHGDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFZ BFdAC WCEFJ EDjDH GBLFI gDHDE
SONY81 9101126 140003 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 286 9101126 140002 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFH EDjFH GBLCJ gDIBO
SONY81 9101126 140004 N3542200 E13939388 +0099 000 284 9101126 140003 B 3 A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDE QCRFX BFdAB WCEFI EDjFG GBLCJ gDIAE
SONY81 9101126 140005 N3542200 E13939387 +0097 000 306 9101126 140004 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFE QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFF GBLFK gDJIE
SONY81 9101126 140006 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 008 122 9101126 140005 D4A DHHDB JGgAB MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFE GBLFJ gDBIO
SONY81 9101126 140007 N3542201 E13939387 +0099 000 220 9101126 140006 C3A DHHDB JGgAC MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFI EDjDD GBLFI gDBHE
SONY81 9101126 140008 N3542201 E13939387 +0098 000 077 9101126 140007 B 3 A DHHDC JGgAB MFGDD QCRFY BFdAB WCEFJ EDjFF GBLCH gDDGE
SONY81 9101126 140009 N3542201 E13939387 +0097 001 190 9101126 140008 D4A DHHDC JGgAC MFGFD QCRCY BFdAC WCEFJ EDjFG GBLFH gDEEO

The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) is common here and there, and it must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be received (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back).

---------------
What about the method that incorporates the front and back (reversed) comparison and the method that uses the front (one shot)? I have a question.
・If you compare the front and back (reversed), even if the strength is weak such as FG, if the reception continues for more than 5 seconds, and if the back is non-reception, you can confidently assert your presence on the front. That's what I found out.
・In spite of that, when it is behind the scenes, it is safe to expect that it will be denied.
・In other words, it is possible to know whether it is the front (direct) and is rather weak front (direct), or whether it is the back and the back (diffraction) of the front (direct) which is quite strong.
・Some GPS satellite tables (direct) are strong and some are weak. Thus, subtle values increased the rate of wrong answers and non-answers.
・However, by adopting the front and back method, it is possible to determine whether it is the back (diffraction) or the front (direct) without being bothered by the diversity of strengths and weaknesses in the front (direct) of such GPS satellites. The user can discriminate by himself.
・With this, the satellite in the upper hemisphere can be effectively used only with your body and +α (such as a cool pillow), or depending on the case, only with your body, with only the mountain [In this case, there is almost no back side.] , the window of the hotel [in this case, it is estimated that there is almost no back unless it is directly under the roof unless it is at a corner].

---------------







C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\Warehouse Comprehensive\Super Organizing Techniques By date\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Rooftop Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\2 times and 5 times or overpass 10 minutes Total Rotation \2_kaiten_ttl_rikkyo.Ips
150 + (1st to 10th rows) = 151st to 160th rows (90 degrees eastward) and 150 + 300 + (1st to 10th rows) = 451st to 460th rows (270 degrees westward)
If I remember correctly, the GPS is attached to the back, the cool pillow (Hakumoto) is placed vertically on the body, the GPS plane normal beam direction is started from 0 degrees north, and the body rotates clockwise at an angular velocity of 6 degrees in 10 seconds. Memory.
10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due east (this way) In other words, [1st second (row) - 10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is this way] = 151 seconds row - 160 seconds line
SONY81 910112 6135730 N3542201E13939394+0093 001290 910112 6135729 E4A DHGFG JGgDD MFGCN QDRFH BFdDF WCEFL EDjDD GBMFZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135731 N3542201E13939394+0092 000354 910112 6135730 D4A DHGFG JGgDE MFGCN QDRFI BFdFF WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDJHO
SONY81 910112 6135732 N3542201E13939394+0092 000313 910112 6135731 D4A DHGFH JGgDE MFGCO QDRFF BFdFE WCEFM EDjBE GBMCZ gDIIE
SONY81 910112 6135733 N3542201E13939394+0091 000279 910112 6135732 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCO QDRFF BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDIIO
SONY81 910112 6135734 N3542201E13939394+0091 000312 910112 6135733 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCN QDRFF BFdFF WCEFL EDjDE GBMCZ gDHHO
SONY81 910112 6135735 N3542201E13939394+0090 000333 910112 6135734 D4A DHGFH JGgCF MFGCN QDRFG BFdFF WCEFM EDjDD GBMCZ gDHFE
SONY81 910112 6135736 N3542201E13939394+0089 001070 910112 6135735 D4A DHGFH JGgCG MFGCN QDRFH BFdFE WCEFL EDjDD GBMCZ gDHDO
SONY81 910112 6135737 N3542201E13939393+0089 001286 910112 6135736 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCM QDRFH BFdFE WCEFK EDjDB GBMCZ gDIJE
SONY81 910112 6135738 N3542201E13939393+0088 000049 910112 6135737 D4A DHGFF JGgCG MFGCL QDRFG BFdFF WCEFJ EDjDD GBMCZ gDIFO
SONY81 910112 6135739 N3542201E13939393+0087 000347 910112 6135738 D4A DHGFG JGgCG MFGCM QDRFG BFdFG WCEFK EDjDD GBMCZ gDIBO
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
East = Front Back Front Front Strong Strong Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ ------- ---------------------- ------ --- --- ------- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ---------
SONY81 910112 6140230 N3542201E13939386+0094 000266 910112 6140229 D4A DHHAC JGfFK MFFAB QCRFF BFdCI WCEDC EDjFT GCLFH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140231 N3542201E13939386+0094 001197 910112 6140230 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBE QCRFE BFdCJ WCEDE EDjFR GCLFH gDBDE
SONY81 910112 6140232 N3542201E13939386+0094 000000 910112 6140231 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRDD BFdCK WCEFF EDjFR GCLFH gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140233 N3542201E13939386+0094 001148 910112 6140232 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFF BFdCI WCEFG EDjFQ GCLCH gDCGO
SONY81 910112 6140234 N3542201E13939386+0094 000212 910112 6140233 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBE QCRDE BFdCI WCEFG EDjFP GCLFG gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140235 N3542201E13939386+0093 000161 910112 6140234 D4A DHHAA JGfFK MFFBF QCRDF BFdCJ WCEFF EDjFQ GCLFG gDGDO
SONY81 910112 6140236 N3542201E13939386+0093 000153 910112 6140235 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFF BFdCI WCEFE EDjFP GCLCF gDGEE
SONY81 910112 6140237 N3542201E13939386+0094 000148 910112 6140236 D4A DHHAB JGfFJ MFFBF QCRFE BFdCH WCEFE EDjFQ GCLCF gDCGE
SONY81 910112 6140238 N3542201E13939386+0094 000177 910112 6140237 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBF QCRDD BFdCI WCEFG EDjFS GCLFF gDDFE
SONY81 910112 6140239 N3542201E13939386+0094 000327 910112 6140238 D4A DHHAB JGfFK MFFBG QCRFD BFdCI WCEBF EDjFR GCLFF gDDFE

10 seconds when the GPS on the back is facing due south (over there) That is, 1 second (row) -10 seconds (row)] + 150 seconds (row) [East is here] + 300 seconds (row) [Reversal over there] = 451st line - 460th line


The data of the pedestrian bridge clearly shows "possible" if you compare it by body + GPS. can. Inversion, comparison.


The condition (0.1) (satellite: 1st) must be here and there, and common satellite data must be continuous for 5 seconds or more.
Condition (0.2) (elevation angle: 2nd) with satellites below 85 degrees [at least 5 consecutive seconds each].

Condition (1.1) (state: 4th) must be in reception state (B[locked]/C[can use]/F[now using]) for 5 or more consecutive seconds. Unreceived (A[scanning]/D[blocked]E[unhealthy])
If the condition (1.1) is satisfied only on one side, it can be determined that the other side exists.

If condition (1.1) holds on both sides,
Under condition (2.1) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds and let P be their maximum value.
Under condition (2.2) (intensity: 5th), obtain each lowest signal intensity in each possible series of consecutive 5 seconds, and let their maximum value be P'.
Condition (3.0) If the difference between P and P' is less than or equal to 2, then we consider there to be no difference. If it is greater than 2, the larger one is regarded as a direct wave and the smaller one as a diffracted wave.

Under the above conditions, it was possible to limit it to 50 degrees with 10 seconds x 2 (front and back). Based on the north, it was 20 degrees to the east and 30 degrees to the west.
With the previous conditions, we were able to limit it to 10 seconds x 2 (front and back) and 50 degrees. Based on the north, it was 40 degrees to the east and 10 degrees to the west.

When both are combined, considering the north as the standard, it is 20 degrees east, 10 degrees west, and 30 degrees wide.

(Actually, you can stop for 30 seconds, treat it as warming up for 20 seconds, and use only the data for the last 10 seconds. Even so, it takes only 2 minutes to do 4 directions.)
(Umami doesn't get tired of pivoting around the body axis. It's similar to taking a break to appreciate the scenery, and you can recover your energy and get your bearings. Even more so on ridgelines and mountain peaks.)

Should I apply for a patent on this procedure, algorithm, etc.? In particular, first look at the status on the front and back, and consider that zombies are received for more than 5 seconds in a row. If there is that here and there, choose the maximum value of the lowest value in the continuous 5-second series, and decide the winner. Then make a decision. By changing the direction by 90 degrees and performing another set (front and back), we will prove by simulation that it can be narrowed down to about 30 degrees.



By the way, the SONY IPS5000 matches the day of the week and the hour, minute, and second. Since it rolled over, the date is off by a certain number of days (1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years).
Just make a program that converts the 6-digit current (and positioning) date data (add 19.63935 years).
If you add that in the paper as well (readers should add 1024 weeks x 7 days / 365 days = 19.63835 years), you may not even need to convert.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

From here, I tried to examine the data.




Overpass rotation data that was also in nict w8510w It seems to be 20100829 It seems to be 20100629
C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\20110321\2009 Akihama Rikyu Experiment 2008 Spring Roof Roof etc. (Train window/Building window)\20100629 Nakano overpass 10 minute rotationicennon2\twice and 5 times or overpass 10 minute rotation total\
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo3kaitenme.txt.ips

1st to 10th second, probably heading north

SONY81 910113 0 113937 N3542204E13939387+0093 001160 910113 0 113936 C3A TEFFR QJeDE dCpAC KCJDE DEfFH WELFF JCnDD MDODC hDJJE
SONY81 910113 0 113938 N3542204E13939387+0093 001342 910113 0 113937 C3A TEFFR QJeFF dCpAC KCJFF DEfDE WELDD JCnDC MDODC hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113939 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113938 Q3A TEFCO QJeCF dCpAC KCJDE DEfDG WELDD JCnDB MDODD hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113940 N3542204E13939387+0093 000180 910113 0 113939 Q3A TEFDK QJeCG dCpAB KCJDD DEfDF WELDD JCnDC MDOCE hDIIE
SONY81 910113 0 113941 N3542204E13939387+0093 000108 910113 0 113940 C3A TEFFO QJeFI dCpAC KCJCF DEfDC WELDD JCnDC MDOFE hDHIO
SONY81 910113 0 113942 N3542204E13939387+0093 002320 910113 0 113941 C3A TEFFP QJeFH dCpAB KCJFG DEfDC WELDD JCnDD MDODD hDGGO
SONY81 910113 0 113943 N3542204E13939387+0093 000026 910113 0 113942 C3A TEFFQ QJeFH dCpAC KCJFG DEfDD WELDC JCnDB MDODE hDFGE
SONY81 910113 0 113944 N3542204E13939387+0093 001320 910113 0 113943 D4A TEFFQ QJeFF dCpAB KCJCG DEfFF WELDC JCnDB MDOFF hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113945 N3542204E13939387+0089 004166 910113 0 113944 K4A TEFFS QJeBF dCpAB KCJFH DEfFE WELDD JCnDC MDOFF hDHAO
SONY81 910113 0 113946 N3542204E13939386+0093 000111 910113 0 113945 C3A TEFFS QJeFF dCpAB KCJCH DEfDC WELDC JCnDC MDOFD hDIHE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Elevation Weak Weak Strong Melting Weak Weak Weak Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114437 N3542198E13939391+0109 000180 910113 0 114436 Q3A TEFDC QJiDE dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDD JCmCJ MDOCI hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114438 N3542198E13939391+0109 000350 910113 0 114437 D3A TEFDE QJiDF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDB WEKDE JCmFJ MDOFO hDGAE
SONY81 910113 0 114439 N3542198E13939390+0109 000170 910113 0 114438 D4A TEFDD QJiFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfDC WEKCE JCmFI MDOFP hDFJO
SONY81 910113 0 114440 N3542198E13939390+0109 002179 910113 0 114439 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDD KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFL hDEIO
SONY81 910113 0 114441 N3542198E13939390+0109 000190 910113 0 114440 D4A TEFDE QJiFE dCpDC KCJFF DEfDB WEKDD JCmFI MDOFL hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 114442 N3542198E13939390+0109 000175 910113 0 114441 D4A TEFDE QJiFF dCpDC KCJFF DEfDC WEKDF JCmFI MDOFO hDCIO
SONY81 910113 0 114443 N3542198E13939390+0109 000160 910113 0 114442 D4A TEFDD QJiFE dCpDB KCJFF DEfDC WEKDD JCmFJ MDOFK hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114444 N3542198E13939390+0108 001156 910113 0 114443 D4A TEFDC QJiFF dCpDB KCJFE DEfDC WEKDC JCmFL MDOFH hDBHO
SONY81 910113 0 114445 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114444 Q4A TEFDB QJiBF dCpDB KCJDE DEfDC WEKDC JCmCM MDOCH hDAIE
SONY81 910113 0 114446 N3542198E13939390+0108 000180 910113 0 114445 Q4A TEFDD QJiDD dCpDC KCJDF DEfDC WEKDD JCmCM MDOCL hDAIO

300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south


I had high hopes for the two-dimensional positioning, but the number of satellites that were captured was surprisingly small. However, even so, if I use the data for each 10 seconds of reversal, I can get the following without worrying about no answers or wrong answers (this is great).
clockwise: 50 degrees
counterclockwise: 20 degrees
, azimuth limited width = 70 degrees
I was able to limit the width with one set of inversions first.
(By the way, there was 1 high elevation angle rejection, 1 strong strong rejection, 3 weak weak rejection, 1 front, 2 back.
I'm interested in how this slightly wide and disappointing value of 70 degrees for one set of front and back is constrained after a 90-degree rotation.
The reason why it was wide this time is that I got caught in the direction where I dropped the tension (1 weak and weak and 1 strong and strong difference). These two losses will turn into benefits after the next 90 degree rotation, so the result will be better.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
Weak expulsion /f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/ GF=1 <3 no difference
j Elevation JK
k L Weak and weak
/l/ /M/
back m N
n O back
/o/ /P/
Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




150 + 1 second to 150 + 10 seconds maybe east
SONY81 910113 0 114207 N3542204E13939385+0093 003147 910113 0 114206 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAB KCJFS DEfDC WEKFY JCnDC MDOFH hDCEE
SONY81 910113 0 114208 N3542204E13939385+0093 003107 910113 0 114207 I4A TEFFH QJfDE dCpAB KCJFT DEfDC WEKFZ JCnDD MDOFK hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 114209 N3542204E13939385+0095 003104 910113 0 114208 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFT DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114210 N3542204E13939385+0095 003177 910113 0 114209 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFK hDCFE
SONY81 910113 0 114211 N3542204E13939385+0096 003156 910113 0 114210 I4A TEFFK QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFL hDBFE
SONY81 910113 0 114212 N3542204E13939385+0096 003109 910113 0 114211 I4A TEFFI QJfDD dCpAB KCJFW DEfDD WEKFZ JCnDC MDOFK hDBGE
SONY81 910113 0 114213 N3542204E13939385+0097 003129 910113 0 114212 I4A TEFFG QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDE WEKFZ JCnDB MDOFL hDAHE
SONY81 910113 0 114214 N3542204E13939385+0097 003148 910113 0 114213 I4A TEFFH QJfDC dCpAB KCJFU DEfBF WEKFY JCnDC MDOFL hDAIO
SONY81 910113 0 114215 N3542203E13939385+0098 001213 910113 0 114214 I4A TEFFI QJfDC dCpAB KCJFV DEfDD WEKFY JCnDC MDOFK hDJJO
SONY81 910113 0 114216 N3542203E13939386+0099 002131 910113 0 114215 I4A TEFFJ QJfDD dCpAA KCJFW DEfDB WEKFX JCnDC MDOFK hDJBE
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Front Back Weak Front Back Strong Strong Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 114707 N3542205E13939388+0092 000324 910113 0 114706 D4A TEFDC QJmFF dCpDC KCJFG DEfFO WEKCF JCmFO MDODD hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 114708 N3542205E13939388+0091 002002 910113 0 114707 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFH JCmFN MDODE hDCBO
SONY81 910113 0 114709 N3542205E13939388+0090 002018 910113 0 114708 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFR WEKFH JCmFL MDODE hDDDO
SONY81 910113 0 114710 N3542205E13939388+0089 002033 910113 0 114709 D4A TEFDD QJmFH dCpAC KCJDD DEfFR WEKFF JCmFL MDODC hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 114711 N3542205E13939388+0089 001032 910113 0 114710 D4A TEFDD QJmFF dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFE JCmFM MDODC hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114712 N3542205E13939388+0089 000285 910113 0 114711 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDD DEfFQ WEKFG JCmFM MDODD hDFFE
SONY81 910113 0 114713 N3542205E13939388+0090 000334 910113 0 114712 D4A TEFDC QJmFI dCpAB KCJFE DEfFR WEKCG JCmFK MDODC hDFEO
SONY81 910113 0 114714 N3542205E13939388+0088 006018 910113 0 114713 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAC KCJDE DEfFQ WEKFF JCmFL MDODB hDHFE
SONY81 910113 0 114715 N3542205E13939388+0090 000073 910113 0 114714 B3A TEFDC QJmDF dCpAB KCJDE DEfFP WEKFF JCmFM MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 114716 N3542205E13939388+0088 000085 910113 0 114715 D4A TEFDC QJmFG dCpAB KCJDD DEfFO WEKFG JCmFL MDODB hDHHO
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
clockwise: 40 degrees
counterclockwise: 40 degrees
all: limited to 80 degrees
became. I'm not very happy.

And if you put the front and back together
Min in clockwize direction: min(50,40)=40 degrees
Minimum (20,40) in counterclockwize direction = 20 degrees
All: 40+20=60 degrees azimuth, equivalent to 6 azimuths. Well, I think it's good that there are no wrong answers or no answers.
Just like he said, it's faster to find a clear direction. Considering it as a suggestion that weakness or no strength difference can be seen,
If you do something in the reverse direction, can you cut it off again and limit it?



! is a satellite that could not be used before, but could be used this time (but it seems that it did not contribute substantially to the data)
As before, when the width is 80 degrees (rather than 50 degrees), it is rather useless to turn it 90 degrees, and it may be better to keep it at 45 degrees or 60 degrees.
The reason is that there are multiple satellites at the point where the tension has fallen, and there is a possibility that there is a weak or weak difference or no strong or strong difference.
Even if you turn it 90 degrees to receive, it will be in the vertical direction of the planar antenna.
Rather than that, …, rotate 60 degrees (aim for 3 sets), rotate 45 degrees (turn 90 degrees to avoid the disadvantages, and if it goes well, turn 90 degrees from there, and finally 45 degrees without expecting much return it)
This is an interesting topic.


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
d E table
eF
Back!/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/Table!
j Elevation angle JK YF=19>Table 2!
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/

Weak Expulsion p Q
qR
/r/




- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -



Implementation: Azimuth restriction was performed based on the data saved on a laptop personal computer sent by DAV (2nd time except for the 3rd time on August 29, 2010).
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo2kaitenme.txt.ips




1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 910113 0 112859 N3542207E13939387+0113 001168 910113 0 112858 D4A TEFFQ QIdFL dDpDC KDJCM DEgFH WELFH JBnDC MCOAB hDEDO
SONY81 910113 0 112900 N3542207E13939387+0112 001081 910113 0 112859 D4A TEFFQ QIdFK dDpDC KDJCP DEgFI WELFI JBnDC MCOAB hDDEE
SONY81 910113 0 112901 N3542207E13939387+0111 000012 910113 0 112900 D4A TEFFP QIdFL dDpDC KDJCP DEgFL WELFF JBnDC MCOAB hDCEO
SONY81 910113 0 112902 N3542207E13939387+0109 004356 910113 0 112901 E4A TEFFP QIdFK dDpDD KDJFM DEgFM WELDC JBnDD MCOAB hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 112903 N3542207E13939387+0107 002351 910113 0 112902 E4A TEFFO QIdFK dDpBE KDJFK DEgFJ WELDD JBnDD MCOAB hDEEE
SONY81 910113 0 112904 N3542207E13939387+0119 000027 910113 0 112903 D3A TEFFL QIdFK dDpDD KDJFI DEgDE WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDDIE
SONY81 910113 0 112905 N3542207E13939388+0119 001004 910113 0 112904 D3A TEFFK QIdFI dDpDC KDJFF DEgDC WELDC JBnDB MCOAC hDDCO
SONY81 910113 0 112906 N3542207E13939388+0119 001353 910113 0 112905 D3A TEFFL QIdFJ dDpDB KDJFF DEgDC WELDE JBnDB MCOAB hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 112907 N3542207E13939389+0114 000028 910113 0 112906 C3A TEFFM QIdFJ dDpDB KDJCG DEgDC WELFF JBnDB MCOAC hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 112908 N3542207E13939389+0114 001000 910113 0 112907 D3A TEFFL QIdFI dDpDB KDJFH DEgDD WELDD JBnDC MCOAB hDBEO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Weak Weak Strong Melting Front Back
Back Back
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113359 N3542205E13939389+0104 002192 910113 0 113358 I4A TEFDD QIdDC dDpBF KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFJ MDOFP hDGFO
SONY81 910113 0 113400 N3542205E13939389+0105 003227 910113 0 113359 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDC WELFI JBnFL MDOFL hDFEE
SONY81 910113 0 113401 N3542205E13939389+0107 004286 910113 0 113400 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFG DEgDC WELFJ JBnFK MDOFL hDFDE
SONY81 910113 0 113402 N3542205E13939389+0108 004287 910113 0 113401 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpCG KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDEBE
SONY81 910113 0 113403 N3542205E13939389+0109 002253 910113 0 113402 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpCF KDJFH DEgDB WELFK JBnFK MDOFP hDDBO
SONY81 910113 0 113404 N3542205E13939389+0109 003222 910113 0 113403 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFH DEgDC WELFL JBnFK MDOFO hDBAE
SONY81 910113 0 113405 N3542205E13939389+0110 003222 910113 0 113404 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDC KDJFH DEgDC WELFJ JBnFJ MDOFP hDAAE
SONY81 910113 0 113406 N3542204E13939388+0110 005256 910113 0 113405 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFG DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFP hDIJE
SONY81 910113 0 113407 N3542204E13939388+0111 004263 910113 0 113406 I4A TEFDC QIdDB dDpDE KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFI MDOFO hDIIO
SONY81 910113 0 113408 N3542204E13939388+0111 000214 910113 0 113407 I4A TEFDC QIdDC dDpDD KDJFF DEgDB WELFJ JBnFH MDOFP hDHHO
300+1 seconds to 300+10 seconds, probably facing south
clck 10deg
cntrclck 10deg
total 20deg [it was enough without 90 degree rotation, as we will do later)
Or rather, just show the user the diagram below on the spot. That way, you can see at a glance where the needle is now, and you can at least know how many degrees to rotate it. At the very least, we can see that turning 90 degrees is silly. And if you show me the weak p and the strong fusing J, . I understand that it seems to be useless, and since strong melting has I, it is not necessary to aim for a difficult one, so good enough data has been obtained. , between G and I, or in any case, it's a cousin that doesn't have much to aim for. I understand. Also, it is a good idea to try to change the time to a different satellite arrangement.
A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
k L back
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O back
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



Regarding satellite K... new knowledge... I used to think that there is a difference if the height difference is 3 or more, and it was successful. (In that case, 3 or more was expected for the difference in intensity, that is, they were separated...).
However,
The height difference between strong and strong is 4 ≧ 3, and it would have passed in the past, but
The two strong and strong distribution maps overlap...not separated cleanly,
It turns out that there is a situation, which is still difficult to distinguish between diffraction and direct... A satellite just in the direction of Hari. .
So, in this way, I thought it would be better to say that the two are inseparable with proper intensity.
In other words, change the conditions...that is,
Strong strong height difference is ≧ 3, and
It is assumed that the maximum and minimum values of the strong and strong mutual data are cleanly separated and do not overlap. mosquito. This is an intuitive distinction. (Unfortunately, trying to make the best use of the satellite on Hari too much, data contamination, and incorrect answers are included.)

(This time they overlap. Satellite K)


I wonder if the previous data will conflict with this and the results will come?

ーーーーーーーーーー


From 150+1 seconds 150+10 seconds Maybe heading east
SONY81 910113 0 113129 N3542203E13939389+0098 003126 910113 0 113128 J4A TEFFO QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDB WELFP JBnAB MDOFK hDHBE
SONY81 910113 0 113130 N3542203E13939388+0099 002240 910113 0 113129 J4A TEFFO QIdDF dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDGJO
SONY81 910113 0 113131 N3542203E13939388+0100 005252 910113 0 113130 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDC WELFT JBnAB MDOFL hDEEO
SONY81 910113 0 113132 N3542203E13939388+0099 001092 910113 0 113131 H4A TEFFL QIdFG dDpAC KDJCZ DEgDC WELFR JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113133 N3542203E13939388+0100 004134 910113 0 113132 J4A TEFFM QIdDG dDpAB KDJFZ DEgDE WELFO JBnAC MDOFM hDDGO
SONY81 910113 0 113134 N3542203E13939388+0099 001078 910113 0 113133 H4A TEFFM QIdFG dDpAB KDJCZ DEgDE WELFP JBnAC MDOFL hDEJO
SONY81 910113 0 113135 N3542203E13939388+0100 003270 910113 0 113134 J4A TEFFM QIdDE dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFS JBnAB MDOFL hDEHE
SONY81 910113 0 113136 N3542203E13939388+0101 002213 910113 0 113135 J4A TEFFL QIdDC dDpAC KDJFZ DEgDC WELFW JBnAC MDOFM hDDGE
SONY81 910113 0 113137 N3542203E13939388+0101 003205 910113 0 113136 J4A TEFFI QIdDB dDpAC KDJFY DEgDB WELFX JBnAB MDOFN hDDEO
SONY81 910113 0 113138 N3542203E13939388+0101 002222 910113 0 113137 J4A TEFFI QIdDC dDpAB KDJFY DEgDC WELFX JBnAB MDOFM hDDCO
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
East = Front Strong Strong Front Back Weak Strong Strong Front Back Front Back Front
------ ------ - ------ ---------------------- ------ --- --- - ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 910113 0 113629 N3542202E13939386+0121 000029 910113 0 113628 B3A TEFDC QIdBH dCpDB KDJBI DEgFL WELFE JCnFN MDODB hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113630 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113629 Q3A TEFDE QIdBG dCpDB KDJBF DEgCP WELDC JCnCK MDODD hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113631 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113630 Q3A TEFDD QIdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGO
SONY81 910113 0 113632 N3542202E13939386+0121 000180 910113 0 113631 Q3A TEFDD QIdDH dCpDB KDJBE DEgCX WELDD JCnCJ MDODC hDHGE
SONY81 910113 0 113633 N3542202E13939386+0121 000296 910113 0 113632 B3A TEFFE QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFP WELDD JCnFK MDODC hDICE
SONY81 910113 0 113634 N3542202E13939386+0121 000355 910113 0 113633 B3A TEFFF QJdBI dCpDB KDJBG DEgFM WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIBE
SONY81 910113 0 113635 N3542202E13939386+0121 000351 910113 0 113634 B3A TEFFF QJdBH dCpDB KDJBH DEgFN WELDD JCnFJ MDODC hDIAE
SONY81 910113 0 113636 N3542202E13939385+0121 000351 910113 0 113635 B3A TEFFF QJdBG dCpDC KDJBG DEgFM WELDE JCnFJ MDODC hDIJO
SONY81 910113 0 113637 N3542202E13939385+0123 003224 910113 0 113636 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFS WELFF JCnFI MDODC hDFIO
SONY81 910113 0 113638 N3542202E13939385+0125 004204 910113 0 113637 G4A TEFFE QJdBG dCpDB KDJDE DEgFZ WELFH JCnFH MDODD hDDHE
450 + 1 second to 450 + 10 seconds Probably westward
the north exists in the range from
1st clock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
in 1st cntrclock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
the north exists in the range from
2nd clck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
2nd cntrclck 40deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
totally,
the north exists in the range from
toral clock 10deg(based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
to
total cntrclock 10deg (based on the inital orientation of anntena beam)
(then,
azimuth limitation width is 20deg.)

I think that the idea of the Frisbee patent is alive in turning 90 degrees and doing it again.
The idea of making use of the barometric pressure GPS patented "low pressure duration" measurement may be the basis for comparing the minimum value of stable reception for 5 seconds in a row.

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
Back d E
e F table
/f/ /G/
Back g H
hI
/i/ /J/ table
j JK
k L table
/l/ /M/
mN
back n O front
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
100829 Momoko_Overpass 3 times each GPS154.ips_cut_mm0829rikkyo1kaitenme.txt.ips


1st to 10th second, probably facing north
SONY81 9101130 111749 N3542208E13939387+0089 000256 9101130 111748 D4A TFFCM QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFO WDMDE JBnAB MCPFG gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111750 N3542208E13939387+0089 000180 9101130 111749 Q3A TFFFN QIcFK dDoDD KDIDF DEgFK WDMDI JBnAC MCPDE gDDEE
SONY81 9101130 111751 N3542208E13939387+0088 001358 9101130 111750 F4A TFFFO QIcFJ dDoDC KDIFG DEgFG WDMDD JBnAC MCPDH gDCFE
SONY81 9101130 111752 N3542207E13939387+0088 000355 9101130 111751 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFF DEgFF WDMDD JBnAC MCPDE gDIGO
SONY81 9101130 111753 N3542207E13939387+0088 002355 9101130 111752 F4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDC KDIFG DEgFH WDMDC JBnAD MCPDC gDFGO
SONY81 9101130 111754 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111753 F4A TFFFP QIcFM dDoDB KDIFH DEgFI WDMDC JBnBF MCPDD gDDHO
SONY81 9101130 111755 N3542207E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111754 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFH WDMDD JBnBF MCPDC gDBHO
SONY81 9101130 111756 N3542206E13939387+0088 002357 9101130 111755 F4A TFFFQ QIcFL dDoDB KDIFG DEgFI WDMDD JBnBD MCPDB gDIHO
SONY81 9101130 111757 N3542206E13939387+0088 002353 9101130 111756 F4A TFFFP QIcFL dDoDB KDIFF DEgFG WDMDE JBnBE MCPDC gDHHO
SONY81 9101130 111758 N3542206E13939387+0088 002001 9101130 111757 E4A TFFFO QIcFL dDoDB KDICF DEgFF WDMFE JBnDD MCPDD gDHHO
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
North = Front Front Front Back Front Front Weak
Back Back
------ ------- ------ ---------------------- ------ --- ---- ------ --- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- --------
SONY81 9101130 112249 N3542203E13939388+0106 001195 9101130 112248 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFW KDIDD DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFP gDGCE
SONY81 9101130 112250 N3542203E13939388+0106 001324 9101130 112249 E3A TFFDB QIcAB dDoFY KDIDE DEgDC WDLFG JBnBL MCOFN gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112251 N3542203E13939388+0106 000323 9101130 112250 C3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoFY KDIFF DEgDD WDLDE JBnBL MCOFR gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112252 N3542203E13939388+0106 000307 9101130 112251 B3A TFFFE QIcAB dDoFY KDICF DEgDC WDLDC JBnBM MCOFR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112253 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112252 Q3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoCY KDIDE DEgDB WDLDD JBnBN MCOCR gDECO
SONY81 9101130 112254 N3542203E13939388+0106 000348 9101130 112253 E3A TFFDC QIcAB dDoFY KDIDD DEgDB WDLFH JBnBO MCOFN gDECE
SONY81 9101130 112255 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112254 Q3A TFFDD QIcAC dDoCY KDIDD DEgDB WDLBF JBnBO MCOCO gDFCO
SONY81 9101130 112256 N3542203E13939388+0110 000180 9101130 112255 Q3A TFFDD QIcAB dDoCZ KDIDE DEgDC WDLDE JBnBO MCOCO gDFCE
SONY81 9101130 112257 N3542203E13939388+0107 001351 9101130 112256 E3A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIDE DEgDD WDLFH JBnBN MCOFL gDICE
SONY81 9101130 112258 N3542203E13939388+0111 004164 9101130 112257 K4A TFFDC QIcAC dDoFZ KDIFE DEgDD WDLFG JBnBM MCOFL gDFDO
From 150+1 seconds to 150+10 seconds, probably facing south
clockwise 20deg
cntclockwz 10deg
The next step is to turn cntrclockwize to 20 degrees. If all goes well, use the satellites in direction I as a brake and reduce the 20 degrees on the clockwize side to 10 degrees.
kana. Take a break.
A.
a B
bC
Table /c/ /D/
dE
e F table
/f/ /G/
Table gH
h I table
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
Back n O
/o/ /P/ back
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/


A.
a B
bC
/c/ /D/
dE
eF
/f/ /G/
gH
hI
/i/ /J/
j JK
kL
/l/ /M/
mN
nO
/o/ /P/
pQ
qR
/r/



start
↓
↓←←←←←←←←←←←←←←Reverse if necessary←←← Measure in new rotated orientation←←←
↓ ↑
↓ ↑y
Is there still an untested channel (satellite signal)?→→→→N→→→→→→Implementation of azimuth limitation→Is there still rotation data collection to be superimposed?n→end
↓ ↑ (The initial beam direction exists in the range of degrees clockwise to counterclockwise from north)
y
pick up untested satellite signals ↑
↓
To judgment routine. →→→→→→↑


Judgment routine in IEICE February 2011 issue: Take out only 1 second data single shot, only whether the signal strength is above the threshold.

Judgment routine in IEICE 2014 issue [planned] this time: Take out 10 seconds data after warming up sufficiently (for example, 20 seconds or more) and the same data at the time of its inversion, (1) receive status for 5 seconds continuously (2) Only on one side, if it exists, it is determined that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on that side (3) If it is not on either side, end (4) If it exists on both sides (4 ) Comparing the maximum value of the lowest signal strengths in each series of continuous 5-second reception status within 10 seconds between this side and that side, there is a difference of 3 or more, and (4β) If the range from the minimum intensity to the maximum intensity does not intersect, it is judged that the main satellite of the direct wave exists on the side where the signal strength was strong (the opposite side is the diffracted wave). Discriminate in this way.














^^^^^^^^^^^^^^




























^^^^^^

Specific shields may include:
Aircraft, cars, land vehicles, Antarctic vehicles, polar vehicles, armored vehicles, heavy machinery, aircraft, helicopters,
Fire engines, jeeps, amphibious vehicles, ships, passenger ships, yachts, sailing ships, schooners, watercraft, watercraft
Ship decks, decks on both sides of passenger ships, passenger ship decks, propeller planes,
etc. is also convenient.


"Equipped with an antenna having a hemispherical antenna pattern", but in the previous method.
It is difficult to make, but there is no description of how to make it.
If you make it normally, it will pick up diffracted waves when the shielding object is small compared to the wavelength.

The diffracted wave that is picked up has its signal strength reduced by the amount of diffraction loss.

The magnitude of the drop in signal intensity from the direct wave as the diffracted wave, known as diffraction loss associated with the phenomenon of diffraction,
"The level of the signal value expected as a direct wave and the width band of the signal intensity including its fluctuation",
However, if they are mutually identifiable, there is no problem, and the conventional method will work smoothly.

I have nothing to say then.

That is true, but when using an inexpensive GNSS receiver, it is necessary to have a specification that can distinguish between the above two in an instant, so that the strength of the signal output from the receiver can be discriminated in fine increments. It would be good if a receiver with high signal strength resolution (accuracy of discrimination) could be used, but there are cases where a receiver with such performance can be used.

Or in terms of an antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern and a receiver coupled to it,
"The signal as a diffracted wave that enters after the wave that has traveled from the back is diffracted at the diffraction edge" can be properly identified.
At the stage of processing, this is "a signal as a diffracted wave that enters after the wave traveling from the back is diffracted at the diffraction edge".
It would be nice if they could discriminate, but there are many cases where the equipment itself does not always do this.

(In other words, there is no such thing in the first place, but I write it down as if it exists).

In such a case, although it is originally troublesome, there is a possibility that the user has no choice but to provide assistance.

The present proposal proposes a simple, convenient, inexpensive, and useful method in such cases.


^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

a certain wave
that it is a diffracted wave
as far as can be ascertained,
A fine resolution of the received power output, i.e.
If there is fineness in the resolution of the received power output, that is fine.

If such detail
at the receiver,
to the resolution of the received power output,
If not (rarely),
In that case,
by the same inventor as the present invention,
Brine GPS patent application,
with the help of
increase the diffraction loss of the diffracted wave,
Diffraction loss is
at the receiver,
The resolution of the received power output,
If you try to surpass it by just enough steps, or much more
That's fine.

In other words, if so much detail
at the receiver,
to the resolution of the received power output,
If not (rarely),
In that case,
by the same inventor as the present invention,
Brine GPS patent application,
Use,
The diffraction loss should be made larger.
Here is another patent application by the same inventor,
You should use it.





Or if that's too much trouble, or (the salt water GPS method is
Materials that can be obtained on the spot so that they can be used in any outdoor environment
Although the proposed method is excellent, if there is a shortage of materials in the surrounding environment,
This proposal may be used.

In that case, the proposal, without the need for any other specific grant,
It simply requires a human body,
In addition, just sitting still is enough,
In addition, just flip it over,
And just stay still
Very convenient.
Advanced receivers (as digital signal processing and SS synchronization system) that you already have and
While maximizing the advantages of multiple SS radio communication signal sources (satellites) in the sky, it also increases weight and volume.
without, simply with only minor repairs, such as the above,
Just stay still, turn around, stay still,
It is said that a stable and safe heading can be obtained with considerable accuracy.
As a result, it has a great effect.

We devoted all of our wisdom to the acquisition of azimuth information using GNSS, which can be used even at the citizen level.
It is a state that could only be reached by the inventor who has always kept thinking only about this,
It is completely impossible for a person skilled in the art to easily conceive of it.


Not only does it have the advantage of giving us the opportunity to observe the current situation with time to spare,
Don't miss the slightest sign of a change in the weather, the slightest sign of the arrival of rescuers,
Alternatively, subtle clues in topography and vegetation may provide clues for safe evacuation (e.g., evidence of huts and trails).
Clues for discovering traces of trails, identification of mountain peaks by ridgelines visible through slight cracks even when visibility is limited
Discovery of an evacuation route by stopping, discovery of a stream by the sound of stopping and clues, and the contents of the rucksack, even if it is different from the usual usage method, in combination with other things when such a situation occurs , useful utilization to get out of the predicament
I get an idea, etc., that I have a thing that has a possible potential, etc.)
It will give you the chance to recover your strength.
great effect.


^^^^^^^^^^
For example, to the sound source,
Blindfolded, looking straight ahead, compare the dB you hear with the absolute value, say 60dB,
It is the conventional method that it is in that direction.

Blindfolded, facing the front, flipping, facing the back,
Determined by the "loudness" and "fluctuation" of the sound heard from them,
is the proposed method.

^^^^^^

The Mitsubishi method is wasteful.
(1) It is useless to keep moving because the stability of reception cannot be known unless it is stationary for a certain period of time (for example, 30 seconds). Only after standing still for a certain period of time (for example, 30 seconds) can the stability of reception be known with certainty, so it is useless to keep moving.
(2) The figure shows the shield plate rotating around the antenna, but the shield plate is too small. With that, the shielding effect and diffraction attenuation appear only minutely. The cm dimension of the shield is too small compared to the wavelength λ of the GNSS signal (for example, λ=approximately 19 cm for GPS). With that, the shielding effect and diffraction attenuation appear only minutely. "It is fine if the receiver is capable of detecting it," but if not, it will be difficult to detect (there may be problems in practical use). (If I write that, Mitsubishi will be saved, and will I be saved as well?)
^^^^^^
Kaisetsu [diffraction] is called diffraction in English. .
``Diffract'' is commonly used in English with the transitive verb diffract, It is sometimes expressed in the form of diffracting <radio waves, sound waves, light, etc.>.


in general,
What is diffraction?
A phenomenon peculiar to waves,
A wave passes through the edge of an obstacle
Refers to the phenomenon that penetrates into the shadow behind it when it propagates.


The encyclopedia Mypedia 2006 describes it as follows, so I will quote it.
What is diffraction
A phenomenon in which waves such as sound and light wrap around behind obstacles and enter shadow areas.
Remarkable when the size of the obstacle or hole is about the wavelength of the wave.
It is commonly experienced in sound and radio waves, and diffraction fringes and diffraction spectra are observed in light.
It can be explained and calculated from the interference of secondary waves based on Huygens' principle.
Electron beams and neutron beams also exhibit diffraction due to their wave nature.


Moreover, since it is described as follows in the compact mobile communication terminology dictionary, it is quoted.
diffraction
A phenomenon in which radio waves wrap around obstacles. The lower the frequency of the radio wave, the easier it is to diffract. In non-line-of-sight propagation in mobile communications, it plays an important role together with reflected waves.



Also, according to the second edition of the World Encyclopedia, the following brief description, including history, is given.
diffraction
When a plane wave enters a slit, if the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out in a circular shape centered on the slit and wraps around behind the slit.
Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Waves also wrap around geometric shadows of obstacles.
Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
When the rectilinear phenomenon is conspicuous and, conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable, and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.
Therefore, the diffraction phenomenon can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths.
For example, sound is a wave that propagates through the air with a wavelength ranging from several tens of centimeters to several meters.
Therefore, the sound of the sounding body that cannot be seen behind a screen is
can be heard by diffraction.
On the other hand, in the case of light, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter in our daily life.
The discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed,
As a result, it can be said that the particle theory of light was believed for a long time.
If the photographic plate is placed in a place where the light is diffracted into the shadowed area,
A photographic plate produces bright and dark stripes according to changes in the intensity of diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction image.
Light diffraction includes Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction.
Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
The former captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance,
The latter is the one that captures it at infinite distance.
Since Fresnel diffraction approaches Fraunhofer diffraction as it goes to infinity,
There is no essential difference between the two, but in some cases they show considerably different diffraction patterns.
The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century.
It has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others.
Theories that explain diffraction phenomena can be broadly divided into the Huygens-Fresnel theory and the
There is Young's theory. The former is based on Huygens' principle,
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave in a passage area of a slit or an obstacle where the diffraction phenomenon occurs, the diffraction phenomenon is explained as the interference of the spherical wave from the secondary wave source.
The latter is also called the principle of peripheral diffracted waves.
The diffraction phenomenon is explained by the interference between the peripheral diffracted wave and the plane wave that uniformly passes through the portion other than the peripheral portion.
Theoretically, the Huygens–Fresnel diffraction theory can be attributed to the area integral in the diffraction plane, so
It is easy to evaluate and has been developed by many people to this day.
On the other hand, Young's theory of marginal diffracted waves is attributed to the marginal line integral that causes diffraction, so
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.
Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura





The physics and chemistry dictionary has the following description about diffraction, so I will quote it.

diffraction
[British French diffraction German Beugung Russian *********]
When light or sound grazes obstacles, do not go straight geometrically,
Phenomenon that wraps around shadows.
It occurs generally in waves and is one of the distinguishing features from particles,
When the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the obstacle or hole, the area where diffraction occurs is narrow,
The boundary of the geometric shadow is only slightly blurred.
The wave intensity distribution is treated by *Kirchhoff's diffraction theory.
Diffraction by a crystal is treated more generally as a synthesis of scattered waves by the particles that constitute it.
When a strong wave appears in a certain direction by synthesis, the wave is called a diffraction line or a diffracted wave.
The direction in which strong diffraction lines appear is determined by the *Bragg condition or *Laue condition, and can also be explained as the interference of reflected waves from lattice planes.
Individual diffraction lines are denoted by *reflection index and their total intensity is represented by *integrated reflection intensity.
X-rays, electron beams, and neutron beams each have their own characteristics in their interactions with scatterers.
This is used for structural analysis, etc.
Normally, we use the kinematic diffraction theory, which considers only one scattering*,
For electron beams with strong scatterer interaction, general* dynamical diffraction theory may be required.
In addition, there is a disorder of the crystal structure and* diffuse scattering explained by incoherent scattering.


Quoted from the Royal French-Japanese-Chinese dictionary. It can be said that English is used as it is.
diffraction /difraksj**/nf
[Physics] Diffraction (of light, etc.)


Quote from Access German-Japanese Dictionary.
Beu・gung (feminine noun)
[(singular 2nd case) - / (rarely (plural 1st case) - en)] bending; diffraction (of rays, radio waves, etc.);
It is interesting that the meaning of inflection and the meaning of diffraction are simultaneously condensed into one German word.

Quote from Access German-Japanese Dictionary.
Ab len kung (feminine noun)
[(singular 2) - / (plural 1, 2, 3, 4) -en]
《1》[Usually singular] to turn away, to divert
Ablenkung vom Thema deviation from the theme <Topic>
<<2>> Change of mood, distraction
<<3>> (physical) deflection, diffraction
Ab・len・kun・gen (plural of Ablenkung)


Since there is a description related to the second edition of the World Encyclopedia, I will quote it. As can be seen in this description
"In contrast to normal microwave communication, there is no obstruction between the transmitting and receiving points and there is mutual line-of-sight,"
, and "ordinary microwave communication" means that "there is no obstacle between the transmitting point and the receiving point and there is mutual line of sight".
There is a background that has been basic, and other diffraction is over-the-horizon (a station hidden under the horizon)
It has received little attention except for poor quality communications in developing countries.
Therefore, the attitude to the issue of direction information acquisition, which only the inventor of the present invention has continued to study deeply and widely ahead of the world, should be considered.
It was possible because I had it,
In light of the technical common knowledge at the time, it is absolutely impossible for a person skilled in the art to easily conceive of the present invention.

over-the-horizon communication
In normal microwave communication, there is no obstacle between the transmitting point and the receiving point, and there is a line of sight to each other.
Due to the long distance between the transmitting and receiving points, the effect of the spherical surface of the ground and mountains
Communication used between points with no line of sight.
A large antenna with a reflector area of 100 to several hundred m2, a high output transmitter of several kW to 10 kW,
A low-noise diversity receiver is required, but due to the large propagation loss along the way,
Limited to low-capacity communication with 120 or less telephone lines or low-quality television signal transmission.
Due to the mechanism of propagation, tropospheric scattering propagation and
Radio waves are applied to the ridgelines of mountains, etc.
Diffraction propagation that receives radio waves by diffraction
divided into
The former emits radio waves toward the upper atmosphere and receives them through scattering phenomena due to atmospheric non-uniformity.
This method is often used for non-line-of-sight communication.
Before the spread of satellite communications, non-line-of-sight communications were
The maximum transmission distance is about 500 to 600 km, which is shorter than that of the shortwave band, but the transmission capacity is large.
They were installed all over the world in the 1960s at military installations and developing countries.
However, due to poor quality and seasonal fluctuations, it is gradually being replaced by satellite communications.
At present, it is rarely used except for backup lines and other special uses.
In Japan, the 350km distance between Kyushu and Amami Oshima is due to mountain diffraction (Nakanoshima).
In 1961, the first 24 public telecommunications lines were installed.
Currently, public lines are used between Okinawa and Minami Daito Island.
The tropospheric scattering method is in operation. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


The TA claim_V70meisai130912.txt is quoted below.
The start of black brackets and the end of black brackets are ## <<## ## >>##.
Beginning of brackets and end of brackets are ## <<## ## >>##.
The beginning of the corner and the end of the corner were set to ## <<## ## >>##.



#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
(2) Patent ********* 3522259
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
Direction information acquisition method


(57) ## <<## Claims ##>>##

(Comparison of Postures 1 and 2) (Necessity 100)

-------------------------------------------------- ------
## <<## claim 1##>>## (ground use)
(Done! Ground type! Claim 1! The following is claim 1! 20131022 16:45)

A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0,
・The ``plane of the electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield'' is placed at ## <<## vertical ##>>##,
And,
・The axis when flipping 180 degrees is ## <<## vertical axis ## >>##
characterized by
A direction information acquisition method.

-------------------------------------------------- ----
## <<##Claim-1##>>## (space utilization) (removed)



For one positioning satellite system antenna
Adjacent
"Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
Plane"
and

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
For positioning satellite system receivers,
from positioning satellites
Let it "try to capture" the transmitted signal,

save the result and

Afterwards,

## <<##
the positioning satellite system antenna;
The above "Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shielding material
Plane” and
of
contained in the plane and passing through the foot of the normal to the plane from the center of the antenna;
180 degrees around a straight line (axis)
"Reversed"
In spatial positional relationship,
The positioning satellite system antenna and
The above "Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
Plane"
or
Another "electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
Plane
Adjacent
place and
##>>##

Same process as above
connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
In the positioning satellite system receiver,
from positioning satellites
Let it "try to capture" the transmitted signal

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
By positioning satellite system receivers,
obtained from the first posture and the second posture,
Based on each "comparison of reception status"

"The relevant electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
Obtain the direction of the normal vector on the plane in a limited way.』

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:






-------------------------------------------------- ----
## <<## claim 0##>>## (space utilization)


For one positioning satellite system antenna
almost adjacent
"Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
(Vertical: delete for space utilization)
Plane"
and

(passing through the zenith; deleted for space utilization)
It is the intersection of the plane and the celestial sphere.
Bounded by one great circle,
The side on which the positioning satellite system antenna is located
exists in
from positioning satellites
direct wave
Against
of the antenna
Sensitivity
Reach
form a cover,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
For positioning satellite system receivers,
from positioning satellites
Let it "try to capture" the transmitted signal,

save the result and

Afterwards,

## <<##
the positioning satellite system antenna;
The above "Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shielding material
(Vertical: delete for space utilization)
Plane” and
of
(Vertical: deleted for space utilization)
of the diameter of one of the great circles
180 degrees around the axis
"Reverse"
In the spatial positional relationship
The positioning satellite system antenna and
The above "Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
(vertical; deleted for space utilization)
Plane"
or
Another "electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield
(Vertical: removed for space utilization)
Plane
almost adjacent
place and
##>>##

Remaining side (I suddenly realized that blank lines after this line are not necessary.
exists in
from positioning satellites
direct wave
Against
of the antenna
Sensitivity
Reach
form a cover,

■■Same process as above
■■ Connected to the above positioning satellite system antenna
In the positioning satellite system receiver,
from positioning satellites
Let it "try to capture" the transmitted signal

■■■ Connected to the above-mentioned positioning satellite system antenna
By positioning satellite system receivers,
■■■obtained by the first posture and the second posture■,
■■■ based on each "■■ comparison ■■ of reception status"

■■■ One or more positioning ■ The area where the satellites existed (I suddenly realized that I didn't need a blank line after this line.
or,
■■■One or more positioning ■Situation where the satellite was shielded by other objects ■, (Suddenly realized that blank lines after this line are unnecessary. Just write it in the specification. Is it a matter?)

■■■Using the azimuth angle of each positioning satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation, (I suddenly realized that I didn't need the blank line after this line. I thought it would be fine if I wrote it in the specification.)

■■■『Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield (vertical: delete for space use)
Limited acquisition of the direction of the normal vector of the plane, starting from a point on the plane and ending at the center of the positioning satellite system antenna in the first (or second) attitude.”

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


-------------------------------------------------- ----



















The following is claim 1 with writing for the specification.


-------------------------------------------------- --------------------


■ For one positioning satellite system antenna
almost adjacent
"Vertical plane of electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield"
and

(←In addition, there is the following as a special case in this case. That is,
Windows of hotel rooms (especially high floors), cafes, restaurants,
When pressed against a window of a ship, aircraft, train or land vehicle, it is defined as being outside the window.
And since nothing should be received even if it is reversed, an option is provided to simulate the measurement by pressing the NULL button.
If this option button is selected, all measurements on the opposite side are counted as having a signal strength of 0 and the results are immediately returned.
However, in this case, the responsibility for eliminating the possibility of picking up diffracted waves lies with the user.
In the case of the top floors of buildings or corner rooms, the onus is on the user to be aware of the effect.
However, it should be noted that it is possible to avoid the error with a simple duty of consideration that is conscious of λ=19 cm. )

←In space, if the main beam of a hemispherical antenna is placed in front of the body, signals can be picked up evenly in a hemispherical shape.
On the ground, there is no point in having sensitivity in the direction blocked by the ground surface, so the main beam can be placed facing the zenith.
Therefore, we decided to express without specifying the direction of the main beam.
(In the specification, if the main beam is … in space, it can be conveniently arranged that way.
On the surface of the earth, if the main beam is …, then it is convenient and can be arranged like that. can be expressed as

(← For example, the ventral side of the human body and its inversion, the dorsal side of the human body and its inversion, both sides of the dorsal and ventral side of the human body,
Both the left and right or front and back sides of the animal body,
Both sides of the terrain with open cliffs in opposite directions,
Both sides of the terrain with open quays in opposite directions,
Both sides of a mountain
mutually opposite sides of the building,
mutually facing opposite sides of the man-made structure,
Both sides of the ship's structures that face opposite directions (including the ship's cabin structure when standing on the deck, etc.),
Both left and right flanks of aircraft (including small aircraft, gliders) during landing, etc.
Both left and right sides of helicopters (including small helicopters, carrier helicopters, etc.), including during landing;
Both left and right sides of land vehicles (including automobiles, trains and polar reconnaissance vehicles);
Alternatively, the above one sides are combined to form a concept as a pair),

(as a result)

■ With one great circle passing through the zenith as a boundary,
The side on which the positioning satellite system antenna is located
(Note that the direction of the earth may also be included. Reduce the number of claims to make it readable for space use.)

exists in
from positioning satellites
direct wave
Against
of the antenna
Sensitivity
Reach
(← In order to be able to read the use of space, the word (air) is removed and expressed.
In space utilization, in that sense, it is easier to understand if the main beam is taken in the frontal direction of the body.
In the case of ground use, it is easier to understand if the word (above) is added just before the coverage area.
For terrestrial use, the main beam can be directed in front of the body or in the zenith direction. )
form a cover,

■ Connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
For positioning satellite system receivers,
(of the upper hemisphere)
(By removing the ← (of the upper half-celestial sphere), I made it possible to read the use in outer space.)
from positioning satellites
(← from "various" positioning satellites. Efforts should be made to obtain data from as many positioning satellites as possible. Simultaneous search of all satellites is the best. For terrestrial use, predict.)

to "try to capture" the transmitted signal,

← (Although it is written simply as “attempt to capture” etc.,
Clearly state in the specification that the trick is to make the difficult "synchronization" attempts of "synchronization" acquisition and "synchronization" tracking, and compare how much they succeed or fail.
Diffracted wave polymerization does not work well with "synchronization", but the idea behind this proposal is to convert the characteristics of the receiver that deforms into usefulness and actively utilize it))
If you explain based on the mechanism of the receiver and the situation such as reflected waves that the receiver is not good at, it will be easier to obtain consent. This is what the textbook says
It would be better to cite or write that SS-DS receivers are most vulnerable to... That's why you can use that weak point as an advantage for identification.
I thought that it would be impossible for a clumsy examiner to say it in a deformed manner, and it was rather complicated. This is the reverse use of common sense, so
Write down. )

■ Save the result,




← (a) ``An electromagnetic wave absorber (or electromagnetic wave shield) that has a plane whose extension can be approximately regarded as a plane of a great circle passing through the zenith.''
and the antenna for the positioning satellite system, as an integrated body, arranged in a 180-degree inverted position, if possible,
(b) ``A plane whose extension can be approximated as a plane of a great circle passing through the zenith,'' on both sides 180 degrees opposite.
In the case of "an electromagnetic wave absorber (or electromagnetic wave shielding object) possessed",
The positioning satellite system antenna "only" may be arranged by inverting it by 180 degrees,
(c) What is ``an electromagnetic wave absorber (or electromagnetic wave shield) that has a plane whose extension can be approximated as a plane of a great circle passing through the zenith''?
another, being, another
``An electromagnetic wave absorber (or electromagnetic wave shield) having a plane whose extension can be approximately regarded as a great circle plane passing through the zenith'' is
When they have normal vectors that are 180 degrees opposite to each other, they can be used (for example, there are two huge rocks, each with
If you have faces with normal vectors in opposite directions. ),
It means using any of them anyway.
(d) Alternatively, if it is clearly reversed, it is possible to press the NULL button based on the idea that reception is not possible.


■■ After scolding,

######
the positioning satellite system antenna;
The aforementioned "vertical plane of the electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield"
of
180 degrees around the vertical axis
"Reverse"

In the spatial positional relationship
The positioning satellite system antenna and
The "vertical plane of the electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic shield"
or
Another "vertical plane of electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield"
(With this one line, another plane (a pair of parallel planes that exist on the front and back of the same object and have openness in the opposite direction can be used)
(With this one line, another plane (a pair of parallel planes with openness in the opposite direction of another object can be used)
almost adjacent
place and
##>>##

have at the same time, or
Can be held over time by reversing the object itself
(← “Can be held” includes the fact that the object itself (electromagnetic wave absorber) rotates around the body axis over time.)
object
(←It is easy to understand if it is singular, and it is easy to write in English, but it is also possible to think of two huge rocks as a pair.)


(Please note that the deletion of "of the celestial sphere" may include the direction of the earth. Reduce the number of claims to make it readable for the use of space.)
■■Remaining side■
exists in
from positioning satellites
direct wave
Against
of the antenna
Sensitivity
Reach
(sky)
(← (above) is omitted so that it can be read even when used in outer space. Conversely, in the case of ground use, it is easier to understand if the above is added.)
form a cover,


■■Same process as above
■■ Connected to the above positioning satellite system antenna
In the positioning satellite system receiver,
(of the upper hemisphere)
(By removing the ← (of the upper half-celestial sphere), I made it possible to read the use in outer space.)
from positioning satellites
(← means from "various" positioning satellites. Efforts should be made to obtain information from as many positioning satellites as possible. Simultaneous search of all satellites is the best. For terrestrial use, predict.)
Let it "try to capture" the transmitted signal


■■ (save the result,)



■■■ Connected to the above-mentioned positioning satellite system antenna
By positioning satellite system receivers,
■■■obtained by the first posture and the second posture■,
■■■ based on each "■■ comparison ■■ of reception status"

■■■ one or more positioning ■ areas where satellites were present,
or,
■■■ determine the presence or absence of a situation where one or more positioning ■satellites were shielded by other objects, ■,

(←Other objects are mainly features on the ground, but there may be things that can not be called features such as hovering airships and ships, so I wrote them as other objects.
In space, it is not limited to geological features (the geographic feature in space is the earth itself),
Spaceships, planets, asteroids, and aggregates of gas with specific electromagnetic wave absorption properties are also considered and considered as objects.)

■■■ Using the azimuth angle of each positioning satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,

(← It means to link and correspond, but it was simply expressed as "use" in a cool way))

■■■ ``Limit the orientation of the front of the body in the first or second posture''

(←It can no longer be identified by the main beam direction of the antenna (because the antenna is not horizontal))

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:




It should be noted that, in order to be applicable in outer space, claim 1 may be replaced with claim 0 as follows.
,




## <<## claim 2##>>## (requirement 100)
The "electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield" is
■ body ■ or body
(←Electromagnetic wave shielding object = body, here specified) (Advantages: Always available for outdoor activities where supplies are scarce. Excellent absorption properties. Food and beverages can be used.
No physical strength required, doubles as a break, easy to reverse, short duration)
2. The direction information acquiring method according to claim 0, wherein:



## <<##Claim 3##>>## (requirement 100)
When ``arranging'' ``one satellite positioning system antenna'',
that antenna
##《## Main beam horizontally ##》## Install
(←When used on the ground, this is an unnecessary requirement. Prepare for an emergency examiner's instruction. To prevent slipping of the grant of a patent. Later, I will write it in the sense of patent defense.)
(← Advantage: When used in space, there is no leakage in the entire hemisphere, and it is symmetrical, which is the best practice.
(← Advantage: Even when used on the ground, there is also the advantage that the diffracted wave part can be prevented from giving too much gain. In the case of a planar antenna,
It has a low profile and is easy to wear. However, the influence of ground reflection etc.
Considering the case where you want to exclude it, it is not something that sticks to this. The zenith of the main beam is also acceptable. )
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:



(integrally)
## <<## claim 4##>>##
When ``arranging the antenna for the satellite positioning system by further inverting it by 180 degrees'',
"Electromagnetic wave absorber or electromagnetic wave shield" and "antenna for the satellite positioning system"
##<<## as one ##>>##, ``Reverse and arrange''
(←Inverted as a whole is specified here. Perhaps this is the only significant difference from the Mitsubishi rotary type. Except for physical use.)
(Benefits: ← Maybe this is the only significant difference from the Mitsubishi rotary type. Except for physical use.)
(Advantages: No need for physical strength, doubles as a break, easy to turn over, can be used for a short period of time, no need to take the trouble of removing it from the abdomen and reattaching it to the back (risk of dropping it))
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:



## <<##Claim 5##>>## (Requirement 100)
In the "reception state comparison",

"Maximum value for X seconds of 'Minimum value of received signal strength for Y seconds'" (← However, assuming Y (about 5) ≤ X (10 seconds)
as a representative value,

"The minimum value of the difference between the signal intensities of the direct wave and the diffracted wave (that is, the relative difference threshold)"
as well as
"Threshold of absolute value (minimum value of signal strength for) that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate"
of,
make use of
Doing this (comparing reception status),
"Positioning ■ Determining the area where the satellite existed (or the presence or absence of the feature shielding situation) ■"

(← Although it is difficult to file an infringement lawsuit and the possibility of generating monetary income is extremely small, the meaning of existence is as a claim that ensures the grant of a patent (approval).)
(Advantages: Positioning satellite receiver that originally includes a digital processor. Adding programs to this degree is easy. Firmware can also be used. Low cost.
Less risk of additional development and less risk of bugs contamination ・The negative points of the current receiver can be turned into positives)
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:



(inner product) (necessity 100)
## <<## claim 6##>>##
said ``determining the area of existence of one or more positioning satellite system satellites,''
Using the azimuth angle of each positioning satellite system satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
"Limiting the orientation in the frontal direction of the body in the first or second posture", when

Utilizing the operation of the inner product
(Making use of the fact that the absolute value of the inner product of unit vectors of directions with mutual elongations within 180 degrees is less than or equal to 1.)
(←Claims that are easy to file infringement lawsuits)
(Advantages: A positioning satellite receiver that originally includes a digital processor. It is easy to add a program of this degree. Even if it is implemented by numerical calculation, it is easy to develop.
Less risk of additional development and less risk of bugs contamination ・The negative points of the current receiver can be turned into positives)

"Limiting the orientation in the frontal direction of the body in the first or second posture"
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:



(Circular sequence) (Necessity 30)
## <<## claim 6##>>##
said ``determining the area of existence of one or more positioning satellite system satellites,''
Using the azimuth angle of each positioning satellite system satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
"Limiting the orientation in the frontal direction of the body in the first or second posture", when

"When the series of azimuth angles of positioning satellites existing in each quarter of the celestial sphere are aligned clockwise or counterclockwise,
■ Extract the azimuth angle of the first term ■ and the azimuth angle of the ■ last term ■,
From the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region,
(←Specify here the number sequence of one cycle. (←Although it is difficult to file an infringement lawsuit, it should be clearly stated in the specification that this is the same as the inner product.)
"Limiting the orientation in the frontal direction of the body in the first or second posture"

(Advantages: Easy to understand and easy to understand. Displaying it makes it even easier to understand. With a liquid crystal display. Educational effect. Interest in mathematics.
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:




(multi-positioning satellite system) (necessity 100)
## <<## claim 7##>>##
The "positioning satellite system" is
Being multiple "positioning satellite systems", in other words, multiple "positioning satellite systems"
and
(← GPS, GLONASS, quasi-celestial satellites, Galileo, beido, etc., etc.)

at that time,

The "positioning satellite system" antenna,
Antennas for Multi Positioning Satellite Systems
and

The "positioning satellite system" receiver is
Receiver for Multi "Positioning Satellite System"
is
(←The time has come for these products to be introduced to the market. Specific examples are described in the specifications.)
(Benefit: As the number of satellites increases, the azimuth limitation width becomes narrower and more useful. Suitable for the era of government-led multi-GNSS development in countries around the world.
Appropriate for the times when multi-GNSS antenna receiver integrated modules or units with low cost, small size, light weight, high performance, and multiple functions are appearing one after another.
Those assets can be used as they are. Easy to manufacture even with adon chips such as arduino. I'm sure it's good for learning too. educational effect).
2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:



(Securing storage area)
## <<## claim 7##>>##
required for ``comparing the reception conditions obtained in the first and second attitudes'',

Holds a storage area (←Maybe you don't have to write it, but I'll write it to spread a sense of security.Would you like to make a claim for the device?)
(Advantage: Originally, the receiver of GPS is composed of a digital chip. Therefore, it is only necessary to slightly divert a part of the memory, and the adaptability is high.
In that case, neither the weight nor the volume will increase at all. This also forms an important aspect for inexpensive diffusion in developing countries. existing assets,
Commodities that will be introduced to the market in the future can be used almost as they are without any significant changes. only ideas added).

2. A direction information acquisition method according to claim 0 or 1, characterized in that:


########################
########################
########################






------------------1022 get up image----------------------
・There is a radio shielding object that blocks the reception of direct waves (a) Placing adjacent planes (on the forward side and the opposite side), and inverting to form the remaining sensitivity, and direct waves from other parts Place a flat surface with radio wave shields so as to block the reception of
・
・"A plane that approximately forms a part of a plane containing a great circle passing through the zenith (as a boundary)"
------------------1022 get up image----------------------




#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################






## <<## detailed description of the invention ##>>##
## <<##0001##>>##
## <<## the technical field to which the invention belongs##>>##

The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from positioning satellite system satellites such as GPS satellites.

## <<##0002##>>##

## <<## prior art ##>>##

Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude, and positioning satellite system time such as GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from positioning satellite system satellites such as GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites. No information was obtained.

## <<##0003##>>##

Therefore, the inventor of the present invention proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).

## <<##0004##>>##

According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna, and transmitted each signal based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths It is determined which antenna the satellite was in the air coverage area of, and the results of determining the existence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle. limited or specified.

## <<##0005##>>##

In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method in a commercially available GPS receiver, the present inventor further developed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission unit, a data reception unit, and a data processing unit.
proposed a machine (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-364605).

## <<##0006##>>##

As a result, when a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmission section and the data reception section face each other, one GPS reception The GPS satellite data received by the receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the two data can be processed by the data processing unit to easily obtain the azimuth information.

## <<##0007##>>##

Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.

## <<##0008##>>##


#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################







##《##Problem to be Solved by Invention##》##

■■■■■ ##《## Problems to be solved##》##■■■■■
However, the conventional azimuth information acquisition method has the following problems to be solved for the next generation.

That is, the conventional direction information acquisition method is
Scenes consisting of satellites with uniform signal strength, or
Scenes where there is a relatively small difference in signal strength, or
In situations such as when the probability of being mixed with satellites with exceptional signal strength is extremely low,
I was able to get good results.

but,
A satellite with an outstandingly strong received signal strength
In mixed situations,
In the conventional direction information acquisition method,
There were some difficulties. (In production, it may be expressed politically as the future tense as "expected to occur".)

i.e.
In such situations,
a certain threshold preset as a default, and
the received signal strength of each satellite;
, compare
Determine the existence area of each satellite
The thing is
necessarily,
correct
Existence area determination
to lead
There are unlimited
necessarily,
correct
How easy it is to obtain azimuth information
There are things that are difficult to say (in the actual production, you can add "rarely" politically)
there were.

(In the actual test, the following may be added: "In this case, there was a trade-off between the rate of correct answers, the rate of incorrect answers, the rate of non-answers, and the size of the azimuth limitation width.
In this case, it was necessary to analyze the trade-off and skillfully set the threshold as the optimum solution. ) (deleted for clarity)

In other words,
“If we get above a certain signal strength threshold,
There is a satellite that originated the signal within the 'direct wave coverage'."
It was not correct to presume that.

Namely
In areas that are not "direct wave coverage",
Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,
When satellites are mixed,
And,
When the shielding object is the wavelength or several times its size,
If we restrict to
Even if the diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite is received at the edge of the shield,
Even if the diffraction loss is reduced,
There may be (or there may be) a moment when the signal strength is stronger than the threshold,
Based only on the signal strength threshold obtained with the antenna main beam directed only in one direction,
There was an error in judging the existence area of the satellite. (In production, [rarely] there is a political meaning. When writing the truth, remove the [].)


Therefore, as mentioned above,
"Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,
A scene where satellites are mixed” (*)
And
"Scenes where the shielding object is the wavelength or several times larger" (**)
Even in the limited and special aspects of
Existence area determination
of
able to perform correctly,
In addition, direction information acquisition
of
able to perform correctly
Direction information acquisition method
suggest.


The situation (*) may occur for the following reasons, for example.

(a) Even if a problem occurs in outer space, it is basically impossible to repair it in close proximity, or it is accompanied by great difficulty.
In space, for example, there may be cases of satellites that have developed strong signals due to transmission power adjustment failures.
In most cases, satellites in outer space that have caused such a strong signal due to malfunction must be abandoned because of the impossibility of approaching repairs.
This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

(b) The satellite must be launched into space and put into operation.
Building a positioning satellite system or the like inevitably requires a plurality of satellites, sometimes as many as 32 satellites.
However, it is technically, budget-wise, and politically impossible or extremely difficult to launch and orbit a large number of satellites at once.
Therefore, if there is a specification change or the like in the satellite part of the existing positioning satellite system, the satellite will be gradually replaced over many years.
In such a case, it is undeniable that there will be a time when satellites with old specifications and satellites with future specifications will coexist. It is possible if the specification change includes a change in signal strength.
This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

(c) With the international situation where multi-GNSS is progressing, there are high expectations for the conversion of GNSSS receivers to multi-GNSS receivers.
There is a problem on the side of such a multi-GNSS receiver,
Even when it should be recognized as a different type of GNSS satellite, there may be a situation in which a GNSS receiver that has lost only its identification function must be diverted.
For example, there may be a situation where both GPS satellites and GLONASS satellites are successfully received, but it is not possible to distinguish between them.
Long-term mountaineering (vertical running), polar expeditions, and marine navigation (especially in distress and similar situations) are not always the best conditions for GNSS equipment.
However, if there is still a remaining function that both GPS and glonass satellites can be received (even if the system type cannot be distinguished),
It is very disappointing and unreasonable that direction information cannot be obtained using only the remaining functions.
This is very similar to the situation in which some satellites of a certain positioning system have extremely high reception strengths.
Even if their signal strengths are different, and even if they are indistinguishable, it would be better if there was a way to obtain azimuth information using them.
This is also a situation that meets (*) above.

(Conversely, scenes that do not correspond to (*) are situations where the output levels are uniform in a certain GNSS or multi-GNSS.
This is the case of obtaining azimuth information from a well-controlled group of satellites.)



The situation (**) may occur for the following reasons, for example.

(A) When using the body as a shield

(B) When using a shield that is approximately the same size or smaller than the body
(Specifically, certain types of helicopters, small aircraft, huge rocks, large trees that are nearly 1,000 years old, cliffs that are not large-scale natural or man-made, buildings that are not large-scale, etc.)

(Conversely, scenes that do not correspond to (**) are situations in which azimuth information is acquired against the background of mountainsides, buildings, gigantic structures, gigantic cliffs, gigantic mobile objects, etc.)

This research is a situation that fits the above (*), which tends to occur in the next generation, that is,
Received signal strength is outstandingly strong,
When satellites are sometimes mixed (*)
Or, even when constantly mixed,
Existence area determination
correctly,
Direction information acquisition
can do correctly
Direction information acquisition method
suggest.




## <<##0009##>>##
## <<##0010##>>##

#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
## <<Means to solve the problem##>>##


(copy of claim)



## <<##0011##>>##


20130909 13:52
■■■■■##《##Means/methods to solve the problem##》##■■■■■

In order to solve the above problems, the following "features" method is proposed.
It is easy to understand if it is roughly classified into three procedures.

(Procedure 1 = Claim 1: Acquisition of data in two opposite attitudes of the antenna, with or without the body sandwiched between the satellite and the antenna)

1. Get reception by putting your body between the satellite and the GPS antenna, or not. (If you take 1.1, 1.2 can be expressed comprehensively)
1.1 "■ Compare reception status before and after inversion ■".
→ More specifically, the GPS antenna and the posture of the body should be “■reversed as one”.
1.2 An embodiment in which "■ Only the GPS antenna is reversed ■" is "reversed and placed on the opposite side of the body" is also acceptable.

(Step 2 = Claim 2: Definition and preparation of the discrimination representative value, procedure for creating the discrimination representative value from each posture data)

2. 1 above. For each of the "receiving states before and after inversion", "■ representative value ■ for discrimination" is extracted (which is used to perform "region determination").
More specifically,

2.1 The representative value for a given satellite shall use not only received strength but also changes over time.
2.2 The representative value for a given satellite shall be "■ the maximum value ■ of the ``minimum value of the received signal strength for Y (5) consecutive seconds'' within the consecutive X (10) seconds".
(What we expect is that in the direct wave, ``synchronization can be acquired somehow, and it behaves like a direct wave.'')
(What we expect is that in the diffracted wave, ``synchronization has been somehow achieved, but the diffracted wave at the end points of the body is more complex than the direct wave.
More wobbly or deviating, or achieving less than
(It doesn't matter if you get out of sync and start over again."Such a scene)

《Purpose 1 is to effectively discriminate between composite diffracted waves and direct waves. 》
《Purpose 2 is to clarify the difference between the direct wave and the composite diffracted wave by maintaining synchronization (tracking), which is difficult in SS communication》
《Objective 3 is tracking, which is difficult in SS communications, and is to detect frequent shifts in the center of synchronization, which are more frequent in compound diffracted waves than in direct waves.》
《Objective 4 is tracking, which is difficult in SS communication, and uses signal distortion that causes frequent shifts in the synchronization center, which is more frequently seen in compound diffracted waves than in direct waves.》
《Purpose 5 is tracking, which is difficult in SS communication, and detects dithering in the correlation between the received wave and the generated wave, which is frequently seen in the compound diffracted wave compared to the direct wave.》
<<Purpose 6 is to detect "unavoidable failure to maintain synchronization even at the best reception", which is more frequently seen in complex diffracted waves than in direct waves, in tracking, which is difficult in SS communication.
By the way, according to Kojien, the "representative value" is "a numerical value used as an objective measure of data in statistics. Average value, median value, etc."


(Procedure 3 = Claim 3: 3-conditional branch flow for judging the satellite existence area (etc.), evaluating the representative value for discrimination obtained from 2 attitude data 3 times)

3. "■Representative value■" of "■Reception state before and after reversal■" in 2 above is ■compared■, and also compared■ with ■Received intensity threshold for direct wave candidate determination■, and "■area determination■" is performed. .
More specifically, do the following:

■Condition A■ "max (representative value 1,representative value 2) ≧ "threshold A as a necessary condition for direct wave candidates" GPS ICD reception strength minimum guaranteed value (-128.5dBm for the latest GPS ICD)
Specifically, in IPS5000, G (-128.5dBm) etc.

■Condition B■ " | Representative value 1 - Representative value 2 |
receiver resolution
Specifically, in IPS5000, 8.46*log(e)((smaller representative value + 1)/smaller representative value,
(For example, this is 1.2 dB when the smaller representative value is F.)

■Condition C■ "Representative value 1 - Representative value 2 ≧ "Threshold value B for certifying diffraction loss of diffracted waves at body end points and complex added waves"

3.1 "Condition A ■ not established" shall be regarded as "■" and "■ feature shielding".

3.2 “Condition A ■ satisfied”, “to”, and “max (representative value 1,representative value 2) side are regarded as direct wave candidates”.

3.3 "Condition A satisfied" and "Condition B ■ not satisfied" shall be regarded as "existence of the boundary area".
The boundary area is ± a certain angle range from the great circle passing through the zenith
(For example, the range is about 5 to 9 degrees.)
Measures in areas where diffraction loss is too small to detect

3.4 Considering "Condition A satisfied" and "Condition B ■ satisfied" as "to" and "Existence of one side area".

3.4.1 “Condition A satisfied”, “Condition B satisfied”, and “Condition C ■ satisfied” shall be regarded as “■■ Posture 1 side area exists”.

3.4.2 “Condition A satisfied”, “Condition B satisfied”, and “Condition C ■ not satisfied” should be regarded as “■■ Posture 2 side area exists”.

《By the way, a certain satellite C, which was obscured at the left rear 20° elevation angle of 50°,
■ There is a case where 6.9 dB was evaluated as the amount of attenuation at the time of composite reception of diffracted waves at the ends of the body (as viewed from the direct wave).
(6°/10sec rotating framework, 10 minutes slow rotating framework.)

``■■ representative value for discrimination'' shall be ``■■ the maximum value for 10 seconds of ``minimum value of reception intensity for 5 seconds''''.
The adoption of the "representative value for discrimination" should be a formula that raises the resolution of "discrimination between the direct wave and the diffracted wave" as much as possible.

The first, rational explanation will be discussed separately. ■ (This will be a submitted paper.) (Characteristics of each mechanism of synchronization acquisition and synchronization maintenance in the DS system and properties of diffracted waves) The second teleological explanation will be explained separately. ■ (This will be a submitted paper.)

A first, rational explanation for this is given below.

I will cite the book in my explanation. Written by Yukiji, Written by Kenji, All of Spectrum Diffusion Communication -including buletooth-, Overview of Spectrum Diffusion Technology--
Narrowband communication vs. SS communication = SS is (1) extremely small s/n ratio, (2) difficult to acquire synchronization, (3) extremely difficult to maintain synchronization (s-curve is distorted)
Due to "■ signal itself ■ waveform distortion" and "■ S-curve distortion" in "■ body end point various diffracted wave composite reception", the original
■ Difficulties in maintaining synchronization accelerated, complete loss of synchronization increased in frequency
In "Body end point diffracted wave composite reception",
Due to the distortion of the S curve and the decrease in the slope of the S curve (expansion of the range) in the synchronization ■ holding mechanism
Even if it's not completely out of sync
Decrease in ■correlation value■ due to deviation from the true center of synchronization
■ Frequent intermittent drops in signal strength ■

It is important to set a "representative value for discrimination" that easily reflects such a situation. requirement"

In normal (1) narrowband modulation, a high reception s/n ratio is maintained (2) by a filter placed at the front end of the receiver.
However, in the DS system, the s/n ratio is remarkably low. Therefore, it is easy to lose sight of the received signal if the synchronization position dithers even slightly.

Therefore, a dedicated (1) tracking circuit is required.
Even with dedicated tracking circuitry, it is relatively easy to lose track of the received signal due to even slight dithering of the sync position.

Added by Masato:
Furthermore,
"Temporal intensity fluctuations are different, and optical path differences are also different."
that kind of
"■ Various diffracted waves at body end points" are added
”■ Composite wave in which multiple body end point diffracted waves are added”
Since the situation is to receive

■ The waveform is also distorted.
(2) The S-curve may also exhibit a complicated shape ((2) is distorted).

→At that time, the first feature is that it is "difficult to acquire synchronization" compared to direct waves.
The reason for this is that the "form of each chip is distorted" of the received signal, which is a "complex wave obtained by adding a plurality of diffracted waves at the end points of the body".
As a result, the "■ correlation" with the generated wave may "become lower" than the direct wave.
Due to this effect, the signal strength can be "difficult to obtain synchronization" compared to the direct wave.
In other words, there is a case where "the time until acquisition of synchronization (1) becomes longer" (than the direct wave).

→The second feature is that even if synchronization is successfully achieved, "maintaining synchronization" with diffraction composite waves is "more difficult" (compared to direct waves).
In a short period of time, synchronization is completely lost, or "the center of synchronization shifts (■ dithering)".
→ In other words, it may be possible to observe the occurrence of an event (*) that is "nearly out of sync" within 5 seconds of observation.

Detect that "dithering". Therefore, if a convenient representative value is set, discrimination from the diffracted wave and composite wave becomes clearer.
One of them is the "Maximum value for 10 seconds of 'Minimum value for 5 seconds'".

(*) An event "nearly out of synchronization" means that synchronization is completely lost, and even if it does not go to "restart from synchronization ■ acquisition" ■
"The deviation from the true center of synchronization becomes large, and the ``■ correlation'' with the generated wave in the receiver further ``descends,'' and in terms of time, ditehring.

The dithering is fundamental and unavoidable in the "composite wave in which multiple body end-point diffracted waves are added".
If the unavoidable phenomenon is unavoidable, it can be said that the method proposed in this paper is to actively utilize it for discrimination.
■

■ 6.9 dB, attenuation ■ (For satellite C with 20 degrees behind the left edge and 50 degrees elevation)
(Because of compound attenuation, theoretical calculation is not possible, and actual measurements are claimed to be truly important.
Furthermore, it should be noted that it is the difference of the "representative value for discrimination". (This is a representative value that emphasizes the difference from the direct wave well.)
Furthermore, it should be noted that this is a one-time (preliminary experiment) value for one satellite. (Many data will be obtained in the future))
(There is a difference of about 5-7 dB between D, E, F, G, H, and I, which were D and I at the maximum value of the minimum value for 5 consecutive seconds.)
\\\\\\\\\\\sat c, Elevation F=50 Azimuth E=40deg >> Left 20° out of sight
20130825 around 124200 after the rain


Figure 1 Flowchart for obtaining azimuth information

start
｜
↓
[Step 01] Attitude 1, <<attitude 2,>> data acquisition (consideration of warm-up time)
｜
↓n
+ - → <Area determination satellites still exist>---> Direction information acquisition/output ---> end
| |y
｜ ↓
｜ [Step 02] Attitude 1, <<attitude 2,>><<extract representative values y1, y2>>
｜ ｜
｜ ↓
｜ [Step 03] <<Satellite existence area determination routine>> with y1, y2, v, d
｜ ｜
｜ ｜
＋――――――＋


* Points different from Takahashi's conventional method are indicated with <<>>.



Figure 2 Satellite existence area determination routine



[Step 03] <<Satellite existence area determination routine>> with y1, y2, v, d contents

enter
｜
↓n
<Condition A>---> Feature shielding ---- --- → return
｜
｜y
↓n
<Condition B>---> Presence in the border area ---- → return
｜
｜y
↓n
<Condition C>---> Presence in posture 2 side coverage area ---> return
｜
｜y
｜
＋――――→Presence in posture 1 side coverage area――→return



<Condition A>"max (representative value 1 (y1),representative value 2 (y2)) ≧ "threshold A (v) as a necessary condition for direct wave candidates"
GPS ICD reception strength minimum guaranteed value (-128.5dBm for the latest GPS ICD)
Specifically, in IPS5000, G (-128.5dBm) etc.

<Condition B> ``|Representative value 1 (y1) - Representative value 2 (y2) |
receiver resolution
Specifically, in IPS5000, 8.46*log(e)((smaller representative value + 1)/smaller representative value,
(For example, this is 1.2 dB when the smaller representative value is F.)

<Condition C>"Representative value 1 (y1) - Representative value 2 (y2) ≧ "Threshold value B (d) for recognizing diffraction loss of complex added waves of diffracted waves at body end points"








## <<##0012##>>##


## <<##0013##>>##

#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################
#########################################

## <<## Embodiments of the Invention##>>##

Next, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

## <<##0014##>>##

In the following explanation, the unit of angle is degree (deg).
Azimuth angles are indicated clockwise with 0 degrees north, 90 degrees east, 180 degrees south, and 270 degrees west.
In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.

Basically, patent No. 3522259 (Japanese patent registration, single sheet type)
An equivalent configuration is taken as a starting point.

A GPS receiver is placed on the back of the body with its main beam horizontal.
In the case of reversing, the body on which the GPS receiver is installed must be rotated 180 degrees around the body axis.

In the following, we consider positioning satellite systems, including GPS systems, or GNSS system receivers or NSS system receivers.
Positioning satellite systems or GNSS receivers or NSS system receivers are
It shall also include a multi-GNSS shared receiver capable of receiving satellites from multiple positioning satellite systems simultaneously.


## <<##0015##>>##


first of all
Figure 1
as well as
Figure 2
To
, the orientation limiting routine according to the present invention will be described.


FIG. 1 shows a flow chart.

The first rectangular parallelepiped labeled [Procedure 01] indicates that data acquisition is performed in postures 1 and 2.
Warm-up time is also taken into account.

The next conditional branch is to check if there are more satellites to be ranged.

The next rectangular parallelepiped labeled [Procedure 02] extracts the representative value.

The next rectangular parallelepiped labeled [Procedure 03] is the region determination routine.


FIG. 2 shows the specifics of the area determination routine, which is part of the internal routine of FIG.

Consists of three conditional branches.

The first conditional branch, condition A, determines whether either the signal with a certain satellite number obtained at attitude 1 or the signal with the same satellite number obtained at attitude 2 can be a direct wave candidate. .

The first conditional branch, condition B, is such that the absolute value of the difference between the signal of a certain satellite number obtained at attitude 1 and the signal of the same satellite number obtained at attitude 2 is such that the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be distinguished. It is a judgment as to whether or not the signal strength is far.

The first conditional branch, condition C, is the difference between the signal of a certain satellite number obtained at attitude 1 and the signal of the same satellite number obtained at attitude 2. The former is a direct wave and the latter is a diffracted wave. It is a judgment of whether or not.
is.

That is, one of the four estimations can be obtained in the decision routine of FIG.
That is, there are four categories of estimation: feature occlusion, boundary area, presence on pose 1 side, and presence on pose 2 side.



Figure 3

+
+ +
+ +
SatB ☆+ +
+ +
+ □ +
+ □■→ +
+ □ +
+ +☆SatA
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
☆SatC


Figure 4

+
+ +
+ +
SatB ☆+ +
+ +
+ □ +
+ ← ■□ +
+ □ +
+ +☆SatA
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
☆SatC






next
Figure 3
, the principle of obtaining the azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described.

Figure 3
A flat antenna 1 is installed in the center of the. A planar antenna 1 is installed perpendicular to the ground.
It does not have to be a planar antenna.

For the sake of convenience, a flat antenna, which is easy to distribute and wearable on the body or clothes, is used for explanation.
The direction in which the beam of the planar antenna 1 is directed at this point is hereinafter referred to as the measurement direction 5 .
(In addition, since the measurement direction 5 is drawn in a different direction in Fig. 3, it is more desirable to correct it to the direction of this paper, but corrections before the filing date are omitted. This explanation will suffice.) .


On the side opposite to the direction in which the beam of the antenna 1 is directed, the human body exists so close that it touches (or almost touches through clothing or the like).
Figure 3
, the ■ human body is not drawn ■. (Omitted. If possible, I wanted to draw it, but I will omit the postscript before the filing date. This explanation will suffice.)
Specifically, the antenna 1 is attached to the back of the human body.
Figure 3
does not depict that the antenna 1 is attached to the back of the human body. (Omitted. If possible, I wanted to draw it, but I will omit the postscript before the filing date. This explanation will suffice.)



Figure 3
This state is called (1) first posture.

Figure 3
The state that is 180 degrees reversed from the state of
■ Call it the second posture.

that is
Figure 4
indicated by



-----------------Case of GNSS satellite A----------------
Figure 3
For GPS satellite A in
Figure 3
(2) When the first attitude is taken, GPS satellite A is in the area of "a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction the beam is pointing".
Therefore, the GPS receiver receives direct waves (free-space propagating waves) about GPS satellite A through the GPS antenna. This is because there is a line-of-sight propagation path.

Figure 4
Then
■ A figure is drawn when the second posture is taken. (Omitted. If possible, I wanted to draw it, but I will omit the postscript before the filing date. This explanation will suffice.)
on the other hand,
Figure 4
■ When taking the second attitude, GPS satellite A does not exist in the area of "a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction the beam is pointing".
For this reason, the GPS receiver cannot receive ■■ direct waves (free space propagating waves) of GPS satellite A through the GPS antenna. This is because the line of sight is blocked and there is no line of sight propagation path.
For this reason, the GPS receiver will receive ■■ diffracted waves from GPS satellite A through the GPS antenna. (Even if there is something that can be received for GPS satellite A, it will only be an aggregate of multiple diffracted waves from GPS satellite A diffracted from the end of the body.)

The diffracted wave at the edge of the shield is
■ Diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation)
The signal strength will be attenuated.

The geometric optical path length from the edges of the occluder to the center of the GPS antenna varies.
(2) A time delay occurs by the amount of these path differences.
Waves out of phase by the path difference
It is superimposed at the center of the GPS antenna, ie, phase interference occurs.
Therefore, at the center of the GPS antenna,
The superposition of various diffracted waves with these multiple path differences is
(1) The influence of waveform distortion (2) cannot be avoided.

For this reason, in the state of receiving various diffracted waves,
The probability of (1) synchronization deviation (synchronization center deviation) in the synchronous tracking mechanism inside the GPS receiver increases.
Or, in other words, the probability of (1) loss of synchronization increases.
(2) Correlation output sharply decreases (3) when synchronization deviation or out-of-synchronization occurs.
As a result, (1) the signal strength drops rapidly (2).
Even if the desynchronization can fortunately return to normal, the sudden drop is clearly observed as fluctuations in signal strength.
Therefore, if such frequent occurrences of signal intensity fluctuations are carefully observed and recorded, and a simple technique that does not miss the aspect is used, the phenomenon can be known.

The representative value of a certain satellite can be easily detected by setting it to the maximum value ■ of the ``minimum value of the received signal strength within the continuous Y (5) seconds'' within the continuous X (10) seconds. .
.
That is, when observing the signal strength of GNSS satellite A as the receiver output, the temporal stability becomes lower when receiving superimposed diffracted waves than when receiving direct waves. .

Using the intensity of this signal intensity itself and the difference in stability,
By setting the representative value of a certain satellite to be the maximum value ■ of the ``minimum value of the received signal strength within the continuous Y (5) seconds'' within the continuous X (10) seconds,
You can easily detect it.

From the point of view of handling, it is possible to identify it by utilizing the fact that when observing the channel state, the observed frequency of out-of-synchronization becomes higher than that of the direct wave.

Therefore, for the signal of GNSS satellite A, when comparing the record of the reception state, that is, the (instantaneous or temporal) record of the reception strength and the reception channel state, between the first attitude and the second attitude,
Since the first attitude receives direct waves (free space propagating waves) and the second attitude receives diffracted waves,
In the second posture, the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation), etc., is greater than that in the first posture.
signal strength is low,
Channel conditions also become unstable.
In other words, the probability of establishing and maintaining synchronization is relatively low, or the continuity of synchronization is relatively low.
In other words, the synchronization stability is relatively low.

That is, when the GPS satellite A is at ■ the first attitude and at ■ the second attitude,
From a comparison of signal strength and channel conditions,
Which quarter of the celestial sphere GPS satellite A was on?
I can judge.
-----------------Case of GNSS satellite A----------------





-----------------The case of GNSS satellite B can be written in the opposite way to the above, so you can correct it later------------- ---
Considering GPS satellite B in FIGS. 3 and 4, the opposite of the case of GPS satellite A can be said.

:

In other words, when the GPS satellite B is at ■ the first attitude and ■ at the second attitude,
From a comparison of signal strength and channel conditions,
Which quarter of the celestial sphere GPS satellite A was on?
I can judge.
-----------------The case of GNSS satellite B can be written in the opposite way to the above, so we will modify it later--- -







-----------------The case of GNSS satellite C is the boundary zone-------------------------

Considering GPS satellite C in FIGS. 3 and 4, the following can be said.


For the signal from GPS satellite C in both the first attitude and the second attitude,
From the geometric positional relationship between the receiver, body and satellite C,
There is a high possibility that the direct wave and the diffracted wave will be received with almost the same influence.

A record of the signal strength and channel conditions of GPS satellite C in such a geometric arrangement,
Comparing the first posture and the second posture,
Both in the first posture and in the second posture,
As for the influence of the diffracted waves, the geometrical position is such that a mixing situation of a fairly similar ratio is established.
At the time of the first posture and at the time of the second posture,
Signal strength and channel reception instability
(Relatively low probability of establishing and maintaining synchronization, or relatively low continuity of synchronization, in other words, relatively low stability of synchronization)
and
(Compared to GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B already mentioned)
It should have a fairly similar appearance.

That is, the difference between the first attitude of GPS satellite C and the second attitude is
From a comparison of the signal strength and channel condition records,
In the combination of a receiver that can determine the existence area of GPS satellites A and B mentioned above and the body, etc.
It can be assumed that GPS satellite C was in the bounding region of constant width between the two quarter hemispheres.
-----------------Remaining GNSS satellite C case boundary-------------------------









--------Instability of Correlation Values of Diffracted Wave Complex Waves at Body End Points Derived from Characteristics of Synchronization Acquisition Mechanism and Synchronization Holding (Tracking) Mechanism--------- -------------

In this section, we will explain why the diffracted wave (body end-point diffracted wave superimposed wave) has the following features (1) and (2) compared to the direct wave.
(1) is the characteristic that the signal strength is low even when it is stable.
(2) is a feature that "even if it seems to be stable, reception tends to become unstable over time." This is the phenomenon of "sudden drop in signal strength".

First, the receiver of the spread spectrum communication system and the direct spread system used in the positioning satellite system will be described.

In order to do so, it is first necessary to consider a comparison with receivers of communication schemes generally called "narrowband".

In narrowband communication, the S/N ratio at the front end of the receiver is large.

The S/N is extremely small at the front end of the direct spread method of the spread spectrum communication method.

Therefore, the direct spread method of the spread spectrum communication method requires a synchronization acquisition mechanism.

Acquiring synchronization then takes time.

In addition, there is a characteristic that even if synchronization is obtained with great effort, synchronization is easily lost due to a slight fluctuation of the signal.

However, in the superimposed wave of the body-end diffracted waves, the chip level signal waveform is often distorted and the amplitude is often reduced.

Therefore, it may take more time to acquire synchronization.

That is, the feature (1) above occurs.



A synchronization tracking mechanism is also required for the direct spread method of the pread spectrum communication method.

It requires acquisition of a distortion-free S-curve.

However, in the superimposed wave of the body-end diffracted waves, the chip level signal waveform is distorted, and the S-curve waveform is also distorted.

So tracking (maintaining) synchronization presents additional difficulties.

That is, the feature (2) above occurs.



The Composite Correlation Function and
Correlator waveforms in the 1/2 chip delay lock loop.

Y axis = correlation R(t)
X axis = delya (sec)

Figure 5 (1/2chip) Early Channel Correlator Output

.
. .
. .
. .
........


Figure 6 (1/2chip) Delay Channel Correlator Output


.
. .
. .
. .
........



Figure 7 Composit Correlation Function (Early-Late) , Zero=Tracking Point (note at peak of On time Correlator Output)

.
. .
. .
. .
...... . .......
. .
. .
. .
.


Figure 8 On-time Correlator Output

.
. .
. .
. .
........







(Source: Chapter 5 Section 3 Synchronization Maintaining Spread Spectrum Technology - From CDMA to IMT2000 and Bluetooth - Kenichi Matsuo, Tokyo Denki University Press, 2002.5.30)

(Source: Chapter 4 Direct Spread method Section 3 ■ Elimination of interference waves ■ Spread spectrum communication - Towards next-generation high-performance communication - Yukiji Yamauchi, Tokyo Denki University Press, November 20, 1994)

"3" Direct spread method is the most hated interference wave

■Interference waves■, which DS (Direct Spread) signals are not good at, will be introduced.
Interference is relatively easy. It simply receives the signal from the sender, manipulates it, amplifies it, and sends it to the receiver.
Examples of crafting methods include:

• Add a time delay ■ that ■ randomly and fluctuates ■ within a time width of one chip.
→■The situation is very similar■. (2) Because waves with optical path differences from each end point of the body are superimposed.
(2) It is equivalent to (2) adding a (3) time delay (3) randomly and fluctuating within a time width of one chip (1 chip=1 μsec). (What does this "and" mean in the first place? (At random timing?))

while fading to each other.
・The level of the input ■ signal ■ is irregularly inverted■.
→■The situation is similar■. ■ Diffracted waves from each end point of the body are superimposed ■ with optical path differences,
If the signal is distorted and 1's look like 0's, it's an inversion. The situation is similar to that of this study.
(2) The case of (2) shifted by one chip.

etc.
From the receiver's point of view, such a signal is created from the same PN sequence as that of the transmitter, which is very inconvenient.
This is because (1) despreading occurs normally (2).

of a signal composed of correct PN sequences
■ Arrival delay time fluctuates (dithering) ■
■ If the level reverses irregularly■,
■The receiver does not work properly■.

This is something that *always* happens* in the environmental division of mobile communications, albeit to varying degrees.
However, in the case of mobile communication, the entity is not a malicious third party, but a reflected signal (multipath) brought about by a building wall.
In this case, it is (2) the superposition of various diffracted waves at the end points of the body.


Source: Chapter 7 Synchronization ■ Acquisition and Tracking ■ Section 1 Synchronization Establishment Problem Spread Spectrum Communication - Towards Next Generation High Performance Communication - by Yukiji Yamauchi, 199411.20 Tokyo Denki University Press

The main reason why the spread spectrum signal is difficult to receive for its intended recipient is
Because the ■ power spectral density of the signal ■ is extremely low,
This is because (1) the appropriate reception timing cannot be detected from the received signal by a normal method.

To correctly receive the signal, detect it with a demodulator, and deduce the meaning of the information sent from the recovered baseband waveform,
First, the reception frequency of the receiver matches the transmitted signal,
Then, it must be estimated from which part to which part of the reproduced baseband waveform is data representing one bit.

Normally, the reproduced baseband waveform is considerably distorted by noise,
■ Even if it is checked with an oscilloscope or the like, it is not necessarily in such a good condition that it can be easily distinguished■.

In such a situation, it is not so easy to find out where the signal breaks are.
In the spread spectrum system, the s/n ratio at the front end is extremely low,
The synchronization establishment process is divided into two stages, each of which is processed by an independent circuit.

One is called synchronous (capturing) and the other is called synchronous (tracking).
Synchronization, capturing, and synchronizing the time of occurrence of the spread sequence on the receiving side with that of the received signal.
Synchronization (4) Tracking (3) has the role of monitoring (3) the spreading sequence on the receiving side so as not to cause a time shift with respect to the received signal that has once been successfully captured.


Source: Chapter 7 Synchronous Acquisition and Tracking Section 4 Synchronous Tracking in DS System Spread Spectrum Communication - Towards Next Generation High Performance Communication - Yukiji Yamauchi, 199411.20 Tokyo Denki University Press

Once ■ the search for the synchronization position is successful ■, after that,
■ To monitor and track the synchronous position so as not to lose sight of it due to modulation or noise.
■ The mode ■ of the synchronization system changes.
This is synchronous Tracking.

(2) In normal narrowband modulation, the received signal-to-noise ratio is kept high by a filter placed at the front end of the receiver. ■

(2) However, the direct spread method has a significantly low s/n ratio.
Therefore, by acquiring synchronization by the synchronization acquisition mechanism, the correlator output value increases,
Even if the received signal-to-noise ratio is in a valuable synchronous state,
If the synchronous position of the received and generated signals dithers, even slightly,
In other words, (2) correlator output value (2) decreases sharply to near zero,
I've worked hard to get ■ out of sync ■,
It is easy to lose the acquired synchronization, ie to lose track of the received signal. ■
■ In order to avoid such easy loss of synchronization, a dedicated synchronization tracking circuit is also required. ■

Virtually all known GPS receivers use correlation methods, or their mathematical equivalents, to calculate pseudoranges. These correlation methods are performed in real time, often with a hardware correlator. GPS signals contain highly repetitive signals that are modulated according to a special sequence or "code" called a pseudo-random (PN) sequence. A code available for commercial applications is called the C/A code, which is 1.023 MHz and has a binary phase reversal rate, or "chipping," which is a repetition period of 1023 chips in one code period of 1 msec. "Give a rate. The pseudo-random sequences of the GPS system belong to a family known as "Gold Codes". Each GPS satellite broadcasts a signal with a unique Gold code.

Also, the above 1 msec (PN code requiring) is repeated 20 times.

Therefore, the number of chips convoluted (enriched/squeezed) into 1 bit is 20 (PN/bit) x 1024 (chip/PN) = 20*1024 (chip/bit)
Displaying this in Bell, log (20*1024(chip/bit))=4.311 (B)
When this is displayed in deciBell, 10*log (20*1024(chip/bit))=■43.11■ (dB)
This is similar to the GSV-S/N display of NMEA such as garmin.
If this value were the sum of all chip correlations, 43.11 would be the highest. Also, if there is a satellite in the direction where the gain of the antenna is large, it is better
It will be bigger, and if the radio wave intensity from the satellite is strong at the chip level, it will also be affected. Therefore, it can be seen that there is some variation.
Conversely, if it is a body end point diffracted wave, (1) there should be diffraction loss at the chip level of one wave, and (2) body end point diffracted waves have optical path length differences. What
Since the phase-shifted waves are captured as a composite wave, there must be chip-level waveform distortion in one wave (difficult to maintain synchronization), and (3) the received intensity as a composite wave is also one wave. There is a possibility that it will fall further (difficult to keep in sync), or
(4) Phasing that rises and falls around a low average point will also be observed (difficult to acquire and maintain synchrony),

GSV - Satellites in View shows data about the satellites that the unit might be able to find based on its viewing mask and almanac data. It also shows current ability to track this data. Note that one GSV sentence only can provide data for up to 4 satellites and thus there may need to be 3 sentences for the full information. It is reasonable for the GSV sentence to contain more satellites than GGA might indicate since GSV may include satellites that are not used as part of the solution. that the GSV sentences all appear in sequence. To avoid overloading the data bandwidth some receivers may place the various sentences in totally different samples since each sentence identifies which one it is.

The field called SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) in the NMEA standard is often referred to as signal strength. SNR is an indirect but more useful value that raw signal strength. units of dB according to the NMEA standard, but the various manufacturers send different ranges of numbers with different starting numbers so the values themselves cannot necessarily be used to evaluate different units. difference of about ■25 to 35■ between the lowest and highest values, however 0 is a special case and may be shown on satellites that are in view but not being tracked.

$GPGSV,2,1,08, 01,40,083,■46■, 02,17,308,■41■, 12,07,344,■39■,14,22,228,■45■ *75

Where:
GSV Satellites in view
2 Number of sentences for full data
1 sentence 1 of 2
08 Number of satellites in view

01 Satellite PRN number
40 degrees of elevation
083 Azimuth, degrees
■46■ ■SNR - higher is better■
for up to 4 satellites per sentence
*75 the checksum data, always begins with *






Source: Chapter 7 Synchronous Acquisition and Tracking Section 4 Synchronous Tracking in DS System Spread Spectrum Communication - Towards Next Generation High Performance Communication - Yukiji Yamauchi, 199411.20 Tokyo Denki University Press
[1] Delay Locked Loop

■Figure 7.7 shows a block diagram of a synchronous tracking circuit often used in DS receivers. This circuit is called a Delay Locked Loop (DLL). ■
(2) The DLL consists of two sets of correlators. ■
■ Each correlator has a different
A PN sequence (early code) whose phase is advanced by half a chip and
A PN sequence (late code) with a half-chip phase delay and
injected. ■

■ The output of each correlator is
After passing through the envelope detection circuit, the difference between the two is obtained.
(This is for the purpose of canceling out the effects of modulation.) ■


■ However, in order to be able to remove the influence of modulation by envelope detection,
Only if the primary modulation scheme is a scheme with a constant envelope (such as PSK, for example). Since the amplitude modulation system fluctuates the envelope, this circuit cannot perform synchronous tracking.
・・・Snippet・・・
The correlation characteristic graph in Fig. 7.8(c) has a shape like an "S" turned sideways, and is called an "S curve". ■



■ Added part written by Masato:
"Temporal intensity fluctuations are different, and the optical path difference is also different."
that kind of
Body diffracted waves at multiple endpoints enter
”Composite wave in which multiple body end-point diffracted waves are added”
In the situation where you receive
The S-curve may have a complicated shape (distorted).
→The first feature is that it tends to be difficult to acquire synchronization compared to direct waves. The shape of each chip of the received signal, which is a "composite wave in which a plurality of body end point diffracted waves are added", is distorted. As a result, the correlation with the generated wave is lowered compared to the direct wave. Due to this effect, the signal strength can make it more difficult to obtain synchronization compared to the direct wave. That is, it may or tends to take longer time to acquire synchronization than the direct wave.
→The second feature is that even if synchronization is successfully achieved, it is more difficult to maintain synchronization with diffraction complex waves than with direct waves. In a short period of time, it will be characterized by being completely out of sync or "dithering". → In other words, it may be possible to observe the occurrence of a “nearly out of sync” event (*) in 5 seconds of observation. Considering the detection of the "dithering", if a representative value is set, discrimination from the diffracted wave composite wave becomes clearer. One of them is "the maximum value for 10 seconds of the minimum value for 5 seconds".
(*) "Close to out-of-synchronization" event means that even if the synchronization is completely lost and it is not possible to "start again from acquisition of synchronization", "the deviation from the true center of synchronization increases and the generated wave in the receiver Dithering, an event that correlates with a steeper drop compared to a straight wave.
The dithering is fundamental and unavoidable in the "composite wave in which multiple body end-point diffracted waves are added".
If the unavoidable phenomenon is unavoidable, it can be said that the method proposed in this paper is to actively utilize it for discrimination.
■


■Delay Locked Loop (DDL) tracking performance mainly depends on the bandwidth and order of the Loop Filter (LPF in Figure 7.7).
Qualitatively, the narrower the bandwidth, the less sensitive the DLL is to noise,
The probability of losing sight of the synchronization position due to noise and modulation is reduced, but
On the other hand, since the speed of following is slow,
It is difficult to use in situations where the optimum synchronization position constantly changes, such as in a mobile communication environment. ■

■ Conversely, if the bandwidth is wide,
It is easy to lose sight of the synchronization position due to noise and modulation,
Easy to follow changes in propagation conditions,
It is easy to use even in situations where the optimal synchronization position constantly changes, such as in a mobile communication environment. ■

[2] Tau Dither Loop
(2) While DLL performs tracking using two sets of correlators, Tau Dither Loop (TDL) is a method that uses only one set of correlators.
The structure of TDL is shown in Figure 7.9.
・・・Snippet・・・
The features of TDL are:
1. Slightly simpler circuit than DLL because there is only one set of correlation mechanisms
2. In the case of DLL, accurate synchronization cannot be achieved unless the characteristics of two pairs of correlators are well matched, but in TDL there is only one pair, so extra adjustment work can be omitted.
It's there.
As for tracking performance, it depends on the situation, so it's hard to say which one is better. ■


(Source: http://www.newwaveinstruments.com/resources/reprints/advanced_topics/pn_code_tracking/the_delay_locked_loop/dll.html Copyright James A. Vincent, 1993)

The Delay Locked Loop

After initial acquisition,
the spread spectrum receiver
must maintain synchronization
by tracking
changes in the transmitter's PN code clock.

The wiring required
is known as
a tracking loop,
as it tracks the transmitter's code clock frequency variations.

Without a tracking loop synchronization
will be lost
as the transmitter and receiver PN code clocks
will tend
to drift apart.


In a "delay locked loop"
two identical pseudo-random or PN despreading codes
are delayed
with respect to each other.

Each PN code
is used
in separate correlators (early and late)
to despread (correlate) the received "direct sequence signal".

The result of correlation
between an incoming "direct sequence signal" and "the receiver PN code"
is
a triangular function "two chips (code bits) wide".

Assuming synchronization
two correlated signals (each with a triangular correlation waveform)
are produced
with their correlation peaks
separated
by the delay
between the early and late receiver PN codes.

If the two correlation signals
are summed
in a difference amplifier
and filtered,
then
a "composite correlation function"
is produced.

This "composite correlation function"n has a linear region
between its maximum and minimum values.

If this "composite correlation function"
is used to control
the "receiver's code clock frequency"
(for example by driving a "voltage controlled oscillator")
then the receiver
will track
the transmitter's code clock
at a point halfway
between the maximum and minimum values of the composite correlation function.

An optimum solution
is
to have a third on-time (punctual) PN sequence correlator channel
for signal recovery,

with early and late correlators
simply providing tracking
to keep the on-time channel
in the middle of the correlation window.

Such an approach provides an optimally correlated (despread)
output signal for subsequent data demodulation.

http://www.ekouhou.net/%E9%81%85%E5%BB%B6%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83 %BC%E3%83%97%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF%E3%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E9%81%85%E5%BB%B6 %E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95/disp-A,2011-35751.html

--------Instability of Correlation Values of Diffracted Wave Complex Waves at Body End Points Derived from Characteristics of Synchronization Acquisition Mechanism and Synchronization Holding (Tracking) Mechanism--------- -------------




From: "MT"<mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
To: <mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
Subject: Revised 5) Understanding from 50bps NavMessage, 1024chip C/Acode (PRNx2=Gold Code), 20 iterations and 1.5GHz L1Carrier carrier wave October 07, 2013 11:57 AM: Diffraction attenuation (physics) + body in SS communication method In the background condition, the representative value decreases due to the difficulty of synchronization acquisition/tracking due to the decrease in waveform collapse amplitude due to cross-path difference wave interference.
Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2013 16:30:21 +0900
Message-ID: <009101cecbd3$e6e3cd70$b4ab6850$@nict.go.jp>
MIME-Version: 1.0
TEXt-Element of GPS(1).pdf
Figure 2-2 in Figure 2-2 needs to be re-imagined.
The L1 carrier (1575.42MHz) of the curve (by inversion of only 1 chip) seems to consist of several
it looks like it's not,
The L1 carrier wave (1575.42MHz) of the curve is supported by 1575 (or 667) waves (by p-inversion of only 1 chip).
It should be considered that the phase reversal of the carrier curve after that supports 1 μsec of 1 chip (1 MHz).
I believe that.


-----Original Message-----
From: MT [mailto:mtakahashi@nict.go.jp]
Sent: Friday, October 18, 2013 11:45 AM
To: 'mtakahashi@nict.go.jp'
Subject: Modified 2) 50bps NavMessage and 1024chip C/Acode (PRNx2=Gold Code) and 20
What we can learn from recovery and 1.5GHz L1Carrier carrier October 07, 2013 11:57 AM: Diffraction attenuation
Attenuation (Rigaku) + SS communication method under body back condition, waveform collapse amplitude decrease due to cross-path difference wave interference
Loss of typical value due to synchronization acquisition/tracking difficulty due to



-----Original Message-----
From: MT [mailto:mtakahashi@nict.go.jp]
Sent: Friday, October 18, 2013 11:09 AM
To: 'mtakahashi@nict.go.jp'
Subject: NavMessage 50bps and C/Acode (PRNx2=Gold Code) 1024chip and 20 iterations
L1Carrier 1.5GHz carrier and what we know October 07, 2013 11:57 AM: Diffraction attenuation
Science) + SS communication system under the condition behind the body, due to waveform collapse amplitude reduction due to cross-path difference wave interference
Loss of typical value due to synchronization acquisition/tracking difficulty

(a) L1 Carrier 1575.42MHz≒1,575,420,000 bps = 1.5*10^9
bit per second
(b) C/A code 1 Mbps (?) = 1,000,000 bps = 10^6 bps = 1 *10^6
bit per second
(c) Navigation message 50bps = 50 *10^0
bit per second

Add (c) and (b) with modulo2 adder

it

For (a), the modulator is modified (by PSK (Phase Shift Keying) spread spectrum modulation).
adjust




-----Original Message-----
From: MT [mailto:mtakahashi@nict.go.jp]
Sent: Friday, October 18, 2013 10:42 AM
To: 'mtakahashi@nict.go.jp'
Subject: 50bps, Gold Code1024chip, 20 repetitions and 1.5GHz carrier
October 07, 2013 11:57 AM: Diffraction Attenuation (Science) + Body Back Condition in SS Communication Method
Degradation of typical value due to synchronization acquisition/tracking difficulty due to waveform collapse amplitude decrease due to cross-path difference wave interference

GPS
50 bps = 50 bits per second

50 bits is 1 second
1 bit is 1/50 second = 0.020 second = 20 msecond (1)

Here, 1 bit consists of:
1 bit is 20 iterations x 1024 chips (Gold Code)
1 bit is 20,048 chips ≒ 20,000 chips (2)

From (1) and (2), the following holds for the elements that make up 1 bit.
20,000 chips is 1/50 second
Because
1 chip is (1/50)*(1/20,000) second
is (1/1,000,000) second
is 10^(-6) second (3)

Now, how many meters (approximately 0.2m) is one wavelength of the 1.5GHz carrier, and how many seconds is that?
be.
Because an electromagnetic wave traveling 300,000 km in 1 second contains 1.5GHz=1.5*10^(9)Hz, number of wavelengths
300,000km/1.5GHz ≒ 0.2m
How many seconds does light take to travel the distance of one wavelength?
It takes 1 sec / 1.5Ghz = 1/(1.5*10^(9)) sec. (Four)

From (3) and (4), how many 1.5 GHz carrier wavelengths constitute one chip?
10^(-6) seconds / (1/(1.5*10^(9))) seconds
= (1/1.5)*(10^(3)) pieces
= 0.667 * 10^(3) pieces
= consists of about 667 wavelengths. (Five)

There is no problem if the approximately 6667 wavelengths are neatly aligned.
However, the diffracted waves via the end points of the body (via the head, via the shoulder, via the body
Depending on the direction, there is a difference in the path even on the side of the body except in the vertical direction of the body *)
Then, the waveform collapses and the intensity weakens.
less likely to be synchronously acquired, less likely to be synchronously tracked,
Therefore
Signal strength drops sharply in a few seconds
Even if it drops, it may not recover instantly
stay)
It turns out that.
So,
Minimum of 5 consecutive seconds
of
Maximum value (during 10 seconds)
If you take something like
Whether it is a diffracted wave or a direct wave
It is easy to identify.

this is,
In the case of only the carrier wave, there is a possibility that there will not be much difference (although the above
Isn't it just transmission? No, it wasn't. 20 more iterations of Gold Code 1024
rice field)
Since Gold Code 1024 is added to the carrier wave and it is repeated 20 times,
That's how it is (ku, painful explanation)


*For example, the optical path difference from the satellite in front of the body is, well, as follows:
fixed)
Path length of diffracted wave at top of head About d+15cm
Path length of shoulder diffracted wave d+ about 8cm
Longest path length of upper body side diffracted wave d+ about 6cm
Shortest path length of upper body side diffracted wave d+ 0cm
Intermediate path length of lower body leg side diffracted wave d+ about 15 cm
Longest path length of lower body leg side diffracted wave d+ about 30cm
As you can see by taking the above path length difference (= phase difference) (the wavelength is about 19 cm
Every time),
At the center of the antenna, diffracted waves with various phase differences
empty)
It is understood that it will be mixed (estimation)

-----Original Message-----
From: MT [mailto:mtakahashi@nict.go.jp]
Sent: Monday, October 07, 2013 11:57 AM
To: mtakahashi@nict.go.jp
Subject: Diffraction attenuation (physics) + SS communication system
Degradation of typical value due to difficulty in synchronization acquisition/tracking due to waveform collapse amplitude decrease

For those who think only the attenuation of diffracted waves, the difference is
You would imagine that it is impossible to detect . This is a physical point of view.

However, since it is a spread spectrum communication system, synchronization acquisition, synchronization tracking (maintenance),
but,
Diffracted waves, and not just diffracted waves that have experienced diffraction attenuation,

"Superposition of multiple diffracted waves with different path differences from multiple endpoints at the center of the antenna
Lacing wave, = wave whose waveform has collapsed, wave which has further attenuated

Because

Since it is a spread spectrum communication system, synchronization acquisition and synchronization tracking (maintenance) are
Conditions that make it difficult to demonstrate its function are met

Therefore, if the parameters are successfully taken (for example, the minimum
value, etc.)

The signal strength is good, not only diffraction attenuation, but also

It will reflect the difficulty in the situation behind the A body. Diffraction attenuation
is added.
In situations on the front side of the B body, this difficulty would not be observed. diffraction attenuation
Of course not.

This is an engineering point of view.

Thus, the above, imaginary substitutes for signal strength, not only from a physical standpoint, but also from an optical standpoint.
table value

If you take advantage of the decline,

Such
AB
identification would be possible.

This is the main point of this proposal.

In other words, the multi-end point multi-path difference diffracted wave, which the spread spectrum communication system is not good at,
Superposition and
It is the synchronization acquisition and synchronization that must be adopted in the spread spectrum communication system.
tracking
how to suffer
Actively utilize the negative side as a positive side,
It is a forward-looking technology,
This was done by a graduate of the College of Arts and Sciences, who has both science and engineering in mind.
That was
It seems meaningful.




Spectrum ##《## Spectrum##》## Psychology Dictionary
spectrum
Changes expressed as a function of time or transmitted as waves, such as acoustic signals, vibrations, or light
By representing the changes in waves as a composite of sinusoidal components, we can understand how signals and waves propagate.
It is often easier to understand how it is transformed into another signal or wave. like this
Displays the amplitude, phase delay, etc. of a sinusoidal component * as a function of frequency (or wavelength).
is called a spectrum. In particular, the amplitude of the sinusoidal component, or the
Bels (amplitude converted to decibel scale, which is a kind of logarithmic scale) as a function of frequency
A graph is often used, and this graph is sometimes simply called a spectrum.
many.
→Fourier analysis →Visible spectrum
◆Yoshiyoshi Nakajima



Oscilloscope oscilloscope world encyclopedia 2nd edition
cathode-ray oscilloscope (abbreviation)
Also called CRO. Electrostatically deflected cathode ray tube (CRT) is used to transmit one or more electrical signals at a time.
device that displays visible to the human eye as a function of static or other electrical signals various
It is used for temporal change of phenomena, observation of waveforms, operation check of electric circuits, fault detection, adjustment, etc.
It has a wide range of applications. Since electrons have no inertia, a very wide frequency band (up to about 1 GHz)
It is possible to observe the voltage waveform at Figure 1 shows the structure of a cathode ray tube. H to A3 are powered
It's a pistol. An electron beam is emitted from a cathode K heated by a heater H. for K
Then, the brightness is adjusted by the control grid G, which is a negative voltage, and then accelerated at a constant speed at the anode A1.
be speeded up. Anodes A1 to A3 form an electron lens, and by changing the voltage between anodes A2 to A3
Then, focus adjustment and aberration adjustment are performed. The electron beam is deflected by polarizing plates placed at right angles to each other.
Passes between D1 and D2, shifts up and down, left and right depending on the applied voltage, and increases brightness after deflection
is further accelerated by the anode A4 and reaches the phosphor screen P in front of the cathode ray tube, where
Focus and emit light. Still images can be seen because there is usually afterglow. oscilloscope
Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the coop. In addition to cathode ray tubes, horizontal and vertical amplifiers, trigger circuits,
A time axis generator is included. The two deflector plates have X axis (horizontal axis or time axis) and Y axis (vertical axis).
direct axis). The time base generator generates a voltage that changes at a constant rate, i.e. a sawtooth wave
In circuits that generate pressure, the rate of change can be varied over a wide range. Still image of periodic waveform
To obtain the shape, adjust this rate of change. Sweep of the time axis is triggered by a trigger pulse.
be. Trigger pulse can be taken from external (EXT), internal (INT) and power supply (LINE).
be. A trigger pulse is taken from the rising portion of the input signal, and a delay circuit is used together to detect the phenomenon.
The object to be observed was called a synchroscope, but the full trigger function was used.
Along with the fact, it is common to call them all oscilloscopes without any particular distinction. Figure 2
The Z-axis circuit of
A circuit for applying a square-wave voltage to the control grid G to fire the beam. X，
A Lissajous figure is obtained by applying voltages of different frequencies to the Y axis. Also X,
By using the Y-axis, XY recordings such as linearity, strain measurement, curve tracer, etc.
It can be used as a dar. A photographic device is attached for waveform recording. two
Multi-phenomenon or multi-element oscilloscopes are used to observe more than one phenomenon simultaneously.
The former is often used because it time-divides and switches a single electron beam with an electronic switch.
be It is characterized by the ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide waveforms. A multi-element system has multiple
It generates an electron beam.
Special oscilloscopes include: Even if you can get an afterimage for a long time
storage type oscilloscopes and memory scopes using storage type cathode ray tubes.
be. This is suitable for observation of a single-shot phenomenon by using a delay circuit together. sampling technology
A sampling oscilloscope that converts high-speed repetitive phenomena into slow repetitive phenomena and displays them
COOP is characterized by its ability to observe frequencies up to ten and several GHz. The operating state of the digital circuit is
Observed logic analyzer, logic scope, ■ Frequency component level analysis table
Display spectrum analyzer, waveform memory and oscilloscope integrated
Digital memory scopes, etc. are all regarded as a type of oscilloscope in a broad sense.
be done. In addition, microprocessors have been introduced to automate and multi-function counters.
Sciroscope, oscilloscope with multimeter, programmatic operation
Some are useful, such as a variable, automated programmable oscilloscope.
Hiroyuki Hirayama



◆Spectrum Analyzer [Electronics Technology] [2004]
◆Spectrum Analyzer [Electronics Technology] [2004] Basic knowledge of modern terminology

Instead of the time axis, take the frequency◆ on the horizontal axis◆ and measure the intensity of each frequency component◆
machine that can Simply like a radio, you turn a dial to tune the frequency.
As you continue to ring, the sound will come out from the speaker where there is an airwave. this
This is done dynamically and precisely. If you scan the AM radio band, the horizontal axis will be 500
NHK No. 1 (594 kHz,
For Tokyo), the vertical (strength
direction), there will be a sharp peak. Measurement at relatively low frequencies such as servos
In particular, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) which is processed digitally
is used.


◆Spread spectrum [Electronics Technology] [2003] Basic knowledge of modern terminology
◆Spread Spectrum [Electronics Technology] [2003]

A spectrum is a signal that is scanned over a narrow band of frequencies and passed through that filter.
It can be thought of as an indication of the power to be applied. Spread spectrum technology is more
It is a communication system that uses a much wider frequency band, and according to Shannon's theorem
From the given communication capacity formula, no matter how bad the S/N
It is said that the error rate can be lowered by increasing the bandwidth used for information transmission.
based on the results of For this reason, conventionally, it has been used for signal communication from space exploration satellites, radar, etc.
However, due to the progress of semiconductor technology, it is also used for connection between devices and LAN.
It's starting to work. Direct sequence /Direct Spread, frequency
Frequencyhopping, also called chirp modulation
are the three methods that are mainly used.


Wikipedia
An item in GPS
transmission signal

Each satellite has a coarse C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition code) and a high precision P code.
(Precise code) by a direct spread spectrum code
is sending.

■ The C/A code uses a pseudo-random number code of 1023 chips■, and the rate is 1,023,000 per second.
■ Random number every 1/1000th of a second
■ is in order. Since each satellite uses a unique spreading code for the C/A code,
Even if they are transmitted simultaneously on the same frequency, they can be separated at the time of reception.

The P-code uses a pseudo-random code with 10.23 million chips per second and repeats weekly. generally
In the operational state of the P-code is encrypted by the Y-code to produce the P(Y)-code and valid
Only the decryption machine with the decryption key will be able to decrypt. C/A code and P(Y) code are
Tell users the exact time.

The M code is a military code that allows operation under high intensity jamming of the GPS signal.
be.

GPS frequencies are as follows.

L1 (1575.42MHz): Navigation messages, C/A code, P(Y) code
sending. First civil signal. L1 lap of military signal with M code from block 2R-M
It is transmitting on the wavenumber. ■ New Block 3 Satellite ■ to L1C (more than L1 ■ Higher Strength ■) Civilian Credit
It is planned to ■mix and send■ the numbers.
L2 (1227.60MHz): Sending P (Y) code. Second from Block 2R-M satellite
It mixes and transmits civil signal L2C (higher strength than L2). Put the M code on L2 as well
Sending for military use.
L3 (1381.05MHz): Nuclear Detonation Detection
System, NDS).
L4 (1379.913MHz): Collecting information on the ionosphere and using it for research.
L5 (1176.45MHz): Testing started from GPS satellite 2R-20M launched in 2009
rice field. Full-scale operation will start after the Block 2F satellite launch in 2010. ratio to L1/L2
All have 10 times the bandwidth, 3 dB (2 times) peak signal strength, and 10 times the length of the diffusion cord.
The third signal for civil use, which uses the Do and improves the signal system. Enables more precise position measurement
Become. In addition to being used for ■ lifesaving ■, etc., aviation personnel are also using L5 rather than L2.
Respond effectively to disturbances and obstacles.




http://www.ni.com/white-paper/7139/ja/



1.GPS signal

GPS satellites transmit signals in two frequency bands: L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz)
To do. The L1 band contains standard positioning (SP) codes that are available to all users.
is a combination of a C/A code (used as a signature code) and a P code.
vinegar.

GPS data

GPS data signals are 1500 bits (frames) long and are transmitted at 50 bits per second.
It is a series data set.
After 12 and a half minutes, the full dataset will be sent.
Those frames are further divided into subframes (300 bits) and words (30 bits).
).
Each subframe contains a navigation frame that helps the receiver provide precise location information.
Contains information.

Satellite time information is a combination of satellite transmission time and data necessary for time correction.
vinegar.
To obtain delay information for each satellite signal, the average ionospheric data are collected from satellites at arbitrary positions and times.
Provides the approximate phase delay of the star signal to the receiver.

Each satellite also transmits ephemeris, or precise orbital data.
This data is received from the control station and is updated hourly.
Ephemeris data is valid for up to 4 hours without error.
Use this data to calculate the satellite's position at a given time.

Almanac data for all satellites in orbit helps wake up receivers quickly
increase.
This data is the approximate orbital data of all GPS satellites.

The difference between this data and ephemeris is the accuracy of the data.

GPS signals can be simulated using the NI GPS Toolkit for LabVIEW.
to come.
For more information, see GPS Receiver Test. .



Signal structure

Each satellite has a fixed 1023-bit pseudo-random noise (PRN) that repeats every millisecond.
It has a valid identifier (C/A code).
This signature code signal modulates the data signal using an exclusive OR (XOR).
increase.
The signal is further modulated onto the L1 carrier by binary phase-shift keying (BPSK).
vinegar.

This signature code is used by the receiver to calculate the user position.



2. Position calculation

Each GPS receiver generates a C/A code for a specific satellite to correlate that data with the signal being received.
Compare continuity.
Once a correlation is established between a particular satellite and receiver, the signal delay is calculated (approximately
67ms).

Multiply this time by the speed of light to determine the distance between the receiver and the satellite.

t_measured = t_actual + t_error

where t_measured is the delay measured by the receiver, t_actual is the actual signal travel time,
t_error is the error caused by the clock.

Atomic clocks onboard satellites generate highly accurate synchronization signals, but receiver clocks
It's not that accurate.
There is a small difference between the speed of the satellite clock and the receiver clock, so the
The specified time delay is the actual travel time plus the receiver's time error.
This total time multiplied by the speed of light (c) is the pseudorange (PSR).
Each pseudorange is the actual distance from the user to the satellite caused by the receiver's clock.
error is added.

PSR = t_measured * c
PSR = Range_actual + t_error * c
PSR=√{(X_sat-X_user)^2 + (Y_sat-Y_user)^2+(Z_sat-Z_user)^2} + t_error * c

The user's position (X, Y, Z) is pseudoranged for four satellites, and the X, Y, Z, and time
It is obtained by solving four separate equations for the error.
Satellite positions are derived from ephemeris and almanac data for each satellite in view of the receiver.
You can know


3. GPS test

In addition to errors due to less-than-perfectly accurate clocks in receivers, GPS measurements
There are sources of error that affect accuracy.
In GPS testing, multiple factors affect signal accuracy.

atmospheric influence

GPS signals can be thought of as traveling at the speed of light. The signal travels through the atmosphere (ionosphere).
motion, slowing down and causing an additional time delay.
The ionospheric data transmitted in the data code has an atmospheric delay of about 70 nanoseconds.
As it occurs, the residual error is about 10 meters.
If the ionospheric information is not accurate, the position accuracy will be compromised.

field of view

As the field of view decreases, the strength of the received GPS signal can be significantly reduced.
For the L1 band, the minimum terrestrial signal strength provided by satellites is -130 dBm.
Substances like plastic can also degrade the signal.

multipath error

Signals reflected from the ground near the receiver may be mistaken for signals arriving in a direct path from the satellite.
may interfere with
Multipath is difficult to detect and difficult to avoid, and can cause an error of about 0.5 m.

Accuracy degradation operation

The degraded operation is controlled from a ground monitoring station.
Receiver-generated C/A by intentionally deflecting the C/A code with a time-varying signal (very low frequency)
Decrease the correlation between code and received C/A code.
By keeping the frequency of the signal low, the intentional error is evened out unless the measurements are averaged over several hours.
not equalized.

human error

Errors in data sent from the control segment and receiver (hardware/software
Errors such as a) also cause positional errors.
These errors can result in errors of several meters to hundreds of kilometers.
I will.


4. Other navigation standards

Russia and the European Union (EU) are currently developing standards to replace GPS.
GLONASS (Russia) and GALILEO (EU) systems, respectively.
Although it was developed to complement the standard, it has become a local standard to replace GPS.
increase.

5. Standard-Compliant NI Hardware

National Instruments currently offers the PXI-5671 RF vector signal generator (digital
upconverter), PXI-5661 RF vector signal analyzer with digital downconverter
converter) and the PXI-5690 RF preamplifier. Take these devices together
allows you to replay recorded GPS signals for research and testing purposes.
vinegar. For more information on NI products for GPS receiver testing, see GPS Receiver Testing
please.

User case

Averna's RF signal record and playback system uses NI PXI devices to decode data.
record RF signals (e.g. GPS) by streaming them to a disc. Using real GPS signals
allows you to test the accuracy of your GPS receiver under realistic, less than perfect conditions.

A dynamic signal acquisition device typically consists of a multi-channel surveillance system, which
These systems may be hundreds of meters or more apart. In such cases,
A simple solution is to use GPS for time synchronization. Remote sync details
For more information, see GPS Synchronization Architecture for DSA Devices.







Wikipedia
An item in GPS
transmission signal

Each satellite has a coarse C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition code) and a high precision P code.
(Precise code) by a direct spread spectrum code
is sending.

■ The C/A code uses a pseudo-random number code of 1023 chips■, and the rate is 1,023,000 per second.
■ Random number every 1/1000th of a second
■ is in order. Since each satellite uses a unique spreading code for the C/A code,
Even if they are transmitted simultaneously on the same frequency, they can be separated at the time of reception.

The P-code uses a pseudo-random code with 10.23 million chips per second and repeats weekly. generally
In the operational state of the P-code is encrypted by the Y-code to produce the P(Y)-code and valid
Only the decryption machine with the decryption key will be able to decrypt. C/A code and P(Y) code are
Tell users the exact time.

The M code is a military code that allows operation under high intensity jamming of the GPS signal.
be.

GPS frequencies are as follows.

L1 (1575.42MHz): Navigation messages, C/A code, P(Y) code
sending. First civil signal. L1 lap of military signal with M code from block 2R-M
It is transmitting on the wavenumber. ■ New Block 3 Satellite ■ to L1C (more than L1 ■ Higher Strength ■) Civilian Credit
It is planned to ■mix and send■ the numbers.
L2 (1227.60MHz): Sending P (Y) code. Second from Block 2R-M satellite
It mixes and transmits civil signal L2C (higher strength than L2). Put the M code on L2 as well
Sending for military use.
L3 (1381.05MHz): Nuclear Detonation Detection
System, NDS).
L4 (1379.913MHz): Collecting information on the ionosphere and using it for research.
L5 (1176.45MHz): Testing started from GPS satellite 2R-20M launched in 2009
rice field. Full-scale operation will start after the Block 2F satellite launch in 2010. ratio to L1/L2
All have 10 times the bandwidth, 3 dB (2 times) peak signal strength, and 10 times the length of the diffusion cord.
The third signal for civil use, which uses the Do and improves the signal system. Enables more precise position measurement
Become. In addition to being used for ■ lifesaving ■, etc., aviation personnel are also using L5 rather than L2.
Respond effectively to disturbances and obstacles.



http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%81%8F%E7%A7%BB%E5%A4%89%E
8%AA%BF
wikipedia
phase shift keying

Modulation method
analog modulation
AM | SSB | FM | PM

digital modulation
OOK | ASK | PSK | FSK | QAM |
DM | MSK | CCK | CPM | OFDM

pulse modulation
PWM | PAM | PDM | PPM | PCM

spread spectrum
FHSS | DSSS

Related item
demodulation

phase shift keying or
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is
By modulating or varying the phase of the reference signal (carrier),
It is a digital modulation that conveys data.


Overview

In any digital modulation, a finite number of clear pixels are used to represent the digital data.
use a different signal.
PSK uses a finite number of phases, each with a unique pattern of binary bits.
be guessed.
Each phase typically encodes an equal number of bits.
Each pattern of bits constitutes a symbol, represented by a particular phase.
be.
A demodulator designed specifically for the symbol-set used in the modulator uses
The best way to find the phase and map it to the symbol
Get your first data back.
This requires the receiver to be able to compare the phase of the received signal with a reference signal.
such systems are termed coherent
(CPSK).

Also, instead of using a bit pattern to "determine" the phase of a wave, a specified quantity
can be used by changing
The demodulator identifies changes in the phase of the received signal rather than the phase itself from the received signal.
Since this mechanism relies on successive phase differences, differential phase shift keying
(DPSK).
DPSK uses a reference signal's
It is considerably easier to perform than regular PSK, since a copy does not need to be kept by the receiver.
stomach.
DPSK, on the other hand, is prone to errors in demodulation.
The exact conditions of the particular scenario under consideration will dictate which mechanism is used.

Introduction

There are three main types of digital modulation techniques used in digital signal transmission:

amplitude shift keying
frequency shift keying
phase shift keying

All vary some characteristic of a reference signal, carrier wave (usually sinusoidal), depending on the data signal.
data is transmitted by For PSK, the phase is used to represent the data signal.
change. In order to use the phase of the signal in PSK like this, the following two methods are available.
be.

A method of looking at the phase itself of a signal that conveys information. In this case, the demodulator uses the phase of the received signal
must have a reference signal with which to compare
A method of looking at "changes" in the phase of a signal that carries information. That is, to determine the phase difference
be. Some configurations of this scheme do not require a reference carrier.

A convenient way to represent PSK is the signal space diagram. This reduces the in-phase signal to
It is a method of plotting signal points on a Gaussian plane with the quadrature signal on the real axis and the imaginary axis.
be. Such a representation on the vertical axis lends itself to simple implementation. along the in-phase axis
The amplitude of each signal point modulates a cosine (or sine) wave, and the quadrature
Amplitude along the axis modulates the sine (or cosine) wave.

In PSK, the signal points chosen are usually spaced at uniform angular intervals around a circle. child
This maximizes the phase distance between adjacent points and maximizes immunity to interference. that
These points are arranged on a circle so that they can all transmit with the same energy. child
, the norms of the complex numbers they represent are equal, and the cosine and sine waves have
The required amplitude will also be the same. Any number of phases can be used, but as a general example
Binary phase shift keying using two phases and Quadrature phase shift keying using four phases
tone exists. Since the data to be conveyed is usually binary, the PSK is usually a power of 2
is designed with a number of constellation points.


Usage

Compared to QAM, which is cited as a comparison target, PSK is superior to existing technologies due to its simplicity.
widely used.

The most popular wireless LAN standard IEEE 802.11b[1][2] uses
Therefore, various PSKs are used in combination.
At a base speed of 1Mbit/s, using DBPSK,
For enhanced 2 Mbit/s speed, DQPSK is used,
At full rates of 5.5 Mbit/s and 11 Mbit/s, QPSK is used. At this time, CCK is also used
be done.
The IEEE 802.11g[1][3] high-speed wireless LAN standard specifies 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54
It has 8 data transfer rates of Mbit/s.
BPSK for 6 and 9 Mbit/s modes, QPSK for 12 and 18 Mbit/s modes, and the remaining four high
In fast mode, QAM is used.

Due to its simplicity, BPSK is used for low-cost passive transmitters and meets ISO14443
Used for RFID.
This RFID is used for biometric passports, credit cards and other applications.
be.

Bluetooth 2 uses π/4-DQPSK at lower rates (2 Mbit/s), but links between two devices
8-DPSK is used at high rates (3 Mbit/s) when is strong enough.
Bluetooth 1 is modulated with Gaussian minimum shift keying, version 2 uses either modulation
Depending on which method is selected, a higher transfer speed can be achieved.


Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Signal space diagram in BPSK

BPSK (English: binary phase-shift keying) is the simplest form of PSK.
It uses two phases separated by 180° and is also called "2-PSK".
It is not necessarily particularly important where the signal points are placed, and in this form they are
Shown at 0° and 180° on the real axis.
This method requires a lethal jamming wave to be decoded into an erroneous content.
Therefore, it is the most powerful of all PSKs.
However, as shown in the figure, it is possible to modulate only 1 bit per symbol, so the bandwidth
Not suitable for high speed data transfer if width is limited.








The following has been explained above.

1. Collect data before and after inversion
・Both body and GPS are acceptable. And GPS alone is fine.
・Include warm-up time
・Figure 1 Overall flow chart

2. Extract the representative values (y1, y2) before and after inversion by a method that regulates them
・within cosequtive 10 sec, max (min (signal_strength within consequtive 5 sec))
・Figure 1 Overall flow chart

3. Apply satellite region determination routine
・Figure 1 Overall flow chart
・Figure 2 Satellite area judgment routine diagram

Concretely explained the relationship between the body and the receiver before and after the satellite map and reversal
・Fig. 3 Conceptual diagram of the relationship between the satellite in the sky and the body before reversal and the receiver
・Fig. 4 Conceptual diagram of the relationship between the satellite in the sky and the body after reversal and the receiver


The reason why the above method makes it easy to distinguish between the direct wave and the "superimposed wave of diffracted waves at the end points of the body" was explained.
・Characteristics of diffracted waves at body end points
・Characteristics of superimposed waves of diffracted waves at body end points
・Mechanism of acquisition and maintenance of synchronization of GNSS receiver
・Fig. 5 Early correlator output,
Fig. 6 late correlator output,
Fig. 7 composite correlator function,
Fig. 8 on-time correlator output
・Interference waves that are difficult to acquire and maintain synchronization of GNSS receivers
・Behavior when interference waves that are difficult to acquire and maintain synchronization of GNSS receivers enter (Fig. 10 Example of change over time in signal strength of direct waves and diffracted waves)


Figure 9
|
| . . .
| ...... ..... .. ... .. ......... .... direct wave (typical)
| .
|
|
| . . .
| ..... ..... . ... ... .... .. ... .... .... diffraction wave (typical)
| .
| . .
| . . .
|
|
+――――――――――――――――――――――






Comparison with conventional technology (Takahashi)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Conventional method (Takahashi) Proposed method (Takahashi)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Attitude 1 data collection oo

Attitude 2 data collection (*) - o

Representation Simple Signal strength y1 as it is y1=10consq_max (5 conseq_min (signal strength sequence at posture 1))
y2=10consq_max (5conseq_min (signal intensity sequence at posture 2))
according to typical values
Existence area judgment routineA Simple threshold comparison y1≧Thsld Simple threshold comparison max(y1,y2)≧>v (direct wave candidate condition, ICD minimum guaranteed value)
(complexity in threshold Thsld setting) (threshold setting is simple ICD)
(Preliminary experiment required for each individual) (Preliminary experiment for each individual is not necessarily required)

y1-y2 ≧d or y1-y2 ≦ -d
Existence area determination routineB -

Existence area determination result 2 options (existence determination or other) 3 options (area 1, area 2, other)
4 options (area 1, area 2, feature shield, other)
4 options (area 1, area 2, border area, other)
5 options (area 1, area 2, feature shielding, boundary area, other)
(It is not necessary to make the boundary area contradictory to area 1 and area 2, and it may be used as a reference to confirm that there is no contradiction.)
(Depending on the capabilities of the receiver, only 3 choices may be output, and 4 or 5 choices may be used as options for advanced users for research purposes.)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
* This is a re-sampling after turning at an arbitrary angle only for the purpose of superimposing the result of orientation limitation (this is possible with the conventional method and the proposed method, and is one of the important advantages in common). is a different concept.

Processing other than the above is the same processing as in Takahashi's patent specification XX, which was previously filed and registered. Namely

○ Link the existence area of each satellite with the satellite azimuth angle (numerical value) via the satellite number.
○ Satellite sat1, which was determined to exist in area 1, is X-90 < az(sat1) < A+ 90 and so on. (In addition, the azimuth angle notation method using this inequality sign is detailed in Takahashi's patent intersection type, ○○)
○ Satellite sat2 whose existence was judged to be on satellite 2 is X+90 < az(sat2) < can be expressed as A-90, etc.
・Azimuth angle of satellite sat determined to exist in area 1 az(sat1)°
・Azimuth angle of satellite sat determined to exist in area 2 az(sat2)°
・Main beam direction of attitude 1 is azimuth angle X°
・The main beam direction of attitude 2 is azimuth X + 180
○ By transforming such a notation, it is possible to achieve the direction limitation of X.
○ The procedure is detailed in Takahashi Patent, ○○.

○ In the semicircular area of the area 1, it is possible to limit the orientation by assuming that a toric sequence is formed.
○ In the region 2, which is a semicircular region, it is possible to limit the orientation by assuming that a toric sequence is formed.
○ It is also possible to limit the orientation by superimposing them.

○The 4th and 5th options should be implemented if they can be realized by a preliminary experiment of the receiver.
It is good as an option.
It can be used if it increases the accuracy of azimuth definition.
If not, just leave it as an option.
In other words, it depends on how you look at the fact that it is below the discriminative ability.
If you look cautiously and uninformed at what falls short of discriminability, that's fine.
On the contrary, I am convinced by daily use that ``I can see the fact that the discrimination ability has fallen below the discrimination ability, as a contradictory event.''
If it is a receiver, it can be "used as the back of discrimination".
It seems quite possible.
However, in the case of a receiver model that is too cheap, it may be necessary to consult with the individuality of each individual.








Comparison with conventional technology (Melco patentappli)
-------------------------------------------------- --
Conventional technology (Melco) Proposed technology
-------------------------------------------------- --
Rotation Required Not required
-------------------------------------------------- --
Rotating mechanism Almost essential (weight and bulkiness)
(high failure rate) (during distress
etc.)
-------------------------------------------------- --
Body exercise Occasionally rotate (concentration required) Easy by just flipping (enjoy the view)
Additional shielding plate Required (weight/bulky) Not required
Exposed Yes ((1) Caused by out-of-synchronization No (measures taken.
Reduce shortcomings that do not exist (2) Take time to reduce shielding
Discrimination difficult → ultra-low speed rotation (1) and (2) are also considered.
Or stop stepping, but it still doesn't take too long
It is necessary to take measures to see the revelation change. An idea that can be done with a reversal
So it will take some time. ) excellent. )
-------------------------------------------------- --
Evolvability No Yes (after turning at any angle
By superimposing the acquired results
Further refinement and narrowing of angle possible)
-------------------------------------------------- --
Time required Need to judge minimum
it should take time
(Identification of (1) and (2) above
because it must also include
takes even longer)

Uses Good for parked cars, etc. May not be suitable for cars
It may not be suitable, but it is suitable for people in mountain distress. mountain or ocean
It's too bulky for the times
Poor form and unrealistic.
Rotating parts are also frozen
Worrying and unrealistic.
Requires power even while drifting in the ocean
too much and unrealistic.
Weight increases even in the desert
unrealistic. )

-------------------------------------------------- --



-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Mitsubishi Method Proposed Method (Takahashi)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Shielding part Shielding only in a specific narrow direction Shielding the entire 1/4 celestial sphere
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Judgment Minimum value (time-based increase/decrease in value Only needs to detect strength (value only)
trend change) detection
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Rotation Needed/constant speed rotation Only reversal is enough
The human body needs concentration during that time
A motor mechanism is necessary for a drive mechanism
(Electricity required / failure required / freezing / dust
Additional measures such as waterproofing.
Unsuitable for distress and disaster relief)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Rotating mechanism Required OK if only there is a person
All you have to do is look at the direction of the rotation mechanism itself and the opposite direction.
Weight, bulkiness, and fault tolerance
Price, time required, help recovery. Fatigue recovery
It is also useful if humans replace it. )
Loss and consumption of concentration and time
(Worsening distress situation) (Cliffs, huge rocks, large trees, mountainsides, aircraft helicopters)
Substitute features such as ships are OK)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Boundary area Not supported Supported
existence satellite
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Disadvantages 1. When drops are observed, the following factors have been factored in. Is it a natural loss of synchronization?
Is it because shielding occurred?
Indistinguishable (should be) diffracted waves and that of time
The latter is stronger in both frequency and depth.
1.1 Assuming and taking a long time to make the distinction
Then it takes a reasonable amount of time, so it won't take longer than that
should be. In the sense of out of sync, only inversion
is understood to be out of sync.
For more absorption, turn over if you want more.
It is enough to take another set data for the time at each angle.
It must be necessary to make it longer, because the left is trying to do without it
is. If so, the uncertainty in each data (shielding drop or direct wave
The inversion method is more efficient).
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------




A Comparison Focused Only on Convenience
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Mitsubishi Method Proposed Method (Takahashi)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Round and round Round and round at low speed
Slowly
(Because it is indistinguishable from spontaneous out-of-synchronization)
at low speed, at constant speed
if you don't go around
must not
(Nervous)
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
just by inverting just by inverting
Almost nothing You can get almost any information on satellites in the sky.
can't get information

(Signal strength of one satellite before and after reversal, because the body is just right.
Even if you compare , the comparison is 1. Appropriately shields and absorbs
2. To the extent that it makes sense; Moderately diffracted, but there is a part where the end point is far and near
One of the reasons for the low autocorrelation is that the shielding plate is not large and the high path difference is diverse. Hmm, no.
Hmm, no. Too subtle to weaken GoldCode. from. at the center of the antenna. Shoulders, sides of the body, head, thighs, and feet.
3. The body is always acting and existing with itself. Important assets that can always be self-financed. its effective use.
You shouldn't be able to judge. Yes, 4. Reversing around the opposite axis is the simplest movement and consumes less physical strength. Less time wasted.
This is it. There is almost no diffracted wave path difference. 5. It can also be performed while crouching. Contributes to recovering physical strength, avoiding danger, and recovering a calm mental state. Acquisition of direction is also profitable at the same time to open a way to survival.
It's just the difference between the direct wave and the diffracted wave. ) 6. Reception from satellites at azimuth angles near the body side can also be determined.
I wonder if it's a little painful.
So, in short, my
Instead of inverting the body,
It looks like one lotus petal from Mitsubishi
Whether there is a difference that can be realized with
is one focus? and

oh ok, like those lotus petals
If it was aside,
Before and after inversion, absolutely
indistinguishable.

oh ok, like those lotus petals
Even if there is a satellite oblique to
By mixing the direct wave and the diffracted wave,
Before and after inversion, considerably
should be indistinguishable,

Furthermore, in order to drive the rotating part,
A power supply is also required. power supply is adequate
need weight. below freezing most
The battery will not work or will have a very short life.
Excluding LiIon. But LiIon is expensive.
In fact, even if you bring it just for that purpose,
Management becomes complicated, and in the event of an emergency,
There are times when the battery runs out. In that case
Contributed to the physical exhaustion of transportation until then
It can be a mistaking.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
There is no need to additionally carry a special shielding plate/rotating device such as a shielding plate/rotating mechanism.
All you need is your body to carry accessories that you don't need.
It becomes mandatory.
Bulky in a rucksack,

Danger of freezing and sticking at low temperatures.
There is a high possibility that you can not use it when you need it.
(It may be good for a car in a temperate zone, but)

In polar and alpine environments,
In case of emergency, freeze at a low temperature
It sticks and cannot be used (besides, it is bulky).
Even if the weight increases and is not used,
I've been deprived of my physical strength by transportation up to that point
It is easy to say that

Even in a desert area with a lot of dust,
Sticking is likely to occur. Even in that case,
(Besides, bulky
Even if the weight increases and is not used,
(I've been deprived of physical strength by transportation up to that point.
It is easy to say that


-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Advantages such as those on the right do not occur Stopping for a certain period of time and then reversing for the same period of time
is a being with eyes on one side of its body
Obtaining a view of the landscape on one side for a period of time and then
You will get a view of the landscape on the opposite side of the same time.
That is, it has a very significant meaning in a distress situation.
Because it is assumed that it will be done on a ridge with a good view,
(1) 360-degree surrounding landscape information is obtained.
Directional deviation of the weather
It also includes the approach and separation of rain clouds and the passage of time. Shadows of heavy rain reflected in distant mountains
and the penetration of light during sunny days, and their temporal transition
You will also get These work to your advantage in distress situations.)
(2) Acquisition of landscape features. Identification. Even if it's a landscape that I'm familiar with
If the viewing angle is different and the subject is in a hurry, it may not be possible to identify it. it
While watching slowly and dazed, I suddenly notice something. it
Clues may lead to identification of all features (sanza) in a chain reaction.
These work to your advantage in distress situations).
(3) It does not require any special work and can be rested for a certain period of time.
It reduces fatigue, and with a calm intake of candy etc.
It is also possible to use together. Restoration of blood sugar levels by
It not only restores physical strength and energy as energy, but also to the brain.
In some cases, glucose is supplied through the bloodstream and calm judgment is restored.
It takes a certain amount of time from the start of rest or the start of intake to absorption.
Therefore, spending the time of this method is not accurate.
It works favorably in securing, recovering from fatigue, and recovering a calm mind.
(4) In addition to mechanically counting time,
Prepare a candy and flip it over on one side until you finish licking the candy.
Prepare another candy, and until you finish licking that candy, you can get drunk on the other side.
In that case, naturally until the end of licking, so that the time you stipulate, such as 1 minute
All you have to do is prepare the adjusted hard candy. It can be easily cut with a knife.
, In that case, we will use the last 10 seconds (or 30 seconds, etc.)
And so on, when it is reversed, it is detected by a rotation sensor or notified by a push button
You can design it as you like.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------





The rationality of the embodiment will be explained. (In a step-by-step commentary style)

○ The whole body is flipped because the flip (rotation) around the body axis requires almost no physical exhaustion.
In the ridgeline walk, the ups and downs are intense, and the parallel movement consumes a lot of physical strength and time.
Parallel movement is impossible in the first place while drifting in the ocean. Even if it is possible, it is meaningless because the original position cannot be confirmed visually.
In the desert, parallel movement consumes a lot of physical strength and time, and it is meaningless because it is impossible to visually confirm the original position. It also consumes water. If there are a few people, it will fall apart.
In order not to fall apart, it is necessary for several people to move at the same time, and it is necessary to do meaningless things such as draining water, which consumes physical strength.

The following is the reason why the maximum value ■ of the ``minimum value of the received signal strength within the continuous Y (5) seconds'' within the continuous X (10) seconds is set.
Under optimal conditions for the 5 series, the direct wave should not have much desynchronization or desynchronization.
On the other hand, the diffracted waves are more likely to be desynchronized or desynchronized than the direct waves, even if the 5 optimal conditions are chosen.
In the comparison, the difference is greatly deformed and obtained.
○ In that sense, 95% tiles, 90% tiles, etc. may be used.
○ In the first place, it seems that the difference is clear enough even with the average value, etc., not the synchronization center deviation or deviation. However, just in case, it is mentioned above.




























-------------------Definition-------------------
Diffraction [British-French diffraction German Beugung] refers to the following.

Diffraction is a phenomenon peculiar to waves such as electromagnetic waves and sound, and when a wave passes through the edge of an obstacle and propagates, it penetrates into the shadow behind it.

In other words, when an electromagnetic wave or sound grazes an obstacle, it does not geometrically go straight, but wraps around in the shadow area, which is called diffraction.
It occurs commonly in waves and is one of the distinguishing features from particles.

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength and the size of the obstacle.

When the size of the obstacle is larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so remarkable and the rectilinear phenomenon is conspicuously observed.
In other words, when the wavelength is very small compared to the size of the obstacle, the area where diffraction occurs is narrow, and the boundary of the geometric shadow is only slightly blurred, which is not much of a problem.

Conversely, when the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable, and at the same time, the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

The wavelength of 1.5 GHz, which is the L1 band of GPS, is about 19 cm.

Diffraction is therefore not a problem when using building or mountain shielding.

However, diffraction becomes a problem at sizes that use the human body.
-------------------Definition-------------------






---------------Name--------------------------
The name based on the image is as follows. It is easy to understand.

Size Direct wave/diffracted wave relationship.
That is, complementary satellite signals.
The magnitude relationship between the two is identified by the receiver.
And,
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of received strength.

Mixture Satellite signals in the border zone.
Even if the attitude is reversed, the magnitude relationship between the two cannot be identified (because the resolution is below the resolution of the receiver, etc.).
And,
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of received strength.

Microscopic Satellite signal in a terrain occlusion situation.
Even if the posture is reversed, no change in reception intensity is recognized.
And,
Both reception strengths fall below the ICD minimum guaranteed value.

---------------Name--------------------------




---------------application----------------------------
(Turn around and set 2 and overlap)
It is also possible to superimpose the above.
---------------application----------------------------






------------ A human body was caught in between --------------------
This paper considers the case where a human body is caught between the transmitter and the receiver.

The space part of GNSS, which is currently in operation in outer space, etc., and the
Assuming that the GNSS receiver is a widely used receiving device,
between the two
When you actively intervene your body and when you do not intervene,
Receiving state difference
(not passively)
Active direction information acquisition
For this purpose,
In the act of reversing, (rotation around the body axis consumes less physical strength, consumes less time, is less dangerous, is simple, quick, safe, safe, and easy.)
dare to occur,
Using the results wisely,
Create a new value of direction information acquisition,
It is intended to be useful for medical lifesaving, lifesaving, disaster relief, distress rescue, polar exploration, mountaineering activities, marine activities, desert activities, nature survey activities, cultural tourism support, international exchange, research activities, etc. Since the acquisition of azimuth information itself has been proposed by the author,
There is no research other than this research that has such a point of view.
------------ A human body was caught in between --------------------




ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーExample of useful situations
In scenes with buildings, mountains, etc. in the background, the occlusion is close to perfect, so the problem is less when overwhelmed.
In many cases, the fact that the diffracted wave wraps around does not pose a problem.
This is related to the GNSS frequency, or wavelength, which is often around 1.5 GHz.

but,
In traversing
Walking along the ridgeline is important and takes a long time.
It would be nice if the mountainside could be used for traversing, but it is not always possible.
In many cases, the ridgeline is the safest (the area around Akadake Yatsugatake, the ridgeline of the Northern Alps, etc. corresponds to this).
The same is true for plateau-like plateaus. (Yatsugatake Utsukushigahara, Kirigamine, etc. fall into this category.)

No suitable cover is found there.
Utilizing the effect of shielding the propagation path by the human body has a great effect.
The reason is that even if you don't search for the things you bring or the local features, your body is always there and can be used.
(Of course, it can be someone else's body. You can also share it. Those will be discussed later.)


In such a case, it is considered that the positioning signal is greatly affected by the blocking of the propagation path by the human body.
In such cases, the diffracted waves at the edge of the shield are the dominant propagation mechanism.

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーExample of useful situations
















I think the above is enough, but below, just in case, I will write down the whole picture




## <<##0016##>>##

As the planar antenna 1, for convenience, a right-handed circularly polarized wave used in the GPS satellite system is used.
(Right Handed Circular Wave) with a hemispherical beam pattern.
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System(s)) or
NSS (Navigation Satellite System(s)) or
Any antenna for RNSS (Regional Navigation Satellite System(s)) will do.
Not limited to GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), Compass (China), INRIA (India), INPI (France), QZSS (Japan), India sat (India), Brazil sat (Brazil), etc. Any antenna may be used as long as it is an antenna for the user side device of the positioning satellite system or an antenna for a shared reception system thereof. It does not have to be a planar antenna. I have already mentioned this.

An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is rarely expressed as omnidirectional in some literature,
Omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore, hereinafter, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern.

Since the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams face the ground and are not used.
And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.




## <<##0017##>>##

When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, the substantial coverage area of the planar antenna 1 is as shown in FIG.
It corresponds to one side of a state in which the sky is divided into two with a semicircle that is a part of a great circle as the boundary.

This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky.

In other words, the planar antenna 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where the GPS satellite A in FIG.
■ Postscript ■ Coverage area (in the sense of receiving the direct wave of the signal transmitted from the satellite that exists there),

The 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in Figure 1 is located is
■Addition■ (In the sense that it can receive the diffracted wave of the signal transmitted from the satellite that exists there)
It may be covered.

■Addendum■ In addition, in the reference to GPS satellite B above, if the shielding is not a huge building or a mountain, but the size of the body is diffracted from the left and right ends of the body, etc., it can be received by the antenna 1. In this sense, the term diffracted wave is used.




## <<##0018##>>##

Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz.


However, because it uses a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, it has a wavelength of about 19 cm, and is blocked by a shield that is about the same size as the body.
(2) Diffraction (2) occurs to some extent.

Other microwaves such as GNSS and RNSS are also stably shielded by large buildings and mountainous terrain.
(2) Body (2) Diffraction occurs to some extent due to a shielding object having a size similar to that of the body.

Located within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for GPS
For the signal from GPS satellite A,
To receive direct waves with strong reception strength and little signal distortion
Synchronization acquisition and synchronization retention can be stably synchronized.

For the signal from GPS satellite B that is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1,
For direct waves with strong reception strength and little signal distortion,
Cannot sync.

However, there is a possibility of synchronizing with the diffracted wave 2 from the GPS satellite B, which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1, for the reason described above.
In other words, (1) the light can be diffracted (sometimes multiple times) and (2) incident at the end points of the body.

However, the sensitivity to directions 90 degrees from the direction of the main beam of the antenna is
Lower than other orientations is common.
Therefore, there is already a loss ■ of several dB.

In addition to not causing any particular problem, it even works slightly to the advantage of the present proposal, whose main purpose is to discriminate between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

The diffracted wave has a lower signal intensity than the direct wave due to diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation).

and low temporal stability.

Thus, there is difficulty in obtaining synchronization and great difficulty in tracking.

this is
Temporary significant drop in signal strength due to loss of synchronization and redoing of the acquisition procedure,
as well as,
Sudden decrease in correlator output due to misalignment of synchronization center, i.e., sudden decrease in signal strength
occur frequently
means that

The reason for this is
■ Waves composed of various diffracted waves from body end points
■ Contains various diffracted waves with different optical path differences,
Namely
■ Various diffracted waves with different phases and signal intensities that can be said to be random in magnitude are superimposed and are observed by the antenna.
(2) Even if the phase (waveform) of the chip level is observed with an oscilloscope, it cannot be observed as a clear rectangle, and is distorted accordingly.

The phase (waveform) at the chip level is not observed as a clear rectangle, and is distorted.
In the synchronization acquisition mechanism, it is difficult to acquire synchronization, and it tends to take longer time to acquire synchronization than the direct wave.
For example, the synchronous acquisition mechanism has a sequential search, which originally had the drawback of taking a long time.
It takes even longer due to chip-level phase (waveform) distortion.
This inevitably leads to an increase in the proportion of time until synchronization is acquired when the signal strength is low.
It will be observed.

Moreover, with the synchronization mechanism, the difficulty has even greater impact.
That is, the chip-level phase (waveform) is not observed as a clear rectangle, but is distorted.
Correlation with early code and
Correlation with late code and
The so-called
The S-curve also leads to distortion accordingly.
The distortion of the S curve is
This means that it becomes difficult to keep in sync (tracking).

If the deviation reaches outside the range that the S-curve can handle, it can no longer converge and diverges.
This will get you out of sync.
Then, the synchronization acquisition is restarted from the beginning.
This leads to a sudden drop in signal strength.

Alternatively, the slope of the S curve becomes gentler, making it difficult to obtain the center,
Even if it doesn't get out of sync, by deviating from the center of sync,
The correlator output drops sharply,
This also leads to a sudden drop in signal strength.

In this way, in the Direct Spread method of the Spread Spectrum communication method used in GNSS,
compared to direct waves
The diffracted wave is
Frequent sharp drops in signal strength are observed,
A characteristic result of
be seen.

Depending on whether this is observed in attitude 1 or attitude 2,
i.e.
Which is the direct wave and which is the diffracted wave
can be judged.





As a result of preliminary experiments,
In the framework already mentioned in this paper, the
When various diffracted waves are combined and reach the antenna,
compared to direct waves,
Diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) is
6.9dB.
(D and I, IPS5000).
The representative value at this time is "within 10 consequtive sec, max of "min signal strength within consequtive 5sec"".
The experimental framework at this time was "10-minute rotating overpass experiment, 6 degree/10sec, IPS5000 with magnetic compass
Late 201308, after the rain, on Sunday, during the period of continuous annual leave after summer vacation.
At this time, it was 20 degrees left rear and 50 degrees elevation. It was satellite number C. I remember that the satellite absolute value azimuth was about 80 degrees.
In addition, no special materials were attached vertically on the left and right sides of the body.
In addition, another set of IPS5000 was attached to the back of the chest, but data collection failed due to poor contact.
In addition, at this time, there is a possibility that such preliminary experiment data can be obtained. It may come out if you do some research.
At this time, another set of experiments was also conducted. It is an experiment that received mh's phone.





Therefore, for a given satellite,
Comparison of reception conditions recorded in the first and second attitude (comparison of signal strength),
, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.

However, it is, of course, a prerequisite to have a resolution of signal intensity that can discriminate the difference. (Today, even if it is called a low-priced GPS receiver for civilian use, it is pleasing that many items that meet the requirements are available. In addition, with the development of international GNSS and the activation of new projects, Japan's geospatial information Due to the positive impact of the establishment of laws such as the Basic Law for Utilization,
In addition, the EU's galileo, China's BEIDO, and the GNSS development and operation of India, Brazil, Russia, etc. are active, and will be introduced to the market with the favorable wind.
The remarkable increase in high-performance, low-cost GNSS receivers and multi-GNSS receivers can be diverted to this proposal. )


Alternatively, very inexpensive GPS receivers may have a resolution of received signal strength that allows discrimination of differences in a given strength band. In that case, the target should be a satellite that emits a signal in that reception strength band. (In other words, if there is a place where it is possible, even just using that part is effective for azimuth information acquisition. By performing the same measurement again with only a different setting, the results obtained there can be superimposed on the results obtained earlier. This feature is a remarkable advantage that compass needles and electric magnetic compass do not have, because in bad weather, at night, etc., a suitable and safe place If you find , the more time you spend, the more accuracy you can get without losing your physical strength.This is because you can reduce your impatience and use this method while recovering your physical strength. In the experience of a shipwreck, even if you stay in the same place and get information with a compass, you can't get good azimuth information, especially because it took a long time, the weather won't improve, and you'll end up at a loss. It is possible to avoid such an experience.Also, if you take time to acquire the direction from the positioning difference, it is more about loss of physical strength than time, and it is more likely that you will fall due to the action of walking. Walking up and down mountain roads and ridgelines with a heavy load can dramatically decrease your physical strength, lead to dramatic wear and tear, and the risk of sprains, fractures, and slips. It is also a method that contributes to the creation of the leeway to create a mental state that can calmly avoid them.)
Alternatively, when the resolution of the received signal strength is low with an inexpensive GPS receiver and it is difficult to discriminate the difference, the diffracted waves should be attenuated to the extent that the difference can be discriminated, for example, to the left and right of the body. Appropriate electromagnetic wave absorption materials (food materials, beverage materials, medical infusions, soil, seawater, etc. are possible.) of about A4 size are applied vertically to the body plane (horizontal to the extension plane of the body) You may try to realize it by doing so. In this case, sodium polyacrylate, etc. (superabsorbent polymer, superabsorbent polymer, used for simple toilets in disaster areas and on the go, cold insulators, heat insulators, food tray bottoms, paper diapers, etc.) are inexpensive as daily necessities. It is widely used in Japan and internationally. In addition, the electromagnetic wave absorbability may be enhanced due to the characteristics of the polymer. Newspaper (folding, rounding, crumpling to stabilize the structure, etc. may be used, or it may be soaked in water (or electrolyte solution, alcohol, etc.). The same applies to towels and paper towels. Yes, you can use paper towels or saran wrap wicks to keep it in shape.)



Now, the presence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B were able to be determined by the procedure described above.

After that, the determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite are merged,
The measurement direction 5 can be azimuth-limited.


## <<##0019##>>##

It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost.
Rather than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at design time, in practice when creating a planar patch antenna,
A planar antenna that forms a right-handed circularly polarized beam width with a slightly wide solid angle may be completed.
This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect.
This is demonstrated in the following literature.

## <<##0020##>>##

Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, "Compact/Planar Antenna" co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki,
First edition issued on August 10, 1996, P100

## <<##0021##>>##

Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.1996, P342-P343, P722

## <<##0022##>>##

Antenna pattern shaping is used to obtain a desired antenna pattern by correcting such deviations in beam shape while slightly changing the substrate size, patch size, etc.
(Antenna Pattern Shaping)
known as

## <<##0023##>>##

Also, unlike the design calculation, if the fabrication result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part,
A hemispherical beam antenna can also be easily configured by arranging a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side.

Bringing it close to the body and sticking it, or realizing a situation close to it, will give such an effect.

This is because the body is a good absorbing material for the 1.5 GHz band.


## <<##0024##>>##

Next, based on FIG. 2, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described.
In FIG. 2, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .

## <<##0025##>>##

The functions and specifications that the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 2 should have may be equivalent to the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave.
In other words, the miniaturization and mass productivity that have been cultivated for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer GPS positioning devices are inherited and used.

As for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer-use GPS positioning devices, there are already many GPS receivers of a size suitable for planar patch antennas.

Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured.

In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand already exists at a low price, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. .

Since the accumulation of these existing miniaturization techniques can be utilized, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be configured economically and in a small size.

This is not limited to the GPS receiver, but may be a GNSS system receiver or NSS system receiver, or may be a shared receiver for a multi-GNSS system, multi-NSS system, multi-NSS system, or the like.


## <<##0026##>>##

The GPS receiver 2 sends the following data string, for example every. Those that output with a period of seconds or less,
That is, the one with standard specifications is used.

The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and as positioning data, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time,
Positioning calculation mode (indicates 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and
the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1;

satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation of the satellite assigned to channel 2, satellite azimuth of the satellite assigned to channel 2, channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 2;

・・・、

The satellite number assigned to channel n, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, and the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n.

is.

Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n.

This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification.

In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1-wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.

In recent years, products with a larger number of channels are also in circulation. The GPS system alone has about 32 channels,
When it comes to shared receivers for Glonass and GPS, receivers with more channels are in circulation.
In addition, multi-GNSS and multi-NSS compatible receivers may be mainly models with a further increased number of channels.
In other words, it is expected that a common receiver for Galileo and GPS, and for Galileo, GPS and GLonass will soon appear.
It is expected that receivers with a further increased number of channels will enter the market.
Furthermore, including the rise of compass in China, QZSS in Japan, inria in India, INPI in France, brasil in Brazil, etc.
In the future, shared receivers with an even greater number of channels will enter the market.
In these cases, those receivers can be used to their advantage,
The effect of the present invention is further enhanced,
great effect.
This is one of the extremely important characteristics of the present invention that should never be forgotten, and is one of the outstanding advantages of the present invention.




## <<##0027##>>##

Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning.

The GPS receiver 2, like the GPS receiver of a normal portable satellite positioning device, is connected to an antenna covering the upper hemisphere.
A signal search is performed for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky.

## <<##0028##>>##

The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites.

Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked due to the shielding of the features or terrain, or

Elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites not in antenna coverage and out of signal synchronization are:

It can be calculated and output by simple calculation from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized via an antenna.

In fact, there are more than a few receivers that output such information.

## <<##0029##>>##

Also, all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, but spread spectrum due to pseudonoise codes
(Spread Spectrum) communication method.
Therefore, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used.

By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s seemingly alternate randomly to each GPS satellite,
It is possible to identify and separate signals from each satellite,
That is, for all GPS satellites present at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more when viewed from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them,
In principle, it is easy to separate and detect whether or not synchronization is established with respect to the signals from these satellites, that is, the reception state.



The reception state is recorded for a certain period of time in the above-described first posture.
After that, the reception state is recorded for a certain period of time in the second posture.



(Describes the case where a GNSS or NSS receiver with accuracy of reception state that can sufficiently distinguish the reception state of the direct wave and the body diffracted wave can be used)

The body is a good absorber of such as the 1.5 GHz band. Therefore, direct waves generally cannot reach the GNSS receiver through the body.
More specifically, this is because the power half-life depth in the body is less than about several cmm.
Therefore, for signals from satellites that existed in the coverage area of the main beam direction in the first attitude, the signal strength when receiving direct waves can be obtained in the first attitude,
In the second attitude, attempts to receive the satellite's signal yield very little transmitted waves,
Only diffracted waves can be received.

Therefore
This difference is easily detectable as long as a GNSS or NSS receiver is used with sufficient accuracy to detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of the body only.
If such a GNSS receiver or NSS receiver can be diverted, that's fine.

When using an inexpensive receiver, the following measures may be taken. i.e.
Although there are some errors and variations in the measured values of the receiver, statistical processing with a large number of samples (for example, 30 samples are obtained assuming sampling every second for about 30 seconds) Of course, it is also possible to try to solve the errors and variations in

GNSS is making rapid progress and is a rapidly growing market that is in harmony with the policies of each country.
Therefore, a compact, lightweight (sometimes thin) GNSS receiver that can detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of only the body is sufficiently accurate, inexpensive, and highly portable.
It is expected that (sometimes the GNSS antenna/GNSS receiver integrated module) will be rapidly introduced into the market in the future.
It is strongly expected that this will occur as a social phenomenon similar to the global rise in mobile phones with improved functions, lower prices, smaller size, higher performance, and lighter weight.
Therefore, what is stated in this proposal is
If a GNSS receiver with enough accuracy to detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of only the body is available, no special additional measures are required.
It can be applied as is.
It is only necessary to have the accuracy of the received signal intensity that can detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of the body only, in comparison with the direct wave.

A diffracted wave tends to have a weaker signal intensity than a direct wave due to diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) and a lower temporal stability, resulting in a weaker signal intensity.





Also, depending on the characteristics of the receiver, if the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be well discriminated by handling as follows, such a method may be used.
A feature quantity (for example, the average value is a representative value) of the distribution of the received intensity obtained in the first posture;
A characteristic quantity (for example, the average value is a typical value) of the received intensity distribution obtained in the second posture;
With the sum of both as the denominator and the difference between the two as the numerator, the value is
depending on reception strength
direct wave and diffracted wave
It can also be used for discrimination.

In this paper, the representative value of the reception intensity distribution is described, but the average value of the reception intensity distribution is a typical example.
On the other hand, if the distribution shape is somewhat distorted, as in the case of using an inexpensive receiver,
Rather than an average value, dare to
■ Mode, median, 95% tile value■, etc. Relying on the characteristics of the receiver, representative values that best represent the characteristics of the distribution
It may be used based on the result of prior verification of the characteristics of the receiver.

I will give a specific example.

When using an inexpensive receiver,
Synchronization may occur even though direct waves are received.
If the received power at that time is also used to calculate the average value, the average value becomes extremely small, which may not lead to a good representation of the characteristics of the distribution.

If the recovery from such scenes is relatively quick and the receiver is reasonably good,
Before calculating the average value, it is possible to devise a method of calculating after (1) eliminating outliers (2).

Alternatively, the average value may not be used as the representative value in the first place.
For example, for both distributions,
If the originally intended distribution characteristics can be characterized more appropriately by using (1) the mode (2), etc., it may be used.
By doing so, it is possible to realize stable comparison at low cost, taking advantage of receiver characteristics.
Conversely, here are some examples:
Regardless of the price, there are receivers that show robust and excellent reception performance under various conditions.
If such receivers can be used, direct wave desynchronization is less observed.
There are also receiver types where desynchronization is often observed only when diffracted (such as feature occlusion). In these examples,
Concerning the "obtained signal power distribution on the side of the attitude that exhibits relatively strong received power for a given satellite signal",
If "the minimum value" is adopted and the value is "more than the minimum received power value guaranteed by GPS ICD (GPS Interface Control Document)",
It can be determined with almost certainty that it is a direct wave candidate.
and,
the "minimum value" of "the signal power distribution obtained on the side of the attitude that exhibits relatively strong received power for that satellite signal";
the "maximum" of "the signal power distribution obtained on the side of the attitude that exhibits relatively weak received power for that satellite signal";
Between,
"The former - the latter ≥ the value set in advance as the threshold for diffraction loss judgment"
, that is, if there is a gap sufficient to indicate the presence of diffraction loss,
If the latter is receiving diffracted waves,
You can judge with almost certainty.

Such receivers are desirable, but I am very happy that they are becoming less and less rare these days.

For such receivers, we can go a step further and
"Former - latter ≥ value set in advance as threshold for diffraction loss judgment"
It should be noted that it can have a special meaning even if it does not hold.
Namely
"Former - latter < value set in advance as threshold for diffraction loss judgment"
When it is, you can find a special meaning, and it is even more convenient.
That is, it has the following specific meanings.
That is, when considering the coverage area targeted by the first posture and the coverage area targeted by the second posture
Receiving a transmission signal emitted by a satellite existing in the boundary area between the two, or in the vicinity thereof;
strongly presumed.
And this presumption is strongly supported by the result of the preliminary experiment.











-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------
(Describes a device when only a GNSS or NSS receiver that does not have the accuracy of the reception state that can sufficiently distinguish the reception state of the direct wave and the body diffracted wave can be used.)

Below,
If only a very cheap GNSS receiver can be used,
What if the body-only diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) is not accurate enough to detect the received signal intensity compared to the direct wave?
In this case, some tricks will be described. You should do something like this:

(1) Attenuate the diffracted waves (further).

In other words, it is only necessary to provide the body with a material having the same or similar absorbency as the body.
Fortunately, water (dipole moment), foodstuffs, beverages, pharmaceuticals, salt, preserved food, and
Thermal insulation, cold insulation, portable toilets, solidifying gels, gels, aqueous solutions of sodium polyacrylate powder, etc.
It exhibits high absorptivity to GNSS electromagnetic waves such as 1.5 GHz. Put it in a plastic bag, a flat and thin plastic water bottle, or a flat and thin
PET bottles (standardized would be even better),
, etc., and arranged vertically to the left and right sides of the body, the diffracted waves can be efficiently attenuated.
Fortunately, if you have friends, such as when you are climbing at a mountain party,
Seeing from the zenith, it should be arranged in the shape of "U" or "F", and the GNSS receiver should be placed around the center of the bottom of the hollow of the character.

What can be done with these ingenuity is that
Acquisition of azimuth information for life support activities with casual belongings at the time of distress,
When trying, using the present invention in developing countries, and using it for moving refugees etc.
It is something that brightly illuminates and opens up the path to utilization,
It is worth noting that it is also noted as an advantage for future humanitarian applications of the present invention.
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------





-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------
(Describes a new meaning to the concept of functional food)

By turning a low-priced GPS receiver, it is possible to weaken the diffracted wave and enable separate detection when using a GPS receiver that does not have the accuracy of separate detection of direct waves and diffracted waves.
For the sake of convenience, foods that have the function of weakening diffracted waves will be called functional foods (ingredients or foods that have the function of 1.5 GHz absorption) hereinafter.

Alternatively, if it is not limited to food, it will be called a functional material.

By way of example, they can be given in abundance.
(Example: Including ingredients, beverages, rice balls, pickled plums, and miso.)
Shape it into a flat and thin shape (for example, you can combine such shapes with rice balls, pickled plums, miso, jerky, and cheese.
Same goes for sandwiches.
If it becomes common to form outdoor foodstuffs into sheets as just described in the future, the usefulness of this method will further increase.
(Though it goes without saying that it is possible to utilize it even if it is not necessarily the case.)

Jerky, sliced plate-shaped cheese, etc. are originally such a shape, and can naturally become a more convenient functional food material in the sense of this paper.
By arranging umeboshi in a sheet like that, it can naturally become a functional ingredient.

Paste-like foods such as miso and gel-like foodstuffs can also be made into more convenient functional foodstuffs by doing so.

Hand-rolled sushi or the like can be made into a thin plate on a plastic sheet, and when it is ingested on site, it can be rolled up together with seaweed.
In the future, rice balls can also be made into such a thin plate shape, and when ingested at the site, by measures such as rounding, it will be possible to naturally become a functional food.

Plastic water bottles and PET bottles (drinks) can naturally become functional ingredients if the thin plate standard is spread.

If you can buy a thin plate-shaped PET bottle when you buy a drink normally at a convenience store that you stop by before going to the mountains,
The availability of functional foodstuffs naturally increases, leading to safety in outdoor activities (prevention of getting lost, etc.), which is very effective.

In recent years, flat and thin, sealable, transparent, water-resistant sealing materials such as ziplock have become available at low prices, so even traditional preserved foods that contain a lot of water can be carried for outdoor activities,
It can be carried on long-term mountain trips, and it can be used as a functional food (ingredient) in the sense described above.
The time has come when not only the zip type, but also flat and thin vacuum pack sealing with strong transparent vinyl can be generally performed at home with inexpensive household equipment.
Salmon fillets, etc., can be laid out flat and thin, and vacuum-packed flat and thin can be sealed with strong transparent vinyl even at home.
Boiled soybeans, hijiki, etc. can be laid out flat and thin, and vacuum-packed flat and thin with strong transparent vinyl can be done at home.
These can be used as functional foods (ingredients) in the sense of this article.
Until then, there were things I thought I would buy at the store.
Flat and thin and strong transparent vinyl can be vacuum-sealed even at home.
These can be used as functional foods (ingredients) in the sense of this paper.
Examples include:
Things that look like souvenirs: large-sized Takana pickles, salmon fillets, baumkuchen, castella,
Fermented foods: miso, soy sauce, natto, tofu, cheese, savory foods from Northern Europe, dried fish, lactobacillus-based pickles (Takana pickles from Shinshu), (In order to prevent the occurrence of bacteria, salt content should be increased, and water should be moderately added. Since it is adjusted, it can be suitably used as a functional food in this article.In many cases, it is highly flexible, and it is easy to adapt to flat and thin.)
Gel: agar, gelatin, ogo,
In addition, from the viewpoint of utilization of anything, flat and thin small bags of about 2 cm x 3 cm of soy sauce (or natto sauce) attached to natto, flat and thin small bags of about 2 cm x 1 cm of mustard,
Flat and thin packets of soy sauce about 2 cm x 3 cm that come with sushi purchased at supermarkets can be used as functional foods because they can be easily formed into flat and thin structures by arranging them with adhesive tape. The fact that it is an aqueous solution with a high salt concentration and that amino acids and protein molecules are dissolved is highly suitable for enhancing the absorption of electromagnetic waves of 1.5 GHz, making it ideal.
The high salt concentration contributes to the increase in absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of 1.5 Ghz caused by the increase in σ in terms of enhancing conductivity. The fact that it is an aqueous solution means that the dielectric polarization (not electronic polarization, not ionic polarization) of the permanent dipoles of water contributes to the increased absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves near 1.5 Ghz. The presence of the polymer also contributes to the increase in absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of 1.5 Ghz.
Since alcohol, like water molecules, also has permanent dipolarity, dielectric polarization (not electronic polarization, not ionic polarization) contributes to the increase in absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves near 1.5 Ghz. The presence of the polymer also contributes to the increase in absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of 1.5 Ghz.
A flexible material such as chloroprene also contributes by increasing the absorbability of microwaves and electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of 1.5 Ghz.
These have a large coefficient of the imaginary part when expressed in terms of the complex permittivity, and accompanying this, the dielectric loss is also large, so they contribute to the increase in absorption of microwaves and electromagnetic waves in the vicinity of 1.5 Ghz. can be stated.
The power half-life depth at that time can be expressed by the following equation.

In addition, from the viewpoint of using anything even when food and beverages run out, as already mentioned, excrement (urine electrolyte concentration is close to that of blood, so it is used as a mood substance in the sense of this article) (It is possible) (Solid excreta contains abundant water, which is a permanent dipole, while it contains a large amount of macromolecules such as proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates, so it has high absorbability in the microwave band. Functionality in the sense of this article It is possible to use it by putting it in these bags, and it is also possible to use gravel, soil, seawater, plants, animals, etc. that hold a moderate amount of water, as well as sewage water. I have already mentioned one point.

Engineering and medical substances can also be used as functional substances in the sense of this paper. Including: can be given as
(Often required for outdoor activities such as hiking) Alcohol for fuel and gel as an ignition agent
(Frequently required even in cold regions such as polar regions) Fuel for moving vehicles, heat insulation / cold insulation (aqueous solution of sodium polyacrylate, etc.)
A mixture of excrement that has been solidified while maintaining some degree of flexibility with an excrement solidifying agent (sodium polyacrylate, etc.) (often used in simple toilets in disaster areas)
Drip solution, Ringer's solution, antiseptic alcohol, pouch-like formulation of drug solution, etc.
Battery liquid (liquid based on dilute sulfuric acid, etc.) (used for surveys and electric wheelchairs)

In addition, there are well-known hydration nutritional supplements and behavioral foods that are used according to the characteristics of various sports areas, and their effectiveness is known, but they can be used as functional foods. Things include:
Pemmican (fat, butter, meat. Handmade) for mountaineering
special drink (amino acids, nutrients, water) for marathon
chocolate and nuts bar (product name: popwer bar) for climbing
Amino acid drink for triathlon
sports dring for general sports
Since it includes things that can be made by yourself, it is also possible to create a unique method that takes into account the degree of preservation, etc.
Furthermore, packaging of transparent vinyl is possible in recent years, including new packs, so various effective uses are possible.





In the event of an emergency or a life-threatening distress, fill a plastic bag or garbage bag with soil, trees, animals, excrement, etc., and roll up newspaper around it.
Stick something like a pole (which is surprisingly strong), a branch of a tree, or a piece of newspaper folded many times like a support with adhesive tape (gummed tape).
It can be used even if it is fixed to a flat type.

By doing this
If only a cheap GNSS receiver can be used,
What if the body-only diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) is not accurate enough to detect the received signal intensity compared to the direct wave?
It is an advantage of the present invention that a solution to the above is obtained.
In other words, in any situation, there is a way to do something.
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------





-----------------------You can use only the signal strength band that can be used------------------ --

(2) If ``a GPS receiver that has a special signal strength ``band'' where the resolution of signal strength discrimination is finer'', then ``if only satellite signals in that signal strength ``band'' are used, good.

For example, the sony ips5000 is known to draw a logarithmic function curve when the horizontal axis is the output variable and the vertical axis is the received intensity.

In other words, the greater the signal strength, the finer the resolution of the signal strength.

When the signal strength is low, a large change in signal strength is required to increase the number of output characters by one.

When the signal strength is high, a small change in signal strength is sufficient to increase the number of output characters by one.
In such cases, the distinction between direct and diffracted waves is
When the signal strength is low, even if it is difficult,
It is easy when the signal strength is high.

In this way, "a special signal strength band where the resolution of the signal strength becomes finer,
In particular, if you have a GPS receiver, you can use only satellite signals in that signal strength band.
of.
-----------------------You can use only the signal strength band that can be used------------------ --





-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------

Since azimuth limitation is sometimes very important and important in outdoor activities in harsh environments,
Even if there is a little difficulty, the implementation should not be denied by 1 or 0, such as "I can't do it".
If there is even a little room to do it, let's make use of it and make it useful.
Make the most of it, your own or others,
We will utilize the spirit of connecting activities and action decisions for life support.
This is what I mean by what I have said so far.

At such times, we also pay attention to usable substances derived from the fact that we or others are living organisms.
Sometimes it is the use of one's own body itself, or the use of another's body itself,
It is the use of some kind of food (including traditional food that can be stored for a long time), the use of some kind of beverage, and sometimes the unexpected use of seasonings and preservatives, which are necessary for living organisms. or
As long as it is a living organism, it is natural to excrete excrement,
Utilization of things obtained from the local surrounding environment (including utilization of soil, rocks, animals and plants (trees, herbs, root vegetables, meat), seawater, sewage, etc.),,
From a professional point of view, it is possible to use what you have brought with you (for example, medical infusion, alcohol (for fuel, drink, disinfection), battery fluid for mobile vehicles, etc.)
I can list what to do.
They are, in some sense, good absorbers of electromagnetic waves in the 1.5 GHz band,
By deploying as described above on the left and right of the body,
The diffracted wave can be further attenuated,
It is very effective in discriminating between diffracted waves and direct waves,
Even with existing low-cost GPS receivers, direction information can be obtained reliably and stably at a reliable level.
in the sense that it can be done effectively
great effect
It has the function of

In addition, the GPS receiver, which is becoming an excellent social infrastructure,
The basic existence of living organisms as described above, their essential carry items, ingested items that are carried items, excrement that can be regarded as carry items, etc.
The accuracy, certainty, and efficiency can be informed by various abundant examples that can be easily procured locally.
It can be said that this is an excellent advantage of the present invention.
In these respects, the present invention is very suitable for standardization.

Moreover, it is suitable for use not only in developed countries but also in developing countries.
Mobile phones have become very inexpensive due to their widespread use, and have benefited developing countries as well.
Similarly, positioning reception modules will also become very popular, whether they are built into mobile phones or not.
Positioning receivers have become very inexpensive due to their widespread use, and are benefiting developing countries, and will likely continue to be used in the future.
Therefore, it is suitable for use not only in developed countries but also in developing countries.
The market launch of multi-GNSS system receivers will accelerate this trend.
As mentioned, the availability of multiple GNSS system receivers will increase the accuracy and precision of heading information.
In the future, it will have an even greater effect.


Basically, as mentioned above,
GNSS is making rapid progress and is a rapidly growing market that is in harmony with the policies of each country, so the performance of GNSS receivers is also expected to grow rapidly.
Therefore, a compact, lightweight (sometimes thin) GNSS receiver that can detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of only the body is sufficiently accurate, inexpensive, and highly portable.
(Sometimes a GNSS antenna/GNSS receiver integrated module) will continue to be rapidly introduced into the market.
It will occur in the same way that mobile phones have become more functional, cheaper, smaller, more powerful, and lighter all over the world.
Therefore, what is stated in this proposal is
If a GNSS receiver with enough accuracy to detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of only the body is used,
It can be applied as is. (already mentioned).

In a preliminary experiment, the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of only the body is expected to be about 6.9 dB.
-------------------------------------------------- -----------------------Weakened------------------------












------max(y1,y2)>v, y1=10sec_max(5secmin(signalstrength posture 1)) etc. Reasonable reason for setting conditions (explanatory step by step)----
The above is summarized as follows.

For a given satellite, the reception obtained in the first attitude is compared with the reception obtained in the second attitude.
Prepare and examine two conditional branches.
As a result, for that satellite, the area determination is as follows:
(1) Unilateral area
(2) Boundary area
(3) Feature occlusion area

-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
Area judgment One side area Boundary area Feature shielding
Conditional branch
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
<1> About a certain satellite
Large side of received signal
features of the received signal Yes Yes No
is the direct wave reception and
Is it worth it?
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------
<2> About the satellite
Large side of received signal
features of the received signal, Yes No NA
small side of received signal
features of the received signal of
If the difference is due to diffraction loss,
Is it worth it?
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------




The flow chart is as follows.
Each satellite is investigated as follows.

First, the procedure for [0] is as follows.
Regarding a certain satellite (of course there may be more than one)
This is a state in which reception conditions have been collected in the first attitude and the second attitude.
In that case, first, for a certain satellite,
Which of the reception conditions in the first attitude and the second attitude
Select whether it is the "received signal on the side of the received signal with the greater received strength".

The method uses reception conditions in a first attitude and a second attitude.
The method uses an appropriate representative value for the distribution of signal strength in the first and second poses.
Selection is made according to the size of the representative value.
(When it's intuitive, the bands are separated, so the one with the higher signal strength just needs to be chosen. In general.)

As a representative value, the average value is first considered, and if it is appropriate, it may be used, but it is not essential to be limited to the average value.
When it is appropriate to use the average value, specifically,
When a normal distribution can be assumed, or when a large number of samples are used (approaching a normal distribution by the central limit theorem)
and so on.


If normal distribution cannot be assumed, or if a large number of samples are taken and used,
Depending on the characteristics (habits) of the reception state output by the receiver,
To best discriminate between direct and diffracted waves,
befitting
A representative value may be used.

Specifically, the median value (not the mean value), the mode value, the 95% tile value, the mean value excluding the outliers, etc. may be selected.






In this paper, the procedure [0] is
"Regarding the reception state obtained before and after the inversion,
Received strength "maximum value for 10 seconds of minimum value for 5 seconds"
is the representative value for each posture.”
and
This is because the difficulty of the synchronism holding mechanism becomes more difficult in the case of body end point diffraction composite reception.
It is proposed as an effective index.


If [0] is implemented in such a way, the subsequent flow chart is as follows.

[0]
｜
｜
↓n
<1>---> Feature shielding area
｜
｜y
↓n
<2>---> Coverage boundary area
｜
｜y
↓
one side coverage area


After completing [0] for a satellite, do the following:

Then conditional branch <1> is described.
Conditional branch <1> examines "whether the representative value of the received signal on the larger side of the received signal for a certain satellite is a sufficient value for receiving the direct wave".
Specifically, the large side of the received signal is checked as follows.
This is determined by the magnitude of the representative value.

Here, the representative value may be the average value if a normal distribution can be assumed, or if a large number of samples can be taken (according to the central limit theorem).
Otherwise, due to the characteristics (habits) of the reception state output by the receiver, it is most suitable to discriminate between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.
A representative value should be used.

Specifically, there are various values such as the median value, the mode value, the 95% tile value, and the average value excluding outliers (not limited to the average value).

In the scrutiny of "whether it can be said that the value is sufficient for direct wave reception",
As a comparison target, the minimum signal strength (-128.5 dBm) or the like at the user's part guaranteed by GPS ICD (GPS Interface Control Document) may be used.





Then conditional branch <2> is described.
Conditional branch <2> can be said that the difference between the representative value of the received signal on the larger side and the representative value of the received signal on the smaller side of the (mentioned) satellite is a sufficient value for diffraction loss to exist. or”.
This is determined by the magnitude of the difference between the representative values.

Here, the representative value may be the average value if a normal distribution can be assumed, or if a large number of samples can be taken (according to the central limit theorem).
Otherwise, it is best suited to discriminate between the direct wave and the diffracted wave, depending on the characteristics (habits) of the reception state output by the receiver.
A representative value should be used.

Specifically, in addition to the average value, there are various values such as the median value, the mode value, the 95% tile value, and the average value excluding outliers.
You should compare the two.

By the way, depending on the actual situation of the synchronization acquisition mechanism and the synchronization maintenance mechanism (Tracking) adopted in the target GNSS receiver,
When they pick up the composite wave of the diffracted waves at the body end points, the rapid decrease in the correlator output and the rapid decrease in the received power when the synchronization center shift or synchronization loss occurs
It will reflect model and individual differences in the GNSS receiver of interest.
As long as it is a representative value that conforms to them, it is
"within 10 conseqtive sec, max of (min of signalstrength within 5 consequtive sec)"
Whether it's the median, the mode, the 95% tile, or the mean,
There is no change in the fact that there is no objection.

However, at present, the synchronization holding mechanism of inexpensive consumer GNSS receivers is
delay locked loop or
tau dither loop
is often used.
In that case,
"within 10 conseqtive sec, max of (min of signal strength within 5 consequtive sec)"
is considered to be effective.




This is easy to understand visually and can be described as follows.

Consider a graph with time on the horizontal axis and signal strength on the vertical axis.
A horizontal line is drawn between the maximum and minimum values of the distribution band on the side of the large signal strength feature value and the maximum and minimum values of the distribution band on the side of the small signal strength feature value.

Note the two horizontal lines, the minimum value of the distribution band on the side of the large signal strength feature value and the maximum value of the distribution band on the side of the small signal strength feature value.
When two bands are clearly separated by signal intensity, the minimum value of the distribution band on the side with the larger characteristic value of signal strength and the maximum value on the side with the smaller characteristic value of signal strength are the diffraction loss.
If there is a sufficiently large distance (separate) than the set threshold, that is, if two distribution bands exist with a clear separation band between them,
It corresponds to the case where it is very easy to understand visually.
In this case, it can clearly be determined that the former is the direct wave and the latter is the diffracted wave.

It is also conceivable that the distance is not large enough and they appear to be close together. Furthermore, it is conceivable that the distance between them is short and they are in contact with each other.
In addition, it is logically possible for the distance to be negative, ie to have overlap.
Moreover, it is possible that one band subsumes the other band after the overlap has increased.
Even in such a case, a statistical test may of course be used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two.
In that case, use a paired t-test, matched by the elapsed time from the observation start time (e.g., the first after the warm-up time), or
Otherwise, Wilson's t-test may be used.
If a normal distribution can be assumed from the output characteristics of the receiver, there is no problem,
Even if this is not the case, the method of description is versatile because the normal distribution approximation can be used for many distributions as the number of samples increases due to the central localization theorem.
Of course, other general-purpose statistical tests may also be used.


After determining the area of a certain satellite, it is checked whether there are still satellite signals to be determined.
for such a satellite signal, if it still exists Return to <1> and investigate.

------max(y1,y2)>v, y1=10sec_max(5secmin(signalstrength posture 1)) etc. Reasonable reason for setting conditions (explanatory step by step)----





-------------What is typical value--------------------------------- -------
In addition, the representative value is a numerical value used as an objective measure of data in statistics, and the average value, the median value, etc. are well known, but it is not limited to this.


The representative value can also be expressed as follows.
A numerical value used to express the collective characteristics of the distribution of a large number of numerical values when organizing statistical data.
Indicates the central position that would be distributed around the value.
Mean value, mode, median, etc. are usually used for it.
Among them, the average value is the most important.
If the frequencies of values x1, x2, …, xn are f1, f2, …, fn, then
Σ(i=1 to n) fi=N
aside,
x~ = (1/N)Σ(i=1 to n) fi ・ xi
is the average value.

The mode refers to xi such that frequency fi is maximal.
It corresponds to the highest class value in a histogram.
The median is also called the median number, and it is the value that comes to the center when the numerical values of the group are arranged in order of magnitude.
If the total number N is an odd number, the (N+1)th,
For even numbers, take the arithmetic mean of the two middle numbers.
These representative values are defined in the same way in the case of probability distributions,
It has an important meaning as a numerical value that expresses the characteristics of the distribution.
If you know the type of distribution, for example Poisson distribution or geometric distribution, by knowing the mean and median
To some extent the distribution can be defined.
In the case of normal distribution, all three types of representative values are the same.




Typical value
*Distribution features are *not just histograms.
It can be efficiently described by expressing it with a few summary statistics.
A summary statistic representing the central position of the distribution is called a representative value.
As representative values, *mean, *median, and *mode are often used.
Mean values include *arithmetic mean, *geometric mean, *harmonic mean, and trimmed mean.
Average usually means arithmetic mean.
■In destructive testing and toxicity testing, maximum and minimum values are sometimes used as representative values. ■
→Mean →Median →Mode →Arithmetic mean →Geometric mean →Harmonic mean
-------------What is typical value--------------------------------- -------




















## <<##0030##>>##

With the above procedure, for a certain satellite,
The reception obtained in the first attitude and the reception obtained in the second attitude are compared, and the discrimination of the diffracted waves and the direct waves is possible.
done.

Move on.



-----------------------------About GPS receiver output ^-------------- -
In the process of having a GPS receiver perform a signal search, data for each satellite,
GPS satellite

satellite number,
satellite elevation,
satellite azimuth,
channel state
signal strength

from the GPS receiver

Output periodically.



In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output.

The data output period is not particularly limited, and currently GPS receivers that output data every second are widely used.
If it is possible to use one that outputs in a shorter period, it may be used.
-----------------------------About GPS receiver output ^-------------- -







ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー Auto detection option for posture 1 and 2 -------------------
At this time, whether the posture is on the first posture side or the second posture side (temporarily called the B side) is also output at the same time.
This may be done manually by a changeover switch, or by using a 3-axis acceleration sensor or a rotation sensor for detecting reversal.
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー Auto detection option for posture 1 and 2 -------------------







---------------------------Specific procedures and flow of processing--------------- -------------------------

## <<##0031##>>##

Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 .
The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.

The user presses the first attitude button. (It has the meaning of notifying the device that it will take the first posture from now on).
↓
The device starts a 60-second (*1) timer countdown. (It is meaningful to keep the user informed of how many seconds are left until the time when the reversal should be performed.)
↓
The device ends the 60 seconds (*1) timer countdown.
↓
The device chimes. (Prompts reversal. It also announces the end of warm-up and data collection in the first position). (telling the user that the time has come to perform the reversal)
↓
The user flips 180 degrees along with the body.
↓
The user presses the second attitude button. (It has the meaning of notifying the device that it will take the second posture from now on).
↓
The device starts a 60-second (*1) timer countdown. (There is a meaning to continue notifying the user how many seconds are left until the end time for convenience)
↓
60 seconds (*1) timer count ends
↓
The device chimes. (This is warm-up in the second attitude + completion of data collection, and has the meaning of notifying the end of one set of measurement and recording.
↓
The instrument determines, for each satellite signal in the sky, based on a comparison between data received at a first attitude and data received at a second attitude (multiple statistically reliable time series):
For the signals from each satellite in the sky, discrimination is made as to which one is the diffracted wave reception and which one is the direct wave reception at the first attitude and the second attitude. (*4)
↓
For each satellite in the sky, the device determines the satellite presence area (first attitude coverage side, second attitude coverage side, boundary area, or feature occlusion) based on the above discrimination. .
↓
For each satellite in the sky, the device determines the satellite existence area (coverage side of the first attitude, coverage side of the second attitude, or boundary area), satellite azimuth data, and satellite number in common. bind as a key to
↓
For each satellite in the sky, at least one of the satellite presence areas (coverage side of first attitude, coverage side of second attitude, or boundary area):
Construct a sequence aligned clockwise or in the order of one or more satellite azimuth angles, the first and last terms of which are used to definitively know the azimuth to which the main beam of the first attitude was pointing.
↓
The device outputs the above-mentioned result of azimuth limitation (*2)
↓
Provide additional information (when presumed to be under the influence of feature shielding) (*3)

---------------------------Specific procedures and flow of processing--------------- -------------------------




---------------------------Warm upーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー
(Regarding warm-up and timer count)
(*1: It should be set appropriately according to the performance of the receiver.
Timer count time = warm-up time (s) + desired number of data sampling (times)/output frequency (times/s).
When discriminating by statistical processing, it is a matter of course that the larger the number, the more accurate it becomes.
Even if the normal distribution assumption cannot be set, the central limit theorem will approach the normal distribution as the number of samples increases.
Therefore, discrimination is stabilized. But it takes time.
It also depends on the dBm value output by the receiver and the granularity (number of significant digits) of the dB value.
It also depends on whether or not the plate-like sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution is attached to the right and left sides of the body.
Find a suitable landing spot for the absorbent material with that trade-off.
For example: It is assumed that the device can output every second.
It is assumed that the reception strength can be output in dBm units.
It is assumed that it takes about 20 seconds to stabilize the code lock.
Assume that the number of channels is 12 channels.
It is assumed that there is no protruding installation on the left and right sides of the body of an object made of sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution in the form of a plate. in this case,
You can set the warm-up time to 50 seconds or so.
Data is collected for 1 minute if it is 1 minute, which is determined at the beginning.
Arrangements may be made to use only the last 10 seconds of which 50 seconds are for warm-up.
of. )
For example, in order to warm up in advance in each posture (facing or inverting), a reception time of about 50 seconds may be provided and the remaining 10 seconds may be used for actual data processing.
In that case, the last 10 seconds may be used as normal data for each posture (facing/reversing).




About warm-up, about the start button of each phase)
(*1 Postscript: For example, 60 seconds or 90 seconds may be used. You may also provide both a 60 seconds button and a 90 seconds button.
In other words, the user may voluntarily select the number of seconds for the measurement from a plurality of buttons.
When you don't have much time, when you have plenty of time, you can use it properly. Of course, the longer the time, the more stable results can be obtained.
Since it depends on the performance and individual differences of the receiver, the severity of the tendency of climbing, cloudiness, season, weather conditions, and the possibility of getting lost in the mountain area,
It is preferable that there is a degree of freedom that can be set in consideration of the above.
In other words, ideally, the number of seconds for the measurement can be freely set by the user as a variable value with a dial.

Furthermore, when walking or traversing a ridgeline, there are times when you are looking at the view.
If there is data that has been automatically collected up to that point, it is also preferable to use it and then simply invert to obtain azimuth information.
Even if it is reversed, the view is usually good from the ridge line, so it is convenient to be able to take measurements while enjoying the view.

In such a case, the following specifications are also convenient. Highly convenient. i.e.: when placed vertically, always
It is also possible to adopt a specification that always saves and records data for "the most recent fixed time period (for example, one minute)".
If it is placed vertically, it is assumed that the most recent two minutes are always saved and recorded. (Of course, it can be 3 minutes, or 5 minutes. You just have to set it.)
Write to the first posture side memory. Of course, you can overwrite it to save memory.
When you notice that you have stopped and enjoyed the view in the same position, you will be able to use the data that should have been collected at that time.
For example, when I noticed that it stopped for more than a minute and then stood still and enjoyed the view in the same position,
This is a device that allows the data that should have been collected by that time to be used as the data on the first attitude side. Save time.
Also, enjoying the view is important in the mountains, and getting a bearing is also important in the mountains, so they are combined.

Then, at the same time as the reversal, the second posture button is (suddenly) pressed. This has the same effect as if the first pose button had been pressed one minute ago, even though the first pose button had not been pressed. This is because the data for the most recent one minute has already been stored in the first posture side memory.
When the second posture button is pressed, a 1-minute countdown starts, and when the 1-minute countdown ends, a chime sounds and the operation ends.
This generated one minute of data that was stored in the second attitude side memory.
The device automatically compares the data stored in the first attitude side memory and the data stored in the second attitude side memory,
It is determined which side receives diffracted waves and which side receives direct waves.
Based on this, the instrument determines whether the existence area of each satellite in the sky was the main beam side quarter sphere in the first attitude or the main beam side quarter sphere in the second attitude.
judge.
In this way, it is possible to recover from fatigue by stopping and enjoying the view for a long time, which is a common practice in the mountains.
Since it can be used, it saves time, and it is fun to obtain azimuth information with high frequency and accuracy (because you can enjoy both views, this is
It should also be added that it is recommended behavior (frequently checking the view in all directions) in the mountains to catch early signs of getting lost or worsening weather.

If it is 1 minute, the data is collected for 1 minute, but it may be arranged to use only the last 10 seconds assuming that 50 seconds are for warm-up.
I have already mentioned this. )
---------------------------Warm upーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー














---------------------------Presentation method--------------------- -----------------

(*2: Audio display or visual display (liquid crystal, etc.) is acceptable, but tactile presentation is also included.)

---------------------------Presentation method--------------------- -----------------








(*3: In addition, there are the following as non-restricted information.
(1) Both the A side and the B side are stronger than v (or whichever is stronger), and the actual distribution bands are not separated enough to clearly discriminate based on the distribution model of the diffracted wave and the direct wave. presumes that the satellite was inside a wide boundary region. Verify that the estimate is consistent with the orientation information. If the estimation can be positively used for narrowing the direction information acquisition, try to contribute to the direction limitation, and the result of narrowing the direction limitation may be presented at the same time.
(2) If both A side and B side are weaker than v (or the stronger one), the A side and the B side are not judged, and it is estimated that they were under the influence of feature shielding. Confirm that the estimation is consistent with visual confirmation of the surrounding features based on the output orientation information. If the estimation can be positively used for narrowing the direction information acquisition, try to contribute to the direction limitation, and the result of narrowing the direction limitation may be presented at the same time. )




(*4: In this case, it is of course fine to discriminate things that can be discriminated obediently, but it is not necessary to discriminate too forcefully. We should just accept the delicate cases where they are combined as they are.)


*5 (Describes warming up when placed horizontally). In addition, before starting the measurement continuously with the first posture (facing) and the second posture (reversing),
The main beam may be left pointing "at the zenith" for a reasonable amount of time to allow each satellite signal in the sky to try to synchronize and allow a kind of warm-up.

Here, warm-up means time such as break-in operation for parallel running of replicas to reach stable lock.
It is a term used in the image of engine running-in, which is necessary for smooth and stable operation of a car engine even on cold mornings.

Inexpensive receivers can be used cost-effectively if individual arrangements are implemented according to the characteristics of the receiver so that better results can be obtained according to the performance of the receiver.


After that, by placing it vertically on the body, synchronization with the signal can be obtained more smoothly.









(Describes the start to end of the first postural phase)
As the first posture (facing),
Turn on the start switch of the first posture (front)/second posture (reversed) continuous measurement mode.

Then, the device recognizes that the first posture (facing) mode will start for one minute from that point.
First, the device records in the memory on the first posture side for one minute from that point. (If it's already done that way, leave it as is).





(Describe the warm-up when placed vertically).
There may be a rule such as 50 seconds of which is for warm-up and only the last 10 seconds are used. Assuming that 50 seconds of the time are for warm-up, it may not be used after all, and an arrangement may be made such that only the last 10 seconds are used.
Of course, there is no problem with a method in which only the last 10 seconds are recorded in the memory without recording the warm-up. That way you can save memory.
However, if one minute is recorded, there is an advantage that the ratio of the length of the warm-up portion and the length of the used portion can be changed freely by the user.
Data may be collected for one minute if it is determined for one minute.






(Describes the reversal to the second attitude phase and memory switching)
One minute after the first posture (facing) and second posture (reversing) continuous measurement mode is turned ON, a chime will sound to indicate that one minute has passed.

With the chime as a signal, the user reverses and assumes the second posture.
With the user taking the second posture, the device switches the memory on the side of the second posture.




(Describes autonomy of reversal)
It is also possible to make a convention that the reversal is always performed at the user's responsibility.
In other words, it may be agreed that when the chime sounds, the user is responsible for taking a simple action such as turning over.
If so, if you decide not to record for about 1.5 seconds after the chime, there will be a sampling error due to an unexpected reversal delay.
It can be resolved in a practical and effective way. Therefore, it is good to put such a device in place. You may leave it so that its length can be customized for you.

For the impatient person who waits impatiently for the chime and immediately flips
If you can shorten the buffer time, even a little, it will save time,

For people with a carefree temperament who, even if the chime rings, prefers to appreciate the scenery even if it means immersing themselves in the afterglow of the scenery and prolonging the reversal period.
You can freely set the buffer time after the chime to 3 seconds, 4 seconds, or longer, without feeling like you're being driven by a mountain.
It will be better suited to individual characteristics.

The advantage of such a system that does not use sensors is that the device components are simple and can be configured simply.

i.e.
"Since the number of delicate individual parts increases, albeit slightly, the overall failure rate, which is conceived as the sum of the individual component failure rates,
This is recognized in that it is possible to avoid "increasing

In addition, by eliminating unnecessary sensors and not installing them, it is possible to further reduce the size and weight.
Thorough power saving in the mountains.
It is possible to avoid being unable to use the device due to battery exhaustion in an emergency. Needless to say, even if it breaks down, it can be easily repaired on site.

Even if only a few aspects are considered in this way, there are those who prefer simplicity and those who prefer automatic detection equipped with various sensors when it comes to equipment used in nature, such as mountain equipment.
There are always trade-offs when considering factors such as increase or decrease in power consumption, slight changes in usability, and summation of failure probability due to an increase in the number of parts.
Either implementation policy can be adopted.

A rechargeable battery may also be used. A photovoltaic device may be connected as a source for charging.







(Describes sensor detection of reversal)
Conversely, a method of always confirming the operation with a reversal detection sensor may be used. Even if the chime sounds, the memory can be switched by detecting the reversal with the sensor.

for example,
A dynamic gyroscope (Vibrating Structure Gyroscope: VSG) can be used.
Its basic physical principle is that when a vibrating object is rotating, a force perpendicular to the vibration is generated on a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
Since the force generated when the moving element is rotating is due to the Coriolis force equation of motion,
Also called Coriolis Vibratory Gyro (CVG) in scientific literature.
Dynamic gyroscopes are simpler and cheaper to achieve the same degree of accuracy than conventional rotary gyroscopes.
A relatively inexpensive type of attitude indicator is a device that has been miniaturized using the principle of .
Many vibrating gyroscopes are now manufactured with MEMS technology, offering uniform performance and quality at low cost and widely available.
As of April 2010, the price for bulk purchases is about $3 or less per sample for a 3-axis gyro, and about $1 for a 1-axis gyro, making it affordable.
These are co-packaged with other integrated circuits and provide analog or digital outputs.
In many cases, multiple axis gyro sensors are included inside one device,
Some devices have both a gyroscope and an accelerometer in one package and have a full 6 degrees of freedom output.
Basically, a MEMS gyroscope is a tuning fork type, which is constructed using photolithography technology.
It refers to an angular velocity sensor with vibrators of various shapes, such as a vibrating wheel type.
As noted above, whether based on detecting and reversing the reversal, or on the assumption that the reversal will occur after a certain time, after reversal:
The storage destination of measured data is switched from the first attitude side memory to the second attitude side memory.









(Describe from the start to the end of the recording of the second posture phase after reversal)
The user adopts the second posture with a chime requesting a reversal.

The user will know the completion of the second posture with two consecutive chimes one minute later.
In other words, the completion of one set is known.




(Describe the operation of the equipment after the completion of each phase of the first and second attitudes).
After completing the first posture (facing) and second posture (reversed) phases,
The instrument immediately and automatically performs the following processing.

from a comparison of reception conditions of satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired and stored at each of said attitudes at a given moment or at a plurality of moments;
Satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired and stored at each of the attitudes,
It distinguishes whether the direct wave is dominant, the diffracted wave is dominant, or neither can be considered.

If the side where the direct wave is distinguished as being dominant is the A side and the side where the diffracted wave is judged as being dominant is the B side, it is determined that the satellite exists on the A side.
If the side where the direct wave is distinguished as being dominant is the B side and the side where the diffracted wave is judged as being dominant is the A side, it is determined that the satellite exists on the B side.
If neither the direct wave nor the diffracted wave can be considered to be dominant, it is determined that the satellite exists in a certain boundary area with a certain width (for example, 7.5 degrees on one side from a great circle).
For this third judgment, it is sufficient to prepare an appropriate width range and judgment criteria based on a preliminary experiment or the like and store them.









## <<##0032##>>##

More specifically, it consists of the following four steps.



(Primarily:)
First, based on the signal strength etc. that the GNSS receiver outputs at regular intervals,

required to discriminate between direct and diffracted waves,

Here we want to define the sequence {p}.

The sequence {p} is represented as follows.

{ p (s(i), z(j), t(k) ) }

This breakdown will be explained in order below.




(Hereafter, s(i) will be described)

s(i) is the satellite number in the GNSS system.

In the case of GPS, it is the so-called sv number.

In the case of a multi-GNSS receiver that can receive multiple satellite systems, it is sufficient to allocate a unique serial number to each of the multiple GNSS systems.

i is a suffix and a temporary ID.

For example, i can take values from 1 to 12, etc. for a 12-channel simultaneous receiver.

For example, i can take values from 1 to 32 for a 32-channel simultaneous receiver.

For example, i may range from 1 to 90s for multi-GNSS receivers.




(Hereinafter, z(j) will be described.)

z(j) represents the azimuth angle of the start of the directed coverage (assuming that the side to which the main beam direction is directed in the first attitude is tentatively expressed as 0 degrees).

A 180 clockwise reversal will follow.

j is a suffix and a temporary ID.

When performing the first posture (facing) and the second posture (reversing), the suffix takes a number from 1 to 2.

That is, this paper deals with z(j)={z(1),z(2)}={0,180}. The first orientation (facing), ie, 0 degrees, and the second orientation (reversed), 180 degrees.


Note that the first posture and the second posture are considered as the first set.
In some cases, after one set of measurements, a second set is considered by giving an angle obtained by rotating a certain angle.
The angle between this first set and the second set will be called the turning angle.
Therefore, it should be noted that the orientation/reversal and the turning angle are different concepts. After giving a certain turning angle, the first posture and the second posture are possible there.
In this way, multiple sets of azimuth information obtained by integrating the data of the first attitude and the second attitude (integration of forward, reverse, etc.) in multiple sets are collected,
It is also a revolutionary advantage of this method that it is possible to acquire more narrowed orientation information by integrating it, and it is a point that produces a great effect.
In the existing methods such as the azimuth itself, such narrowing of the azimuth information cannot occur even if the measurement time is lengthened at the same place.
Outdoors or in the great outdoors, situations where you seriously want direction information are generally when night is approaching, bad weather is approaching, danger is approaching, or a shipwreck is imminent.
And it is often dangerous to wander around too much.
In such a situation, rather than moving around, just stay still in a moderately stable place and only consume physical strength around the body axis, calm down,
This method, which can accumulate azimuth information more and more accurately while standing still, has a great effect. )

After that, further, from the direction of the initial first posture (facing) 0 degrees, 90 degrees, for example, clockwise "give a turning angle"
Similarly, perform another set of the first posture (facing) and the second posture (opposite),
A total of two sets of azimuth information acquisition results, that is, the above-mentioned one set and the current one set, may be superimposed.

In that case, it can be expressed as {z(j)}={0, 180, 90, 270}.

You can also "give a 45 degree turn" and do another set as well.

Then z={0, 180, 90, 270, 135, 315}.




(For the case of having an antenna coverage wider than 180 degrees)

Note that the antenna coverage often has a slightly wider coverage than 180 degrees. In that case, it should be used as it is.

As a result of the first posture (directly facing) and the second posture (reversed), overlapping portions occur in the coverage area, but that is okay.
In that case, sufficient strength may be detected in both the first and second postures.
However, it will be explained later that it does not become a particular problem if it is handled carefully.




(Below, t(k) is described)

Note that t(k) indicates the elapsed time from the start of sampling toward z(j) at the time of observation toward coverage z(k).

k is a suffix and is a temporary ID.

The time interval at which data output (sampling) can be performed depends on the characteristics of the GNSS receiver.

For example, in the case of output every second, t(k) is the elapsed seconds from the start of sampling, {t(k)}={t(1),t(2),...,t(10)}={ 1,2,3...,10} (seconds).

In the past, every second was common, but recently it is not uncommon for GNSS receivers that output every tenth of a second.

















Secondly, as a preparation necessary for obtaining azimuth information, conversion processing of mathematical formulas is performed so that each coverage area of the first orientation (direct facing) and second orientation (opposite orientation) can be understood with easy-to-understand symbols.

For signals from satellites in the sky,

A plot of a scatter diagram showing the relationship between the elapsed time from the start of actual sampling and the signal strength on the posture side where a relatively strong distribution of received strength was obtained.
(A diagram showing a belt-shaped range drawn with the horizontal axis as time and the vertical axis as reception intensity.)
Hereinafter, specific aspects of data in this distribution map are sometimes referred to as bands from their geometrical characteristics. )

For convenience, the specific aspect (band) of the data distribution in is called α,

Plot of a scatter diagram showing the relationship between the elapsed time from the start of actual sampling and the signal strength on the side of the posture where the distribution of the received strength was relatively weak.
(A diagram showing a band-shaped range drawn with time on the horizontal axis and received strength on the vertical axis.
Hereinafter, specific aspects of data distribution in this distribution map are sometimes referred to as bands from their geometric characteristics. )

For the sake of convenience, the specific aspect (band) of the distribution of data in is referred to as β.


A distribution map is assumed with the time from the start of sampling on the horizontal axis and the received signal strength on the vertical axis.

If those distributions were cleanly separated from the viewpoint of strength and weakness of received strength,

Considering that the characteristics of the signal intensity (diffraction loss, diffraction attenuation) of the direct wave and the diffracted wave are clearly expressed there,

The stronger band is hereinafter referred to as α and the weaker band as β.



In order to simplify the process of assigning designations for α and β, it is effective to set some simple rules to proceed.

For example, it is conceivable to do as follows. (It is not limited to this. A simple, practical, and appropriate index can be found and used according to the characteristics of the receiver.)

First, attention is paid to each maximum value in both distributions.

Specifically, the following hypothetical code can represent an example.

For convenience, hereinafter, satellites are those with suffix i=1.

This is for the sake of convenience, and similar arguments hold for satellites with other suffix i.

If
max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }≧ max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }
then
αmax = max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, βmax = max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k ) ) }
else
βmax = max{ p (s(1)=sv(1), z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, αmax = max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }

In other words, the notation of α and β is selected so that αmax≧βmax always holds.



The designations α and β could be assigned to relatively strong signal strengths and relatively weak signal strengths, respectively.

That is, they were assigned as follows.

If
max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }≧ max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }
then
{α}={ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, {β}= { p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t (k) ) }else
{β} = { p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, {α}= { p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t (k) ) }

For a satellite signal from a GNSS satellite,

In each of the first and second postures,

Horizontal axis = Elapsed time from the start of output recording from the GNSS receiver

Vertical axis = received signal strength

When drawing a distribution map as

A band where a distribution of relatively strong received intensity was obtained (a band with a large maximum value) is α,

A band in which a distribution of relatively weak reception intensity was obtained (a band in which the maximum value of the band was not large) was expressed as β.





Similarly, αmin and βmin can be similarly defined.

If
max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }≧ max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }
then
αmin = min{ p (s(1)=sv, z=0, t(k) ) }, βmin = min{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }
else
βmax = min{ p (s(1)=sv, z=0, t(k) ) }, αmin = min{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }

However, a constant relationship between αmin and βmin does not necessarily hold so that αmax≧βmax always holds.

(This poses no particular problem as long as all cases can be distinguished.).




Similarly, αmean and βmean can be similarly defined.

If
max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }≧ max{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k) ) }
then
αmean= mean{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, βmean= mean{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k ) ) }
else
βmean= mean{ p (s(1)=sv, z(1)=0, t(k) ) }, αmean= mean{ p (s(1)=sv, z(2)=180, t(k ) ) }


Similarly, αmean, β can be defined similarly for median.

Similarly, αany and βany can be similarly defined.

Similarly, various representative values of the distribution can be similarly defined.

Any can contain various statistics such as variance, for example.









Third, verify whether the stronger band α "has high signal strength and temporal stability that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate".

An example of an extremely simple formula that can be effectively examined will be given.

It examines whether the following conditional expression (1) holds.

αmin ≥ v Conditional expression (1)

v sets a value that can be regarded as a threshold. For example, set to -128.5dBm.

Note that -128.5 dBm is the minimum guaranteed value of the satellite signal strength received by the user segment in the latest version of the GPS specifications (ICD: Interface Control Document).

Note that the above value may be determined according to the characteristics of the GNSS receiver in the direct wave reception state.





If conditional expression (1) does not hold, the satellite (s(i)=sv) is not used for subsequent azimuth information acquisition.

For a satellite (s(i)=sv), if sufficient guaranteed signal strength is not obtained in either the α or β region, the azimuth This is because it is considered unsuitable for information acquisition.

In places with good visibility, the occurrence of the condition is generally infrequent.

"Equipped with high signal strength and temporal stability characteristics that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate."

Verification of whether or not can be done with a simple expression (conditional expression (1)).

Conditional expression (1) is very effective because of its simplicity.







In detail, it can be said as follows.

A received signal modulated with a pseudo-spread code, transmitted from a satellite, and received by the user is a replica of the pseudo-spread code (Gold Code) corresponding to the satellite number inside the GNSS receiver,

Pseudo-spreading codes are made to run side by side while being slightly shifted.

The moment the 1024-bit pseudo-spreading code (Gold Code) has no deviation, that is, the moment the parallel pseudo-spreading code strings match at the bit level,

The energy spread over a wide band is narrowed down to a narrow band by synchronization matching, and the energy is narrowed down to one exit,

There is a sudden jump to this value, the minimum guaranteed signal strength (or often higher), which is a suddenly stronger signal strength than before.




As described above, the stronger band α "provides high signal strength and temporal stability characteristics that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate."

It was shown that the following is effective for verification of whether or not.

αmin≧v









In addition, "equipped with high signal strength and temporal stability characteristics that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate"

Of course, the verification is not limited to this (αmin≧v).

For example, the following can be considered as options that can be substituted for this (αmin≧v).

A ratio (rate) may also be used.

In other words, for a satellite of interest, a conditional expression may be used that states that "the average value of signal strength during the observation time exceeds the expected threshold". That is,

(Σ {α}) / max(t(k)) ≥ v


Alternatively, a conditional expression such as "the '95th percentile of the signal strength during the observation time' exceeds the 'expected threshold'" may be used for the satellite of interest. That is,


(for 95% of {α}) ≥ v


The conditional expression may be configured in any way as long as it is appropriately set according to the characteristics of the receiver.



In the above, we will verify whether the stronger band α "has high signal strength and temporal stability that can be regarded as a direct wave candidate".

For this reason, I gave several examples that can be effectively examined using extremely simple formulas.

The first conditional expression (1) is used.











Fourthly, "whether or not there is a separation in the signal intensity distribution of the direct wave and the diffracted wave" is verified.

By performing a statistical test, it can be assumed that both were taken from different populations and given a certain hazard rate.
If the sample size is large, the central limit theorem makes the application of results robust to statistical tests assuming a normal distribution, even for non-normal distributions.
Of course, it is desirable to perform such processing.

In addition, for practical purposes, here are some very simple examples that are useful:

For example, the fact that two distribution bands are separated may be considered to be equivalent to the establishment of the following conditional expression (2).
Eliminating complexity, especially if numerous preliminary experiments have shown its correctness, the following may be used.
αmin - βmax ≥ p Conditional expression (2)

For p, an appropriate value is set using the difference in signal intensity between the direct wave and the diffracted wave and the amount (dB) equivalent to the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) expected.

The expected clean separation should be detected.






A diffracted wave has a weaker signal intensity and a lower temporal stability than a direct wave due to diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation).

It is sufficient for the GPS receiver to have the ability to identify the accuracy of the received signal strength that can detect the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of the body only, in comparison with the direct wave. If you have a cheap GPS receiver that doesn't have that kind of discrimination, take one of the following two measures.
(1) Increase the diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) to a level that can be identified even by the inexpensive GPS receiver.
(1-1) Sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution (cool pillow (Hakugen)), foodstuffs, beverages, soil, seawater, alcohol, biopolymers, etc. are attached vertically on the left and right sides of the body, and when viewed from the zenith, they are U-shaped. Form and place the GPS on its bottom.
(1-2) Gather the human bodies of your companions to form a U-shape when viewed from the zenith, make a "H" or "U"-shape, and place the GPS at the bottom.
(2) Set v in conditional expression (1) to a large value. For example, SONY IPS5000 and the like output logarithmically, so increasing v increases the discrimination power. In the case of such a device, increasing v=“H” (in the case of IPS5000) will improve the identification accuracy (increase in logarithmic function will decrease). If you don't know this, IPS5000 can't be used, but if you know this and put some restrictions, this problem will be solved and IPS5000 will be a suitable device. This kind of knowledge is extremely important in life-and-death situations such as distress rescue, because misidentification of equipment that has been used with great effort as unusable can change the outcome.






If conditional expression (2) is established (in addition to conditional expression (1) being established),
It can be determined that ``the GNSS satellite s=sv exists on the side of the sky coverage indicated by the z value corresponding to {α}''.
This enables stable determination.



On the other hand, if conditional expression (1) holds and conditional expression (2) does not hold,
It can be assumed that the GNSS satellite s=sv exists in the boundary area of both air coverage areas or in the boundary area with a certain width.


The fact that the above simple formula can be used to verify whether the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be clearly separated is easy to understand visually and has a great effect.
It is shown as an example of the simplest and most effective example.


Conditional expression (2) can be changed according to the characteristics of the receiver.




(Regarding the use of statistical tests)

Although it will be mentioned later,
Even when the two distributions are not clearly distributed and overlap slightly, in fact, their near-normal distributions
It is possible that the respective peaks are clearly separated.
Including such cases, even if the tails of the two distributions seem to overlap at first glance,
Statistical tests show that populations differ at reasonably small hazards (e.g. 5% or 1% hazards)
On the basis of that fact,
Condition (2) for discriminating between direct waves and diffracted waves may be used. It goes without saying.
Various statistical tests such as the t-test, Welch's t-test, etc. can be employed for this purpose.
Separation may be indicated using non-limiting and appropriate assays.



(Alternative to conditional expression 2)
The above simple formula (conditional formula (2)) can be used to verify whether the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be clearly separated.
However, it is not limited to conditional expression (2).

For example, if any of the following equations or their combination shows effectiveness according to the characteristics of the receiver through numerous preliminary experiments,
In reality, any one of the following formulas or a combination thereof may be used.

αmin - βmin ≧ p
αmax - βmax ≥ p
αmax - βmin ≥ p
αmean - βmean ≧ p
αmedian - βmedian ≥ p




(Is p in conditional expression 2 a fixed value or a variable value?)

It should be noted that p in conditional expression 2 may be a fixed value, and while the signal output is made by symbols such as A to Z,
If you know that dBm as its absolute value draws a logarithmic curve against it,
Even if it is a logarithmic function corresponding to such values of A to Z, it is naturally valid to consider the value converted to dBm.

For example, in the case of SONY's GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000,
When A is expressed as 0 and Z as Signal_Level of 25, it is known that the received signal strength [dBm] is approximately approximated by the following equation. .

Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal_Level) - 144.5 (dBm)

Specifically, in the SONY GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000

K = about -125.0 dBm
R = about -120.5dBm
Z= about -117dBm

Then, gradually, the higher you go, the finer the discriminating power becomes.

Literature [x] (Takahashi The literature that drew the graph.
For example, AIAA ICSSC 24th, 2006.5, San Diego during the Cabinet Office era, AIAA ICSSC 25th Seoul, 2007.4,
IEICE National Conference Tohoku University 2003,
Jeju2003 of IEICE sat lab.
English edition)





Depending on whether or not conditional expressions (1) and (2) hold (including visual understanding of the state of overlapping distribution bands, etc.), the following table summarizes 1.
○ indicates the establishment of the conditional expression. x indicates that the conditional expression is not established.
Combined with visual understanding, facts that can be easily determined become even clearer.

## <<## Table 1##>>##
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------
Scenario (described later) ab,c,d a'b'.c',d'
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------
Conditional expression (1) αmin ≧ v ○ ○ × ×
Conditional expression (2) αmin ? βmax ≧ p ○ × ○ ×
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------
Signal transmission satellite reception strength
Existence area determination Large side coverage Boundary area Unhealthy satellite Unhealthy satellite
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------

In the above, it was shown that the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be clearly separated by a simple formula, and the effect is large.
In the above, the principle that direct wave and diffracted wave can be discriminated by simple formulas such as conditional formula (1) and conditional formula (2) was first shown.









Fifth, in order to further reinforce the argument so far, the separation, overlap, and inclusion of the two distribution bands (that is, the area shown in the fourth) will be explained using figures.
Considering a scatter diagram with the horizontal axis representing time (elapsed time since the start of sampling) and the vertical axis representing the signal intensity, a strip plot in the horizontal direction can be obtained.
Therefore, such a distribution may be expressed as a band here for convenience.
Here we discuss the geometric relationship of the two bands.
First, by definition, it always holds that αmax is greater than or equal to βmax.
Here, for the geometrical relationship between the two bands,
There are the following possibilities.
(a) When the two bands are clearly separated (corresponding to the case where conditional expression (2) holds).
(b) When the two bands are separated but close to each other (corresponds to an example where conditional expression (2) does not hold).
(c) When two bands partially overlap (corresponds to an example where conditional expression (2) does not hold)
(d) When one band subsumes another band (corresponds to an example of the case where conditional expression (2) does not hold). As for the size relationship,
Assuming that the higher the number is, the larger it is, the following table 1002 can be written.

## <<## table 1002##>>##
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Scenario (a) Separation of 2 zones (b) Approaching 2 zones (c ) Superimposition of 2 zones (d) 1 zone enveloping other zones
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Large αmax αmax αmax αmax
↑ αmin αmin βmax βmax
↓ βmax βmax αmin βmin
Small βmin βmin βmin αmin
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Conditional expression (1) ○ ○ ○ ○
Conditional expression (2) ○ × × ×
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Judgment result α coverage Boundary area Boundary area Boundary area
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------





(About feature shielding)

Just to be sure, for the sake of completeness, we also note cases where conditional expression (1) does not hold.
In this case, of course, the stronger signal does not meet the required signal strength and stability to be considered a direct wave.
Therefore, it can be assumed that the feature is shielded, or that the satellite is in an unhealthy state.
In addition, since the satellite unhealthy flag is included in the ephemeris data information transmitted from the satellite,
It can be confirmed that the satellite unhealthy recognition is correct.
Also, if the satellite unhealthy flag is included in the ephemeris data information transmitted from the satellite but the flag is not set,
The possibility of feature occlusion is extremely high.
Therefore, after obtaining the azimuth information, in the approximate direction indicated by the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellite,
Check if there are any large buildings, mountains, etc. that form a feature shield between the sky and the user.
If possible, collation can also be performed by visual confirmation.
This is an interesting fact.
this
Also, if the satellite unhealthy flag is included in the ephemeris data information transmitted from the satellite but the flag is not set,
Based on empirical knowledge that the possibility of feature shielding is extremely high,
It is a method of utilization for calculation.
This calculus utilization method matched the facts very well in preliminary experiments.
Since the present invention is not only practical, but also its principle includes extremely epoch-making aspects, it is not only the result of obtaining orientation information, but also the principle of obtaining orientation information that is of interest. When satisfying a person's desire to learn,
It is also effective to enjoy such a calculation-based utilization method.


In addition, from a practical point of view, it is possible to confirm the correctness of the result by using such information, which tends to be thrown away, as a calculation check, which is efficient and has a great effect in practice.
The reason is that if we can actually recognize the occlusion of features that have a large impact there by visual verification, the reliability of the azimuth information obtained from the data with sufficiently strong satellite signals will be much higher.
This is because it is expected to increase in the field.
In addition, in the educational use of invisible satellite radio waves, the use accompanied by the existence of such visual shielding of features is also an educational method for users.
It has a great effect in that it gives an immediate impression of the accuracy of the results.
In particular, in a place with a good view, in a scene where feature shielding is conspicuous only in that place, knowing that the feature shielding is reflected is impressive and has a great effect.
Direction can be limited from invisible strong satellite signals,

Satellite signals that do not have sufficient strength are generally discarded,
and
Visually, I presumed that there should be a non-negligible feature shielding in that direction (azimuth/elevation),
The experience that there really was an occluding feature almost in that direction
It is expected to have a high educational effect, as it will increase the excitement of the workplace.

It is the key to making it fun to use at mountain parties, etc.
There are also significant secondary effects, such as increased cohesion.
You can enjoy multiple multi-dimensional merits that cannot be obtained with a simple compass, etc., and you can obtain the effect of deepening your consideration.















(On the geometric relationship between the two zones, on the four basic scenarios)

in this size relationship
αmin≧v Conditional expression (1)
An example of the position of v such that
αmin-βmax≧p Conditional expression (2)
An example of αmin and βmax that satisfy
An example of a scatterplot in Figure
revealing,
It becomes like FIG.





scenario
(a) An example of two-band separation,
(b) An example of two-band proximity,
(c) An example of two-band superposition,
(d) An example of one-zone multi-zone inclusion,
The following four figures intuitively illustrate the magnitude relationship of each variable and the arrangement relationship of each band.



In the figure, v is drawn below βmin for convenience only, and its position can be anywhere below αmax.

It can be said that scenarios b, c, and d are divided by the conditions of the following equations 3 and 4. Formulas 3 and 4, which are not always necessary, are inherently necessary for the algorithm for discriminating between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

Noted here to aid visual understanding.

Scenarios b, c, and d can be identified by additionally adding discrimination based on whether conditional expression 1 is satisfied and conditional expression 2 is satisfied, and whether the following expressions 3 and 4 are satisfied in addition to the state. put it down. Table 1003 shows this in a table.

In the table, symbols ◯ and × indicate whether the respective formulas are established or not established.

αmin≧βmax …Equation (3)

αmin≧βmin …Equation (4)


## <<## table 1003##>>##
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Scenario (a) Separation of 2 zones (b) Approaching 2 zones (c ) Superimposition of 2 zones (d) 1 zone enveloping other zones
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Large αmax αmax αmax αmax
↑ αmin αmin βmax βmax
↓ βmax βmax αmin βmin
Small βmin βmin βmin αmin
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Conditional expression (1) ○ ○ ○ ○
Conditional expression (2) ○ × × ×
Equation (3) - ○ × ×
Formula (4) - - ○ ×
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Judgment result α coverage Boundary area Boundary area Boundary area
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------





(About 4 additional scenarios)


Scenarios b', c', and d' can be divided by the conditions of the following equations 3 and 4. Formulas 3 and 4, which are not always necessary, are inherently necessary for the algorithm for discriminating between the direct wave and the diffracted wave.

Noted here to aid visual understanding.

Scenarios b, c, and d can be identified by additionally adding discrimination based on whether conditional expression 1 is satisfied and conditional expression 2 is satisfied, and whether the following expressions 3 and 4 are satisfied in addition to the state. put it down. Table 1003 shows this in a table. In the table, symbols ◯ and × indicate whether the respective formulas are established or not established.








(about the geometric relationship of the two zones, about the additional 4 scenarios)


## <<## table 1003##>>##
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Scenario (a') Separation of two zones (b') Approaching two zones (c') Superimposition of two zones (d') One zone enveloping other zones
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Large αmax αmax αmax αmax
↑ αmin αmin βmax βmax
↓ βmax βmax αmin βmin
Small βmin βmin βmin αmin
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Conditional expression (1) × × × ×
Conditional expression (2) ○ × × ×
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Judgment result Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc.
Calculation use Calculation use Calculation use Calculation use
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------

## <<## table 1004##>>##
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Scenario (a') Separation of two zones (b') Approaching two zones (c') Superimposition of two zones (d') One zone enveloping other zones
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Large αmax αmax αmax αmax
↑ αmin αmin βmax βmax
↓ βmax βmax αmin βmin
Small βmin βmin βmin αmin
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Conditional expression (1) × × × ×
Conditional expression (2) ○ × × ×
Equation (3) - ○ × ×
Formula (4) - - ○ ×
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Judgment result Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc. Shielding, etc.
Calculation use Calculation use Calculation use Calculation use
-------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----------------------







(About the geometric relationship of 2 zones, about 8 scenarios)

Diagram 1001 shows

Eight scenarios are illustrated.

The horizontal axis indicates elapsed time from the start of sampling, and the vertical axis indicates signal intensity.

It is a diagram showing the determination of the satellite existence area, etc. that can be made in each scene by classifying the possible relationships as the geometrical arrangement of the first collection, the collection after the inversion, and the two bands arranged side by side into eight categories. .
It has already been described that they are classified by conditional expression (1) and conditional expression (2), and additional conditional expression (3) and additional conditional expression (4).

FIG. 10002 shows a flowchart at that time.

Note that the additional conditional expressions (3) and (4) do not necessarily need to be added to the built-in algorithm. It is only classified as complete for convenience to aid visual understanding.

In FIG. 1001,

The four figures from top left to top right show scenarios (a), (b), (c), and (d) in order.

The four figures from the lower left to the lower right show scenarios (a'), (b'), (c'), and (d') in order.

Each scenario has the following meaning.

(b) An example of two-band separation (in this case, it is determined that the transmitting satellite exists in the quarter of the celestial sphere on the antenna coverage side when the α-band is obtained),
(b) An example of 2-band proximity (in this case, it is determined that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quadrants of the celestial sphere),
(c) An example of two-band superimposition (in this case, it is judged that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarter celestial spheres.)
(d) An example of one-band multi-band subsumption (In this case, it is judged that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarters of the celestial sphere.)
(a') An example of 2-band separation (in this case, the transmitting satellite is not determined as an existing area. There is a high possibility that it is blocked by a feature. Shifting to computational use with visual verification of the feature's shielding.),
(b') An example of 2-band proximity (In this case, the transmitting satellite is not determined as an existing area. There is a high possibility that the feature is blocked. Shift to computational use with visual verification of the feature's occlusion.)
(c') Example of 2-band superimposition (In this case, the existence area of the transmitting satellite is not determined. There is a high possibility that it is blocked by a feature. Shifting to computational use with visual verification of the feature's occlusion.)
(d') An example of 1-band multi-band subsumption (In this case, the existence area of the transmitting satellite is not determined. There is a high possibility that the feature is blocked. Shift to computational use with visual verification of the feature's occlusion.)

In addition, in FIG. 1001,

In each of (a), (b), (c), and (d), only the meaning that the position of v is equal to or less than αmin (that is, conditional expression (1) holds) is expressed. In that sense, it is written as an example. In other words, the position of v satisfies even being less than or equal to αmin.
It should be noted that it may be positioned higher than the current position in the figure (for example, positioned above βmin, etc.).

In addition, in FIG. 1001,

In each of (a'), (b'), (c'), and (d'), only the meaning that the position of v is larger than αmin (that is, the conditional expression (1) is not satisfied) is expressed. In that sense, it is written as an example.
That is, the position of v must be greater than αmin

It should be noted that the position may be lower than the current position in the figure (for example, above αmax, etc.) as long as it satisfies the requirements.





(Regarding the geometric relationship between the two bands and the flow chart that constitutes the eight scenarios)

FIG. 1002 shows the above classification drawn as a flow chart.

Numbers surrounded by rhombuses in FIG. 1002 indicate identification numbers of conditional branches. The contents are as follows.

Conditional branch 1 αmax ≧ v …Conditional expression (1)

Conditional branch 2 αmin - βmax ≧ p Conditional expression (2)

Conditional branch 3 αmin ≧ βmax Expression (3)

Conditional branch 4 αmin ≧ βmin Expression (4

In FIG. 1002, the arrow (→) extending horizontally indicates Yes branch in the conditional branch.

In FIG. 1002, an arrow extending vertically downward (↓) indicates a No branch in the conditional branch.



I would like to reiterate that only conditional branches 1 and 2 are actually required in the program when implementing the contents described so far in this article.

Actually, conditional branches 3 and 4 need not be implemented in the program.

Conditional branches 3 and 4 are shown only for completeness for human intuitive visual understanding.

This is because (b), (c), and (d) also show the same determination result.

This is because (b'), (c') and (d') show the same determination result.

If you want to make the judgment results for subtle differences in (b), (c), and (d) different,

In the flowchart of this figure, different determination results can be assigned to (b), (c), and (d).

For example, in (b), (c), and (d), if you want to change the width of the boundary area to be thicker or thinner to make more precise judgment,

In the flowchart of this figure, different determination results can be assigned to (b), (c), and (d).











In practice, the following judgment is also effective, so it is added.

out of 10 seconds
"Whether H or more can be recognized for 5 seconds or more (with IPS5000format output)" (Direct wave estimation possible minimum reception condition*)
Let it be one criterion.

When this (*) is satisfied, it is taken as a condition for a direct wave candidate.

1 If this (*) is filled only on one side,
Let the filled side be the direct wave.
In this case, the region can be determined on one side.

2 If this (*) is satisfied on both sides,
The value of "5 seconds or more H or more" (if there are multiple, the largest alphabetic character among them) value
Regarding (†=the letter with the highest signal strength among multiple sets obtained under various conditions for direct wave estimation possible minimum reception conditions*),
We will examine the following.
(or,
average or
median (median, stable, independent of class width such as mode)
may be used)


2.1 The distance (width apart) of those values (†) is
Equivalent to diffraction loss ("two characters" or more in IPS500format output)
If it is found to be
Let the larger one be the direct wave.
In this case, the region can be determined on one side.

2.2 The distance (width apart) of those values (†) is
Diffraction loss equivalent to "two characters (in IPS500format output)" or more
If it is recognized that
Both large and small are considered as a mixture of diffracted and direct waves.
and,
This can be defined as a border region.
Alternatively, consider that possibility is high.


3 If neither of these (*) is satisfied, neither is considered a direct wave.
This is considered feature occlusion.
Alternatively, it is considered that there is a high possibility of feature shielding.

This is a stable and realistic method.























## <<##0032##>>##

Assume that the area is determined in this way. Move on. with the expression
"The channel state is synchronized" should be read as "the region is determined".
"The satellite is extracted" should be read as "the satellite's area is determined".
A region is the quarter of the celestial sphere that the beam is pointing in the first pose or the beam is pointing in the second pose, whichever is.



satellite data,
"territory determined"
In addition, only satellite data with satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less are extracted.

## <<##0033##>>##

at least one satellite
area judgment
Then, the direction can be limited.

## <<##0034##>>##

For orientation limitation, the
area judgment
Order the satellites by the following rule:

## <<##0035##>>##

the
area judgment
If there is only one satellite, that satellite is the first term and the last term.

## <<##0036##>>##

the
area judgment
If you have more than one satellite, do the following.
about an area
Clockwise, with respect to the satellite azimuths, make a circular permutation,
The difference between the azimuth angle of one satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is
If it is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) is taken as the last term and the next satellite (B) as the first term.

The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.





## <<##0037##>>##

The measurement direction can be limited as follows.

## <<##0038##>>##

That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.

A region is the quarter of the celestial sphere that the beam is pointing in the first pose or the beam is pointing in the second pose, whichever is.
Since there are two regions, do this in at least one region.
Do this if possible in the other region.
Both are overlapped to perform azimuth limitation.


## <<##0039##>>##

The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.





## <<##0040##>>##

The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.

## <<##0041##>>##

The measurement direction was the direction in which the main beam was directed in the first attitude.


When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer.
exceptionally
area judgment
If the number of satellites detected is 0, the observer prompts the use of an open sky.

## <<##0042##>>##

The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice.
This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.

## <<##0043##>>##

Information to be output at this time may include the following.
They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.

## <<##0044##>>##

By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in the azimuth limitation is as follows when the rotation direction is determined.
It is possible to tell the observer by giving a pair of (α, β) of the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β),
Not limited to that, the following output formats are also possible at the same time.
That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as θ) and the one-sided error (hereinafter referred to as δ) can be expressed in the form of (θ, δ). θ and δ are given as follows.




##《##number 1##》##



However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.

## <<##0045##>>##

(α, β) form when the direction of rotation is defined,
and (.theta., .delta.) forms are readily convertible to the other form, and there is no particular difference in the numerical meaning of either form given to the observer.

Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.

## <<##0046##>>##

Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done.

For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back, the measurement direction is
back side
so it turns to
180 degrees
If we always show the value obtained by adding

Since the observer can always obtain the limited result of the azimuth angle in front of the body, the usability and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.

## <<##0047##>>##

FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs direction limitation.

The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith.

A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees.

The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).

The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth.

12 satellites are depicted in this figure. There are small black circle marks and white small circle marks.

## <<##0048##>>##

Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less.

Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.

## <<##0049##>>##

Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing.

A planar antenna 1 was randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. 3 by an observer who had no information about the orientation.

At this time, the measurement direction 5 is

Dotted line (■Correction needed■)

Defined as indicated.


## <<##0050##>>##

When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 1 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3.

It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature.

Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
It is mentioned separately that such a ground object shielding satellite can also be used for computationally interesting purposes.

## <<## Table 1##>>##




## <<##0051##>>##

satellite data,
Only satellite data with a satellite elevation angle of 85 degrees or less
Extract.


Those with satellite numbers 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, and 20
area judgment
was done.

## <<##0052##>>##

For orientation limitation, the
area judgment
Order the satellites by the following rule:

## <<##0053##>>##


area judgment
Since we have more than one satellite, we do the following: Clockwise, with respect to the satellite azimuths, make a circular permutation,
If the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next clockwise satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, then the certain satellite (A) is the final term and the next satellite. Let (B) be the first term.
The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.

## <<##0054##>>##

Now, satellite 20 is selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.

## <<##0055##>>##





The measurement direction can be limited as follows.

## <<##0056##>>##

That is, the direction of measurement is as follows:

Defined clockwise with the terminal azimuth angle (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth angle (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2),

Can be limited to azimuth range.







## <<##0071##>>##

That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory.

The first is the result of orientation limitation.

Second, whether the measurement was performed in the state of the planar antenna 1 in FIG. 4(b) or in the state of the planar antenna 1 in FIG. 4(c).
(This can be automatically determined by the position of the mercury switch 8 or the metal ball switch).

The third is the time when the azimuth limitation is achieved (the time of the built-in clock of the GPS receiver 2 can be used for this).

These are stored in memory on the microprocessor.







## <<##0072##>>##

For only the information of the most recent azimuth acquisition in both vertical arrangements of the planar antenna 1 (FIGS. 4(b) and 4(c)),

If the above three pieces of information are stored in the memory (overwriting the old information), the memory can be efficiently saved.

## <<##0073##>>##

Then, when azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state (for example, the state of FIG. 4(c)), the azimuth information

In addition to outputting the information, it checks whether there is azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions in the memory.

## <<##0074##>>##

That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time when the direction information was acquired in the current vertical arrangement,
Also, it is checked whether there exists a result of the azimuth limitation performed in the other vertical arrangement.


## <<##0075##>>##

If there is a corresponding record, it is judged that the observer is trying to use the information on both sides of the sky by changing only the placement of the planar antenna 1 on the head without changing the posture.

Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated, and the intersection is also output.

## <<##0076##>>##

In this operation, it is possible to calculate a more accurate azimuth information value by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.

## <<##0077##>>##

In fact, in FIG. 3, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above.

However, in comparison, the result of the azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (from 28 degrees wide).

An improvement in azimuthal definition of 5 degrees wide would be obtained in this case. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.


## <<##0078##>>##

At this time, the result output unit 4 states, "If the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the azimuth information of the vertical arrangement,

The intersection of the result of obtaining the orientation information between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement is..."

It is easy for the observer to identify the result even if it is output in parallel with the result obtained only by the current vertical arrangement, and the convenience is high.

## <<##0079##>>##

A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is based on the procedure shown above using Table 1 and Figure 3,

A procedure similar to that is performed for the opposite quadrant of the sky, and the intersection of the azimuth constraints obtained for both vertical configurations is output.


## <<##0080##>>##

FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 3 at this time.

It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith.

A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees.

The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).

Small black circles indicate GPS satellites that are determined to exist in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and have an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less.

Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.

In FIG. 3, the satellite that was out of coverage is now in coverage.



## <<##0081##>>##

Table 2 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.

##《##Table 2##》##





## <<##0082##>>##

Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.

Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted.

(Satellite 3 is synchronized, but is excluded because it has an elevation value greater than 85 degrees.

This is because a satellite with a high elevation angle is not suitable for use because its actual elongation angle is extremely small compared to the numerical azimuth angle. )




## <<##0083##>>##

For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.

## <<##0084##>>##

Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. clockwise, with respect to satellite azimuth,

Create a circular permutation, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next clockwise satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more,

Let the satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term.

The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.

## <<##0085##>>##

Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.

## <<##0086##>>##

Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.

## <<##0087##>>##

According to the original definition of the measuring direction 5 shown in FIG.

The azimuth angle (64 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite 18) is the starting azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is

The opposite direction (285+180=105 degrees) should naturally be limited to the azimuth angle range defined by the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise.

## <<##0088##>>##

However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,

It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 6) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 3).

This is the case when the user attempts to obtain a more accurate azimuth limit value and changes the antenna placement to the opposite vertical position.

In this case, the data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which is described as being automatically limited above, plus 180 degrees, as the current azimuth-limited measurement direction,

Let (64+180=) 244 degrees be the starting azimuth angle and (105+180=) 285 degrees be the ending azimuth angle.



## <<##0089##>>##



Here, the results in Table 1 and FIG. 3 were obtained based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(b), and the results in Table 2 and FIG. 6 were obtained based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(c). assuming that
It is assumed that the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within a specified time.

It is also assumed that the user has not changed his attitude at all during the change of antenna arrangement.

The accuracy of the results can then be summarized as follows: Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X,

The notation A<X<B limits X to the azimuth range defined by the starting azimuth A, the ending azimuth B, clockwise.

express that



## <<##0090##>>##



The result of the first azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement of FIG. 4(b) was obtained with 262<X<290 with a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 1 and FIG.

On the other hand, as shown in Table 2 and FIG. 6, the result of azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement in FIG.


## <<##0091##>>##



Taking the intersection of these two orientation-limited results obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 and can be determined with a width of 23 degrees.

The results for the final azimuth constraint show narrower values than the results for either vertical position alone (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees).

That is, by taking the intersection, we were able to produce a result that was better than the results on either side.

In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.

## <<##0092##>>##



In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere.

------------------------------------
























































(It can be constructed in a small size at a low cost)

## <<##0062##>>##

Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.

## <<##0063##>>##

The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small.

In fact, current portable GPS receivers are available at low cost that are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand.

From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small.

An azimuth information acquisition device that embodies the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing components used in these portable GPS receivers.
Therefore, there is an advantage that the azimuth information acquisition device can also be configured to be small by suppressing the volume.

For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 .

The result output unit 4 can output sound through a speaker or an earphone.




## <<##0064##>>##

Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single satellite positioning system antenna as described above.
It is possible to easily wear it on the body and obtain azimuth information while moving.

If you have a GPS receiver on your waist belt (or something like an elastic waistband), you can
Only the belly band can be stretched and turned around the body axis to take the second posture. Highly convenient.
Such a method is also highly convenient when you want to take the second posture without changing the posture of your body for some reason, such as wanting to keep looking at the view.
In such a method, even if the GPS receiver is deployed on the top of the head, the stretchable belly wrap is wrapped around the top of the head, the temporal region, and the chin.
It is also possible to use a horizontal GPS receiver on the top of the head. Highly convenient. In this case, you can use buttons or hooks to ensure elasticity, or you can make a slightly longer belly band with 2 or 3 rolls.
The strength of tightening when expanding and contracting can be adjusted moderately, which is practically convenient.
In fact, during long-term mountaineering, etc., the presence of such rubber-stretchable cloth (belly wrap) is used in various situations in the tent.
How to use it as a towel, how to absorb water, how to use it as a rag, how to use it as a rubber band to organize items, how to use it to fix a disinfectant and a cloth when injured,
How to use it to fix a broken bone or sprain by applying a splint, how to use it as a rubber band to organize the inside of a backpack that tends to be messy,
In an emergency, it can be used as a band to fix a message to the emergency team on a tree, or as a paper for writing a message.
Its existence alone can be used to inform a search party that there is a high possibility that there is a victim in the vicinity, or to repair tent poles in an emergency when they are destroyed by a storm.
Highly convenient.


## <<##0065##>>##


## <<##0066##>>##

Furthermore, the receiver integrally formed with the antenna 1 incorporates a mercury switch 8 as shown in FIG.

When the antenna 1 is positioned at the top of the head shown in FIG. 4(a) and becomes horizontal,

Mercury of the mercury switch 8 is located at the contact that activates the measurement function (Fig. 5(a)),

If the antenna 1 is as shown in FIG.
in terms of position
When vertical,
Mercury in the mercury switch 8 is configured to move to one of the contacts that activates the orientation limiting function (Fig. 5(b)),

If the antenna 1 is as shown in FIG.
in terms of position
When vertical,
By arranging the mercury in the mercury switch 8 to move to the other of the contacts activating the orientation limiting function (FIG. 5(c)),

Attaching Antenna 1
the state of
You can get any information just by changing it.

by this
It has the effect of eliminating push buttons, etc.
There is a gap in the push button, and water may enter through the gap and the water may freeze.
Considering that it may induce failure of the internal mechanism
Just by changing the way the body is attached
The mechanism that switches on
In a harsh environment such as mountains, where it is sometimes hit by heavy rain,
This will increase the fault tolerance and produce a great effect.


## <<##0067##>>##





(Can be used in conjunction with the positioning function / Can be used in combination with vertical placement)

## <<##0068##>>##

As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 2, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information.

In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time.

Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on one side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith.

In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.

It shows that positioning can be done sufficiently in half of the upper half of the celestial sphere.

This possibility is particularly high at edges and the like.

As for the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 may be output from the result output unit 4 as it is.




(For positioning, however, horizontal placement is preferable.)

## <<##0069##>>##


As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement.

However, the advantage of horizontal positioning only is that the number of available satellites increases,

Since this increases the number of satellite group options that can be selected, there is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected.

In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy can be expected.




(It can be used as if there are two antennas in the first and second postures)

## <<##0070##>>##

When the first posture and the second posture are implemented in this way,

Orientation information acquisition can be realized as if two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2 were present.

However, if there are two flat antennas, there is a possibility that individual differences between the antennas and the receiver may occur.

Since it is 1 sheet and 1 piece, that problem can be avoided.

Since the measurement is performed immediately after, the movement of the satellite is at a very small angle and can be ignored in practical situations. (GPS satellites have a period of about 12 hours).








0092

According to the present invention, it can be realized with a simpler device.

In other words, a simple configuration can be realized by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers and two planar antennas.

In addition, according to the present invention, it is possible to easily block direct waves with the body, which is an appropriate electromagnetic wave absorbing material that can be used at all times. It can be effectively used in outdoor activities such as disaster relief activities, and has a great effect.

In addition, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain direction information in a manner that does not consume much physical strength, such as 180-degree rotation around the body axis, that is, reversal, and that poses almost no risk, which is very effective.

This is because, according to the traditional method of obtaining direction from the difference in positioning by parallel movement, even if it is a 100m parallel movement in mountain traversing on a ridgeline with a lot of ups and downs, it will go up and down the slope. Considering that it consumes a lot of physical strength and consumes time, you can understand the aspect of having a great effect.

The danger of encountering bad weather on the ridgeline is great, and accidents such as being blown away by strong winds and sliding down to the bottom of the valley occur every year, so you can understand the great effect even more. In addition, rocky ridges that have nothing to block the wind and rain become wet and slippery, and considering that there are many accidents where people lose their balance and slip and slide in stormy winds, this is a great effect. You can understand it more intuitively.

In addition, during mountaineering and rescue activities, they carry heavy equipment (including tents, food and drinking water for several days, etc., sometimes pulling victims' luggage and sleds, which can double the weight). Taking this into account, in a nutshell, if you have a positioning satellite system receiver, you should be able to get the direction from the positioning difference due to parallel movement. It is not. In view of this, the great effect of this method, in which the orientation can be obtained with high reliability only by reversing around the body axis, can be realized.


## <<##0093##>>##

Not using the walking function of the legs or the like as the lower limbs, but only performing the rotational movement around the body axis has the following great effects.
For example, even if you have a sprain or bruise that hurts so much that you can't walk with a heavy load, you can still do something if you just rotate around your body axis.
However, if mobile phones and satellite mobile phones are functioning, calling for help and knowing their own location,
If you have a bearing as to which way help is coming from, keep your attention there so it's easy to find.
If an aircraft or the like should arrive, it is necessary to respond as soon as possible (for example, by reflecting sunlight with a mirror to notify the pilots of the position of the aircraft).
It is useful for that purpose.
This is extremely important as it is a life or death technique.
This is because, even if the aircraft is easy to see from below, there are unexpectedly many cases where people in distress waiting for rescue are not found from above.
In addition, even when the rescue party is waiting for the approach on foot, and when it is known which way to approach from the direction, the colored
It is easy to take measures such as tying a marker cloth or the like to the position where the rescue party will pass.
(Because the wind is too strong for me to stay there permanently and the risk of hypothermia is higher, etc.
This is because there are many cases where you should take refuge in a place slightly closer to the valley).
Even in such a case, the knowledge of orientation can be used, for example, to write down correspondence.




It should be noted that a mercury switch can be used to detect attachment to the body.
Generally, it is used with the beam directed toward the zenith.
For azimuth acquisition, the beam direction is oriented horizontally.
A low-cost mercury switch is sufficient to detect changes in the attitude of such equipment. Then, when not inverting, a simple threshold determination method is sufficient.
On the other hand, when a 180 degree rotation around the body axis is performed, a closer examination can be made by comparing with the previous data.




At this time, it is also possible to automatically detect 180-degree rotation around the body axis.
All that is required is to equip a 3-axis acceleration sensor.
For this purpose, when azimuth limitation is performed, signal information of each satellite and its reception state data, for example, for the last 60 seconds, can be saved at all times.
That is, if a mercury sensor and a 3-axis acceleration sensor are provided, and the signal information of each satellite for the most recent 60 seconds or the like and the reception status data thereof are to be stored, the situation is as follows.
First, the mercury sensor detects the start of vertical placement for starting to acquire azimuth information.
A function to save the signal information of each satellite and its reception status data, such as the last 60 seconds, will begin to operate.
For example, a chime sounds after 60 seconds. (At this time, some azimuth information may be provided, but it is less accurate and less accurate than the results of the present invention, so it can be ignored.)
With the chime as a signal, the user turns 180 degrees.
A 3-axis accelerometer detects the reversal.
Then, the signal information of each satellite, such as the last 60 seconds, and its reception status data will continue to be saved as they are.
At the same time, the function to save the signal information of each satellite and its reception status data for the next 60 seconds will start to operate.
60 seconds after reversing, a chime will sound to inform you of the end.
After the measurement is finished, the results of the azimuth limitation can be notified by voice, screen display, or both (for the visually impaired, a means of vibrating the skin may also be used).




By doing so, the user can acquire azimuth information with good performance with almost minimal effort.
If you can see, you will be able to see a 360-degree view, which will give you mental leeway and help you regain your composure.
Released from impatience, you can obtain direction information by voice and screen, etc. with a stable feeling.
Since the situation is also properly grasped, it is expected that safe mountain activities can be continued.
Conversely, if you don't like even such inexpensive and power-consuming 3-axis accelerometers and mercury switches in terms of clutter, remove them,
Simply providing a mode selection switch (a mode for vertical use and a mode for horizontal use) is sufficient.
Also, when reversing, a reversing switch to be pressed at the moment of reversing may be provided.
If you don't like the automatic 60-second automatic saving, you can prepare a toggle button for recording start/end on the A side and a toggle button for recording start/end on the B side.
If those buttons are pressed, the recording for a predetermined period of time may be recorded in the A-side memory and the B-side memory.
In this way, if you want to warm up sufficiently (for example, warm up one side for 1 and a half minutes), then collect data on the A side for 30 seconds,
The other side can also be warmed up for 1.5 minutes, followed by data collection on the B side for 30 seconds.


When a machine makes a judgment, it is sufficient to determine a rule such as judging according to the shorter record.





It is possible to switch between functions and properly position the antenna with respect to the sky.
With the device configuration shown in FIG.
After making the device take one vertical position (corresponding to FIG. 4(b)) and limiting the azimuth,
Immediately after aligning the facial direction with the nadir direction, the device is caused to take another vertical position (corresponding to FIG. 4(c)) to perform azimuth limitation.
It is possible to easily obtain the orientation-limited result as the intersection of both.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.



In this paper, all references to GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Beido, Compass, Inria, India, QZSS, GNSS, NSS, RNSS shall be read as follows: GNSS, NSS or RNSS (including GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Beido, Compass, Inria, India,).
In this paper, GPS receiver, GlonassS receiver, GalileoS receiver, BeidoS receiver, CompassS receiver, InriaS receiver, IndiaS receiver, QZSSS receiver, GNSSS receiver, NSSS receiver, RNSSS receiver. All parts shall be read as follows: one of GNSSS receiver or NSSS receiver or RNSSS receiver and one of multi-GNSS receiver, multi-NSS receiver, multi-RNSS receiver (GPSS receiver, GlonassS receiver, GalileoS receiver, BeidoS receiver, CompassS receiver, InriaS receiver, IndiaS receiver, etc.).

In this paper, GPS receiver, GlonassS receiver, GalileoS receiver, BeidoS receiver, CompassS receiver, InriaS receiver, IndiaS receiver, QZSSS receiver, GNSSS receiver, NSSS receiver, RNSSS receiver. All parts shall be read as follows: one of the integrated GNSSS receiver antenna module or the NSSS integrated receiver antenna module or the RNSSS integrated receiver antenna module and the multi-GNSS integrated receiver antenna Module, Multi NSS Receiver Antenna Integrated Module, Multi RNSS Receiver Antenna Integrated Module (GPSS Receiver Antenna Integrated Module, GlonassS Receiver Antenna Integrated Module, GalileoS Receiver Antenna Integrated Module, BeidoS Receiver (including integrated antenna module, CompassS integrated receiver antenna module, InriaS integrated receiver antenna module, IndiaS integrated receiver antenna module).

GNSS receivers include not only GPS satellite signal receivers, but also GLONASS satellite signal receivers, Galileo satellite signal receivers, quasi-zenith satellite signal receivers, beido (Chinese positioning satellite system) signal receivers, and Brazilian and other receivers. other countries' positioning satellite system signal receivers, navigation satellite system signal receivers, and their common receivers.


-----------------


It is also very effective as a “welfare device for people who are blind or have difficulty seeing.”

For “invisible/hard to see people”, translational movement (generally walking) is essential when trying to acquire direction information using the GPS positioning difference method.
Then, it is full of dangers such as falling, overturning, collision, being hit by a car, stumbling, collapsing, taking a wrong course, and the like.
In addition, due to the magnitude of the positioning error, unless the starting point is visually confirmed (or tactile confirmation or acoustic confirmation is fine, but it is almost impossible in practice, it means that visual confirmation is assisted).
Orientation information is unknown in body coordinates (persons who cannot or have difficulty seeing normally cannot go straight), so there was also the problem.
Furthermore, it goes without saying that there is a problem of time consumption and physical strength consumption in translation.
That is, it was completely unrealistic.

On the other hand, the situation is completely different in the present proposal, that is, in the case of obtaining azimuth information by the method of turning around with the GPS placed vertically on the body side. As long as we use Rotate around body axis
Any hazards that may arise with translational movements (walking is common) can be avoided.
That is, it is possible to avoid all dangers such as falling, overturning, collision, being hit by a car, stumbling, falling down, taking a wrong course, and the like.
Falling, tumbling, colliding, being hit by a car, stumbling, collapsing, or taking a wrong course around the body axis is unthinkable. (There is a possibility that you will be hit by a car, but it is a risk even if you stop, so it is not an issue here.)
Moreover, the reversal operation of turning around obviates the aforementioned problem of identifying a distant starting point.
It is extremely easy to turn around 180 degrees or 90 degrees. It is also safe.
Furthermore, the problem of time consumption and physical strength consumption in translation can be avoided.
Thus, the 180-degree turning method is overwhelmingly advantageous, safe, easy, fast, and practical.

Furthermore, if you stay on the spot and give a turn angle, there is also the advantage that you can narrow down as far as you want.
This is a privilege that is not even in the compass method.


In other words, for people who cannot see or have difficulty seeing,
Compared to acquisition of direction information by GPS positioning difference method,
The 180-degree turning method is overwhelmingly advantageous, safe, easy,
Effortless, fast, and realistic.

Furthermore, if you are on the spot and give the turning angle, you can narrow down as far as you want if you just take your time.
This is a privilege that is not even in the compass method.

Furthermore, compared to the gyro,
Initialization Initialize is unnecessary. There is a privilege with



-----------------





## <<##0094##>>##



According to the present invention, high-level results equivalent to those obtained from satellite data of quarter spheres on both sides can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side.

Therefore, the development cost is low and practical.

Moreover, it can be realized by a simple operation and is practical.

In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability.

It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding an extremely small modification to an inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning device that is widely used for civilian use.


(Generally) Therefore, according to the invention, attention is paid to the body, which is always available even in the field, and this is wisely used for shielding direct microwaves.
1. Satellites in the sky can be used almost without waste. i.e.
1a. With many satellites that exceed a certain reference value on the higher side and have a clear difference in comparison of signal strength, etc., it is possible to more accurately judge side A or side B.
1b. With a small number of satellites that exceed a certain reference value at the higher end and do not have a clear difference in comparison of signal strength, etc., the existence of the boundary region can be estimated with a high degree of rationality, and can contribute to verification and consistency. .
1c. If neither high nor low exceeds a certain reference value, and if there are a small number of satellites with presumed feature obstruction, it is highly reasonable to visually confirm the azimuth range with feature obstruction. It can be estimated by
2. No denial of low cost, no increase in carrying capacity and carrying weight. For using the body.
3. Compared with positioning difference, it has the following advantages
(3a) In the mountains, it is possible to avoid the consumption of time and a large amount of physical strength that accompany the differential positioning method, and the risk of slipping due to thick fog or stormy winds can be avoided, and the danger of stepping on the cornice and inducing accidents can be avoided.
(3b) It is an indispensable substitute because it is a positioning difference method that is practically impossible while a small medium-sized ship is drifting in the ocean.
(3c) It will be an essential substitute for the positioning difference method, which is practically impossible to make meaningful actual measurements because it is extremely difficult to specify the origin that serves as a positioning reference even in deserts.
(3d) You can easily increase your accuracy by using your essential carry-on such as water or alcohol to increase the diffraction attenuation.
(3e) Accuracy can be easily increased because essential carry-ons such as water and alcohol can be used to increase diffraction attenuation. Distress rescuers and large-scale disaster relief workers can use such items (foodstuffs, medical infusions, fuel, disinfectants, beverages, preserved food, portable toilets + human waste) to increase accuracy.
(3f) Easily more accurate because locally available materials can be used to increase diffraction attenuation. (seawater, soil, sewage, human waste, animals, plants, self + human body, rocks, local features, helicopters (Sikorski) for transporting personnel and goods, small, medium and large aircraft, ship housing, etc.) can increase accuracy.



-------------
A "water-absorbing sheet" that is used in "trays" for selling sashimi and meat in supermarkets may be used by absorbing water.
It is expected that it will be used for activities in the mountains in the future.
Storms are common in the mountains when it rains, and the inside of the tents under camp will be flooded like a river in no time, even at night.
At that time, water-absorbing sheets, super-absorbent towels, etc. are quite useful.

It can be reused (reused) by squeezing it out and drying it in the sun, so it is surprisingly convenient for climbing.
They can be used as a substitute for short strings during the day, and they can be used for the purpose of tying multiple tree branches or other items together.

Such water-absorbent sheets and super-absorbent towels can be used as the functional materials mentioned in this paper in a state of absorbing water in the mountains.

Alternatively, a highly absorbent towel, which has become popular in recent years for swimming, may be used after being watered.
If you squeeze it, you can use it as a dry towel again.
It can be used as a functional substance mentioned in this paper.

(Even if it's a little future concept, you can write it down. What you write wins. If you don't write a patent, you have no right. If you write it in the specification, if it becomes a reality, the possibility of claiming the technical scope will expand. It's easy to cut and can be easily removed by correction, so I think it's even better to write it down.
----------------


As described above, the present invention

More reliable and reliable than conventional technology,

Direction information acquisition,

A small and lightweight carry-on,

Extremely inexpensive and easy to implement

An object of the present invention is to provide a direction information acquisition method.

In particular, we propose a new positioning device that is compact, lightweight, and highly reliable in direction information.

Especially popular with climbers, it is called a ridge walk or a traverse. It is particularly suitable for traversing along a ridge with an awning or the like while enjoying the scenery for several days.

In particular, in areas affected by large-scale disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis, the system is particularly well adapted to situations in which relatively tall buildings and the like are collapsing as far as the eye can see, and the situation is almost flat.

In particular, it is particularly suitable for situations where the landscape is flat as far as the eye can see, such as on a lifeboat drifting on the ocean.

Other situations, such as partial feature occlusion, are well suited.

In that case, conversely, it is possible to use it in a computational way that the position of the feature shielding is useful for azimuth limitation.




## <<##0095##>>##



As described above, the present invention has been described based on the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments,

It can be implemented in any way as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
## <<##0096##>>##

## <<## Effects of Invention ##>>## As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method according to claim 1,
A satellite positioning system antenna with a single hemispherical antenna pattern can be oriented vertically to receive signals from GPS satellites to quickly determine the bearing.
In other words, the azimuth values can be narrowed down to a fan-shaped range of azimuth values.

## <<##0097##>>##

Further, according to the azimuth information acquisition method according to claim 2, the satellite positioning system antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees,
By limiting the orientation of the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing by the same process, and taking the common intersection of the two obtained orientations
A more limited azimuth angle value can be obtained.

## <<##0098##>>##

Furthermore, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar antenna, it can be easily attached to the head, and by positioning the antenna on the forehead,
By limiting the orientation of the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing and moving the antenna to the back of the head,
It is possible to limit the orientation of the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing,
A more limited azimuth angle value can be obtained by taking the common intersection of the two resulting azimuths.

## <<##0099##>>##

Moreover, in its realization, priority can be easily given to the azimuth limiting function or the positioning function by switching between vertical and horizontal arrangements.
High convenience can be provided to the observer.









## <<## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING ##>>##

## <<## FIG. 1 ## >>## It is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.

## <<## FIG. 2 ## >>## FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus capable of embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention.

## <<## FIG. 3 ## >>## It is a diagram showing a manner of arranging and wearing an object containing water that absorbs electromagnetic waves to the left and right of the back of the body.

## <<## Figure 4 ##>>## Make effective use of what you carry with you that contains water (it doesn't matter if it's someone else's body), arrange it in a U-shape, including your body, and make a proposal at the bottom FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for explaining that placing a system GPS receiver is more effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received, compared to the case of using only the body.
(## <<## figure ○##>>## Using only the body as a shield and arranging it in a straight line shape and placing the proposed GPS receiver behind it has the effect of attenuated diffracted waves that do not need to be received It is a conceptual diagram for explaining that it may receive

## <<## Diagram 1001##>>##
Plotting the signal strength data for one GPS satellite as a scatterplot with time on the horizontal axis and signal strength on the vertical axis (facts obtained at two diametrically opposed attitudes of the GPS antenna are distinguished by black and white circles). (shown), eight types (scenarios) of the geometric relationship that can be taken by the belt-like distribution of both plots, in order from the upper left to the upper right. (c), (d), and types (scenarios) (a'), (b'), (c'), and (d') in order from the lower left to the lower right. ) is specifically
(a) An example of 2-band separation (determined that the transmitting satellite exists in a quarter of the celestial sphere on the antenna coverage side when the α-band is obtained),
(b) An example of two-band proximity (determined that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quadrants of the celestial sphere),
(c) An example of two-band superimposition (determined that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarter spheres.)
(d) An example of one-zone multi-zone subsumption (Determination that the transmitting satellite exists in the boundary area of both quarters of the celestial sphere.)
(a') An example of 2-band separation (without judging the existence area of the transmitting satellite. There is a high possibility of feature shielding, and it is possible to shift to use for calculation by visual verification of feature shielding.),
(b') An example of 2-band proximity (without judging the existence area of the transmitting satellite. There is a high possibility of feature shielding, and visual verification of feature shielding can be used for computational purposes.),
(c') An example of 2-band superimposition (without judging the existence area of the transmitting satellite. There is a high possibility of obstruction of the feature, and visual verification of the obstruction of the feature can be used for computational purposes.),
(d') An example of 1-band multi-band subsumption (without judging the existence area of the transmitting satellite. There is a high possibility of feature occlusion, and it is possible to shift to computational use by visual verification of feature occlusion.),
1 is a conceptual diagram of eight types (scenarios) that can each be characterized as:

## <<## Diagram 1002##>>##
Eight types (scenarios) of the geometric arrangement of the distribution bands of both plots when the signal strength data of a certain GPS satellite is plotted as a scatter diagram with the horizontal axis as time and the vertical axis as signal reception strength. A combination of mathematical conditional branches that produce types (scenarios) (a), (b), (c), (d), (a'), (b'), (c'), (d') as a flow chart FIG. 4 is an illustrative diagram;


## <<##FIG. 7##>>## FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.

## <<## FIG. 8##>>## FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.

## <<## FIG. 9 ## >>## It is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.

## <<## Fig. 10 ## >>## Fig. 9 is a schematic layout showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when azimuth limitation is performed by the azimuth information acquisition device when the antenna is placed in the opposite direction. It is a diagram.











## <<## Code description ##>>##

1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing section ■Also serves as data storage section■
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area































## <<## Figure 1##>>##
## <<## Figure 2##>>##
## <<## Figure 3##>>##
## <<## Figure 4##>>##
## <<## Figure 5 ##>>##
## <<## Figure 6##>>##













(10) Patent 3522259

(11) Patent 3522259
──────────────────────────────────────────────────── ────
continuation of the front page
(56) References JP-A-6-281716 (JP, A)
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-244878 (JP, A)
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 55-117977 (JP, A)
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-231038 (JP, A)
JP 2002-365357 (JP, A)
Patent 3430459 (JP, B2)
Patent 3473948 (JP, B2)
US Patent 6018315 (US, A)
(58) Investigated field (Int.Cl.7, DB name)
G01S 5/00 - 5/14
G01S 3/02
(12) Patent 3522259











Each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area,
aligned in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth of the airspace;
in sorted order
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite is taken as the starting azimuth angle,
With the opposite direction of the azimuth angle of the first corresponding GPS satellite as the terminal azimuth angle,
In the azimuth range defined clockwise,
limiting the orientation of the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

## <<## claim 2##>>##

In the direction information acquisition method according to claim 1,

The satellite positioning system antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees and arranged,
Forming a sky coverage area where the sensitivity of the antenna extends to the remaining quarter of the celestial sphere,
In the same process as described above, the GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere are transmitted to the GPS receiver connected to the satellite positioning system antenna.
limiting the orientation of the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing,
A bearing obtained in a first attitude of the satellite positioning system antenna, and
of the azimuth obtained in the second attitude of the satellite positioning system antenna
take a common intersection to define one orientation,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

## <<## claim 3##>>##

In the direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2,
The satellite positioning system antenna is mounted on the head,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



■Additional notes■ Always save and record data for a certain period of time. For example, one minute is always saved and recorded. This may be 3 minutes or 5 minutes. It is good to set it.
■ Postscript ■ To save memory on the A side, you can overwrite. The main purpose is not for long-term storage, but for comparison and collation after reversing. It is stored so that it can be reversed at any time. It goes without saying that as long as a long period of time immediately before the reversal is stored, precise comparison based on long-term reception can be made even after the reversal. It becomes a balance with memory. In fact, it is possible to decide that only the last 10 seconds or 30 seconds are used for comparison instead of the entire record. You can set the warm-up time to 50 seconds or so.
Data is collected for 1 minute if it is 1 minute, which is determined at the beginning. Arrangements may be made to use only the last 10 seconds of which 50 seconds are for warm-up.





■ Postscript ■ As the value of v, a reasonable value such as about -128.5 dBm (or -130 dBm) may be used.
■Additional notes■ As for the value of p, as a diffraction loss, if gels such as sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution or alcohol solution (Hyaryumakura Ice-Non) are placed vertically on the left and right sides of the body, it is about 1.9 dB. Diffraction loss seems to be expected.

■Addendum■ Also, if the signal strength is around E or F like IPS, one character will increase by several 1.54dB in the case of a steep dbm curve.
■Addendum■ Two characters increase by 2.85dB.
■Additional note■ If this is measured naked (without a pillow), it seems that the diffraction loss is probably only about 1db at most, so it may not be detected.
■Addendum■ Therefore, I have no choice but to force v to be set around H, which I think is a little high, so that it can be detected (I actually remember doing that).
■ Postscript ■ It may be good to write such a thing in the patent specification because it has a sense of reality.
■Addendum■ H(8)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(8))-144.5=8.460*(2.0794)-144.5=-126.908 Oh, this is good. -126.9dBM? What the heck. Then it's still low.
■Addendum■ I(9)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(9))-144.5=8.460*(2.1972)-144.5=-125.911 Oh, this is good. -125.9dBM? I did. Then it's still low.
■ Postscript ■ J(10)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(10))-144.5=8.460*(2.3026)-144.5=-125.020 Oh, this is good. -125.0dBM? I did. This is fine.

■Postscript■ I found out that J is -125 for the first time. It would be good to know how many dBm are guaranteed from the satellite number like this. ■ Let's set J to -125dBm and set it to v. ■

■ Postscript ■ At this time, the ■ one-step difference between I(9) and J(10) is J(10)[dbm]-I(9)[dbm]= 8.460* (ln(10)-ln(9 ))=8.460*(ln(10/9))=8.460*(0.10536)=0.891dB
■Postscript■ All right. At 0.9 dB, it may be possible to detect even naked people. On the other hand, garmin is 1 dB unit, so sony is more precise. Nice!
■Postscript■ After all, using a sony, ■αmin is set to ■J(10)=V■, and anything less than J is rounded off■. (Direct wave side J or higher)
■Additional notes■ And, even if you are naked (without a pillow), diffraction loss can be detected at the very limit (below the diffraction side I) in units of one character ■Yamarenu! ! ! ! ! !
■Addendum■ Okay, a realistic preliminary experiment framework (sony ips5000 is also used (more details than garmin), conditional expression (1) J is set as αmin as a reference v. Conditional expression (2) αmin>βmax, or different distribution Statistical test with.

■ Postscript ■ If v is set to H, the reason why it can be said that the value of p is a diffraction loss of about 1.9 dB is as follows.
■Addition■ About the difference between E(5) and G(7), that is, G(7)[dbm]-E(5)[dbm]= 8.460* (ln(7)-ln(5) in dBm) )=8.460*(ln(7/5))=8.460*(0.3365)=2.85dB
■ Postscript■ About the difference between H(8) and J(10), that is, J(10)[dbm]-H(8)[dbm]= 8.460* (ln(10)-ln(8)) in dBm =8.460*(ln(10/8))=8.460*(0.223)=1.89dB
■ Postscript ■ As the alphabet becomes larger, the difference between the two characters becomes smaller, but it is considered that there is a difference of about 1.9 dB. Diffraction loss.
■Addendum■ When the letter is close to Z, the difference between the letters is large.
■Postscript■ Now I understand. and,
■ Postscript ■
■Addendum■ It is an estimate if there is no bare or cool ice non-pillow, but I fear that the diffraction loss will be reduced from 0.7 dB to 1.0 dB for one character.
■Addendum■ Then, as shown below, it may not be detected.
■Addition■ About the difference between E(5) and F(6), that is, in dBm, F(6)[dbm]-E(5)[dbm]= 8.460* (ln(6)-ln(5) )=8.460*(ln(6/5))=8.460*(0.1823)=1.54dB
■Addition■ About the difference between H(8) and I(9), that is, I(9)[dbm]-H(8)[dbm]= 8.460* (ln(9)-ln(8)) in dBm =8.460*(ln(9/8))=8.460*(0.1178)=0.9964dB

■Addendum■ Then, if you can't detect it naked, you have no choice but to use ice non. or,

■Addendum■ Conversely, if it's SONY IPS format, it's a rough signal strength, so if it's garmin NMEA format, S/N will come out as a number, so
■Additional notes■ Is there a possibility that even small differences can be detected? It may not be so sweet, but is it worth trying?
■ Postscript ■
■Addendum■ So, if there is a difference of 1dbm or more, it should be considered OK. It's a pity that we haven't got any theoretical evidence for this.
■Addendum■ Let's assume that it was obtained in a preliminary experiment.
■ Postscript ■
■ Postscript ■

■ Postscript ■ For example, in the case of SONY's GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000,
■Addition ■When A is expressed as 0 and Z as Signal_Level of 25, it is known that the received signal strength [dBm] is approximately approximated by the following formula. .
■ Postscript ■ Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal_Level)－144.5 (dBm)
■Addendum■Specifically, for SONY's GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000 ■Addendum■K = -125.0 dBm
■ Postscript ■ R = about -120.5dBm
■ Postscript ■ Z = about -117dBm
■ Postscript ■.
■ Postscript ■
■ Postscript ■
■ Postscript ■ IPS5000 Ice non No ice non (expected)
■Addition■ ■Condition (1) v= J(10)=-125.0dBm J(10)=-125.0dBm or more K(11), L(12), M(13)
■Addition■ ■Conditional expression (2) p = 2 levels lower = J(10)-H((8) = 1.89dB 1 level lower = J(10)-I(9) = 0.89dB Good! Good! Bad! Gradually raise the v to make one letter more sensitive.
■ Postscript ■
■ Postscript ■ Magic word ■■ Cut short with "J" of sony IPS ■■■!
■ Postscript ■
■Postscript■ ■You can distinguish between diffracted waves and direct waves using this magic word! , and I
■Postscript■ ■As long as you use this magic word, you can see that the boundary area is generated. There is only one character, so if you can't distinguish it with that, it's a boundary area existence group.
■ Postscript ■
■Addendum■ ■ So, this magic word is (1) v=J (2) Naked, one stage of diffraction loss.
■ Postscript ■ ■, you can distinguish! ,When. If you can do it.

■ Addendum ■ (Description of how to distinguish here. Insert from doc)


■ Postscript ■ Alternatively, compare with a statistical test. With a t-test if you can assume a normal distribution. A t-test matching the elapsed seconds from the start of sampling after the same warm-up time. Alternatively, Welch's t-test. Even if the normal distribution cannot be assumed, as the number of samples increases, the central limit of low interest rates approaches the truth. See wikipedia.


■Addendum■ In addition, it is difficult and dangerous to actually do the positioning difference, but it is shown as follows. I think it's good that the impression that you are familiar with technology improves just by touching it lightly.


SONY IPS format, constant, output every second, 3 digits.

NMEA 0183 format

VTG ? Course Over Ground and Ground Speed
$GPVTG,vtg1,vtg2,vtg3,vtg4,vtg5,vtg6,vtg7,vtg8,vtg9*hh <CR><LF>
Parameters Description Notes
vtg1 Heading (degrees) Heading relative to true north
(000.00o ~ 359.99o)
vtg2 Azimuth reference T ? true north
vtg3 Heading (degrees) Heading relative to magnetic north
(000.00o ~ 359.99o)
vtg4 Azimuth reference M ? Magnetic north
vtg5 ground speed (knots)
vtg6 Velocity unit N ? nautical miles/hour
vtg7 Ground speed (km/hr)
vtg8 Speed unit K ? Km/h
vtg9 navigation mode
A ?autonomous positioning (fix);
D?differential (fix);
E ? DR (fix);
N ? disabled
hh Checksum hex number (2? character)
<CR><LF> End of message




■Addendum■ By the way, in the format below, the following output includes signal strength, etc., so it can be used. Also, some of them include the lock maintenance time, which will be used for verification and comparison of the stability of direct waves in the future, so I will show them.
I think it's good that the impression that you are familiar with technology improves just by touching it lightly.

SONY IPS format, constant, output per second, AZ, dBm Kanzan formula is unofficially known.

NMEA 0183format, always GSV - can output received GPS satellite data, 00-99
GSV – GNSS Satellites in View
$GPGSV,gsv1,gsv2,gsv3,((gsv4,gsv5,gsv6,gsv7)*n)*hh <CR><LF>
gsv7 SNR (C/N0) 0 ~ 99 dB-Hz, Null when not tracking

Furuno? Like, FV25
Custom NMEA sentences can be requested
PUBX,03 ? Satellite Status (output sentence)
p03x6 SNR (dB-Hz) 00 ~ 55
p03x7 Carrier lock time 0 to 255
0: code lock only
255: Lock time over 255 seconds.




4. Investigation of technical specifications of GNSS receivers for development of multi-GNSS analysis technology, etc.
■P4-57
■Table 4-53■■RINEX version 2.12■■ Format definition
Label/observation data Contents
■■Observation data file■■

header
RINEX VERSION / TYPE Format version, satellite system information
Name of the program that created the PGM / RUN BY / DATE file
MARKER NAME Name of antenna marker
OBSERVER / AGENCY
REC # / TYPE / VERS Receiver name and internal software version
ANT # / TYPE Antenna model and number
APPROX POSITION XYZ marker approximate position (WGS84)
ANTENNA: Offset from DELTA H/E/N antenna marker
# / number of different observations in the TYPES OF OBSERV file
TIME OF FIRST OBS Time of first observation data
SYS / PHASE SHIFT Data on phase shift correction
END OF HEADER end of header file

■ Data part ■
EPOCH/SAT or EVENT
FLAG
Epoch and event data
■ OBSERVATIONS ■ Observation data, loss of lock, ■■ signal strength (5 pairs per line) ■■

Navigation message file

header
RINEX VERSION / TYPE
PGM / RUN BY / DATE
END OF HEADER
Data part PRN / EPOCH / SV CLK Satellite number, satellite clock parameter
BROADCAST ORBIT ? 1 IODE, Crs, Deltan, M0
BROADCAST ORBIT ? 2 Cuc, e (Eccentricity), Cus, sqrt(A)
BROADCAST ORBIT – 3 Toe, Cic, OMEGA, CIS
BROADCAST ORBIT – 4 I0, Crc, omega, OMEGA DOT
BROADCAST ORBIT ? 5 IDOT, Code on L2, GPS Week #, L2P flag
BROADCAST ORBIT – 6 SV accuracy, SV health, TGD, IODC
BROADCAST ORBIT ? 7 Message send time, effective time

(3) OBSERVATIONS fomart (not (1) RINEX Versions/TYPE) (not (2) REC # / TYPE / VERS)

Data example
(1) RINEX VERSION / TYPE, (2) included in the observation data file header in Table 4-53
Figure REC # / TYPE / VERS and format of (3) OBSERVATIONS record in data section
Shown in 4-6.

・SIGNAL STRENGTH UNIT ***Signal strength P4-65

Data format definition P4-68
1. Observation Data File, 2. Navigation Message File
Message File), 3. Meteorological data file header and data
The types of records included in are shown in Table 4-63. For details, refer to the specifications ” APPENDIX: RINEX
FORMAT DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES”.

・ Including SIGNAL STRENGTH UNIT ***

---------------
Note: C/N=carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/No) value
http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012035992A1?cl=en
Publication number WO2012035992 A1
Publication type Application
Application number PCT/JP2011/069970
Publication date Mar 22, 2012
Filing date Aug 26, 2011
Priority date Sep 13, 2010
Also published as US20130127661
Publication number PCT/2011/69970, PCT/JP/11/069970, PCT/JP/11/69970, PCT/JP/2011/069970, PCT/JP/2011/69970, PCT/JP11/069970, PCT/JP11/ 69970, PCT/JP11069970, PCT/JP1169970, PCT/JP2011/069970, PCT/JP2011/69970, PCT/JP2011069970, PCT/JP201169970, WO 2012/035992 A1, WO 2012035992 A1, WO 2012035992A1, WO-A1-2012035992, WO2012 /035992A1, WO2012035992A1, WO2012035992A1
Inventors Ryuichiro Iwasaki, Yutaka Nozaki
Applicant Nec Corporation, NEC Corporation
Patent Citations (8), Classifications (4), Legal Events (1)
External Links: Patentscope, Espacenet
Satellite navigation augmentation system and satellite navigation augmentation method
WO 2012035992 A1
Abstract
Provided is a satellite navigation augmentation system comprising a threshold value calculation unit that calculates a monitor threshold value used for determining the suitability of a carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/No) value at the time when a pseudorange is measured on the basis of a signal from a GPS satellite, and a pseudorange determination unit that determines whether the pseudorange has appropriate precision by comparing the C/No value and the monitor threshold.


SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
CN0 Carrier to Noise Ratio

in NMEA


---
GSV – GNSS Satellites in View
$GPGSV,gsv1,gsv2,gsv3,((gsv4,gsv5,gsv6,gsv7)*n)*hh <CR><LF>
---
Parameters Description Notes
gsv1 number of messages 1 to 9
gsv2 message number 1 to 9
gsv3 number of satellites
gsv4 PRN number
gsv5 elevation angle (degrees) 90o minimum
gsv6 Azimuth (degrees) 0o ~ 360o
gsv7 SNR (C/N0) 0 ~ 99 dB-Hz, Null when not tracking
hh Checksum hex number (2? character)
<CR><LF>


$GPGSV,3,1,11, 10,63,137,17, 07,61,098,15, 05,59,290,20, 08,54,157,30*70
$GPGSV,3,2,11, 02,39,223,16, 13,28,070,17, 26,23,252,, 04,14,186,15*77
$GPGSV,3,3,11, 29,09,301,24, ■16,09,020,,■36,,,■ *76
$GPRMC,092751.000,A,5321.6802,N,00630.3371,W,0.06,31.66,280511,,,A*45

Note some blank fields, for example:
* GSV records, which describe satellites 'visible', lack the SNR (signal?to?noise ratio) field for satellite 16 and all data for satellite 36.
GSV just shows elevation, azimuth, and SNR, just the right output for azimuth information acquisition methods. However, it seems that there is no decimal point and only the integer part.
■By the way, the SNR is somewhat low at 17, 15, 20, 30, 16, 17, *, 15, 25, *, *. I wonder if it's indoors. Shouldn't there be around 48?
http://wpedia.goo.ne.jp/enwiki/NMEA_0183


GSV - Satellites in View
GSV,2,1,08,01,40,083,46,02,17,308,41,12,07,344,39,14,22,228,45*75
2 = total number of messages
1 = message number
08 = number of receivable satellites
01,40,083,46 01 = satellite number, 40 = elevation angle (degrees), 083 = azimuth (degrees), 46 = SNR (decibels)
02,17,308,41 02 = satellite number, 17 = elevation angle (degrees), 308 = azimuth (degrees), 41 = SNR (decibels)
12,07,344,39 12 = satellite number, 07 = elevation (degrees), 344 = azimuth (degrees), 39 = SNR (decibels)
14,22,228,45 14 = satellite number, 22 = elevation angle (degrees), 228 = azimuth (degrees), 45 = SNR (decibels)
■ Values over 40, which is the poop digit, are normal. It can be over 50. Because I said to avoid the problem of individual differences. Except for condition (1) (even then,
It can be said that individual differences are avoided because it is determined in preliminary experiments to avoid the problem of individual differences) Because only the difference in SNR is the main problem.
*75 = Checksum
■Note: Since one message contains data for only four satellites, it can be a maximum of three sentences for a 12-channel receiver.
http://www7.ocn.ne.jp/~mackey/mackey/navitra/nmea.html

[GSV]
Total number of messages, message number, number of receivable satellites, satellite number, elevation angle (degrees), azimuth (degrees), SNR (decibel), checksum
*Since one message only contains data for four satellites, it can be a maximum of three sentences for a 12-channel receiver.
http://www.transystem.jp/qa.html
---
PUBX,03 ? Satellite Status (output sentence)
$PUBX,03,p03x1,((p03x2,p03x3,p03x4,p03x5,p03x6,p03x7)*n)*hh <CR><LF>
---
Parameters Description Notes
p03x1 Number of satellites tracked
p03x2 PRN number 01 to 32
p03x3 Satellite status - ? not used U ? used
e ? no ephemeris
p03x4 Azimuth (degrees) 000 ~ 359p03x5 Elevation (degrees) 00 ~ 90p03x6 SNR (dB-Hz) 00 ~ 55
p03x7 Carrier lock time 0 to 255
0: code lock only
255: Lock time over 255 seconds.
hh Checksum hex number (2? character)
<CR><LF>
The number of satellites (p03x1) output in the form (p03x2,p03x3,p03x4,p03x5,p03x6,p03x7)
---


http://www.google.co.jp/url?q=http://www.rakuten.ne.jp/gold/ida-online/GPS/command158.pdf&sa=U&ei=Uan7UfjxDMOAlQWt2oDgAg&ved=0CCUQFjAA&sig2=u_5S1XNaWRvXYrPYfx8yeA&usg=AFQjCNFOHJPfh2cvVpCSs5Nh7g- pUIM8Jg

For more information on NMEA sentences, please visit http://www.nmea.org/.

NMEA output
FV25 outputs NMEA sentences and U-BLOX original sentences in ASCII.
NMEA sentences output the following 10 standard types.
GGA ? data about positioning
GLL ? Data such as latitude and longitude
GSA ? Data for evaluating positioning accuracy
GSV ? Receiving GPS satellite data
RMC ? basic navigation data
TXT ? test transmission
VTG ? ground speed data
ZDA ? datetime data
By default, all the above sentences except TXT are output at 19200bps.



Garmin Handy Forest
From the capture result message, seeing this certainly makes me want to support ■ 43.113 SNR upper limit Masato ■.
$GPGGA,153710,35XX.0855,N,138XX.1440,E,2,07,2.7,83.7,M,38.3,M,,*7F
$GPGSA,A,3,02,04,07,,10,13,,24,27,,,,2.7,1.7,1.7*36
$GPGSV,3,1,12, 02,53,323,33, 04,69,064,33,07,33,179,45■,08,04,146,43■*76
$GPGSV,3,2,12, 10,32,264,31, 13,50,058,00 ,23,19,041,00, 24,31,102,36*7D
$GPGSV,3,3,12, 27,17,116,41■,30,00,309,00 ,42,49,177,40■,50,49,177,00*75
http://zebra01.web.fc2.com/TOZAN/Gps/Handy_GPS_15.htm

GPS receiver test
Published: Mar 18, 2013 | 2 Ratings | Average 5.00 out of 5 |
The theoretical maximum SNR of the GPS signal at the antenna input is 58 dB (-116 + 174), so there is no benefit in recording dynamic range above 58 dB with VSA.
■Masato: I think so...10*log_10(■1024 bit(GOldCode)*20 repetitions■)=10* log_10(20480)=10* log_10(10000 * 2.048)=10*{ log_10(10000)+log_10 (2.048)}=10*(4+0.3113)=10*4.3113=■43.113dB■. I used to think that this is the value that Garmin often comes up with. I think it has something to do with it.
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/7189/en/
■Masato: Or... 10*log_10(1540 waves (=1μs)■1024 bit(=1ms) GOLDCode)*20 iteration■)=10*log_10(31539200)=10*log_10(10^7 * 3.15392)=10*{ log_10(10^7)+log_10(3.15392) }=10* (7+0.49885) =10 * 7.499 = 74.99dB. I don't think that's a value you'd see often on Garmin... but I think it has something to do with it.
http://www.ekouhou.net/%EF%BC%A7%EF%BC%B0%EF%BC%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E5%8F%97%E4%BF %A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8F%8A%E3%81%B3%EF%BC%A7%EF%BC%B0%EF%BC%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7 %E9%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%A9%9F/A,2011-080847_000006.jpg
■The following will be deleted by trial and error 10^(5.8)=630957.34448 ・・・ 1024*20= 2048 10^(2.9)= log_10(58/10)=log_10(5.8)=log_10(5+0.8)=log_10(5) )*(log_0.8) log_10(58)=1.7634 log_10(5.8) =0.7634
http://www.ni.com/white-paper/7189/en/


1.First of all
It is known that when GPS is used in forests, the signals are attenuated as they pass through the tree canopy, causing signal degradation. The signal reception capability of a GPS receiver is expressed by the ratio of radio wave strength and noise, that is, the signal-to-noise ratio. The signal-to-noise ratio, also called signal-to-noise ratio or SNR (signal to noise ratio), is displayed for each satellite in the NMEA message (GSV). By referring to this numerical value, it is possible to judge whether the reception status of each satellite is good or bad.
4. Summary
It is clear from these figures that the SNR value in the low elevation direction is low. This is because signals from low-elevation satellites travel an increased distance through the Earth's ionosphere and troposphere, and are more susceptible to multipath errors caused by obstacles such as buildings and trees. For surveying GPS receivers, you can set an "elevation mask" that prevents satellites below a certain elevation angle from being used for positioning. You can also set an "SNR mask" that prevents satellites with SNR values below a certain value from being used for positioning. When used in forests, setting a strict "SNR mask" makes it possible not to use noisy signals for positioning, but the trade-off is that fewer satellites are available for positioning. Because of the relationship, it seems that using the "SNR mask" does not lead to much improvement in positioning error after all.
http://forest101.life.shimane-u.ac.jp/snr.html


(5) Carrier To Noise Power Density C/N0

A C/N0 sky plot or a C/N0-elevation angle graph is drawn from the satellite azimuth and elevation at the observation time calculated from the carrier power-to-noise ratio (C/N0) output by the target receiver and the broadcast ephemeris. For receivers that output SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) instead of C/N0, it is converted to C/N0 by the following approximate conversion formula and displayed.

C/N0 = SNR +30dB ...... [6]
http://gpspp.sakura.ne.jp/anteva/anteva.htm

GPS L1 Antenna/Receiver - Carrier Noise Power Density Ratio (C/N0)
GPS L1 Antenna/Receiver - Carrier Power To Noise Density (C/N0)
http://gpspp.sakura.ne.jp/anteva/antsnr.htm


The trickiest part of recording a GPS signal is choosing and configuring the right antenna and LNA (low noise amplifier). Typical peak powers in the L1 band for GPS range from -120 to -110 dBm (-116 dBm in experiments) using a common passive patch antenna. Due to the extremely low power levels of GPS signals, a significant amount of amplification is required for vector signal analyzers to capture the full dynamic range of satellite signals. There are several ways to apply the right level of gain to your signal, but the best results are obtained using an active GPS antenna with the NI PXI-5690 preamplifier. The two cascaded LNAs provide 30 dB of gain each, so the total applied gain is 60 dB (30 x 2). Therefore, the peak power measured by the vector signal analyzer is from -116 dBm to -56 dBm. The figure below shows an example system using this configuration.

As can be seen in Figure 1, external RF attenuators up to 60 dB are often used for testing GPS receivers. A fixed attenuator provides at least two benefits to your measurement system. First, the noise floor of the output signal is much lower than the thermal noise floor (-174 dBm/Hz). Second, the signal level can be calibrated with a precision RF power meter, thus improving power accuracy. Although only 20 dB of attenuation is required to reach the noise floor target, applying 60-70 dB of attenuation provides the best power accuracy and noise floor performance. RF power calibration is discussed in a later section, but the effect of attenuation on noise floor performance is shown in the table below.

---------------
http://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1419442059
kirarappa1
There are things called "Es/No" and "Eb/No" as digital signal quality, but I don't really understand the meaning and difference.

There are things called "Es/No" and "Eb/No" as digital signal quality, but I don't really understand the meaning and difference.
please tell me

For example, if you search for it, you will find that "Eb/No is the ratio of power density per bit to noise power density in a digital modulated signal."
What does Es/No mean?
How should we understand the difference?
Also, is it possible to convert to C/N?

supplement
After searching, Es/No seems to be signal energy per symbol to noise power.
Could someone please kindly tell me about the following site.

http://ksrd.yahoo.co.jp/PAGE=DT_SOLVED/OUTLINK=1/QID=1419442059/SIG=1316artlh/EXP=1375450721/*-http%3A//www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/data /1-19I4S.html?solution=1-19I4S

http://ksrd.yahoo.co.jp/PAGE=DT_SOLVED/OUTLINK=1/QID=1419442059/SIG=138p6fg2j/EXP=1375450721/*-http%3A//www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help /toolbox/commblks/ref/awgnchannel.shtml
Question date: 2008/9/26 09:20:23
* Resolution time: 2008/10/11 03:55:16
*Views: 3,747
Answers: 1

Selected answer as best answer

Mr. kumiko83111

They are all pretty much the same.
There is no problem considering it as a noise-to-noise ratio.

The difference is when they are used.
■S/N is Signal to Noise and noise ratio of audio, etc.
■ C/N is carrier to noise and noise ratio when receiving radio waves
■ Eb/No is Electric Bit to Noise and the noise ratio per bit

■Es/No is probably Electric Signal to Noise.

Was it helpful?
* Answer date: 2008/9/26 19:54:33
---------------
































******1st session start D=30° K=100°
E=about 40° L=about 110°
↓ ↓
SONY819401090033706N3542203E13939389+00970021889401090033705F4A CGDCO cFECR SHcFM FEFFO PEKCJ GEfFH KFnFI ADpAC kDGBO heading 179.5 deg I out of range
SONY819401090033707N3542203E13939389+00970011789401090033706F4A CGDCN cFECQ SHcFN FEFFP PEKCI GEfFG KFnFJ ADpAB kDFBE heading 182.0 deg
SONY819401090033708N3542203E13939389+00960011799401090033707F4A CGDCN cFECQ SHcFL FEFFQ PEKCJ GEfFH KFnFJ ADpAC kDFBE heading 157.2 deg
SONY819401090033709N3542203E13939389+00950020699401090033708J4A CGDCN cFECO SHcFI FEFFN PEKFK GEfDG KFnFH ADpAB kDFDE heading 119.8 deg
SONY819401090033710N3542203E13939389+00980001679401090033709C3A CGDCJ cFECK SHcFF FEFFK PEKFH GEfDH KFnDC ADpAB kDFEO heading 114.9 deg
SONY819401090033711N3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033710Q3A CGDCJ cFEFL SHcFH FEFCH PEKDD GEfFK KFnDD ADpAB kDEEO heading 122.9 deg
SONY819401090033712N3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033711Q3A CGDCI cFEFN SHcFI FEFCG PEKDC GEfFI KFnDD ADpAB kDEEO heading 135.7 deg
SONY819401090033713N3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033712Q3A CGDCH cFEFN SHcFJ FEFCG PEKDC GEfFJ KFnDC ADpAB kDEEO heading 125.3 deg
SONY819401090033714N3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033713Q3A CGDCI cFEFN SHcFI FEFCF PEKDB GEfFJ KFnDB ADpAC kDEEO heading 124.8 deg
SONY819401090033715N3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714Q3A CGDCH cFEFN SHcFH FEFCF PEKDC GEfFK KFnDC ADpAB kDEEO heading 132.4 deg

SONY819401090033716n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714M3A CGDCH cFEFO SHcFI FEFCE PEKDC GEfFK KFnDC ADpAB kDEEO heading 135.6 deg BK=100 degrees≫(90+)6 degrees is out of range and correct. Great boundary identification.
SONY819401090033717n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714M3A CGDCH cFEFO SHcFI FEFCE PEKDC GEfFK KFnDC ADpAB kDEEE heading 142.4 deg
SONY819401090033718n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714M3A CGDCH cFEFO SHcFH FEFCF PEKDC GEfFK KFnDC ADpAC kDEEE heading 143.1 deg
SONY819401090033719n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714N3A CGDCH cFEFN SHcFI FEFCF PEKDD GEgFI KFnDC ADpAC kDEEE heading 158.7 deg
SONY819401090033720n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714N3A CGDCJ cFEFK SHcFJ FEFCI PEKDB GEgFI KFnDB ADpAB kDEEO heading 148.3 deg
SONY819401090033721n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714N3A CGDCM cFEFI SHcFJ FEFCK PEKDB GEgFI KFnDB ADpAB kDEEO heading 148.5 deg
SONY819401090033722n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714N3A CGDCM cFEFI SHcFJ FEFCM PEKDB GEgFI KFnDB ADpAB kDEEE heading 143.0 deg
SONY819401090033723n3542203E13939389+00950001809401090033714N3A CGDCK cFEFI SHcFI FEFCL PEKDC GEgFJ KFnDC ADpAB kDEEE heading 139.0 deg
SONY819401090033724N3542209E13939390+00750011999401090033723F4A CGDCL cFECJ SHcFH FEFFM PEKFD GEgFJ KFnDC ADpAC kDCGO heading 141.2 deg
SONY819401090033725N3542209E13939390+00750001809401090033724Q3A CGDCM cFEFH SHcFH FEFCM PEKDE GEgFG KFnDC ADpAC kDCGO heading 144.0 deg

SONY819401090033726N3542209E13939390+00750001809401090033725Q3A CGDCN cFEFI SHcFI FEFCK PEKDD GEgFG KFnDC ADpAB kDCGE heading 137.8 deg
SONY819401090033727N3542209E13939390+00750001809401090033726Q3A CGDCO cFEFH SHcFI FEFCK PEKDD GEgFH KFnDB ADpAC kDCGO heading 106.2 deg
SONY819401090033728N3542209E13939390+00750001809401090033727Q3A CGDCM cFEFH SHcFJ FEFCK PEKDD GEgFH KFnDC ADpAB kDCGE heading 73.4 deg GK=100 degrees ⊂(90+) Correct within the range of 12 degrees posture. Great boundary identification.
SONY819401090033729N3542209E13939390+00810040349401090033728F4A CGDCN cFECJ SHcFJ FEFFI PEKFF GEgFI KFnDC ADpAB kDAJE heading 45.2 deg
SONY819401090033730N3542208E13939390+00810030219401090033729F4A CGDCN cFECL SHcFI FEFFI PEKFH GEgFI KFnDC ADpAC kDFIO heading 56.6 deg
SONY819401090033731N3542208E13939390+00810021479401090033730F4A CGDCN cFECL SHcFI FEFFI PEKFH GEgFG KFnDC ADpAC kDAHE heading 171.1 deg
SONY819401090033732N3542207E13939390+00810012479401090033731F4A CGDCN cFECM SHcFH FEFFG PEKFH GEgFG KFnDB ADpAC kDFFO heading 177.0 deg
SONY819401090033733N3542207E13939390+00810012079401090033732F4A CGDCN cFECM SHcFI FEFFH PEKFF GEgFG KFnDC ADpAB kDAEO heading 157.7 deg
SONY819401090033734N3542206E13939390+00810041019401090033733F4A CGDCL cFECM SHcFJ FEFFG PEKFH GEgFG KFnDD ADpAB kDGCO heading 139.2 deg
SONY819401090033735N3542206E13939390+00810021859401090033734F4A CGDCL cFECL SHcFJ FEFFH PEKFG GEgFG KFnDC ADpAB kDBAE heading 106.6 deg

SONY819401090033736N3542206E13939390+00810001809401090033735Q3A CGDCM cFEFM SHcFI FEFCH PEKBG GEgFF KFnDC ADpAB kDBAO heading 96.8 deg H
SONY819401090033737N3542205E13939390+00820031129401090033736F4A CGDCM cFECN SHcFI FEFFG PEKFG GEgFG KFnDD ADpAB kDIAE heading 149.0 deg
SONY819401090033738N3542205E13939389+00820021599401090033737F4A CGDCK cFECN SHcFI FEFFI PEKFG GEgFI KFnDC ADpAC kDGJO heading 163.2 deg
SONY819401090033739N3542205E13939389+00820021749401090033738F4A CGDCI cFECM SHcFJ FEFFJ PEKFG GEgFI KFnDB ADpAB kDEJO heading 130.2 deg
SONY819401090033740N3542205E13939389+00810022329401090033739F4A CGDCI cFECM SHcFI FEFFK PEKFI GEgFG KFnDC ADpAB kDDIO heading 34.3 deg
SONY819401090033741N3542205E13939389+00820033409401090033740F4A CGDCJ cFECM SHcFI FEFFJ PEKFH GEgFF KFnDC ADpAB kDCHE heading 29.8 deg
SONY819401090033742N3542205E13939389+00820020099401090033741F4A CGDCL cFECM SHcFI FEFFH PEKFH GEgFG KFnDB ADpAB kDCGE heading 19.6 deg
SONY819401090033743N3542205E13939389+00820040699401090033742F4A CGDCJ cFECN SHcFH FEFFH PEKFI GEgFG KFnDB ADpAB kDDHO heading 26.2 deg
SONY819401090033744N3542205E13939389+00820012769401090033743F4A CGDCJ cFECN SHcFI FEFFI PEKFH GEgFG KFnDB ADpAB kDFIE heading 26.6 deg
SONY819401090033745N3542205E13939389+00820012519401090033744F4A CGDCK cFECN SHcFH FEFFI PEKFH GEgFF KFnDB ADpAB kDFIE heading 29.6 deg

SONY819401090033746N3542205E13939389+00820030949401090033745F4A CGDCJ cFECM SHcFG FEFFL PEKFH GEgFE KFnDC ADpAB kDFIO heading 27.0 deg N
SONY819401090033747N3542205E13939389+00800011839401090033746F4A CGDCI cFECK SHcFI FEFFM PEKFG GEgFF KFnDC ADpAB kDEFE heading 25.1 deg
SONY819401090033748N3542205E13939389+00800012319401090033747F4A CGDCI cFECL SHcFJ FEFFN PEKFG GEgFG KFnDB ADpAC kDDDO heading 32.8 deg
SONY819401090033749N3542205E13939389+00820002549401090033748D3A CGDCI cFECL SHcFI FEFFN PEKFH GEgBG KFnDC ADpAC kDBCE heading 46.9 deg
SONY819401090033750N3542204E13939389+00800012399401090033749F4A CGDCI cFECM SHcFH FEFFN PEKFJ GEgFG KFnDC ADpAB kDJBO heading 79.6 deg
SONY819401090033751N3542204E13939389+00800013389401090033750F4A CGDCI cFECM SHcFH FEFFN PEKFI GEgFG KFnDB ADpAC kDHAE heading 113.3 deg
SONY819401090033752N3542204E13939389+00810011839401090033751F4A CGDCH cFECK SHcFI FEFFN PEKFH GEgFG KFnDB ADpAC kDFAE heading 55.1 deg
SONY819401090033753N3542204E13939388+00810002079401090033752F4A CGDCG cFECK SHcFI FEFFM PEKFG GEgFH KFnDB ADpAC kDDJE heading 37.6 deg
SONY819401090033754N3542204E13939388+00810012649401090033753F4A CGDCH cFECL SHcFG FEFFL PEKFH GEgFG KFnDB ADpAB kDCIE heading 185.8 deg
SONY819401090033755N3542204E13939388+00820013249401090033754F4A CGDCG cFECL SHcFH FEFFL PEKFH GEgFF KFnDC ADpAC kDAHE heading 207.4 deg

SONY819401090033756N3542203E13939388+00820003029401090033755F4A CGDCG cFECK SHcFI FEFFN PEKFG GEgFF KFnDB ADpAB kDIGE heading 210.9 deg F
SONY819401090033757N3542203E13939388+00830031999401090033756F4A CGDCH cFECK SHcFI FEFFL PEKFF GEgFG KFnDB ADpAB kDFFO heading 210.5 deg
SONY819401090033758N3542203E13939388+00840022039401090033757F4A CGDCG cFECL SHcFH FEFFL PEKFG GEgFH KFnDD ADpAC kDDGE heading 211.1 deg
SONY819401090033759N3542203E13939388+00850020189401090033758F4A CGDCF cFECL SHcFH FEFFL PEKFG GEgFG KFnDC ADpAC kDCGO heading 219.8 deg
SONY819401090033800N3542203E13939388+00860013229401090033759F4A CGDCF cFECK SHcFH FEFFL PEKFI GEgFF KFnDB ADpAC kDAHO heading 218.9 deg
SONY819401090033801N3542202E13939388+00880040789401090033800F4A CGDCF cFECK SHcFI FEFFL PEKFI GEgFE KFnDB ADpAC kDIJO heading 216.0 deg
SONY819401090033802N3542202E13939389+00900021239401090033801F4A CGDCG cFECL SHcFI FEFFL PELFJ GEgFE KFnDB ADpAC kDGAO heading 214.4 deg
SONY819401090033803N3542202E13939389+00910020069401090033802F4A CGDCH cFECL SHcFI FEFFK PELFH GEgFE KFnDB ADpAB kDGBE heading 213.4 deg
SONY819401090033804N3542202E13939389+00920013239401090033803F4A CGDCH cFECK SHcFJ FEFFL PELFH GEgFF KFnDC ADpAC kDHDO heading 213.3 deg
SONY819401090033805N3542202E13939389+00930013469401090033804F4A CGDCH cFECK SHcFI FEFFK PELFH GEgFF KFnDC ADpAC kDIEO heading 214.7 deg

SONY819401090033806N3542202E13939389+00940013319401090033805F4A CGDCH cFECM SHcFI FEFFK PELFI GEgFF KFnDC ADpAC kDIGO heading 215.7 deg
SONY819401090033807N3542202E13939389+00950002999401090033806F4A CGDCH cFECL SHcFI FEFFK PELFI GEgFF KFnDC ADpAB kDJHE heading 215.5 deg
SONY819401090033808N3542202E13939389+00960002009401090033807F4A CGDCG cFECL SHcFI FEFFL PELFI GEgFF KFnDC ADpAB kDIIO heading 225.5 deg
SONY819401090033809N3542202E13939390+00970021019401090033808F4A CGDCF cFECK SHcFI FEFFL PELFH GEgFF KFnDD ADpAC kDJAE heading 227.3 deg
SONY819401090033810N3542202E13939390+00910002409401090033809C3A CGDCF cFECL SHcFH FEFFK PELFI GEgDE KFnDC ADpAB kDJAE heading 229.5 deg
SONY819401090033811N3542203E13939390+00910002479401090033810C3A CGDCF cFECK SHcFH FEFFL PELFJ GEgDE KFnDB ADpAB kDAAE heading 227.0 deg
SONY819401090033812N3542203E13939390+00960012519401090033811F4A CGDCG cFECK SHcFH FEFFK PELFI GEgFE KFnAB ADpAB kDBAE heading 222.0 deg
SONY819401090033813N3542203E13939389+00950023409401090033812F4A CGDCF cFECK SHcFI FEFFK PELFJ GEgFE KFnAB ADpAB kDBJO heading 222.0 deg
SONY819401090033814N3542203E13939390+00960050779401090033813F4A CGDCG cFECL SHcFI FEFFL PELFI GEgFE KFnAB ADpAB kDCAE heading 221.1 deg
SONY819401090033815N3542203E13939390+00970030839401090033814F4A CGDCF cFECK SHcFH FEFFL PELFI GEgFF KFnAB ADpAB kDDAO heading 221.3 deg

SONY819401090033816N3542203E13939390+00970012229401090033815F4A CGDCG cFECJ SHcFI FEFFM PELFJ GEgFF KFnAB ADpAB kDDAO heading 222.6 deg
SONY819401090033817N3542203E13939390+00980030779401090033816F4A CGDCG cFECK SHcFI FEFFN PELFK GEgFE KFnAB ADpAB kDCBE heading 221.0 deg
SONY819401090033818N3542203E13939390+01000020469401090033817F4A CGDCG cFECK SHcFI FEFFN PELFK GEgFE KFnAB ADpAB kDCBO heading 225.0 deg
SONY819401090033819N3542203E13939389+00950003189401090033818C3A CGDCG cFECK SHcFH FEFFL PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDCIO heading 50.5 deg
SONY819401090033820N3542203E13939389+00950002849401090033819C3A CGDCG cFECK SHcFH FEFFI PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDCGO heading 50.3 deg
SONY819401090033821N3542203E13939389+00950002759401090033820C3A CGDCH cFECL SHcFH FEFFI PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDDFO heading 48.5 deg
SONY819401090033822N3542203E13939389+00950003029401090033821C3A CGDCI cFECL SHcFG FEFFH PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDDEO heading 49.3 deg
SONY819401090033823N3542203E13939389+00950002719401090033822C3A CGDCI cFECL SHcFF FEFFH PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDDCO heading 48.9 deg
SONY819401090033824N3542203E13939389+00960002949401090033823C3A CGDCH cFECM SHcFF FEFFH PELFL GEgDD KFnAB ADpAB kDCBE heading 50.3 deg
SONY819401090033825N3542203E13939389+00960003159401090033824C3A CGDCI cFECL SHcFF FEFFH PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDCAO heading 49.3 deg

SONY819401090033826N3542203E13939389+00960002719401090033825C3A CGDCH cFECK SHcFG FEFFH PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDDAE heading 47.5 deg
SONY819401090033827N3542203E13939389+00960003229401090033826C3A CGDCI cFECM SHcFH FEFFH PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDEAE heading 47.6 deg
SONY819401090033828N3542203E13939388+00960002459401090033827C3A CGDCG cFECM SHcFG FEFFH PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDEJO heading 47.5 deg
SONY819401090033829N3542203E13939388+00960002369401090033828C3A CGDCH cFECM SHcFG FEFFH PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDGJO heading 49.3 deg
SONY819401090033830N3542203E13939389+00960012469401090033829C3A CGDCH cFECL SHcFG FEFFH PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDJAE heading 46.9 deg
SONY819401090033831N3542204E13939388+00960012559401090033830C3A CGDCG cFECM SHcFG FEFFI PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDCJE heading 45.5 deg
SONY819401090033832N3542204E13939389+00960002579401090033831C3A CGDCH cFECM SHcFG FEFFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDFAO heading 28.0 deg
SONY819401090033833N3542204E13939389+00960002889401090033832C3A CGDCI cFECM SHcFF FEFFI PELFL GEgDD KFnAC ADpAC kDHBO heading 353.1 deg
SONY819401090033834N3542204E13939389+00960002739401090033833C3A CGDCJ cFECM SHcFF FEFFI PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADpAB kDJBO heading 15.2 deg
SONY819401090033835N3542205E13939389+00960000659401090033834C3A CGDCJ cFECL SHcFF FEFFJ PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADpAB kDADE heading 39.3 deg

SONY819401090033836N3542205E13939389+00960002479401090033835C3A CGDCI cFECM SHcFF FEFFI PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADpAB kDBEO heading 38.4 deg
SONY819401090033837N3542205E13939389+00960002469401090033836C3A CGDCI cFECN SHcFF FEFFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDAFO heading 44.7 deg
SONY819401090033838N3542205E13939389+00960003029401090033837C3A CGDCI cFECM SHcFF FEFFK PELFN GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDAFE heading 50.3 deg
SONY819401090033839N3542205E13939389+00960002929401090033838C3A CGDCI cFECM SHbFG FEFFL PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDBGO heading 51.5 deg
SONY819401090033840N3542205E13939389+00960002809401090033839C3A CGDCI cFECM SHbFF FEFFL PELFN GEgDD KFnAB ADpAC kDAHO heading 53.7 deg
SONY819401090033841N3542205E13939389+00960002729401090033840C3A CGDCI cFECM SHbFF FEFFL PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADpAB kDAHO heading 55.0 deg
SONY819401090033842N3542205E13939389+00960002669401090033841C3A CGDCJ cFECM SHbFG FEFFM PELFN GEgDE KFnAB ADpAB kDAIE heading 55.6 deg
SONY819401090033843N3542204E13939389+00960002529401090033842C3A CGDCI cFECL SHbFF FEFFL PELFL GEgDE KFnAB ADpAB kDJIO heading 57.5 deg
SONY819401090033844N3542204E13939389+00960012409401090033843C3A CGDCJ cFECL SHbFG FEFFL PELFL GEgDD KFnAB ADpAC kDIHO heading 54.8 deg
SONY819401090033845N3542204E13939389+00960002459401090033844C3A CGDCI cFECK SHbFG FEFFK PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDHHO heading 54.5 deg

SONY819401090033846N3542204E13939389+00960002599401090033845C3A CGDCH cFECK SHbFG FEFFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDGHO heading 54.3 deg
SONY819401090033847N3542204E13939389+00960002719401090033846C3A CGDCI cFECL SHbFG FEFFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDFHO heading 56.8 deg
SONY819401090033848N3542204E13939389+00960003039401090033847C3A CGDCI cFECM SHbFG FEFFK PELFM GEgDD KFnAC ADpAB kDEHE heading 61.1 deg
SONY819401090033849N3542204E13939389+00960002739401090033848C3A CGDCI cFECL SHbFF FEFFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDDHE heading 63.9 deg
SONY819401090033850N3542204E13939389+00960003079401090033849C3A CGDCH cFECJ SHbFF FEFFL PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADpAC kDDIO heading 65.2 deg
SONY819401090033851N3542204E13939390+00960012569401090033850F3A CGDFH cFECJ SHbBE FEFFK PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDDCE heading 53.0 deg
SONY819401090033852N3542204E13939390+00960012589401090033851F3A CGDFI cFECI SHbDE FEFFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDEHO heading 54.3 deg
SONY819401090033853N3542204E13939391+00960002669401090033852F3A CGDFI cFECI SHbDE FEFFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDFCO heading 52.6 deg
SONY819401090033854N3542204E13939391+00960002929401090033853C3A CGDCG cFECJ SHbFE FEFFL PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDFCO heading 51.0 deg
SONY819401090033855N3542204E13939391+00960012519401090033854C3A CGDCH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFL PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDFBE heading 55.3 deg

SONY819401090033856N3542204E13939391+00960002549401090033855C3A CGDCI cFECI SHbFE FEFFL PELFL GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDGCO heading 60.0 deg
SONY819401090033857N3542204E13939391+00960012479401090033856C3A CGECH cFECI SHbFF FEFFK PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDHCO heading 60.8 deg
SONY819401090033858N3542204E13939391+00960002849401090033857C3A CGECF cFECJ SHbFF FEFFJ PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDJDO heading 63.2 deg
SONY819401090033859N3542205E13939391+00960002649401090033858C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFL PELFK GEgDC KFnAD ADpAB kDAFE heading 56.3 deg
SONY819401090033900N3542205E13939391+00960002529401090033859C3A CGECG cFECK SHbFF FEFFN PELFK GEgDC KFnAD ADpAB kDBGE heading 57.5 deg
SONY819401090033901N3542205E13939391+00960002719401090033900C3A CGECH cFECK SHbFF FEFFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAD ADpAB kDCGE heading 52.9 deg
SONY819401090033902N3542205E13939391+00960002639401090033901C3A CGECI cFECK SHbFE FEFFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDCHO heading 259.3 deg
SONY819401090033903N3542205E13939391+00960012539401090033902C3A CGECI cFECJ SHbFF FEFFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDCGO heading 257.8 deg
SONY819401090033904N3542205E13939391+00960012389401090033903C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFF FEFFL PELFJ GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDAFO heading 261.7 deg
SONY819401090033905N3542205E13939391+00960002819401090033904C3A CGECH cFECI SHbFF FEFFN PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDAFO heading 267.0 deg

SONY819401090033906N3542205E13939391+00960002479401090033905C3A CGECH cFECH SHbFF FEFFM PELFJ GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDAFE heading 268.1 deg
SONY819401090033907N3542205E13939391+00960002629401090033906C3A CGECG cFECH SHbFF FEFFM PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDAFO heading 268.8 deg
SONY819401090033908N3542205E13939391+00960002829401090033907C3A CGECG cFECH SHbFF FEFFM PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDAFO heading 276.9 deg
SONY819401090033909N3542205E13939391+00960013339401090033908C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFF FEFFL PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDAFO heading 281.4 deg
SONY819401090033910N3542205E13939391+00960003229401090033909C3A CGECH cFECK SHbFF FEFFL PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDAFE heading 304.2 deg
SONY819401090033911N3542205E13939391+00960002699401090033910C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFM PELFL GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDAFO heading 315.6 deg
SONY819401090033912N3542205E13939392+00960000149401090033911F3A CGEFI cFECK SHbBE FEFFN PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDBCO heading 349.9 deg
SONY819401090033913N3542205E13939392+00960002459401090033912C3A CGECH cFECK SHbFD FEFFM PELFK GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDACE heading 45.0 deg
SONY819401090033914N3542205E13939392+00960002539401090033913C3A CGECG cFECL SHbFE FEFFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDADO heading 62.8 deg
SONY819401090033915N3542205E13939392+00960012529401090033914C3A CGECG cFECL SHbFE FEFFM PELFN GEgDD KFnAB ADpAC kDBDO heading 61.4 deg

SONY819401090033916N3542205E13939392+00960012469401090033915C3A CGECF cFECL SHbFE FEFFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADpAC kDBEO heading 56.5 deg
SONY819401090033917N3542205E13939392+00960002439401090033916C3A CGECG cFECK SHbFE FEFFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDBEE heading 46.3 deg
SONY819401090033918N3542205E13939392+00960002699401090033917C3A CGECH cFECK SHbFE FEFFN PELFK GEgDD KFnAB ADpAC kDBFE heading 308.1 deg
SONY819401090033919N3542205E13939392+00960012569401090033918C3A CGECG cFECK SHbFD FEFFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDBFO heading 271.1 deg
SONY819401090033920N3542205E13939392+00960012659401090033919C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADpAC kDBEO heading 263.5 deg
SONY819401090033921N3542205E13939392+00960003059401090033920C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFL PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDBEO heading 258.7 deg
SONY819401090033922N3542205E13939392+00960002829401090033921C3A CGECF cFECJ SHbFF FEFFK PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDBEE heading 255.7 deg
SONY819401090033923N3542205E13939392+00960002459401090033922C3A CGECG cFECI SHbFF FEFFM PELFM GEgDB KFnAC ADpAB kDBEE heading 255.2 deg
SONY819401090033924N3542205E13939392+00960002629401090033923C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFN PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDGIE heading 254.3 deg
SONY819401090033925N3542205E13939392+00960012609401090033924C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFM PELFL GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDHIE heading 253.2 deg

SONY819401090033926N3542205E13939393+00960001459401090033925C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFE FEFFM PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADpAC kDJAE heading 71.4 deg
SONY819401090033927N3542206E13939393+00960002849401090033926C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFL PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDBAO heading 72.9 deg
SONY819401090033928N3542206E13939393+00960003139401090033927C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFM PELFJ GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDCBE heading 80.1 deg
SONY819401090033929N3542206E13939393+00960002429401090033928C3A CGECG cFECL SHbFF FEFFM PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDCBE heading 84.9 deg
SONY819401090033930N3542206E13939393+00960013119401090033929C3A CGECF cFECK SHbFF FEFFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDDAO heading 81.2 deg
SONY819401090033931N3542206E13939392+00960002349401090033930C3A CGECF cFECK SHbFD FEFFN PELFL GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDCJO heading 81.2 deg
SONY819401090033932N3542206E13939393+00960002679401090033931F3A CGEFF cFECK SHbDD FEFFN PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADpAC kDBDO heading 81.5 deg
SONY819401090033933N3542206E13939393+00960012429401090033932C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFD FEFFO PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDAAE heading 82.0 deg
SONY819401090033934N3542205E13939393+00960002419401090033933F3A CGEFG cFECJ SHbDD FEFFO PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDJAO heading 82.1 deg
SONY819401090033935N3542205E13939392+00960012359401090033934F3A CGEFG cFECK SHbBD FEFFN PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDIGE heading 80.5 deg

SONY819401090033936N3542205E13939392+00960002479401090033935C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFD FEFFO PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDIEO heading 83.0 deg
SONY819401090033937N3542205E13939392+00960022609401090033936F3A CGEFG cFECK SHbDE FEFFN PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADpAB kDICE heading 88.7 deg
SONY819401090033938N3542205E13939392+00960010999401090033937F3A CGEFG cFECK SHbDE FEFFM PELFJ GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDIDE heading 89.2 deg
SONY819401090033939N3542205E13939392+00960002189401090033938F3A CGEFG cFECK SHbDD FEFFN PELFI GEgDB KFnAB ADpAB kDICO heading 88.7 deg
SONY819401090033940N3542205E13939392+00960012679401090033939C3A CGECF cFECL SHbFD FEFFO PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDHAE heading 88.8 deg
SONY819401090033941N3542205E13939391+00960002239401090033940F3A CGEFG cFECL SHbBE FEFFN PELFL GEgDB KFnAB ADpAC kDFJE heading 89.6 deg
SONY819401090033942N3542205E13939391+00960012499401090033941F3A CGEFG cFECM SHbDE FEFFN PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAB kDDFO heading 90.8 deg
SONY819401090033943N3542205E13939391+00960012609401090033942C3A CGECF cFECL SHbFE FEFFO PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADpAC kDBCO heading 89.3 deg
SONY819401090033944N3542205E13939391+00960002709401090033943C3A CGECG cFECM SHbFE FEFFN PELFL GEgAB KFnAB ADpAB kDAAO heading 87.6 deg
SONY819401090033945N3542204E13939390+00960002919401090033944C3A CGECE cFECK SHbFE FEFFN PELFL GEgAC KFnAC ADpAB kDJJE heading 88.3 deg

SONY819401090033946N3542204E13939391+00960040849401090033945C3A CGECE cFECK SHbFD FEFFN PELFM GEgAC KFnBF ADpAB kDJDO heading 88.8 deg
SONY819401090033947N3542204E13939391+00960002059401090033946C3A CGECF cFECJ SHbFE FEFFP PELFN GEgAB KFnBG ADpAB kDIDO heading 87.4 deg
SONY819401090033948N3542204E13939391+00960012729401090033947F3A CGEFF cFECJ SHbDD FEFFO PELFL GEgAB KFnBF ADpAC kDICO heading 81.6 deg
SONY819401090033949N3542204E13939391+00960012539401090033948F3A CGEFF cFECJ SHbDC FEFFN PELFL GEgAB KFnBF ADpAB kDHBO heading 71.7 deg
SONY819401090033950N3542204E13939391+00960000019401090033949F3A CGEFF cFECJ SHbDD FEFFM PELFM GEgAB KFnBF ADpAB kDHBO heading 79.0 deg
SONY819401090033951N3542204E13939390+00960012669401090033950C3A CGECG cFECJ SHbFE FEFFN PELFL GEgAB KFnBE ADpAB kDHJE heading 75.5 deg
SONY819401090033952N3542204E13939391+00960012809401090033951C3A CGECG cFECK SHbFE FEFFO PELFK GEgAB KFnBE ADpAC kDIBE heading 74.7 deg
SONY819401090033953N3542204E13939391+00960010779401090033952C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFF FEFFO PELFK GEgAC KFnBF ADpAC kDIBO heading 74.8 deg
SONY819401090033954N3542204E13939390+00960002789401090033953F3A CGEFG cFECL SHbBE FEFFO PELFL GEgAC KFnBE ADpAB kDGGE heading 75.0 deg
SONY819401090033955N3542204E13939391+00960000859401090033954C3A CGECF cFECL SHbFD FEFFN PELFL GEgAC KFnBF ADpAB kDIBE heading 76.1 deg

SONY819401090033956N3542204E13939391+00960030779401090033955F3A CGEFE cFECL SHbAE FEFFN PELFL GEgAC KFnBF ADpAB kDIBO heading 74.2 deg
SONY819401090033957N3542204E13939391+00960002719401090033956F3A CGEFG cFECJ SHbBF FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnBE ADpAC kDIBE heading 74.8 deg
SONY819401090033958N3542204E13939391+00960002799401090033957F3A CGEFH cFECJ SHbBF FEFFN PELFK GEgAB KFnBF ADpAC kDIBE heading 78.5 deg
SONY819401090033959N3542204E13939391+00960002539401090033958C3A CGECG cFECI SHbFE FEFFL PELFJ GEgAB KFnBE ADpAB kDIBE heading 70.4 deg
SONY819401090034000N3542204E13939391+00960012559401090033959F3A CGEFH cFECI SHbBF FEFFL PELFJ GEgAC KFnDC ADpAB kDIAE heading 67.6 deg
SONY819401090034001N3542204E13939391+00960002749401090034000C3A CGECF cFECJ SHbFD FEFFM PELFJ GEgAB KFnDD ADpAB kDIAO heading 67.1 deg
SONY819401090034002N3542204E13939391+00960012169401090034001I4A CGEFG cFECI SHbCD FEFFO PELFK GEgAB KFnFE ADpAC kDEEE heading 57.9 deg
SONY819401090034003N3542204E13939391+00960002519401090034002C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFO PELFK GEgAC KFnDD ADpAB kDDEE heading 56.5 deg
SONY819401090034004N3542204E13939391+00960002589401090034003F3A CGEFI cFECJ SHbBE FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnDD ADpAB kDDGE heading 65.6 deg
SONY819401090034005N3542204E13939391+00960012469401090034004C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFM PELFK GEgAB KFnDF ADpAC kDCGE heading 70.4 deg

SONY819401090034006N3542204E13939391+00950011709401090034005J4A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFN PELFK GEgAB KFnFE ADpAB kDBEO heading 71.2 deg
SONY819401090034007N3542204E13939391+00950012529401090034006J4A CGEFI cFECI SHbDD FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnFE ADpAB kDBDO heading 72.1 deg
SONY819401090034008N3542204E13939391+00960040529401090034007F3A CGEFI cFECI SHbDE FEFFN PELFL GEgAC KFnDE ADpAC kDDHE heading 75.0 deg
SONY819401090034009N3542204E13939391+00910082629401090034008J4A CGECG cFECJ SHbFF FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDDDO heading 81.6 deg
SONY819401090034010N3542204E13939391+00900002499401090034009J4A CGECG cFECK SHbFD FEFFN PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAC kDDAE heading 83.3 deg
SONY819401090034011N3542204E13939390+00890012709401090034010J4A CGEFG cFECI SHbDE FEFFN PELFK GEgAC KFnFF ADpAB kDDIO heading 79.7 deg
SONY819401090034012N3542204E13939390+00880033069401090034011J4A CGEFG cFECJ SHbBE FEFFM PELFL GEgAC KFnFE ADpAC kDEFO heading 79.6 deg
SONY819401090034013N3542204E13939390+00880003119401090034012J4A CGEFI cFECJ SHbBE FEFFM PELFL GEgAC KFnFD ADpAB kDEEO heading 71.8 deg
SONY819401090034014N3542204E13939390+00870022699401090034013J4A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFM PELFL GEgAD KFnFD ADpAB kDDCE heading 66.8 deg
SONY819401090034015N3542204E13939390+00960002609401090034014C3A CGECI cFECJ SHbFE FEFFL PELFM GEgAC KFnDD ADpAB kDDDE heading 71.2 deg

SONY819401090034016N3542204E13939390+00910002539401090034015C3A CGECH cFECJ SHbFE FEFFL PELFK GEgAC KFnDC ADpAB kDCEO heading 70.3 deg
SONY819401090034017N3542204E13939390+00910022449401090034016F3A CGEFH cFECJ SHbDD FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnDC ADpAB kDAAO heading 73.5 deg
SONY819401090034018N3542203E13939390+00910012549401090034017C3A CGECI cFECJ SHbFD FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnDD ADpAB kDJBE heading 75.9 deg
SONY819401090034019N3542203E13939389+00840022459401090034018J4A CGECG cFECI SHbFD FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFF ADpAB kDIIE heading 79.8 deg
SONY819401090034020N3542203E13939389+00800022959401090034019J4A CGECE cFECI SHbFF FEFFM PELFK GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDIEE heading 80.8 deg
SONY819401090034021N3542203E13939389+00780022799401090034020J4A CGEDE cFECH SHbFE FEFFN PELFL GEgAC KFnFE ADpAB kDIBO heading 94.7 deg
SONY819401090034022N3542203E13939389+00910002409401090034021C3A CGEDE cFEFG SHbDD FEFCM PELFL GEgAD KFnFF ADpAB kDHBE heading 95.0 deg
SONY819401090034023N3542203E13939389+00910000289401090034022C3A CGEBD cFEFH SHbDD FEFCN PELFL GEgAC KFnFF ADpAB kDHBE heading 94.9 deg
SONY819401090034024N3542203E13939389+00870002749401090034023C3A CGEDE cFEFH SHbDC FEFCM PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDGAO heading 94.5 deg
SONY819401090034025N3542203E13939389+00870002589401090034024C3A CGEDE cFEFH SHbDD FEFCM PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDFAO heading 97.4 deg

SONY819401090034026N3542203E13939389+00840002419401090034025J4A CGEFE cFECH SHbDD FEFFN PELFN GEgAC KFnFF ADpAC kDEBE heading 101.5 deg
SONY819401090034027N3542203E13939389+00870002719401090034026J4A CGEFE cFECH SHbDD FEFFM PELFL GEgAC KFnFE ADpAC kDDBO heading 102.7 deg
SONY819401090034028N3542203E13939389+00870002769401090034027C3A CGEDE cFEFG SHbDD FEFCN PELFK GEgAB KFnFE ADpAC kDDBE heading 107.7 deg
SONY819401090034029N3542203E13939389+00870002889401090034028C3A CGEDE cFEFH SHbDD FEFCN PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDCBO heading 109.2 deg
SONY819401090034030N3542203E13939389+00900012969401090034029J4A CGEDE cFECH SHbFE FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDBCO heading 109.0 deg
SONY819401090034031N3542203E13939389+00920002839401090034030J4A CGECF cFECH SHbFE FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDAEO heading 108.4 deg
SONY819401090034032N3542202E13939389+00930012519401090034031J4A CGECF cFECI SHbFD FEFFL PELFL GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDIGO heading 108.3 deg
SONY819401090034033N3542202E13939389+00870002339401090034032C3A CGEBF cFEFF SHbDD FEFCL PELFL GEgAC KFnFG ADpAC kDIHO heading 107.9 deg
SONY819401090034034N3542202E13939389+00940002759401090034033J4A CGEDF cFECF SHbFD FEFFM PELFL GEgAC KFnFF ADpAB kDHIE heading 104.6 deg
SONY819401090034035N3542202E13939389+00940012889401090034034J4A CGEFE cFECG SHbDC FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnFE ADpAB kDGJE heading 104.6 deg

SONY819401090034036N3542202E13939390+00930002619401090034035J4A CGEFE cFECG SHbDC FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDFAO heading 104.9 deg
SONY819401090034037N3542202E13939390+00920012699401090034036J4A CGEFF cFECG SHbDD FEFFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDEBO heading 109.2 deg
SONY819401090034038N3542202E13939390+00940013059401090034037J4A CGEBE cFECG SHbFE FEFFM PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDEDO heading 113.4 deg
SONY819401090034039N3542202E13939390+00940002449401090034038J4A CGEDC cFECE SHbFF FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDDFO heading 110.4 deg
SONY819401090034040N3542202E13939390+00950002899401090034039J4A CGEBE cFECF SHbFE FEFFN PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDDGO heading 108.1 deg
SONY819401090034041N3542202E13939390+00960002159401090034040J4A CGEFE cFECF SHbDD FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDCIE heading 105.3 deg
SONY819401090034042N3542202E13939390+00960002479401090034041J4A CGEFE cFECF SHbDD FEFFO PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDCIE heading 102.2 deg
SONY819401090034043N3542202E13939391+00970011859401090034042J4A CGECE cFECG SHbFD FEFFN PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAC kDBAE heading 100.3 deg
SONY819401090034044N3542202E13939391+00970021689401090034043J4A CGEBE cFECH SHbFE FEFFL PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAC kDBBE heading 100.2 deg
SONY819401090034045N3542202E13939391+00980021619401090034044J4A CGEFD cFECI SHbDE FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAC kDACO heading 100.0 deg

SONY819401090034046N3542201E13939391+00960031499401090034045J4A CGECF cFECI SHbFE FEFFM PELFL GEgAB KFnFH ADpAC kDJBO heading 97.9 deg
SONY819401090034047N3542201E13939391+00950012529401090034046J4A CGEFF cFECH SHbDD FEFFN PELFL GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDJBE heading 102.2 deg
SONY819401090034048N3542202E13939391+00960002869401090034047C3A CGEDF cFEFI SHbDE FEFCN PELFL GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDBAE heading 111.8 deg
SONY819401090034049N3542202E13939390+00910012739401090034048J4A CGEDD cFECF SHbFE FEFFN PELFM GEgAB KFnFH ADpAC kDCHO heading 112.1 deg
SONY819401090034050N3542202E13939390+00960003039401090034049C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCL PELFK GEgAB KFnFF ADpAC kDDGO heading 112.7 deg
SONY819401090034051N3542202E13939390+00960003199401090034050C3A CGEDB cFEFF SHbDD FEFCK PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDFFE heading 112.0 deg
SONY819401090034052N3542202E13939390+00960002689401090034051C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDD FEFCM PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDHEO heading 110.1 deg
SONY819401090034053N3542202E13939390+00960002439401090034052C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCM PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDIEO heading 106.8 deg
SONY819401090034054N3542202E13939390+00960002689401090034053C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDD FEFCL PELFM GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDJDO heading 105.0 deg
SONY819401090034055N3542203E13939390+00960000379401090034054C3A CGEDE cFEFF SHbDC FEFCL PELFM GEgAC KFnFJ ADpAC kDBDO heading 105.5 deg

SONY819401090034056N3542203E13939390+00960002859401090034055C3A CGEBE cFEFD SHbDD FEFCL PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 112.6 deg
SONY819401090034057N3542203E13939390+00960002689401090034056C3A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDC FEFCL PELFL GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDFBE heading 120.4 deg
SONY819401090034058N3542203E13939390+00960002469401090034057C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDD FEFFJ PELFL GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDEBE heading 116.0 deg
SONY819401090034059N3542203E13939390+00960002199401090034058C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDD FEFFJ PELFL GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEBE heading 114.6 deg
SONY819401090034100N3542203E13939389+00960002699401090034059C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbDD FEFCJ PELFL GEgAC KFnFF ADpAC kDGJO heading 122.3 deg
SONY819401090034101N3542203E13939389+00960002949401090034100C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCK PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDIIO heading 121.6 deg
SONY819401090034102N3542203E13939389+00900032509401090034101J4A CGEDB cFECF SHbFD FEFFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnFF ADpAB kDIGO heading 125.1 deg
SONY819401090034103N3542203E13939389+00960011839401090034102C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDE FEFCJ PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDJGO heading 125.9 deg
SONY819401090034104N3542203E13939389+00850032869401090034103J4A CGEDC cFECE SHbFE FEFFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDJEE heading 124.8 deg
SONY819401090034105N3542204E13939389+00950002949401090034104C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDD FEFCK PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDADE heading 118.9 deg

SONY819401090034106N3542204E13939389+00820052349401090034105J4A CGEFE cFECF SHbDD FEFFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAC kDACO heading 123.5 deg
SONY819401090034107N3542204E13939389+00950002239401090034106C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDE FEFCI PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAC kDACO heading 127.7 deg
SONY819401090034108N3542204E13939389+00950013029401090034107C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDD FEFFH PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDBCO heading 126.6 deg
SONY819401090034109N3542204E13939389+00950002719401090034108C3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDC FEFFG PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDACO heading 121.8 deg
SONY819401090034110N3542204E13939389+00950002499401090034109C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDD FEFFG PELFK GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDADO heading 133.0 deg
SONY819401090034111N3542203E13939389+00950002639401090034110C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDD FEFFG PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAC kDJEO heading 128.1 deg
SONY819401090034112N3542203E13939389+00920002539401090034111C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDD FEFFH PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDIEO heading 118.4 deg
SONY819401090034113N3542203E13939389+00920003029401090034112C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCG PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDIFE heading 126.4 deg
SONY819401090034114N3542203E13939389+00920001969401090034113C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbBF FEFFG PELFJ GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDHFE heading 123.8 deg
SONY819401090034115N3542203E13939389+00920002299401090034114C3A CGEDE cFEDC SHbBE FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDFGO heading 128.6 deg

SONY819401090034116N3542203E13939389+00920002639401090034115C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbBE FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 104.0 deg
SONY819401090034117N3542203E13939389+00920002319401090034116C3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDD FEFFG PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDCHE heading 69.1 deg
SONY819401090034118N3542203E13939389+00920002609401090034117C3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDC FEFFF PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDBHO heading 69.3 deg
SONY819401090034119N3542203E13939389+00920002599401090034118C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDC FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDAHE heading 69.7 deg
SONY819401090034120N3542202E13939389+00920002109401090034119C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFJ GEgAC KFnFG ADpAC kDJIE heading 76.6 deg
SONY819401090034121N3542202E13939389+00920002269401090034120C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFJ GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDIIO heading 109.9 deg
SONY819401090034122N3542202E13939389+00920002789401090034121C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCG PELFJ GEgAB KFnFH ADpAC kDHIO heading 113.7 deg
SONY819401090034123N3542202E13939389+00920011939401090034122C3A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDD FEFCG PELFJ GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDFIE heading 111.7 deg
SONY819401090034124N3542202E13939389+00920002699401090034123C3A CGEDD cFEBD SHbDC FEFFH PELFL GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDGHE heading 106.0 deg
SONY819401090034125N3542202E13939389+00920011899401090034124C3A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFL GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDFHE heading 104.0 deg

SONY819401090034126N3542202E13939389+00920002819401090034125C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDC FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 88.6 deg &&&&&&&& sat FE:40deg F:50deg=>Typ.
SONY819401090034127N3542202E13939389+00920002759401090034126C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCI PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDEFE heading 66.8 deg 180-24=156deg
SONY819401090034128N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034127C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDDFO heading 70.5 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034129N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034128C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbBD FEFCH PELFJ GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDDEO heading 135.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. It is impossible to distinguish between strong and weak.
SONY819401090034130N3542202E13939389+00920002389401090034129C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDD FEFFG PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDDO heading 138.5 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034131N3542202E13939389+00920013369401090034130C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDD FEFFH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDEDO heading 146.9 deg Certainly falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034132N3542202E13939389+00920002209401090034131C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034133N3542202E13939389+00920002589401090034132C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDC FEFFH PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034134N3542202E13939389+00920001859401090034133C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDC FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCO heading 149.1 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, leftward F=50deg F=50deg
SONY819401090034135N3542202E13939389+00920002769401090034134C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDD FEFCG PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCE heading 149.2 deg => Typical value D is attenuated by about 6.9dB from the opposite side

SONY819401090034136N3542202E13939389+00920000569401090034135C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDC FEFCG PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDADO heading 146.5 deg
SONY819401090034137N3542201E13939389+00920002209401090034136C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCG PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDJEO heading 133.7 deg
SONY819401090034138N3542201E13939389+00920002789401090034137C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDD FEFCG PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDHEO heading 147.3 deg
SONY819401090034139N3542201E13939389+00920012579401090034138C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbDD FEFCG PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADpAB kDFFE heading 138.7 deg
SONY819401090034140N3542201E13939389+00920002929401090034139C3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDD FEFFG PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAC kDEFO heading 143.5 deg
SONY819401090034141N3542201E13939389+00920002469401090034140C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbBE FEFFG PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAC kDCGE heading 144.5 deg
SONY819401090034142N3542201E13939389+00920001999401090034141C3A CGEDC cFEFG SHbBE FEFCG PELFL GEgAB KFnFI ADpAC kDBHO heading 139.9 deg
SONY819401090034143N3542200E13939389+00920002339401090034142C3A CGEDB cFEFF SHbDD FEFCF PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDJHO heading 131.1 deg
SONY819401090034144N3542200E13939389+00920002799401090034143C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCF PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDIHE heading 122.0 deg
SONY819401090034145N3542200E13939389+00920000639401090034144C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCG PELFM GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDHIE heading 114.4 deg

SONY819401090034146N3542200E13939389+00920002779401090034145C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbBD FEFCF PELFM GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDHIO heading 93.8 deg
SONY819401090034147N3542200E13939389+00920002579401090034146C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbBF FEFFH PELFL GEgAB KFnFG ADpAB kDIHE heading 87.8 deg
SONY819401090034148N3542200E13939389+00920002789401090034147C3A CGEDB cFEFD SHbBF FEFCG PELFK GEgAB KFnFF ADpAB kDHHE heading 98.1 deg
SONY819401090034149N3542200E13939389+00920002469401090034148C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbBD FEFCF PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDGGO heading 91.9 deg
SONY819401090034150N3542200E13939389+00920002719401090034149C3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbBD FEFFE PELFK GEgAC KFnFJ ADpAB kDHFO heading 84.6 deg
SONY819401090034151N3542200E13939389+00920002939401090034150C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDD FEFFD PELFJ GEgBE KFnFI ADpAB kDIEO heading 105.9 deg
SONY819401090034152N3542200E13939389+00910001809401090034151Q3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDD FEFBE PELCJ GEgBF KFnCI ADpAB kDJEO heading 128.8 deg
SONY819401090034153N3542200E13939389+00920002699401090034152C3A CGEDD cFEFD SHbDD FEFCE PELFK GEgBF KFnFJ ADpAB kDIEO heading 126.8 deg
SONY819401090034154N3542200E13939389+00920002649401090034153C3A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDD FEFCF PELFL GEgBG KFnFI ADpAC kDJEO heading 128.8 deg
SONY819401090034155N3542200E13939389+00920002449401090034154C3A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDC FEFCE PELFK GEgBF KFnFI ADpAB kDJEE heading 123.6 deg

SONY819401090034156N3542200E13939389+00920002289401090034155C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDB FEFCE PELFK GEgBG KFnFH ADpAB kDHGO heading 85.8 deg
SONY819401090034157N3542200E13939389+00920002459401090034156C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCF PELFL GEgBG KFnFI ADpAB kDHGO heading 95.4 deg
SONY819401090034158N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034157Q3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDD FEFDF PELCL GEgDF KFnCI ADpAB kDHGE heading 97.1 deg
SONY819401090034159N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034158Q3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDD FEFDD PELCL GEgDD KFnCI ADpAC kDHGO heading 116.5 deg
SONY819401090034200N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034159Q3A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDC FEFDC PELCK GEgDD KFnCJ ADpAB kDHGO heading 50.5 deg
SONY819401090034201N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034200Q3A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDC FEFDC PELCK GEgDF KFnCJ ADpAB kDHGO heading 329.5 deg
SONY819401090034202N3542200E13939389+00920011929401090034201C3A CGEDF cFEFF SHbDD FEFCE PELFK GEgBG KFnFJ ADpAB kDCFO heading 39.6 deg
SONY819401090034203N3542200E13939389+00920002669401090034202C3A CGEFE cFEDE SHbDD FEFDD PELFK GEgBF KFnFJ ADpAB kDHGO heading 59.7 deg
SONY819401090034204N3542200E13939389+00910001809401090034203Q3A CGEDE cFEDD SHbDD FEFDD PELCL GEgBE KFnCJ ADpBC kDIDE heading 56.7 deg
SONY819401090034205N3542200E13939389+00920001829401090034204C3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDC FEFFE PELCK GEgFE KFnFJ ADpBF kDHGO heading 17.5 deg

SONY819401090034206N3542200E13939389+00920053189401090034205J4A CGEDD cFEFD SHbDC FEFCF PELFK GEgFG KFnFJ ADpBE kDHFE heading 15.3 deg ******* 180 Do Satellite P L=110 degrees
SONY819401090034207N3542200E13939389+00920002069401090034206J4A CGEDD cFEFE SHbDC FEFBF PELFL GEgFH KFnFI ADpBE kDHFE heading 21.2 deg J 110°⊂(90+6) 96 degree attitude range: G hypothesis positive boundary discrimination
SONY819401090034208N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034207Q4A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDC FEFDE PELCK GEgDF KFnCI ADpBF kDHFE heading 17.7 deg
SONY819401090034209N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034208Q4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEFDC PELCK GEgDC KFnCI ADpBF kDHFO heading 16.7 deg
SONY819401090034210N3542200E13939389+00920001809401090034209Q4A CGEDD cFEDB SHbBC FEFDD PELCJ GEgDC KFnCJ ADpBE kDHFE heading 18.9 deg
SONY819401090034211N3542201E13939389+00920013219401090034210E3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDD FEFDD PELFK GEgDC KFnFH ADpFE kDHCO heading 20.2 deg
SONY819401090034212N3542202E13939389+00920013179401090034211E3A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDE FEFDC PELFL GEgDC KFnFJ ADpFG kDCBE heading 21.7 deg
SONY819401090034213N3542202E13939389+00920002669401090034212E3A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDE FEFDB PELFJ GEgDB KFnFI ADpFG kDGBE heading 23.9 deg
SONY819401090034214N3542202E13939389+00950021819401090034213J4A CGEDD cFEDC SHbFD FEFDC PELFI GEgDC KFnFJ ADpFG kDDCO heading 24.6 deg
SONY819401090034215N3542202E13939389+00960012459401090034214J4A CGEDD cFEDB SHbFE FEFDC PELFI GEgDC KFnFJ ADpFF kDCDO heading 24.4 deg

SONY819401090034216N3542202E13939389+00920003149401090034215E3A CGEDE cFEDC SHbBD FEFDC PELFI GEgDC KFnFI ADpFF kDFDE heading 21.3 deg J 110°⊂ (90+6)
SONY819401090034217N3542202E13939389+00930013279401090034216E3A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDE FEFDD PELFJ GEgDC KFnFI ADpFG kDHCE heading 21.7 deg
SONY819401090034218N3542202E13939389+00930003139401090034217E3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDD FEFDC PELFI GEgDC KFnFI ADpFG kDJCO heading 29.0 deg
SONY819401090034219N3542202E13939389+00930003089401090034218E3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDD FEFDE PELFI GEgDC KFnFI ADpFF kDJCO heading 51.6 deg
SONY819401090034220N3542202E13939389+00930011589401090034219E3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBD FEFDF PELFL GEgDG KFnFK ADpFF kDIEE heading 57.1 deg
SONY819401090034221N3542202E13939389+00950012109401090034220F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDD FEFFF PELFJ GEgBG KFnFI ADpFE kDJDE heading 61.0 deg
SONY819401090034222N3542202E13939389+00980032189401090034221F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbFE FEFDE PELFJ GEgFH KFnFI ADpCF kDIEE heading 73.5 deg
SONY819401090034223N3542202E13939389+00990011169401090034222F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbFD FEFFE PELCK GEgFG KFnFI ADpCG kDHFE heading 79.2 deg
SONY819401090034224N3542202E13939389+01000011789401090034223F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBE FEFFF PELCK GEgFG KFnFI ADpFF kDFGE heading 80.9 deg
SONY819401090034225N3542202E13939389+01010021539401090034224F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBE FEFFF PELCL GEgFF KFnFJ ADpFF kDEIO heading 97.4 deg

SONY819401090034226N3542202E13939389+01000011789401090034225F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbFE FEFFF PELCJ GEgFE KFnFJ ADpCF kDBJO heading 125.9 deg J 110°⊂(90+12)
SONY819401090034227N3542202E13939390+01000011789401090034226F4A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDE FEFFE PELCJ GEgFG KFnFJ ADpFE kDAAO heading 141.9 deg
SONY819401090034228N3542201E13939390+01020021799401090034227F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDE FEFFE PELCJ GEgFF KFnFJ ADpFG kDICE heading 158.8 deg
SONY819401090034229N3542201E13939390+01030021939401090034228F4A CGEDB cFEDB SHbDD FEFDD PELFJ GEgFF KFnFK ADpFG kDFDO heading 166.6 deg
SONY819401090034230N3542201E13939390+01050053539401090034229F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDD FEFDD PELFJ GEgFG KFnFM ADpFF kDEDO heading 169.1 deg
SONY819401090034231N3542201E13939390+01060022009401090034230F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDD FEFDE PELFJ GEgFH KFnFL ADpFF kDCEO heading 159.9 deg
SONY819401090034232N3542201E13939390+01070021489401090034231F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbBE FEFFF PELCK GEgFH KFnFL ADpFF kDAHO heading 146.9 deg
SONY819401090034233N3542200E13939390+01080011949401090034232F4A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDD FEFBF PELFK GEgFH KFnFL ADpFG kDIHE heading 156.6 deg
SONY819401090034234N3542200E13939390+01080021749401090034233F4A CGEDC cFECD SHbDE FEFFG PELCL GEgFH KFnFL ADpFH kDHHO heading 133.7 deg
SONY819401090034235N3542200E13939390+01100061519401090034234F4A CGEDC cFECE SHbDD FEFFF PELCL GEgFH KFnFM ADpFI kDEJO heading 122.3 deg

SONY819401090034236N3542200E13939390+01090020159401090034235F4A CGEDB cFECF SHbDD FEFFE PELCK GEgFG KFnFM ADpFG kDEJO heading 130.9 deg I 110°⊂(90+18)
SONY819401090034237N3542200E13939390+01090001729401090034236F4A CGEDB cFEDE SHbDE FEFFF PELCK GEgFG KFnFL ADpFG kDDIE heading 131.6 deg
SONY819401090034238N3542200E13939390+01090011699401090034237F4A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDE FEFFE PELCK GEgFH KFnFL ADpFH kDCIO heading 149.5 deg
SONY819401090034239N3542200E13939390+01090011529401090034238F4A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDE FEFFC PELCJ GEgFG KFnFM ADpFI kDBHE heading 155.1 deg
SONY819401090034240N3542200E13939390+01100022459401090034239F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDD FEFDC PELFI GEgFE KFnFN ADpFH kDBGO heading 156.7 deg
SONY819401090034241N3542200E13939390+01100021769401090034240F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEFDD PELFJ GEgFG KFnFP ADpFI kDAGE heading 161.8 deg
SONY819401090034242N3542199E13939390+01110021859401090034241F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDC FEFDD PELFJ GEgFF KFnFO ADpFI kDJGE heading 164.9 deg
SONY819401090034243N3542199E13939390+01110011759401090034242F4A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDD FEFFE PELCI GEgFE KFnFN ADpFI kDJFO heading 175.3 deg
SONY819401090034244N3542200E13939390+01110012269401090034243F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDC FEFDE PELFI GEgFF KFnFN ADpFI kDAFO heading 181.3 deg
SONY819401090034245N3542200E13939390+01110012139401090034244F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDC FEFDD PELFJ GEgFF KFnFN ADpFI kDBDE heading 182.7 deg

SONY819401090034246N3542200E13939390+01110002449401090034245F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDC FEFDD PELFI GEgFG KFnFO ADpFI kDCCE heading 163.9 deg F 110°≫⊂(90+24)114 degree attitude out of range
SONY819401090034247N3542200E13939390+01110012669401090034246F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDD FEFDD PELFI GEgFG KFnFO ADpFI kDDAO heading 128.3 deg
SONY819401090034248N3542200E13939389+01110021779401090034247F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEFDC PELFK GEgFG KFnFO ADpFH kDEJO heading 108.0 deg
SONY819401090034249N3542200E13939389+01110022239401090034248F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEFDC PELFH GEgFG KFnFN ADpFI kDFIE heading 79.9 deg
SONY819401090034250N3542200E13939389+01110021809401090034249F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDC FEFDB PELFF GEgFG KFnFN ADpFI kDHHE heading 67.2 deg
SONY819401090034251N3542200E13939389+01110021899401090034250F4A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDD FEFDB PELFF GEgFG KFnFO ADpFJ kDIGO heading 68.4 deg
SONY819401090034252N3542201E13939389+01100022309401090034251F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEFDC PELFG GEgFH KFnFO ADpFI kDAEE heading 63.2 deg
SONY819401090034253N3542201E13939389+01110013189401090034252E3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDC FEFDC PELFF GEgBE KFnFP ADoFJ kDCDE heading 61.0 deg
SONY819401090034254N3542201E13939389+01120061769401090034253F4A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDB FEFDB PELFF GEgFE KFnFP ADoFJ kDBDE heading 58.8 deg
SONY819401090034255N3542201E13939389+01110002569401090034254F4A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDC FEFDB PELFE GEgFF KFnFP ADoFJ kDDCO heading 55.7 deg

SONY819401090034256N3542201E13939389+01110011849401090034255F4A CGEDB cFEDB SHbDB FEFDC PELFF GEgFF KFnFN ADoFI kDFCO heading 52.9 deg E 110°≫⊂(90+30) 120 degree posture out of range
SONY819401090034257N3542201E13939389+01110011799401090034256F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDB FEFDB PELFF GEgFE KFnFN ADoFJ kDGBE heading 51.7 deg
SONY819401090034258N3542201E13939389+01120022019401090034257F4A CGEDC cFEDD SHbDC FEGDC PELFF GEgFF KFnFO ADoFJ kDHAE heading 52.5 deg
SONY819401090034259N3542201E13939388+01120012419401090034258F4A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDC FEGDB PELFG GEgFH KFnFO ADoFH kDIIE heading 54.9 deg
SONY819401090034300N3542201E13939388+01130012069401090034259F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELFE GEgFH KFnFM ADoFI kDJIE heading 60.2 deg
SONY819401090034301N3542202E13939388+01130021999401090034300F4A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELFE GEgFH KFnFM ADoFI kDAHO heading 62.4 deg
SONY819401090034302N3542202E13939388+01130022039401090034301F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDB FEGDC PELFE GEgFG KFnFN ADoFJ kDBHO heading 60.9 deg
SONY819401090034303N3542202E13939388+01140011819401090034302F4A CGEDD cFEDD SHbDC FEGDC PELFD GEgFG KFnFN ADoFI kDCGO heading 60.8 deg
SONY819401090034304N3542202E13939388+01140002619401090034303F4A CGEDE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELFD GEgFH KFnFM ADoFI kDDGO heading 59.4 deg
SONY819401090034305N3542202E13939388+01140001809401090034304Q3A CGEDE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELDB GEgFH KFnFM ADoFI kDDGO heading 58.0 deg

SONY819401090034306N3542202E13939389+01140021609401090034305F4A CGEFE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELDB GEgFI KFnFN ADoFJ kDDFE heading 58.7 deg E
SONY819401090034307N3542202E13939390+01140011439401090034306F4A CGEFF cFEDB SHbDC FEGDB PELDC GEgFI KFnFN ADoFJ kDGCO heading 60.3 deg
SONY819401090034308N3542202E13939390+01140022339401090034307F4A CGEFE cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFI KFnFM ADoFK kDIGE heading 57.2 deg
SONY819401090034309N3542202E13939390+01150001809401090034308Q3A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDD FEGDC PELDE GEgFI KFnFL ADoFJ kDHFO heading 57.2 deg
SONY819401090034310N3542202E13939390+01150022009401090034309F4A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDD FEGDC PELFF GEgFJ KFnFM ADoFH kDHFE heading 59.7 deg
SONY819401090034311N3542202E13939390+01160012699401090034310F4A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELFF GEgFJ KFnFM ADoFH kDIEE heading 60.3 deg
SONY819401090034312N3542202E13939390+01160031829401090034311F4A CGEDE cFEDC SHbDB FEGDD PELFF GEgFI KFnFL ADoFH kDHDE heading 60.4 deg
SONY819401090034313N3542202E13939390+01170021859401090034312F4A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDB FEGDD PELFE GEgFJ KFnFL ADoFI kDHCE heading 60.3 deg
SONY819401090034314N3542202E13939390+01170021769401090034313F4A CGECE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELFE GEgFI KFnFM ADoFI kDGCO heading 63.5 deg
SONY819401090034315N3542202E13939390+01180032019401090034314F4A CGECE cFEDB SHbDB FEGDC PELFE GEgFJ KFnFL ADoFJ kDGCO heading 64.5 deg

SONY819401090034316N3542202E13939390+01200041739401090034315F4A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDB FEGDB PELFE GEgFI KFnFK ADoFI kDFCE heading 62.5 deg
SONY819401090034317N3542202E13939390+01200021889401090034316F4A CGEBF cFEDC SHbDB FEGDB PELFF GEgFI KFnFL ADoFI kDECE heading 63.7 deg
SONY819401090034318N3542202E13939390+01210022069401090034317F4A CGECD cFEDC SHbDB FEGDC PELFF GEgFH KFnFM ADoFI kDDBE heading 71.8 deg
SONY819401090034319N3542202E13939390+01220001809401090034318Q3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDD FEGDC PELDC GEgFI KFnFM ADoFI kDDAO heading 231.8 deg
SONY819401090034320N3542202E13939390+01220001809401090034319Q3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELDD GEgFI KFnFM ADoFH kDDAO heading 235.2 deg
SONY819401090034321N3542202E13939390+01220001809401090034320Q3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbDB FEGDC PELDC GEgFJ KFnFN ADoFG kDDAE heading 237.1 deg
SONY819401090034322N3542202E13939389+01220011719401090034321F4A CGEFE cFEDB SHbDB FEGDC PELDC GEgFJ KFnFN ADoFF kDBJO heading 232.8 deg
SONY819401090034323N3542202E13939389+01220001809401090034322Q3A CGEBE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDD PELDE GEgFI KFnFO ADoFH kDBJO heading 232.5 deg
SONY819401090034324N3542202E13939389+01220001809401090034323Q3A CGEDE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDD GEgFJ KFnFM ADoFH kDBJE heading 237.5 deg
SONY819401090034325N3542202E13939389+01210011749401090034324F4A CGEFE cFEDB SHbDC FEGDB PELDC GEgFK KFnFM ADoFI kDAHO heading 240.3 deg

SONY819401090034326N3542202E13939389+01200012179401090034325F4A CGEFC cFEDB SHbDC FEGDB PELDD GEgFK KFnFM ADoFI kDAEE heading 240.0 deg
SONY819401090034327N3542202E13939389+01200001809401090034326Q3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDE GEgFJ KFnFM ADoFH kDADE heading 243.9 deg
SONY819401090034328N3542202E13939389+01200001809401090034327Q3A CGEDD cFEDC SHbDB FEGDC PELDE GEgFK KFnFL ADoFH kDADE heading 243.6 deg
SONY819401090034329N3542202E13939389+01200001809401090034328Q3A CGEDE cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFH kDADO heading 244.8 deg
SONY819401090034330N3542201E13939389+01210022019401090034329F4A CGEFF cFEDC SHbDB FEGDC PELDB GEgFK KFnFL ADoFH kDIAO heading 247.2 deg
SONY819401090034331N3542201E13939388+01200022209401090034330F4A CGEFF cFEDC SHbDB FEGDB PELDB GEgFK KFnFM ADoFH kDIIO heading 246.1 deg
SONY819401090034332N3542201E13939388+01190012119401090034331F4A CGEFG cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELDC GEgFK KFnFL ADoFI kDIFE heading 247.1 deg
SONY819401090034333N3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034332Q3A CGEBE cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFL ADoFI kDIFE heading 247.3 deg
SONY819401090034334N3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034333Q3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFH kDIFO heading 247.7 deg
SONY819401090034335N3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034334Q3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFL ADoFG kDIFO heading 247.3 deg

SONY819401090034336N3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034335Q3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELDC GEgFJ KFnFM ADoFG kDIFE heading 247.9 deg
SONY819401090034337N3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336Q3A CGEDB cFEDC SHbDC FEGDB PELDD GEgFI KFnFM ADoFG kDIFO heading 248.2 deg
SONY819401090034338n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDC FEGDB PELDD GEgFJ KFnFL ADoFH kDIFO heading 250.6 deg
SONY819401090034339n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFL ADoFH kDIFO heading 253.8 deg
SONY819401090034340n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbAE FEGDB PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFI kDIFE heading 256.3 deg
SONY819401090034341n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbBE FEGDC PELDB GEgFL KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFO heading 260.6 deg
SONY819401090034342n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBF FEGDC PELDB GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFE heading 261.6 deg
SONY819401090034343n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBE FEGDC PELDC GEgFI KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFE heading 267.4 deg
SONY819401090034344n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBF FEGDD PELDC GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFE heading 272.1 deg
SONY819401090034345n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDB SHbBF FEGDC PELDC GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFE heading 332.1 deg

SONY819401090034346n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbBD FEGDC PELDC GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFO heading 348.9 deg
SONY819401090034347n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDD cFEDB SHbDC FEGDC PELDB GEgFK KFnFK ADoFI kDIFO heading 30.0 deg
SONY819401090034348n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEDC SHbDC FEGDC PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFI kDIFE heading 68.7 deg
SONY819401090034349n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbDD FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFK ADoFI kDIFO heading 70.3 deg
SONY819401090034350n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBF FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFL ADoFJ kDIFO heading 66.0 deg
SONY819401090034351n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAC SHbBF FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFL ADoFI kDIFO heading 8.8 deg
SONY819401090034352n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBE FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFM ADoFI kDIFE heading 311.6 deg
SONY819401090034353n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDD cFEAB SHbBD FEGAB PELDC GEgFM KFnFM ADoFJ kDIFE heading 305.8 deg
SONY819401090034354n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBF FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFO heading 318.4 deg
SONY819401090034355n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDD cFEAC SHbBF FEGAC PELDC GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFG kDIFO heading 33.2 deg

SONY819401090034356n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbDD FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFL ADoFH kDIFO heading 282.8 deg
SONY819401090034357n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAB PELDC GEgFM KFnFK ADoFJ kDIFE heading 270.0 deg
SONY819401090034358n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFK ADoFI kDIFO heading 270.0 deg
SONY819401090034359n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFL kDIFE heading 270.0 deg
SONY819401090034400n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAC SHbDE FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFJ kDIFE heading 268.2 deg
SONY819401090034401n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDC cFEAC SHbDC FEGAC PELDB GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFJ kDIFO heading 265.5 deg
SONY819401090034402n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDC cFEAC SHbDC FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFK kDIFE heading 260.3 deg
SONY819401090034403n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDD cFEAB SHbDD FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFM ADoFI kDIFE heading 249.5 deg
SONY819401090034404n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDD cFEAB SHbDC FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFM ADoFI kDIFO heading 242.7 deg
SONY819401090034405n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDC cFEAC SHbDD FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFL ADoFI kDIFE heading 245.8 deg

SONY819401090034406n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336O3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFL ADoFI kDIFO heading 257.1 deg
SONY819401090034407n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFJ kDIFO heading 268.5 deg
SONY819401090034408n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbDD FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFJ kDIFE heading 275.5 deg
SONY819401090034409n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBE FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFK ADoFI kDIFE heading 276.9 deg
SONY819401090034410n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAC SHbBF FEGAC PELDB GEgFL KFnFK ADoFI kDIFE heading 279.3 deg
SONY819401090034411n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAC SHbBF FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFK ADoFH kDIFE heading 283.6 deg
SONY819401090034412n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbBF FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFO heading 281.1 deg
SONY819401090034413n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAB SHbBE FEGAB PELDC GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFJ kDIFE heading 280.5 deg
SONY819401090034414n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBE FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFJ kDIFO heading 285.6 deg
SONY819401090034415n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDC cFEAB SHbBE FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFJ kDIFO heading 296.7 deg

SONY819401090034416n3542201E13939388+01190001809401090034336N3A CGEDB cFEAC SHbBF FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFK ADoFI kDIFO heading 287.8 deg
SONY819401090034417N3542204E13939383+00940012429401090034416G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFJ ADoFG kDAEE heading 300.1 deg
SONY819401090034418N3542204E13939383+00950021899401090034417G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFJ ADoFH kDAEO heading 319.0 deg
SONY819401090034419N3542204E13939383+00950011059401090034418G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFJ ADoFG kDAFE heading 330.7 deg
SONY819401090034420N3542204E13939383+00950012259401090034419G4A CGEDC cFEAC SHbFF FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFI ADoFH kDAHE heading 317.9 deg
SONY819401090034421N3542203E13939383+00950021199401090034420G4A CGEDC cFEAC SHbFE FEGAB PELDC GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFH kDJJO heading 316.2 deg
SONY819401090034422N3542204E13939384+00940011019401090034421G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDB GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDACO heading 317.5 deg
SONY819401090034423N3542203E13939384+00940021789401090034422G4A CGEDC cFEAC SHbFF FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDJDO heading 320.1 deg
SONY819401090034424N3542203E13939384+00940022079401090034423G4A CGEDC cFEAC SHbFD FEGAB PELDD GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDJEO heading 314.6 deg
SONY819401090034425N3542203E13939384+00940011849401090034424G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFD FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFJ kDJEE heading 311.3 deg

SONY819401090034426N3542203E13939385+00890022399401090034425F4A CGEDC cFEAC SHbFE FEGAB PELFD GEgFM KFnFK ADoCJ kDJCE heading 307.5 deg
SONY819401090034427N3542203E13939385+00900021629401090034426G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDD GEgFM KFnFK ADoFI kDJCO heading 300.1 deg
SONY819401090034428N3542203E13939385+00900011229401090034427G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDE GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDJDO heading 297.5 deg
SONY819401090034429N3542203E13939385+00910011569401090034428G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDD GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDIDO heading 298.4 deg
SONY819401090034430N3542203E13939385+00910011769401090034429G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAB PELDC GEgFN KFnFJ ADoFI kDIDO heading 300.2 deg
SONY819401090034431N3542203E13939385+00910021959401090034430G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFM KFnFI ADoFH kDIEO heading 297.0 deg
SONY819401090034432N3542203E13939385+00910021929401090034431G4A CGEDB cFEAB SHbFG FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFK ADoFH kDIFO heading 295.8 deg
SONY819401090034433N3542203E13939385+00910022309401090034432G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAC PELDB GEgFM KFnFJ ADoFI kDIFE heading 294.9 deg
SONY819401090034434N3542203E13939385+00900022239401090034433G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFN KFnFJ ADoFI kDIIE heading 292.8 deg
SONY819401090034435N3542203E13939386+00900022079401090034434G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFM KFnFK ADoFI kDIAO heading 287.6 deg

SONY819401090034436N3542203E13939386+00890022279401090034435G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFN KFnFJ ADoFI kDICO heading 298.3 deg
SONY819401090034437N3542203E13939386+00890011979401090034436G4A CGEDD cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFN KFnFJ ADoFJ kDIEO heading 300.6 deg
SONY819401090034438N3542203E13939386+00880010649401090034437G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFJ ADoFI kDJHO heading 304.5 deg
SONY819401090034439N3542203E13939387+00880031219401090034438G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFI ADoFI kDICE heading 23.9 deg
SONY819401090034440N3542203E13939387+00880021879401090034439G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFI ADoFH kDIFE heading 87.6 deg
SONY819401090034441N3542203E13939387+00870011379401090034440G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFH ADoFH kDIIO heading 81.5 deg
SONY819401090034442N3542203E13939388+00860011819401090034441G4A CGEDB cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFI kDJBE heading 58.5 deg
SONY819401090034443N3542203E13939388+00850011959401090034442G4A CGEDB cFEAB SHbFF FEGAC PELDB GEgFJ KFnFJ ADoFI kDJEE heading 21.7 deg
SONY819401090034444N3542204E13939388+00840011309401090034443G4A CGEDC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFI ADoFH kDAHO heading 297.7 deg
SONY819401090034445N3542204E13939389+00830021699401090034444G4A CGEDB cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDB GEgFM KFnFI ADoFI kDAAO heading 292.8 deg

SONY819401090034446N3542204E13939389+00820022139401090034445G4A CGEAB cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFI ADoFI kDABO heading 276.0 deg
SONY819401090034447N3542204E13939389+00820022069401090034446G4A CGEAB cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFI ADoFI kDADE heading 277.8 deg
SONY819401090034448N3542204E13939389+00820012459401090034447G4A CGEAC cFEAB SHbFE FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFJ ADoFI kDAEE heading 308.6 deg
SONY819401090034449N3542204E13939389+00810020749401090034448G4A CGEAB cFEAC SHbFF FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFI ADoFI kDCJE heading 15.9 deg
SONY819401090034450N3542204E13939390+00810022229401090034449G4A CGEAC cFEAB SHbFF FEGAB PELDB GEgFJ KFnFI ADoFI kDCAE heading 12.0 deg
SONY819401090034451N3542204E13939390+00800012049401090034450G4A CGEAB cFEAB SHbFH FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFH ADoFI kDCBO heading 63.9 deg
SONY819401090034452N3542204E13939390+00800000869401090034451G4A CGEAC cFEAB SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnFG ADoFJ kDCCE heading 65.6 deg
SONY819401090034453N3542204E13939390+00810011199401090034452G4A CGEAC cFEAC SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFJ KFnFG ADoFJ kDBEE heading 69.0 deg
SONY819401090034454N3542204E13939390+00800050589401090034453G4A CGEAB cFEAC SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFJ KFnFG ADoFJ kDCHE heading 75.5 deg
SONY819401090034455N3542204E13939390+00810031209401090034454G4A CGEAB cFEAB SHbFH FEGAB PELDB GEgFJ KFnFG ADoFI kDBJE heading 77.5 deg

SONY819401090034456N3542204E13939390+00820021639401090034455G4A CGEAB cFEAB SHbFH FEGAB PELDC GEgFI KFnFF ADoFH kDAJE heading 82.7 deg
SONY819401090034457N3542204E13939391+00820022289401090034456G4A CGEAB cFEAC SHbFG FEGAB PELDD GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFI kDAAO heading 82.9 deg
SONY819401090034458N3542204E13939391+00830011939401090034457G4A CGEAC cFEAC SHbFG FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFG ADoFI kDABE heading 85.7 deg
SONY819401090034459N3542204E13939391+00830011769401090034458G4A CGEAC cFEDC SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFH ADoFH kDBCO heading 66.0 deg
SONY819401090034500N3542204E13939391+00840032379401090034459G4A CGEAD cFEDC SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFG ADoFG kDCCE heading 54.2 deg
SONY819401090034501N3542204E13939391+00850001809401090034500Q3A CGEAC cFEDE SHbBG FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFG kDBBO heading 348.2 deg
SONY819401090034502N3542204E13939391+00850041299401090034501G4A CGEAB cFEDE SHbFH FEGAB PELDB GEgFJ KFnFE ADoFG kDAHE heading 345.9 deg
SONY819401090034503N3542204E13939391+00850011389401090034502G4A CGEAB cFEDD SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFI KFnFF ADoFI kDAHE heading 343.0 deg
SONY819401090034504N3542204E13939391+00860021829401090034503G4A CGEAB cFEBE SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFI kDAGE heading 341.0 deg
SONY819401090034505N3542204E13939391+00870022039401090034504G4A CGEAB cFEBF SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnFE ADoFH kDAFE heading 355.8 deg

SONY819401090034506N3542204E13939391+00870011939401090034505G4A CGEAC cFEBF SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFI kDADO heading 4.0 deg
SONY819401090034507N3542203E13939391+00890021149401090034506G4A CGEAC cFEBE SHbFI FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFI kDIDO heading 342.3 deg
SONY819401090034508N3542203E13939391+00900020899401090034507G4A CGEAC cFEBF SHbFJ FEGAC PELDB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFH kDIDE heading 353.3 deg
SONY819401090034509N3542203E13939391+00910011499401090034508G4A CGEAC cFEBF SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnFF ADoFH kDHAO heading 53.5 deg
SONY819401090034510N3542203E13939391+00830001029401090034509C3A CGEAC cFEBF SHbFH FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnDE ADoFG kDIAE heading 60.8 deg
SONY819401090034511N3542203E13939391+00910011689401090034510G4A CGEAB cFEFE SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnDD ADoFG kDIAO heading 56.6 deg
SONY819401090034512N3542203E13939390+00920021879401090034511G4A CGEAB cFEFE SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFK KFnDE ADoFG kDIJO heading 56.6 deg
SONY819401090034513N3542203E13939390+00940021929401090034512G4A CGEAB cFEFF SHbFF FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnDC ADoFG kDIHE heading 39.2 deg
SONY819401090034514N3542203E13939390+00950021709401090034513G4A CGEAC cFEFF SHbFG FEGAB PELDB GEgFL KFnDC ADoFF kDIGE heading 44.4 deg
SONY819401090034515N3542203E13939390+00960021749401090034514G4A CGEAC cFEFF SHbFH FEGAB PELDB GEgFK KFnDC ADoFH kDIEO heading 58.3 deg

SONY819401090034516N3542203E13939390+00970021889401090034515G4A CGEAC cFEFG SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnDD ADoFF kDIDO heading 62.4 deg
SONY819401090034517N3542203E13939390+00990021739401090034516G4A CGEAC cFEFG SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFM KFnDE ADoFF kDIBO heading 67.3 deg
SONY819401090034518N3542203E13939389+01000021719401090034517G4A CGEAB cFEFG SHbFH FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnDE ADoFH kDIJO heading 40.0 deg
SONY819401090034519N3542203E13939389+01040031769401090034518F4A CGEAB cFEFG SHbCH FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnFE ADoFG kDHHO heading 354.8 deg
SONY819401090034520N3542203E13939389+01060021689401090034519F4A CGEAB cFEFG SHbCF FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnFE ADoFG kDGEE heading 358.3 deg
SONY819401090034521N3542203E13939389+01080021699401090034520G4A CGEAB cFEFG SHbFG FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnDD ADoFF kDFDE heading 19.5 deg
SONY819401090034522N3542203E13939389+01100001619401090034521G4A CGEAB cFEFF SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFK KFnDC ADoFF kDEBE heading 29.8 deg
SONY819401090034523N3542203E13939389+01110021499401090034522G4A CGEAC cFEFF SHbFG FEGAB PELDC GEgFJ KFnDC ADoFE kDDAE heading 14.0 deg
SONY819401090034524N3542203E13939388+01120021999401090034523G4A CGEAC cFEFF SHbFG FEGAC PELDC GEgFJ KFnDB ADoFF kDDIE heading 353.9 deg
SONY819401090034525N3542203E13939388+01120002119401090034524G4A CGEAB cFEFF SHbFH FEGAC PELDC GEgFL KFnDB ADoFF kDDHE heading 346.6 deg

SONY819401090034526N3542203E13939388+01110030259401090034525G4A CGEAB cFEFF SHbFI FEGAB PELDC GEgFL KFnDB ADoFE kDDGO heading 337.0 deg
SONY819401090034527N3542203E13939388+01110011819401090034526G4A CGEAB cFEFF SHbFI FEGAB PELDC GEgFM KFnDC ADoFE kDCFE heading 334.6 deg
SONY819401090034528N3542203E13939388+01110012559401090034527G4A CGEAC cFEFG SHbFI FEGAB PELAB GEgFL KFnDC ADoFE kDCDO heading 337.0 deg
SONY819401090034529N3542203E13939388+01110031689401090034528G4A CGEAC cFEFG SHbFI FEGAB PELAB GEgFK KFnDC ADoFD kDBDO heading 331.1 deg
SONY819401090034530N3542203E13939388+01100031779401090034529G4A CGEAC cFEFF SHbFH FEGAC PELAC GEgFJ KFnDE ADoFE kDBDO heading 329.9 deg
SONY819401090034531N3542203E13939388+01090011589401090034530G4A CGEAB cFEFG SHbFH FEGAC PELAC GEgFK KFnDD ADoFD kDCDO heading 317.7 deg
SONY819401090034532N3542203E13939388+01080021879401090034531G4A CGEAC cFEFG SHbFH FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnDE ADoFF kDCDE heading 313.5 deg
SONY819401090034533N3542203E13939388+01100021749401090034532F4A CGEAB cFEFE SHbCG FEGAC PELAB GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFF kDBDE heading 311.9 deg
SONY819401090034534N3542203E13939388+01110001919401090034533F4A CGEAC cFEFE SHbCH FEGAB PELAB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFF kDBDE heading 311.1 deg
SONY819401090034535N3542203E13939388+01120022129401090034534F4A CGEBG cFEFG SHbCG FEGAB PELAC GEgFK KFnFF ADoFF kDACE heading 310.5 deg

SONY819401090034536N3542202E13939388+01130021659401090034535F4A CGEBG cFEFF SHbCG FEGAB PELAC GEgFK KFnFG ADoFH kDJCE heading 316.3 deg
SONY819401090034537N3542202E13939388+01130012289401090034536F4A CGEBG cFEFF SHbCG FEGAB PELAC GEgFK KFnFF ADoFF kDJCE heading 316.3 deg
SONY819401090034538N3542202E13939387+01140022459401090034537G4A CGEBG cFEDF SHbFF FEGAB PELAC GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFF kDIHE heading 315.7 deg
SONY819401090034539N3542202E13939387+01140021509401090034538G4A CGEBF cFEDE SHbFF FEGAC PELAC GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFF kDHFO heading 317.7 deg
SONY819401090034540N3542202E13939387+01140021759401090034539F4A CGEBG cFEFE SHbCF FEGAC PELAC GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFF kDHGO heading 325.4 deg
SONY819401090034541N3542202E13939387+01130010949401090034540F4A CGEBG cFEFG SHbCF FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnFG ADoFH kDIHO heading 325.1 deg
SONY819401090034542N3542202E13939387+01140031719401090034541F4A CGEBG cFEFI SHbCF FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnFF ADoFF kDHHE heading 322.6 deg
SONY819401090034543N3542202E13939387+01140021569401090034542F4A CGEBH cFEFH SHbCG FEGAB PELAB GEgFL KFnFF ADoFF kDIIO heading 322.2 deg
SONY819401090034544N3542202E13939387+01140011639401090034543F4A CGEBH cFEFG SHbCG FEGAC PELAB GEgFK KFnFG ADoFE kDIIO heading 322.2 deg
SONY819401090034545N3542202E13939387+01140011789401090034544F4A CGEBH cFEFG SHbCG FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnFE ADoFD kDIIE heading 322.2 deg

SONY819401090034546N3542202E13939387+01150001809401090034545Q3A CGEBG cFEFF SHbFG FEGAB PELAC GEgFK KFnBD ADoDD kDIHE heading 320.1 deg
SONY819401090034547N3542202E13939387+01150001809401090034546Q4A CGECG cFEFF SHbFF FEGAC PELAC GEgFK KFnDE ADoFD kDIHO heading 320.1 deg
SONY819401090034548N3542202E13939387+01140050049401090034547F4A CGECG cFEFF SHbCF FEGAC PELAC GEgFK KFnFF ADoFE kDIIO heading 323.4 deg
SONY819401090034549N3542202E13939387+01120022069401090034548G4A CGECF cFEFF SHbFG FEGAC PELAB GEgFL KFnFE ADoDF kDJGO heading 330.2 deg
SONY819401090034550N3542202E13939387+01120021839401090034549G4A CGECG cFEFH SHbFF FEGAC PELAB GEgFJ KFnBE ADoFF kDJGE heading 334.4 deg
SONY819401090034551N3542202E13939387+01120011909401090034550F4A CGECG cFEFH SHbCG FEGAC PELAB GEgFJ KFnFD ADoFF kDJGE heading 331.7 deg
SONY819401090034552N3542203E13939387+01110013259401090034551F4A CGECH cFEFI SHbCG FEGAB PELAB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFF kDAFE heading 330.4 deg
SONY819401090034553N3542203E13939387+01110001939401090034552F4A CGECH cFEFH SHbCH FEGAB PELAB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFF kDAEO heading 332.1 deg
SONY819401090034554N3542203E13939387+01110001679401090034553F4A CGECH cFEFH SHbCG FEGAC PELAB GEgFK KFnFE ADoFE kDBDE heading 332.6 deg
SONY819401090034555N3542203E13939387+01110061549401090034554G4A CGECG cFEFG SHbFH FEGAB PELAC GEgFJ KFnDC ADoFD kDAEO heading 332.1 deg

SONY819401090034556N3542203E13939387+01100002499401090034555G4A CGECG cFEFF SHbFH FEGAB PELAB GEgFH KFnDC ADoFE kDCDO heading 330.3 deg
SONY819401090034557N3542203E13939387+01090012349401090034556G4A CGECF cFEFH SHbFG FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnDD ADoFE kDECE heading 329.4 deg
SONY819401090034558N3542203E13939387+01090001609401090034557F4A CGECI cFEFJ SHbCG FEGAC PELAB GEgFK KFnFF ADoFG kDECE heading 338.9 deg
SONY819401090034559N3542203E13939387+01100011679401090034558F4A CGECI cFEFJ SHbCF FEGAB PELAB GEgFN KFnFE ADoFE kDECE heading 356.3 deg
SONY819401090034600N3542203E13939387+01100001639401090034559F4A CGECH cFEFJ SHbCF FEGAB PELAB GEgFN KFnFE ADoFE kDEDO heading 16.5 deg
SONY819401090034601N3542203E13939387+01110001759401090034600F4A CGECI cFEFH SHaCF FEGAC PELAB GEgFL KFnFC ADoFE kDFCE heading 13.4 deg
SONY819401090034602N3542203E13939387+01100031869401090034601G4A CGECJ cFEFI SHaFF FEGAC PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoFF kDDDO heading 5.6 deg
SONY819401090034603N3542203E13939387+01100021699401090034602G4A CGECH cFEFJ SHaFG FEGAB PELAC GEgFK KFnDC ADoFF kDDDO heading 0.5 deg
SONY819401090034604N3542203E13939387+01100021889401090034603G4A CGECH cFEFI SHaFH FEGAB PELAB GEgFI KFnDC ADoFE kDIBO heading 358.9 deg
SONY819401090034605N3542204E13939387+01090011629401090034604G4A CGECH cFEFH SHaFG FEGAB PELAB GEgFJ KFnDB ADoFF kDABE heading 356.6 deg

SONY819401090034606N3542204E13939387+01080021689401090034605G4A CGECG cFEFH SHaFH FEGAB PELAC GEgFJ KFnDB ADoFF kDCBO heading 356.6 deg
SONY819401090034607N3542204E13939387+01070021949401090034606G4A CGECF cFEFH SHaFI FEGAC PELAB GEgFJ KFnDC ADoFE kDDAO heading 352.0 deg
SONY819401090034608N3542204E13939387+01060010019401090034607G4A CGECG cFEFI SHaFH FEGAC PELAB GEgFJ KFnDE ADoFE kDGAE heading 349.0 deg
SONY819401090034609N3542204E13939386+01050021799401090034608G4A CGECI cFEFI SHaFG FEGAC PELAC GEgFL KFnDE ADoFD kDIJO heading 346.8 deg
SONY819401090034610N3542204E13939386+01030041509401090034609G4A CGECI cFEFH SHaFG FEGAC PELAB GEgFO KFnFF ADoDB kDHJE heading 346.4 deg
SONY819401090034611N3542204E13939386+01020012369401090034610G4A CGECH cFEFI SHaFH FEGDE PELAC GEgFM KFnFE ADoDB kDHJE heading 345.6 deg
SONY819401090034612N3542204E13939386+01010001869401090034611G4A CGECH cFEFJ SHaFI FEGBF PELAC GEgFM KFnFE ADoDC kDHIO heading 346.5 deg
SONY819401090034613N3542204E13939386+01010001599401090034612G4A CGECI cFEFJ SHaFG FEGBF PELAB GEgFN KFnFD ADoDC kDHIO heading 347.3 deg
SONY819401090034614N3542204E13939386+01010001659401090034613G4A CGECH cFEFJ SHaFG FEGDC PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDHIO heading 342.7 deg
SONY819401090034615N3542204E13939386+01010001809401090034614Q4A CGEFH cFEFI SHaFG FEGDD PELAC GEgFL KFnDD ADoDC kDGIE heading 339.6 deg

SONY819401090034616N3542204E13939386+01010001809401090034615Q4A CGEFH cFEFH SHaFF FEGBD PELAB GEgFK KFnDD ADoDD kDGIO heading 344.9 deg
SONY819401090034617N3542204E13939386+00990011089401090034616F4A CGECJ cFEFI SHaCF FEGBE PELAC GEgFJ KFnFE ADoFE kDIIO heading 5.1 deg
SONY819401090034618N3542205E13939386+00990020369401090034617G4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaFH FEGBG PELAB GEgFL KFnFE ADoDC kDBIE heading 17.9 deg
SONY819401090034619N3542205E13939386+00980001849401090034618G4A CGECK cFEFI SHaFI FEGBH PELAB GEgFN KFnFE ADoDB kDCIO heading 347.3 deg
SONY819401090034620N3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034619Q4A CGEFK cFEFI SHaFG FEGBG PELAC GEgFN KFnDC ADoDC kDCIE heading 7.4 deg
SONY819401090034621N3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034620Q4A CGEFJ cFEFJ SHaFF FEGBF PELAC GEgFM KFnDB ADoDB kDCIE heading 13.3 deg
SONY819401090034622N3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034621Q4A CGEFH cFEFJ SHaFE FEGBE PELAC GEgFL KFnDB ADoDB kDCIO heading 14.0 deg
SONY819401090034623N3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034622Q4A CGEFI cFEFI SHaFF FEGDD PELAB GEgFI KFnDC ADoDB kDCIE heading 20.1 deg
SONY819401090034624N3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623Q4A CGEFJ cFEFI SHaFG FEGDD PELAB GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDCIO heading 25.2 deg
SONY819401090034625n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFK SHaCG FEGFE PELAC GEgFL KFnDD ADoDC kDCIO heading 22.4 deg

SONY819401090034626n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnDE ADoDB kDCIO heading 355.7 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034627N3542204E13939387+01000011229401090034626F4A CGECJ cFECL SHaFG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDHIO heading 354.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. Strong, weak, indistinguishable
SONY819401090034628N3542204E13939388+01000001809401090034627Q3A CGECJ cFEFL SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFL KFnDD ADoDB kDGAE heading 353.2 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034629N3542204E13939387+00990001719401090034628F4A CGECJ cFECJ SHaFG FEGFF PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDGJE heading 358.9 deg Yes, it falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034630N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034629Q3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCG FEGFJ PELAB GEgFN KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 358.9 deg &&&&&& sat FE:40deg G:60deg=>Representative value G 96-2deg=OK 90deg(90deg)⊂4deg(90deg)
SONY819401090034631N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034630Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCH FEGFH PELAB GEgFP KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 7.5 deg 360-24=336deg
SONY819401090034632N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034631Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCI FEGFH PELAB GEgFQ KFnDD ADoDD kDFJO heading 20.8 deg
SONY819401090034633N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034632Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCJ FEGFG PELAC GEgFO KFnDE ADoDD kDFJO heading 56.5 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, left view F=50 deg F=40 deg E
SONY819401090034634N3542204E13939387+01010011859401090034633F4A CGECK cFECG SHaFI FEGFH PELAC GEgFN KFnFD ADoDD kDCJO heading 75.3 deg => Typical value I is attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the opposite side
SONY819401090034635N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034634Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCH FEGFH PELAC GEgFO KFnDC ADoDE kDBJO heading 67.9 deg

SONY819401090034636N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034635Q3A CGECJ cFEFI SHaCG FEGFG PELAC GEgFM KFnDC ADoBD kDBJE heading 83.6 deg
SONY819401090034637N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034636Q3A CGECH cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFH PELAC GEgFL KFnDD ADoDC kDBJO heading 98.8 deg
SONY819401090034638N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034637Q4A CGEFH cFEFL SHaFH FEGDF PELAC GEgFL KFnDE ADoDC kDBJE heading 128.1 deg
SONY819401090034639N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034638Q3A CGECJ cFEFH SHaCI FEGFI PELAB GEgFL KFnDC ADoDB kDBJO heading 85.0 deg
SONY819401090034640n3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034638N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCI FEGFM PELAB GEgFL KFnDB ADoDC kDBJE heading 33.4 deg
SONY819401090034641n3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034638N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCI FEGFM PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoDC kDBJO heading 25.8 deg
SONY819401090034642n3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034638N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCH FEGFL PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoDD kDBJO heading 354.0 deg
SONY819401090034643N3542203E13939387+01050021739401090034642F4A CGECM cFECF SHaFH FEGFL PELAC GEgFM KFnDC ADoFE kDFJE heading 349.8 deg
SONY819401090034644N3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034643Q3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCI FEGFM PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoDD kDDJO heading 349.7 deg
SONY819401090034645N3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034644Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCH FEGFM PELAC GEgFL KFnDB ADoDD kDDJO heading 350.1 deg

SONY819401090034646N3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034645Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCH FEGFL PELAB GEgFM KFnDC ADoDD kDDJE heading 349.8 deg
SONY819401090034647N3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034646Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCJ FEGFK PELAB GEgFP KFnDC ADoDC kDDJE heading 354.2 deg
SONY819401090034648N3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034647Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCJ FEGFJ PELAB GEgFN KFnDC ADoDC kDDJO heading 355.6 deg
SONY819401090034649n3542203E13939387+01050001809401090034647N3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCJ FEGFK PELAB GEgFL KFnDD ADoDC kDDJE heading 353.7 deg
SONY819401090034650N3542203E13939387+01070013109401090034649F4A CGECJ cFECF SHaFH FEGFL PELAB GEgFK KFnFE ADoDC kDHHO heading 353.4 deg
SONY819401090034651N3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034650Q3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCI FEGFK PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoDC kDHHO heading 353.3 deg
SONY819401090034652N3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034651Q3A CGECK cFEFF SHaCI FEGFK PELAC GEgFL KFnDC ADoDD kDHHO heading 354.4 deg
SONY819401090034653N3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034652Q3A CGECJ cFEFE SHaCJ FEGFK PELAB GEgFL KFnDC ADoDD kDHHO heading 355.7 deg
SONY819401090034654N3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034653Q3A CGECJ cFEFF SHaCI FEGFJ PELAC GEgFM KFnDC ADoDC kDHHO heading 356.3 deg
SONY819401090034655N3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654Q3A CGECK cFEFF SHaCI FEGFJ PELAC GEgFM KFnDD ADoDC kDHHO heading 7.2 deg

SONY819401090034656n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCJ FEGFK PELAC GEgFO KFnDB ADoDC kDHHO heading 9.7 deg
SONY819401090034657n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFI SHaCI FEGFK PELAB GEgFN KFnDB ADoDD kDHHE heading 8.7 deg
SONY819401090034658n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFG SHaCI FEGFK PELAB GEgFL KFnDC ADoDC kDHHO heading 17.2 deg
SONY819401090034659n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCI FEGFI PELAC GEgFK KFnDC ADoDC kDHHO heading 19.9 deg
SONY819401090034700n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCI FEGFK PELAC GEgFK KFnDB ADoDC kDHHO heading 26.0 deg
SONY819401090034701n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCH FEGFM PELAB GEgFK KFnDC ADoDC kDHHO heading 45.0 deg
SONY819401090034702n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCH FEGFN PELAB GEgFJ KFnDC ADoDC kDHHE heading 64.3 deg
SONY819401090034703n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECM cFEFF SHaCI FEGFM PELAB GEgFI KFnDC ADoDB kDHHE heading 124.9 deg
SONY819401090034704n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECM cFEFG SHaCI FEGFN PELAB GEgFI KFnDD ADoDC kDHHO heading 132.1 deg
SONY819401090034705n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFG SHaCI FEGFN PELAC GEgFJ KFnDD ADoDC kDHHO heading 106.5 deg

SONY819401090034706n3542203E13939387+01080001809401090034654N3A CGECL cFEFF SHaCI FEGFM PELAC GEgFJ KFnDD ADoDB kDHHO heading 125.2 deg






SONY819401090034931N3542204E13939390+00890021779401090034930F4AnCGECLncFFCKnSHaFNnFEGFJnPELCKnGEgFQnKFnFMnADoCInkDCDO heading 26.1 deg
SONY819401090034932N3542204E13939390+00900040999401090034931F4A CGECN cFFCO SHaFL FEGFK PELCK GEgFO KFnFJ ADoDF kDAGO heading 11.0 deg
SONY819401090034933N3542203E13939391+00910001809401090034932Q3A CGECM cFFFJ SHaCJ FEGFI PELDG GEgFL KFnDD ADoDC kDJAO heading 10.5 deg
SONY819401090034934N3542203E13939391+00910001809401090034933Q3A CGECI cFFDD SHaFJ FEGFH PELDE GEgFJ KFnDB ADoDC kDJAO heading 12.1 deg
SONY819401090034935N3542203E13939391+00910001809401090034934Q3A CGECI cFFDD SHaFI FEGFI PELDD GEgFH KFnDB ADoDC kDJAE heading 8.8 deg
SONY819401090034936N3542203E13939391+00910001809401090034935Q3A CGECI cFFDD SHaFJ FEGFH PELDD GEgFH KFnDC ADoDC kDJAO heading 6.0 deg
SONY819401090034937N3542204E13939390+00910013519401090034936F4A CGECI cFFDE SHaFJ FEGFH PELFE GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDGEE heading 4.6 deg
SONY819401090034938N3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034937Q3A CGECI cFFFF SHaCH FEGFK PELDD GEgFH KFnDC ADoDC kDGEO heading 14.5 deg
SONY819401090034939N3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034938Q3A CGECJ cFFFG SHaCH FEGFL PELDD GEgFF KFnDC ADoDC kDGEE heading 10.7 deg
SONY819401090034940N3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034939Q3A CGECJ cFFFH SHaCI FEGFL PELDC GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDGEO heading 10.8 deg
SONY819401090034941N3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034940Q3A CGECI cFFFG SHaCJ FEGFM PELDC GEgFH KFnDD ADoDC kDGEE heading 20.5 deg
SONY819401090034942N3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034941Q3A CGECJ cFFFI SHaCJ FEGFO PELDE GEgFG KFnDC ADoDC kDGEO heading 20.1 deg
SONY819401090034943n3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034941M3A CGECJ cFFFM SHaCI FEGFN PELDD GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDGEO heading 20.6 deg
SONY819401090034944n3542204E13939390+00900001809401090034941M3A CGECK cFFFN SHaCH FEGFL PELDD GEgFL KFnDB ADoDC kDGEO heading 22.0 deg
SONY819401090034945N3542204E13939390+00910001919401090034944F4A CGECJ cFFCN SHaFI FEGFK PELFE GEgFL KFnDB ADoDB kDGEO heading 20.8 deg
SONY819401090034946N3542204E13939390+00920002179401090034945F4A CGECK cFFCO SHaFJ FEGFK PELFE GEgFL KFnDC ADoDB kDDCE heading 21.2 deg
SONY819401090034947N3542204E13939390+00930031479401090034946F4A CGECL cFFCO SHaFH FEGFL PELFF GEgFL KFnDC ADoDB kDBCO heading 21.9 deg
SONY819401090034948N3542204E13939390+00940031629401090034947F4A CGECL cFFCN SHaFH FEGFK PELFE GEgFL KFnDB ADoDC kDABE heading 23.0 deg
SONY819401090034949N3542203E13939390+00940012029401090034948F4A CGECL cFFCO SHaFH FEGFJ PELFF GEgFL KFnDB ADoDC kDJAO heading 16.5 deg
SONY819401090034950N3542203E13939389+00940012149401090034949F4A CGECL cFFCN SHaFI FEGFJ PELFE GEgFL KFnDC ADoDC kDHJE heading 16.5 deg
SONY819401090034951N3542203E13939389+00940001809401090034950Q3A CGECK cFFFM SHaCI FEGFL PELBC GEgFJ KFnDC ADoDC kDHJE heading 23.0 deg
SONY819401090034952N3542203E13939389+00940001809401090034951Q3A CGECK cFFFM SHaCI FEGFM PELDE GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDHJE heading 23.6 deg
SONY819401090034953N3542203E13939390+00970040679401090034952F4A CGECL cFFCO SHaFG FEGFN PELFF GEgFF KFnDC ADoDB kDGBO heading 26.6 deg
SONY819401090034954N3542203E13939390+00980020819401090034953F4A CGECK cFFCP SHaFG FEGFN PELFE GEgFE KFnDC ADoDB kDEBE heading 25.5 deg
SONY819401090034955N3542203E13939390+00980031599401090034954F4A CGECL cFFCP SHaFH FEGFO PELFG GEgFG KFnDC ADoDB kDCBE heading 24.0 deg
SONY819401090034956N3542203E13939390+00980030809401090034955F4A CGECL cFFCO SHaFH FEGFN PELFG GEgFG KFnDC ADoDC kDCBE heading 23.2 deg
SONY819401090034957N3542203E13939390+00980021359401090034956F4A CGECK cFFCN SHaFH FEGFN PELFG GEgFI KFnDC ADoDC kDBBO heading 22.5 deg
SONY819401090034958N3542202E13939390+00980041059401090034957F4A CGECK cFFCO SHaFG FEGFN PELFG GEgFJ KFnDB ADoDB kDJBE heading 22.5 deg
SONY819401090034959N3542202E13939390+00990030719401090034958F4A CGECK cFFCO SHaFH FEGFN PELFG GEgFH KFnDB ADoDB kDJBO heading 23.2 deg
SONY819401090035000N3542202E13939390+00990021339401090034959F4A CGECL cFFCN SHaFI FEGFM PELFG GEgFH KFnDC ADoDB kDJBO heading 23.9 deg
SONY819401090035001N3542203E13939390+00980013469401090035000F4A CGECL cFFCO SHaFG FEGFM PELFF GEgFH KFnDC ADoDC kDABO heading 27.8 deg
SONY819401090035002N3542203E13939389+00970022609401090035001F4A CGECK cFFCO SHaFG FEGFM PELFF GEgFF KFnDB ADoDB kDAIE heading 29.9 deg
SONY819401090035003N3542203E13939389+00970002639401090035002C3A CGECJ cFFCO SHaFG FEGFL PELFE GEgDF KFnDB ADoDB kDAIE heading 25.0 deg
SONY819401090035004N3542203E13939389+00980031059401090035003F4A CGECI cFFCO SHaFG FEGFM PELFE GEgFG KFnDC ADoDB kDAIO heading 26.7 deg
SONY819401090035005N3542203E13939389+00980021529401090035004F4A CGECH cFFCO SHaFF FEGFM PELFF GEgFG KFnDC ADoDB kDBIE heading 26.7 deg
SONY819401090035006N3542203E13939389+00980011799401090035005F4A CGECH cFFCO SHaFF FEGFM PELFF GEgFF KFnDB ADoDB kDCIO heading 27.4 deg
SONY819401090035007N3542203E13939389+00970012129401090035006F4A CGECI cFFCP SHaFG FEGFN PELFF GEgFF KFnDB ADoDC kDDHO heading 29.5 deg
SONY819401090035008N3542203E13939389+00980002459401090035007C3A CGECK cFFCP SHaFG FEGFO PELFG GEgDD KFnDC ADoDC kDEIE heading 31.3 deg
SONY819401090035009N3542203E13939389+00980002259401090035008C3A CGECI cFFCO SHaFI FEGFO PELFH GEgDG KFnDC ADoDC kDEIO heading 34.3 deg
SONY819401090035010N3542203E13939389+00970011479401090035009F4A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFN PELFI GEgFG KFnDC ADoDB kDFIO heading 32.3 deg
SONY819401090035011N3542203E13939389+00960011589401090035010F4A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFK FEGFL PELFH GEgFG KFnDC ADoDB kDFIO heading 32.3 deg
SONY819401090035012N3542203E13939389+00960021949401090035011F4A CGECI cFFCK SHaFK FEGFL PELFH GEgFH KFnDC ADoDC kDGHO heading 32.9 deg
SONY819401090035013N3542203E13939389+00950012109401090035012F4A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFI FEGFM PELFI GEgFH KFnDB ADoDC kDHHO heading 31.0 deg
SONY819401090035014N3542203E13939389+00950012219401090035013F4A CGECI cFFCN SHaFH FEGFO PELFI GEgFG KFnDC ADoDC kDHHE heading 32.8 deg
SONY819401090035015N3542203E13939389+00940011289401090035014F4A CGECK cFFCO SHaFI FEGFO PELFH GEgFG KFnDB ADoDC kDIHE heading 35.2 deg
SONY819401090035016N3542203E13939389+00930010749401090035015F4A CGECI cFFCO SHaFI FEGFN PELFH GEgFG KFnDB ADoDC kDHHO heading 35.2 deg
SONY819401090035017N3542203E13939389+00920021729401090035016F4A CGECJ cFFCO SHaFI FEGFM PELFH GEgFH KFnDC ADoDC kDHHE heading 37.9 deg
SONY819401090035018N3542203E13939389+00910012199401090035017F4A CGECI cFFCO SHaFI FEGFN PELFH GEgFH KFnDC ADoDB kDGHE heading 39.9 deg
SONY819401090035019N3542203E13939389+00910012839401090035018F4A CGECH cFFCN SHaFG FEGFP PELFI GEgFF KFnDB ADoDB kDFHE heading 39.2 deg
SONY819401090035020N3542203E13939389+00900003529401090035019F4A CGECI cFFCM SHaFH FEGFP PELFJ GEgFF KFnDB ADoDC kDEHE heading 37.8 deg
SONY819401090035021N3542203E13939389+00890012169401090035020F4A CGECH cFFCN SHaFH FEGFN PELFI GEgFG KFnDB ADoDC kDDGO heading 44.3 deg
SONY819401090035022N3542203E13939389+00880011969401090035021F4A CGECI cFFCN SHaFH FEGFN PELFI GEgFG KFnDB ADoDC kDCGO heading 41.8 deg
SONY819401090035023N3542203E13939389+00910002379401090035022C3A CGECK cFFCN SHaFJ FEGFP PELFI GEgDD KFnDC ADoDC kDAFO heading 41.7 deg
SONY819401090035024N3542202E13939389+00910002599401090035023C3A CGECK cFFCN SHaFJ FEGFO PELFI GEgDD KFnDC ADoDB kDJEE heading 34.2 deg
SONY819401090035025N3542202E13939389+00910012559401090035024C3A CGECK cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFN PELFI GEgDD KFnDB ADoDB kDHDO heading 26.0 deg
SONY819401090035026N3542202E13939389+00910002399401090035025C3A CGECK cFFCL SHaFJ FEGFN PELFI GEgDD KFnDC ADoDC kDGDE heading 235.7 deg
SONY819401090035027N3542202E13939389+00910003029401090035026C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFI FEGFN PELFI GEgDE KFnDD ADoDC kDFEO heading 279.4 deg
SONY819401090035028N3542202E13939389+00910002979401090035027C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFI FEGFO PELFJ GEgDE KFnDC ADoDB kDGFE heading 23.1 deg
SONY819401090035029N3542202E13939389+00910002369401090035028C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFJ FEGFO PELFJ GEgDD KFnDC ADoDB kDFGE heading 250.9 deg
SONY819401090035030N3542202E13939389+00910002389401090035029C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFO PELFI GEgDC KFnDB ADoDB kDFGO heading 275.7 deg
SONY819401090035031N3542202E13939389+00910012559401090035030C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFO PELFI GEgDD KFnDB ADoDC kDEGE heading 306.1 deg
SONY819401090035032N3542202E13939389+00910002459401090035031C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFN PELFJ GEgDC KFnDB ADoDB kDEGE heading 21.3 deg
SONY819401090035033N3542202E13939389+00910002459401090035032C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFI FEGFO PELFI GEgDD KFnAC ADoAC kDFHO heading 29.8 deg
SONY819401090035034N3542202E13939389+00890013299401090035033F4A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFI FEGFO PELFJ GEgFE KFnAC ADoAB kDFGO heading 34.6 deg
SONY819401090035035N3542202E13939389+00910002649401090035034C3A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFI FEGFO PELFJ GEgBD KFnAB ADoAB kDGGE heading 30.8 deg
SONY819401090035036N3542202E13939389+00890011829401090035035F4A CGECJ cFFCL SHaFK FEGFP PELFK GEgFE KFnAB ADoAB kDGGO heading 19.4 deg
SONY819401090035037N3542202E13939389+00900060969401090035036F4A CGECI cFFCK SHaFJ FEGFQ PELFL GEgFD KFnAB ADoAB kDHIO heading 20.4 deg
SONY819401090035038N3542202E13939389+00910002499401090035037C3A CGECH cFFCK SHaFJ FEGFP PELFJ GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDHIE heading 20.6 deg
SONY819401090035039N3542202E13939389+00900002579401090035038C3A CGECH cFFCK SHaFI FEGFN PELFJ GEgDE KFnAC ADoAB kDGHO heading 23.3 deg
SONY819401090035040N3542202E13939389+00900002449401090035039C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFI FEGFO PELFK GEgDE KFnAB ADoAB kDGHE heading 23.7 deg
SONY819401090035041N3542203E13939389+00900012439401090035040C3A CGECJ cFFCJ SHaFI FEGFO PELFJ GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDBGE heading 234.9 deg
SONY819401090035042N3542203E13939389+00900012389401090035041C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFJ FEGFN PELFJ GEgBE KFnAB ADoAB kDCEE heading 241.0 deg
SONY819401090035043N3542203E13939389+00900012949401090035042C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFJ FEGFO PELFK GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDDCE heading 241.2 deg
SONY819401090035044N3542203E13939389+00900002709401090035043C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFI FEGFP PELFK GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDEAO heading 254.4 deg
SONY819401090035045N3542203E13939388+00900002369401090035044C3A CGECK cFFCN SHaFH FEGFO PELFL GEgDE KFnAB ADoAB kDEIE heading 255.1 deg
SONY819401090035046N3542203E13939388+00900002259401090035045C3A CGECK cFFCO SHaFG FEGFN PELFK GEgDD KFnAB ADoAC kDFIO heading 246.3 deg
SONY819401090035047N3542203E13939388+00900002359401090035046C3A CGECI cFFCN SHaFG FEGFO PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDFHE heading 242.3 deg
SONY819401090035048N3542203E13939388+00900002509401090035047C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFG FEGFP PELFK GEgDD KFnAC ADoAB kDEGO heading 242.8 deg
SONY819401090035049N3542203E13939388+00900002299401090035048C3A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFH FEGFP PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDEFO heading 245.5 deg
SONY819401090035050N3542203E13939388+00900002429401090035049C3A CGECK cFFCK SHaFH FEGFO PELFL GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDDDE heading 266.5 deg
SONY819401090035051N3542203E13939388+00900002509401090035050C3A CGECK cFFCL SHaFH FEGFM PELFL GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDEDE heading 267.3 deg
SONY819401090035052N3542203E13939388+00900002549401090035051C3A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFG FEGFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDEBE heading 267.8 deg
SONY819401090035053N3542203E13939387+00900012379401090035052C3A CGECJ cFFCK SHaFH FEGFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDEJE heading 299.9 deg
SONY819401090035054N3542203E13939387+00900012659401090035053F3A CGEFI cFFCK SHaBH FEGFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDFJE heading 291.4 deg
SONY819401090035055N3542203E13939387+00900002439401090035054C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFG FEGFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDFIO heading 345.3 deg
SONY819401090035056N3542203E13939387+00900012429401090035055C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFG FEGFM PELFJ GEgDB KFnAB ADoAC kDFHE heading 28.6 deg
SONY819401090035057N3542203E13939387+00900002849401090035056C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFH FEGFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDHIO heading 39.1 deg
SONY819401090035058N3542203E13939387+00900002709401090035057C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFI FEGFN PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDHIE heading 46.1 deg
SONY819401090035059N3542203E13939387+00900002319401090035058C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFH FEGFN PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDGIE heading 36.8 deg
SONY819401090035100N3542203E13939387+00900002439401090035059C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFH FEGFN PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDGHE heading 39.7 deg
SONY819401090035101N3542203E13939387+00900002589401090035100C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFH FEGFN PELFK GEgDD KFnAB ADoAB kDGIO heading 48.3 deg
SONY819401090035102N3542203E13939387+00900003069401090035101C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFH FEGFM PELFL GEgDD KFnAC ADoAB kDIIE heading 56.9 deg
SONY819401090035103N3542203E13939387+00900002649401090035102C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFI FEGFL PELFK GEgDD KFnAC ADoAB kDGIO heading 22.1 deg
SONY819401090035104N3542203E13939387+00900012459401090035103C3A CGECJ cFFCL SHaFI FEGFN PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDGIO heading 47.7 deg
SONY819401090035105N3542203E13939387+00900002499401090035104C3A CGECK cFFCL SHaFI FEGFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDGIO heading 55.3 deg
SONY819401090035106N3542203E13939387+00900002539401090035105C3A CGECJ cFFCM SHaFH FEGFM PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDGIE heading 57.7 deg
SONY819401090035107N3542203E13939387+00900002589401090035106C3A CGECK cFFCL SHaFG FEGFN PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDGIO heading 52.0 deg
SONY819401090035108N3542203E13939388+00900010849401090035107C3A CGECL cFFCL SHaFG FEGFN PELFJ GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDIDE heading 56.0 deg
SONY819401090035109N3542203E13939388+00900002539401090035108C3A CGECK cFFCK SHaFH FEGFN PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDGDO heading 57.0 deg
SONY819401090035110N3542203E13939388+00900012419401090035109C3A CGECJ cFFCL SHaFG FEGFM PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDEDE heading 54.8 deg
SONY819401090035111N3542203E13939388+00900002679401090035110C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFG FEGFN PELFK GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDDDE heading 60.4 deg
SONY819401090035112N3542203E13939388+00900012549401090035111C3A CGECG cFFCL SHaFF FEGFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDBDO heading 65.5 deg
SONY819401090035113N3542203E13939388+00900002629401090035112C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFG FEGFL PELFM GEgDB KFnAC ADoAB kDACE heading 68.0 deg
SONY819401090035114N3542202E13939388+00900012489401090035113C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFH FEGFM PELFN GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDJCO heading 72.8 deg
SONY819401090035115N3542202E13939388+00900002589401090035114C3A CGECG cFFCN SHaFH FEGFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDJDE heading 76.9 deg
SONY819401090035116N3542202E13939388+00900002569401090035115C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFG FEGFN PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDJDO heading 78.0 deg
SONY819401090035117N3542202E13939388+00900002479401090035116C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFH FEGFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDJDO heading 81.1 deg
SONY819401090035118N3542202E13939388+00900002509401090035117C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFG FEGFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDJDE heading 82.3 deg
SONY819401090035119N3542203E13939388+00900002399401090035118C3A CGECH cFFCL SHaFF FEGFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDADO heading 77.2 deg
SONY819401090035120N3542203E13939388+00900002439401090035119C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFF FEGFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDADO heading 79.1 deg
SONY819401090035121N3542203E13939388+00900002619401090035120C3A CGECH cFFCK SHaFF FEGFM PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDADO heading 78.9 deg
SONY819401090035122N3542203E13939388+00900012539401090035121C3A CGECH cFFCL SHaFE FEGFN PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDADE heading 78.5 deg
SONY819401090035123N3542203E13939388+00900012449401090035122C3A CGECH cFFCL SHaFF FEGFM PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDADO heading 81.0 deg
SONY819401090035124N3542203E13939388+00900002609401090035123C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFF FEGFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDADE heading 80.6 deg
SONY819401090035125N3542202E13939388+00900032269401090035124C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFF FEGFK PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDFAO heading 81.5 deg
SONY819401090035126N3542202E13939388+00900002499401090035125C3A CGECI cFFCN SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDFAE heading 85.7 deg
SONY819401090035127N3542202E13939388+00900002589401090035126C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFE FEGFK PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDFAE heading 84.7 deg
SONY819401090035128N3542202E13939388+00900012359401090035127C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFE FEGFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDEAO heading 82.9 deg
SONY819401090035129N3542202E13939388+00900002449401090035128C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFE FEGFL PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDEAO heading 81.4 deg
SONY819401090035130N3542202E13939388+00900002289401090035129C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFF FEGFL PELFO GEgDD KFnAC ADoAB kDJCO heading 79.2 deg
SONY819401090035131N3542202E13939388+00900002699401090035130C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFN GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDJCO heading 77.4 deg
SONY819401090035132N3542202E13939388+00900002769401090035131C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFO GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDJCE heading 82.7 deg
SONY819401090035133N3542202E13939388+00900012479401090035132C3A CGECF cFFCL SHaFG FEGFK PELFO GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDJCO heading 81.1 deg
SONY819401090035134N3542202E13939388+00900002699401090035133C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgDB KFnAC ADoAC kDJCE heading 78.1 deg
SONY819401090035135N3542203E13939388+00900012589401090035134C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFE FEGFK PELFL GEgDC KFnAB ADoAC kDEEE heading 73.0 deg
SONY819401090035136N3542203E13939388+00900002719401090035135C3A CGECF cFFCL SHaFE FEGFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDHGO heading 71.8 deg
SONY819401090035137N3542204E13939388+00900002929401090035136C3A CGECF cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFL GEgDB KFnAD ADoAC kDAHE heading 71.9 deg
SONY819401090035138N3542204E13939388+00900002529401090035137C3A CGECF cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDBIE heading 67.6 deg
SONY819401090035139N3542204E13939389+00900002539401090035138C3A CGECF cFFCM SHaFG FEGFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDDAO heading 68.1 deg
SONY819401090035140N3542204E13939389+00900002439401090035139C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFG FEGFK PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADoAC kDECE heading 69.2 deg
SONY819401090035141N3542204E13939389+00900002569401090035140C3A CGECG cFFCL SHaFG FEGFJ PELFO GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDHFE heading 69.9 deg
SONY819401090035142N3542204E13939389+00900002459401090035141C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFO GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDJHO heading 73.7 deg
SONY819401090035143N3542205E13939389+00900002659401090035142C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFF FEGFJ PELFN GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDBJE heading 70.7 deg
SONY819401090035144N3542205E13939390+00900002539401090035143C3A CGECG cFFCN SHaFG FEGFK PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDDCE heading 68.3 deg
SONY819401090035145N3542205E13939390+00900002819401090035144C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFH FEGFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAC kDFEO heading 70.8 deg
SONY819401090035146N3542205E13939390+00900002549401090035145C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFG FEGFL PELFN GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDFFO heading 72.2 deg
SONY819401090035147N3542205E13939390+00900002769401090035146C3A CGECI cFFCM SHaFG FEGFL PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDGGO heading 72.6 deg
SONY819401090035148N3542205E13939390+00900002599401090035147C3A CGECH cFFCK SHaFF FEGFK PELFK GEgDC KFnAB ADoAC kDGHO heading 73.6 deg
SONY819401090035149N3542205E13939390+00900012419401090035148F3A CGEFH cFFCL SHaBF FEGFK PELFK GEgDB KFnAB ADoAC kDFIO heading 76.0 deg
SONY819401090035150N3542205E13939390+00900002399401090035149C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFE FEGFL PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDDIE heading 77.2 deg
SONY819401090035151N3542205E13939390+00900002759401090035150C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFF FEGFL PELFN GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDBJE heading 79.8 deg
SONY819401090035152N3542205E13939390+00900002569401090035151C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDAJO heading 78.5 deg
SONY819401090035153N3542204E13939390+00900002679401090035152C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFF FEGFJ PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDJIE heading 70.1 deg
SONY819401090035154N3542204E13939390+00900002339401090035153C3A CGECJ cFFCN SHaFH FEGFJ PELFL GEgDC KFnAC ADoAC kDHGE heading 55.0 deg
SONY819401090035155N3542204E13939390+00900002779401090035154C3A CGECJ cFFCN SHaFG FEGFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAC ADoAB kDGFE heading 47.6 deg
SONY819401090035156N3542204E13939390+00900002599401090035155C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFG FEGFK PELFN GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDGFE heading 47.0 deg
SONY819401090035157N3542204E13939390+00900002739401090035156C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDFEE heading 47.7 deg
SONY819401090035158N3542204E13939390+00900012559401090035157C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFG FEGFK PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDECO heading 45.0 deg
SONY819401090035159N3542204E13939390+00900002529401090035158C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgDB KFnAB ADoAB kDDBO heading 53.7 deg
SONY819401090035200N3542204E13939390+00900002559401090035159C3A CGECG cFFCO SHaFE FEGFL PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAB kDDAE heading 60.5 deg
SONY819401090035201N3542204E13939389+00900012409401090035200C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFF FEGFM PELFM GEgDD KFnAB ADoAC kDCJO heading 66.6 deg
SONY819401090035202N3542204E13939389+00900002389401090035201C3A CGECH cFFCL SHaFE FEGFL PELFM GEgDC KFnAB ADoAC kDBIE heading 62.9 deg
SONY819401090035203N3542204E13939389+00900002519401090035202C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFF FEGFL PELFM GEgAC KFnAC ADoAC kDBHE heading 56.9 deg
SONY819401090035204N3542204E13939389+00900002669401090035203C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFF FEGFK PELFM GEgAC KFnAB ADoAC kDBGO heading 40.1 deg
SONY819401090035205N3542204E13939389+00900012569401090035204C3A CGECI cFFCL SHaFF FEGFL PELFM GEgAC KFnAC ADoAC kDBFE heading 15.6 deg
SONY819401090035206N3542204E13939389+00900002689401090035205C3A CGECI cFFCK SHaFF FEGFM PELFM GEgAB KFnAC ADoAB kDBFE heading 13.2 deg
SONY819401090035207N3542204E13939389+00900002519401090035206C3A CGECH cFFCL SHaFE FEGFM PELFM GEgAB KFnAC ADoAB kDCIO heading 22.8 deg
SONY819401090035208N3542204E13939389+00900002569401090035207C3A CGECH cFFCM SHaFE FEGFN PELFM GEgAB KFnAC ADoAB kDCIE heading 31.3 deg
SONY819401090035209N3542204E13939389+00900012389401090035208C3A CGECG cFFCM SHaFE FEGFL PELFM GEgAC KFnAB ADoAB kDADO heading 37.4 deg
SONY819401090035210N3542203E13939389+00900002359401090035209C3A CGECH cFFCN SHaFE FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnAB ADoAB kDJBO heading 44.0 deg
SONY819401090035211N3542204E13939389+00900001369401090035210F3A CGEFH cFFCN SHaDD FEGFL PELFK GEgAB KFnAC ADoAC kDCIE heading 55.9 deg
SONY819401090035212N3542203E13939389+00900012389401090035211F3A CGEFH cFFCL SHaDD FEGFL PELFL GEgAC KFnAB ADoAB kDHFO heading 67.4 deg
SONY819401090035213N3542203E13939389+00900012529401090035212F3A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDD FEGFK PELFL GEgAC KFnAB ADoAB kDHGE heading 69.2 deg
SONY819401090035214N3542204E13939389+00900002449401090035213F3A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDC FEGFK PELFM GEgAC KFnAC ADoAB kDCIO heading 70.4 deg
SONY819401090035215N3542204E13939389+00900012469401090035214F3A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDC FEGFL PELFL GEgAB KFnAE ADoAB kDAGO heading 70.2 deg
SONY819401090035216N3542204E13939389+00900012469401090035215F3A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDD FEGFK PELFL GEgAB KFnBH ADoAC kDAGE heading 81.9 deg
SONY819401090035217N3542204E13939390+00900030639401090035216F3A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDD FEGFK PELFL GEgAB KFnBF ADoAB kDBBE heading 82.5 deg
SONY819401090035218N3542204E13939390+00900010629401090035217F3A CGEFH cFFCL SHaDC FEGFJ PELFL GEgAB KFnBF ADoAC kDDFO heading 84.1 deg
SONY819401090035219N3542204E13939390+00900002459401090035218F3A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDD FEGFK PELFK GEgAB KFnBF ADoAC kDEIO heading 84.7 deg
SONY819401090035220N3542204E13939390+00900002739401090035219F3A CGEFH cFFCK SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnBF ADoAC kDFIE heading 85.4 deg
SONY819401090035221N3542204E13939390+00900002679401090035220F3A CGEFH cFFCL SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnBG ADoAB kDGIE heading 92.0 deg
SONY819401090035222N3542204E13939390+00900002519401090035221F3A CGEFG cFFCM SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnBF ADoAB kDHJE heading 90.0 deg
SONY819401090035223N3542204E13939391+00900040899401090035222F3A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnBE ADoAB kDIGE heading 80.1 deg
SONY819401090035224N3542205E13939391+00910021929401090035223J4A CGEFG cFFCK SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAB KFnFF ADoAC kDAGO heading 78.9 deg
SONY819401090035225N3542205E13939391+00910002589401090035224J4A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDC FEGFJ PELFM GEgAC KFnFG ADoAC kDCHE heading 81.3 deg
SONY819401090035226N3542205E13939391+00910002579401090035225J4A CGEFF cFFCM SHaDD FEGFK PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADoAC kDEHE heading 82.3 deg
SONY819401090035227N3542205E13939391+00910002349401090035226J4A CGEFG cFFCN SHaDD FEGFK PELFJ GEgAC KFnFF ADoAB kDGHO heading 76.7 deg
SONY819401090035228N3542205E13939391+00910002249401090035227J4A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDD FEGFL PELFJ GEgAC KFnFF ADoAB kDHHE heading 72.3 deg
SONY819401090035229N3542205E13939391+00910002329401090035228J4A CGEFH cFFCM SHaCE FEGFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFF ADoAB kDIHO heading 75.8 deg
SONY819401090035230N3542205E13939391+00900012769401090035229J4A CGEFH cFFCM SHaDD FEGFL PELFJ GEgAB KFnFF ADoAC kDJGO heading 75.6 deg
SONY819401090035231N3542206E13939391+00890000549401090035230J4A CGEFH cFFCL SHaDE FEGFK PELFK GEgAC KFnFE ADoAB kDAHO heading 78.3 deg
SONY819401090035232N3542206E13939391+00880000629401090035231J4A CGEFH cFFCL SHaDD FEGFK PELFK GEgAC KFnFF ADoAB kDAIE heading 78.0 deg
SONY819401090035233N3542206E13939391+00880012559401090035232J4A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDD FEGFJ PELFJ GEgAB KFnFF ADoAB kDAHE heading 79.2 deg
SONY819401090035234N3542205E13939391+00870002199401090035233J4A CGEFF cFFCK SHaDD FEGFJ PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADoAB kDJHE heading 82.9 deg
SONY819401090035235N3542205E13939391+00880021739401090035234J4A CGEFE cFFCK SHaDD FEGFI PELFJ GEgAC KFnFH ADoAB kDJHO heading 82.8 deg
SONY819401090035236N3542205E13939391+00880012139401090035235J4A CGEFF cFFCK SHaDD FEGFI PELFK GEgAB KFnFH ADoAB kDIGE heading 81.0 deg
SONY819401090035237N3542205E13939391+00880002499401090035236J4A CGEFF cFFCL SHaCE FEGFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADoAB kDHFE heading 80.7 deg
SONY819401090035238N3542205E13939391+00880012649401090035237J4A CGEFF cFFCL SHaCE FEGFL PELFI GEgAC KFnFI ADoAB kDHEO heading 81.3 deg
SONY819401090035239N3542205E13939391+00890011169401090035238J4A CGEFF cFFCK SHaCE FEGFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADoAC kDGFE heading 81.9 deg
SONY819401090035240N3542205E13939391+00870082659401090035239J4A CGEFF cFFCL SHaCF FEGFL PELFK GEgAC KFnFH ADoAC kDGCO heading 82.5 deg
SONY819401090035241N3542205E13939391+00880012069401090035240J4A CGEFE cFFCL SHaCE FEGFK PELFJ GEgAB KGnFH ADoAC kDGCO heading 82.7 deg
SONY819401090035242N3542205E13939391+00880012679401090035241J4A CGEFF cFFCK SHaCE FEGFK PELFJ GEgAB KGnFI ADoAB kDFBE heading 84.4 deg
SONY819401090035243N3542205E13939391+00890002639401090035242J4A CGEFF cFFCK SHaCE FEGFL PELFJ GEgAB KGnFG ADoAC kDFAO heading 87.0 deg
SONY819401090035244N3542205E13939391+00890011879401090035243J4A CGEFG cFFCL SHaCD FEGFK PELFJ GEgAC KGnFH ADoAC kDFAO heading 88.4 deg
SONY819401090035245N3542205E13939390+00900012079401090035244J4A CGEFH cFFCL SHaCD FEGFK PELFI GEgAC KGnFG ADoAC kDFJO heading 88.4 deg
SONY819401090035246N3542205E13939390+00900002319401090035245J4A CGEFF cFFCM SHaBD FEGFK PELFI GEgAC KGnFG ADoAC kDFIE heading 85.0 deg
SONY819401090035247N3542205E13939390+00890002259401090035246J4A CGEFG cFFCL SHaDD FEGFL PELFJ GEgAB KGnFG ADoAC kDFGE heading 81.9 deg
SONY819401090035248N3542205E13939390+00880002529401090035247J4A CGEFF cFFCL SHaDE FEGFM PELFI GEgAB KGnFG ADoAC kDFEO heading 38.4 deg
SONY819401090035249N3542205E13939390+00880001909401090035248J4A CGEFE cFFCK SHaDE FEGFM PELFJ GEgAC KGnFG ADoBF kDECO heading 348.4 deg
SONY819401090035250N3542205E13939389+00870022829401090035249J4A CGEFD cFFCK SHaBD FEGFM PELFJ GEgAC KGnFG ADoBF kDEJE heading 338.6 deg
SONY819401090035251N3542205E13939389+00860002109401090035250J4A CGEFD cFFCK SHaDD FEGFM PELFI GEgAC KGnFG ADoBG kDEIE heading 330.1 deg
SONY819401090035252N3542205E13939389+00860001629401090035251J4A CGEFF cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFL PELFI GEgAB KGnFH ADoBG kDDHO heading 330.1 deg
SONY819401090035253N3542205E13939389+00870010309401090035252J4A CGEFG cFFCJ SHaDD FEGFL PELFI GEgAC KGnFH ADoBG kDDIO heading 326.6 deg
SONY819401090035254N3542205E13939389+00880012939401090035253J4A CGEFE cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFL PELFI GEgAB KGnFI ADoBG kDDHO heading 322.5 deg
SONY819401090035255N3542205E13939389+00880022879401090035254J4A CGEFD cFFCI SHaDC FEGFK PELFK GEgAB KGnFJ ADoBI kDEFE heading 317.5 deg
SONY819401090035256N3542205E13939389+00880002759401090035255J4A CGEFD cFFCI SHaDC FEGFL PELFJ GEgAC KGnFJ ADoBI kDEEO heading 316.5 deg
SONY819401090035257N3542205E13939389+00890012829401090035256J4A CGEFD cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFK PELFI GEgAB KGnFI ADoBI kDFEO heading 317.1 deg
SONY819401090035258N3542205E13939389+00910022249401090035257J4A CGEFF cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFK PELFJ GEgAC KGnFH ADoBI kDEDE heading 316.6 deg
SONY819401090035259N3542205E13939389+00910012059401090035258F4A CGECG cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFK PELFI GEgAB KGnFI ADoFI kDECE heading 312.8 deg
SONY819401090035300N3542205E13939389+00920012139401090035259F4A CGECI cFFCI SHaDC FEGFL PELFJ GEgAB KGnFH ADoFJ kDECO heading 315.0 deg
SONY819401090035301N3542205E13939389+00930002869401090035300F4A CGECH cFFCI SHaDE FEGFL PELFI GEgAD KGnFH ADoFI kDDCO heading 313.4 deg
SONY819401090035302N3542205E13939389+00930012399401090035301F4A CGECI cFFCI SHaDD FEGFJ PELFH GEgAC KGnFH ADoFH kDCBO heading 317.4 deg
SONY819401090035303N3542205E13939389+00940021849401090035302F4A CGECH cFFCH SHaDC FEGFJ PELFI GEgAB KGnFI ADoFH kDCBE heading 321.5 deg
SONY819401090035304N3542205E13939389+00930012109401090035303F4A CGECF cFFCI SHaDC FEGFJ PELFJ GEgAB KGnFJ ADoFJ kDB heading 316.7 deg
SONY819401090035305N3542205E13939389+00930011899401090035304G4A CGECE cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFK PELFK GEgAB KGnFJ ADoFK kDBBO heading 310.2 deg
SONY819401090035306N3542205E13939389+00930001849401090035305G4A CGECE cFFCJ SHaDC FEGFK PELFL GEgAB KGnFJ ADoFJ kDABE heading 313.2 deg
SONY819401090035307N3542205E13939389+00930011739401090035306G4A CGEBE cFFCI SHaDC FEGFK PELFJ GEgAB KGnFJ ADoFI kDAAO heading 315.9 deg
SONY819401090035308N3542205E13939389+00940012059401090035307G4A CGEBE cFFCI SHaDD FEGFJ PELFK GEgAC KGnFI ADoFJ kDAAE heading 317.4 deg
SONY819401090035309N3542205E13939389+00950012269401090035308G4A CGEBE cFFCJ SHaDD FEGFI PELFK GEgAC KGnFI ADoFK kDAAO heading 315.9 deg
SONY819401090035310N3542204E13939389+00950012029401090035309G4A CGECE cFFCJ SHaDD FEGFI PELFI GEgAC KGnFJ ADoFK kDJAE heading 316.2 deg
SONY819401090035311N3542204E13939389+00960012049401090035310G4A CGECF cFFCI SHaDC FEGFI PELFI GEgAC KGnFK ADoFK kDJBO heading 326.5 deg
SONY819401090035312N3542204E13939389+00960022009401090035311G4A CGECE cFFCG SHaDC FEGFI PELFJ GEgAC KGnFK ADoFK kDICE heading 325.6 deg
SONY819401090035313N3542204E13939389+00960012369401090035312G4A CGECE cFFCE SHaDC FEGFJ PELFK GEgAC KGnFJ ADoFK kDIDE heading 324.8 deg
SONY819401090035314N3542204E13939389+00960012749401090035313G4A CGECF cFFCE SHaDC FEGFI PELFJ GEgAC KGnFJ ADoFJ kDHDO heading 323.5 deg
SONY819401090035315N3542204E13939389+00950011819401090035314G4A CGECE cFFCF SHaDC FEGFI PELFJ GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDHEO heading 327.4 deg
SONY819401090035316N3542204E13939389+00940002229401090035315G4A CGECD cFFCG SHaDC FEGFH PELFI GEgAB KGmFK ADoFL kDHEO heading 325.9 deg
SONY819401090035317N3542204E13939389+00940021669401090035316G4A CGECD cFFCH SHaDC FEGFI PELFJ GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFL kDGFE heading 325.5 deg
SONY819401090035318N3542204E13939389+00950011909401090035317G4A CGECE cFFCH SHaDC FEGFI PELFI GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFL kDEHE heading 325.4 deg
SONY819401090035319N3542204E13939389+00960012429401090035318G4A CGEDF cFFCF SHaDB FEGFI PELFI GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFL kDDIO heading 335.0 deg
SONY819401090035320N3542204E13939390+00960012139401090035319G4A CGECE cFFCG SHaDC FEGFI PELFI GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFL kDCAE heading 33.0 deg
SONY819401090035321N3542204E13939390+00960002329401090035320G4A CGECE cFFCG SHaDC FEGFJ PELFI GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFL kDBCO heading 57.7 deg
SONY819401090035322N3542203E13939390+00970012219401090035321G4A CGECE cFFCG SHaDD FEGFJ PELFH GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFK kDJEO heading 30.0 deg
SONY819401090035323N3542203E13939390+00970021729401090035322G4A CGECF cFFCE SHaDC FEGFI PELFH GEgAC KGmFK ADoFK kDIGE heading 338.6 deg
SONY819401090035324N3542203E13939390+00970001609401090035323G4A CGECF cFFCE SHaDB FEGFJ PELFH GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDHIE heading 7.4 deg
SONY819401090035325N3542203E13939390+00970001989401090035324G4A CGECE cFFCG SHaDB FEGFI PELFH GEgAB KGmFK ADoFK kDGJE heading 13.5 deg
SONY819401090035326N3542203E13939391+00980012099401090035325G4A CGECE cFFCH SHaDB FEGFJ PELFI GEgAB KGmFK ADoFM kDFBE heading 13.0 deg
SONY819401090035327N3542203E13939391+00980002599401090035326G4A CGECD cFFCE SHaDB FEGFJ PELFH GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDECE heading 4.3 deg
SONY819401090035328N3542203E13939391+00990012279401090035327G4A CGEDD cFFDD SHaDC FEGFK PELFH GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFJ kDCDO heading 4.7 deg
SONY819401090035329N3542203E13939391+00990002339401090035328G4A CGEDD cFFDD SHaDC FEGFJ PELFH GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDAFE heading 6.4 deg
SONY819401090035330N3542202E13939391+00990012239401090035329G4A CGEDE cFFDD SHaDC FEGFJ PELFH GEgAB KGmFK ADoFK kDJGE heading 1.2 deg
SONY819401090035331N3542202E13939391+01000011749401090035330G4A CGEDD cFFCE SHaDB FEGFI PELFI GEgAB KGmFK ADoFK kDIHO heading 1.1 deg
SONY819401090035332N3542202E13939391+01000011799401090035331G4A CGEDD cFFCE SHaDB FEGFH PELFI GEgAB KGmFL ADoFK kDGJE heading 15.4 deg
SONY819401090035333N3542202E13939391+01010011939401090035332G4A CGEDD cFFCD SHaDC FEGFG PELFJ GEgAC KGmFL ADoFK kDFJO heading 16.5 deg
SONY819401090035334N3542202E13939391+01010012939401090035333G4A CGEDD cFFCD SHaDD FEGFI PELFI GEgAC KGmFK ADoFK kDFJO heading 29.8 deg
SONY819401090035335N3542202E13939391+01010012549401090035334G4A CGEDC cFFCC SHaDD FEGFJ PELFI GEgAB KGmFH ADoFJ kDGJO heading 46.6 deg
SONY819401090035336N3542202E13939391+01000021819401090035335G4A CGEDD cFFDE SHaDC FEGFJ PELFI GEgAC KGmFI ADoFK kDJGE heading 73.3 deg
SONY819401090035337N3542202E13939391+01000011949401090035336G4A CGEDD cFFCE SHaDB FEGFJ PELFH GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFJ kDJGO heading 92.7 deg
SONY819401090035338N3542202E13939391+00980012229401090035337G4A CGEDD cFFDF SHaDC FEGFJ PELFG GEgAC KGmFI ADoFJ kDIHO heading 87.1 deg
SONY819401090035339N3542202E13939391+00960011789401090035338G4A CGEBD cFFCE SHaDC FEGFJ PELFF GEgAC KGmFH ADoFJ kDJFE heading 25.9 deg
SONY819401090035340N3542203E13939391+00950003009401090035339G4A CGEDC cFFDE SHaDB FEGFJ PELFG GEgAD KGmFI ADoFL kDAEO heading 13.6 deg
SONY819401090035341N3542203E13939391+00940012089401090035340G4A CFFDC cFFDD SHaDC FEGFJ PELFG GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFL kDADE heading 59.4 deg
SONY819401090035342N3542203E13939391+00930022069401090035341G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaDC FEGFJ PELFF GEgAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDACO heading 48.2 deg
SONY819401090035343N3542203E13939391+00920002939401090035342G4A CFFDD cFFDD SHaDD FEGFH PELFF GEgAC KGmFJ ADoFK kDBBE heading 83.5 deg
SONY819401090035344N3542203E13939391+00910012419401090035343G4A CFFDD cFFDD SHaDC FEGFI PELFG GEgAC KGmFI ADoFK kDBAE heading 104.9 deg
SONY819401090035345N3542203E13939391+00910012429401090035344G4A CFFDD cFFDC SHaDC FEGFJ PELFG GEhAB KGmFI ADoFK kDBAO heading 117.9 deg
SONY819401090035346N3542203E13939391+00910012189401090035345G4A CFFDD cFFDE SHaDC FEGFJ PELFG GEhAB KGmFI ADoFJ kDCAE heading 123.6 deg
SONY819401090035347N3542203E13939391+00910012329401090035346G4A CFFCC cFFDD SHaDC FEGFI PELFF GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDBAE heading 125.8 deg
SONY819401090035348N3542203E13939391+00920012309401090035347G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaDB FEGFI PELFE GEhAB KGmFI ADoFJ kDBAO heading 126.3 deg
SONY819401090035349N3542203E13939391+00930021589401090035348G4A CFFDD cFFDC SHaDC FEGFI PELFF GEhAB KGmFH ADoFJ kDBBO heading 122.6 deg
SONY819401090035350N3542203E13939391+00940011589401090035349G4A CFFDD cFFDB SHaDB FEGFJ PELFG GEhAB KGmFI ADoFI kDABO heading 107.1 deg
SONY819401090035351N3542203E13939391+00950012259401090035350G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaDC FEGFH PELFH GEhAB KGmFI ADoFJ kDABO heading 106.8 deg
SONY819401090035352N3542203E13939390+00920012959401090035351F3A CFFDC cFFDB SHaDC FEGFH PELBG GEhAB KGmFH ADoFJ kDCIE heading 110.2 deg
SONY819401090035353N3542203E13939390+00940032179401090035352G4A CFFDC cFFDD SHaDC FEGFG PELFF GEhAB KGmFF ADoFK kDCIO heading 103.8 deg
SONY819401090035354N3542203E13939390+00950012809401090035353G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaDB FEGFG PELFF GEhAB KGmFF ADoFJ kDCIO heading 73.3 deg
SONY819401090035355N3542203E13939390+00960012579401090035354G4A CFFDC cFFDD SHaDB FEGFH PELFE GEhAC KGmFF ADoFJ kDCIE heading 62.7 deg
SONY819401090035356N3542203E13939390+00920013079401090035355F3A CFFDB cFFDC SHaDB FEGFG PELBE GEhAC KGmFG ADoFJ kDGEE heading 53.2 deg
SONY819401090035357N3542203E13939390+00970012039401090035356G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAB FEGFI PELFE GEhAC KGmFG ADoFJ kDFEO heading 60.6 deg
SONY819401090035358N3542203E13939390+00980012859401090035357G4A CFFDB cFFDC SHaAB FEGFI PELFG GEhAB KGmFG ADoFJ kDGEO heading 66.0 deg
SONY819401090035359N3542203E13939390+01000011979401090035358G4A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGFH PELFF GEhAB KGmFF ADoFJ kDFFE heading 86.3 deg
SONY819401090035400N3542203E13939390+01020002559401090035359G4A CFFDD cFFDC SHaAC FEGFE PELFG GEhAC KGmFF ADoFJ kDFFE heading 83.1 deg
SONY819401090035401N3542203E13939390+01040011689401090035400H4A CFFCE cFFFE SHaAC FEGDF PELFG GEhAC KGmFE ADoFJ kDDGE heading 77.3 deg
SONY819401090035402N3542203E13939390+01050011689401090035401G4A CFFBD cFFCE SHaAB FEGFG PELFF GEhAC KGmFF ADoFK kDBHO heading 74.0 deg
SONY819401090035403N3542203E13939390+01070032339401090035402G4A CFFDD cFFCE SHaAB FEGFF PELFF GEhAC KGmFG ADoFJ kDBGE heading 73.3 deg
SONY819401090035404N3542203E13939390+01080012759401090035403G4A CFFDC cFFCE SHaAB FEGFF PELFF GEhAC KGmFF ADoFK kDBFO heading 36.6 deg
SONY819401090035405N3542203E13939390+01090003049401090035404H4A CFFDC cFFFE SHaAB FEGDE PELFH GEhAB KGmFG ADoFK kDAEO heading 21.7 deg
SONY819401090035406N3542202E13939390+01110011729401090035405H4A CFFDB cFFFE SHaAB FEGDE PELFH GEhAC KGmFH ADoFK kDJEO heading 10.1 deg
SONY819401090035407N3542202E13939390+01110012249401090035406G4A CFFDD cFFCF SHaAB FEGFF PELFF GEhAB KGmFH ADoFK kDJCE heading 11.1 deg
SONY819401090035408N3542202E13939390+01130021769401090035407H4A CFFDC cFFFG SHaAB FEGBD PELFG GEhAB KGmFG ADoFK kDHBE heading 11.8 deg
SONY819401090035409N3542202E13939390+01140021739401090035408H4A CFFDC cFFFE SHaAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFF ADoFJ kDGBE heading 8.4 deg
SONY819401090035410N3542202E13939390+01160012139401090035409H4A CFFDD cFFFE SHaAB FEGDD PELFF GEhAC KGmFF ADoFK kDEAO heading 8.2 deg
SONY819401090035411N3542202E13939390+01170012179401090035410H4A CFFDD cFFFF SHaAB FEGDD PELFF GEhAB KGmFG ADoFK kDDAO heading 8.0 deg
SONY819401090035412N3542202E13939390+01180011019401090035411G4A CFFDC cFFCE SHaAB FEGFE PELFF GEhAB KGmFH ADoFK kDCBE heading 13.1 deg
SONY819401090035413N3542202E13939390+01180012699401090035412G4A CFFDC cFFDD SHaAC FEGFG PELFG GEhAC KGmFG ADoFI kDBBE heading 10.9 deg
SONY819401090035414N3542202E13939390+01060010139401090035413E3A CFFDC cFFDE SHaAB FEGDD PELFG GEhAB KGmFG ADoFJ kDCBO heading 12.7 deg
SONY819401090035415N3542202E13939390+01140003129401090035414E3A CFFDB cFFDE SHaAB FEGDD PELFG GEhAB KGmFG ADoFJ kDBBO heading 12.5 deg
SONY819401090035416N3542202E13939390+01140063389401090035415H4A CFFDC cFFFE SHaAB FEGDD PELFG GEhAB KGmFH ADoFJ kDEBE heading 15.1 deg
SONY819401090035417N3542202E13939390+01140003139401090035416H4A CFFDC cFFFE SHaAB FEGDC PELFH GEhAC KGmFH ADoFJ kDEBE heading 152.8 deg
SONY819401090035418N3542202E13939390+01140003099401090035417E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDD PELFH GEhAC KGmFG ADoFI kDEBO heading 171.7 deg
SONY819401090035419N3542202E13939390+01140013349401090035418E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAB FEGDF PELFF GEhAB KGmFG ADoFH kDEBO heading 169.2 deg
SONY819401090035420N3542202E13939389+01140002749401090035419E3A CFFDB cFFDD SHaAB FEGDE PELFF GEhAC KGmFH ADoFI kDAHE heading 169.1 deg
SONY819401090035421N3542201E13939389+01140003249401090035420E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFH ADoFJ kDIHO heading 173.4 deg
SONY819401090035422N3542201E13939389+01140003099401090035421E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFH ADoFJ kDGGO heading 171.5 deg
SONY819401090035423N3542201E13939389+01140013209401090035422E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAB KGmFG ADoFJ kDDGE heading 173.5 deg
SONY819401090035424N3542201E13939389+01140013319401090035423E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAB FEGDC PELFF GEhAB KGmFH ADoFK kDCGO heading 177.2 deg
SONY819401090035425N3542200E13939389+01140013409401090035424E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDB PELFG GEhAB KGmFH ADoFK kDJGE heading 176.8 deg
SONY819401090035426N3542200E13939389+01140013279401090035425E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFH ADoFI kDHGO heading 175.6 deg
SONY819401090035427N3542200E13939389+01140033339401090035426E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAB FEGDC PELFH GEhAC KGmFI ADoFJ kDGGO heading 174.2 deg
SONY819401090035428N3542200E13939389+01140003019401090035427E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHaAB FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFH ADoFJ kDDGE heading 177.3 deg
SONY819401090035429N3542200E13939389+01140003189401090035428E3A CFFDB cFFDB SHaAB FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFI ADoFK kDBGE heading 178.2 deg
SONY819401090035430N3542199E13939389+01140003339401090035429E3A CFFDD cFFDB SHaAB FEGDE PELFI GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFL kDIHE heading 180.0 deg
SONY819401090035431N3542199E13939389+01130031639401090035430G4A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAC FEGFE PELFH GEhAC KGmFI ADoFL kDJGE heading 166.9 deg
SONY819401090035432N3542199E13939389+01140003359401090035431E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFF GEhAB KGmFI ADoFL kDHHE heading 164.3 deg
SONY819401090035433N3542199E13939389+01140013439401090035432E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFF GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFL kDGIO heading 162.4 deg
SONY819401090035434N3542199E13939389+01140013319401090035433E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDD PELFF GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDFIO heading 159.9 deg
SONY819401090035435N3542199E13939389+01140013349401090035434E3A CFFDB cFFDD SHAAC FEGDC PELFF GEhAC KGmFJ ADoFK kDFJE heading 157.8 deg
SONY819401090035436N3542199E13939389+01140003309401090035435E3A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFJ ADoFK kDEJO heading 157.3 deg
SONY819401090035437N3542199E13939390+01140002669401090035436E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFK kDEAE heading 156.9 deg
SONY819401090035438N3542199E13939390+01140013119401090035437E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDB PELFF GEhAB KGmFI ADoFK kDEAE heading 166.6 deg
SONY819401090035439N3542199E13939389+01140003189401090035438E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFE GEhAB KGmFJ ADoFL kDFIO heading 167.1 deg
SONY819401090035440N3542199E13939390+01140031639401090035439E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhAC KGmFI ADoFK kDBCO heading 173.8 deg
SONY819401090035441N3542199E13939390+01140002569401090035440E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhAB KGmFH ADoFK kDCDE heading 184.7 deg
SONY819401090035442N3542199E13939389+01140002859401090035441E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFG GEhAC KGmFJ ADoFL kDFIE heading 189.7 deg
SONY819401090035443N3542199E13939390+01140003109401090035442E3A CFFDB cFFDB SHAAC FEGDE PELFE GEhAE KGmFL ADoFM kDFEO heading 185.8 deg
SONY819401090035444N3542199E13939390+01140013409401090035443E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDE PELFF GEhBI KGmFL ADoFM kDHEE heading 187.6 deg
SONY819401090035445N3542199E13939390+01140011899401090035444G4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGFE PELFG GEhBG KGmFK ADoFL kDHGO heading 189.6 deg
SONY819401090035446N3542199E13939390+01150012329401090035445G4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGFF PELFG GEhBE KGmFK ADoFL kDHIE heading 182.4 deg
SONY819401090035447N3542199E13939391+01150022719401090035446G4A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAB FEGFE PELFH GEhBF KGmFJ ADoFK kDHAO heading 177.3 deg
SONY819401090035448N3542199E13939391+01150022199401090035447G4A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAB FEGFE PELFF GEhBH KGmFI ADoFM kDGCO heading 176.6 deg
SONY819401090035449N3542199E13939391+01140013349401090035448E3A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELFG GEhBG KGmFJ ADoFM kDGEO heading 183.9 deg
SONY819401090035450N3542199E13939391+01140013349401090035449E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDD PELFG GEhBG KGmFK ADoFL kDHFE heading 185.5 deg
SONY819401090035451N3542199E13939391+01140013189401090035450E3A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDE PELFG GEhBH KGmFK ADoFM kDIGE heading 185.0 deg
SONY819401090035452N3542199E13939391+01140013289401090035451E3A CFFDC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDE PELFG GEhBI KGmFK ADoFM kDJHE heading 183.0 deg
SONY819401090035453N3542200E13939391+01140011749401090035452F4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGFD PELCF GEhFH KGmFM ADoFM kDBFO heading 182.0 deg
SONY819401090035454N3542200E13939391+01130002589401090035453F4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAC FEGFE PELCF GEhFH KGmFL ADoFM kDEDE heading 183.5 deg
SONY819401090035455N3542200E13939391+01120021779401090035454F4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGFE PELCG GEhFG KGmFK ADoFL kDGBE heading 185.0 deg
SONY819401090035456N3542200E13939391+01120041759401090035455F4A CFFDB cFFDB SHAAB FEGBE PELFG GEhFI KGmFK ADoFL kDHBO heading 184.6 deg
SONY819401090035457N3542200E13939391+01110021729401090035456F4A CFFDB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDE PELFH GEhFI KGmFJ ADoFK kDJBE heading 186.0 deg
SONY819401090035458N3542201E13939391+01110021789401090035457F4A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDD PELFI GEhFG KGmFK ADoFL kDBAO heading 188.9 deg
SONY819401090035459N3542201E13939391+01110041889401090035458F4A CFFDC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFG GEhFH KGmFL ADoFN kDCAE heading 195.4 deg
SONY819401090035500N3542201E13939391+01120001809401090035459Q3A CFFDC cFFDB SHAAC FEGDC PELBF GEhFH KGmFM ADoFN kDBAO heading 195.2 deg
SONY819401090035501N3542201E13939391+01110021859401090035500F4A CFFDB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhFI KGmFM ADoFN kDEAE heading 194.3 deg
SONY819401090035502N3542201E13939390+01100011589401090035501F4A CFFDB cFFDE SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhFH KGmFN ADoFM kDGJO heading 195.9 deg
SONY819401090035503N3542201E13939390+01090021929401090035502F4A CFFAB cFFDE SHAAB FEGDD PELFG GEhFH KGmFN ADoFN kDIJE heading 196.2 deg
SONY819401090035504N3542201E13939390+01080011679401090035503F4A CFFAB cFFFE SHAAB FEGDC PELCG GEhFG KGmFM ADoFM kDJGO heading 196.5 deg
SONY819401090035505N3542202E13939390+01080041509401090035504F4A CFFAB cFFFE SHAAB FEGDC PELCF GEhFG KGmFL ADoFM kDAEE heading 189.2 deg
SONY819401090035506N3542202E13939390+01060033459401090035505F4A CFFAC cFFFE SHAAB FEGDC PELCG GEhFG KGmFL ADoFN kDBBE heading 181.3 deg
SONY819401090035507N3542202E13939390+01040002289401090035506F4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAAB FEGDC PELFG GEhFG KGmFL ADoFL kDDBO heading 172.7 deg
SONY819401090035508N3542202E13939390+01040011729401090035507F4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAAB FEGDC PELFF GEhFH KGmFM ADoFM kDFAO heading 138.7 deg
SONY819401090035509N3542202E13939390+01030011819401090035508F4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFG GEhFI KGmFM ADoFM kDGAO heading 104.2 deg
SONY819401090035510N3542202E13939390+01030011539401090035509F4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDD PELFG GEhFJ KGmFJ ADoFM kDIAE heading 119.4 deg
SONY819401090035511N3542202E13939390+01030021579401090035510F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDD PELFG GEhFI KGmFK ADoFM kDJAE heading 206.9 deg
SONY819401090035512N3542203E13939390+01030011949401090035511F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFG GEhFJ KGmFL ADoFN kDBAE heading 213.5 deg
SONY819401090035513N3542203E13939390+01030021809401090035512F4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDB PELFF GEhFJ KGmFK ADoFO kDCAO heading 197.4 deg
SONY819401090035514N3542203E13939390+01020011639401090035513F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELFE GEhFJ KGmFL ADoFO kDEAE heading 180.0 deg
SONY819401090035515N3542203E13939389+01010012319401090035514F4A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAC FEGDC PELFD GEhFK KGmFM ADoFO kDFJO heading 210.4 deg
SONY819401090035516N3542203E13939389+01020001809401090035515Q3A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELBF GEhFJ KGmFM ADoFN kDFIO heading 218.2 deg
SONY819401090035517N3542203E13939389+01010011809401090035516F4A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELFE GEhFI KGmFN ADoFN kDHJO heading 219.3 deg
SONY819401090035518N3542203E13939389+01000022169401090035517F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFC GEhFJ KGmFN ADoFO kDIIO heading 211.8 deg
SONY819401090035519N3542203E13939389+00990021999401090035518F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFD GEhFI KGmFM ADoFN kDJIO heading 213.8 deg
SONY819401090035520N3542203E13939389+00980032039401090035519F4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELFD GEhFH KGmFN ADoFM kDJHE heading 213.9 deg
SONY819401090035521N3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035520Q3A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDD GEhFH KGmFM ADoFM kDHGO heading 217.0 deg
SONY819401090035522N3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035521Q3A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDD GEhFJ KGmFK ADoFN kDHGE heading 210.5 deg
SONY819401090035523N3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035522Q3A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDB PELDD GEhFL KGmFL ADoFN kDHGE heading 213.6 deg
SONY819401090035524N3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035523Q3A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELDD GEhFK KGmFM ADoFO kDHGE heading 215.2 deg
SONY819401090035525N3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524Q3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDB GEhFK KGmFN ADoFO kDHGE heading 217.9 deg
SONY819401090035526n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFK KGmFM ADoFN kDHGE heading 220.7 deg
SONY819401090035527n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFJ KGmFM ADoFP kDHGE heading 220.3 deg
SONY819401090035528n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFJ KGmFM ADoFP kDHGO heading 216.6 deg
SONY819401090035529n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELDD GEhFK KGmFN ADoFP kDHGE heading 217.6 deg
SONY819401090035530n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELDD GEhFK KGmFN ADoFP kDHGE heading 218.6 deg
SONY819401090035531n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDD PELDC GEhFL KGmFM ADoFP kDHGE heading 223.9 deg
SONY819401090035532n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDE PELDC GEhFK KGmFM ADoFO kDHGE heading 225.1 deg
SONY819401090035533n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELDB GEhFL KGmFK ADoFN kDHGE heading 228.8 deg
SONY819401090035534n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFN kDHGO heading 229.8 deg
SONY819401090035535n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAC FEGDC PELDD GEhFK KGmFJ ADoFN kDHGE heading 233.1 deg
SONY819401090035536n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAB FEGDB PELDC GEhFL KGmFK ADoFM kDHGO heading 232.4 deg
SONY819401090035537n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAC FEGDD PELDC GEhFM KGmFK ADoFM kDHGO heading 228.6 deg
SONY819401090035538n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAC FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFK ADoFM kDHGE heading 230.3 deg
SONY819401090035539n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAB FEGDB PELDC GEhFM KGmFK ADoFM kDHGO heading 231.4 deg
SONY819401090035540n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDC SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFK ADoFO kDHGO heading 230.4 deg
SONY819401090035541n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDB SHAAC FEGDC PELDB GEhFM KGmFL ADoFN kDHGO heading 232.2 deg
SONY819401090035542n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHAAB FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFL ADoFN kDHGO heading 238.0 deg
SONY819401090035543n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHAAC FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFM kDHGE heading 235.8 deg
SONY819401090035544n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHABD FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFM kDHGE heading 234.0 deg
SONY819401090035545n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHABE FEGDC PELDB GEhFL KGmFI ADoFN kDHGE heading 232.0 deg
SONY819401090035546n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADD FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFN kDHGO heading 232.7 deg
SONY819401090035547n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHADC FEGDB PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFM kDHGO heading 235.8 deg
SONY819401090035548n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADC FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFM kDHGO heading 238.1 deg
SONY819401090035549n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDB SHADD FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFK ADoFN kDHGE heading 238.7 deg
SONY819401090035550n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADD FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFL ADoFN kDHGO heading 239.2 deg
SONY819401090035551n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADC FEGDC PELDD GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFN kDHGO heading 234.2 deg
SONY819401090035552n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADC FEGDB PELDD GEhFL KGmFI ADoFN kDHGO heading 232.7 deg
SONY819401090035553n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADB FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFI ADoFM kDHGE heading 226.3 deg
SONY819401090035554n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524M3A CFFAA cFFDC SHADB FEGDD PELDC GEhFK KGmFI ADoFL kDHGO heading 231.0 deg
SONY819401090035555n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDC SHADC FEGDD PELDC GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGO heading 229.6 deg
SONY819401090035556n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAB cFFDD SHADC FEGDD PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFM kDHGE heading 234.9 deg
SONY819401090035557n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADB FEGDB PELDB GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGO heading 230.3 deg
SONY819401090035558n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADB FEGDB PELDB GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGE heading 234.5 deg
SONY819401090035559n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADC FEGDB PELDB GEhFK KGmFI ADoFM kDHGO heading 231.6 deg
SONY819401090035600n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDC SHADD FEGDB PELDC GEhFL KGmFH ADoFN kDHGE heading 247.6 deg
SONY819401090035601n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADD FEGDC PELDB GEhFM KGmFI ADoFM kDHGO heading 244.7 deg
SONY819401090035602n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAB cFFDC SHADD FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFH ADoFM kDHGE heading 238.6 deg
SONY819401090035603n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDC SHADD FEGDC PELDD GEhFN KGmFI ADoFL kDHGE heading 243.2 deg
SONY819401090035604n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADC FEGDC PELDE GEhFN KGmFH ADoFL kDHGO heading 241.2 deg
SONY819401090035605n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADC FEGDB PELDC GEhFM KGmFI ADoFM kDHGE heading 240.3 deg
SONY819401090035606n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFDB SHADC FEGDC PELDD GEhFM KGmFI ADoFK kDHGO heading 233.8 deg
SONY819401090035607n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAB cFFDB SHADC FEGDB PELDD GEhFO KGmFH ADoFJ kDHGE heading 231.0 deg
SONY819401090035608n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFAB SHADC FEGDB PELDC GEhFO KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGE heading 224.6 deg
SONY819401090035609n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFAC SHADC FEGDD PELDC GEhFL KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGO heading 222.7 deg
SONY819401090035610n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFAB SHADC FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFH ADoFK kDHGE heading 227.2 deg
SONY819401090035611n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFAC SHADC FEGDC PELDB GEhFM KGmFI ADoFJ kDHGE heading 242.0 deg
SONY819401090035612n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAB cFFAC SHADC FEGDE PELDC GEhFN KGmFI ADoFK kDHGO heading 245.8 deg
SONY819401090035613n3542203E13939389+00990001809401090035524L3A CFFAC cFFAB SHADD FEGDE PELDD GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFL kDHGO heading 249.0 deg
SONY819401090035614N3542204E13939388+00980002159401090035613G4A CFFAC cFFAB SHADD FEGDC PELFD GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFL kDBGE heading 254.4 deg
SONY819401090035615N3542204E13939388+00970001639401090035614G4A CFFAB cFFAB SHADD FEGDB PELFE GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFM kDAGE heading 241.5 deg
SONY819401090035616N3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035615Q3A CFFAC cFFAB SHADD FEGDC PELBC GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFM kDAGO heading 243.2 deg
SONY819401090035617N3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035616Q3A CFFAC cFFAB SHADC FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFK ADoFL kDAGE heading 243.6 deg
SONY819401090035618N3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035617Q3A CFFAB cFFAC SHADD FEGDC PELDB GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFK kDAGE heading 256.6 deg
SONY819401090035619N3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035618Q3A CFFAB cFFAC SHADD FEGDC PELDB GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFJ kDAGO heading 255.4 deg
SONY819401090035620N3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619Q3A CFFAB cFFAC SHADC FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFH ADoFJ kDAGO heading 264.5 deg
SONY819401090035621n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFAB SHADF FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFJ ADoFI kDAGO heading 264.0 deg
SONY819401090035622n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFAB SHABG FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFM ADoFJ kDAGE heading 271.2 deg
SONY819401090035623n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFAB SHABE FEGDC PELDD GEhFN KGmFL ADoFK kDAGO heading 270.0 deg
SONY819401090035624n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFAC SHABE FEGDC PELDE GEhFM KGmFJ ADoFK kDAGE heading 272.4 deg
SONY819401090035625n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFAC SHABF FEGDC PELDD GEhFO KGmFJ ADoFK kDAGE heading 273.8 deg
SONY819401090035626n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFDE SHADE FEGDD PELDC GEhFP KGmFI ADoFL kDAGO heading 274.3 deg
SONY819401090035627n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFBE SHABE FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFH ADoFM kDAGE heading 300.3 deg
SONY819401090035628n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFBD SHADD FEGDD PELDB GEhFO KGmFG ADoFL kDAGO heading 292.5 deg
SONY819401090035629n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFBD SHADE FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFJ ADoFK kDAGO heading 302.3 deg
SONY819401090035630n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFDC SHABE FEGDD PELDC GEhFP KGmFI ADoFJ kDAGE heading 316.9 deg
SONY819401090035631n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFBD SHABD FEGDC PELDD GEhFP KGmFI ADoFJ kDAGE heading 59.2 deg
SONY819401090035632n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFDD SHADC FEGDC PELDD GEhFO KGmFI ADoFJ kDAGE heading 309.3 deg
SONY819401090035633n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFBE SHADC FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFK ADoFK kDAGO heading 316.9 deg
SONY819401090035634n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFBD SHADE FEGDE PELDC GEhFO KGmFL ADoFJ kDAGO heading 29.0 deg
SONY819401090035635n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFBE SHABD FEGDD PELDD GEhFN KGmFM ADoFJ kDAGE heading 311.3 deg
SONY819401090035636n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAC cFFDE SHABD FEGDC PELDD GEhFM KGmFM ADoFJ kDAGE heading 280.2 deg
SONY819401090035637n3542204E13939388+00980001809401090035619L3A CFFAB cFFDE SHABE FEGDC PELDD GEhFM KGmFO ADoFJ kDAGO heading 273.6 deg
SONY819401090035638N3542201E13939386+00770032199401090035637G4A CFFAC cFFDE SHABE FEGDC PELFE GEhFN KGmFM ADoFJ kDIJE heading 268.2 deg
SONY819401090035639N3542201E13939386+00770022029401090035638G4A CFFAC cFFDE SHABE FEGDC PELFD GEhFN KGmFM ADoFJ kDGJE heading 267.7 deg
SONY819401090035640N3542201E13939386+00780001809401090035639Q3A CFFAB cFFBE SHABE FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFM ADoFI kDFIO heading 251.3 deg
SONY819401090035641N3542201E13939387+00760001309401090035640H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFE FEGDC PELDE GEhFM KGmFM ADoFJ kDJGE heading 256.3 deg
SONY819401090035642N3542202E13939388+00740030619401090035641H4A CFFAB cFFDE SHAFD FEGDD PELDD GEhFO KGmFL ADoFJ kDBCE heading 270.4 deg
SONY819401090035643N3542202E13939388+00730011819401090035642H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFF FEGDC PELDD GEhFO KGmFM ADoFJ kDCGE heading 273.3 deg
SONY819401090035644N3542202E13939388+00730011359401090035643H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFM ADoFI kDDJE heading 264.0 deg
SONY819401090035645N3542202E13939389+00730001239401090035644H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFF FEGDD PELDC GEhFN KGmFL ADoFJ kDECE heading 262.5 deg
SONY819401090035646N3542202E13939389+00730011539401090035645H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDE PELDC GEhFO KGmFL ADoFJ kDFEE heading 261.8 deg
SONY819401090035647N3542202E13939389+00740022119401090035646F4A CFFAB cFFDE SHAFE FEGBE PELFD GEhFO KGmFL ADoCI kDGDO heading 252.7 deg
SONY819401090035648N3542202E13939389+00760011929401090035647F4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFF FEGBD PELFE GEhFP KGmFK ADoCJ kDICO heading 254.6 deg
SONY819401090035649N3542202E13939389+00770021399401090035648F4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFF FEGBD PELFE GEhFQ KGmFK ADoCJ kDJBO heading 247.2 deg
SONY819401090035650N3542203E13939389+00760001519401090035649H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFE FEGBE PELDD GEhFP KGmFJ ADoFJ kDACE heading 255.3 deg
SONY819401090035651N3542203E13939389+00750001719401090035650H4A CFFAC cFFDE SHAFD FEGBF PELDC GEhFO KGmFK ADoFJ kDCCE heading 255.9 deg
SONY819401090035652N3542203E13939389+00740022119401090035651H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFF FEGBF PELDC GEhFO KGmFM ADoFK kDDDE heading 271.4 deg
SONY819401090035653N3542203E13939389+00730021039401090035652H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFF FEGDD PELDC GEhFN KGmFN ADoFJ kDEGE heading 271.7 deg
SONY819401090035654N3542203E13939389+00720021419401090035653H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFN ADoFJ kDFHE heading 272.2 deg
SONY819401090035655N3542203E13939389+00710012079401090035654H4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFL KGmFO ADoFL kDGIE heading 268.7 deg
SONY819401090035656N3542203E13939389+00700011419401090035655H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFO ADoFK kDHIO heading 271.1 deg
SONY819401090035657N3542203E13939389+00690011809401090035656H4A CFFAC cFFBE SHAFE FEGDD PELDB GEhFN KGmFN ADoFK kDJJO heading 287.1 deg
SONY819401090035658N3542204E13939389+00680011879401090035657H4A CFFAD cFFBE SHAFE FEGDD PELDB GEhFM KGmFN ADoFK kDAJO heading 301.3 deg
SONY819401090035659N3542204E13939389+00670011779401090035658H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFE FEGDD PELDC GEhFM KGmFM ADoFK kDCJO heading 90.0 deg
SONY819401090035700N3542204E13939389+00650021639401090035659H4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDD PELDD GEhFN KGmFM ADoFL kDDJE heading 72.2 deg
SONY819401090035701N3542204E13939390+00640012209401090035700H4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFE FEGDD PELBE GEhFN KGmFN ADoFK kDEAE heading 23.8 deg
SONY819401090035702N3542204E13939390+00650001809401090035701Q3A CFFAC cFFDC SHADE FEGDC PELDD GEhFM KGmFN ADoFK kDEAO heading 4.3 deg
SONY819401090035703N3542204E13939389+00660021909401090035702H4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFM KGmFN ADoFJ kDDJE heading 26.1 deg
SONY819401090035704N3542204E13939389+00660011869401090035703H4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAFE FEGDD PELDC GEhFN KGmFO ADoFK kDEJO heading 31.7 deg
SONY819401090035705N3542204E13939389+00670001809401090035704Q3A CFFAC cFFDC SHADE FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFO ADoFK kDDJE heading 34.1 deg
SONY819401090035706N3542204E13939390+00660011909401090035705H4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAFD FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFP ADoFL kDEBO heading 38.3 deg
SONY819401090035707N3542204E13939390+00650021929401090035706H4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAFE FEGDD PELDC GEhFP KGmFO ADoFK kDGDO heading 44.1 deg
SONY819401090035708N3542204E13939390+00640011959401090035707H4A CFFAC cFFDB SHAFF FEGDB PELDB GEhFO KGmFN ADoFL kDGFE heading 41.1 deg
SONY819401090035709N3542204E13939390+00630011519401090035708H4A CFFAC cFFDC SHAFF FEGDB PELDB GEhFN KGmFN ADoFL kDHHE heading 33.4 deg
SONY819401090035710N3542204E13939390+00630021819401090035709H4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAFE FEGDB PELDB GEhFN KGmFN ADoFK kDIJO heading 22.4 deg
SONY819401090035711N3542204E13939391+00620011589401090035710H4A CFFAB cFFDB SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFO ADoFJ kDJAE heading 18.8 deg
SONY819401090035712N3542204E13939391+00620011789401090035711H4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFP ADoFI kDJBO heading 14.9 deg
SONY819401090035713N3542205E13939391+00620012489401090035712G4A CFFAB cFFDC SHAFE FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFN ADoFJ kDACO heading 15.6 deg
SONY819401090035714N3542205E13939391+00630012509401090035713G4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFF FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL ADoFJ kDACE heading 347.7 deg
SONY819401090035715N3542205E13939391+00630001809401090035714Q3A CFFAC cFFDD SHADE FEGDC PELDB GEhFP KGmFM ADoFI kDACE heading 340.1 deg
SONY819401090035716N3542205E13939391+00630011379401090035715G4A CFFAB cFFBD SHAFE FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL ADoFH kDAGE heading 338.3 deg
SONY819401090035717N3542205E13939391+00640022009401090035716G4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDB PELDB GEhFO KGmFM ADoFI kDAHO heading 354.0 deg
SONY819401090035718N3542205E13939391+00650012239401090035717G4A CFFAC cFFDD SHAFE FEGDB PELDC GEhFN KGmFN ADoFJ kDAIE heading 50.7 deg
SONY819401090035719N3542205E13939391+00650002619401090035718G4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFM ADoFJ kDAIO heading 58.7 deg
SONY819401090035720N3542204E13939392+00670041519401090035719G4A CFFAC cFFBF SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFM ADoFH kDJAO heading 56.6 deg
SONY819401090035721N3542204E13939392+00690031949401090035720G4A CFFAB cFFDE SHAFD FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL ADoFI kDJAO heading 51.5 deg
SONY819401090035722N3542204E13939392+00690021319401090035721G4A CFFAB cFFDD SHAFE FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFM ADoFJ kDJCE heading 32.4 deg
SONY819401090035723N3542204E13939392+00690021909401090035722G4A CFFAC cFFBE SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFK ADoFJ kDJEO heading 47.0 deg
SONY819401090035724N3542205E13939392+00700032059401090035723G4A CFFAC cFFBF SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFJ ADoFI kDAFO heading 68.9 deg
SONY819401090035725N3542205E13939392+00690011949401090035724G4A CFFAB cFFBE SHAFG FEGDC PELDB GEhFP KGmFL ADoFG kDBGE heading 53.5 deg
SONY819401090035726N3542205E13939392+00690022119401090035725G4A CFFAB cFFBF SHAFF FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL ADoFG kDBGE heading 335.7 deg
SONY819401090035727N3542205E13939392+00690021949401090035726G4A CFFAC cFFBE SHAFG FEGDD PELDB GEhFO KGmFM ADoFH kDBGE heading 341.5 deg
SONY819401090035728N3542205E13939392+00690021609401090035727G4A CFFAC cFFBE SHAFF FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFM ADoFG kDADE heading 332.5 deg
SONY819401090035729N3542205E13939392+00690001399401090035728G4A CFFAB cEFBE SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFN KGmFM ADoFI kDADE heading 317.6 deg
SONY819401090035730N3542205E13939392+00700011809401090035729G4A CFFAB cEFBF SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFM ADoFH kDAHE heading 299.2 deg
SONY819401090035731N3542204E13939392+00700012239401090035730G4A CFFAC cEFBF SHAFF FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL ADoFH kDJHO heading 295.2 deg
SONY819401090035732N3542204E13939392+00700032379401090035731G4A CFFAC cEFBE SHAFG FEGDB PELDC GEhFP KGmFK ADoFI kDIGO heading 303.5 deg
SONY819401090035733N3542204E13939392+00700011419401090035732G4A CFFAB cEFBE SHAFG FEGDC PELDD GEhFP KGmFI ADoFJ kDHHO heading 301.3 deg
SONY819401090035734N3542204E13939392+00690012119401090035733G4A CFFAC cEFDE SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFJ ADoFJ kDHHE heading 298.2 deg
SONY819401090035735N3542204E13939392+00700022239401090035734G4A CFFAB cEFBE SHAFF FEGDB PELDC GEhFO KGmFL ADoFJ kDHHE heading 299.1 deg
SONY819401090035736N3542204E13939392+00700011919401090035735G4A CFFAB cEFBF SHAFF FEGDB PELDB GEhFP KGmFK ADoFJ kDIGO heading 306.0 deg
SONY819401090035737N3542204E13939392+00700011639401090035736H4A CFFAB cEFBF SHAFE FEGDC PELDB GEhFP KGmFK AEoFJ kDIGE heading 345.5 deg
SONY819401090035738N3542204E13939392+00700011519401090035737H4A CFFAB cEFBF SHAFF FEGDB PELDC GEhFO KGmFL AEoFH kDIGE heading 333.9 deg
SONY819401090035739N3542204E13939393+00690031449401090035738H4A CFFAB cEFBE SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFN AEoFH kDHCE heading 326.9 deg
SONY819401090035740N3542204E13939393+00690011449401090035739H4A CFFAC cEFBE SHAFG FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFN AEoFG kDHEO heading 318.1 deg
SONY819401090035741N3542204E13939393+00700011859401090035740F4A CFFAC cEFFF SHACF FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFM AEoFG kDFBE heading 314.1 deg
SONY819401090035742N3542204E13939392+00710032919401090035741F4A CFFAC cEFFD SHACF FEGDD PELDD GEhFP KGmFL AEoFH kDEJO heading 342.4 deg
SONY819401090035743N3542204E13939393+00710021599401090035742H4A CFFAC cEFDD SHAFF FEGDD PELDD GEhFP KGmFK AEoFJ kDEAO heading 91.3 deg
SONY819401090035744N3542204E13939393+00710022219401090035743H4A CFFAC cEFDC SHAFF FEGDE PELDC GEhFP KGmFK AEoFK kDEAO heading 107.8 deg
SONY819401090035745N3542204E13939393+00720022039401090035744H4A CFFAB cEFDD SHAFF FEGDD PELDB GEhFO KGmFL AEoFK kDDAO heading 110.2 deg
SONY819401090035746N3542204E13939393+00720012119401090035745H4A CFFAC cEFDC SHAFG FEGDD PELDB GEhFP KGmFJ AEoFJ kDDAE heading 113.0 deg
SONY819401090035747N3542204E13939393+00720012089401090035746H4A CFFAC cEFDD SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFK AEoFJ kDDAO heading 101.5 deg
SONY819401090035748N3542204E13939392+00720012539401090035747H4A CFFAC cEFDD SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFL AEoFJ kDEJE heading 107.9 deg
SONY819401090035749N3542204E13939393+00730012059401090035748H4A CFFAC cEFDE SHAFG FEGDC PELDB GEhFO KGmFL AEoFJ kDEAO heading 113.1 deg
SONY819401090035750N3542204E13939392+00730021109401090035749F4A CFFAB cEFFF SHACF FEGDC PELDC GEhFO KGmFK AEoFJ kDEIO heading 115.6 deg
SONY819401090035751N3542204E13939392+00740022349401090035750F4A CFFAC cEFFD SHACF FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFJ AEoFJ kDDEE heading 118.6 deg
SONY819401090035752N3542204E13939392+00730022239401090035751H4A CFFAC cEFDD SHAFG FEGDD PELDC GEhFP KGmFJ AEoFJ kDEFE heading 118.5 deg
SONY819401090035753N3542204E13939392+00730032149401090035752H4A CFFAB cEFDE SHAFG FEGDE PELDD GEhFP KGmFI AEoFH kDEFE heading 120.5 deg
SONY819401090035754N3542204E13939392+00740021889401090035753H4A CFFAC cEFDD SHAFH FEGBE PELDC GEhFP KGmFJ AEoFI kDEFE heading 121.6 deg
SONY819401090035755N3542204E13939392+00750021959401090035754H4A CFFAC cEFDC SHAFH FEGBE PELDD GEhFO KGmFI AEoFH kDDEE heading 121.7 deg
SONY819401090035756N3542204E13939392+00760022009401090035755H4A CFFAD cEFDC SHAFH FEGBE PELDC GEhFP KGmFH AEoFG kDDDE heading 122.1 deg
SONY819401090035757N3542204E13939392+00770021969401090035756H4A CFFAC cEFDE SHAFG FEGBE PELDC GEhFO KGmFH AEoFI kDCCE heading 125.7 deg
SONY819401090035758N3542204E13939392+00780043409401090035757F4A CFFAB cEFFE SHACG FEGBE PELDC GEhFO KGmFH AEoFG kDDAO heading 125.6 deg
SONY819401090035759N3542204E13939391+00790011199401090035758H4A CFFAD cEFDC SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFG AEoFH kDCIE heading 125.5 deg
SONY819401090035800N3542204E13939391+00800001649401090035759H4A CFFBE cEFDB SHAFF FEGDB PELDC GEhFQ KGmFG AEoFH kDBGO heading 126.9 deg
SONY819401090035801N3542204E13939391+00810001849401090035800H4A CFFDD cEFDB SHAFF FEGDC PELDC GEhFP KGmFH AEoFG kDAEE heading 126.9 deg
SONY819401090035802N3542204E13939391+00760001529401090035801C3A CFFDC cEFDB SHAFF FEGDD PELDC GEhFN KGmBH AEoFH kDAEE heading 125.4 deg
SONY819401090035803N3542203E13939391+00830032559401090035802H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFF FEGDD PELDC GEhFO KGmFG AEoFG kDJAE heading 122.6 deg
SONY819401090035804N3542203E13939390+00840011799401090035803H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFG FEGDE PELDC GEhFP KGmFF AEoFG kDJIO heading 122.6 deg
SONY819401090035805N3542203E13939390+00840011379401090035804H4A CFFDB cEFDC SHAFG FEGDE PELDC GEhFP KGmFF AEoFG kDIHO heading 126.0 deg
SONY819401090035806N3542203E13939390+00850011789401090035805H4A CFFDD cEFDB SHAFF FEGDE PELDC GEhFP KGmFF AEoFF kDHFO heading 132.6 deg
SONY819401090035807N3542203E13939390+00850011459401090035806H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFG FEGDD PELAC GEhFP KGmFE AEoFF kDGEE heading 134.2 deg
SONY819401090035808N3542203E13939390+00850011579401090035807H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFF FEGDC PELAB GEhFP KGmFF AEoFG kDGCE heading 134.6 deg
SONY819401090035809N3542203E13939390+00860001809401090035808Q3A CFFDE cEFDB SHADD FEGDB PELAC GEhFQ KGmFF AEoFH kDGCE heading 132.8 deg
SONY819401090035810N3542203E13939390+00860001809401090035809Q3A CFFBD cEFDB SHADD FEGDC PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoFH kDGCO heading 131.4 deg
SONY819401090035811N3542203E13939390+00860011039401090035810H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFF FEGDD PELAB GEhFO KGmFF AEoFG kDGEE heading 132.8 deg
SONY819401090035812N3542203E13939390+00870001059401090035811H4A CFFDD cEFDB SHAFE FEGDE PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoFF kDGDE heading 126.4 deg
SONY819401090035813N3542203E13939390+00870011349401090035812H4A CFFDC cEFDB SHAFF FEGBE PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoFG kDGDE heading 327.7 deg
SONY819401090035814N3542203E13939390+00880011399401090035813H4A CFFDC cEFDB SHAFF FEGBF PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoFG kDGCE heading 330.5 deg
SONY819401090035815N3542203E13939389+00890032379401090035814H4A CFFDD cEFDB SHAFE FEGBF PELAB GEhFO KGmFE AEoFH kDGJE heading 333.6 deg
SONY819401090035816N3542203E13939389+00910042369401090035815H4A CFFDE cEFDB SHAFE FEGBF PELAB GEhFN KGmFF AEoFH kDGHE heading 338.3 deg
SONY819401090035817N3542203E13939389+00920011099401090035816H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFG FEGBE PELAB GEhFO KGmFF AEoFF kDHGO heading 332.1 deg
SONY819401090035818N3542203E13939389+00940021869401090035817H4A CFFDD cEFDC SHAFG FEGBG PELAB GEhFP KGmFF AEoFF kDHEE heading 325.8 deg
SONY819401090035819N3542203E13939389+00960021339401090035818H4A CFFDD cEFDE SHAFG FEGBH PELAB GEhFN KGmFG AEoFG kDICE heading 326.6 deg
SONY819401090035820N3542203E13939389+00980021609401090035819F4A CFFDE cEFFE SHACF FEGBG PELAB GEhFN KGmFG AEoFH kDJBE heading 328.3 deg
SONY819401090035821N3542204E13939388+01010062609401090035820H4A CFFBG cEFDD SHAFG FEGBE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoFF kDAGE heading 333.1 deg
SONY819401090035822N3542204E13939388+01040032339401090035821H4A CFFBI cEFDG SHAFH FEGBF PELAC GEhFO KGmFG AEoFE kDADO heading 337.3 deg
SONY819401090035823N3542204E13939388+01060021989401090035822F4A CFFBH cEFFH SHACG FEGBE PELAC GEhFP KGmFF AEoFE kDBCO heading 336.1 deg
SONY819401090035824N3542204E13939388+01080021749401090035823F4A CFFBH cEFFG SHACF FEGDD PELAB GEhFQ KGmFF AEoFE kDBBO heading 334.5 deg
SONY819401090035825N3542204E13939388+01090021649401090035824F4A CFFBH cEFFE SHACE FEGDD PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoFE kDBBE heading 333.1 deg
SONY819401090035826N3542204E13939388+01090011739401090035825E4A CFFBH cEFDD SHAFE FEGFE PELAB GEhFQ KGmFH AEoCF kDCAO heading 333.8 deg
SONY819401090035827N3542204E13939388+01090011769401090035826E4A CFFBG cEFDC SHAFE FEGFE PELAB GEhFQ KGmFH AEoCF kDDAO heading 333.9 deg
SONY819401090035828N3542204E13939388+01100030029401090035827E4A CFFBF cEFDC SHAFE FEGFF PELAB GEhFP KGmFF AEoCG kDFAO heading 332.5 deg
SONY819401090035829N3542204E13939387+01090021949401090035828G4A CFFFG cEFDC SHACG FEGDG PELAB GEhFO KGmFG AEoFF kDFJO heading 332.3 deg
SONY819401090035830N3542204E13939388+01100021809401090035829E4A CFFCF cEFDB SHAFF FEGFE PELAB GEhFO KGmFH AEoCE kDHAO heading 332.3 deg
SONY819401090035831N3542204E13939388+01100011809401090035830E4A CFFCG cEFDB SHAFG FEGFE PELAB GEhFO KGmFH AEoCF kDJAE heading 333.5 deg
SONY819401090035832N3542204E13939388+01120051409401090035831F4A CFFCG cEFDE SHAFG FEGFE PELAB GEhFO KGmBG AEoFF kDHCE heading 334.7 deg
SONY819401090035833N3542204E13939388+01100011449401090035832F4A CFFCI cEFFI SHACI FEGBD PELAB GEhFN KGmFF AEoFD kDHCE heading 334.2 deg
SONY819401090035834N3542205E13939388+01110021859401090035833G4A CFFCI cEFFF SHAFI FEGDD PELAC GEhFO KGmFG AEoDE kDAAE heading 337.1 deg
SONY819401090035835N3542205E13939388+01110011939401090035834E4A CFFCG cEFDD SHAFG FEGFE PELAC GEhFP KGmFF AEoCF kDBAE heading 338.5 deg
SONY819401090035836N3542205E13939387+01100032329401090035835G4A CFFFG cEFDD SHACG FEGDE PELAC GEhFQ KGmFG AEoFF kDCJO heading 339.6 deg
SONY819401090035837N3542205E13939387+01090032349401090035836G4A CFFFG cEFDE SHACG FEGBE PELAC GEhFP KGmFF AEoFE kDCJO heading 340.0 deg
SONY819401090035838N3542205E13939388+01080051499401090035837G4A CFFFH cEFDD SHACG FEGBE PELAB GEhFO KGmFG AEoFE kDCAE heading 350.9 deg
SONY819401090035839N3542205E13939388+01080021639401090035838E4A CFFCH cEFDC SHAFG FEGFE PELAB GEhFO KGmFH AEoCF kDDAE heading 349.6 deg
SONY819401090035840N3542205E13939388+01070021739401090035839G4A CFFFG cEFDD SHACG FEGDE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoFE kDDAO heading 349.0 deg
SONY819401090035841N3542205E13939388+01060011789401090035840E4A CFFCF cEFDD SHAFG FEGFE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoCE kDEAE heading 345.5 deg
SONY819401090035842N3542205E13939388+01040011679401090035841G4A CFFFG cEFDI SHACH FEGDE PELAB GEhFO KGmFE AEoFD kDEBO heading 344.0 deg
SONY819401090035843N3542205E13939388+01030011939401090035842G4A CFFCH cEFFK SHAFH FEGDF PELAB GEhFN KGmFE AEoDC kDEBO heading 344.2 deg
SONY819401090035844N3542205E13939388+01020011479401090035843E4A CFFCH cEFCK SHAFG FEGFE PELAB GEhFN KGmFG AEoDD kDEBO heading 341.5 deg
SONY819401090035845N3542205E13939388+01020012159401090035844E4A CFFCH cEFCK SHAFH FEGFG PELAB GEhFN KGmFG AEoDC kDEAE heading 343.2 deg
SONY819401090035846N3542205E13939388+01020031419401090035845E4A CFFCI cEFCI SHAFI FEGFG PELAB GEhFO KGmFF AEoDD kDEBE heading 342.5 deg
SONY819401090035847N3542205E13939388+01010011609401090035846E4A CFFCH cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoCE kDEBO heading 342.3 deg
SONY819401090035848N3542205E13939388+01000011859401090035847F4A CFFCH cEFFJ SHACH FEGBE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoFE kDEBO heading 345.6 deg
SONY819401090035849N3542205E13939388+00990021529401090035848E4A CFFCH cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFE PELAB GEhFP KGmFG AEoCE kDFBE heading 345.5 deg
SONY819401090035850N3542205E13939388+01000051319401090035849E4A CFFCH cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFD PELAC GEhFO KGmFG AEoCF kDFCO heading 345.2 deg
SONY819401090035851N3542205E13939388+00990001869401090035850E4A CFFCI cEFCK SHAFI FEGFF PELAB GEhFO KGmFF AEoCE kDGBE heading 354.2 deg
SONY819401090035852N3542205E13939388+00990011599401090035851E4A CFFCG cEFCK SHAFI FEGFG PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoDC kDGAO heading 356.3 deg
SONY819401090035853N3542205E13939388+00990011619401090035852E4A CFFCI cEFCL SHAFI FEGFG PELAB GEhFP KGmFE AEoDC kDHAO heading 0.4 deg
SONY819401090035854N3542205E13939388+00990011729401090035853E4A CFFCK cEFCK SHAFH FEGFG PELAB GEhFN KGmFE AEoDB kDGAO heading 7.9 deg
SONY819401090035855N3542205E13939387+00980011829401090035854E4A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFG FEGFH PELAC GEhFM KGmFE AEoDC kDGJO heading 18.1 deg
SONY819401090035856N3542205E13939388+00980011769401090035855E4A CFFCJ cEFCK SHAFH FEGFH PELAC GEhFN KGmFD AEoDD kDEAE heading 28.7 deg
SONY819401090035857N3542205E13939388+00980021729401090035856E4A CFFCJ cEFCL SHAFH FEGFG PELAD GEhFN KGmFE AEoDC kDDAO heading 19.6 deg
SONY819401090035858N3542205E13939388+00990011609401090035857E4A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFF PELAC GEhFO KGmFG AEoDD kDCBO heading 16.8 deg
SONY819401090035859N3542205E13939388+00990011709401090035858E4A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFE PELAC GEhFO KGmFF AEoDD kDBBO heading 9.3 deg
SONY819401090035900N3542205E13939388+00990001919401090035859E4A CFFCH cEFCL SHAFH FEGFF PELAC GEhFM KGmFF AEoDC kDBBE heading 2.1 deg
SONY819401090035901N3542205E13939388+00990011199401090035900E4A CFFDE cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFH PELAB GEhFN KGmFF AEoDD kDACO heading 359.2 deg
SONY819401090035902N3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035901Q3A CFFDD cEFCH SHAFJ FEGFH PELAB GEhFO KGmDE AEoDC kDACE heading 358.0 deg
SONY819401090035903N3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035902Q3A CFFBD cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFH PELAC GEhFN KGmDC AEoDC kDACO heading 358.2 deg
SONY819401090035904N3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035903Q3A CFFCF cEFCK SHAFH FEGFH PELAC GEhFN KGmDC AEoDC kDACE heading 356.9 deg
SONY819401090035905N3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035904Q3A CFFCH cEFCN SHAFH FEGFI PELAC GEhFN KGmDC AEoDB kDACO heading 357.8 deg
SONY819401090035906N3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035905Q3A CFFCH cEFCM SHAFH FEGFI PELAB GEhFN KGmDD AEoDC kDACO heading 7.1 deg
SONY819401090035907n3542205E13939388+00990001809401090035905I3A CFFCH cEFCM SHAFH FEGFI PELAC GEhFN KGmDE AEoDC kDACE heading 8.1 deg
SONY819401090035908N3542205E13939388+01030023539401090035907E4A CFFCI cEFCM SHAFH FEGFH PELAB GEhFO KGmFD AEoDC kDCCO heading 13.4 deg
SONY819401090035909N3542205E13939388+01030021589401090035908E4A CFFCI cEFCM SHAFI FEGFH PELAB GEhFO KGmFF AEoDC kDADE heading 5.0 deg
SONY819401090035910N3542204E13939388+01040021709401090035909E4A CFFCI cEFCL SHAFI FEGFH PELAB GEhFO KGmFE AEoDD kDIEO heading 8.6 deg
SONY819401090035911N3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035910Q3A CFFCG cEFCK SHAFI FEGFI PELAB GEhFO KGmDD AEoDC kDIEO heading 3.0 deg
SONY819401090035912N3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035911Q3A CFFCD cEFCH SHAFK FEGFJ PELAB GEhFP KGmDE AEoDB kDIEO heading 359.1 deg
SONY819401090035913N3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035912Q3A CFFCD cEFCI SHAFJ FEGFI PELAB GEhFN KGmDD AEoDC kDIEE heading 357.8 deg
SONY819401090035914N3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035913Q3A CFFDD cEFCJ SHAFJ FEGFI PELAB GEhFN KGmDC AEoDB kDIEE heading 358.3 deg
SONY819401090035915N3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914Q3A CFFDE cEFCK SHAFJ FEGFH PELAB GEhFN KGmDC AEoDB kDIEO heading 358.0 deg
SONY819401090035916n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCG cEFCM SHAFJ FEGFI PELAB GEhFL KGmDD AEoDB kDIEO heading 356.7 deg
SONY819401090035917n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCF cEFCN SHAFJ FEGFI PELAC GEhFM KGmDD AEoDB kDIEE heading 357.3 deg
SONY819401090035918n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCF cEFCM SHAFI FEGFI PELAC GEhFO KGmDD AEoDC kDIEE heading 359.1 deg
SONY819401090035919n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCH cEFCM SHAFH FEGFH PELAC GEhFN KGmDC AEoDB kDIEE heading 0.5 deg
SONY819401090035920n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCH cEFCN SHAFI FEGFI PELAC GEhFM KGmDD AEoDC kDIEE heading 1.7 deg
SONY819401090035921n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCH cEFCN SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAC GEhFL KGmDC AEoDC kDIEO heading 2.0 deg
SONY819401090035922n3542204E13939388+01050001809401090035914I3A CFFCH cEFCJ SHAFJ FEGFI PELAC GEhFM KGmDF AEoDB kDIEE heading 3.3 deg
SONY819401090035923N3542195E13939390+00870001329401090035922E4A CFFCG cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFG PELAC GEhFM KGmFF AEoDC kDJGO heading 1.7 deg
SONY819401090035924N3542195E13939390+00880032549401090035923E4A CFFCE cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFG PELAC GEhFN KGmFE AEoDC kDJFO heading 1.1 deg
SONY819401090035925N3542195E13939390+00890001809401090035924Q3A CFFCE cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFG PELAC GEhFN KGmDE AEoDC kDJFE heading 1.5 deg
SONY819401090035926N3542196E13939390+00890021489401090035925E4A CFFDE cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFG PELAC GEhFM KGmFE AEoDC kDBGO heading 1.3 deg
SONY819401090035927N3542196E13939390+00900021739401090035926E4A CFFDD cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFI PELAC GEhFM KGmFE AEoDC kDCFO heading 0.8 deg
SONY819401090035928N3542196E13939390+00900013449401090035927E4A CFFDC cEFCK SHAFI FEGFI PELAC GEhFM KGmFD AEoDB kDFFE heading 0.4 deg
SONY819401090035929N3542196E13939390+00910001809401090035928Q3A CFFDC cEFCK SHAFH FEGFG PELAB GEhFM KGmDE AEoDC kDFFO heading 0.9 deg
SONY819401090035930N3542196E13939390+00910001809401090035929Q3A CFFDD cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFH PELAC GEhFM KGmDE AEoDB kDFFO heading 6.6 deg
SONY819401090035931N3542196E13939390+00910001209401090035930E4A CFFDG cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFH PELAC GEhFL KGmFE AEoDC kDJEO heading 11.6 deg


SONY819401090035932N3542197E13939390+00910012029401090035931E4A CFFCI cEFCI SHAFG FEGFH PELAC GEhFK KGmFE AEoDC kDCDE heading 14.0 deg
SONY819401090035933N3542197E13939390+00910013279401090035932E4A CFFCG cEFCK SHAFI FEGFJ PELAC GEhFL KGmFE AEoDB kDHDO heading 15.9 deg
SONY819401090035934N3542198E13939390+00920012089401090035933E4A CFFCF cEFCJ SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAB GEhFL KGmFF AEoDC kDACO heading 15.1 deg
SONY819401090035935N3542197E13939390+00920001809401090035934Q3A CFFCE cEFCI SHAFJ FEGFI PELAC GEhFK KGmBF AEoDC kDJCO heading 15.0 deg
SONY819401090035936N3542198E13939390+00920011819401090035935E4A CFFCF cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFI PELAB GEhFK KGmFF AEoDB kDCCO heading 16.1 deg
SONY819401090035937N3542198E13939390+00940042479401090035936E4A CFFCG cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFJ PELAB GEhFL KGmFE AEoDB kDEBE heading 21.5 deg
SONY819401090035938N3542198E13939390+00940013459401090035937E4A CFFCF cEFCK SHAFI FEGFI PELAB GEhFK KGmFE AEoDB kDIAO heading 21.3 deg
SONY819401090035939N3542199E13939389+00950013329401090035938E4A CFFCG cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFH PELAB GEhFL KGmFE AEoDC kDBJE heading 22.9 deg
SONY819401090035940N3542199E13939389+00950001709401090035939E4A CFFCG cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFH PELAC GEhFK KGmFD AEoDC kDDJO heading 22.9 deg
SONY819401090035941N3542199E13939389+00960011569401090035940E4A CFFCH cEFCK SHAFI FEGFI PELAC GEhFJ KGmFE AEoDB kDFJE heading 29.1 deg
SONY819401090035942N3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035941Q3A CFFCI cEFCK SHAFH FEGFI PELAC GEhFK KGmDE AEoDB kDFJE heading 33.1 deg
SONY819401090035943N3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035942Q3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFH FEGFI PELAB GEhFH KGmDC AEoDB kDFJO heading 38.0 deg
SONY819401090035944N3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035943Q3A CFFCL cEFCM SHAFH FEGFJ PELAC GEhFG KGmDC AEoDB kDFJE heading 41.9 deg
SONY819401090035945N3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035944Q3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFI FEGFJ PELAC GEhFG KGmDC AEoDB kDFJO heading 45.8 deg
SONY819401090035946N3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035945Q3A CFFCK cEFCM SHAFI FEGFI PELAB GEhFG KGmDC AEoDB kDFJE heading 53.1 deg
SONY819401090035947n3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035945I3A CFFCL cEFCM SHAFI FEGFH PELAC GEhFG KGmDD AEoDB kDFJO heading 62.7 deg
SONY819401090035948n3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035945I3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFI FEGFH PELAB GEhFG KGmDC AEoDC kDFJO heading 82.8 deg
SONY819401090035949n3542199E13939389+00960001809401090035945I3A CFFCJ cEFCK SHAFK FEGFH PELAB GEhFG KGmDD AEoDC kDFJO heading 114.0 deg
SONY819401090035950N3542199E13939389+00980011839401090035949E4A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFJ FEGFH PELAC GEhFG KGmFD AEoDC kDHHE heading 133.4 deg
SONY819401090035951N3542199E13939389+00970011869401090035950E4A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAC GEhFG KGmFE AEoDB kDJHO heading 144.9 deg
SONY819401090035952N3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035951Q3A CFFCK cEFCK SHAFI FEGFJ PELAC GEhFI KGmDD AEoDB kDIGE heading 141.9 deg
SONY819401090035953N3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035952Q3A CFFCI cEFCL SHAFH FEGFI PELAB GEhFI KGmDB AEoDB kDIGE heading 125.4 deg
SONY819401090035954N3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035953Q3A CFFCJ cEFCK SHAFH FEGFH PELAB GEhFI KGmDB AEoDC kDIGE heading 132.2 deg
SONY819401090035955N3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035954Q3A CFFCK cEFCK SHAFH FEGFJ PELAC GEhFH KGmDB AEoDC kDIGO heading 128.7 deg
SONY819401090035956N3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955Q3A CFFCK cEFCK SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAC GEhFH KGmDC AEoDC kDIGE heading 126.0 deg
SONY819401090035957n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAB GEhFH KGmDC AEoDC kDIGO heading 113.0 deg
SONY819401090035958n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCL cEFCM SHAFI FEGFK PELAC GEhFH KGmDD AEoDB kDIGO heading 104.0 deg
SONY819401090035959n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFJ FEGFK PELAC GEhFH KGmDC AEoDB kDIGO heading 96.4 deg
SONY819401090040000n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCJ cEFCL SHAFI FEGFJ PELAB GEhFH KGmDD AEoAC kDIGO heading 89.2 deg
SONY819401090040001n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCJ cEFCL SHAFJ FEGFJ PELAC GEhFG KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 93.6 deg
SONY819401090040002n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCJ cEFCK SHAFG FEGFI PELAB GEhFI KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 54.3 deg
SONY819401090040003n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCI cEFCL SHAFH FEGFJ PELAA GEhFH KGmDB AEoAB kDIGE heading 43.2 deg
SONY819401090040004n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFI FEGFJ PELAB GEhFH KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 41.7 deg
SONY819401090040005n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCK cEFCL SHAFH FEGFJ PELAB GEhFH KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 38.4 deg
SONY819401090040006n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCL cEFCK SHAFI FEGFJ PELAB GEhFG KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 37.7 deg
SONY819401090040007n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCK cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFK PELAB GEhFH KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 49.3 deg
SONY819401090040008n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCL cEFCK SHAFI FEGFL PDMAC GEhFH KGmDC AEoAC kDIGE heading 126.1 deg
SONY819401090040009n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCL cEFCK SHAFJ FEGFL PDMAC GEhFG KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 150.2 deg
SONY819401090040010n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955H3A CFFCK cEFCK SHAFI FEGFM PDMAB GEhFG KGmDC AEoAC kDIGO heading 166.0 deg
SONY819401090040011n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCL SHAFI FEGFM PDMAB GEhFG KGmDC AEoAC kDIGE heading 173.7 deg
SONY819401090040012n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCK SHAFI FEGFK PDMAB GEhFE KGmDD AEoAC kDIGO heading 180.0 deg
SONY819401090040013n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCK SHAFH FEGFK PDMAB GEhFE KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 182.7 deg
SONY819401090040014n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFH FEGFK PDMAC GEhFF KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 190.9 deg
SONY819401090040015n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFK PDMAC GEhFF KGmDD AEoAC kDIGO heading 197.6 deg
SONY819401090040016n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCH cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFJ PDMAC GEhFF KGmDD AEoAB kDIGO heading 172.6 deg
SONY819401090040017n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFJ PDMAB GEhFF KGmDD AEoAB kDIGE heading 208.1 deg
SONY819401090040018n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCJ cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFI PDMAB GEhFF KGmDD AEoAB kDIGO heading 212.8 deg
SONY819401090040019n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCI cEFFJ SHAFI FEGFJ PDMAB GEhBE KGmDD AEoAB kDIGO heading 200.6 deg
SONY819401090040020n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFI PDMAB GEhFF KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 210.2 deg
SONY819401090040021n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955I3A CFFCI cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFI PDMAC GEhFF KGmDB AEoAB kDIGO heading 218.0 deg
SONY819401090040022n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCJ cEFFK SHAFH FEGFI PDMBF GEhDC KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 212.2 deg
SONY819401090040023n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCI cEFFJ SHAFH FEGFJ PDMBG GEhDC KGmDC AEoAC kDIGO heading 215.7 deg
SONY819401090040024n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCJ cEFFJ SHAFH FEGFJ PDMBG GEhDC KGmDD AEoAB kDIGO heading 208.3 deg
SONY819401090040025n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCJ cEFFJ SHAFH FEGFJ PDMBH GEhDC KGmDC AEoAB kDIGE heading 182.7 deg
SONY819401090040026n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCI cEFFK SHAFH FEGFI PDMBH GEhDD KGmDC AEoAB kDIGO heading 114.2 deg
SONY819401090040027n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCI cEFFJ SHAFH FEGFI PDMBH GEhDE KGmDC AEoAC kDIGO heading 71.5 deg
SONY819401090040028n3542199E13939389+00970001809401090035955N3A CFFCG cEFFK SHAFI FEGFH PDMBG GEhBE KGmDD AEoAB kDIGE heading 45.0 deg
SONY819401090040029N3542205E13939391+00950002329401090040028C3A CFFCI cEFCK SHAFJ FEGFJ PDMFF GEhDE KGmDD AEoAB kDDEE heading 47.9 deg
SONY819401090040030N3542205E13939391+00950001809401090040029Q3A CFFCN cEFFJ SHAFI FEGFK PDMBF GEhDE KGmDC AEoAB kDDEO heading 45.0 deg
SONY819401090040031N3542205E13939391+00950002719401090040030F4A CFFCM cEFCJ SHAFI FEGFK PDMFF GEhFE KGmDC AEoAB kDDCO heading 47.0 deg
#2nd session extentional end (60sec)








-------------------------------------------------- --------






By the way, the result of the preliminary experiment (After rain overpass mh phone 20130825 124126-35 & 124626-35)
3. (2) is for example
SONY819401090034126N3542202E13939389+00920002819401090034125C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDC FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 88.6 deg &&&&&&&& sat FE:40deg F:50deg=>Typ.
\\\\\\\\\\\sat c, Elevation F=50 Azimuth E=40deg >> Left 20° out of sight
=> Attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the other side at typical value D

SONY819401090034626n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnDE ADoDB kDCIO heading 355.7 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
\\\\\\\\\\\sat c, Elevation F=50 Azimuth E=40deg >> Left 20° out of sight
=> Attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the other side at the representative value I

SONY819401090034126N3542202E13939389+00920002819401090034125C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDC FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 88.6 deg &&&&&&&& sat FE:40deg F:50deg=>Typ.
SONY819401090034127N3542202E13939389+00920002759401090034126C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCI PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDEFE heading 66.8 deg 180-24=156deg
SONY819401090034128N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034127C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDDFO heading 70.5 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034129N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034128C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbBD FEFCH PELFJ GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDDEO heading 135.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. It is impossible to distinguish between strong and weak.
SONY819401090034130N3542202E13939389+00920002389401090034129C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDD FEFFG PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDDO heading 138.5 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034131N3542202E13939389+00920013369401090034130C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDD FEFFH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDEDO heading 146.9 deg Certainly falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034132N3542202E13939389+00920002209401090034131C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034133N3542202E13939389+00920002589401090034132C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDC FEFFH PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034134N3542202E13939389+00920001859401090034133C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDC FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCO heading 149.1 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, leftward F=50deg F=50deg
SONY819401090034135N3542202E13939389+00920002769401090034134C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDD FEFCG PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCE heading 149.2 deg => Typical value D is attenuated by about 6.9dB from the opposite side

SONY819401090034626n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnDE ADoDB kDCIO heading 355.7 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034627N3542204E13939387+01000011229401090034626F4A CGECJ cFECL SHaFG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDHIO heading 354.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. Strong, weak, indistinguishable
SONY819401090034628N3542204E13939388+01000001809401090034627Q3A CGECJ cFEFL SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFL KFnDD ADoDB kDGAE heading 353.2 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034629N3542204E13939387+00990001719401090034628F4A CGECJ cFECJ SHaFG FEGFF PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDGJE heading 358.9 deg Yes, it falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034630N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034629Q3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCG FEGFJ PELAB GEgFN KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 358.9 deg &&&&&& sat FE:40deg G:60deg=>Representative value G 96-2deg=OK 90deg(90deg)⊂4deg(90deg)
SONY819401090034631N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034630Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCH FEGFH PELAB GEgFP KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 7.5 deg 360-24=336deg
SONY819401090034632N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034631Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCI FEGFH PELAB GEgFQ KFnDD ADoDD kDFJO heading 20.8 deg
SONY819401090034633N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034632Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCJ FEGFG PELAC GEgFO KFnDE ADoDD kDFJO heading 56.5 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, left view F=50 deg F=40 deg E
SONY819401090034634N3542204E13939387+01010011859401090034633F4A CGECK cFECG SHaFI FEGFH PELAC GEgFN KFnFD ADoDD kDCJO heading 75.3 deg => Typical value I is attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the opposite side
SONY819401090034635N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034634Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCH FEGFH PELAC GEgFO KFnDC ADoDE kDBJO heading 67.9 deg



----------
Nakano overpass after the rain
20130825sun 12:37:16-10min
20130825sun 12:49:31-10min


Great after rain, not too hot, overpass
The result seems to be a good record only with the electronic magnet.
Z's BT had a record break in a few lines, and the same decrease as A's BT occurred.
2 times.

1st time.
JPN 2013/8/25 12:37:06** 24:52

4 minutes of full horizontal exposure on the overpass ←Constant supplementation of about 5 satellites in advance
1st session
Radio clock Recorder Elapsed seconds Beam direction = Rotation angle of the beam direction from the north because "the beam direction at the start is north"
JPN 2013/8/25 12:37:06 Start 24:52 0sec 00 deg **********
JPN 2013/8/25 12:47:06 Ended 34:52 600sec 360deg Ended

2nd session Horizontal exposure for about 1min
Second time. It started raining so I decided to do it again.
JPN 2013/8/25 12:49:31 00sec 37:17 *********** Whistle begins to sound
JPN 2013/8/25 12:59:31 600sec 47:17 *********** Start (The second time I added a little extra tail. Until about 50 seconds.)




(I think it would be better if G is more than 5 seconds out of 10 seconds...)


■The maximum value among the "minimum values of received power for five consecutive seconds (between 5 outputs)" within 10 seconds (between 10 outputs) in the same posture. is a representative value. ■ (*)

■ Hypothesis that the above representative value is valid for "G" -128.0 dBm ■■ (body and GPS only, 0.6 degree rotation per second for 10 minutes). →Strong! Endure!
10 minutes Rotating speed 6 degrees/10 seconds No water pillow (equipped with sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution) Withstands with only a back body and a watch.
■ "G" is -128.0dBm■
(If this is the case, is it OK without using the inversion frame?) [As a simplified version, instead of 6 degrees, rather simply, try 30 degrees. Give it time to warm up. )

In terms of falsifiability, if it is asked if it is block 2 or if it is block 3
→That's why I'm doing it at -128dBm instead of -130dBm. I argue that the weak ones are discarded.
Now, if you ask me if I just happened to be successful with satellite P, → It may be so, so I will try various satellites.

And, perhaps, ``if satellites that emit stronger signals (gradually intentionally or unintentionally due to malfunctions, etc.) are mixed in the system update'',
It is also possible that we must admit that this method will produce errors there.

However, it is not too far-fetched to argue that such a thing is unlikely, because this experimental data speaks for itself.
It seems that I will not have to deny the IEICE paper. If this. That's because it's cool without ice cream.

That's why it can be said that it was good for the body and the water level.

"After that, after various follow-up experiments,
Cancel the IEICE framework = ``the framework that compares the instantaneous value with the threshold value (in IEICE, it was R etc.)'',
IEEE framework = "a framework that uses the representative value of (*) and compares it with a threshold (in IEEE, let's say G)",


, because "strong satellites have been mixed" with the passage of time,

Even so, since the boundary can be identified quite clearly, I think it can be put to practical use. (However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet.)
If this is the case, it may be possible to specify the direction with an accuracy of about 6 degrees.
If this is a defect or a block future type, etc., and a strong signal is issued, is it difficult to make a threshold G hypothesis? , argues that the probability is low.
(However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet)

So, really, if we take the following framework:
In other words, parallel type + single type + crossed type +
○ Use only body shield
○Slowly rotate (6 degrees/10 seconds (or 0.6 degrees/second))
○The representative value is (*). ■The maximum value among the "minimum values of received power for five consecutive seconds (between 5 outputs)" within 10 seconds (between 10 outputs) in the same posture. is a representative value. ■ (*)
○ G is set as a threshold.

If this is the case, it may be possible to specify the direction with an accuracy of about 6 degrees. (However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet)
no···
Isn't there such a good story...? Well, it's doing well now because it's a lucky general satellite. (Just because it hasn't hit a strong satellite yet)
If this is a malfunction or a block future type, etc., and "satellites that emit strong signals are mixed", the threshold G hypothesis is to the extent that the satellites are mixed,
It is possible to output an error. Well, no doubt. But now, do you argue that the probability is still low? That is one claim.
And even if there are some problems, it is a usable technology, so if you propose it, it seems that the patent application will pass. It means that it can be used with t including risk

In order to go beyond that, it is a story that a framework for turning around appears.
It is a touch that it is always a method that can not be mistaken.

Similar findings to the previous time that it is possible to distinguish between "G (approximately -128.0 dBm according to the IEICE paper Masato)" or more for 5 seconds (*) continuously! Focus on satellite P (K=about 100 degrees, L=about 110 degrees).

It's so consistent that I'm surprised. Kang is very grateful

Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal_Level) - 144.5 (dBm)

Specifically, in the SONY GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000

B=8.460*(ln(2))-144.5=-138.64
C=8.460*(ln(3))-144.5=-135.206==-135.21
D=8.460*(ln(4))-144.5=-132.772=-132.8dBm
E.
F=8.460*(ln(6))-144.5=-129.3417=-129.3 dBm This is fine. The latest version of the ICD claims -125.5 dBm, so I think my adoption of equation 2 from the IEICE paper was correct. Thanks.
■G■=8.460*(ln(7))-144.5=-128.038=■-128.0 dBm■ It's getting closer. It is 0.5 dBm higher than the minimum guaranteed user-side received power value in the latest version of the ICD of the G hypothesis, and it looks good.
H(8)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(8))-144.5=8.460*(2.0794)-144.5=-126.908 Oh, nice. -126.9dBm? Then it's still low.
I(9)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(9))-144.5=8.460*(2.1972)-144.5=-125.911 Oh, nice. -125.9dBm? Then it's still low.
J(10)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(10))-144.5=8.460*(2.3026)-144.5=-125.020 Oh, nice. -125.0dBm? this is fine.
K = about -125.0 dBm
R = about -120.5dBm
Z= about -117dBm

Hypothesis G Hypothesis G
SATELLITE P Endured, endured Excellent right answer to boundary closeout identification!
Satellite C 16 degree error, 4 degree error Excellent for boundary parting identification
Satellite c 4 degree error, 10 degree error Excellent for boundary parting identification
Is it possible to use G Hypothesis mode? actual. Body and GPS only. Press the button and measure the rotation for 10 minutes! I think it can be used quite a bit. This should be announced. With.
You can also use the reversal hypothesis.



In preliminary experiments,
In the inversion diagram,
"If it is not within the range of about ± 6 degrees of the boundary" There are times when it is subtle with a difference of around one character,
except that
Satellites in the two regions are
There is always a difference of at least one character (by the way, 1.3 dBm between F and G, 1.1 dBm between G and H).
It may be argued that
--------------------------------------------------
sat el az ant typical value ant typical value difference between typical values
--------------------------------------------------
satC G60deg D30deg, 6deg J <=-> 186degC125.0-135.2=10.2
satC G60deg D30deg, 12deg N <=-> 192deg B 125.0-138.6=13.6

--------------------------------------------------
The magnificence of this clear-cut sensitivity is quite good when only "common-sense satellites" are selected as targets, but this may become impossible when encountering "strong satellites".




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-------------20130825 Amegami v6 overpass telephone 2 times during the day with compass LOG00428.txt ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-------------20130825 Amegami v6 overpass telephone 2 times during the day with compass LOG00428.txt ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

---**-------**----The following is only necessary for organizing my own head, I wonder if it is necessary for the final application version-------- --
(Although I do not want to clarify the following, it is an act of narrowly defining the ambiguity of my past patent specifications and claims. But first, I will write it anyway)
In particular, we point out the following problems.
1. The object of comparison with a certain predetermined threshold is the reception strength itself (→ policy change to the important value of the minimum value for 5 seconds and the maximum value for 10 seconds) (reception strength itself → min, max)
2. The object of comparison with a given threshold is the instantaneous one (→ policy change to important value of minimum value for 5 seconds and maximum value for 10 seconds) (instantaneous → section)
3 Do not compare the reception status of the same satellite before and after reversal (→ policy change to important difference before and after reversal)

In other words, the feature of spread spectrum communication that makes it difficult to maintain synchronization, that is, the deterioration of the correlation result due to the chip waveform distortion of the diffracted wave composite wave at the end points of the body, makes it more difficult to maintain synchronization. I changed it to a measurement framework that can be used. of.
Therefore, there are three policy changes.
1 Receiving strength itself → Take max of min to pick up "(inevitable) failure to maintain synchronization in the situation where we are doing our best"
2 Instantaneous value →→ Take an interval to pick up the (inevitable) failure to keep in sync when you are doing your best
3 Before and after the reversal, the same satellite's "(inevitable) failure to maintain synchronism in the scene where they are doing their best" is judged to be "complex addition wave of various diffracted waves at body endpoints".
-


(2) Patent 3522259


20130826mon 01:15AM












The basic terms are explained below.

Cycle Slip http://www.f2.dion.ne.jp/~ats_alfa/gps02.htm
(cycle slip) Cycle slip is related to interferometric positioning.
It is better to describe it as being out of sync.
In interferometric positioning, when integrating the carrier wave phase,
As a result of the accumulation count temporarily stopping mainly due to momentary interruption of reception,
It means to produce jumps of integer wavenumbers. This jump can be corrected during baseline analysis.

navigation message
(Navigation message)
Data necessary for positioning that is constantly sent from GPS satellites.
It consists of almanac, orbital information, clock correction values, ionospheric correction data, health data, etc. It consists of 25 sets of 1,500-bit data,
30 seconds to acquire only orbital information,
It takes 12.5 minutes to receive all the data.

C/A code
(C/A code, clear and acquisition, coarse and access)
A signal on the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. It serves both as a time mark for measuring pseudoranges and as an identification code for the 24 GPS satellites. It is a pseudo-noise code with a bit rate of 1.023 Mbps and a code string length of 1023 bits, ie, 1 ms in time. → S code, P code, PRN code


Time synchronization
(Time synchronization)
It is commonly called clock adjustment, but since all GPS satellites are equipped with primitive clocks, it can also be used for ultra-precise clock adjustment. Currently, synchronization of national standard clocks all over the world is performed by GPS.


GPS satellite
(GPS satellite)
The orbital altitude is about 20.000 km, the orbital period is 0.5 sidereal days (about 11 hours and 58 minutes), and the total system consists of 24 satellites, 4 satellites in 6 orbital planes. The satellite weighs about 800 kg and carries L1 and L2 band transmitters for positioning, multiple cesium and rubidium primitive clocks, equipment for hygiene control and operation, and other equipment.

GPS time
(GPS time)
It is the time ticked by the atomic clocks of all GPS satellites, and there is a difference of 19 seconds from international atomic time. There is a difference of 9 hours and an exact integer second from the time (Japan Standard Time) that is used everyday. The difference of integer seconds sometimes varies due to the slowing of the Earth's rotation.

almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message


calendar
(Ephemeris)
It has the same meaning as almanac, but in GPS it is used in the same meaning as orbital information. If I had to emphasize the difference, the almanac is a precise orbital element, but its accuracy is guaranteed for a short period of time.


health
(Health)
A term unique to GPS, there is information called "health" in the navigation messages sent from satellites, informing the user whether the status of the satellite is normal or not. Based on this, it is determined whether or not the satellite can be used.

Standard positioning service
(Standard positioning service: SPS)
Until now, it has referred to general positioning using the C/A code and the L1 band. However, since the P-code is effectively open, the meaning of the term is ambiguous. →Precise positioning service
Block I
(Block I)
Eleven satellites launched from February 1972 to October 1985, during the GPS experimental stage (one of which failed). As of 1992, half of them are out of order or out of service, but a few are still in operation and used for positioning. It will be decommissioned once the Block II satellites are deployed. → Block II

Block II
(Block II)
A practical GPS device that has been launched since February 1989. It basically has the same specifications as Block I satellites, but the number of on-board atomic clocks and the capacity of the power supply have been enhanced. → Block I

PRN number
(PRN number)
This number is related to the bit arrangement of the pseudo-noise code of GPS satellites, but is currently treated the same as the satellite number. Based on this number, a predetermined pseudo-noise code is generated inside the receiver and compared with the received waveform to capture and receive the desired satellite. →SV number

PN code
(PN code, pseudo random noise code)
→PRN code



carrier wave
(Carrier)
High frequency is the basis for transmitting information using radio waves. The carrier wave alone is a continuous constant sine wave at that frequency. Depending on the information, for example, the amplitude, frequency, and phase are changed to transmit to the other party of the communication. In GPS, carrier waves are L1 and L2 frequency waves, and information to be transmitted is C/A code, P code, and navigation message. Since all of this information is digital data, it is placed on the carrier wave with phase changes of 0° and 180°.

PRN code
(Pseudo random noise code)
A pseudo-noise code, a digital code string in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly. Both the GPS C/A code and P-code are pseudo-noise codes, and the arrangement of 0s and 1s is changed for each satellite. Identification is performed by →C/A code, P code

PRN number
(PRN number)
This number is related to the bit arrangement of the pseudo-noise code of GPS satellites, but is currently treated the same as the satellite number. Based on this number, a predetermined pseudo-noise code is generated inside the receiver and compared with the received waveform to capture and receive the desired satellite. →SV number


almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message

antenna swapping
(Antenna swapping)
In kinematic positioning using the stop-and-go method, this refers to measuring by switching the antenna of the receiver between the first reference point and a temporary point temporarily installed near it. This is an operation for determining the integer value bias. → stop-and-go method


1 frequency type
(Single frequency model)
A type of receiver that performs positioning and surveying by receiving only the L1 band of the L1 band and L2 band radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. → 2 frequency type

1 point positioning
(Point positioning)
→Independent positioning

space technology
(Space technology)
In the field of geodesy, it refers to the technology of performing high-precision surveying using radio stars and artificial satellites. Specifically, long-baseline radio wave interferometers, satellite laser ranging, GPS, etc.

satellite health
(Health status)
Information called "health" is included in navigation messages transmitted from GPS satellites, and informs users whether the status of equipment on the satellite is normal. Based on this, it is determined whether or not the satellite can be used. →Health

SV number
(SV number)
In general, SV (space vehicle) means a spacecraft, and GPS indicates the number of the satellite. Currently, it has a different number, PRNNO., but in the past, there have been many changes in how satellite numbers are represented, so caution is required when comparing with old records.

L1 band
(L1 band)
It is the 1,575.42 MHz part of the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. Only this radio wave is used for general positioning.



Single positioning
(point positioning)
A method of obtaining the latitude, longitude and height of a point measured by a single receiver using GPS. Also called single-point positioning. Calculates position by measuring pseudoranges of at least four GPS satellites. The accuracy is about 100m when decoding and processing a general-purpose C/A code. If you use P-code, you can get several times better accuracy.


WGS-84
(World Geodetic System 1984)
A global geodetic coordinate system with its origin at the center of the earth. It was revised from time to time according to the accumulation of observational data, and was published in 1984 based on data from space technology. Since the orbital information of GPS satellites is based on this coordinate system, the results of GPS positioning are obtained in the first stage in terms of latitude, longitude and height based on this coordinate system. Therefore, in order to obtain the latitude, longitude and height based on the local coordinate system, for example, the Japanese geodetic system, the coordinate system must be converted. The previous version had WGS-72.

Orbit information
(Orbit information)
Data used to calculate the position of a GPS satellite in space at a given moment, and is called an orbital element in celestial mechanics. An orbital element consists of six numerical values, and can determine the position of a celestial body at any moment. →orbital elements, navigation messages

orbital element
(Orbital element)
Two numerical values representing the shape of the orbital ellipse, one numerical value indicating the position of the celestial body on the ellipse, two numerical values indicating the relationship between the earth and the orbital plane, It consists of a total of 6 numbers, one of which indicates the orientation of the ellipse on the orbital plane.


L1 band
(L1 band)
It is the 1,575.42 MHz part of the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. Only this radio wave is used for general positioning.


SV number
(SV number)
In general, SV (space vehicle) means a spacecraft, and GPS indicates the number of the satellite. Currently, it has a different number, PRNNO., but in the past, there have been many changes in how satellite numbers are represented, so caution is required when comparing with old records.

space technology
(Space technology)
In the field of geodesy, it refers to the technology of performing high-precision surveying using radio stars and artificial satellites. Specifically, long-baseline radio wave interferometers, satellite laser ranging, GPS, etc.

almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message














GPS signal rapid acquisition method and apparatus



A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the position of a receiver using a transmitted signal containing a unique periodically repeating sequence. The apparatus and method are useful in communication systems, particularly desynchronised systems such as A-GPS used in GSM and UMTS cellular telephone systems. The received signal is stored by the receiver for at least two repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence. An FFT operation is performed and the resulting data frequency samples are pruned in response to the hypothesized residual frequencies. This reduces the number of subsequent computations and processing time required. A correlation series is determined from the pruned samples corresponding to the hypothesized transmitter and the reference frequency samples. If a match is found, the code phase offset is determined, otherwise the process is repeated with another hypothesized residual frequency. A number of similarly obtained correlation series can also be non-coherently combined prior to this examination.
Qualcomm Inc. (6,941)

-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## detailed description of the invention ##>>##
##"##Technical field##"##
## <<##0001##>>##
The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for calculating the position of mobile devices through the use of radio signals, such as the GPS system.
## <<## background technology ##>>##
## <<##0002##>>##
Position sensing devices are becoming more and more popular. This encourages the development of rapid and sensitive methods for acquiring signals used to determine position.
## <<##0003##>>##
Location techniques typically use radio signals transmitted simultaneously from known locations to determine position. In the GPS system, these signals are transmitted simultaneously from many satellites at known times and on predefined frequencies. On the ground, a GPS receiver acquires a signal from each satellite within view of the sky. The time of arrival of the signal with the exact positions of the satellites in view and the exact time the signal was transmitted from each satellite are used to determine the position of the GPS receiver by trilateration calculations.
## <<##0004##>>##
Acquisition of signals from GPS satellites is difficult due to several factors. For example, GPS signals are relatively low power and transmitted over long distances. By the time GPS signals propagate from earth orbit to the receiver, their initially low power is greatly reduced, and the signal reaches the receiver, becoming extremely weak. The received signal level can also be attenuated by building obstruction effects, such as occurs during indoor reception or reception in an urban canyon environment.
## <<##0005##>>##
There are two primary functions in GPS receivers: (1) computation of pseudoranges to various GPS satellites, and (2) the calculation of these pseudoranges, satellite timing, and ephemeris (position) data. Calculation of the position of a GPS receiver using . Pseudorange measures the time delay (or equal distance) between the satellite and the GPS receiver, biased by the local clock. In a typical autonomous GPS receiver, the satellite ephemeris and time of transmission data are extracted from the GPS signal as it is acquired and tracked. Correction of this information typically takes a relatively long time (30 seconds to several minutes) and must be accomplished at good received signal levels to achieve low error rates.
## <<##0006##>>##
Virtually all known GPS receivers use correlation methods, or their mathematical equivalents, to calculate pseudoranges. These correlation methods are performed in real-time, often with hardware correlators. GPS signals contain a highly repetitive signal that is modulated according to a special sequence or "code" called a pseudo-random (PN) sequence. A code available for civilian applications is called the C/A code, which is 1.023 MHz and is used to give a binary phase reversal rate, or "chipping" rate, of 1023 chip repetition periods in one code period of 1 msec. used for The pseudo-random sequences of the GPS system belong to a family known as "Gold Codes". Each GPS satellite broadcasts a signal with a unique Gold code.
## <<##0007##>>##
For the sake of brevity, the following description uses the term "comprising a pseudorandom sequence (or code)" to mean that the signal is a waveform modulated according to a pseudorandom sequence or code. means that it contains The length of one frame of a pseudorandom sequence is the number of symbols in the sequence before it repeats. By pseudorandom sequence duration (time) is meant the duration of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. Similarly, when we refer to the frame rate of a pseudorandom sequence, we mean the repetition rate of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. It will be clear from the context whether the term "pseudo-random sequence" refers to a sequence of numbers or a waveform modulated according to such a sequence of numbers.
## <<##0008##>>##
After a signal is received from a given GPS satellite, following a down-conversion process to baseband, the signal is correlated with a reference signal. For example, a simple correlation receiver multiplies the received signal by a locally generated reference signal containing a stored replica of the appropriate Gold code contained within its local memory, then the signal Integrate (eg, low-pass filter) the product to obtain an indication that .
## <<##0009##>>##
A simple individual correlation process can yield a single (possibly complex) number. However, in many cases of interest, such number multiplications are computed by performing similar operations, either serially or in parallel, corresponding to different reference sequences (eg, delayed versions). Such a set of numbers is called a "correlation series". The final result of combining one or more consecutive correlation series is called the "final correlation series".
## <<##0010##>>##
By successively adjusting the relative timing of this stored replica with respect to the received signal and observing when high energies occur in the resulting final correlation series, a simple receiver can obtain A time delay between the received signal and the local clock can be determined. This time delay, modulo 1 millisecond code period, is termed the "code phase". Unfortunately, the correlation acquisition process takes time, especially if the received signal is weak. To improve acquisition time, most common GPS receivers use multiple correlators (typically up to 12) that allow parallel searches for correlation peaks.
## <<##0011##>>##
Some GPSs use FFT techniques to determine the Doppler frequency of the received GPS signal. These receivers use conventional correlation operations to despread the GPS signal and provide a narrow bandwidth signal with a bandwidth typically in the range of 10 kHz to 30 kHz. The resulting narrow bandwidth signal is then Fourier analyzed using an FFT algorithm to determine the carrier frequency. Such carrier determination simultaneously provides an indication that the local PN reference has been adjusted to the correct code phase of the received signal, providing an accurate measurement of the carrier frequency. This frequency is used for subsequent receiver tracking operations.
## <<##0012##>>##
One location determination method, for example, uses an FFT algorithm to compute pseudoranges for central processing locations rather than mobile device locations. According to the method, snapshots of data are collected by the GPS receiver and then transmitted over the data link to the remote receiver where they undergo FFT processing to compute the final correlation series. However, typically only a single forward and inverse fast Fourier transform (corresponding to four PN periods) is computed to perform the set of correlations.
## <<##0013##>>##
Another method involves using the Fast Fourier Transform method for capturing GPS signals and digitizing, storing and processing long blocks of raw data. Data corresponding to, for example, one second intervals can be digitized and then processed locally using FFT-based signal processing methods to capture the GPS signals present within this captured data block. In this method, a number of FFT operations are performed, each producing a correlation series, and the result undergoes both coherent and non-coherent processing operations to produce the final correlation series.
## <<##0014##>>##
Unfortunately, the GPS signal acquisition methods of such systems are inefficient when performing long coherent integrations, such as over one period of one data bit (eg, 20 GPS frames equal to 20 milliseconds of time). The loss in efficiency is also significant, especially when the uncertainty of the GPS carrier frequency is large. Moreover, in current GPS receiving systems, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit requires the GPS receiver to have a priori knowledge of the bit sequence. Therefore, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit is usually done by transmitting such information from the server to the mobile station. This common method is standardized in several cellular communication standards including IS-95, CDMA2000, GSM and UMTS standards.
## <<##0015##>>##
Other conventional methods for coherent processing are (1) when long coherent integrations are required, (2) when searches over wide Doppler ranges are required, and (3) each GPS code phase search is processed. It would be useful when all 1023 chips of the signal have to be done. However, such conventional methods have several limitations and limitations. For example, these algorithms require processing data as two-dimensional arrays and can limit the extent to which Doppler searches can be efficiently performed.
##"##Overview##"##
## <<##0016##>>##
A method and apparatus are described for receiving and processing one or more signals transmitted from multiple transmitters at predetermined frequencies. Each transmitted signal includes a waveform encoded according to a periodically repeating sequence that uniquely identifies the transmitter transmitting each respective signal. The received signals are used to determine the position of the receiver. The transmitter may include multiple GPS satellites that transmit GPS signals at GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a waveform coded according to a unique periodically repeating sequence. The code phase offset of the signal at the receiver is found, and using this information from multiple transmitters, the position of the receiver can be determined using GPS algorithms.
## <<##0017##>>##
Higher sensitivity and processing speed can be achieved by performing FFT operations on the observed data, with FFT, special pruning operations are used based on hypothesized residual (missed) frequency errors. , reducing the total number of computations and thus reducing the processing time.
## <<##0018##>>##
Specifically, at the receiver, a signal of a predetermined frequency is observed and digitized over a predetermined time period corresponding to at least two repetitions (two frames) of the periodically repeating sequence. One of a plurality of transmitters is hypothesized and a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized transmitter is provided. A first subset of the digitized data is selected as having a duration equal to at least two frames, thus defining a block of data. A set of data frequency samples is then calculated from this block, such as by using Fourier transform techniques.
## <<##0019##>>##
A first residual frequency is hypothesized and then the data frequency samples are pruned in response to the hypothesized first residual frequency to provide a first subset of periodically spaced data frequency samples. . The first subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples are further processed (typically by multiplication and inverse FFT procedures) to provide a first correlation data series.
## <<##0020##>>##
This procedure is then repeated with additional blocks of data (typically adjacent), and the multiple correlation series so found can be detected and added together to form the final correlation series. . This latter series is then searched to identify signal matches, typically by looking for strong peaks in the final correlation series. Once a matched signal is found, the code phase offset is determined from the final correlation series. However, if no matched signal is found, another residual frequency is hypothesized and the process is repeated, typically using the same set of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples, to find a signal match. search. A similar process is performed until a signal match is found, or until no match is found and enough residual frequencies are hypothesized that the signal from the hypothesized transmitter cannot be acquired. proceed.
## <<##0021##>>##
Typically, there will be multiple transmitters observable by the receiver, and this process will be performed at each such transmitter to identify the signal and possibly determine the code phase offset from each transmitter. can be repeated.
## <<##0022##>>##
Many different embodiments can be implemented. In one embodiment, the pruning step further comprises selecting a subset of the data frequency samples, the subset comprising a plurality of samples having indices that are separated with respect to each other by an integer K, where K is the number of frames of the PN sequence in the data block.
## <<##0023##>>##
In this regard, although we occasionally use the term "PN sequence" or "PN frame" in F(t), i.e. the repeating set of frames of the PN sequence, the PN sequence is actually the modulation of the carrier. Note that this is not strictly correct, as it is the sequence of numbers used to construct the signal that is used to generate the waveform F(t). However, it will be clear from the context whether "PN sequence" is used to mean the waveform modulated by the PN sequence F(t) or the sequence itself.
## <<##0024##>>##
In another embodiment, the method further includes multiplying the subset of data frequency samples with the set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples.
## <<##0025##>>##
The reference frequency samples may be obtained by any suitable method, e.g. the receiver may perform a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on one or more periods of the periodically repeated frequency to define the reference frequency samples. Often, the reference frequency samples may be pre-computed at each transmitter and stored at the receiver, or the reference frequency samples may be downloaded from a server such as the PDE described herein.
## <<##0026##>>##
The step of performing a correlation operation can include performing an inverse DFT on the set of weighted frequency samples to generate a correlation data series.
## <<##0027##>>##
Each data block may have a size corresponding to an integer number of repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence, 2 or more, such as 5, 10, 20 or more. A data block of some embodiments may have a size in the range of approximately 5 to 20 repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence. In other embodiments, a data block may have a size of 100 or so such repetitions.
## <<##0028##>>##
The methods described above are performed in suitable hardware and/or software in the receiver and/or one or more servers of the wireless network. For example, some functions may be performed at the receiver and some functions may be performed at the Position Determining Entity (PDE).
## <<##0029##>>##
The apparatus and methods described herein are particularly useful in assisted GPS (“A-GPS”) systems. In this assisted GPS system, the communication system that provides the assistance information to the GPS receiver is desynchronized, as in the GSM and UMTS cellular standards. In a synchronous communication system, such as the CDMA2000 standard, the demands placed on the code phase search are greatly reduced, and further benefits may be obtained from the use of the improved algorithms described herein.
## <<## detailed description ##>>##
## <<##0030##>>##
In the various figures of the drawings, identical reference numbers designate identical or similar parts.
## <<##0031##>>##
FIG. 1 shows a GPS environment including multiple GPS satellites (SVs) 11 . Although described in a GPS environment, the system described herein can be configured with any positioning system. Satellites 11 emit GPS signals 12 that are received by a plurality of land-based base stations 10 that are part of a communications network and mobile stations (MS) 14 that communicate with the base stations. MS 14 includes a GPS receiver and a two-way communication system for communicating with base stations using two-way communication signals 20 . GPS receivers can be configured in a wide range of mobile embodiments (other than cell phones) that communicate with one or more base stations. A user 13 possessing an MS 14 that can be positioned in a wide range of environments can be stationary or mobile.
## <<##0032##>>##
GPS satellites (SV) 11 comprise a group of satellites that broadcast signals used to position GPS receivers. The satellites are synchronized to transmit radio signals 12 that are synchronized to GPS time. These signals are generated at predetermined frequencies and in predetermined formats. In the current GPS architecture, each SV transmits a civil-type GPS signal in the L1 frequency band (at 1575.42 MHz) formatted according to the GPS standard. When GPS signals are detected by the MS's normal GPS receiver, the GPS system calculates a pseudorange for each GPS satellite, from which the position of the MS is calculated.
## <<##0033##>>##
Pseudorange is defined as c·(Tuser−TSV)+cTbias, where c is the speed of light, Tuser is the GPS time when a signal is received from a given SV, and TSV is the time a satellite sent a signal. and Tbias is the local user clock error that is normally present in GPS receivers. Sometimes pseudoranges are specified by omitting the constant "c". In the normal case, the receiver needs to solve for the four unknowns X, Y, Z (coordinates of the receiver antenna) and Tbias. Solving for these four unknowns usually requires measurements from four different SVs. However, in some circumstances this constraint can be relaxed. For example, the required number of SVs can be reduced from 4 to 3 if an accurate altitude estimate is obtained. In A-GPS operation, TSV is not always available to the receiver, and instead of processing true pseudoranges, the receiver relies primarily on code phase. In current GPS configurations, the PN code repeats every 1 millisecond, so the code phase has a 1 millisecond time ambiguity. Occasionally, data bit boundaries are checked, thus resulting in an ambiguity of only 20 milliseconds.
## <<##0034##>>##
Base station 10 comprises any collection of base stations used as part of a communication network that communicates with MS 14 using radio signals 20 . The base stations are connected to a cellular infrastructure network 15 which includes a number of other communication networks such as the public telephone system 16, a computer network 17 such as the Internet, a Position Determination Entity (PDE) 18, block 17a. It provides communication services to various other communication systems shown collectively. A GPS reference receiver (or receiver) 19, which may be at or near the base station 10, or at any other suitable location, communicates with the PDE 18 and SV Provides information useful in determining location, such as location (calendrical) information.
## <<##0035##>>##
A land-based cellular infrastructure network 15 typically provides communication services that allow cell phone users to connect to other phones over the public telephone system 16 . However, base stations can also be used for other communication purposes, such as communication with other devices and/or Internet connectivity with handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). For example, base station 10 may be part of a GSM communications network, but may be used in other types of synchronous (eg, CDMA2000) or asynchronous communications networks as well.
## <<##0036##>>##
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of mobile device 14 incorporating a communication and location system. A two-way communication system 22 , such as a cellular communication system, is connected to antenna 21 for communicating using cellular signals 20 . The cellular communication system 22 includes suitable equipment such as modems 23, hardware, software for communicating with and/or detecting signals 20 from base stations and for processing transmitted or received information. can include
## <<##0037##>>##
The MS's GPS positioning system 27 is connected to a GPS antenna 28 for receiving GPS signals 12 transmitted at or near the ideal GPS frequency. The GPS system 27 receives GPS signals, a GPS receiver 29 including frequency conversion circuitry and an analog-to-digital converter, a GPS clock, control logic for controlling the desired functions of the GPS receiver, and GPS signals. Appropriate hardware and software for processing and performing the calculations necessary to determine position using a suitable location algorithm. In the illustrated embodiment, the analog-to-digital converter is connected to a buffer memory of the position detection system, which is coupled to the DFT circuitry for providing and storing data during DFT operations. In some A-GPS architectures, final location calculations (e.g., latitude and longitude) may be performed at a remote server based on code phase and other information transmitted from the GPS receiver to the remote server. can be done. Some examples of GPS systems are disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 5,841,396, 6,002,363 and 6,421,002.
## <<##0038##>>##
GPS clocks are intended to keep accurate GPS time, but since accurate time is often not available prior to position fixation, its estimated value and ambiguity about its value It is common to keep time with GPS clock software. Note that GPS time is often known exactly (within tens of nanoseconds of uncertainty with current GPS architecture) after a precise GPS position is determined. However, this precise time may only be available at the server when the final location calculations are done at the remote server.
## <<##0039##>>##
A mobile device control system 25 is connected to both the two-way communication system 22 and the location system 27 . The mobile device control system 25 may include any suitable control system, such as one or more microprocessors, memory, other hardware, firmware, or software, to perform the appropriate control functions for the system to which it is connected. contains a structure. The processing steps described herein may be performed in any suitable manner.
## <<##0040##>>##
The control system 25 is connected to a user interface 26, which may include any suitable device for interfacing with a user, such as a keypad, a microphone/speaker for voice communication services, a display such as a backlit LCD display, and the like. contains components. The mobile device control system 25 and user interface 26 connected to the location system 27 provide appropriate input-output for the GPS receiver and two-way communication system, such as control of user input and display of results. give function.
## <<##0041##>>##
An example of a coherent processing method is described with reference to FIG. 3 and other figures. FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing the sequence of steps taken by a mobile station to process a received GPS signal to identify whether it matches a hypothesis for selecting a GPS code and carrier frequency offset; be. Since the algorithm attempts to find a code phase offset match with the selected GPS code, it can examine all possible code offsets (eg, 1023 offsets). The coherent processing algorithm is then repeated for each GPS code that may be observable by the mobile station. Additional non-coherent processing can be added to the algorithm of FIG. 3 to further improve sensitivity. For the sake of brevity, this added complexity will be discussed later in conjunction with FIG.
## <<##0042##>>##
In FIG. 3, at 30, the act of observing GPS signals is shown. Essentially, the receiver receives electromagnetic energy having a carrier frequency close to the GPS carrier frequency in the hope that GPS signals are present and detectable. The GPS signal (if it exists) is observed for a period of time at least as long as period Tc, i.e., a time period during which a block of data is taken for coherent processing (Tc is the "data block period" or coherent period of the signal). can also be referred to as a simple integration (processing) time).
## <<##0043##>>##
In the absence of noise, the functional form s(t) of the GPS signal can theoretically be written at any time t as
s(t)=Ad(t)P(t)exp(j2□ft+□) (A1)
where A is the signal amplitude, d(t) is the data sequence with relatively low speed (eg 50 baud) modulating the carrier (eg by biphasic modulation) and P(t) is the PN sequence F A waveform consisting of a repeating set of (t) frames, where f is the carrier frequency (ideally equal to f0) and □ is the carrier phase. For example, the transmission (eg, chip) rate is 1.023 MHz, F(t) has a length of 1023 chips, the PN frame rate is 1 kHz, and P(t) has a length K□1023 chips.
## <<##0044##>>##
Note that equation (A1) is the complex representation of the carrier, which is useful if the quadrature sampling method is used to process the signal, and of course other representations can be used when appropriate. do. It should be appreciated that in real-world conditions, the various parameters are not perfectly stable, but for purposes of explanation it is assumed that the signal amplitude and the various modulation rates are approximately constant.
## <<##0045##>>##
FIG. 4 is a diagram representing the structure of an ideal GPS signal described by equation (A1). The GPS signal consists of a series of PN frames, indicated at 45, each biphasically modulated waveform F(t) 46 according to a particular pseudonoise (or "PN") sequence, and carrier frequency 47. contains. Each iteration of F(t) is termed a "PN frame". Each PN frame has a predetermined duration Tr. At 48 the data transitions of the data sequence d(t) are shown, which occur at the start of one of the PN frames shown. However, because the data sequence d(t) is relatively slow, data transitions 48 occur only once every 20 PN frames (in the US GPS C/A code), and therefore data transitions occur at the start of arbitrarily chosen PN frames. occurs or does not occur in
## <<##0046##>>##
Each GPS satellite (SV) transmits a unique PN waveform F(t) indicated at 46, which is a series of symbols (chips) transmitted at a predetermined rate. The PN waveforms are distinguished from each other by the specific PN sequence used for bilayer modulation of the carrier. For example, these sequences can be selected from a set of Gold codes in the C/A waveform of the US GPS system.
## <<##0047##>>##
In one example, the chip rate is 1.023 MHz, so the PN frame rate is approximately 1 kHz. This waveform F(t) is repeated continuously, for example the first code from the first satellite SV1 repeatedly transmits a unique sequence F1(t) and SV2 repeats a unique PN sequence F2(t). Send. GPS receivers are programmed with the unique PN sequences of all possible GPS satellites in view. These PN sequences can be used in algorithms to identify particular satellites, particularly when satellite signals are received by a GPS receiver, the PN sequences are used to identify the satellite that transmitted the received signal. used. Initially, however, the GPS receiver does not know the actual received code phase epoch, which may be the distance over the entire PN frame (eg, 1 millisecond duration or 1023 chips) as described above. Furthermore, the receiver does not know whether the GS signal associated with a particular PN code is detectable. This is because this signal is attenuated by various obstacles and/or the particular SV is not in view. Therefore, the receiver must search serially or in parallel over an indeterminate distance of epochs to attempt to detect the hypothesized signal, aligning the epochs of the received GPS frames with the locally generated reference frames. must.
## <<##0048##>>##
In a real GPS environment, a GPS receiver simultaneously receives multiple signals, each with a unique PN sequence F(t), such as the theoretical signal specified in equation (A1). For example, under typical conditions, a GPS receiver typically receives 8 to 12 signals from different in-view satellites at any given time, and various parameters such as path length, direction of arrival, Doppler They are different from each other because of the different frequency shifts. For purposes of explanation, we will first describe processing one of the signals in the theoretical form of equation (A1), and then show how the processing algorithms described here can be used to process a large number of signals. Prove that you can. Each signal has the theoretical form of equation (A1).
## <<##0049##>>##
When GPS signals reach the receiver they are often highly corrupted by additive noise and possibly also by other noise or buffering. Furthermore, the carrier frequency and chip rate can be considered slightly shifted from their original values, mainly due to the Doppler effect. Therefore, the carrier frequency may shift slightly when observed by the receiver of the MS due to the action of the SV and the action of the MS, so that when the receiver receives the signal, the actual received carrier frequency can vary from its ideal predetermined carrier frequency f0 by an amount called the "residual frequency". In addition, MS local oscillator errors cause the carrier frequency to vary from its ideal frequency.
## <<##0050##>>##
Referring to FIG. 3, at 31 the carrier frequency is "stripped" from the GPS signal by a suitable frequency conversion circuit, leaving a residual frequency fe. To remove the carrier frequency, the GPS signal is typically first converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) by a mixer, after which the remaining IF component is reduced to near zero by any suitable analog or digital technique. processed as For example, the IF frequency can be substantially removed by another mixer, or digital processing mixing techniques may be used after converting the GPS to digital signal with an analog-to-digital converter. In some designs, the frequency conversion circuit can provide a final frequency with a small known frequency offset plus the residual frequency described above. This small known frequency offset is known to be constant, so further processing only requires determination of the residual frequency. For simplicity of the following discussion, this small known offset is assumed to be zero. However, the methods and apparatus described herein are equally applicable to cases where such known offsets are non-zero.
## <<##0051##>>##
Typically, residual frequencies are primarily caused by the Doppler effect. Furthermore, the receiver itself may induce slight frequency shifts during signal processing. The sum of these two errors from the ideal carrier frequency can be represented by some maximum tolerance (Δf). Therefore, the actual received carrier frequency is typically within f0±Δf. Although the residual frequency can be more or less in any particular set of circumstances, the residual frequency fe, which is equal to the frequency remaining after the receiver has attempted to reduce the original carrier to zero, typically ranges from a few hundred hertz to a few kHz. in the range of
## <<##0052##>>##
In the A-GPS system, the expected Doppler corrections on all GPS signals are transmitted from the PDE to the GPS receiver (in one form or another), and a list of possible GPS satellites in view is also transmitted to the receiver. , which allows GPS receivers to more efficiently search for satellite signals. The expected data stream can also be provided by the PDE.
## <<##0053##>>##
In its memory, the receiver stores PN codes (or their representations, such as the DFT of these codes) corresponding to all GPS satellites that may be in view.
## <<##0054##>>##
At 32, the processed GPS signal (if not previously converted) is digitized (i.e., sampled) in an analog-to-digital converter over a predetermined period of time and then stored in the buffer memory of the GPS receiver. There is no theoretical limit to the size of the dataset, or the sample rate of the data, although it is sometimes useful for the sample rate to be a multiple of 1.024 MHz and the dataset size to be a multiple of 1024. Therefore, the signal of equation (A2) is considered to be a sampled signal, where the sample rate can be set to a number of 1.024 MHz or 2.048 MHz, whereby 1024 or 2048 samples are Occurs over a 1 ms PN frame period. Due to Doppler-induced errors, this sample rate is not exactly equal to the chip rate or twice the chip rate. One reason for choosing this sample rate is that if sampling is performed at 1.024 or 2.048 MHz, the resulting number of samples is a power of 2 over a 1 millisecond frame period, which is efficient. It is convenient for a typical FFT. That is, a frame of data is a multiple of 1024 samples, a convenient size for efficient FFTs, and the total dataset size (in coherent processing) is also a multiple of 1024, a power of 2 times this length. be. However, this limitation is not absolute, as efficient algorithms still exist when the number of samples per frame is not a power of two.
## <<##0055##>>##
At 33, a data block for coherent processing is defined by selecting a portion of the stored digital data over a predetermined coherent processing period Tc. The time period over which data is combined for coherent processing is typically selected to include a large integer number of PN frames (eg, 20 PN frames). Coherent processing blocks, however, may be used for very long periods of time, as residual carrier frequency stability and other multipath effects (and possibly other factors) over long time periods can limit or prevent performance improvement. should not be selected. As will be explained below, it may be useful to choose Tc to be an exact multiple of one PN frame period Tr.
## <<##0056##>>##
Still referring to FIG. 4, the GPS signal is observed over time Tc, which defines a data block such as first data block 49a or second data block 49b, time Tc being an integral number of PN data blocks. It is selected to have a frame 45. Since the actual data block is received without prior knowledge of when the PN frame begins, the start and end of the data block can be anywhere within the PN frame boundaries. For example, a data block could happen to extend from the start of the first frame to the end of the last PN frame, as shown at 49a (code phase offset=0), but more likely , the data block extends from somewhere halfway in the first PN frame (as indicated at 49b) to somewhere halfway in the frame following the last full PN frame, and Thereby the code phase offset is not equal to zero. For example, the code phase offset can be determined using a matched filter operation, as described with reference to steps 39-42 of FIG.
## <<##0057##>>##
At 34 in FIG. 3, the data sequence is optionally removed. After the data sequence d(t) has been removed and the theoretical signal of equation (A1) has been transformed to a frequency close to the baseband of the residual signal sb(t), the neglected noise and interference has the form
sb(t)=AP(t)exp(j2□fet+□) (A2)
where fe is the residual frequency after converting the carrier frequency to approximately baseband.
## <<##0058##>>##
Optionally, it may be useful to remove the data sequence d(t) before processing. To help eliminate data sequences, in some A-GPS systems the expected data sequence d(t) is sent to the GPS receiver (eg from a server) along with some approximate arrival times of the GPS signals. be done. In these cases, the GPS receiver can eliminate the data sequence d(t) and therefore the pseudo-random polarity reversals that can occur in the signal of equation (A1) every 20 milliseconds with the data sequence d(t). . By eliminating random polarity reversals (ie, by eliminating d(t)), the coherent integration time can be increased to time intervals greater than one data bit period, eg, greater than 100 milliseconds. Increasing the coherent integration time can improve the sensitivity of the GPS acquisition process. As indicated earlier, some future modes of GPS may contain signaling components that do not contain data. In these situations, the coherent integration period is not limited to one data bit period.
## <<##0059##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, the carrier frequency is approximately removed to provide a residual frequency fe in the signal sb(t) of equation (A2), and the block duration Tc is chosen to be an exact multiple of the PN frame duration Tr. was done. In other words, Tc=KTr, where K is the number of frames in the block period. For example, if K=100 and Tr=1 msec, then Tc can be 100 msec.
## <<##0060##>>##
At 35, the data blocks are coherently processed using a Fourier transform process. This step can be called the "forward transform" process. For example, a fast Fourier transform (eg, FFT or DFT) of signal sb(t) sampled over time period Tc can be performed as follows:
y(f)=FFT(sb(t), from t=0 to t=Tc) (A3)
The forward transform process can be performed in various ways. One well-known method is decimation in time, another method is decimation in frequency. One fast algorithm can be used as suitable or useful, such as chirp z-transform or number-theoretic transform.
## <<##0061##>>##
An optional signal FFT (eg, shown in and described with reference to FIG. 9) includes a series of data frequency samples separated in frequency by the reciprocal of the period over which the data block is being processed. . For example, if the block period (Tc) is 20 ms, the frequency samples are separated by 50 Hz. If the block period is 80 ms, the frequency samples are separated by 12.5 Hz. Each data frequency sample can be identified by its frequency Hz, or more conveniently by its frequency index. In particular, each data frequency sample of the DFT can be designated by an integer (frequency index), eg starting at zero index at zero frequency. In an N-point FFT, the frequency index N/2 corresponds to half the sample rate frequency Hz, ie S/2. Frequency samples with indices N/2+1, N/2+2, etc. correspond to frequencies Hz equal to -S/2+1/Tc, -S/2+2/Tc, etc., ie they represent data corresponding to negative frequencies. If we rearrange the data samples by selecting samples with indices N/2, N/2+1, N/2+2, . . . , N−1, 0, 1, 2, . The data are collected in ascending order (in Hz) starting with the most negative frequency and progressing to the highest frequency. This rearrangement is used in FIGS. 5 and 6, for example. As a result, the frequency indices are considered cyclic, whereby the index m is equal to m+N and m−N. Therefore index N/2+m is equal to index -N/2+m.
## <<##0062##>>##
FIG. 5 is a graph of the frequency spectrum of a theoretically noise-free GPS signal at frequencies near zero (0) frequency with the above rearrangement. FIG. 5 shows an FFT with a characteristic appearance due to the periodic repetition of the PN sequence, which repeats every 1 millisecond in the US GPS C/A code. The noiseless FFT shown contains a subset of data frequency samples (spectral lines) 51 with strong energy separated by a number of intermediate samples (not shown) with low energy. Such spectra are sometimes called "comb" spectra, where the separation between successive strong samples is at multiples of K frequency indices.
## <<##0063##>>##
In particular, the comb spectrum shown in FIG. 5 was repeated and sampled 20 times over a period of 20 ms, with a residual carrier frequency fe=0 and a maximum amplitude (at 209 kHz, not shown in the graph) Fig. 3 is a graph of magnitude versus frequency in the power spectrum corresponding to GPS Gold Code #1, normalized by line; In this example, a series of spectral lines with intense energy are spaced apart by approximately 1000 Hz (1 kHz). The 0.0 Hz line 51a has an amplitude of approximately -38 db, the 1.0 kHz line 51b has an amplitude of approximately -11 db, and the 2.0 kHz line 51c has an amplitude of approximately -13 db. Between each pair of strong spectral lines there are 19 intermediate lines of very low amplitude as represented by the logarithmic graph of FIG. For example at 51a, spectral lines are present at 0 Hz and 1000 Hz. Spectral lines exist from 50 Hz, 100 Hz to 950 Hz, but since they have low energy they are not shown in the drawing. A similar analysis exists for each strong spectral line pair. The separation of the comb-shaped intense spectral lines measured in Hz is equal to the frame rate fr. Measured by the frequency index difference is the K index, the number of frames in the coherent data block.
## <<##0064##>>##
While FIG. 5 shows the theoretical result in the absence of noise, the FFT of the actual received signal as shown in FIG. showing noise. In the example of FIG. 5, the average noise level of the FFT, indicated at 52, typically exceeds the amplitude of even the strongest spectral lines.
## <<##0065##>>##
With further reference to FIG. 9, this is a graph showing that a typical frequency content (FFT) for real data includes a plurality of data frequency samples, generally indicated at 90, a plurality of these data frequency samples are collectively termed a "data frequency set". The data frequency set extends up to the highest frequency index (corresponding to the frequency in Hz of S-1/Tc). The frequency separation between each data frequency sample is equal to the reciprocal of the block period (ie, the reciprocal of the time period of sample 1/Tc), so when the original FFT ordering is used, the largest index is at STc-1. .
## <<##0066##>>##
Unlike FIG. 5, each data frequency sample 90 in FIG. 9 contains noise, and therefore only periodic spectral lines (at frequency index K) have significant energy, unlike the theoretical GPS spectrum of FIG. , a large amount of energy is found at each frequency index. In other words, due to noise, the amplitude of spectral lines associated with the received GPS signal is below the noise level and therefore not directly observable. Put another way, in the FFT of real data, the average noise energy level can be similar for all frequency lines, so the comb spectrum in Fig. 5 is not observable and unknown until further processing. will be in the state of
## <<##0067##>>##
Returning to FIG. 3, at 36a, initial assumptions are made to begin the algorithm. Like the theoretical signal specified in equation (A1), a GPSK receiver receives multiple signals simultaneously, each with a unique PN sequence F(t), and therefore each unique Note that we provide an FFT. For example, under typical conditions, a GPS receiver typically receives between 8 and 12 signals from various in-view satellites at any given time, many of these signals being too weak to be detected. there is a possibility. Therefore, there is no certainty as to which satellite is providing the receivable signal, and even if detectable, the code phase offset of any receivable signal that determines the arrival time is a priori unknown. ## <<##0068##>>##
At 36a, a particular satellite that may be in view is selected or "guessed". The selection of any particular satellite may be random, or may be based on any suitable information such as a history or list provided by the PDE. as explained below. The PN code of the selected satellite is tested over multiple frequency hypotheses (typically within a distance determined by the receiver) until at least a match is found or all hypotheses are exhausted, then at 36c; The next satellite is selected and the corresponding PN code is tested across multiple frequency hypotheses until all candidate satellites are selected or signals from a sufficient number of satellites are found to have completed position determination. be.
## <<##0069##>>##
At 36a, an initial hypothesis is made for the residual frequencies. If sufficient information is available to the GPS receiver (e.g., a previous position fix has been made or an estimated Doppler correction is available), then this initial and subsequent hypotheses are based on this information. can be done. If no information is available, a best guess can be made and a search can begin.
## <<##0070##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, at 37 the GPS codes corresponding to the hypothesized satellites are Fourier transformed. This code, which can be locally generated or computed and stored ahead of time, is sometimes referred to as the "reference" code. These GPS codes are well known and it is feasible to pre-compute and store a value for each GPS code in a GPS receiver. These GPS codes can then be Fourier transformed before or after storage in the GPS receiver. For example, a Fourier transform (eg, FFT or DFT) can be performed on a reference data set consisting of K iterations of a PN sequence F(t), denoted P(t), as follows:
B(f)=FFT(P(t), from t=0 to t=KTr=Tc) (A4)
The result, such as the example shown in FIG. 5, is a comb spectrum containing a series of evenly spaced lines, which can be termed "reference frequency samples". It is non-zero only for every Kth frequency sample of B(f) and only the non-zero value needs to be stored, thus reducing the required storage.
## <<##0071##>>##
However, it is further possible to pre-compute the Fourier transform of the repeated sequence P(t) and store only the non-zero Fourier transformed values at each GPS code, allowing for quick use whenever needed. would be efficient. It is easy to observe that these non-zero values are obtained from the Fourier transform of F(t) rather than P(t), thus reducing the computational burden. Since the FFT of the repeated sequence can be obtained from this short FFT, it is usually possible to compute the FFT of only one iteration of F(t) instead of K iterations, as shown in (A4). It is enough. Also, the reference GPS code is normally assumed to have a code phase offset of zero and a carrier frequency offset of zero, and therefore should be centered at 0.0 Hz, the graphical representation of FIG. 5 rather than FIG. should be similar to
## <<##0072##>>##
The details of the above calculation relate to the US GPS PN code being of length 1023 and the preferred FFT size being a power of 2, typically 1024 or 2048 in this description. Given that the FFT is precomputed, a suitable procedure for generating a suitably sized FFT, corresponding to a sample rate of 1.023 MHz, is to perform a reference 1023-point FFT and extract the values of indices 512 and 513 Attach extra zero-valued samples in between. Similarly, corresponding to a sample rate of 2.046 MHz, a suitable procedure for generating a suitably sized FFT is to perform a 2046-point FFT of the reference PN (sampled at 2 samples per chip) and index Append two extra zero-valued samples between 1024 and 1025. These procedures are interpolation techniques performed in the frequency domain and are computationally more efficient than equivalent resampling method implementations in the time domain. In any case, the FFT of the repeated reference sequence can then be computed by simply inserting the appropriate number of non-zero valued samples between each reference frequency sample corresponding to the FFT of one PN frame.
## <<##0073##>>##
When the data frequency samples were first computed in the FFT process at block 35, the residual frequencies were unknown. This unknown residual frequency must be found in order to accurately and efficiently acquire the GPS signal. To determine the residual frequencies, a "trial and error" process can be used in which a series of residual frequencies are hypothesized, calculations are performed on each hypothesis, and the results are analyzed to search for locations. . It should be recognized that the number of hypotheses is large and the processing time can increase with the number of hypotheses tested.
## <<##0074##>>##
At 38, a subset of the data frequency samples provided at 37 is selected or "pruned" in response to the hypothesized residual frequencies. As shown in FIG. 5 and described therewith, an ideal GPS signal P(t) has a comb-shaped spectrum with periodic frequency spacing fr, which is the FFT multiplied by the number of samples in the block. is the frequency spacing, ie (1/Tc)□K=fr. Since this comb spectrum has non-zero samples occupying only a fraction of the actual data frequency samples, a reduction in frequency search complexity and time requirements is possible. As mentioned above, the frequency spacing fr, expressed in Hz, is equal to the PN frame rate. Expressed as an index, this is equal to the number of repeated PN frames (K) in the data block.
## <<##0075##>>##
For example, referring again to FIG. 9, if K=20, the data frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized residual frequencies can be selected by selection of a particular group of spectral lines, such as 92a or 92b. . Since P(t) has a comb spectrum, so does the baseband, noise-free received signal sb(t) (see equation A-2), since this signal is the frequency transform of P(t). because it contains the modified version. However, the actual comb lines of sb are not positioned at exact multiples of 1 kHz, but are offset by residual frequencies (see Figure 6), which need to be determined.
## <<##0076##>>##
If the sampling rate is 1.024 MHz, the block size is 20 msec, and there are 20 PN sequences in the block, then the spacing between adjacent comb lines in the received signal is 1 kHz, thus giving recognizable energy. There are only 1024 lines of the DFT of P(t) with This comb spacing limits the subset to only 1024 data frequency lines, so a correspondingly reduced size inverse FFT can be used in subsequent processing.
## <<##0077##>>##
As another example, if the sampling rate is 2.048 MHz, then there are 2048 non-zero valued comb lines with a comb frequency spacing of 1.0 kHz, but with more energy than the 2.048 MHz passband. extends beyond. It is not necessary to sample at a rate that is a multiple of the frequency separation (eg, 1.0 kHz), nor is it necessary that the sample rate be a power of two times 1.0 kHz, and the comb spectrum of sb(t) still remains. However, it is desirable that the total sample period Tc be a multiple of 1 millisecond to achieve true periodic convolution. This requirement can be omitted, but may result in some performance penalty or speed degradation, as will be explained later.
## <<##0078##>>##
6, which has a residual carrier frequency of about 1.5 kHz (ie fe=1.5 kHz) and is normalized by the maximum amplitude line (occurring at 209 kHz) as in FIG. 1 is a graph of the power spectrum of an example GPS signal (Code #1) repeated 20 times with . A comparison of FIGS. 5 and 6 shows that comb spectra are present in both cases, and the spectrum of FIG. 6 is simply offset with respect to that of FIG. 5 by a residual frequency fe of about 1500 Hz in this example. is also shown. Therefore, the hypothesis of 1500 Hz (the true carrier frequency offset in this example) results in an appropriate selection of the set of frequency lines containing signal energy. Even though the GPS signal spectrum appears as in FIG. 6, it can be disturbed by noise as shown in FIG. 9 appearing at each frequency sample (rather than just comb samples). However, the noise that occurs between the frequency samples of the GPS signal comb is inappropriate for GPS signal detection because they contain little GPS signal energy. Therefore, it is necessary to use only the frequency information of the comb line positions for GPS signal detection purposes. As will be explained in detail, each frequency hypothesis states that a different set of possible comb frequencies are processed, so that these different sets of possible comb frequencies are simply cyclically shifted relative to each other. version. ## <<##0079##>>##
The term "pruning" refers to selecting only every Kth sample from the frequency data. In the conventional example, Tc equals 20 PN frames and K equals 20, ie only every twentieth sample of the FFT data needs to be selected for use in subsequent processing. More generally, K is the iteration number of the PN code of the coherent data block being processed. Such pruning leads to a subsequent reduction in throughput.
## <<##0080##>>##
See FIGS. 9 and 10. FIG. FIG. 9 is an example of a typical data frequency sample containing noise that interferes with the GPS signal. FIG. 10 is a table showing (for simplicity of explanation) the subset of data frequency samples corresponding to a hypothesized positive frequency offset, how every Kth sample contributes to the hypothesized residual frequency. It indicates what is chosen to define the subset for frequency selection. To hypothesize a zero frequency offset, transform the selection into a first subset 92a, which is every Kth sample starting at frequency index zero (A0, AK . . . ), shown at 92a in FIGS. , corresponding to row 0 in FIG. To hypothesize a 1-index frequency offset, a second subset 92b is selected, containing every Kth sample, but offset by a frequency index of 1 (A1, AK+1 . . . ), as shown in FIG. Corresponds to row 1. To hypothesize a two-index frequency offset, a third subset 92c is selected, which contains every Kth sample offset by frequency index 1 (A2, AK+2...). This process, sometimes called circular rotation, continues by translating the selected data frequency samples by integers to hypothesize each subsequent frequency offset. The number of frequency offsets can exceed K (corresponding to rates exceeding the frame rate).
## <<##0081##>>##
The frequency data set is considered cyclic, ie frequency K is similar to KN and K+N, for example. Thus, it can be seen that the last few data samples of a given row can actually correspond to the first data sample of the first row. For example, in 92c, if K equals 2, the last index of 92c is NK+2-N=-K+2=0 and the last index of 92d is NK+3-N=-K+3=1. In this example, the last elements of 92c and 92d are therefore A0 and A1 respectively. Similarly, a negative frequency offset (not shown in the table) was hypothesized by first choosing a "negative frequency". As an example, the lowest negative frequency hypothesis corresponds to the selected data A-1, AK-1, A2K-1, A3K-1, . 1, A2K-1, A3K-1, . . . , AN-K-1. Therefore, the first sample of this array is actually the last frequency sample of the FFT. It is convenient to reorder the array starting at AN/2 so that most of the frequency data increases in frequency.
## <<##0082##>>##
In FIG. 10, the columns show the "comb" frequency indices, ie the indices of a pruned array with only N/K elements. Each row shows the value at a hypothesized comb frequency index. Of course, combs starting at negative frequency offsets are permissible and have rows constructed as described above.
## <<##0083##>>##
Information useful for identifying the presence of a GPS signal is therefore substantially contained within spectral lines that are mutually displaced by a fixed amount (1 kHz in this example) and offset by residual frequencies. Therefore, following the hypothesis of the residual frequency, for subsequent matched filter computation purposes corresponding to the hypothesized residual frequency, the set of spectral lines (comb) corresponding to that frequency offset can be selected from the FFT, The rest are ignored. This reduced number of spectral lines can reduce the number of subsequent computations required, thus reducing the processing time for each hypothesized residual frequency. For example, instead of having to perform an inverse FFT of size STc, as required in the matched filter operation of step 39, only an inverse FFT of size S/1 kHz is performed if a sample rate of S is used. There is a need. Therefore, assuming Tc = 128 milliseconds, we typically need to perform an inverse FFT of size 128 □ 1024 if the sample rate is 1.024 MHz. Taking advantage of the sparseness of the spectrum (i.e. the fact that GPS signals have a comb spectrum), we only need to compute an inverse FFT of size 1.024 MHz/1 kHz (i.e. 1024), with a processing savings of 128 (more precisely 1.7 □ 128) coefficient. Moreover, the processing savings improve as the total coherent processing time Tc increases. Therefore, it can be seen that the FFT size reduction is related to the number of iterations of the PN sequence F(t), ie the FFT size reduction factor improves as the number of coherently integrated PN frames increases.
## <<##0084##>>##
At 39, an operation is performed to form a correlation series from a subset of the data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples (eg GPS codes). To achieve this, an FFT-based matched filter operation can be implemented as follows.
Multiply the selected subset of data frequencies by the complex conjugate of the FFT of the GPS code. (A5)
Perform an inverse FFT of the result of Equation A5 and perform a detection operation on this resulting data set. (A6)
The result is a circular convolution of Sb(t) and P(t), which provides good correlation information, assuming that the duration of Sb(t) is an integer number of PN frames. This basic procedure required the processing of a long data set of period Tc, ie the procedure required performing a forward FFT of large size. However, as is well known, there are efficient ways to perform such large FFTs. Computational convenience comes from the need to perform only small size inverse FFTs for the pruning procedure. Since many inverse FFTs need to be performed for many frequency hypotheses, computational savings can be realized. This will be further mathematically proven later.
## <<##0085##>>##
For purposes of explanation, the method of steps 33-39 corresponds to processing one block of data in a coherent manner, a type of correlation referred to herein as "coherent correlation" or "coherent processing." . To improve sensitivity, the correlation output from multiple coherent correlation processes can be detected and the number of contiguous time intervals (eg 2 to 2000 blocks, typically 5 to 200 blocks) to give a correlation result. ). This process is called "non-coherent correlation" and is described in more detail below in conjunction with FIG.
## <<##0086##>>##
At 40 in FIG. 3, the correlation results (series) are analyzed to determine if a match is found. This operation can be performed with any number of suitable algorithms, as described below.
## <<##0087##>>##
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the results of the correlation operation of step 39, showing amplitude as a function of hypothesized code phase. The result of the matched filter operation, or correlation operation, of step 39 is called the "correlation series". As explained below, multiple correlation series can be combined (coherently and/or non-coherently) to provide improved performance. This combined series is called the "final correlation series" because this number of series can be examined to determine the condition in which they are matched. Returning to FIG. 7, as a result of the graph, successive lines 70 of different code phases are evenly spaced, typically by one chip increments or one-half chip increments. Any suitable peak finding type search algorithm can be used to determine if a match is found. For example, the size of each line may be considered. For example, if the line magnitude of a particular hypothesized code phase is the largest among all lines and its amplitude meets or exceeds a predetermined threshold, then a match has been found. can be assumed. In FIG. 7, line 72 appears to be the largest, so if the detection threshold (eg indicated at 74) is the predetermined threshold, the code phase of line 72 (i.e. It will be assumed that the code phase position 18) indicates a match. Other algorithms may be used, such as determining all peaks above a predetermined threshold and retaining all such peaks as potential matches.
## <<##0088##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, if after step 40 a match is not identified, operation moves to decision step 41 . At 41, if there are more residual frequencies to be searched, another frequency hypothesis is made at step 36b and steps 37-40 are repeated. However, if there are no more residual frequencies to be searched, operation moves from 41 to decision step 43 to determine whether there are more satellites to search, as described below. Returning to decision step 40, if a match is found, operation moves to step 42 where the code phase offset is determined.
## <<##0089##>>##
For example, as described above with reference to FIG. 4, once the data block has been sampled, the code phase is unknown, ie the start and end of the PN frame period have not yet been ascertained. In particular, although a data block has an integer number of PN frames 45, the starting position of the data block is not known, so the start and end of the data block can be anywhere within the PN frame. can. For example, a data block could happen to extend from the start of the first PN frame to the end of the last PN frame, as shown at 49a (code phase offset=0), but more possibilities are , the data block extends from an optionally selected point in the first PN frame to the same point in the frame following the last full PN frame, as indicated at 49b (code phase offset ≠ 0).
## <<##0090##>>##
At 42 , following a positive search result (ie after a match was found at step 40 ), the code phase offset is determined from the results of the matched filter operation at step 39 . Specifically, the number of possible code offsets is known before the matched filter operation. In the example just described of FIG. 7, the number of possible code offsets ranges from zero to 1023 (1024 total possible code phases if a 1024-point FFT is used), which is 1 millisecond. is the number of code phase offset steps over the interval. After matched filtering, line 72 (identifying the existence of a match) also shows the code phase offset as the number of steps from zero. In the example of FIG. 7, the code phase offset is at code phase position 18, which in this example translates to approximately 18/1024 milliseconds. This phase offset is related to the phase of the locally generated clock within the GPS receiver. In many cases, the accuracy of this phase offset is improved through an interpolation procedure that combines the level at a specified code phase with the levels of its neighboring code phases. ## <<##0091##>>##
At 43, a determination is made as to whether signals from additional satellites are searched. This determination is made according to any suitable criteria. For example, if it finds that signals from enough satellites have already made a position fix, or if the list of possible in-view satellites is exhausted, a decision is made to stop the search, at 44. As shown, the capture operation is completed. However, if signals from more satellites are searched, at 36c the next satellite is selected, an initial residual frequency is hypothesized, and steps 37-42 are performed with the new assumption.
## <<##0092##>>##
Using the knowledge that the PN sequence F(t) repeats multiple times in coherently processed data blocks, an even simpler inverse FFT procedure is possible as part of the overall matched filter procedure, as described here. It can be seen that this reduces the computation time. The improvement in processing time is particularly large if only one Doppler hypothesis is to be searched. However, since searches are typically performed over a large number of Doppler hypotheses (eg, searches over ±500 Hz are common), this processing savings advantage quickly becomes significant as described here. One reason to save processing is that each Doppler hypothesis requires a separate inverse FFT to be performed. However, in the method described here, the inverse FFT size is independent of the coherent frequency block size due to the fact that it only requires processing frequency samples at the hypothesized comb frequency locations. It is easy to see that the number of such frequency samples is equal to the number of data frequency samples over one PN frame. In the previous example, with a processing block size of 128 milliseconds, the required inverse FFT size is reduced by a factor of 128, resulting in a processing speed improvement of a factor greater than 128. A large forward FFT must be performed as in step 35, but this large operation only needs to be performed once per GPS code searched, and in some cases one forward FFT can be performed on multiple hypotheses. can be shared with the assigned GPS code.
## <<##0093##>>##
Typically, in order to search over a large Doppler range, a correspondingly large number of Doppler hypotheses are made sequentially and executed in turn, thus requiring multiple inverse FFT runs. For example, to search over a range of residual carrier frequencies fe=±2 kHz, with a coherent integration time of 128 ms, multiple Doppler hypotheses are required, i.e., the number of inverse FFTs equal to at least 512 (4000 kHz×128 msec) is executed. In the previous example, the inverse FFT size only requires 1024 points instead of 131072, which saves computation time by a factor of about 218 (FFT processing time is proportional to Nlog(N), where N is the transform size Note that). For example, using currently available technology, a 1024-point FFT can be performed in less than 0.5 milliseconds using an inexpensive DSP integrated circuit, and the overall processing of the entire set of inverse FFTs is Time results in less than 0.26 seconds. On the other hand, without taking advantage of sparse data, the processing time can be about 1 minute. Moreover, since one has to search over a large number of hypothesized GPSPN codes, the processing time required by conventional FFT processing is impractical, whereas the processing time with the disclosed method easily becomes practical.
## <<##0094##>>##
A search over the various Doppler hypotheses ensures that adjacent spectral lines of the FFT are separated from each other by a predetermined number, in this example 1/Tc Hz (e.g., if Tc=128 msec then 1/Tc=1/128 msec=7.813 Hz). It is simplified by recognizing that it is remote. Therefore, for a given PN code, it is not necessary to perform a forward FFT at each frequency again. To change the frequency hypothesis, we only need to shift the FFT of sb by one index position (the index value is properly determined without undue effort, such that the signal is likely to be captured). . Let y equal the FFT of sb. In the example where the sample rate is 1.024 MHz and T=128 msec, if the frequency hypothesis is zero, process y samples numbered 0, 128, 256, . If the residual frequency hypothesis is 7.813 Hz, then process samples numbered 1, 129, 257, and so on. If the residual frequency hypothesis is −7.813 Hz, then process samples at 131071, 127, 255, etc. (note that the spectrum is periodic with period 131071, so index 131071 equals −1). The pruned block in each case is multiplied by the complex conjugate of the non-zero FFT samples of the reference GPS waveform. The result is inverse transformed to give a matched filter output representing the 1PN frame.
## <<##0095##>>##
The magnitude (or magnitude squared) of the peak found above this power threshold was received with the GPS signal number and Doppler frequency corresponding to those used in the processing sequence. It represents the presence and arrival time of GPS signals. As will be explained below, in some cases it is preferable to shift the FFT by a fraction of the number of indices. This can be done using frequency interpolation methods, as described below, rather than simply rotating or shifting the frequency set.
## <<##0096##>>##
Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C show the respective matched filter operations at each of the three hypothesized frequencies (fh-50Hz, fh, fh+50Hz) when Tc = 20 ms. An example run result is shown (so the spectral lines of the forward FFT are separated by 50 Hz). In FIG. 8B it can be seen that the hypothesized frequency is the true frequency and the strong detected peak 82 occurs at one particular code phase offset (index 18). It can be seen that the hypothesized frequency falls below or exceeds the true frequency by 50 Hz in FIGS. 8A and 8C, respectively, and therefore in these cases the strong peak at index position 18 is (at 81 and 83 (as shown) and it can be seen that there are no other peaks above the detection threshold. For simplicity of illustration, the plots of FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C only show code phase indices up to 30, whereas if a 1024-point FFT were used, the indices would be Note that it actually ranges from 0 to 1023.
## <<##0097##>>##
The method of FIG. 3 corresponds to processing one block of data in a coherent manner, which is a type of correlation referred to herein as "coherent correlation". In practice, however, coherent correlation cannot be sensitive enough to detect weak GPS signals and measure their code phases. To improve sensitivity, correlation outputs from multiple coherent correlation processes (ie correlation series) can be detected and combined, a procedure termed "non-coherent correlation" or "non-coherent processing". It is In particular, the coherent integration process of steps 33-39 above can be repeated at one or more additional, contiguous time intervals (typically in the range of 5 to 2000 blocks), the results of which are detected ( For example, their magnitudes or squared magnitudes are calculated) and combined.
## <<##0098##>>##
This variant will be understood more precisely with reference to FIG. FIG. 11 is a variation of FIG. 3 in which multiple correlation series are combined before searching for matched states. The block numbering of FIG. 11 is similar to that of FIG. 3, except that a "1" is added to the beginning. For example, the upper block "Observing GPS Band Energy" is shown at 30 and 130 in the two figures. FIG. 11 includes additional processing associated with post-detection accumulation of multiple correlation series. That is, mainly a feedback loop is added from the output of block 147 to the input of 138 that repeats over multiple blocks of data. A combination of multiple correlation series is performed at 146 .
## <<##0099##>>##
Examination of FIG. 11 reveals that at 133 we have selected data corresponding to a number of blocks of length Tc as compared to 33 single blocks. Then, at step 134, an FFT is performed on each individual data block. This data is then typically stored in a buffer for later use. Steps 136a and 137 are identical to 36a and 37. Steps 138 and 139 then use a pruning algorithm as part of calculating the correlation series from the reference frequency samples (corresponding to the given SV and residual frequency) and the frequency samples of the given data block. This is similar to 38 and 39. However, at step 146, the resulting correlation series is combined with that similarly performed on the previous data block. Typically, this combination is done by performing a magnitude, magnitude-squared type detection operation on the correlation series and then adding the result to what was done analogously in the previous block. will be In some cases, the combinations may be simple additions or other coherent combinations. The latter case is appropriate when computational resources limit the ability to perform coherent processing on large datasets.
## <<##0100##>>##
At 147 the branch to the right is to repeat the processing of 138, 139, 146 on the next data block if not all data blocks have been processed, at which point (147) the processing Flow goes to 140. When processing proceeds to 140, all desired correlation series are combined to determine the matched condition. The correlation series combined at this point is called the "final correlation series". In a manner similar to that described in FIG. 3, the final correlation series is examined with matched conditions, typically peaks above the detection threshold, to find the corresponding code phase offsets.
## <<##0101##>>##
Note that in the previous discussion, operations 138, 139, and 146 are repeated on successive blocks of data, but the hypothesized SV, reference frequency sample, and residual frequency are the same for each iteration. If no match is found at 140, a new residual frequency is selected at 136b (if the set has not been completely searched) and the processes 138, 139, 146 start anew with the first data block (145 is reinitialize the block number). At step 135, since the FFT was previously computed on all data blocks, no further forward FFT is needed when changing the hypothesized next residual frequency. That is, the frequency samples of each data block are stored in a buffer and can be reused in each subsequent residual frequency hypothesis.
## <<##0102##>>##
After a match is found, or after all residual frequencies have been exhausted, the process proceeds to 143 where if more SVs are required to be examined, at 136c select the next SV and initial frequency; Proceed to step 133. In some cases, such as when no data sequence is present, at this point we proceed instead to step 136a and reuse the data frequency samples from 135 already computed by the previous FFT operation.
## <<##0103##>>##
The following description is one description of the operation of one method described herein.
## <<##0104##>>##
First, consider how the inverse FFT operation is performed. The first sampled time data can be represented as x(n):n=0,1,2, . Shorthand, where TS is the sample time period. The discrete Fourier transform ("DFT") of this sampled data is denoted by y(0,1,2,...). The DFT of this data effectively represents frequency samples at frequencies 0, 1/(NTS), 2/(NTS) . . . , m/(NTS) . DFTy(m) is expressed by the following equation for each m.
##《##number 1##》##

## <<##0105##>>##
By circular symmetry, the frequency corresponding to index m (ie, frequency m/(NTS)) is equal to the frequency corresponding to index mN (ie, frequency (mN)/(NTS)), so M>N The frequencies of the DFT corresponding to /2 are actually negative frequencies. Here, for purposes of this discussion, 1) GPS frame period corresponds to R input samples, 2) as before, any satellite data has been removed, 3) block size N corresponds to K frames, That is, K=KR and 4) assume that any Doppler effects in the signal modulation are negligible. These assumptions allow the FFT algorithm to perform periodic convolution.
## <<##0106##>>##
As mentioned above, since the matched filter operation is essentially a circular convolution of the signal data and a periodically repeated reference, we are only interested in finding R samples from the matched filter operation. Therefore, the matched filter result is also periodic with period R. Under these conditions, the operation in y(m) of equation (B1) can give the matched filter output in a known manner.
##《##number2##》##

## <<##0107##>>##
where g is the FFT of the GPS reference PN waveform repeated K times [sampled at the same rate as x(n)], * represents the complex conjugate, and r is the output time variable, which is We only need the range over [0, 1, . . . , R−1]. Equation (B2) assumes that the residual carrier frequency of signal y(m) is zero. As mentioned above, since the PN sequence is periodic every frame, ie every R samples, the function g(m) will have a non-zero value (in frequency) every N/R=(KR/R)=K samples. have For example, if N corresponds to 20 frames of GPS data, every 20th sample of the FFT (starting from the beginning) of g is non-zero. Therefore, the product in the sum of equation (B2) is non-zero only every 20th sample, so we can write (B2) as
##《##number3##》##

## <<##0108##>>##
The final sum is the R-point inverse DFT. It has therefore been shown that the inverse DFT required in matched filter operation may be performed using only the R-sample FFT algorithm, which reduces processing time and memory requirements. Furthermore, no matter how many PN frames of data K are processed, only an R-point inverse DFT is needed as long as the above conditions are met. Note that equation (B3) is mathematically identical to the equation obtained if a full N-point inverse FFT is performed as in equation (B2). Note also that equation (B3) explicitly shows the selection of every Kth point from the FFT of y in performing the inverse FFT. This is the basis for the "pruning" procedure, ie selecting a subset of points to perform the inverse FFT. Equation (B3) determines whether the hypothesized residual carrier frequency error is correct. However, this process only produces a strong detection indication when the residual carrier frequency error is small compared to 1/Tc.
## <<##0109##>>##
Equation (B3) above corresponds to the processing of the transformed data samples, assuming a residual carrier frequency of zero. This produces strong correlation peaks only when the residual frequencies are close to zero. To change this assumption, the Doppler shift is assumed to be d/(NTS), where d is an integer, and equation (B3) is modified as follows.
##《##number4##》##

## <<##0110##>>##
where [] mod N is the bracketed quantity modulo M. Essentially, assuming the Doppler hypothesis is correct, we frequency shift the input signal so that it has a residual frequency that is non-zero (ie, much smaller than 1/Tc). Equation (B4) exploits the cyclic property of y. Note that this transformation is simply a frequency transformation of y by d spectral lines, and is straightforwardly performed by indexing the sequence y (in a circular fashion) starting at the d position with respect to the first element of y. . This method eliminates the conventional limitation described in the background section, which otherwise effectively limits searches over a range greater than about -500 to 500 Hz. The only limitation in the Doppler hypothesis d is a blind limitation on the expansion of y due to the time Doppler effect (ie Doppler in signal modulation). This limitation can be removed as described below.
## <<##0111##>>##
One convenient aspect of equation (B4) is that there is no need to perform separate forward transforms to handle different GPS codes. In some situations, the appropriate GPS code for "g" (eg, the appropriate Gold code) can be substituted into the previous equation and the conventionally transformed data can continue to be used. This can be done if the satellite data information (messages) present in two or more simultaneously received GPS signals are substantially identical. This state makes it possible to simultaneously remove data transmissions in signals received at the same time. This is possible if two conditions are met: (A) the differential distance from the satellites is fairly small (eg, within 300 km), and (B) the message data information is similar between SV transmissions. It is to be. Item (B) often occurs, for example, when satellite almanacs are transmitted. Also item B is not important if the coherent integration time is less than 20 milliseconds. , in data-free GPS modes, such as those proposed in future structures, condition (B) does not apply and this variant can be done more generally.
## <<##0112##>>##
In the preceding discussion, the effects of Doppler shift (including receiver reference local oscillator induced "Doppler") are assumed to primarily affect the carrier frequency. However, if the coherent integration time NTS becomes large enough, the effect of Doppler on the modulation of the signal (ie on the PN sequence P(t)) may not be negligible. For the purposes of the present invention, the Doppler effect, or "time Doppler" effect, of this modulation primarily modifies the modulation rate and consequently "stretches" or "compresses" the signal waveform with respect to the reference generated in the GPS receiver. occurs.
## <<##0113##>>##
For example, to process the C/A code for GPS standard location service (civil service), the ratio of carrier frequency to chip modulation rate is approximately 1575.42e6/1.023e6=1540. A Doppler shift of about 500 Hz in the carrier therefore results in a Doppler shift of about 5000/1540=3.25 Hz in the modulation. For coherent processing of short blocks of data (eg, 20 ms), such time Doppler may not be significant. However, when processing long blocks of data, the effect can degrade system sensitivity by reducing the magnitude of the peak output of the matched filter. As a rule of thumb, if the modulation Doppler (including local oscillator effects) is p Hertz, the total block size N corresponds to Tc seconds, and without additional processing, the amount pTc is about should be kept below 1/2.
## <<##0114##>>##
Consider the above case where a 10,000 Hz Doppler shift in the carrier results in a 7.143 Hz Doppler shift in the PN modulation. If the coherent block size is about 100 ms, then pTc = 0.7143 and some degradation in system performance will be noticeable. Furthermore, the time of peak output from the matched filter will be displaced by pTc/2 chips for the non-zero Doppler case. A large Doppler search range and a long coherent integration time therefore result in losses from the time Doppler effect if left uncorrected. This problem is especially amplified in the following two important situations.
(1) A large difference between Doppler shifts from one GPS satellite signal to another GPS satellite signal, as observed by a GPS receiver. This item has already been mentioned above.
(2) Effective Doppler shift due to the error of the GPS local oscillator frequency with respect to its ideal frequency.
## <<##0115##>>##
Regarding item (2), the GPS local oscillator can differ from the ideal GPS frequency. For example, a GPS receiver can sometimes derive its local oscillator frequency from the frequency of a cell phone that is synchronized, thus achieving low error. However, in some situations this may not be possible. Even a well temperature-compensated crystal can have a frequency error of over ±3000 Hz at GPS frequencies (1575.42 MHz). Although such frequency errors are not true Doppler shifts, they produce both carrier and modulation shifts in GPS receivers, similar to Doppler shifts observed from moving platforms. Such frequency errors are common to all GPS receivers and therefore affect all GPS signals processed to some extent. Nevertheless, these frequency errors can lead to degraded performance especially for long coherent block sizes.
## <<##0116##>>##
One way to address the above problem is to resample the input data sequence at a rate commensurate with the GPS SV (satellite vehicle) Doppler hypothesis and/or due to local oscillator error. By resampling the signal, using digital signal processing methods, the input signal can be expanded or compressed as a result, so that there are again an integral number of PN frames of GPS data in the coherent processing block. do. Without such resampling, the number of such frames in a coherent block is no longer an integer, but a quantity more or less as large as several samples, which is the peak signal generated by matched filter operation. can cause severe degradation of
## <<##0117##>>##
However, resampling in the time domain may require resampling and performing a large forward FFT over a range of frequencies and a given SV. As noted above, the range is less than about 1/2 |pTc|. Unfortunately, the requirement to perform this large number of forward FFTs results in both increased system memory requirements and increased processing time.
## <<##0118##>>##
However, by performing the resampling function in the frequency domain, the aforementioned drawbacks are eliminated, especially the requirement to perform an additional forward FFT. In other words, the resampling function can be performed on the transformed signal y rather than in the time domain. This method avoids the requirement to perform an additional forward FFT, but depending on the configuration some additional storage may be required.
## <<##0119##>>##
The underlying principle behind frequency domain resampling can be explained from the following Fourier transform relations.
## <<## number 5##>>##

## <<##0120##>>##
where x is the time waveform, y is the Fourier transform of x, and a is the scale shift or extension. In this way, extension of any domain can be done.
## <<##0121##>>##
Expansion or compression includes processes involving resampling of frequency samples, ie partial resampling methods. From (B5), the frequency samples are called y(m), so if these samples are initially given at frequency m=[0,1,2,...]/(NTS), then these samples are frequency replaced by samples estimated at m/a, i.e., at frequencies mr = [0, 1, 2, ...]/(aNTS) = [0, 1/a, 2/a, ...]. I understand that.
## <<##0122##>>##
This last result is only corrected at positive frequencies, as we must ensure that the data samples are symmetrically spaced about 0 Hz. To do this, if we reorder the initial set to the order −N/2−1, −N/2, . . . −1, 0, 1 . set is resampled in frequency.
[(-N / 2-1) a, (-N / 2) / a, ..., -2 / a, -1 / a, 0, 1 / a, 2 / a, ..., (N / 2) / a]/(NTS) (B6)
That is, if using the original order, it is resampled in frequency.
m/a: when m=0, 1, 2, . . . , N/2 (B7)
N+(m-N)/a: When m=N/2+1, N/2+2, …, N-1 (B8)
Note here the cyclic nature of the frequency such that the frequency index m is the same as m+N or m−N.
## <<##0123##>>##
The resampling of equations (B6) or (B7) involves estimating the frequency response at frequencies "between" the normal discrete frequencies estimated by the DFT. This is relatively easy to do, for example, with a "sinc" interpolator. Since the input data are time constrained, we can estimate the (complex) frequency response for frequencies □|□|<0.5 Hz for a set of spectral lines through a convolution procedure. For example, to estimate the spectral response at frequency y(m0+□), form the following product, where m0 is an integer.
## <<## number 6##>>##

## <<##0124##>>##
Here m ranges over all possible values (ie m−N/2+1 to m+N/2).
## <<##0125##>>##
A simple approximation to this computation requires only two or three values of m. An estimate of the loss by the second term estimate of equation (B9) shows that such sensitivity loss is less than 1 dB if □ ranges from −0.5 to 0.5 Hz. For most modulation Doppler shifts of interest, the expansion by equation (B5) is expected to be fairly constant over a relatively large number of consecutive frequency samples. Therefore, the interpolation procedure of equation (B9) can use the same values for the sinc weighting factors to determine a number of consecutive resampled spectral values.
## <<##0126##>>##
The resampling method described above thus enables the use of an algorithm in which the frequency data y is decomposed into a series of small blocks, each of size 1024, for example, and each block is resampled using an interpolation procedure with a fixed set of coefficients. sampled. Before processing a block, the coefficients are calculated or looked up in a table. This procedure can greatly reduce the processing burden of the resampling operation. For example, if a two-point interpolation procedure such as equation (B9) is used, then the resampling procedure (ignoring the table references above) uses four real multiples to compute each interpolated value. Only two additions are required. This method can be compared with, for example, 8 butterflies per data sample required to compute the FFT with a block size equal to 64K. These butterflies require 32 real multiples and 48 additions, increasing computation by a factor of about 16 for interpolation in the frequency domain. Therefore, frequency domain resampling is considered to be much more practical and efficient than time domain resampling.
## <<##0127##>>##
Resampling is useful to compensate for modulation Doppler when processing large ranges of Doppler shifts and/or when processing signals from different SVs. In such cases, the same Fourier transformed data set can be used and therefore no processing of the original time data is necessary. However, as mentioned above, the processing of different SVs with the same Fourier-transformed data set may limit the satellite message data to similar states, such that it can be removed prior to initial coherent processing. There is In any case, even after the resampling operation has been performed, it is useful to keep the original Fourier transformed data set in case a second and additional resampling is required. If the original Fourier-transformed data set is not available, resampling must be performed on the resampled set, which can lead to cumulative errors if accurate resampling is not performed.
## <<##0128##>>##
Due to the mottling or comb-line shape of the spectrum associated with the repeated PN signal, the pruning operation is defined as the selection of a subset of frequency data from the forward FFT. When spectral interpolation is required, subsets are constructed by interpolation between frequency samples rather than simply selecting, as described above. Nevertheless, the size of the subset so constructed is similar to the case where a simple selection is made. That is, it is typically equal to the number of signal samples per PN frame. For example, in the previous example, this was 1024 or 2048 samples, corresponding to sample rates of 1.024 MHz or 2.048 MHz. The inverse FFT sizes are therefore these sizes as well. Consequently, the definition of "pruning" extends to constructing a subset of frequency samples by an interpolation procedure and selecting a subset of frequency samples directly.
## <<##0129##>>##
In a similar manner, the interpolation procedure can be used when it is desired to change successive frequency hypotheses by increments smaller than the line spacing of the FFT, eg 1/2 line spacing increments are desirable. Furthermore, the definition of pruning extends to constructing a subset of frequency samples by an interpolation procedure in which the frequency hypothesis is changed by a fraction of the FFT line spacing.
## <<##0130##>>##
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alternate embodiments can readily be implemented in light of these teachings.
## <<##0131##>>##
For example, in the previous discussion, there is an initial frequency translation operation to frequency translate the signal to a frequency near zero, as illustrated by FIG. 2 or FIG. This can be done with ordinary local oscillators and mixers in a manner well known in the art. It can also be done by filtering the incoming RF energy close to the GPS frequency band and directly sampling this filtered energy at a rate commensurate with the filter bandwidth. It is well known that this method can result in efficient frequency conversion. Therefore, the term "frequency conversion" applies to these direct RF sampling methods as well as to conventional frequency conversion methods. Furthermore, although FIG. 3 shows that the carrier frequency is removed prior to digitization, leaving a residual frequency fe, in most cases only most of the carrier frequency is removed and the signal remains untouched by digitization. It is a frequency previously converted to a low IF frequency, eg fIF+fe. Following the digitization operation, the IF frequency fIF is typically substantially removed by digital signal processing methods. Processing results then continue as indicated at step 33 in FIG. Such variations in initial signal preprocessing will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
## <<## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING ##>>##
## <<##0132##>>##
## <<## FIG. 1##>>## A perspective view of a communication and location system including satellites emitting GPS signals that are received by a GPS receiver of a mobile station communicating with a plurality of base stations.
## <<## FIG. 2##>>## A block diagram of one embodiment of a mobile station including a GPS receiver and a cellular communication system.
## <<##FIG. 3##>>## Flowchart illustrating the coherent integration process described herein.
## <<## FIG. 4## >>## Block diagram showing the structure and waveform components of a theoretical GPS signal.
## <<## FIG. 5##>>## Graph showing the power spectrum as a function of frequency of the GPS signal repeated 20 times (gold code #1 in this example) at residual carrier frequency fe=0.
## <<## FIG. 6##>>## A graph showing the power spectrum as a function of frequency for a GPS signal repeated 20 times (gold code #1 in this example) at a residual carrier frequency of about 4.5 kHz.
## <<## FIG. 7##>>## An example graph of the results of a matched filter operation, showing amplitude as a function of frequency.
## <<## FIG. 8##>>## A set of graphs comparing the results of matched filter operation in different Doppler frequency hypotheses.
## <<## FIG. 9##>>## A graph showing a data frequency set representing frequency content typical of real data.
## <<## FIG. 10##>>## Table showing subsets of data frequency samples corresponding to hypothesized frequency offsets, showing how subsets are defined in frequency selection of hypothesized residual frequencies.
## <<## FIG. 11##>>## Flowchart showing a process involving combining the results of multiple coherent integration processes.


-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## Claims ##>>##
## <<## Claim 1##>>##
A method of processing a signal transmitted from one of a plurality of transmitters on a predetermined carrier frequency and containing a waveform modulated according to a pseudonoise (PN) sequence identifying said one transmitter, comprising:
receiving electromagnetic energy near said carrier frequency and digitizing said energy over said predefined time period;
hypothesizing an identity of one of said transmitters and determining a signal associated therewith, providing a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to said determined signal;
hypothesize a first residual frequency of the determined signal;
selecting from the digitized energy a first subset of data of length at least equal to two repetitions of the repeating PN sequence;
calculating a first set of data frequency samples using the first subset of data;
pruning the first set of data frequency samples using the hypothesized first residual frequency to generate a first subset of data frequency samples;
calculating a final correlation series using at least one correlation series as input from said first subset of data frequency samples and said reference frequency samples, said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal; generating an indication of whether a condition matched between the exists.
## <<## claim 2##>>##
selecting a second subset of data from the digitized energy of a length at least equal to two repetitions of the PN sequence;
calculating a second set of data frequency samples using the second subset of data;
pruning the second set of data frequency samples in response to the hypothesized first residual frequency to provide a subset of the second set of data frequency samples;
The calculation comprises at least the correlation series calculated from the first subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples, and a correlation series calculated from the second subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples. , as input, to compute a final correlation series and to generate said indication of whether a matched condition exists between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal. 1. The method of claim 1.
## <<## claim 3##>>##
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said calculating includes detecting and combining at least said first correlation series and said second correlation series.
## <<## claim 4##>>##
The pruning further includes selecting from the first subset of data frequency samples a plurality of samples having indices that are mutually separated by an integer K, where K is a PN sequence in the data block. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of .
## <<## Claim 5##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first subset comprises a plurality of data frequency samples separated with respect to each other by a repetition rate of said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 6##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said pruning comprises interpolating between said first set of data frequency samples.
## <<## claim 7##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said providing reference frequency samples comprises performing a DFT operation on said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 8##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said calculating comprises multiplying said first subset of said data frequency samples with said set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples. .
## <<## claim 9##>>##
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said calculating comprises performing an inverse DFT on said set of weighted frequency samples to generate said first correlation data series.
## <<## Claim 10##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmitter comprises a plurality of GPS satellites transmitting GPS signals on GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a unique PN sequence.
## <<## claim 11##>>##
The final correlation series is searched to identify the presence of a GPS signal, and if the presence of a GPS signal is identified, to determine the phase offset of the PN code and the time of arrival of the GPS signal at the receiver. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method determines.
## <<## Claim 12##>>##
Assuming a second residual frequency,
pruning the first set of data frequency samples in response to the hypothesized second residual frequency to provide a third subset of data frequency samples;
calculating a third correlation series from the third subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples;
to calculate a second final correlation series comprising at least said third correlation series, and to determine whether a matched condition occurs between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal; , further comprising examining the second final correlation series.
## <<## Claim 13##>>##
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said data block has a size within a range of approximately 5 to 20 repetitions of said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 14##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising using time of arrival information to determine the position of the receiver.
## <<## claim 15##>>##
A method of processing a signal transmitted from one of a plurality of transmitters and containing a waveform modulated by a repeating PN sequence, comprising:
hypothesize a signal associated with one of said transmitters and its carrier frequency,
extracting a subset of data having a length equal to at least two repetitions of said repeating PN sequence from electromagnetic energy received at frequencies near the carrier frequency of said signal being processed to generate said subset of data frequency samples; , pruning a set of data frequency samples calculated from the subset of data in response to the hypothesized carrier frequency;
calculating a final correlation series using as input at least one correlation series determined from the subset of data frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized signal and a reference frequency sample;
examining said final correlation series to determine if a matched condition occurs between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal.
## <<## claim 16##>>##
A mobile station including a location system that receives a signal transmitted at a predetermined frequency from one of a plurality of transmitters, the transmitted signal being the transmitter that transmits the signal. At a mobile station containing a uniquely identifying periodically repeating sequence,
means for observing and digitizing electromagnetic energy at a predetermined frequency for a predetermined period of time;
means for hypothesizing one of the plurality of transmitters and providing a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to a hypothesized signal transmitted from the hypothesized transmitter;
means for hypothesizing residual frequencies;
means for selecting a first portion of said digitized electromagnetic energy of length equal to at least two iterations of said periodically repeating sequence, thereby defining a data block;
means, in response to said block of data, for calculating a set of data frequency samples; means for pruning the frequency samples;
means for calculating a first correlation series from said subset of said data frequency samples and said reference frequency samples;
means for calculating a final correlation series comprising at least said first correlation series;
Searching the final correlation series to identify whether a signal match condition occurs between the hypothesized signal and the received signal, and matching a matched condition to the hypothesized signal. and means for determining timing information if found between said received signals.
## <<## claim 17##>>##
The cyclically spaced subset comprises a plurality of samples having indices spaced with respect to each other by an integer K, where K is the number of repetitions of the cyclically repeating sequence in the data block. 17. The method of claim 16.
## <<## claim 18##>>##
17. The mobile station of claim 16, wherein said periodically spaced subset comprises a plurality of samples having adjacent samples spaced with respect to each other by a repetition rate of said periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## Claim 19##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein said pruning means includes means for interpolating between said data frequency samples.
## <<## claim 20##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein said mobile station comprises a memory for storing said reference frequency samples.
## <<## Claim 21##>>##
The means for calculating a final correlation series converts the first correlation to a second correlation series calculated from a second portion of the digitized electromagnetic energy different from the first portion. 17. The mobile station of claim 16, including means for non-coherently combining the series.
## <<## claim 22##>>##
said means for calculating said first correlation series for multiplying said first subset of said data frequency samples by said set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples; and means for performing an inverse DFT on said set of weighted frequency samples to generate said first correlation series.
## <<## claim 23##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein the transmitter comprises a plurality of GPS satellites transmitting GPS signals on GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a unique periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## claim 24##>>##
17. The mobile station of claim 16, wherein said data block has a size corresponding to an integer number of repetitions of said periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## claim 25##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, further comprising a GPS detection system that utilizes the timing information to determine the position of the mobile station.


-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## Figure 1##>>##




## <<## Figure 2##>>##




## <<## Figure 3##>>##




## <<## Figure 4##>>##




## <<## Figure 5 ##>>##




## <<## Figure 6##>>##




## <<## Figure 7##>>##




## <<## Figure 8##>>##




## <<## Figure 9##>>##




## <<## Figure 10 ##>>##




## <<## Figure 11 ##>>##





-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## publication number ## >>## special table 2007-519936 (P2007-519936A)
## <<## publication date ##>>## July 19, 2007 (2007.7.19)
## <<## International Patent Classification##>>##

Physics (1,517,821) measurement; testing (289,551) radio direction determination; radio navigation; ... (2,972) using radio waves [1, 2010.01] (2,612) by measuring absolute distances from a plurality of points of known position separated from each other (1,798)





## <<## Application number ##>>## Patent application 2006-551634 (P2006-551634)
## <<## filing date##>>## January 27, 2005 (2005.1.27)
## <<## International Application Number ##>>## PCT/US2005/003540
## <<## international publication number ##>>## WO2005/074153
## <<## International Release Date##>>## August 11, 2005 (2005.8.11)
## <<## Applicant##>>## (595020643) Qualcomm Inc. (6,941)
## <<## full name or name in original language ##>>## QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
## <<## F-term (reference) ##>>##

Wireless Positioning (18,150)Purpose (3,428)Communication (1,163)

Positioning method (4,065) Existing system (2,485) GPS (2,471)


GPS Receiver (3,071)Configuration (695)Demodulator (360)


Compensation (1,577)

Mobile Radio Communication System (431,744) Transmission System (19,922) Multiplexing System (15,289) Spread Spectrum (2,910)


System configuration (112,673) Station configuration (101,448) Mobile station (41,202)
Relay station (2,948)Satellite station (299)



Connection Auxiliary Functions (44,267)Data Control and Processing (39,429)Data Collation, Search and Comparison (16,662)
Store, Read, Erase in Memory (14,058)


Multi-channel, zone control (23,837) Position determination of mobile station (7,701) Determined by mobile station (3,206) Based on navigation information (2,439)






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The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for calculating the position of mobile devices through the use of radio signals, such as the GPS system.
## <<## background technology ##>>##
## <<##0002##>>##
Position sensing devices are becoming more and more popular. This encourages the development of rapid and sensitive methods for acquiring signals used to determine position.
## <<##0003##>>##
Location techniques typically use radio signals transmitted simultaneously from known locations to determine position. In the GPS system, these signals are transmitted simultaneously from many satellites at known times and on predefined frequencies. On the ground, a GPS receiver acquires a signal from each satellite within view of the sky. The time of arrival of the signal with the exact positions of the satellites in view and the exact time the signal was transmitted from each satellite are used to determine the position of the GPS receiver by trilateration calculations.


## <<##0004##>>##
Acquisition of signals from GPS satellites is difficult due to several factors. For example, GPS signals are relatively low power and transmitted over long distances. By the time GPS signals propagate from earth orbit to the receiver, their initially low power is greatly reduced, and the signal reaches the receiver, becoming extremely weak. The received signal level can also be attenuated by building obstruction effects, such as occurs during indoor reception or reception in an urban canyon environment.

## <<##0005##>>##
There are two primary functions in GPS receivers: (1) computation of pseudoranges to various GPS satellites, and (2) the calculation of these pseudoranges, satellite timing, and ephemeris (position) data. Calculation of the position of a GPS receiver using . Pseudorange measures the time delay (or equal distance) between the satellite and the GPS receiver, biased by the local clock. In a typical autonomous GPS receiver, the satellite ephemeris and time of transmission data are extracted from the GPS signal as it is acquired and tracked. Correction of this information typically takes a relatively long time (30 seconds to several minutes) and must be accomplished at good received signal levels to achieve low error rates.

## <<##0006##>>##
Virtually all known GPS receivers use correlation methods, or their mathematical equivalents, to calculate pseudoranges. These correlation methods are performed in real time, often with a hardware correlator. GPS signals contain highly repetitive signals that are modulated according to a special sequence or "code" called a pseudo-random (PN) sequence. Codes available for commercial applications are called C/A codes, which are 1.023 MHz and have a binary phase reversal rate of 1023 chips repetition period in one code period of 1 msec, or "chipping.""It's used to give a rate. The pseudo-random sequences of the GPS system belong to a family known as "Gold Codes". Each GPS satellite broadcasts a signal with a unique Gold code.


## <<##0007##>>##
For the sake of brevity, the following description uses the term "comprising a pseudorandom sequence (or code)" to mean that the signal is a waveform modulated according to a pseudorandom sequence or code. means that it contains The length of one frame of a pseudorandom sequence is the number of symbols in the sequence before it repeats. By pseudorandom sequence duration (time) is meant the duration of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. Similarly, when we refer to the frame rate of a pseudorandom sequence, we mean the repetition rate of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. It will be clear from the context whether the term "pseudo-random sequence" refers to a sequence of numbers or a waveform modulated according to such a sequence of numbers.


## <<##0008##>>##
After a signal is received from a given GPS satellite, following a down-conversion process to baseband, the signal is correlated with a reference signal. For example, a simple correlation receiver multiplies the received signal by a locally generated reference signal containing a stored replica of the appropriate Gold code contained within its local memory, then the signal Integrate (eg, low-pass filter) the product to obtain an indication that .



## <<##0009##>>##
A simple individual correlation process can yield a single (possibly complex) number. However, in many cases of interest, such number multiplications are computed by performing similar operations, either serially or in parallel, corresponding to different reference sequences (eg, delayed versions). Such a set of numbers is called a "correlation series". The final result of combining one or more consecutive correlation series is called the "final correlation series".

## <<##0010##>>##
By successively adjusting the relative timing of this stored replica with respect to the received signal and observing when high energies occur in the resulting final correlation series, a simple receiver can obtain A time delay between the received signal and the local clock can be determined. This time delay, modulo 1 millisecond code period, is termed the "code phase". Unfortunately, the correlation acquisition process takes time, especially if the received signal is weak. To improve acquisition time, most common GPS receivers use multiple correlators (typically up to 12) that allow parallel searches for correlation peaks.


## <<##0011##>>##
Some GPSs use FFT techniques to determine the Doppler frequency of the received GPS signal. These receivers use conventional correlation operations to despread the GPS signal and provide a narrow bandwidth signal with a bandwidth typically in the range of 10 kHz to 30 kHz. The resulting narrow bandwidth signal is then Fourier analyzed using an FFT algorithm to determine the carrier frequency. Such carrier determination simultaneously provides an indication that the local PN reference has been adjusted to the correct code phase of the received signal, providing an accurate measurement of the carrier frequency. This frequency is used for subsequent receiver tracking operations.



## <<##0012##>>##
One location determination method, for example, uses an FFT algorithm to compute pseudoranges for central processing locations rather than mobile device locations. According to the method, snapshots of data are collected by the GPS receiver and then transmitted over the data link to the remote receiver where they undergo FFT processing to compute the final correlation series. However, typically only a single forward and inverse fast Fourier transform (corresponding to four PN periods) is computed to perform the set of correlations.

## <<##0013##>>##
Another method involves using the Fast Fourier Transform method for capturing GPS signals and digitizing, storing and processing long blocks of raw data. Data corresponding to, for example, one second intervals can be digitized and then processed locally using FFT-based signal processing methods to capture the GPS signals present within this captured data block. In this method, a number of FFT operations are performed, each producing a correlation series, and the result undergoes both coherent and non-coherent processing operations to produce the final correlation series.
## <<##0014##>>##
Unfortunately, the GPS signal acquisition methods of such systems are inefficient when performing long coherent integrations, such as over one period of one data bit (eg, 20 GPS frames equal to 20 milliseconds of time). The loss in efficiency is also significant, especially when the uncertainty of the GPS carrier frequency is large. Moreover, in current GPS receiving systems, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit requires the GPS receiver to have a priori knowledge of the bit sequence. Therefore, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit is usually done by transmitting such information from the server to the mobile station. This common method is standardized in several cellular communication standards including IS-95, CDMA2000, GSM and UMTS standards.
## <<##0015##>>##
Other conventional methods for coherent processing are (1) when long coherent integrations are required, (2) when searches over wide Doppler ranges are required, and (3) each GPS code phase search is processed. It would be useful when all 1023 chips of the signal have to be done. However, such conventional methods have several limitations and limitations. For example, these algorithms require processing data as two-dimensional arrays and can limit the extent to which Doppler searches can be efficiently performed.
##"##Overview##"##
## <<##0016##>>##
A method and apparatus are described for receiving and processing one or more signals transmitted from multiple transmitters at predetermined frequencies. Each transmitted signal includes a waveform encoded according to a periodically repeating sequence that uniquely identifies the transmitter transmitting each respective signal. The received signals are used to determine the position of the receiver. The transmitter may include multiple GPS satellites that transmit GPS signals at GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a waveform coded according to a unique periodically repeating sequence. The code phase offset of the signal at the receiver is found, and using this information from multiple transmitters, the position of the receiver can be determined using GPS algorithms.
## <<##0017##>>##
Higher sensitivity and processing speed can be achieved by performing FFT operations on the observed data, with FFT, special pruning operations are used based on hypothesized residual (missed) frequency errors. , reducing the total number of computations and thus reducing the processing time.
## <<##0018##>>##



Claim 1
The reception state with the body placed between a certain GNSS satellite and a certain GNSS antenna
Reception condition without placing the body between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS antenna
by identifying
Estimate the existence area of the GNSS satellite in the upper hemisphere.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


Claim 2
By inverting while attaching the receiver to the body,
or
By moving and inverting only the receiver from the front of the body to the back of the body, or vice versa, without inverting the body

A state in which the body is not sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (A)
A state in which the body is sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (B),

It is possible to realize both.

For the same satellite,

The representative value of the reception strength of (A) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (B)
It is expected to be as large as 1 dB to several dB.

The reason for this is described elsewhere. In a nutshell, ``There is an effect of attenuating the diffraction of the diffracted waves at the end points of the body itself. As the waveform of the level signal is distorted and the correlation with the generated signal is lowered, the signal strength is further reduced, making it difficult to acquire synchronization in the synchronization acquisition mechanism, and to make it more difficult to maintain synchronization in the synchronization holding mechanism. The reason for this is that both the distortion of the S-curve and the gradual slope of the S-curve make it difficult to maintain synchrony, and dithering out of the true center of synchrony leads to a drop in correlation. This is caused by a drop in the signal strength derived from it, or a sudden drop in the signal strength due to a sudden drop in correlation due to loss of synchronization and retrying from acquisition of synchronization."



In other words
The representative value of the reception strength of (B) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (A)
It is expected to be a small effect of diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of 1 dB to several dB.

In other words
The reception of (A) is a direct wave,
Reception of (B) is a diffracted wave


In other words
The representative value of the received intensity of (A) is that of the direct wave,
The representative value of the received intensity in (B) is that of the diffracted wave


In other words
The temporal stability of reception of (A) is high,
The temporal stability of reception of (B) is low,
It is expected.


In other words
Regarding the reception state of (A), "Considering a set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', the maximum value" is A',
Regarding the reception state of (B), "Considering a set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', the maximum value" is B',
then A'>B' + (1dB to several dB)
is expected to be・・・(*)

In other words,
It is expected that a complementary pair of A', B' that satisfies (*) will always be obtained.
Based on the notion of complementary pairs, region determination can be made.

Should A'B' not satisfy (*) be obtained, the area for that satellite can be estimated as follows.
In other words, consider the great circle passing through the zenith where the extension of the plane of the inverted body intersects the sky,
It is thought that this is the result of the presence of satellites on both sides of the area with a width of several degrees on one side (about 5 degrees to 7.5 degrees on one side).
The data is not used forcibly for region determination. This is because the results are tainted.
Rather than that, it would be appropriate to dismiss this first and foremost.

Then, if there is a margin, it can be considered to estimate that it is on the belt-shaped boundary, judge whether or not there is a contradiction, and make use of the result.

If there is still room, consider expanding such a zonal boundary and considering a layered structure.
A'>B' + (1dB to several dB)
Depending on the magnitude of (1 dB to several dB) of
It is interesting and useful to estimate which layer structure the satellite was in.

Alternatively, it can be considered as feature shielding.

It is conceivable that the identification should be based on whether or not the received strength exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value.



It is easy to understand if the name is as follows.

Direct wave/diffracted wave relationship, that is, satellite signals in a complementary relationship,
The size relationship between the two is correctly identified by the receiver, and
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength

Mixture Satellite signals in the boundary zone, even if the attitude is reversed, the magnitude relationship between the two
It was not identified (because it was below the resolution of the receiver, etc.), and
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength

With satellite signals that are shielded by microscopic features, no change in reception intensity is recognized even if the attitude is reversed, and
Both reception strengths are below the ICD minimum guaranteed value



However, the direction information acquisition method proposed above is

If you set a strict (high) threshold,

With the unfavorable trend of a reduced number of available satellites and wider azimuth limits,

On the other hand,

It also has the desirable properties of decreasing the no-response rate and increasing the correct-answer rate when answered.

There was a trade-off with

(It should be noted that this has an excellent feature that the azimuth limitation width can be narrowed by acquiring azimuth information after changing the body direction multiple times and superimposing the results.

It is important to reconfirm the

Conversely, setting a sweet (low) threshold increases the number of available satellites,

Along with the desirable trend of narrower azimuth limiting widths,

On the other hand, the non-response rate increases and the correct answer rate decreases when there is an answer, which is undesirable.

There was a trade-off with

Reflecting individual differences of receivers and individual differences of satellites,

Allowing for variations in receiver signal strength,

It was necessary to set the threshold appropriately.




By using one positioning satellite system antenna/receiver integrated unit,

You can solve the problem of individual differences on the receiver side,

At the same time, it benefits from eliminating the need for calibration inherent in the use of two (or more) receivers, and

To reduce the weight of the device, which is desired for mountain climbing, etc., and to keep the positioning function, which has been regarded as convenient from the past, in combination with it, and

For each satellite of each positioning satellite system,

Received at both attitudes with their respective antenna beam directions covering their respective quadrants of the sky,

By comparing the reception state for a certain period of time,

In order to solve the problem of individual differences in satellite signal strength depending on individual differences of satellites on the user side,
In each posture with each one-fourth of the celestial sphere covered,
Whether the reception was receiving direct waves,
Whether the reception was such that diffracted waves were being received,
Or, which one was the reception situation that could not be regarded as which one,
By first distinguishing




A. Considering how to ensure communication despite the diffraction loss,
Nor is it a position to contribute to better communication line design for future new frequency use.
1. [PDF]
Consideration on UWB wireless transmission using diffracted waves by shielding objects
www.ap.ide.titech.ac.jp/publications/.../IEICE_TRWBS(0305Takada).pdf
In an indoor environment, it is expected that the propagation path will be blocked by the human body, etc.
and the diffracted wave at the edge of the shield is the main propagation mechanism).
The intensity of the wave is governed by the degree of shielding of the Fresnel zone) and has frequency characteristics.
from ...
2. [PDF]
research bulletin
search.ieice.org/bin/pdf_link.php?category=B&fname=j83-b...
The purpose of this paper is to provide useful materials for the establishment of a new model. However, the more general
In order to establish the model, it is necessary to obtain the diffraction characteristics for the case of oblique incidence on the human body including the head, and this is a future topic. 2. Diffraction propagation experiment of 60 GHz wave.
layout plan ...

B. Nor is he in a position to discuss the (bad) effects on the human body.
Questions and answers about electromagnetic waves (1) (JOMON)
www.jomon.ne.jp/~ja7bal/keijians.htm - Cached - Similar
We take the position that it may affect the human body depending on the usage conditions, but 100W at 900MHz
There is an effect on the human body about the output of the "special machine" ....
800MHz band, now 2.4GHz band) and operates with an output power of 500W or more.
human body


C. not,




Since the intensity of the diffracted wave is generally governed by the degree of shielding of the Fresnel zone, it has frequency characteristics.
The effects are discussed when diffracted waves by an obstruction are the dominant propagation mechanism.

It is sufficient to consider the loss at the center frequency.
Human body shielding experiment.

Consideration on UWB wireless transmission using diffracted waves by shielding objects
Ultra WIdeband Radio Transmission with Dffraction at a Shadowing Object
Advancement techniques, WBS2003-2, MW2003-14(2003-05)
Junichi Takada, Junmichi Araki, et al., P7-P11




Human occultation in indoor ultra wideband propagation and modeling [in Japanese]
o YOSHIKAWA Makoto
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o OHKUBO Fumio
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o Naoto Takahashi [other] TAKAHASHI Naoto
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o MIYAMOTO Takahiro
o NEC Engineering Corp.
o ZHANG Honggang
o Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution
o TAKADA Jun-ichi
o Communications Research Laboratory, Yokosuka Wireless Communication Research Center: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Independent Administrative Institution: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
o ARAKI Kiyomichi
o Communications Research Laboratory, Yokosuka Wireless Communication Research Center: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Independent Administrative Institution: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
o KOBAYAHI Takehiko
o Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution
Abstract
Recently, communication using Ultra wideband (UWB) technology has been studied. In indoor environments such as offices and homes where UWB technology is used for WPAN and positioning, the influence of channel shielding caused by human movement is large. In this report, we compare the measured value of the shielding loss of the human body and the measured value of the metal plate, and report the modeling of the human body shielding.
-----------


"GPS signal out of sync"

Error characteristics of multiple GPS terminals and their evaluation
repository.seikei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10928/.../rikougaku-48-1_51-61.pdf
A large error is detected that significantly reduces the usefulness of GPS (increases the variance of the range error).
was done. We call the error the “out-of-synchronization error,” where it is about 10 times the average error.
It is defined as the above error. “Error due to out-of-synchronization” in Table 5 represents the number of times it was detected.
...

----------------------------------The following is optional---------- ----------

## <<##0057##>>##

The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result. (■ Correction required (delete?) ■)

## <<##0058##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ In the result output unit 4, the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle. tell the observer.

## <<##0059##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ The information to be output at this time can include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.

## <<##0060##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ The output format of the azimuth angle of measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation should be indicated in the format of (θ, δ) as the approximate azimuth angle (θ) and the one-sided error (δ) as follows. can also

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.

■Correction required (delete?)■##《##number 2##》##



## <<##0061##>>##

That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
-----------------------Is it okay if there are no more------- ----------





(Expression 2 as 0 to 180 degrees) (Necessity 10)
## <<## claim 3##>>##
determining a region of existence of one or more satellite positioning system satellites;
Using the azimuth angle of each satellite positioning system satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
To limit the orientation, when

the azimuth angles of some or all of the satellite positioning system satellites in said respective quadrants and the azimuth angles of the starting azimuths of said respective quadrants,
■ Based on being 0 degrees or more and 180 degrees or less ■

direction of the main beam in the first attitude of the satellite positioning system antenna
limit the orientation

2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:


(Documentation of area determination flowchart) (Necessity 5)
## <<## claim 4##>>##
From the "comparison of reception conditions" of the satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired "at each attitude" at an instant or at multiple instants
Satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired at each of the attitudes are:
■ Is the feature shielded ■,
It is discriminated whether it has received ■ direct wave ■, ■ diffracted wave ■, or one that cannot be regarded as either (■ in boundary region (band) ■),
Based on the results,
Determine the existence area of each satellite positioning system satellite
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:


## <<## claim 6##>>## (requirement level 10)
The one satellite positioning system antenna,
Furthermore, when inverting 180 degrees and placing it,
with the antenna for the satellite positioning system
■Every body■ (Both the body and GPS are reversed, but only the GPS is reversed when the body is stationary.)
Invert 180 degrees and place
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:




## <<## claim 8##>>## (requirement level 10)

The one satellite positioning system antenna,
Furthermore, when inverting 180 degrees and placing it,
The one satellite positioning system antenna,
with the antenna for the satellite positioning system
Each electromagnetic wave absorber or ■ electromagnetic wave shield, ■ (Not only that both the object and GPS are reversed, but also that only the GPS is reversed when the object is stationary is claimed.)
Invert 180 degrees and place
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:



(Reversal and frame of body or shielding object: collect data in posture 1 and posture 2 to make 1 set)
Claim 1
A reception state in which the body is placed between a certain GNSS satellite and a certain GNSS antenna
at a position where the GNSS antenna is inverted, and
Receiving condition without placing the body between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS antenna
based on a comparison of
Determine the existence area of the GNSS satellite in the upper hemisphere
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


(Representative value that reflects sudden drop in correlation value and received power due to synchronization deviation and loss of synchronization)
Claim 2
By inverting while attaching the receiver to the body,
or
By moving and inverting only the receiver from the front of the body to the back of the body, or vice versa, without inverting the body

A state in which the body is not sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (A)
A state in which the body is sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (B),

It is possible to realize both.

"Consider the set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', and let the maximum value" be the representative value AB of each state (A) (B)

For the same satellite,

The representative value of the reception strength of (A) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (B)
It is expected to be about 6.9dB larger.

The reason for this is described elsewhere. In a nutshell, ``There is an effect of attenuating the diffraction of the diffracted waves at the end points of the body itself. As the waveform of the level signal is distorted and the correlation with the generated signal is lowered, the signal strength is further reduced, making it difficult to acquire synchronization in the synchronization acquisition mechanism, and to make it more difficult to maintain synchronization in the synchronization holding mechanism. The reason for this is that both the distortion of the S-curve and the gradual slope of the S-curve make it difficult to maintain synchrony, and dithering out of the true center of synchrony leads to a drop in correlation. This is caused by a drop in the signal strength derived from it, or a sudden drop in the signal strength due to a sudden drop in correlation due to loss of synchronization and retrying from acquisition of synchronization."


The reception of (A) is a direct wave,
Reception of (B) is a diffracted wave




(Determination of the satellite existence area based on the difference between the attitude 1 representative value and the attitude 2 representative value)
Claim 3
A'>B' + threshold 2 (*)

It is expected that a complementary pair of A', B' that satisfies (*) will always be obtained.
Based on the notion of complementary pairs, region determination can be made.

In the unlikely event that A'B' that does not satisfy (*) is obtained,
The area for that satellite can be estimated as follows.
In other words, consider the great circle passing through the zenith where the extension of the plane of the inverted body intersects the sky,
It is thought that this is the result of the presence of satellites on both sides of the area with a width of several degrees on one side (about 5 degrees to 7.5 degrees on one side).


Considering the layered structure by enlarging such zonal boundaries,
A'>B' + threshold 2
In which layer structure the satellite was present may be estimated based on the size of the threshold 2 of .


If both A' and B' do not exceed the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength, it is considered as feature shielding.











of a typical (e.g. planar patch) antenna used in a GNSS satellite signal receiver
An example of a typical antenna pattern in the L1 frequency band is shown on the relevant page of the book below. In that figure, the outermost circumference of the concentric circles indicates 0 dB. Concentric circles are drawn inside it every -5 dB. At -8.7 dB on the scale shown here, the gain is 0 dBIC.
A diagram of this typical antenna pattern can be found, for example, in the following publications:
(Hereinafter, this is called an antenna pattern diagram.)
JJSpilker Jr. and FD Natali, "INterference Effects and Migration Techniques " in "Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I", pp.717-772 (especially pp.722) , in Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Volume 163, AIAA( American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.
This book is very widely known in the field of research on the Global Positioning System, and because of the blue appearance of the book, it is also known as the bblue book of GPS. This book is published by the National Institute of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, is a best-selling book, is highly accessible, and is believed to be highly available in major libraries in Japan and around the world. I would like to avoid it and devote the effort to the necessary explanation. Therefore, for the time being, it would be greatly appreciated if you could refer to the figure on the above page of the relevant document for the antenna pattern diagram.


where dBIC is the circular polarization gain. For the circular polarization gain calculation formula, see
For example, the calculation formula can be obtained from the following URL.
http://amplet.tokyo/tu/pdf/dbic.pdf
For further details please refer to the literature.

Polarization is one of the types of vibration modes of an electric field in a plane electromagnetic wave, and relates to the vibration direction of the electric field. (In the case of light, this is called polarization.) In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates in the plane perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave. When this vibration direction is always in the same direction, it is called a linearly polarized wave. When the electric field has the same magnitude and its direction rotates in the plane, it is said to be circularly polarized. When the direction of the electric field rotates while the magnitude of the electric field changes, it is called an elliptically polarized wave. Linearly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating near the ground surface are called horizontally polarized waves when the vibration direction of the electric field is horizontal to the ground surface, and vertically polarized waves when the vibration direction is vertical to the ground surface.

Now, as you can see above, it is shaped like a jellyfish. In this case, the part corresponding to the leg of the jellyfish is the direction in which the sub-beam of the antenna hits. The part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish is the direction in which the red beam of the antenna hits. As a matter of course, the part of the antenna that corresponds to the main beam will use the one with the stable higher sensitivity (in the spatial sense). In most cases, it is the part corresponding to the head of the aforementioned jellyfish.

The sensitivity of the jellyfish legs is spatially heterogeneous and often low. These portions are thus treated as side lobes. Therefore, it has been called the unnecessary sensitivity portion.

In the present proposal so far, by placing the body or the like in the side lobe portion, the sensitivity of that portion is practically eliminated.

On the other hand, from now on, we will actively utilize the side lobe part from a new perspective. Avoiding distress situations, avoiding further aggravation of distress situations, and avoiding distress situations during outdoor work where materials must be transported by human power alone, mountain climbing, ocean navigation (including drifting in the ocean with lifeboats), etc. In an environment where advanced materials are scarce, such as when trying to escape from the disaster, or during large-scale disaster relief, the presence of side lobes, which have been inevitably lost and were treated as a hindrance until then, can be useful. The present inventor has devised a mechanism that enables this. If the GPS antenna and GPS receiver are already there, then this sidelobe will also be present at the same time. This simultaneous existence becomes a great strength and produces a great effect.

The principle is as follows.

In the antenna pattern diagram, when the part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish is used for signal reception (usually like this), the direction of the leg part of the jellyfish as a side lobe is in contact with the user's body. The sensitivity of the jellyfish legs as a sidelobe has been virtually eliminated. So far, this paper has mainly explained assuming such usage. There is nothing wrong with this.

First, the GNSS antenna is placed next to the dorsal side of the body (as already mentioned, the ventral side is also acceptable) so that its main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

So far in this paper, we have described this as ``while maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated'' (†), and the zenith-nadir passing straight line is It was to rotate 180 degrees around the axis of rotation.

Then, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception situation before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is directly before or after the rotation. It is received as a wave and in which direction it is received as a diffracted wave.

Thereby, the region in which each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) was located can be effectively determined.

Furthermore, we will attempt to implement this for all signal sources in the sky (generally GNSS satellites).

This allows each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) to effectively determine each region in which it has been.

The principle is that by summarizing the information on the existence area of each signal source (generally GNSS satellites) thus obtained, it is possible to obtain a limited direction in which the antenna was initially directed.



Now, let us consider a case where we want to avoid the rotation of the body for some reason. This may be due to injuries and damage to the trunk in harsh outdoor environments, and it is not possible to turn your back or look away when encountering a group of wolves (in Mongolia and China, even cities, towns, villages, etc. are at night). It may be due to the external environment due to the presence of dangerous creatures, etc., which is a danger that is commonly encountered even in downtown areas, or it may be due to the inadvertent movement of the body that causes snow cornices or avalanches. Or maybe it's because the rotation of the body in a narrow and unstable lifeboat induces a further danger of falling overboard. The actual dangers in the field are not limited to the above, but in such cases, it is even more desirable to adopt a method in which the above part (†) is replaced with the following and still applicable. In other words, the part (†) ``While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, that is, for each body, that is, the body and the receiver as one'' is replaced with the following (†† In other words, ``the body and the receiving antenna do not particularly maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††). It looks like this:


First, the GNSS antenna is placed next to the dorsal side of the body (as already mentioned, the ventral side is also acceptable) so that its main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

So far in this paper, we have described this as ``while maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated'' (†), and the zenith-nadir passing straight line is It was supposed to rotate 180 degrees around the rotation axis,

Here, instead, this is ``the body and the receiving antenna do not maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††) zenith/zenith It rotates 180 degrees around the bottom passing straight line as the axis of rotation.

Then, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception status before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is "before or after the rotation". It is determined in which direction the wave is received as a direct wave and the wave is received as a diffracted wave."

That is, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception status before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is "before or after the rotation. , determines which is received in the dominant sensitive portion of the antenna pattern and which is received in the dependent sensitive portion of the antenna pattern. Of course, here, the "dominant sensitivity part in the antenna pattern" corresponds to the above-mentioned main beam side, and the "subordinate sensitivity part of the antenna pattern" corresponds to the above-mentioned sub-beam side or sidelobe side. It is something to do. To use an easy-to-understand metaphorical expression, the former is of course the part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish, and the latter is the part corresponding to the legs of the jellyfish.

Thereby, the region in which each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) was located can be effectively determined.

Furthermore, we will attempt to implement this for all signal sources in the sky (generally GNSS satellites).

This allows each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) to effectively determine each region in which it has been.

The principle is that by summarizing the information on the existence area of each signal source (generally GNSS satellites) thus obtained, it is possible to obtain a limited direction in which the antenna was initially directed.

It should be noted that the "stability of reception" described above may be used for the "judgment" here. Alternatively, a time average value, median value, mode value, etc., or a combination thereof may be used. It goes without saying that the longer the sampling time, the higher the accuracy, since it is a statistic. Needless to say, the index (feature quantity or combination of feature quantities) necessary for determination may be selected from prior experiments depending on the difference in antenna pattern or the difference in the resolution performance of the received intensity of the receiver. In any case, it goes without saying that the judgment has an extremely high degree of feasibility. because it exists in (※※※.)

Here, I considered the case where it is desired to avoid the rotation of the body for some reason. This may be due to injuries and damage to the trunk in harsh outdoor environments, and it is not possible to turn your back or look away when encountering a group of wolves (in Mongolia and China, even cities, towns, villages, etc. are at night). It may be due to the external environment due to the presence of dangerous creatures, etc., which is a danger that is commonly encountered even in downtown areas, or it may be due to the inadvertent movement of the body that causes snow cornices or avalanches. Or maybe it's because the rotation of the body in a narrow and unstable lifeboat induces a further danger of falling overboard. The actual dangers in the field are not limited to the above, but in such cases, it is even more possible to replace the above (†) with (††) and adopt a method that is still applicable. layer desirable. In other words, the part (†) ``While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, that is, for each body, that is, the body and the receiver as one'' is replaced with the following (†† In other words, ``the positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna is not particularly maintained, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††) was a measure.



And, as mentioned above, as can be seen in the antenna pattern diagrams, the GNSS antenna possessed the fundamental properties to withstand such use. However, the present invention has made such a usage highly realistic for the first time. This is due to the unparalleled and tireless efforts and excellence of the inventor, who found the practicality by thoroughly considering the needs in advance, and from numerous preliminary experiments with receivers and antenna patterns. It is based on insight and sophisticated knowledge, and is by no means easily conceived by peers. As evidence of this, we cannot forget that the inventor's achievements continue to lead the world in this field even today.



(※※※) also mentions something a careful observer might have noticed. Whether the bottom of the antenna is adjacent to the body and rotates together with the body, or the antenna alone is detached from the body and rotated (inverted, so to speak) and then placed next to the body, the realization is realized. is. What would happen if there was a signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) right beside the body? It's an event so rare that it may not be worth considering, but it can happen. I would like to consider this as well.

In this case, it is assumed that (body and antenna) integrated rotation makes it difficult to distinguish between direct waves and diffracted waves, at least logically. This is because the antenna pattern sensitivities are the same in stores. However, it can be said that it is a phenomenon that can occur only with a very small probability in reality that the signal sources are exactly and coincidently on the extended plane of the body.
Also, in this case, it is assumed that at least determination of dominant reception and subordinate reception will be considerably difficult in the separated type rotation (only the antenna is turned over). However, it can be said that it is extremely rare in reality that the signal sources exist exactly and coincidently on the extended plane of the body.
In the first place, it can be said that it is extremely rare for the signal source to exist exactly on the extended surface of the body in this way, but just in case, it is possible to deal with such an event. The advantages of the present invention are shown below. Considering that magnetic compasses, gyros, and the like have no means of recovering from their own inherent defects, this is also what makes the present invention extremely excellent. .

Assuming such a case, it is possible to further increase the reliability of the present invention by providing a fixed range of decision-reserving range in the comparison of the reception state before and after the rotation. .

In other words, when the reception conditions (the various feature values that have been described as representing) before and after rotation have a width smaller than the width of the initially set value as the limit for judgment, there is a possibility that , (as an extension of the body surface), the signal source exists on the boundary surface.

More specifically, first, as a special treatment, it is excluded from existence area determination. But it doesn't go on forever. Instead, as something that will reappear as useful information later, we temporarily give "a special flag meaning that there is a high probability of a signal source existing near the boundary surface" with respect to the data of that signal source. It is decided to keep (set a flag).

After the other signal sources have been determined, that is, after the directions have been narrowed down by superimposing the direction information of the eight signal sources, for example, the data with the above flags are If there is, it is possible to further improve the accuracy by incorporating an algorithm that begins to check consistency, and incorporating it if it is consistent with judgments from other signal sources. Preliminary experiments have shown that even if such a method is adopted, excellent results can be obtained in terms of accuracy, and it is of course possible to adopt such a method.

In this case, of course, it is recommended to display the fact that such processing has been performed on the display unit, as this will give confidence in the accuracy.



As a result of preliminary experiments, it is found that the following method is also possible by further advancing such an idea.
In other words, depending on the manufacturer, it may be necessary to use existing low-resolution receivers depending on the model. ing). In this case, the problem is what should be done if a signal that leads to a contradictory determination is temporarily recognized when attempting to integrate the determination results. In this case, it should be noted that when the judgments of a plurality of signal sources are superimposed, the result appears that the solution does not exist. This rarely happens, but incorporating a mechanism to rationally exclude even rare events has the effect of increasing human confidence in the device, which is also important. It leads to valuing the time spent, and greatly enhances usability felt by the user. Preliminary experiments have revealed that it is better to do the following.

That is, the apparatus first recognizes this event as a case where there is no solution that should be narrowed down as a result of superimposing each existence area determination of the data of ten signal sources. In that case, it became clear as a result of the inventor's vigorous preliminary experiments that the countermeasure should be incorporated as follows.

In other words, the number of signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as small as possible that is consistent for the first time is determined by the computer. Preliminary experiments have shown that in many cases the exclusion of just one signal source is consistent, and that is the signal source near the boundary region. In that case, it is even better for the device to notify the user that the exclusion has been made, which is assumed to be near the border area. In the vicinity of the boundary area, such a case may occur depending on the setting of the judgment criteria. Rather, it seems to indicate that the criterion does not match the performance (signal strength resolution, signal strength resolution, etc.) of the GPS receiver and the like used there. Data such as those excluded signal sources are also stored together with the context (data of other signal sources) at that time, and after a certain amount of time has accumulated, using a statistical method of big data analysis, how to determine the judgment criteria It is of course possible to self-analyze whether it can be a better device by doing so, and to configure it as a device that grows on its own. This coincides with the rise of artificial intelligence in recent years. Also, in order to reduce the burden of that part, send data to the server with a communication part and let it analyze it, and based on the analysis result, reconfigure your own firmware according to the judgment criteria recommended by the server. Of course, the configuration is also good. This is officially compatible with the concept of Society 5.0 promoted in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan and the goal of aiming for a human-centered society that fully utilizes IoT/AI/Bigdata.

It should be noted that since it is a digital signal processor, it is easy to make such an arrangement. Since the affinity is very high, the reliability can be enhanced by complementing each other. In this way, it can be used in a highly convenient and time-saving manner.

Furthermore, after performing one set of measurements, for example, if the rotation angle is 90 degrees with the zenith and nadir straight lines as the rotation axis, give the body a rotation angle of 90 degrees and perform another set of measurements, The high future potential and convenience of this method that cannot be overlooked is the fact that it is possible to further narrow down the result of narrowing down the direction by superimposing the results of each direction narrowing down from the results of these two sets of measurements. and high usability.

If multi-satellite receivers for GNSS satellites such as GPS (United States), Glonass (Russia), China's positioning satellite system, Galileo system (Europe), Brazil and India's positioning satellite system, etc. The point that this system can be assembled is also the superiority and high future potential of this system. The more satellites there are, the more precise directions can be obtained in a short time. Thus, the present method has a great effect.




ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

claim

Place the GNSS antenna next to the dorsal side of the body (or ventral side if ventral side) so that the main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

"While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated" (†),
When rotating 180 degrees around the zenith/nadir passing straight line as the axis of rotation,

Before and after said rotation,
for a signal from a source (generally a GNSS satellite)
compare and analyze reception status, or detect changes,

comparative analysis of said reception conditions, or based on detected changes

The signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
before or after said rotation,
received as a direct wave in which
In which direction it is received as a diffracted wave
to determine

Based on the judgment,
Each of the signal sources (generally a GNSS satellite, or a GNSS satellite) is
the area that existed
identify

In addition, the above procedures
All sky signal sources (generally GNSS satellites, or even GNSS satellites)
to try to implement

obtained by this
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
each area that existed
identify,

thus obtained,
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
Information on each area that existed
oversee,
The direction the main beam of the antenna was originally pointing
get limited or
obtain on a limited basis or
Narrow down
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


claim

If it is the dorsal side of the body, the GNSS antenna is placed next to (or attached to) the dorsal side (or the ventral side if it is the ventral side) so that the main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

"The body and the receiving antenna do not particularly maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver."
When rotating the straight line passing through the zenith and nadir 180 degrees around the axis of rotation (that is, turning it inside out and attaching it to the same side of the body again or placing it next to each other),

Before and after said rotation,
for a signal from a source (generally a GNSS satellite)
compare and analyze reception status, or detect changes,

comparative analysis of said reception conditions, or based on detected changes

The signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
before or after said rotation,
In which case, "received at the dominant sensitive part of the antenna pattern (the main beam side, the main lobe side, or the so-called jellyfish head-shaped antenna pan side),"
In which part is received in the sub-sensitive part of the antenna pattern (sub-beam side, sidelobe side, or so-called jellyfish leg-shaped antenna pan side)?
determine

Based on the judgment,
Each of the signal sources (generally a GNSS satellite, or a GNSS satellite) is
the area that existed
identify

In addition, the above procedures
All sky signal sources (generally GNSS satellites, or even GNSS satellites)
to try to implement

obtained by this
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
each area that existed
identify,

thus obtained,
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
Information on each area that existed
oversee,
The direction the main beam of the antenna was originally pointing
get limited or
obtain on a limited basis or
Narrow down
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

This is a claim.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is a claim.


In the "determination" of the preceding claim,
"Reception stability" described separately in the specification
Alternatively, the time average value, median value, mode value, etc., or any combination thereof, may be selected depending on the difference in antenna pattern or the difference in resolution performance of the received intensity of the receiver. It is recommended to use indices (features or combinations of features) and the optimal or hypothesized thresholds used therein.
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
ーーーーーーーーーー
claim


In the "determination" according to the above claims
Before and after rotation, when only a width smaller than the width of the initially set value as the limit for judgment is recognized in the reception situation (various feature values that have been described as representing),
We reserve the right to rule out the possibility that the signal source exists on the boundary surface (as an extension of the body surface).
More specifically, first, as a special treatment, exclude it from the existence area judgment,
Rather than keep excluding
Instead, as it will later reappear as helpful information,
Temporarily, "a special flag meaning that there is a high possibility of a signal source existing near the boundary surface" is given (flag is set) for the data of the signal source,
After the signal source has been determined, that is, after the direction narrowing down is completed by superimposing the direction information of, for example, 8 if 8 signal sources,
If there is data with the above flag, the algorithm will start to check the consistency, and if it is consistent with the judgment from other signal sources, it will be incorporated.
to improve accuracy
to use
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

claim

If the "determinations" of the above claims are superimposed, integrated, or multiplied,
If a contradiction occurs and there is no solution,
Start with as few signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as possible, first consistent, as few signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as possible First let the computer figure out as a number
(Experiments show that in many cases elimination of just one signal source is consistent)
indicates the result of excluding how many satellites, and/or
In the case of signal sources near the boundary region, that fact, or/and
In the case of a directional signal source, the fact (it may indicate that the sensitivity in that direction only is a problem with the antenna, or that in the measurement environment it may be due to signals specific to that direction only) (although it often indicates that there is something affecting
to notify the user of the
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
^^^^^^
claim


Furthermore, after performing one set of measurements, for example, give the body a rotation angle with a straight line passing through the zenith and nadir as the axis of rotation (if it is 90 degrees, only 90 degrees).
Again, take another set of measurements,
By superimposing the results of each direction narrowing down of the results of those two sets of measurements, we can narrow down the result of narrowing down the directions more precisely.
That

Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

ーー
claim

(GPS (US), Glonass (Russia), Chinese positioning satellite system, Galileo system (Europe), Brazil and India positioning satellite system, etc.)
Multi-satellite system compatible receivers of GNSS satellites (if they are on the market) are diverted as receivers and/or receiving antennas (this system is superior in that it can be assembled and has high future potential). (The more satellites there are, the more precise directions can be obtained in a short period of time. Thus, this method is highly effective.)
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method


===========,
claim

By accumulating direction information acquisition data and analyzing it, or by having the analysis server analyze it
Algorithms that can derive more optimal results for themselves, and/or feature quantities or combinations of feature quantities required for judgment, and/or optimal settings for thresholds to be used or threshold settings
and/or
Introduce it to yourself (and further improve your ability to answer)
of
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

===========,
claim
By accumulating direction information acquisition data and analyzing it, or by having the analysis server analyze it
Algorithms that can derive more optimal results for themselves, and/or feature quantities or combinations of feature quantities required for judgment, and/or optimal settings for thresholds to be used or threshold settings
and/or
Introduce it to yourself (and further improve your ability to answer)
of
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method



0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) Boundary satellite removal inspection function (if the contradiction becomes consistent, it is better to remove it) or remove this from the beginning as a safe solution
It may be presented as an introductory solution. However, if possible, it would be nice to have a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it would be good to confirm it later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei, if possible.

Alternatively, when it is clear that you have enough time and want to obtain a precise solution, that is, a narrowed solution, or narrowed down direction information,
Aside from that mode, the signal source in the vicinity of the current daringly provides the excluded answer (that is, several times in a mode that gives only a very certain and solid solution). Each purchase in the set can be squeezed into a very secure and stable high
It is also possible to add a mode that can reduce such features of the present invention.



0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) Boundary satellite removal inspection function (if the contradiction becomes consistent, it is better to remove it) or remove this from the beginning as a safe solution
It may be presented as an introductory solution. However, if possible, it is also possible to provide a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it is good to confirm the stepping solution later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei.

Alternatively, if you have enough time to find an exact solution, i.e.
The narrowed down solution is
I want to obtain extremely narrowed down direction information even if it takes time.
When it is clear from the circumstances,
You can also create a mode that enables it and respond to it.

In other words, from the beginning, the data of the signal source existing near the boundary is daringly
Provide the user with the excluded azimuth-limited times, etc.
(In other words, only a very certain answer, an extremely solid answer, is given to the user
In that mode,
This is done by reversing a set of measurements, in sets of several, and
Those solutions, each of them a very secure and highly stable solution,
Overlap, squeeze, go, narrow down the direction,
While doing so, the satellite placement will change and the number of satellites rising above the horizon will increase.
You can have a mode that will increase the accuracy even further,
While waiting for rescue without moving, the accuracy is steadily increasing,
There is also a mode that makes full use of the features of the present invention.
You can make a profit.
At the same time, at the same time, a solution for not excluding the excluded satellite may also be presented in parallel as an "introductory answer". Of course.
This has a great effect. Whether in a hurry or slow and precise
Space infrastructure can be enjoyed to the fullest extent at low cost with few user resources. Being able to respect life in mountains, deserts, polar regions, and oceans in situations close to distress plays a great advantage.

0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the axis of the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) You may have a boundary satellite removal check function (better to remove the contradiction if it makes it consistent).
Or this from the beginning

That is, one signal source data closest to the average value of the range of directions (or azimuths) presented as a boundary, or
Data from a fixed number of sources in traffic
or,

of the range of directions (or bearings) that led to presentation as a boundary
exists within a certain range of directions (or azimuth angles) determined from the width and mean value (median) of
data from source

obtained by eliminating or removing the
humble
the answer
as a safe solution
You may present them separately as the stepping solutions (the times they were also included). However, if possible, it is also possible to provide a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it is good to confirm the stepping solution later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei.

Alternatively, if you have enough time to find an exact solution, i.e.
The narrowed down solution is
I want to obtain extremely narrowed down direction information even if it takes time.
When it is clear from the circumstances,
You can also create a mode that enables it and respond to it.

In other words, from the beginning, the data of the signal source existing near the boundary is daringly
Provide the user with the excluded azimuth-limited times, etc.
(In other words, only a very certain answer, an extremely solid answer, is given to the user
In that mode,
This is done by reversing a set of measurements, in sets of several, and
Those solutions, each of them a very secure and highly stable solution,
Overlap, squeeze, go, narrow down the direction,
While doing so, the satellite placement will change and the number of satellites rising above the horizon will increase.
You can have a mode that will increase the accuracy even further,
While waiting for rescue without moving, the accuracy is steadily increasing,
There is also a mode that makes full use of the features of the present invention.
You can make a profit.
At that time, at the same time, the solution for not excluding the excluded satellite may also be presented in parallel as an "introductory answer". Of course.
This has a great effect. Whether in a hurry or slow and precise
Space infrastructure can be enjoyed to the fullest extent at low cost with few user resources. Being able to respect life in mountains, deserts, polar regions, and oceans in near-distress situations is a great advantage.

As an application, the following form may be adopted.


For example, the GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit may be configured as a clock type.
In this case, although it is only an example, the following convenience is achieved if a stretchable flexible wrist band is attached to the arm.
That is, for example, if worn on the left arm with the normal vector of the main beam of the antenna pointing in the direction from the palm of the left hand to the back of the left hand, just like a normal wrist watch for men. do. For example, in that state, place the wristwatch-type device on the left arm on the ventral side, for example, slightly above the navel (closer to the head), and place it on the inside of the left arm (the side where veins pass or the side of the palm of the left hand) on the abdomen. side of the arm) should be placed lightly. Then, there is an advantage that the direction of the antenna main beam can be easily aligned with the vector from the back to the abdomen of the GPS receiver and antenna integrated unit on the ventral side of the body. . For example, if it is 1 minute, you can measure only for a fixed time such as 1 minute. Next, in order to make an inversion, (of course, you can rotate your body as it is and measure it as an inversion, but if you don't want to do it due to special circumstances, for example, keep looking at the scenery in front of you. (For example, when you want to continue identification, continue astronomical observations, or want to see the movement of clouds and fog in the windward direction at the same time as the weather conditions, etc.), or , even if you don't rotate your body that far,

This time, if the left arm was used earlier, turn the left arm around the back this time,
On the dorsal side, for example, on the back side of the position of the device previously placed for measurement on the ventral side, the wristwatch-type device was placed on the left arm and placed on the back on the inside of the left arm (the side where veins, etc., pass through). Place the palm side of the left hand (generally the side where the veins in Japan are visible and take the pulse) so that it is lightly attached. Then, there is an advantage that the direction of the antenna main beam can be easily aligned with the vector from the abdomen to the back of the GPS receiver and antenna integrated unit on the back side of the body. .

Needless to add, if there is a physical flexibility constraint that makes it difficult to perform such arm and body placement on the ventral or dorsal side due to physical circumstances, of course, A flexible wristband should be used. In that case, for example, when turning the left arm around the back, the user may find it difficult to carry out a posture in which the inside of the arm is placed on the back, so that the advantage of the flexible wristband can be used. By making use of it, you can change the state of wearing it like a wristwatch for men to like a wristwatch for women. , and the rest can easily realize the same arrangement. That is, even if the left arm is used, the left arm can be placed around the dorsal side, but in this case, the back side of the left arm can be lightly placed on the back, so it goes without saying that this can be achieved more easily.

Of course, it goes without saying that the same argument holds even if it is worn on the right arm.



Also, a so-called waist pouch may be used to achieve this.
In this case, after placing the waist pouch on the ventral side and completing the measurement on one side
All you have to do is turn the waist pouch around your back and take measurements.
(At this time, if the belt of the waist pouch is a flexible elastic material d, it can be done more easily, but even if it is not, it is easy to loosen the belt of the waist pouch and turn it to the opposite side of the body. ) This type of bag is convenient and popular for overseas travel, so it is suitable for overseas travel.

Naturally, it may be attached to a lumbago belt. This case is also the same as described above. In this case, you can use a waist belt with a pocket for valuables. Also, it is natural that it is good if it is attached by using a Velcro tape or the like, because it can be easily attached and detached even when washing, and the convenience is enhanced. Of course, this case is also suitable for the elderly and the physically handicapped.


In addition, a so-called body bag, that is, a one-shoulder body bag, that is, a cross-body bag, also called a Move Line Bag, which has been gaining popularity in recent years, is suitable for realizing the present invention. This is just an example, but from the left shoulder to the right side of the waist (or vice versa, from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist), the bag is generally placed on the back. It is a common usage example to wear it on the back, but naturally it is easy to put it on as it is so that the bag part will come to the abdomen side. That is, by simply pulling the oblique belt-like portion halfway around, the bag portion will come to the ventral side (for example, if the bag portion was on the dorsal side before being pulled). By utilizing this feature, the present invention can be easily implemented by equipping the bag with a GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit, which is highly convenient. In addition, since it is also a stylish fashion that is popular internationally, it is highly suitable for overseas travel, and in that sense, it is suitable for overseas travel, which is one of the effective usage forms of the present invention, because it is easy to use. be.



This one-shoulder body bag can be used as a handbag or as a shoulder bag. Needless to say, it is suitable for the present invention because it is highly convenient in that it can also be used as a device.

A diagonal bag type is also acceptable.


Of course, even if the GPS antenna/receiver integrated side unit is attached to a general belt, all you have to do is turn the belt in the opposite direction, so of course that is fine. Furthermore, it is of course possible to rotate the whole body as a matter of course.



It should be noted that the description of GPS in the patent application is just an example,
Naturally, it can be read as general GNSS.
Here, GNSS means Glonass, GPS, as well as countries such as China, Germany, Brazil, Japan, India, etc., which are being developed or operated.
It shall refer to all of GNSS.

Also, for the present invention, if it is designed as follows at the time of popularization promotion
It is convenient because the convenience of use can be known.

i.e. all GPS
It may be designed in advance assuming that the reverse measurement is performed at 00 seconds per minute.



It is not limited to the above, and any form that realizes the content described in the claims may be used.



This series will focus on the increasing importance of science and technology policy both in Japan and abroad in recent years and its international nature, and will attempt to introduce domestic and foreign science and technology policy-related organizations and their recent trends. We would appreciate it if you could use it to maintain and improve your motivation to study and deepen your interest in adjacent fields, etc.

In this series, the first installment will focus on the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the National Coordination Office (NCO) in the United States, which are responsible for the control tower functions of science and technology policy in Japan and the United States. ), and in Japan, the Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) of the Cabinet Office. The second session gave an overview of the science and technology departments of the European Union (EU), the European Commission (commonly known as the EC: European Commission), and the United Nations (UN). In the third installment, we looked back on the origins of the key concept of innovation in science and technology policy. In the 4th session, we introduced the fact that Japanese researchers are leading the world in the field of regenerative medicine, which is a typical example, and enjoyed the original State of the Union address by the President of the United States, which referred to the importance of this field. In the 5th meeting, we introduced the G8 Science and Technology Ministers' Meeting, which preceded the G8 summit meeting held in Japan, and enjoyed the original report. In the 6th session, with the enactment of the Basic Law on Space and the Basic Law on the Advancement of Geospatial Information Utilization, we considered positioning satellite systems, which are becoming increasingly active around the world, in the history of science and technology in Europe and the United States. At the 7th meeting, we announced that this time we would consider the characteristics of science and technology in Japan. I considered. In the eighth installment, when I was trying to discuss the importance of integrating seemingly contradictory values, I found a similarity in the US President's Inaugural Speech, and explained the development history of quantum mechanics. In the ninth installment, we looked at WHO's contribution to N1H1 influenza in the original English text as a real-time scientific contribution to global issues. In the 10th session, we organized the key English terms from our own perspective regarding iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells), which Japan leads the world. Part 11 introduces how to write English patent specifications and important terms based on my experience in writing English patent specifications and achieving numerous international patent registrations, in line with Japan's policy of becoming a nation based on the creation of intellectual property. Did. In the 12th edition, we introduced the efforts of the International Space Station, in which Japan and the rest of the world participate. The 13th will show the meaning of the Convention on Biological Diversity led by the United Nations, and the 14th will show the significant movements of Foucault's pendulum, which will be displayed in motion at the United Nations General Assembly, accurately and plainly. introduced the mathematical approach. In the 15th installment, I touched on the good news that Dr. Eiichi Negishi and Dr. Akira Suzuki won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and explained the future opened up by the Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling organic synthesis method. In the 16th installment, I introduced the deep connection with the present age of Christmas period science lectures 150 years ago by Faraday, who left a big mark on physical chemistry. The 17th lecture will discuss how the concept of time and space can be applied at the forefront of theoretical physics, based on the English version of the latest results bulletin from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which demonstrated Einstein's theory of relativity through satellite experiments. Recognized or tasted. In the 18th session, we enjoyed reading together Albert Einstein's book Relativity, The special and the General Theory, which attempts to explain the physics of the gravitational field relatively easily in his own words. I believe that I was able to see the possibility of transforming a way of thinking into a more universal one over a long period of time through an attempt to explain it in a simple manner. In the 19th session, we enjoyed cutting-edge science and technology English on the breaking news that the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Telescope has discovered a new solar system rich in water - the source of life. In the 20th installment, we compared the ideas in quantum theory and classical theory from the original work of David Bohm, a theoretical physicist in quantum theory, and enjoyed the world view together based on necessary and sufficient English expressions. In the 21st installment, we took up British astronomer James Bradley and examined the origin of his idea, which discovered aberration by making use of the orbital speed of the earth, based on the English of the time. In the 22nd edition, we enjoyed the explanation of the rainbow together with the original work on optics by Newton of England. Some of you may have been impressed by the origin of the format similar to the current patent specifications, which we are familiar with. In the 23rd installment, Professor Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells, which has been featured many times in this series, has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. I tasted it. The 24th meeting is intended to enrich the knowledge of science and technology English in research areas in which Japan has a high degree of international competitiveness. We have examined together the English presentations from the perspective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration regarding research using an asteroid probe, which is also related to both. At the 25th meeting, we tasted the English of the Kepler Project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration together with the laws of astronomer Kepler. The 26th lecture will focus on the Watson-Crick DNA model, which has brought about a major paradigm shift, in light of the fact that topics originating in Japan have been leading the international community in recent years in the fields of molecular biology and life sciences. We had a great time enjoying the science and technology English of model) together. I was able to see that it will lead to research in Japan, especially research on iPS cells, which leads the world. At the 27th meeting, we enjoyed the commentary in English for the discovery of the Higgs boson, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. In the 28th meeting, we enjoyed Einstein's 1905 paper, which positioned Brownian motion as a fact that unambiguously proves the existence of atoms. I think I was able to experience the fun of a great researcher building up logical inferences from [at the time] unimaginable angles and leading to certain predictions. Later, Perrin was able to show the observation results as expected by Einstein, so it became a research with important significance as proof of the existence of the atom, which was still invisible to anyone at that time. The 29th is the Hubble Space Telescope, that is, the name of the reflecting telescope launched into outer space in 1990. We enjoyed science and technology English together. At the 30th meeting, we enjoyed the latest science and technology English about the European Space Agency's comet probe "Rosetta," which is about to land on a comet for the first time in human history. The 31st time featured the invention of the blue diode by Dr. Isamu Akasaki, Dr. Hiroshi Amano, and Dr. Shuji Nakamura, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014. At the 32nd, we tasted together the technical English of Linus Carl Pauling (1901 - 94), who twice alone won the honor of winning the Nobel Prize. An American physical chemist who researched the application of quantum mechanics to chemical bonds, etc., won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954, and was active as vice president of the World Federation of Scientists and a member of the Peace Defense Committee. won the Nobel Peace Prize that year. In the 33rd meeting, we examined the science and technology English of the most recent Nobel Prize-winning research that has made it possible to observe even intracellular phenomena beyond the limits of optical microscopes. In the 34th, Einstein and others enjoyed science and technology English that explained the development of physics from its early concepts to relativity and quantum theory in an easy-to-understand manner. In the 35th session, we examined Professor Takaaki Kajita's neutrino research from the perspective of a Nobel Laureate in Physics. The 36th Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Dr. Satoshi Omura, who succeeded in creating innovative new medicines from compounds produced by bacteria in the soil, and actually made millions of people around the world sick. The Nobel Prize-winning research that saved him from the agony of the world was enjoyed together with the science and technology English explained by the award-winning institution. For the 37th time, we have examined the science and technology English of the most recent 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award-winning research that elucidated the mechanism of DNA repair. This time, we would like to introduce you to the scientific and technical English of the Global Navigation Satellite System, which is being used in explosive ways all over the world, and its combination with a smart phone application that uses Japanese characters has captivated people around the world. How would you like to enjoy it? Let's enjoy it right away.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a utility service owned by the United States that provides users with positioning, navigation and time services. This system consists of three segments, a space segment, a control segment and a user segment.

The space segment consists of a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and time. The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS satellites, 95% of the time To ensure this commitment, the Air Force has been flying 31 operational GPS satellites for the past few years. The space segment will consist of a constellation of 24 operational satellites deployed in orbit as originally designed. . These satellites transmit their current position and current time unidirectionally. It is the responsibility of the United States to maintain at least 24 GPS satellites in service and operational 95% of the time. To ensure that responsibility, the United States Air Force has flown 31 GPS satellites over the past few years.

GPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each satellite circles the Earth twice a day. The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth. Each plane contains four “slots” occupied by baseline satellites. This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
GPS satellites fly in medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each GPS satellite orbits the earth twice a day. In the GPS satellite constellation, all satellites are arranged in six equally spaced orbital planes around the Earth. Each of the [six mentioned] planes has four "satellite positions" determined, and the GPS satellites that serve as pivots are deployed at these determined positions. As long as GPS satellites are properly deployed at these 24 satellite deployment positions, it is possible to achieve a situation in which four or more GPS satellites exist above the user, regardless of where the user is on the surface of the earth.

In addition to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a critical fourth dimension - time. Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very precise time data to the GPS signals. GPS receivers decode these signals, effectively Synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks. This enables users to determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second, without the cost of owning and operating atomic clocks.
In addition to latitude, longitude and altitude, the GPS system also provides a fourth important dimension - time. Multiple atomic clocks on board each GPS satellite provide highly accurate time data to the GPS signal. GPS receivers, on the other hand, skillfully synchronize each receiver with atomic clocks [on board the GPS satellites] to transmit the GPS signals [encoded and transmitted from the GPS satellites] to [ receive and] decipher (decrypt). Thanks to this mechanism, users can determine the current time with a high degree of accuracy within 1/100 billionth of a second without bearing the cost of owning or operating an atomic clock.

I enjoyed the science and technology English of the US Global Positioning System, one of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Let's also examine the science and technology English of the United Nations Committee for Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (OOSA), which is watching the GPS from a higher dimension. The author participated in the United Nations 3rd International Conference on Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space as a representative of Japan after passing the English essay examinations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations. I feel nostalgic because I had discussions in English with representatives from each country for two consecutive weeks at the United Nations Headquarters.

The Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) adopted a strategy to address global challenges in the future through space activities. The strategy, contained in “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development” , included key actions to use space applications for human security, development and welfare. In 2001, member States accorded high priority to a limited number of selected recommendations of UNISPACE III. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space established action teams under the voluntary Leadership of member States to implement those priority recommendations.
At the 3rd International Conference on Peaceful Uses and Exploration of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) hosted by the United Nations, various strategies were adopted for solving global issues through space activities. Various strategies set out in the United Nations Declaration entitled “The Official United Nations Vienna Declaration on the Exploration of Space and Human Development: Towards the New Millennium of Space Exploration” are aimed at the security, development and welfare of mankind. It also included a key action plan for the concrete utilization of infrastructure utilization technology in the future. The UNISPACE III recommendations were subsequently further refined, and in 2001 the selected recommendations were given high priority by UN Member States. To ensure the implementation of those recommendations given high priority, the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space [of the Permanent Body of the United Nations Headquarters] has established a new Action Team under the voluntary leadership of Member States. Did.

The Action Team on GNSS, consisting of 38 member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, recommended, inter alia, that an international committee on GNSS should be established to promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global basis and to facilitate exchange of information.
The GNSS Action Team, consisting of 38 Member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, is a GNSS international organization that promotes the use of GNSS infrastructure and revitalizes information exchange based on a common global platform. It further recommended the creation of a commission.

The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space included this recommendation in the Plan of Action proposed in its report [A/59/174] to the General Assembly on the review of the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPACE III. In resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, the Assembly endorsed the Plan of Action.
The Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space prepared a report [A/59/174] formally reporting to the United Nations General Assembly its findings on the extent to which the UNISPCE III recommendations have been implemented. It contained an action plan, including the previous recommendations. On October 20, 2004, the action plan was formally approved by the General Assembly as United Nations Resolution No. 59/2, and officially approved by the United Nations.

The successful completion of the work of the International Committee on Global Navigation Systems (ICG), particularly in establishing interoperability among the global systems, will allow a GNSS user to utilize one instrument to receive signals from multiple systems of satellites. , particularly in urban and mountainous regions, and greater accuracy in timing or position measurements.
The International Commission for Global Navigation Systems (ICG) has successfully completed its task, especially the task of establishing interoperability between various systems on a global scale. If possible, a single GNSS receiver would be able to receive and utilize the various formats of signals transmitted by multiple GNSS satellite systems. If this is realized, the amount of GNSS data obtained by users will increase, especially in suburban areas and mountainous areas, so the time and position will be calculated with even higher accuracy.

This time, the U.S. government and the United Nations will explain the positioning satellite system as advanced space engineering that supports the explosively popular Augmented Reality (AR) application around the world from various perspectives. We also added perspectives of future prospects and enjoyed examining them together. Next time, we will have fun examining the world of cutting-edge science and technology English, including space engineering, physics, chemistry, and life science, including Nobel Prize-winning research. We would appreciate it if you could give us the opportunity to use it for maintenance.













In US patent practice, there is a rule that everything in a claim must be in the drawings. Therefore, for applications that are likely to be filed in the United States, it is preferable to prepare drawings according to the rules from the time of filing in Japan. That is, all claimed variations must be shown in the drawings. The verbal content in the text may not be shown in the drawings, but the modification cannot be claimed later. However, if it is not new matter and can be added by amendment, there is no problem.








The previous series of inventions related to the conventional direction information acquisition method originated by the present inventor (the list is given and shown elsewhere in this paper)

"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
Compared to
(And whether it is receiving a direct wave or it is shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up the diffracted wave, so it will be completely shielded. Although it is difficult to say that
board"
It was something.

for that reason,
When the strength of the signals emitted by individual satellites in a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth is not uniform for some reason, in other words when the strength of the signals emitted by multiple individual signal sources is not uniform for some reason ,
"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
In comparison (and is it receiving direct waves or is it shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up diffracted waves as it is. Although it is difficult to say that it is completely shielded, it was estimated or determined]))

But,
that judgment
It was difficult.

For example, as an example that does not appear uniformly, it is just an example
For some reason the signal from satellite A is 5 dB stronger than the signals from satellite B to satellite K
When
Even diffracted waves from behind the shield
Even if, for example, the diffraction loss is 2 dB,
Even if satellite K received a direct wave from another satellite B,
The signal of satellite A, which is shielded and enters as a diffracted wave from behind, is
Although it is just an example, it is still as strong as 3dB
Because
Receiving satellite K as a direct wave from another satellite B, which for some reason is originally transmitting a weak satellite signal and
When
Reception as a diffracted wave of the signal from satellite A, which originally transmitted a strong satellite signal for some reason
When
from,
The signal from any satellite is a direct wave,
Which satellite's signal is the diffracted wave?
Is there
The judgment of
As far as comparing the signal from each satellite (signal source) with a uniform threshold
It was difficult.



The present invention is a method for overcoming this, comprising:
According to the invention,
First divide the sky in two,

using one's body
by creating a shielding situation

Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,
For that same satellite signal,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the diffracted wave,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so
(I'll talk more about when it happens to be on or in the border area later.)
Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,

For the same signal,

On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the diffracted wave,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so
Which of the two reception status data strings is
In the diffracted wave reception situation,
Which
Check the direct wave reception status
It will be better just to discriminate,
this is,
The difficulty of the inventor's previous invention has completely disappeared,
very,
It becomes easier to distinguish
It becomes self-evident.
It has also been confirmed experimentally.

In this way
of an earlier invention
difficulty
I was able to overcome it.


again,
Because the previous invention was extremely original,
who truly understood this
there were few in the world.
Therefore,
the previous invention itself
another
This method

in short
the same signal source
Direct wave reception status and
the diffracted wave reception status
produce
which one
which one
discriminate
Even if that is the case,

and
Combining previous inventions by the inventor

The idea itself
cannot occur
it is conceivable that

Therefore, what a person skilled in the art can easily conceive is
that it's impossible to say
Make a note of it.



ーーーーーーーーーー

The present invention

(*101)

A direction information acquisition method characterized by

is

ーー

above
(*101)
Each of the following ○
description is entered.

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

○ Obtained azimuth information,
And,
Alternatively, using positioning information (including latitude, longitude, altitude and time information),
Estimate the user's interest current position current time current interest azimuth range etc.
as appropriate
It is connected to a device that connects to the Internet, etc.
through it,
connect to the internet,
and or
It is connected to the database section in its own device,
through it,
Based on the results of estimating the user's interest current position current time current interest bearing range etc.
Result of estimating user's interest current position current time current interest direction range etc.
and or
Related to the scenery that is the result of estimating the user's interest current position current time current interest azimuth range etc.
History Culture Literature Science Philosophy , geography, science, society, ethics, mathematics, language, language learning, multilingual translation, interpreting skill acquisition, education, and implementation support (including support using the Stroop effect, etc.), citizen services, tourism information, danger information, Overseas danger information, virtual reality expression, augmented reality expression (including games such as Pokemon GO), education/training, independent learning, systematic learning, language acquisition support (explaining landscapes in multiple languages or in other languages) etc.)

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

○ Body structure (Even if it is the body of one person, it can be a shape in which the bodies of multiple people are in close contact with each other with their shoulders crossed.
or,
a substance such as water or alcohol
or
liquid or gel
or
substances essential to human life
or
substances essential for the survival of life
or
Liquids with a dipole moment (represented by water or alcohol)
or
Liquids or gels (represented by water or alcohol) that have tangent loss or complex loss in the frequency band used in GNSS (such as the 1.5 GHz band)
or
Items containing water or alcohol that are obtained in places where water and alcohol-like substances essential for human survival are available
or
Soil itself, lakes, rivers, sea water, animals and plants
or
Ingredients, foods, pharmaceuticals, etc.
or
Carrying items including water, alcohol, etc., which are the best for people to carry out outdoor activities Carrying items such as medicines and daily necessities (shampoo, etc.)
or
Mattress (a mattress placed on the ground for safety when jumping off during bouldering, which is a climbing exercise, and is usually carried on the back)
or
Newspapers, superabsorbent polymer substances, or fibers impregnated with water, alcohol, or the above liquids or gels
Such
With shielding for half of the sky with
1 GNSS antenna
are placed adjacent to it (or, of course, two GNSS antennas may be placed on either side of it, as described below).
For that,
1 GNSS receiver
(alternatively, in the case of the above brackets, each GNSS antenna may be connected to each GNSS receiver, or only one GNSS receiver may be connected)
For that,
1 data recorder
to it (or in the case of the above brackets, each GNSS receiver may of course be connected to each data logger, or of course only one data logger), which includes
1 data processing unit
to it (or in the case of the above parenthesis, each data record unit may of course be connected to each data processing unit, or of course only one data processing unit may be connected) to which
1 result output processor
to it (or in the case of the above brackets, each data processing unit may of course be connected to each result output unit, or of course only one result output unit may be connected).
rice field


ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー


○ It is generally not easy to distinguish between diffracted waves and direct waves,
In SS spread spectrum communication, the diffracted wave is
・The signal strength drop phenomenon occurs frequently,
・The fading phenomenon occurs frequently,
・Inferior stability (over time),
The difference for direct waves such as

(This has been regarded as a shortcoming of the S communication system in S textbooks, and has been discussed only from that point of view, but rather, in this research, the inventor of the present invention has When he was the first in the world to search for a way to transcend the limits, he made a policy of utilizing the fact that the human body absorbs GNSS microwaves and the contemporary characteristics of GNSS receivers that are always carried. From the perspective of the Cabinet Office close to I made an invention that could never have been easily conceived.)
(Although the worldwide pioneering significance of the present invention lies in the fact that the remarkable characteristics of this SS receiver are recaptured as positive rather than negative characteristics.)

of the SS communication system receiver

By utilizing so-called negative characteristics as positive characteristics,

And active utilization of the human body and
, liquids and gels with dipole moment to carry
(In other words, liquids and gel-like substances that are essential for life activities such as water and alcohol and have a large tangent loss
<animals and plants, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, beverages, fuel, soil, lakes, rivers, rivers, seawater, etc.>)

also with the help of

Mountains, mountainsides, man-made structures, and mobile objects <includes snowmobiles, Antarctic vehicles, helicopters, aircraft, ships, railroads, automobiles, land mobiles, camels in the desert, etc.>

By using it as a shield including hills, forests, huge rocks, rocks, quays, signboards, etc.

Expanding the range of utilization,

In the midst of this

diffracted waves and
direct wave and
can identify
take advantage of

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

○In addition, I have attached a simplified sky map, but in the figure,
The notations such as back, front, etc., of course, have the following meanings.
The table shows the state of receiving as a direct wave.
The reverse shows the state of reception as diffraction.
Strong indicates that the condition defined as an overwhelmingly strong reception state is satisfied.
(This condition may be changed depending on the type of receiver and is not so essential, so detailed description is omitted, but by the way, with the inexpensive and general consumer GNSS receiver, diffracted waves and direct waves It is important that we were able to show that it is possible to discriminate and distinguish between
Weak indicates that the conditions defined as an overwhelmingly weak reception state are met.
(This condition may be changed depending on the type of receiver and is not so essential, so detailed description is omitted, but by the way, with the inexpensive and general consumer GNSS receiver, diffracted waves and direct waves It is important that we were able to show that it is possible to discriminate and distinguish between



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

■ Attach all papers here.
All papers and patent applications written and published by the present inventor are cited in this paper.

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー



Master's thesis

Effects of multipath waves on GPS positioning and
Research on its reduction


2004
(2004)


Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine Graduate School
Graduate School of Merchant Marine Science
Department of Distribution Information Engineering

2003211 Takashi Suzuki

1
Dissertation abstract

Study on the effect of multipath waves on GPS positioning and its reduction

Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine Graduate School of Merchant Marine Science Department of Logistics Information Engineering
2003211 Takashi Suzuki


Error factors in GPS positioning include satellite clock error, satellite orbit information error, ionospheric delay, and tropospheric delay.
noise, multipath, receiver thermal noise, integer bias, etc., but Differential GPS (DGPS) technology
Therefore, it is possible to eliminate other error factors except the error due to multipath. Multipath is a signal that arrives from a satellite.
A phenomenon in which waves reach the antenna after being reflected by buildings and features around the receiving antenna, or diffracted by shielding objects.
It is mixed with the radio wave that directly reaches the receiving antenna from the satellite, delaying the arrival time of the code, delaying the carrier wave phase, and
produce intensity fluctuations. The base station and mobile station have different environments around their receiving antennas.
It cannot be corrected from substations, and errors due to multipath cannot be removed by DGPS positioning. multipath is
Affects the accuracy of all GPS positioning.
In actual positioning in urban areas, the paths of incoming radio waves from satellites become complicated depending on the surrounding environment. further
In mobile positioning, multipath waves arrive from various directions, and it is very difficult to identify multipath waves.
becomes difficult.
In this research, we investigate the effects of multipath on both stationary positioning and mobile positioning.
Improve DGPS positioning accuracy degraded by chipas.
Reflected waves and diffracted waves were investigated as effects of multipath in stationary positioning. signal caused by reflection
Signal strength degradation caused by intensity fading, multipath error due to reflector material, and diffraction
etc., were investigated. It also introduces two common multipath error estimation methods, pseudorange and carrier phase
Using the multipath error amount estimated by taking the difference between the
It is expected that the positioning accuracy of stationary positioning can be improved by using the multipath error amount obtained by the estimation method.
confirmed.
Next, DGPS positioning was performed on a mobile object driving in an urban area, and the current status of the positioning accuracy of mobile positioning was understood.
In addition, 3D map data, etc., will be used to determine the cause of deterioration in positioning accuracy and the cause of multipath occurrence.
Investigated while using. Furthermore, by using the difference in C/No values obtained at the reference station and the mobile station, the
Create a program to detect and eliminate satellites that are strongly affected by typus, and use that program to migrate
We confirmed that moving object positioning accuracy can be improved in real time. Then, the actual running of the moving object in various environments
To what extent the positioning accuracy was improved, we verified the effectiveness of the satellite exclusion program.
Confirmed usability.





2
3
Abstract

The Possibility of the Precise Positioning and


I would like to thank the alumni and students of the Information and Communication Engineering Laboratory for their help in many ways in my daily life. feeling
Thank you.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and siblings for their tremendous support and advice in my daily life when I went on to graduate school.
Thank you very much.








New Proposal of GPS with Limitation of Stationary Direction and Examination of Application to Educational Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests ("Education and Training" Special Issue) [in Japanese]

Proposal of a Novel Wearable GPS with Azimuth Limitation Ability and Focus-driven Outdoor e-Learning Applications using it [in Japanese]



Masato Takahashi

Masato Takahashi


Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo: Space Communication Network Group, New Generation Wireless Research Center, First Research Division, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology

The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering: National Institute of Information and Communications Technology









Forwarded by compass@fol.hi-ho.ne.jp
----------------------- Original Message -----------------------
From: "Masato Takahashi"<mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
To: <mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2016 17:07:52 +0900
Subject: GNSS OOSA documents, etc. JSTC
----



===========================

Public Safety & Disaster Relief

A critical component of any successful rescue operation is time.
One important element common to any successful rescue operation is time.

Knowing the precise location of landmarks, streets, buildings, emergency service resources, and disaster relief sites reduces that
time -- and s
aves lives.

Knowing landmarks, knowing roads, knowing buildings, knowing emergency services resources, and knowing the exact location of disaster relief sites
Shorten that time, and save lives.


This information is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel in order to protect life and reduce property loss.


To protect life and reduce property damage
This information is important to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) serves as a facilitating technology in addressing these needs.

GPS serves as a technology that helps in addressing these needs.

GPS has played a vital role in relief efforts for global disasters
such as
the tsunami
that struck in the Indian Ocean region in 2004,
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
that wreaked havoc in the Gulf of Mexico in 2005, and
The Pakistan-India earthquake in 2005.

The tsunami that caused damage in the Indian Ocean region in 2004,
Hurricanes Katrina and Hurricane Rita in 2005 in the Gulf of Mexico caused extensive damage,
2005 Pakistan-India earthquake,
GPS has played an important role in efforts to relieve global disasters.


Search and rescue teams used GPS, geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing technology to create maps of the disaster
areas for re
scue and aid operations, as well as to assess damage.

The search and rescue team
Using GPS, GIS, remote sensor technology,
as well as to assess damages,
For search and aid operations,
Created a map of the disaster area.


Another important area of disaster relief is in the management of wildfires.

Another important area of disaster relief is the management of wildfires.

To contain and manage forest fires, aircraft combine GPS with infrared scanners to identify fire boundaries and "hot spots."


To manage, including forest fires,
Aircraft combine GPS with infrared scanners,
It identifies fire boundaries and “hot spots”.


Within minutes, fire maps are transmitted to a portable field computer at the firefighters' camp.

Within minutes, the fire map is sent to a portable field computer at the firefighters' camp.

Armed with this information, firefighters have a greater chance of winning the battle against the blaze.
Armed with this information, firefighters have a greater chance of winning the battle against the raging flames.

Tsunami Hazard Zone sign

In earthquake prone areas such as the Pacific Rim, GPS is playing an increasingly prominent role in helping scientists to anticipate
earthquakes.


In earthquake-prone areas such as the Pacific Rim,
to help scientists predict earthquakes
an increasingly prominent role
GPS is
is fulfilling.


Using the precise position information provided by GPS, scientists can study
how strain
builds up slowly over time
in an attempt to characterize,

and
in the future perhaps
Anticipate,
earthquakes.


Using the precise location information provided by GPS, scientists
In an attempt to characterize earthquakes
How
You can study whether the strain is gradually completed over time,
And in the future, there is probably a possibility that we can predict earthquakes.


Meteorologists responsible for storm tracking and flood prediction also rely on GPS.

Meteorologists responsible for tracking storms and predicting floods also rely on GPS.


They can assess water vapor content by analyzing transmissions of GPS data through the atmosphere.

They can calculate the amount of water vapor (in the atmosphere) by analyzing GPS transmissions that pass through the atmosphere.


GPS has become an integral part of modern emergency response systems -- whether helping stranded motorists find assistance or
guiding emergency
vehicles.

Helping helpless drivers find help;
or,
Guiding material means for emergency transportation
in either
GPS has become an integral part of modern emergency response systems.


fire trucks

As the international industry positioning standard for use by emergency and other specialty vehicle fleets, GPS has given managers a
quantum lea
forward in efficient operation of their emergency response teams.

For international industry positioning standards for use by emergency vehicles and other specialized vehicles, see
GPS tells managers,
Giving a positive quantum jump in the efficient operation of their emergency response teams.

The ability
to effectively identify and view the location of police, fire, rescue, and individual vehicles or boats, and how their location
relates to an en
tire network of transportation systems in a geographic area,
has resulted in
a whole new way of doing business.

the location of police, firefighters, rescue workers, and individual vehicles or vessels;
the ability to effectively identify and oversee
and,
The ability of how to relate their locations to a network of transport systems as a whole in a geographical area
It resulted in a whole (?) (?) new way of doing business.



Location information provided by GPS, coupled with automation, reduces delay in the dispatch of emergency services.

Location information obtained by GPS is combined with automation to reduce delays in dispatching emergency services.


Incorporation of GPS in mobile phones places an emergency location capability in the hands of everyday users.

The integration of GPS in mobile phones is equivalent to putting the ability to tell emergency location information into the hands of users every day.

Today's widespread placement of GPS location systems in passenger cars provides another leap in developing a comprehensive safety
net.

Passenger cars; (U.S.) Passenger cars (dining [parlor, sleeping] cars, etc.) (passenger cars), GPS position systems are widely spread and installed, today's situation is
In deploying a comprehensive safety net,
It offers another (quantum) leap.


Today, many ground and maritime vehicles are equipped with autonomous crash sensors and GPS.
Today, many land and sea vehicles are equipped with autonomous sensors and GPS.

This information, when coupled with automatic communication systems, enables a call for help even when occupants are unable to do
so.

When combined with an automated communication system, this information allows holders to contact for help even when they are unable to do so.


The modernization of GPS will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services.

GPS modernization will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services.

The addition of new civil signals will increase accuracy and reliability all over the world.

The addition of new civilian signals will increase accuracy and increase reliability around the world.

In short, GPS modernization translates to more lives saved and faster recovery for victims of global tragedies.

Simply put, GPS modernization
More lives will be saved and faster recovery for the victims of the world's tragedies.


＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ =
Timing

In addition to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a critical fourth dimension - time.

In addition to latitude, longitude and altitude, GPS also provides an important fourth dimension. It's time.


Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very precise time data to the GPS signals.

Each GPS satellite carries multiple atomic clocks. It gives all GPS signals very accurate time data.


GPS receivers decode these signals, effectively synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks.

GPS receivers decode these signals by effectively synchronizing each receiver to all atomic clocks.

This enables users to determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second, without the cost of owning and operating atomic
clocks.

This allows users to determine the time with an accuracy of 1/100 million (100 million?) of a second without owning an atomic clock and paying operating costs.


Precise time is crucial to a variety of economic activities around the world.
Accurate time is very important to various economic activities around the world.

Communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks all rely on precision timing for synchronization and
operational efficiency
y.

Communication systems, power grids, and financial networks all rely on accurate time acquisition for synchronization and operational efficiency.

The free availability of GPS time has enabled cost savings for companies that depend on precise time and has led to significant
advances in cap
ability.

Businesses that depend on accurate time, and that "have led to meaningful advances in their capabilities," will benefit from having GPS time at their disposal.
You can save costs.


For example, wireless telephone and data networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect synchronization.
For example, wireless telephones and data networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect synchronization.

This allows mobile handsets to share limited radio spectrum more efficiently.

This allows mobile handsets to share limited radio frequency resources more efficiently.


Similarly, digital broadcast radio services use GPS time to ensure that the bits from all radio stations arrive at receive
ers in lockstep.
Similarly, digital broadcast radio services require that every bit from every radio station be "aligned as close as possible to the previous bit".
Tade in locks
tep," i.e. every bit from all radio stations in sync,
It uses GPS time to ensure arrival at receivers.

lockstep /*l*kstep∥*l**k-/ noun in lockstep especiallyAmE following rules and accepted ideas without thinking
[Name]
1 Close march method 《Close the distance with the person in front as much as possible and keep pace》；Close march.
2 A fixed [inflexible] procedure [how to].
*[adjective] inflexible, rigid

This allows listeners to tune between stations with a minimum of delay.
This allows listeners to tune between radio stations with minimal delay.

(Hand inserting bank card into ATM)

Companies worldwide use GPS to time-stamp business transactions, providing a consistent and accurate way to maintain records and
ensure their tr
aceability.
ATM companies use hand-inserted bank cards


Major financial institutions use GPS to obtain precise time for setting internal clocks used to create financial transactions
timestamps.
nd small businesses are turning to automated systems that can track, update, and manage multiple transactions made by a global
network of custom
ers, and these require accurate timing information available through GPS.

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses GPS to synchronize reporting of hazardous weather from its 45 Terminal Doppler
weather radar
s located throughout the United States.

Instrumentation is another application that requires precise timing. Distributed networks of instruments that must work together to
precisely me
asure common events require timing sources that can guarantee accuracy at several points. GPS-based timing works exceptionally well
for any appl
ication in which precise timing is required by devices that are dispersed over wide geographic areas.
GPS time into
Seismic monitoring networks enable researchers to quickly locate the epicenters of earthquakes and other seismic events.

Power lines Power companies and utilities have fundamental requirements for time and frequency to enable efficient power
transmission and distri
bution. Repeated power blackouts have demonstrated to power companies the need for improved time synchronization throughout the
power grid. Anal
systems of these blackouts have led many companies to place GPS-based time synchronization devices in power plants and substations.
analysis th
e precise timing of an electrical anomaly as it propagates through a grid, engineers can trace back the exact location of a power
line break.

Some users, such as national laboratories, require the time at a higher level of precision than GPS provides.
use GPS satellite
llites not for direct time acquisition, but for communication of high-precision time over long distances.
receiving the same G
PS signal in two places and comparing the results, the atomic clock time at one location can be communicated to the other.
laboratories
around the world use this "common view" technique to compare their time scales and establish Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
use the sam
e technique to disseminate their time scales to their own nations.

New applications of GPS timing technology appear every day. Hollywood studios are incorporating GPS in their movie slates, allowing
for unparallel
eled control of audio and video data, as well as multi-camera sequencing. The ultimate applications for GPS, like the time it
measures, are limi
tless.

As GPS becomes modernized, further benefits await users.
accuracy an
d reliability of GPS time, which will remain free and available to the entire world.





http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/

Official US Government information about the Global Positioning System (GPS) and related topics


What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility
that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that provides positioning, navigation and time services to users.
Utilities owned by the United States.

This system consists of three segments:
the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.

This system consists of a space segment, a control segment and a user segment.
The US Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments.

The space segment and control segment are developed, maintained and managed by the US Air Force.

Space Segment

(satellite)
The space segment
consists of
a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and
time.

the space segment
Consists of 24 active satellites in planned orbits,
GPS satellites unidirectionally transmit their current position and current time.

The GPS space segment consists of a constellation of satellites transmitting radio signals to users.

The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS satellites, 95% of the time.
The United States is obligated to maintain at least 24 operational GPS satellites available 95% of the time.

To ensure this commitment, the Air Force has been flying 31 operational GPS satellites for the past few years.

To meet this mandate, the Air Force has flown 31 operational GPS satellites over the past few years.

Constellation Arrangement

GPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles).
earth twice
a day.

GPS satellites are flying in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), at an altitude of about 20200 km.

Each satellite orbits the earth two weeks a day.

Graphic showing the six orbital planes of the constellation
Enlarge
Expandable 24-Slot satellite constellation, as defined in the SPS Performance Standard.

The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth.
All satellites in the entire GPS system are arranged in six equally spaced orbital planes around the earth.

Each plane contains four "slots" occupied by baseline satellites.
Each plane has four "slots", which are occupied by baseline satellites.

This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
Thanks to this 24-slot arrangement, users can:
Virtually any point on this satellite can see at least four satellites.


The Air Force normally flies more than 24 GPS satellites to maintain coverage whenever the baseline satellites are serviced or
decommissioned.
Typically more than 24 satellites to maintain coverage even when baseline satellites are in service or taken off commission.
large number of GPS
The US Air Force is flying satellites.

The extra satellites may increase GPS performance but are not considered part of the core constellation.
Extra satellites may improve GPS performance, but are not considered part of the core constellation.


In June 2011, the Air Force successfully completed a GPS constellation expansion known as the "Expandable 24" configuration.
In June 2011, the US Air Force successfully completed an expansion of the GPS constellation, known as the "Extendable 24" configuration.

Three of the 24 slots were expanded, and six satellites were repositioned, so that three of the extra satellites became part of the
constellation
n baseline.
Three of the 24 slots have been expanded.
Then the positions of the 6 satellites were rearranged.
As a result, 3 of the extra satellites became part of the constellation baseline.


As a result, GPS now effectively operates as a 27-slot constellation with improved coverage in most parts of the world.
most of the world
GPS now works effectively with the 27-slot constellation, with improved coverage in the area of .




Learn more at AF.mil



Technical details about the orbits, coverage, and performance of the GPS satellite constellation are documented in the GPS
Performance Standards.
View

arrowReturn to top of page



(Learn more... )



Current and Future Satellite Generations


The GPS constellation is a mix of old and new satellites.
generations of GPS
atellites, including Block IIA (2nd generation, "Advanced"), Block IIR ("Replenishment"), Block IIR(M) ("Modernized"), Block IIF
("Follow-on"),
and GPS III.

As of June 15, 2016, there were 31 operational satellites in the GPS constellation.
As of June 15, 2016, there are 31 operational satellites in the GPS constellation.

This does not include the decommissioned GPS satellites
("residuals") kept in orbit in case there is a need to reactivate them.

This does not include all decommissioned GPS satellites (known as residual "residuals") waiting in orbit in case they need to be reactivated.
do not have.

The operational satellite count is broken down by type in the table below.

This number of operational satellites is categorized by type, as shown in the table below.

For more up-to-date constellation status information, visit the NAVCEN website.
See the NAVCEN website for more up-to-date constellation status information.


Control Segment
(AF flight control officer)

The control segment
consists of
worldwide monitors and control stations
that maintain the satellites
in their proper orbits
through occasional command maneuvers,
and adjust the satellite clocks.

The control segment is
Surveillance and control stations around the world
consists of
Through occasional command maneuvers, they
keeping all satellites in their proper orbits, and
Adjusting the satellite clock.


It tracks the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and maintains health and status of the satellite constellation.
The control segment tracks all GPS satellites, uploads updated navigation data, and
satellite system
It also contributes to the maintenance of the soundness and integrity of the overall arrangement of


(Learn more... )


User Segment
(receiver)
The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment, which receives the signals from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted
information
to calculate the user's three-dimensional position and time.

User segment
The user segment is
It consists of a GPS receiver.
A GPS receiver receives all signals from all GPS satellites.
Then, using the transmitted information, the three-dimensional position and time of the user are calculated.



(Learn how GPS is used...)




http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/


GPS Accuracy
About GPS accuracy

The US government is committed to providing GPS to the civilian community at the performance levels specified in the GPS Standard
Positioning
Service (SPS) Performance Standard.
The United States Government is obligated to provide GPS to the non-governmental community at the performance levels specified in the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Performance Standards.

For example, the GPS signal in space will provide a "worst case" pseudorange accuracy of 7.8 meters at a 95% confidence level.

For example, a GPS signal in space must provide a worst-case pseudorange accuracy of 7.8 meters with a 95% confidence level.


(This is not the same as user accuracy; pseudorange is the distance from a GPS satellite to a receiver.)
(This is not the same as accuracy for the user. A pseudorange is the distance from one GPS satellite to one receiver.)

(View document)















http://www.gps.gov/applications/


GPS Applications

Mosaic of GPS applications

Examples

Agriculture

Aviation

Environment

Marine

Public Safety & Disaster Relief


rails


recreation


Roads & Highways


Space


Surveying & Mapping

Timing



Like the Internet, GPS is an essential element of the global information infrastructure.
GPS has led to
the development of hundreds of applications affecting every aspect of modern life.
phones and wri
stwatches to bulldozers, shipping containers, and ATM's.

Like the Internet, GPS is one important component of the global information infrastructure.

Free to use, open to everyone, and trustworthy, the characteristics of GPS have led to the development of hundreds of applications that affect every aspect of modern life.
come connect
there is

GPS technology is now embedded in everything from cell phones and watches to bulldozers, shipping containers and ATMs.


GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include farming, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery,
and logistics
l supply chain management.
GPS can increase productivity across a wide range of economic activities, including agriculture, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery, and logistical supply chain management.
and helpful
there is


Major communications networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time
synchronization.
Major communication networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids rely heavily on GPS for accurate time synchronization.

Some wireless services cannot operate without it.
Some wireless services cannot function without GPS.


GPS saves lives
by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and
disaster relief.

By preventing transport accidents, by assisting search and rescue operations, by increasing the speed of delivery of services in emergency situations,
GPS is
saving many lives.

GPS is vital to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that will enhance flight safety while increasing airspace
capacity.

Increase flight safety while increasing airspace capacity
GPS is indispensable for the next generation air transportation system (NextGen).


*ir・s７７p*ce, *ir sp*ce[name]
1 [Military] Operational airspace <<airspace where aircraft operate in formation>>.
2 airspace over (a country), territorial airspace (particularly the area of jurisdiction).
3 [Law] Territorial airspace (over private land).
4 [Anatomy] Air sacs (end of lung).
5 ((mainly English)) specific frequency band allocation space.
6 (program) broadcast time (airtime).
7 Space (for heat insulation), Gap.

GPS also advances scientific aims such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection.

GPS also helps advance scientific purposes such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection.

Finally, GPS remains critical to US national security, and its applications are integrated into virtually every facet of US
military opera
ons.

Finally, GPS continues to be important to the national security of the United States, and its application is
It is incorporated into virtually every aspect of US military operations.

Nearly all new military assets -- from vehicles to munitions -- come equipped with GPS.
Nearly all new military assets, from various vehicles (transportation) to various munitions, are now equipped with GPS.

This website describes just a tiny sample of existing GPS applications.

This website merely describes a small sample of existing GPS applications.

New uses of GPS are invented every day and are limited only by the human imagination.

New uses for GPS are invented every day, and their limits are the same as those of human imagination.




























I.Introduction


The Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space (UNISPACE III) adopted a strategy to address global challenges in the future
through space activities.

The Third United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses and Exploration of Outer Space (UNISPACE III),
Adopted a strategy to orient future global challenges through activities in outer space.


The strategy, contained in “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development”[1],
included
key actions to use space applications for human security, development and welfare.


Included in "The New Millennium of Outer Space: The Vienna Declaration on the Development of the Universe and Humanity",
The strategy is
Some key actions for using space applications for human security, development and welfare,
included.

[1] Report of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 19-30 July 1999
(United Nations
publication, Sales No. E.00.I.3), chap.I, resolution 1.


One such action was to improve
the efficiency and security of transport, search and rescue, geodesy and other activities
by
promotion
the enhancement of
,
universal access to
and
compatibility of
space-based navigation and positioning systems.

One such action is
space-based navigation and positioning systems
Promote utilization,
Promote universal access,
By enhancing compatibility,
transport, search and rescue, geodetic and other activities;
efficiency and safety
was to improve.


The use of the signal from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
constitutes
one of the most promising space applications
that can be used
to implement this action.

Utilization of signals from global navigation support satellite systems
teeth,
One of the most promising space applications that could be used to carry out this action
of
forms part of

In 2001, Member States
according to
high priority
to
a limited number of selected recommendations of UNISPACE III.

In 2001, Member States:
From the UNISPACE III recommendations, a limited number was chosen and they included
given high priority.


The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
established
action teams
under the voluntary leadership of member States
to implement those priority recommendations.

The Commission on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,
Under the voluntary leadership of Member States,
An action team has been established to implement these priority recommendations.


The Action Team on GNSS was established
under the leadership of the United States of America
and
Italy
to carry out the recommendation relating to GNSS.

To implement the GNSS recommendations
under the leadership of the United States and Italy,
A GNSS action team was created.


The work of the Action Team on GNSS
included
comprehensive reviews of existing and planned GNSS and augmentations
,
their applications by system providers
and
user communities,
as well as activities carried out by various entities to promote GNSS.

The Action Team's work on GNSS will:
It contained: in short,
1) GNSS and augmentations (both existing and planned)
Comprehensive review (examination) about
2) their application by the system provider;
and,
3) User community
contains
Also
4) Activities carried out by various entities that promote GNSS.



The Action Team
also examined
the requirements of developing countries and gaps in meeting those requirements, as well as existing education and training opportunities in the field of GNSS.

This action team also:
As well as existing education and training opportunities in the field of GNSS,
the requirements of developing countries and
Regarding the various gaps in trying to meet these requirements,
verified.

The Action Team on GNSS,
consisting of 38 member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations,
recommended,
inter alia,
that
an international committee on GNSS
should be established
to promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global basis and to facilitate exchange of information.


38 Member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations
This action team on GNSS:
Promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global scale.
To activate information exchange
It recommended that an international committee on GNSS be established.


The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
included
this recommendation
in the Plan of Action
proposed in its report [2] to the General Assembly
on the review of the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPACE III.

[2] A/59/174

The Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
Proposed in the report of the Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to the United Nations General Assembly [2] ([2] A/59/174),
On reviewing the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPCE III
in the action plan,
Including this (above) recommendation.



In resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, the Assembly endorsed the Plan of Action.
The General Assembly, in resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, endorsed that action plan.


In the same resolution, the Assembly invited GNSS and augmentation
system providers to consider establishing an international committee on GNSS (ICG)
in order to maximize the benefits of the use and applications of GNSS
to support sustainable development.

Aiming to support sustainable development,
To maximize the benefits of GNSS usage and applications,
In order to consider the establishment of the ICG (GNSS International Committee),
In that resolution the General Assembly,
GNSS and Augmentation System Providers
invited.



The work of the Action Team on GNSS serves as a model for how the United Nations can
undertake action to follow up on global conferences and yield tangible results within a
fixed time frame.

To follow up on international conferences and produce tagible results within a defined time frame
about how the United Nations can undertake actions,
as a model
The performance of this GNSS action team is as follows:
It is functioning.



In resolution 61/111 of 14 December 2006,
the General Assembly
noted
with appreciation
that
the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
had been established
on a voluntary basis
as an informal body
to promote cooperation,
as appropriate,
on matters of mutual interest
related to
civil satellite-based
positioning, navigation, timing and value-added services,
as well as the compatibility and interoperability of GNSS,
while increasing their use to support sustainable development,
particularly in developing countries.

In resolution 61/111 of 14 November 2006,
The United Nations General Assembly
With gratitude,
I made the following statement.

Next is
To support sustainable development, especially in developing countries,
while increasing their use
Not only GNSS interoperability (mutual information exchange possible, mutual information available, compatibility),
relating to civil satellite-based positioning, navigation, timekeeping and value-added services;
On matters of mutual interest,
If necessary,
promote cooperation
As an informal organization,
on a voluntary basis,
ICG (GNSS International Committee) was founded
thing
is.




Globally there is growing interest
in better understanding solar-terrestrial interactions, particularly patterns and trends
in space weather.

In (the field of) space weather,
Overview - various interactions between planets (terrestrial),
Especially regarding patterns and trends,
about better understanding
Interest is growing on a global scale.


This is
not only
for scientific reasons,
but also
because the reliable operation of ground-based and space-based assets and infrastructures
is increasingly dependent on
their robustness against the detrimental effects of space weather.

This is not only for scientific reasons,
Reliable operation of ground-based and space-based assets and infrastructure
Donkeys of them (assets and infrastructure? or their reliable operation?) to the decisive effects of space weather
For strength
Increasingly dependent
It's also for.




Consequently, in 2009, COPUOS proposed the International Space Weather
Initiative (ISWI) as a new agenda item to be dealt with in the Scientific and Technical
Subcommittee of COPUOS under a three-year workplan[3] from 2010 to 2012.

As a result, in 2009, COPUOS
International Space Weather Research Organization
As a new agenda item to be addressed in the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of COPUOS under the work program 2010-2012 [3]
Proposed.




iii

Preface

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
include
constellations
of Earth-orbiting satellites that broadcast their locations in space and time,
networks of ground control stations, and
of receivers that calculate ground positions by trilateration.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are
an earth orbiting satellite constellation that broadcasts its position in outer space and the current time;
Ground control station network group, and
receivers that compute positions on the ground by triangulation
Constellation
contains.




GNSS
are used
in all forms of transportation:
space stations, aviation, maritime, rail, road and mass transit

GNSS is
Names of space stations, aviation, navigation, railroads, roads and mass transit [public transport] institutions, etc.
It is used in all forms of transportation.


Positioning, navigation and timing
play
a critical role
in telecommunications, land surveying, law enforcement, emergency response, precision agriculture,
mining, finance, scientific research and so on.

In areas such as telecommunications, ground surveying, law enforcement, emergency response, precision agriculture, mining, finance, and scientific research,
play an important role
Positioning, navigation and time acquisition are working.



They are used to control
computer networks, air traffic, power grids and more.

They (positioning, navigation, and time acquisition) are
It is used to control computer networks, air traffic, power grids, and so on.


Thus
the specific objectives
of
the implementation of the GNSS education curriculum
are
the demonstration and
understanding
of GNSS signals, codes, biases and practical applications,
and
the implications of
prospective modernization.

in short,
The specific objectives of implementing the GNSS education curriculum are:
With different signals, different codes, different biases and different practical applications of GNSS,
What does the expected future of modernization mean?
It is important to have a correct understanding with examples.









At present GNSS includes two fully operational global systems,
the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS)
and
the Russian Federation's GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS),
as well as
the developing global and regional systems,
Namely Europe's European Satellite Navigation System (GALILEO)
and
China's COMPASS/Bei-Dou,
India's Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
and
Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS).

The current GNSS includes two fully functioning global systems.
GPS (Global Positioning System) in the United States and GLONAS (Global Navigation Satellite System) in the Russian Federation.
is.
As well,
developing global and regional systems;
In particular, the European GALILEO (European Satellite Navigation System),
and,
Chinese COMPASS/Bei-Dou,
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and
Japan's QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System).


Once all these global and regional systems
become
fully operational,
the user will have access to positioning, navigation and timing signals from more than 100
satellites.

Once all global and regional systems are fully operational,
The user is
■ Access to signals from more than 100 satellites for positioning, navigation and time acquisition. ■


In addition to these, there are satellite-based augmentation systems, such as the United
States' Wide-area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Russian System of Differential Correction and Monitoring
(SDCM), the Indian GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) and Japanese
Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Satellite-based Augmentation Systems
(MSAS).

In addition to these, there are also satellite-based augmentation systems such as: US Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Overlay Service (EGNOS),
Russia's Differential Correction Monitoring System (SDCM), India's GPS-Aided Earth Augmented Navigation (GAGAN),
and Japan's Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Satellite-Based Augmentation System (MSAS).


Combining them with proven terrestrial technologies such as inertial navigation,
will open the door to new applications for socio-economic benefits.

Combining them with proven ground-based technologies such as inertial navigation,
It will open the door to new applications for socio-economic benefits.

The latter are applications that require not just accuracy, but in particular reliability or integrity.

The latter are applications that demand not only accuracy, but above all reliability or integrity.

Safety-critical transportation applications, such as the landing of civilian aircraft, have stringent accuracy and integrity
requirements.

Safety-critical transportation applications, such as commercial aircraft landings,
Strict precision and integrity are requirements.

For developing countries, GNSS applications offer a cost-effective way of pursuing
sustainable economic growth while protecting the environment.

For developing countries
GNSS applications are
while protecting the environment
It offers a cost-effective way to pursue sustained economic growth.


Satellite navigation and
positioning data are now used in a wide range of areas that include mapping and surveying,
monitoring of the environment, precision agriculture and natural resources management,
disaster warning and emergency response, aviation, maritime and land transportation and
Research areas such as climate change and ionospheric studies.

Satellite navigation (data) and positioning data are now

Mapping and surveying, environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, natural resource management, disaster warning
and emergency immediate response (initial response) (crisis management), aviation, navigation, land transportation, and survey research areas such as climate change and ionospheric observation.

Used in a wide range of fields.




The successful completion of the work of
the International Committee on Global Navigation Systems (ICG),
particularly in establishing interoperability among the global systems,
will allow a GNSS user to utilize one instrument to receive signals from multiple systems
of satellites.

The GNS International Committee will
In particular, regarding the robustness of interoperability within the global system,
of
If successfully completed,
Even when receiving signals from multiple satellite systems,
GNSS users will be able to enjoy the benefits of being able to use only one device.


This will provide additional data,
particularly in urban and mountainous regions,
and greater accuracy
in timing or position measurements.

This is equivalent to adding (increasing) data (satellite signals), especially in rural and mountainous areas.
It should provide higher accuracy in time acquisition or position measurement. ■


To benefit from these achievements,
GNSS users
need to stay
abreast of the latest developments in GNSS-related areas and
build
the capacity to use the GNSS signals.

To benefit from these achievements
GNSS users
Need to keep up with the latest developments in GNSS-related areas,
We need to build the ability to leverage GNSS signals.


In conclusion, as we move forward in the 21st century, governments and business in developing
and industrialized countries are exploring potential growth areas for their national
economies.

In conclusion, as we move forward in the 21st century, the governments and industries of developing and industrialized nations are exploring potential economic areas for their national economies.
one place
is.

Almost without exception, the most promising option seems to be outer space, and in particular satellite positioning, navigation and
timing, and
its potential and future almost universal applications.

With few exceptions, what appears to be the most promising option is outer space,
Among others, satellite positioning, satellite navigation, time acquisition from satellites,
And there are various applications that have almost universality in the future that have the potential to develop (time acquisition timing?).



Annex 1. Glossary of GNSS terms



GLOBal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)

The global navigation satellite system provided by the Russian Federation.
The nominal baseline constellation of GLONASS comprises 24 Glonass-M satellites that are uniformly distributed in three roughly
circular orbital pl
anes at an inclination of 64.8° to the equator.

The altitude of the orbit is 19,100 km. The orbit period of each satellite is 11 hours, 15 minutes, 45 seconds.

The orbital planes are separated by 120° right ascension of the ascending node. Eight satellites are equally spaced in each plane
with 45° arg
ument of latitude.

Moreover, the orbital planes have an argument of latitude displacement of 15° relative to each other.



Global Positioning System (GPS)

The global navigation satellite system provided by the United States of America.
The GPS baseline constellation consists of 24 slots in six orbital planes, with four slots per plane.

Three of the slots are expandable and can hold no more than two satellites.

Satellites that are not occupying a defined slot in the GPS constellation occupy other locations in the six orbital planes.

Constellation reference orbit parameters and slot assignments as of the defined epoch are described in the fourth edition of the GPS
Standard Po
Positioning Service Performance Specification, dated September 2008.

As of that date, the GPS constellation had 30 operational satellites broadcasting healthy navigation signals: 11 in Block IIA, 12 in
Block IIR a
nd 7 in Block IIR-M.




Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

A regional space-based Positioning Navigation and Timing (PNT) system advanced by the Japanese government, which covers the East
Asia and Oceania
a region.

It transmits four GPS interoperable signals and two augmentation ones in order to improve current GPS availability and performance.






GPS-aided GEO-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN)

A planned implementation of a regional Satellite-based Augmentation System (SBAS) by India.

It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing reference signals.

As an operational system, it is planned that the space segment will consist of two geostationary satellites, located at 82° E and
55° E spec
tively, each of which will carry a bent pipe transponder.

An additional on-orbit spare (located at 83° E) will also be added.




Compass/BeiDou navigation satellite system

The global navigation system of China.

The system consists of five geostationary satellites and 30 non-geostationary satellites.

The geostationary satellites are located at 58.75° E, 80° E, 110.5° E, 140° E and 160° E.



Compatibility Refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and
augmentations to be used separately or together without causing unacceptable interference
and/or other harm to an individual system and/or service:
* The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) provides a framework for discussions
on radiofrequency compatibility.
Radiofrequency compatibility should
involve thorough consideration of detailed technical factors, including effects on
receiver noise floor and cross-correlation between interfering and desired signals;
* Compatibility should also respect spectral separation between each system's authorized
service signals and other systems' signals.
Recognizing that some signal overlap
may be unavoidable, discussions among provideh the
framework for determining a mutually acceptable
*Any additional solutions to improve compatibility.




European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS)

EGNOS provides an augmentation signal to the GPS standard positioning service.

The EGNOS signal is transmitted on the same signal frequency band and modulation as the GPS L1 (1575.42 MHz) C/A civilian signal
function.

While the GPS consists of positioning and timing signals generated from spacecraft orbiting the Earth, thus providing a global
service, EGNOS
provides correction and integrity information intended to improve positioning navigation services over Europe.








European Satellite Navigation System (Galileo)

An initiative launched by the European Commission and the European Space Agency, is a global navigation satellite system, owned
by the European Union, providing highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning services under civilian control.

The nominal Galileo constellation comprises a total of 27 satellites, which are evenly distributed among three orbital planes
inclined at 56 degrees
lative to the equator.

There are nine operational satellites per orbital plane, occupying evenly distributed orbital slots.

Three additional spare satellites (one per orbital plane) complement the nominal constellation configuration.

The Galileo satellites are placed in circular Earth orbits with a nominal semi-major axis of about 30,000 km and an approximate
revolution
period of 14 hours.






Accuracy

A measure of how close an estimate of a satellite position is to the true value of the quantity.

Radionavigation system accuracy is usually presented as a statistical measure of system error and is specified as:

* Predictable: The accuracy of a radionavigation system's position solution with respect to the charted solution.
solution an
d the chart must be based upon the same geodetic datum.

* Repeatable: The accuracy with which a user can return to a position whose coordinates have been measured at a previous time with
the same navi
gate system.

* Relative: The accuracy with which a user can measure position relative to that of another user of the same navigation system at
the same time.




Atomic clock

A clock that uses an electronic transition frequency of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element.

Common elements used are cesium or rubidium.




Compass/BeiDou navigation satellite system

The global navigation system of China.

The system consists of five geostationary satellites and 30 non-geostationary satellites.

The geostationary satellites are located at 58.75° E, 80° E, 110.5° E, 140° E and 160° E.













Recognition of the importance of research in the polar region by the government of Japan or the governments of other countries, etc., which is one of the important fields where the application of the present invention is strongly expected.
the following resources:
Please refer to the fees, etc. for reference.
==================

・Even in human brain research, the function of the Orientation Associated Area (OAA) in the cerebral cortex is important for higher cognitive functions.
Brain research scientists in the United States have obtained research results one after another, and are attracting attention. (Why the god wont go. Dr. Newburg and Dr. D'agiri)
Le Volt Te
iller brain)

==================
・For biodiversity, the trends and materials of the following subcommittees of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology are helpful. In the Planning Subcommittee on Man and the Biosphere (MAB),
Orientation is important.

Japanese National Commission for UNESCO

Holding of the 36th Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program Subcommittee

We are pleased to inform you that the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO will hold the 36th Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Project Subcommittee.
The proceedings are partly closed to the public.

date and time

Friday, August 12, 2016, from 14:00 to 16:00

venue

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 3F 3F3 Special Conference Room

Agenda (draft)

1. Activity Report of the Subcommittee on Natural Sciences, Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, MAB Planning Subcommittee (May 2015-July 2016)
2. About the 28th UNESCO MAB Program International Coordinating Board and the 4th World Conference on Biosphere Reserves
3. Japan's Response to the MAB Strategy (2015-2025) and the Lima Action Plan
4. Regarding the 2016 UNESCO Eco-park application <Not open to the public>
5. Miscellaneous



==================

・About Arctic environmental research,

"Japan's Arctic Policy, October 16, 2015, Headquarters for Ocean Policy" is posted on the Prime Minister's official website, and the government attaches great importance to Arctic policy.
be. Observation system
promotion of scientific data collection, development of young researchers,
State-of-the-art satellites, in which Japan has strengths, in order to acquire and analyze scientific data in the Arctic for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment.
and observation base
and the observation ship "etc."
It also states that it will promote the strengthening of international cooperation, such as by working on field observations and international joint research in the Arctic region.
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
promote participation in the existing framework, and
● As human resource development,
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
It also states that it will work to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward a resolution.
● Strengthen the observation and analysis system and develop cutting-edge observation equipment.
● It is also emphasizing the development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries.
We are now in an era where directional information acquisition methods that support safe and secure reconnaissance by researchers and surveys in the polar regions and polar regions are important.
This is because compass needles and digital compasses that use geomagnetism do not function in the polar regions.
In addition, various techniques other than this proposal are practically useless. These problems of the prior art have always been asserted in the author's papers (for example,
in 2011
See Masato Takahashi's paper accepted for IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Basic A).

In short, the background and significance of the formulation of "Japan's Arctic Policy" is to ensure Japan's presence by expressing its national will to contribute to addressing various issues in the Arctic.
and look at the North Pole
It is to lead the efforts of the international community around the world. (Overview of "Japan's Arctic Policy", see Prime Minister's Office HP
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/arcticpolicy/Outline_Japans_Arctic_Policy[JPN].pdf
In that sense as well, Japan is required to make a useful contribution, and the present invention is completely in line with that purport.

For example, “By expressing the national will to engage in Arctic policy, Japan will become a major player in the Arctic issue.
We will make it clear both domestically and internationally that our policy is to actively participate in and contribute to international efforts,” proving this.

sosite,「■ Appeal the approach policy based on science and technology, which is Japan's strength, such as observation, research, and environmental measures.
By doing so, it will play a leading role in the creation of international rules and promote close multilateral and bilateral international cooperation.
As you can see from the phrase "building a relationship of power", "appealing the initiative policy based on science and technology, which is Japan's strength, such as observation, research, and environmental measures.
It is an invention aimed at exactly that goal and should be promoted as a national policy.

As for the history of the study, the “April 2013 Cabinet Decision on the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy” was made,
“In July 2013, the ``Relevant Ministries and Agencies Liaison Conference on various issues related to the Arctic Ocean'' was held.
is installed,
[Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Office, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Ministry of the Environment, and Ministry of Defense]
As a national effort,
A total of 10 meetings have been held to share information, and the fact that "Japan's Arctic Policy (Draft)" has been discussed shows the importance of this as a national policy.








Quoted below.
^------------"
● Reinforcement of observation and analysis system and development of cutting-edge observation equipment
▼ Arctic scientific data for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment
In order to acquire and analyze the
and work to continuously strengthen observations using observation ships, etc. In addition, a more advanced view
4 According to the U.S. Geological Survey (2008), 90 billion barrels of oil (13% of the world total)
Gas resources are estimated at 1,670 trillion cubic feet (30% of the world total).
-6-
In order to make observation possible, we are developing observation equipment that can withstand the harsh environment of the Arctic.
work on.
● Development of domestic research bases (research bases formed by forming a network of multiple institutions)
▼ Develop a network-type research base with multiple domestic universities and research institutes,
Encouraging cross-sectoral efforts and shared use of research infrastructure such as satellites, research ships, and computer resources
, and promote efforts to resolve issues in the Arctic.
● Development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries
▼ Develop research and observation bases in countries such as the United States and Russia, which are located in the Arctic Circle, and
We will promote strengthening of international cooperation, such as working on field observations and international joint research in the region.
● Data sharing and management
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
Promote participation in the existing framework.
● Human resource development
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
Efforts will be made to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward resolution.


http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/arcticpolicy/index.html
・Prime Minister's Office > List of Meetings > Headquarters for Ocean Policy >"Japan's Arctic Policy"
About "Japan's Arctic Policy"
○ Japan's Arctic Policy (decided by the Headquarters for Ocean Policy on October 16, 2015) [PDF]
○ Overview of Japan's Arctic Policy [PDF]
○ Japan's Arctic Policy [English] [PDF]
○ Outline of Japan's Arctic Policy [English] [PDF]

^------------"


Japan's Arctic Policy
October 16, 2015
Headquarters for Ocean Policy
table of contents
1 Introduction -Rapidly changing Arctic environment and increasing interest- 1
2 Background and purpose of formulating the basic policy 2
3 Necessity of Efforts to Address Arctic Issues 2
○ Global environmental issues 2
○ Arctic Indigenous people 3
○Science and Technology 3
○ Ensuring the “rule of law” and promoting international cooperation 4
○ North Pole sea route 4
○ Resource development 5
○Security 5
4 Specific efforts 5
(1) Research and development 5
(2) International cooperation 6
(3) Sustainable use 7
- 1 -
1 Introduction -Rapidly changing Arctic environment and increasing interest-
In 2012, when a European cargo ship using the Arctic sea route entered a Japanese port for the first time, Japanese research
A research institute announced that the extent of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean that year was the lowest in recorded history. Since the 1980s,
Against the backdrop of rapid changes in the Arctic environment, which is symbolized by the declining trend in Arctic sea ice, etc., international efforts to
interest is growing.
The Arctic environment is responding extremely sensitively to global warming, at a pace that exceeds scientific predictions.
Arctic sea ice is declining. In the past 35 years, the extent of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has decreased by about two-thirds.
If global warming accelerates to the maximum without taking effective measures against
By then, it is predicted that the sea ice in the summer Arctic Ocean is likely to disappear. In the North Pole ■,
Although the effects of global warming are amplified more than anywhere else on the planet1,
The mechanism of environmental change has not yet been fully elucidated.
The rapid environmental changes in the Arctic are causing serious and irreversible damage to the livelihoods of the people living in the Arctic, including the indigenous peoples living in this harsh environment, and to the ecosystem under the fragile environment of the Arctic.
It may have repercussions and the international community needs to respond responsibly. In addition,
Environmental changes include acceleration of global warming, rising sea levels on a global scale, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and ecological changes.
It is feared that it will cause an impact on
On the other hand, as the amount of sea ice decreases, the usable sea area expands, and new routes such as the establishment of sea routes in the Arctic Ocean are emerging.
economical use has become a reality. In the Arctic, the development of mineral and biological resources2 and Arctic navigation
Amid growing interest in economic activities such as the utilization of roads, the fragile and low-resilience ring of the Arctic
Under the current environment, it is important to consider appropriate economic activities that enable sustainable development while preserving the environment, and national
Various discussions on international rule-making, including the Arctic Council (AC) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
It is done on the spot. It should be noted that some Arctic countries have a security policy for the purpose of securing their interests and defending their territories.
There are moves to invigorate security-related activities, and such moves to expand the military presence have contributed to the international
could affect the overall security environment.
In this way, environmental changes in the Arctic ■ have political, economic and
to social impacts and both the opportunities and challenges they pose, Arctic countries,
It is attracting the attention of the international community, regardless of the non-Arctic countries.
Japan should properly recognize the latent potential of the Arctic and its vulnerability to environmental change, and promote sustainable development.
In order to secure the exhibition, based on Japan's strength in science and technology, in the international community, foresight
It is required to actively demonstrate initiative with nature.
1 Polar temperature amplification means that temperature changes in the Arctic in response to changes in carbon dioxide concentration are greater than the global average.
(Polar amplification). It has been predicted by computers since the 1970s (Manabe and Wetherald
1975, Manabe and Stouffer 1979), scientifically confirmed by recent observations (Screen and Simmonds 2010,
Serreze and Francis 2006, Serreze et al. 2009).
2 However, the sovereignty of territorial states extends to the land area of the Arctic Circle, and the territorial waters and exclusive economic waters of coastal states occupying most of the Arctic Ocean.
It should be noted that the coastal state has sovereignty and sovereign rights over the EEZ or continental shelf.
be.
-2-
2 Background and purpose of formulating the basic policy
Based on the growing interest of the international community in the Arctic, the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy approved by the Cabinet in 2013 positioned the Arctic Ocean as an issue that should be prioritized. <1>
Observation and research of the Arctic from a global perspective, <2> Global international cooperation related to the Arctic, and
Beauty <3> It was decided to focus on the feasibility study of the Arctic sea route and work on it comprehensively and strategically.
Based on the concept of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy, we have clarified the policy of more specific initiatives.
From the standpoint of “Proactive Contribution to Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation, the
Industry, academia, and government should take a cross-sectoral perspective and strategically pursue initiatives in a wide range of fields, including resource development, information and communications, and science and technology.
This basic policy is formulated with the aim of contributing to the international community as a major player in addressing issues.
Against this background and purpose, Japan:
- Making the most of Japan's strengths in science and technology from a global perspective,
- Give due consideration to the Arctic environment and ecosystems, which are fragile and have low resilience,
- Ensuring the "rule of law" and promoting international cooperation in a peaceful and orderly manner;
- Respect the sustainability of the traditional economic and social infrastructure of indigenous peoples;
- pay close attention to security developments in the Arctic;
- Aiming for economic and social adaptation to the impacts of climate and environmental change,
- In order to explore the economic possibilities of the Arctic Sea Route and resource development,
We will promote the following initiatives.
3 Necessity of Efforts to Address Arctic Issues
○ Global environmental issues
Rapid environmental changes in the Arctic are amplified by global environmental changes,
Because of the potential for global impacts such as global warming, it should be viewed as one of the global issues that go beyond regional issues. The main reason for this is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
Accelerating warming in the Arctic is primarily due to the reduction of sea ice.
The expansion of the open water surface in the Arctic Ocean will increase the absorption of sunlight, strongly amplifying global warming.
As a result of a complex process involving various elements such as the atmosphere and ocean currents,
is occurring. Environmental changes in the Arctic also affect the frequency of extreme weather events in mid- and high-latitude regions such as Japan.
It is feared that it will cause an increase. In the future, there will be no expansion of economic activities in the Arctic.
Even in the case of
-3-
Elucidate the mechanism of global warming in the Arctic region and the possibility of its impact on the entire earth, and study countermeasures.
It has become a new issue for the international community to deal with. Furthermore, due to the expansion of economic activities,
The increase in outflow and discharge of pollutants in the Arctic Ocean, the impact of pollutants on the atmosphere, and the pollution caused by development are affecting the Arctic Ocean.
It has been pointed out that
Japan has played a leading role in the international community in dealing with global environmental problems such as global warming and loss of biodiversity, including the establishment of the Kyoto Protocol and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
Also, while strengthening international cooperation, including with Asia-Pacific countries, we will promote mitigation and adaptation measures.
We have taken advanced measures on both sides,
Japan's experience and knowledge should be used to make a significant contribution to addressing these global environmental problems.
○ Arctic Indigenous people
Approximately 4 million people, including indigenous peoples, live in the Arctic Circle, and they live in a variety of languages, cultures,
A wide variety of identities that are alive with tradition have been formed. Environmental changes in the Arctic ■
Indigenous peoples in the Arctic, who are susceptible to the effects of economic expansion and economic activity, maintain their traditional lifestyles and
It is necessary to consider how Japan can contribute to the enjoyment of sustainable development while maintaining a sustainable society.
○Science and technology
Japan has been engaged in observation and research of the Arctic region since the 1950s, and has been working on the Arctic ring for more than half a century.
I have continued to have a strong scientific interest in environmental change from a global perspective. Japan is 20 years old.
Prior to this, in 1991, as a non-Arctic country, it was one of the first countries to set up an observation station in the Arctic Circle, and in 1990,
Japan became the first non-Arctic country to join the International Arctic Science Commission (IASC),
Data and scientific knowledge have greatly contributed to the understanding of environmental changes in the Arctic. our country is safe
Continuing high-level astronomical, oceanographic, terrestrial observations and simulations
There are high evaluations and expectations of Japan from the community.
In addition, as interest in the Arctic increases internationally, in 2015 Japan announced the
The Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW), which is positioned as the most important conference, was held.
not only the importance of a scientific understanding of
The importance of industry-academia-government collaboration, including non-Arctic countries, was reconfirmed.
In recent years, environmental problems in the Arctic have become a common issue for the international community.
The elucidation of the social aspect is still insufficient. While making the most of our strengths, Japan will continue to
Further enhance the aspects of active international cooperation, comprehensive cross-sectoral research, and collaboration with stakeholders.
should be strengthened. Including the impact of human activities, a wide range of issues such as climate, material circulation, biodiversity, etc.
A comprehensive and comprehensive view of changes in the Arctic and their impacts on the entire planet
It is necessary to elucidate the causes and mechanisms of change, make precise future predictions, and clarify social and economic impacts.
- Four -
It is important to strengthen comprehensive research to clarify these issues, and to appropriately communicate the information based on these research results as well as methods and options for problem solving to internal and external stakeholders.
At the same time, we will strategically establish observation and research bases in Arctic countries, lead international efforts,
We should strive to foster young researchers who can play an active role in international discussions.
○ Ensuring the “rule of law” and promoting international cooperation
So far, Arctic countries have
Japan is responding peacefully based on international law, and it is certain that it will continue to respond based on the “rule of law.”
It is important that
Relevant international laws, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, apply to the oceans, including the Arctic Ocean.
International legal principles, including the In particular, the “ice-covered waters 3” of the Arctic Ocean
, the validity of international legal notions of freedom and safety of navigation and protection and conservation of the marine environment;
It is necessary for the coastal states and related countries to work together to ensure a proper balance.
In recent years, it has become clear that the climate and weather in Japan are affected by environmental changes in the Arctic.
In addition, given that Japan is interested in global environmental issues, shipping routes, resource development, etc.,
It is necessary to be appropriately involved in international decision-making and rule-making regarding the Arctic. this point of view
From this point of view, Japan's scientific knowledge and advanced science and technology, etc., will contribute to the activities of the Arctic Council (AC).
and actively participate in international discussions outside the AC.
It is important to provoke constructive discussions based on scientific knowledge as necessary.
In addition, in parallel with multilateral efforts, bilateral dialogues and cooperative relationships with relevant countries, including Arctic countries.
We need to develop relationships.
○ North Pole sea routes
The extent of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean will continue to decrease in the future, and the Arctic Sea Route, especially the coastal routes of Russia and other countries, will continue to decline.
If this route is established, the navigation distance between Asia and Europe will be reduced by about 40% compared to the route via the Suez Canal. Currently, sea ice
situation, development status of infrastructure such as ports on the route, and the status of regulations and services in coastal countries.
For example, although the Arctic Sea Route is not in a state where it can be used stably, the diversification of transportation routes is important.
In light of the importance of this route, the public and private sectors should work together to proactively consider its utilization in light of the future potential of the route.
With the increase in navigation opportunities, there is a growing debate about the impact of ships on the marine environment and ensuring navigational safety.
It is active and should actively participate in international discussions on new rule-making. devil
In addition, utilizing the science and technology that Japan is proud of, we will develop useful technologies for ensuring the safety of navigation in the Arctic Ocean.
3 Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulates,
However, particularly severe weather conditions and the presence of ice that covers the waters for most of the year may impede navigation or pose a particular danger.
and where pollution of the marine environment could cause significant harm or irreversible damage to the ecological balance.
It refers to the sea area defined as "water area where
- Five -
is also important.
○ Resource development
● Mineral resources
While it is estimated that there is a certain potential for undiscovered resources around the Arctic Ocean4,
The development of cold and ice waters is fraught with difficulties, such as the need for advanced development technology. Given these circumstances
As for resource development, advances in resource development technology in ice-bound waters, cooperative relationships with coastal countries,
While taking into account the needs of companies, we will continue to take steady measures in the medium- to long-term in view of the diversification of supply sources.
should work.
● Biological resources
Concerning the development of unused biological resources in the Arctic Ocean, cooperate with coastal countries and work on scientific grounds.
While ensuring the sustainability of resources, it is necessary to proceed while maintaining a balance with the needs for ensuring food security.
○Security
The expansion of various possibilities such as the opening of sea routes and resource development in the Arctic is creating new friction between nations.
In the Arctic, moves to strengthen the military presence in the region may also cause
It is important not to let this turn into tension and conflict. At the same time, these movements are not confined to the Arctic.
Bearing in mind the possibility that it will become a factor for changes in the international security environment, including those surrounding Japan, it is necessary to pay due attention to the movements of the countries concerned and to promote cooperation with the Arctic countries.
4 Specific efforts
(1) Research and development
● Promotion of Arctic research that contributes to policy decisions and problem solving
▼ The Arctic Research Promotion Project (ArCS Project) newly started in 2015
project), etc., to comprehensively examine environmental changes in the Arctic and their impact on the entire planet.
In addition to grasping in detail, clarifying the social and economic impact, making appropriate judgments and solving problems
Strengthen research aimed at informing stakeholders of information for
● Reinforcement of observation and analysis system and development of cutting-edge observation equipment
▼ Arctic scientific data for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment
In order to acquire and analyze the
and work to continuously strengthen observations using observation ships, etc. In addition, a more advanced view
4 According to the U.S. Geological Survey (2008), 90 billion barrels of oil (13% of the world total)
Gas resources are estimated at 1,670 trillion cubic feet (30% of the world total).
-6-
In order to make observation possible, we are developing observation equipment that can withstand the harsh environment of the Arctic.
work on.
● Development of domestic research bases (research bases formed by forming a network of multiple institutions)
▼ Develop a network-type research base with multiple domestic universities and research institutes,
Encouraging cross-sectoral efforts and shared use of research infrastructure such as satellites, research ships, and computer resources
, and promote efforts to resolve issues in the Arctic.
● Development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries
▼ Develop research and observation bases in countries such as the United States and Russia, which are located in the Arctic Circle, and
We will promote strengthening of international cooperation, such as working on field observations and international joint research in the region.
● Data sharing and management
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
Promote participation in the existing framework.
● Human resource development
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
Efforts will be made to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward resolution.
● Arctic Research Vessel
▼ Participation in international Arctic observation projects using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), etc.
As a new Arctic international research platform with the functions and performance to
A study will be conducted toward the construction of an Arctic research vessel.
(2) International cooperation
● Respond to global issues related to the Arctic and actively participate in international rule-making
▼ Global environment including global warming, climate change, etc. caused by environmental changes in the Arctic
Scientific research based on observation and research in Japan regarding various issues that affect the body
Actively disseminate knowledge and work towards realizing responses based on wide-ranging international cooperation.
and consider the possibility of further efforts, including new agenda setting.
▼ Standards for ship safety in polar waters, protection of the marine environment, crew manning, qualifications, training, etc.
The Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS Article
), and amendments to existing relevant conventions such as the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Marine (MARPOL).
In the discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for better implementation, Japanese related industries
Based on the opinions of ■, continue to actively participate.
▼ Toward the sustainable use of fishery resources in the Arctic and high seas based on scientific evidence,
Actively participate in making rules for conservation and management of marine resources with related countries, including coastal countries.
be.
-7-
● Further contribution to the activities of the Arctic Council (AC)
▼ Based on the approval of the Arctic Council (AC) observer status in May 2013
Prior to this, Japanese experts for related meetings of the AC (working groups, task forces, etc.)
Japan will further strengthen its contribution to the activities of the AC, such as by increasing opportunities to dispatch government officials and government officials.
In addition, we will promote policy dialogue with the AC chair country and member countries, etc., and make further contributions.
Consider the possibility.
▼ Furthermore, from the perspective of enabling Japan to further contribute to the AC,
I would like to keep an eye on the trend of discussions within the AC on the role of observers and the role of observers.
We will also actively participate in discussions on expanding the role of observers.
● Expansion of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with Arctic countries, etc.
▼ Further promote the exchange of views on the Arctic bilaterally with Arctic countries,
Consider including the possibility of launching bilateral consultations on extremes.
▼ Polar research institutes based on bilateral science and technology cooperation agreements with countries of interest, including Arctic countries
promote science and technology cooperation in related fields such as research. In addition, research in Arctic countries
Strengthen international joint research on the Arctic by developing research and observation bases and dispatching researchers
do.
▼ Participate in international forums on the Arctic such as the Arctic Circle and Arctic Frontier.
Extensive attendance to widely disseminate and present Japan's thinking and observation/research achievements
to improve customer service.
(3) Sustainable use
● Efforts to increase the involvement of Japanese companies in economic activities in the Arctic
▼ The Arctic Economic Council (Arctic Economic Council), which was established in September 2014, was dispatched
business opportunities in the Arctic, including realization of involvement of Japanese companies in the Economic Council.
We will expand our knowledge of the Arctic region and build personal connections with the business communities of Arctic countries.
will consider efforts to support the national business community.
● Arctic sea route
▼ Clarifying the natural, technical, institutional, and economic issues of Arctic sea routes
Construction of navigation support systems such as sea ice distribution prediction system and weather prediction system
We will promote the development of an environment for the utilization of Arctic sea routes by Japanese shipping companies.
● Mineral resources
▼ Participating in an exploration project in the waters northeast of the Danish territory of Greenland
Japan Petroleum Natural Gas Co., Ltd.
We will continue to support investment through the Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC).
● Biological resources
▼ In the future, when developing marine biological resources, we will consider the environment of the Arctic and
-8-
Investigate a conservation and management framework for sustainable use based on
avenge ▼

0000000000000000000000000000000000000





























・Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Council for Science and Technology Marine Development Subcommittee Arctic Research Strategy Committee Arctic Research Strategy Committee
sea bream. our country
Internationally, based on a medium- to long-term perspective with a view to the future of more than 10 years, the polar region, the polar region, the Antarctic region, forest research, the ocean, the seabed, and the humanities and social sciences of each region.
Science/Society/Department
I can understand well that they are trying to actively promote and support research such as academic research, and on top of that, I can understand the importance of direction information. international cooperation and
and international competition
It can also be understood the importance of the orientation information of the present invention in
(3rd) June 13, 2016 (Monday) 16:00-18:00 Handouts


・"Arctic Environmental Research Long-Term Plan" (JCAR)
・"Arctic Environmental Research Efforts in Japan" Hiroyuki Enomoto, National Institute of Polar Research, June 13, 2016, 3rd (June 13, 2016)
■Arctic ■Research Strategy Committee - Document 3, etc. reflect recent efforts.



■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee (3rd meeting) handout

1. date and time

Monday, June 13, 2016 16:00-18:00

2. place

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 17th Floor, Conference Room 1

3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo

3. agenda
1. About future Arctic research
2.Others

Four. Handout
## Document 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)
## Material 2 ■Arctic ■Strategy Council （PDF:260KB） PDF
## Document 3 Status of ■Arctic■ research efforts in Japan (PDF:840KB) PDF
## Reference 4 Research data (PDF:816KB) PDF
## Material 5 Main Opinions (1st + 2nd)
## Document 6 Issues for Deliberation
## Document 7 Bird's eye view （PDF:108KB） PDF
## Reference Material 1 ■ North Pole ■ Strategy Committee List
## Reference Material 2 ■North Pole ■Research Strategy Committee Operating Regulations
## Reference Material 3-1 ■ Arctic ■ Outline of Policy （PDF:276KB） PDF
## Reference Material 3-2 Japan's Arctic Policy (link to the Headquarters for Ocean Policy (Prime Minister's Office) website)

Contact information


Ocean Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau

Email address: kaiyou@mext.go.jp





Status of Arctic Environmental Research Efforts in Japan
Hiroyuki Enomoto National Institute of Polar Research
June 13, 2016
Document 3
3rd (June 13, 2016)
■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee
■ Arctic ■ System
atmosphere
geo space
Thermosphere/Ionosphere
mesosphere
stratosphere
troposphere
Land Ocean
ecology
frozen ground
sea ice
seabed
Mid-latitude/Global
Atlantic/Pacific
snow cover
Human/Society
Ecology
Glaciers, ice lakes, rivers
surface
middle class
deep
Sun
1
Document 3
3rd (June 13, 2016)
■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee
Issues in Japan's Arctic Environmental Research
Extraction of issues based on the "Long-term Plan for Arctic Environmental Research" (JCAR)
1. rapid environmental change
1.1 ■ Arctic ■ Global warming amplification
1.2 ■Arctic■-Mid-latitude chain, ■Arctic■-interaction with the global
1.3 Material cycle and ecosystem
1.4 Ocean and sea ice changes
1.5 Cryosphere and water cycle
1.6 Current environmental changes explored from the paleoenvironment
1.7 Impact of environmental change on society
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
2.1 Geospace/upper upper atmosphere/middle atmosphere
2.2 Biodiversity
2.3 Frozen soil
2.4 Solid Earth
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
3.1 Monitoring
3.2 Modeling and data assimilation
4. infrastructure development
4.1 Observation platform
4.2 Research equipment
4.3 Data
4.4 System
4.5 Human resource development
2
■ Arctic ■ Global Warming and Major Factors and Impacts
3
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Role of feedback
1 Seasonal change process
2 Evaluation of radiative forcing of BC, aerosols, clouds, etc.
3 Interactions between the atmosphere and land/sea surfaces. Conducted as a model study at GRENE
<2> Stratosphere-troposphere coupling
4 Horizontal and vertical heat transport between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere
<3> Role of the terrestrial cryosphere
5 Snow Cover, Frozen Ground, Vegetation, Ice Sheet
<4> Future prediction
6 Improving the model, confirming the important processes of atmosphere-sea-ice-ocean interaction, and collaborating with international programs
1.1 ■ Arctic ■ Global warming amplification
－Guidelines for understanding, forecasting, and responding to rapid warming mechanisms in the Arctic region
1 to 6 1,2,6 2,4 to 6 6
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Four
1. rapid environmental change
<1> The role of the atmosphere
1 ■ Arctic ■ Effects of shrinking sea ice on mid-latitude climate
2 Predictability of extreme weather
3 Understanding of atmospheric teleconnection patterns (AO, PDO, NAO, PNA, etc.) and their variations: ■ North Pole ■ Oscillation is strong
Maru? sea ice variation and atmospheric general circulation, polar vortex and Rossby wave response, relationship with ENSO, etc.
<2> The role of the ocean
4 Changes in ocean circulation associated with sea ice changes
5 North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in the Greenland Sea
6 Changes in Pacific Water Inflows Associated with Global Warming: Their Causes and Impacts
7 Feedback to the Arctic via the mid-latitude atmosphere-ocean general circulation
<3> Role of land area
8 Influence of land processes on Arctic-global interaction: land-atmospheric energy
Changes in energy transport and water balance, wide-area understanding of non-uniform land surface conditions
<4> Role of the upper atmosphere
9 Polar and mid-latitude atmospheric variability chains through the northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation field and stratospheric atmosphere
10 Effects of the polar upper atmosphere on the global upper atmosphere
<5> Multi-sphere interaction
11 Elucidation of multi-sphere interactions such as atmosphere-ocean coupled system and air-land coupled system
1.2 ■ Arctic ■ - Mid-latitude weather chain, interaction with the global
－Effects of global warming in the Arctic on mid-latitude and global climates, their social impacts, and countermeasures
1,4,9 2,3,5,7,8,11 9～11 10,11
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Five
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Concentration change of atmospheric trace elements
1 Spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric minor constituents such as BC, greenhouse gases, short-lived gases, and aerosols
2 Fixed point observation, aircraft observation, inversion calculation of satellite data, comparison with ground observation
3 Observation method development, examination of evaluation indicators, multi-regional sampling
<2> Effects of terrestrial ecosystems
4 Generation and absorption of carbon dioxide by terrestrial ecosystems
5 Grasping atmospheric trace constituents generated by forest fires
6 Methane emissions from lakes
7 Emission/absorption evaluation of vegetation/soil and greenhouse gases
<3>Material cycle related to marine ecosystem
8 Greenhouse Gases and Ocean Effects on Absorption and Emissions
9 Changes in Atmospheric Trace Element Circulation Associated with Sea Ice and Ocean Changes
<4> Material transport from land to sea
10 Transport of materials from land to sea
11 ■Freshwater Balance Mechanism in the Arctic■
<5> Ecosystem change
12 Global warming and changes in ring, arctic, and terrestrial ecosystems
13 Surface wetting and vegetation change: In GRENE, we studied the growth and decline of forests due to wetting in Siberia.
Conducted a ■survey■ all over the country. Investigation of carbon balance in forest areas due to global warming
14 Circumpolar Arctic Forest Survey: Forest Growth Situation in Scandinavia, Canada, and Siberia Survey Implementation
15 Tundra Ecosystem: Implemented in Svalbard, expanding the observation area of the Arctic Rim such as Canada
1.3 Material cycle and ecosystem
- Generation and transportation of greenhouse gases in the Arctic region, generation and transportation of impurities such as BC, social impact and countermeasures
- forest areas, tundra vegetation, land animals
1,2,4,6,7,13,14 1～3,7,9,12,15 5,10,11,15
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
6
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Elucidation of the mechanism of sea ice reduction: Conducted at GRENE/ArCS, conducted as model use research,
Role of ice albedo feedback of sea ice and snow cover and the process of seasonal change through the ocean and clouds
<2> Thermal reduction process of sea ice
<3> Effects on the atmosphere (clouds, low pressure, etc.)
- Atmosphere-Sea Ice/Ocean Interaction: Conducted as a model study. Observed data used as validation
<4> Effects on the ocean (stratification, deep circulation, material circulation, ecosystem, etc.)
1 ■ Arctic ■ Ocean circulation and sea ice variation and their physical process modeling
2 ■ Arctic ■ Fluctuations in the freshwater balance of the ocean
3 Mapping of sea ice production and coastal observation
4 Arctic Sea Acidification: Operation of New Evaluation Method
6 ■ Quantitative understanding of material cycles and ecosystem changes in the Arctic Ocean
7 Arctic Sea primary productivity and ocean circulation
8 ■ Arctic ■ Methane release from the ocean ・Methane release due to melting of seafloor permafrost
9 Effects of terrestrial freshwater and material supplies on marine ecosystems
<5> Sea ice change prediction
-Short-term, medium-term, and long-term climate projection research: Collaboration with the International Climate Change Program
1.4 Ocean and sea ice changes
－Arctic Ocean Observation and Model Calculations, Climate Change and Future Forecasts of the Arctic Ocean
<1>~ <3>,4,6,7 <3>～ <5><4><5><4><5>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
7
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Glacier ice sheet
1 ■Ascertaining and predicting shrinking trends of glaciers in the Arctic■: Prediction of wide-area glacier movement, snow and ice microbes
2 Mechanisms and future projections of the Greenland ice sheet: Elucidation of processes such as ice loss quantification and ice darkening,
Ice sheet-ocean interaction, glacier earthquakes, long-term ice sheet movement prediction, ice sheet-climate-ocean coupling
3 Climate and ice flow and destabilization: Long-term environmental restoration and reproduction of ice flow field changes using ice cores
<2> Permafrost
4 Quantitative elucidation of material cycles (ice and carbon) in permafrost regions: Methane release accompanying melting, organic carbon accumulation
Improving the accuracy of volume estimation, grasping the temperature of frozen soil and depth distribution of the active layer, impact on vegetation and water circulation, Edma ice
5 Elucidation of the role and feedback of permafrost in the climate system: improvement of land surface model, future prediction
6 Seafloor permafrost and its thawing effects on the ocean (methane emissions)
<3> Snow fall
7 Reproduction and prediction by terrestrial variation model: Model comparison of ground surface processes including vegetation and snow and frozen soil GTMIP
implementation
8 Global warming and land-related variability: land snow and ice cover and global warming amplification
<4> Hydrological process
9 Changes in the water cycle due to global warming: changes in precipitation and evaporation, changes in river runoff in the Arctic ocean, satellite observations
Estimation of permafrost thaw water storage and runoff
1.5 Cryosphere and water cycle
－Mountain glaciers have been shrinking rapidly since the latter half of the 20th century. The Greenland ice sheet has been shrinking rapidly since the beginning of the 21st century. next 100 years
impacts of ice melt on sea-level rise, resulting environmental changes and social impacts
－■Arctic■The role played in the amplification of global warming, the impact on the terrestrial environment, and the impact of freshwater runoff and changes in the water cycle on land and sea environments and life
1,2,7,8 2,3,5 5,6,9 3,6,7,9
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
8
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Elucidation of ice sheet surface mass balance changes and ice sheet flow mechanisms associated with global warming
-Comparison of proxy data with earth system model results
<2>Differences in the past ■Arctic■global warming amplification from the present and their factors
-Elucidation of dominant period of ice sheet variability
-Sea level change and ice sheet change
-Large iceberg spill
-Atmospheric composition during warming, especially greenhouse gas concentrations
<3>Past variability of the Greenland ice sheet and its factors
-Mechanism of past Greenland ice sheet deformation
1.6 Environmental changes in the present and future explored from the paleoenvironment
－Elucidation of factors causing rapid climate change and impact assessment
<1><2><3><3><4><3><4>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
9
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Impacts of climate change: abnormal weather, forest fires, agricultural production, etc.
-BC occurrence inventory
<2> Effects of land changes
-Thaw of permafrost, resulting carbon release, vegetation change
-Impact on wildlife and livestock
-Impacts of glacier change on surrounding sea areas and residents: Changes in ice sheets, oceans, and ecosystems along the coast of Greenland, and
Investigation and analysis of the impact on local communities
<3> Impacts of ocean changes: impacts on primary production, expansion of the fishery industry, ecosystem degradation, pollution from development
<4> Effects of solar activity and changes in the upper atmosphere: power outage countermeasures, avoidance of impacts on satellite operations, etc.
<5>Response of human society
- impact on indigenous peoples, impact on policy-making,
-development and pollution, health problems, water problems,
-Conservation of indigenous cultures, response to urbanization
-Economic development and evaluation of the Arctic■: short-term, medium-term, and long-term sea ice predictions, development of a navigation support model, ■Arctic■ sea routes
Economic evaluation, prediction of winter sea ice growth: satellite observation and information disclosure, sea in coastal and navigational areas after sea ice shrinkage
Situation understanding: Prediction and countermeasures for increasing waves, coastal erosion, etc.
-Economic development and conservation of the environment, social culture of residents
-Examination of rule-making (policy-making) in economic development
-Activities to support BC and formulate international rules
- Assessment of fishery resources in the Arctic and surrounding waters
1.7 Impact of environmental change on society
<1>~ <3><5><4><5><4><5>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Ten
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
<1> Atmospheric vertical connection process from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere
- Conducting modeling studies on stratosphere-troposphere coupling
<2> Cooling of the middle and upper atmosphere due to an increase in greenhouse gases
- EISCAT (European Incoherent Scattering) radar observations detected -40°C/30 years (300km altitude) cooling <3>Thermal and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere due to atmospheric waves excited in the lower atmosphere
Structural impact
<4> Effective and reliable detection and prediction of ionospheric disturbances
<5> Electromagnetic/particle energy penetration process from the solar wind/magnetosphere to the Arctic region
- Evaluate and predict the effects of geospace on the upper atmosphere and lower atmosphere, and their interactions
Promotion of the EISCAT_3D plan to compose
<6> Energy and material circulation process from the Arctic region to the mid-low latitude middle and upper atmosphere
<7> Downward Propagation of Variation of Minor Elements in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Effects on Ozone Concentration
2.1 Geospace/upper upper atmosphere/middle atmosphere
－Contribution to global environmental change research by elucidating processes of atmospheric up-down coupling and inter-latitudinal coupling－
<1><2>～<7><2>～<7>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
11
〇Land area
<1> Impact of human activities on Arctic and terrestrial ecosystems
<2> Impact on biodiversity
- biodiversity change, peat swamps, response diversity
<3> Effects of changes in biodiversity on higher animals and climate
〇Ocean
<4> Effects of terrestrial and atmospheric substances on marine ecosystems and diversity
<5> Roles played in material circulation in lower-level ecosystems
<6> Relationship between food chain and ecosystem change/diversity in the Arctic Ocean
<7> To the ecosystem and diversity of marine stratification, devaginalization, and acidification associated with climate change
influence
2.2 Biodiversity
<5><6><4>～<7><7><4>～<7>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
12
<1> Understanding the current state of permafrost
-Distribution and depth
-Development of estimation method
-Utilization of satellite data and climate models
<2> Heterogeneity of constituents of permafrost
-Distribution of underground ice
- carbon content
<3> Mode and scale of warming and thawing of permafrost
- Change in active layer
- Thermokarst
-Temperature distribution, change
-Use of frozen cores for paleoenvironmental reconstruction
<3> Behavioral characteristics of permafrost-atmosphere-snow-vegetation subsystem
-The role of vegetation and forest fires
-Effects of the Little Ice Age
-Changes since the last ice age
2.3 Frozen soil
－Establishment and transition process of permafrost
<1>~ <3><1>~<3>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
13
<1> Interaction with the marine environment of Arctic ridge hydrothermal systems
<2>Ice sheet deformation and crustal deformation
<3> ■Arctic ■Atmosphere-Ice sheet-Ocean interaction in the ocean formation process
<4> Earth surface environmental changes on the scale of tens of millions to billions of years and the Arctic Ocean and its surroundings
Continental development process
2.4 Solid Earth
－Interaction between Surface Environmental Changes and Solid Earth
<2><1><1>~<4>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
14
<1>Ocean: Monitoring year-round sea ice changes, marine ecosystems, and material cycles using satellites and domestic icebreakers
<2> Cryosphere: Greenland ice sheet, mass balance of mountain glaciers in the Arctic ring and related territories, drilling management of frozen soil, thawing
Thermokarst and coastal erosion
<3> Atmosphere: High-precision long-term observation of atmospheric trace elements, clouds and precipitation related to climate, and understanding of spatio-temporal variations based on these observations
<4> Terrestrial sphere: Comprehensive super for monitoring vegetation changes, terrestrial ecosystems, and meteorological and hydrological observations including heat, water, and carbon fluxes
Site maintenance and maintenance
3.1 Monitoring
- Seamless monitoring
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
Elements necessary for future monitoring of marine ecology Elements necessary for future monitoring of atmospheric trace elements15
<1> Improvement of earth system model: detailed regional model, stable long-term reproduction model
<2> Improved atmospheric model: Representation and verification of clouds
<3> Improving ocean and sea ice models: ■ Arctic
Improvement of parameterization, reputation scale processes and mixed layer processes under sea ice
<4> Improvement of land surface and snow ice model: introduction of assimilation technology using paleoenvironmental indices, improvement of reproducibility of interactions, etc.
<5> Data assimilation "Atmospheric Reanalysis": Year-round sea ice variation, marine ecosystem, monitoring of material cycle, oceanic and
Sea ice data assimilation system: Ocean model - Arctic ■ Improvement of processes such as freshwater inflow into the sea and vertical mixing, parameters of ecosystem processes
climate change, sea ice season prediction, atmospheric chemical composition estimation, ice sheet condition estimation
3.2 Modeling and data assimilation
－Earth system modeling that connects multiple fields, data assimilation that connects models
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
time
10 Scale [s] 2 104 106 108 1010
Minute Hour Day Month Year Decade Century Millennium
Models less than a few years old
Model over 100 years old
unable to express/
Parameterization
expressible
can express /
main target
It does not change/
boundary condition
turbulent mixing
sea ice (surface process)
Sea ice (glace dynamics)
cloud
Ocean (vortex/ice edge bloom)
Marine (biological pump)
sea ice (distribution)
Ground surface physics (snow cover)
Ground surface physics (frozen ground)
soil organic carbon
vegetation dynamics
ice sheet
glacier
ocean (deep circulation)
10-100 years model
Timescales of representative models (top) and timescales of major elementary processes involved in the Arctic
16
4. infrastructure development
<1> Icebreaker Observation Vessel: Role of Various Defeedbacks and Seasonal Change Process. moon pool
<2> Satellite remote sensing: Seamless satellite observation planning
<3> Airplane: Intermediate between ground and satellite
<4>Overseas research and observation bases
4.1 Observation platform
4.2 Research equipment
<1> Atmosphere: radiometer, Doppler radar, multi-wavelength polarized lidar, highly accurate rain and snow gauge
<2>Geospace/upper/middle atmosphere: EISCAT_3D radar project, multi-point network observation
<3> Snow and ice: ice sheet glacier drilling equipment, core analysis equipment, frozen soil temperature and thaw depth gauge, snowfall gauge, evapotranspiration, hydrological process
<4> Terrestrial ecosystem/material circulation: lidar, hyperspectral camera, boundary layer tower, means of transportation
<5>Ocean: shipboard observation equipment, underwater robot, mooring system, coring, sea ice thickness measuring instrument
<6> Numerical modeling: basic organizational structure (specialized laboratories, division of labor), original supercomputer
4.3 Data
<1> Long-term stable archive
<2> Convenience
<3> Data rescue
<4> Public distribution
<5> International cooperation
<6> Archiving Specimens (Samples)
17
4. infrastructure development
4.4 System
<1> Strengthening core institutions: top-down and bottom-up coordination
<2>Establishment and maintenance of research infrastructure
<3> Strengthen PR
<4> Supporting communities (researchers/stakeholders): Strengthening bottom-up functions
<5> Promotion of international cooperation: Strengthening and increasing transparency of contact organizations
4.5 Human resource development
<1> Fostering researchers: Internship system, summer school, career path development, fieldwork support system
<2> International cooperation
<3> Inheritance and development of expertise
<4> Establishment of literacy and outreach
18





















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Current Location Top > Policy/Council > Council Information > Council for Science and Technology > Ocean Development Subcommittee > Arctic Research Strategy Committee > Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Meeting (3rd)
Handouts > Material 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)




Document 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)


Council for Science and Technology Ocean Development Subcommittee 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Minutes (Draft)
Date: Monday, April 11, 2016, 14:00-16:00
Venue: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 17th Floor Research Promotion Bureau meeting room
Attendees:
(Committee)
Daisaku Ikeshima Professor, Faculty of International Studies, Waseda University
Tetsuro Urabe Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Advisor, International Resource Development Training Center
Hiroyuki Enomoto Professor and Deputy Director, National Institute of Polar Research
Nobuko Saegusa Deputy Director, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Yoshihisa Shirayama Director, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Makoto Sugiyama Associate Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
Shin Tani Chairman of the GEBCO Guidance Committee
Yoshihiro Fujii Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University
Ryoichi Fujii Professor, Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Hajime Yamaguchi Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
(Secretariat)
Masao Tanaka Director General, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ryuichiro Shiroma, Deputy Director-General, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Research and Development Bureau)
Takahiro Hayashi Director, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Katsuya Kozakai Director for Polar Science Planning, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Shigeru Yamaguchi Deputy Director, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Agenda:
(1) The secretariat confirms the agenda and handouts for the day.
(2) Explanations and reports were given by each person in charge on the following agenda items.
1. About future Arctic research
2.Others


[Chairman Fujii] From now on, we will hold the 2nd Ocean Development Subcommittee Arctic Research Strategy Committee. Thank you for your attendance today despite your busy schedule.
thank you
is.
Please ask the secretariat to confirm today's attendance and handouts.
[Deputy Director Yamaguchi] We have 10 out of 13 people scheduled to attend today, so we have a quorum for the meeting.
Also, Mr. Takakura, Mr. Takizawa, and Mr. Yokoyama are absent today.
Regarding today's handouts, I have handed out materials 1 to 4, which are in the proceedings of the meeting. there is a shortage
Secretariat
Please submit your application to

(About Agenda Item 1)
[Chairman Fujii] Now let's move on to the agenda.
First, regarding the record of the proceedings of the previous meeting, due to time constraints, I would like you to take a look at it and let me know if there are any corrections, etc., by April 18, one week later.
is.
[Chairman Fujii] First, based on materials 2 and 3, I would like to ask the secretariat about the main opinions that were presented at the previous committee meeting, and the points of contention in this deliberation.
Please explain from
increase.
[Mr. Kozakai Polar Science Planning Officer] Please see document 2. At the first meeting, the secretariat was asked to summarize the statements made by members of the committee.
roughly
Thank you.
First, the main opinions on international joint research and observation.
centered on tea
Since it is being advanced, it is necessary to clarify what kind of stance we have regarding the use of research and observation results.
I don't know
opinion. Next, what are the mid- to long-term challenges in Arctic research, what are you currently working on, and what are you missing?
or international movement
I wonder if there are some pillars such as directions. Also, what the GRENE project has done in it, and how far ArCS has been done in response to it,
missing part
If you can see where it is, it will be easier to formulate a research plan in the future.
Thirdly, observations and other activities are being carried out under a medium- to long-term plan.
need to go
Opinion that we think that hint such as the point comes out. Last but not least, it is unclear where Japan's Arctic research is positioned.
I have the impression
In addition, regarding international joint research, the position of Japan on a large map, the areas covered by observations, the areas lacking, and Japan's leadership
There are many
If we do so, we will be able to see Japan's standing position. Also, sort out what the issues are and who is doing what for them.
need to go
There was an opinion that there might be.
Next, I would like to talk about international collaboration and international cooperation. The three circles on the first page are mainly related to data.
Is it standardization?
I think that a system for data sharing in each country will be necessary.
go ahead with the group
Opinion such as In addition, when standardizing data, we will hold discussions, including who will take the initiative to proceed.
on the committee of
Opinion that it would be good to be able to make recommendations to the extent possible. Also, regarding the third point, it is said that only Japan possesses observation data, etc.
can be
Since there is talk of connecting various data with metadata and unifying them for ease of use, it is an accumulation of the results obtained with ArCS.
Pole and local research institutes
Opinion that it would be better to make some proposals on how far to go while clarifying the positional relationship of the unique data accumulation function.
As for the topmost circle on the reverse side, I think there is room for Japan to bring together Asian countries from the perspective of the user country and provide opinions to the Arctic Council.
squid. from now on,
What kind of strategy should be taken from the perspective of utilization of the Arctic rather than research and observation?
consciously ask
Opinion that it may be necessary to raise subject.
Next, regarding the collaboration between humanities/social sciences and natural sciences, in the second paragraph, the transition from GRENE to ArCS is self-sufficient.
Natural science only
I believe that the priority should be given to the humanities and social sciences, so that the country should be able to strategically implement a more comprehensive approach.
Things to do. sea route
With regard to the use of , Japan will be involved in the development of laws and regulations of coastal countries, and a considerable strategy will be required if we include measures to deal with it.
the balance between
There is an opinion that it is necessary to discuss with that in mind.
Regarding the dissemination of information to stakeholders, this is also the second paragraph.
which rule form
I think there are two sides to this: the development side, and the clarification of the issues that are occurring in close contact with the local area. Also, ArCS incorporates both
I'm sorry, but
Contributing to the formation of international rules may lead to issues such as Japan's interests. In the social sciences, laws and rules
through formation, etc.
On the other hand, ArCS considers how to cover various issues occurring in human society.
I wish I could
I just received an opinion that it is not.
In addition to that, in Document 3, the underlined parts are the revisions based on the first discussion. First of all, it's just the second paragraph of the basic direction of the one-pot argument.
However,
At that time, since it is believed that there are medium- to long-term and short-term challenges regarding Arctic research,
Japan's standing
After clarifying the position, we will organize each issue and proceed with a focused study."
Next, on the back side, it is the relationship with stakeholders at the bottom. As for the second point, I would like to talk about the strategy for using research and development and observation results.
proceeded on purpose
Therefore, it may be necessary to clarify the respective roles of industry, academia, and government.”
That's all for the documentation.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you. There are many extracts from the previous discussion, but if you have any opinions, please.
[Member Urabe] It is quite difficult to determine Japan's position in this area, and I think that this is always a problem.
in China already
We have already invested in various ports, and according to the British Arctic research document, we are an insurance company like Lloyd.
some time ago
I think there are a lot of countries that are showing up. However, in Japan's science and technology policy, there are not many corporate activities, and companies want assistance from the government.
I can't groan
I don't think it's possible, so I think that's a big difference from other observer countries or AC countries.
The way is
I think that it is to draw a line a little and focus on the research side a little. In that context, could you please tell us a little bit about where Japan stands in terms of research?
thank you
I thought
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you. I feel that there is a difficult aspect when it comes to standing position, but it is like industry, academia, and government, and policies of various countries.
In terms of surfaces, the ratio
I think that the position is relatively clear, but personally, I am concerned about what kind of cooperation should be built in the position of international cooperation and international competition.
after all
It seems to be said whether standing position is necessary and thinks. Part of it is relatively policy-related, but the members of the committee asked me, what is Japan's position in science and technology?
or
I have a question for you.
[Mr. Tani] This standing position clearly shows that we first establish our standing position and then publicize the established standing position to the world.
to be sure
I think it's in the words, but to clarify is that the position is not necessarily clear even in Japan, so let's decide first.
That's what I'm talking about
Or which side are you thinking of, deciding and making it clear what to advertise to the world?
[Chairman Fujii] Intuitively, first of all, it is not always clearly recognized in Japan, including the parties involved, so we should discuss it thoroughly and create it.
or
I think there are two sides to this: whether it is properly constructed in the theory.
How do you like it
Uka
[Mr. Shirayama] Last year, Japan clearly defined a strategy for ■Arctic■ policy. In it, the position of research and development is clearly stated.
is said to be
is my understanding.
[Chairman Fujii] It's page 3 of the summary of document 3-1. On the third page, this is probably the standing position, after all. Something like the basis of the policy
think of
is it right?
[Member Yamaguchi] The position is clear, and I think that Japan's superior scientific capabilities will make a commitment to policy. In the end, the ■North Pole■ will be sustainable.
for future use
Japan will think about what is necessary for that. It is not bound by territorial or national interests, but on the contrary, Japan has direct rights.
to the North Pole
I believe that it is precisely because we do not have it that we should take advantage of the position that we can say that we should protect it and use it in the world.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Tani] It's very easy to understand, and I think you're right.
following the trend of
There is a description of what to do, and it says to decide while looking around a little. What the committee members just said is that the position of Japan is decided,
what are you doing
I think it's true that this is the right way to do this, but what does it mean to be based on trends?
just to study
I think that it is necessary to consider policies and diplomacy, rather than the situation, so in that sense, the position is really clear.
Kana to
I don't know where it is.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] I have always been troubled, and I can't see the connection between research strategy and national strategy.
will it be discussed?
What Mr. Yamaguchi said is probably correct and correct, but when it comes to national or regional strategies, there are still interests and for what.
do you research
In addition to the research-oriented part, various things such as diplomacy are involved, so I wonder if we will expand to that extent here. not to spread
also the research strategy
Whether or not we will do it based on that kind of thing in the. With regard to the Arctic■, further policy and strategic
how is things
It seems that it is also sought. In the discussion between Committee Member Enomoto and Ambassador Shiraishi that appeared in the Nikkei yesterday, Ambassador Shiraishi had exactly that point in mind.
discuss until
I am a little worried about whether I should continue.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that the main aspect is science and technology, but in order to advance it, such an aspect will be necessary.
There are sides.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] It is clearly stated that science and technology will be used for diplomacy, so it is an extremely necessary aspect, and other countries
running in
There is no doubt that Japan will not be able to take this into consideration. Rather, when taking into consideration, the strength of scientific and technological research capabilities and strengths should also be considered.
Japan in advance
As a country, we are positioning ourselves to take advantage of our diplomatic strengths, and I think that is the right thing to do.
[Chairman Fujii] I think there is also the question of whether to start with science and technology as motivation.
was there
I think it's a way of thinking that there will be various developments as you go along, but is it a little more proactive?
[Committee member Yamaguchi] I'm going to add a little personal opinion, but when I look at other materials, everyone says science and technology, but the technology part is not included.
is. engineering and
You can paraphrase it. After all, there is science, there is technology, and there is industry.
see where
I want you to Then, I think that the story will come into view. For example, Material 4 also jumps from science to humanities and social sciences.
I'm listening.
In that case, it becomes a matter of something for the sake of a very small group of indigenous people, and it is difficult to see what Japan should do. actually
Japan is cold zone
In fact, we have a very high level of technology, and all the pipes of the Alaska Pipeline are made in Japan. People from general contractors are doing construction,
Japan in recent times
This is the first time that a cargo ship for the Arctic Sea Route, built by Canada, crossed the Northwest Passage alone. Therefore, we connect these areas well and visualize them.
and exactly
I think we will see stable usage. I think Japan has the power to show such a system.
Last month, we had the ■Arctic■ Science Research Committee, and it's ■Arctic■ Science Summit Week. So I spoke with the AC task force people,
Tenable de
It's all about development, and they want to use it. But I don't want it to get dirty. Therefore, it should be used safely and economically.
both sides
I think Japan is probably the most powerful country.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Sugiyama] From the standpoint of the field, I think that what Mr. Yamaguchi explained about Japan's current position is very clear.
is. There
Up to this point, we also come to mind.
what to do
It immediately comes to mind when I say this, but what connects them, what kind of position Japan stands in, is decided, and what kind of things are we doing in the field?
I have to do
If you are worried about what to do or what to do first, and if you can give guidelines that connect the two at this kind of place, researchers in the field will be able to move easily.
not good
I think.
I think that what Mr. Yamaguchi said is one of them.
year, decade, don
Researchers put together a medium-term plan of what to do. However, as expected, the researcher's point of view is the center
Because I put it away,
Ultimately, it is difficult to think about how it can contribute to Japan's position. Therefore, I would like to give guidelines and suggestions to connect them.
If you can
Thank you for those who are thinking about the next.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Committee Urabe] In Japan, where there is no policy for the ■Arctic■, for example, at the bottom of page 3 of Document 3-1, the economic potential of ■Arctic■ sea routes and resource development
to explore
That's what it says. This is always included in the ■Arctic■ policies of all countries. So, in doing that,
environmental change,
I think that climate change is a very common thing that we have to do our best. However, at the moment Japan is trying to develop routes.
positive attitude
Although there is no such movement, I feel that there are many places where we may be involved in the future when it comes to resources.
However, even in resource development, petroleum and metals are the story below the seabed.
finally there
Sovereign rights arise according to how they are distributed. Then among its sovereign rights, for example, if it comes from Russia,
talk to russia
It means that we will work together to develop resources.
Norway has finished applying for the extension of the continental shelf, but the one that is currently being submitted is Russia. The United States is not a member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
get out of here
There is no way, but Canada once went out and stopped. What is the current situation?
reapply to the formula
That's the situation in Canada. Denmark or Greenland. Greenland has already submitted an application. Russia and Greenland leave
being
Russia is already under review. So, I think Denmark will be next, and after a few years, Canada will be in shape.
Together, the sea
Nearly 100% of the bottom resources will disappear, or rather, there will be no seafloor resources in the public sea except for a part of the Gackel Ridge.
how do you think
So I think the chances of remaining public sea resources are extremely low.
In the midst of this, when it comes to resource development, there are technical developments there, technological developments for resource development, ■ surveys under the ice sea, ■ surveys including ■ exploration ■.
technology
On the other hand, I think that Japan can contribute to these two things in terms of the sea. Then its development and then the environment will not be affected.
technology, etc.
Whether or not Japan will be able to do it on its own initiative is impossible unless it is partnered with an Arctic country, but such technology in ice-bound waters is sufficient.
not
I think that, using such technology, Japan can have the ability and goals to contribute to the sustainable development of the Arctic.
Isn't it
I think
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Member Yamaguchi] Japan is actually the first country in the world to conduct research on Arctic sea routes. It's a big international joint research project in the 90's. present
Currently in the North Pole
There is no major national project that puts sea routes in the forefront, so it is not very noticeable, but I am doing it myself, and the industrial world is finally moving.
Nice to meet you
Mitsui O.S.K. Lines ordered and recently launched a very strong ice-breaking LNG tanker. This is 3 ships. Nippon Yusen also builds ice-resistant car carriers.
and more energy efficient
The basic technology for the Ne-class ice-strengthened ship has been completed. Japan is like this
sow seeds
I think I can show it well to the outside world. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry may be difficult to say, but the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
so beautiful
I can say that from my standpoint. I believe that Japan's status will rise if information is collected and released in this way.
[Chairman Fujii] As you just said, I think that science and technology is the position, but there are parts where various pieces are already in place.
how to enter
I think that it is possible to show from the beginning to the exit, and to comprehensively present it in such a way.
[Mr. Shirayama] I would like to point out two things. First, regarding seafloor resources, although there is certainly talk of the extension of the continental shelf,
about public
Naturally, there is a perception that there are a lot of seas in the Arctic sea, and the seawater in the high seas is also said to have a lot of biological resources.
forget about
One thing you shouldn't do. Another thing is that we must not forget that the significance of research on the ``North Pole'' is not limited to the ``North Pole''. ground
to the entire sphere environment
No doubt it has a huge impact. The ``North Pole'' is the first to have a large impact, and we have already produced research results.
Therefore,
All very important case studies when considering future mitigation and adaptation to global environmental changes in the world or in Japan.
it's the place to be
Of course, I think that positioning is also very important.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Committee Enomoto] Regarding the fact that it is not clear what kind of information pieces exist and where they exist,
A few years ago
In such a state, even though many people go to the ``North Pole'', they cannot see the whole picture.
how it works
I started making For example, more than half of the meeting place for Mr. Yamaguchi's presentation of scientific research on the ■North Pole■ route was attended by business people, who enthusiastically took notes.
Also, Mr. Hakusan
With regard to the global perspective that the member mentioned, during the Arctic Science Summit Week held in Alaska, mid-latitude countries, the United Kingdom, Doy
tsu, Japan, Korea
There was a scene in which non-Arctic countries such as ``Arctic'' were called and their thoughts on the ``Arctic'' were asked.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] As the number one point of contention for this deliberation, it states that the position should be clarified.
position is clear
I feel like I'm going to explore various directions, but in the first place, the researcher has been doing research after clarifying the standing position.
not
There is a current situation. Researchers are not necessarily aware of national policies or Arctic policies. Each field has its own characteristics.
I'm sure
vinegar. However, depending on the field, last year's Arctic policy came out, but at last the national policy came out. However, unlike the Nordic countries and Russia,
and north to Japan
There is no such thing as polar science in the first place. Therefore, in the fields of glaciology, snow, and science, there are things like resources and ships, and the entire Arctic.
determined as
There was nothing related to policy, and there was almost no awareness of such things. Therefore, when we created this Strategy Committee,
stepping on the
Are you telling me to reconfigure it once more in advance, or is it okay not to think about that kind of thing?
I wonder
I think. If you don't do that, you'll see it as "based on trends in other countries," and the basic way of thinking is quite comprehensive, and your inner heart is Arctic Sea routes and resource development.
economical from
It is also wrong to think that we are only looking at the possibilities. However,
at a good opportunity
I think there is, but I think it is a very big idea to what extent there is a view that summarizes the whole.
[Chairman Fujii] I feel that this committee will be able to look at everything from a bird's-eye view and grasp the overall situation.

[Committee Urabe] One very important thing is that the United Nations Law of the Sea stipulates that up to 200 nautical miles is the EEZ of each country, but beyond 200 nautical miles,
no longer
As a result, the sea surface naturally remains. Therefore, I think that scientific research in this area will continue to be very important in the future. is it
Somewhere
Freedom of scientific research in the ■Arctic■ high seas must be protected before the ocean floor and its subsoil belong to the nation. place
but that kind of
There are various movements around the world, such as banning things for reasons such as research purposes, or not giving permission. That's why it's an Arctic country even in the Arctic ocean.
alone on the high seas
As for the region, I think there will naturally be a move to prevent surveys from being conducted. So, I had been doing proper research before that, and I used that kind of framework.
in the research
As a country, I think it is necessary to strongly advocate the proper rule of law and the strict application of the law of the sea, separate from industry.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] In that respect, what the member said from the perspective of international law is extremely important.
now covered in ice
However, it may melt in the future, so the AC presidency will discuss what to do about regulations and future efforts regarding fisheries in the high seas.
of America
We are taking the lead in research and surveys, and negotiations with foreign countries have begun. There was also a symposium in South Korea, where, for example, Japan
books and Korea
As mentioned above, I must tell you what kind of position I will be involved in the maintenance and utilization of high seas fisheries resources in the future. At that time, Japan's fishery policy
what to do
It is a matter of how much is decided in the fisheries industry, so we have to go into that and think about it.
I mean,
I think there is going to go.
[Chairman Fujii] I think it is very easy to say that it should be guaranteed because it has been done freely so far in science and technology, but the law of the sea, etc.
when discussing
In addition, I think that it is possible to say what kind of conditions are necessary internationally, but I think that the main discussion will be at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for example.
is specifically
What's going on.
[Committee Urabe] There is an ambassador in charge of the ■North Pole■, and basically I think that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will take the lead. There are also experts in the law of the sea
question because it is
It's not a problem, but it's not my specialty, so I don't know if Japanese industry wants it to be protected.
so-called
and discuss what Japan should protect. Scientifically, of course, it is the environment, fishery resources, and various other things.
this is something weird
If something happens, it will affect Japan, so I think there are things that I can't compromise on, so I'm collecting that kind of information.
stop it possible
I think it is necessary to mention it as a gender.
[Committee member Yoshihiro Fujii] Here, too, we are focusing on the strategic aspects of research and science and technology research.
When you come. And,
Japan's position here is that it is not an Arctic country. Based on the basic scientific and technological superiority in the country,
how about we
Can you keep working? At this point, it will become diplomacy, but I think it is possible to raise such issues, and I think it would be better to do so.
increase.
As for companies, if there is no marketability, they will end up with only research and surveys. The marketability part is the result of this research and development.
various
If we can see the prospect of working on it, we will start moving tomorrow, so we don't have to think about it too much. However, one recent trend is that the ring
related to border issues
So, there is a lot of movement in areas such as soft law, accounting and governance, without going as far as environmental laws.
from here too
One problem I would like to raise is that if they start to move instead of analyzing it, of course it would be most desirable to have a legal framework, but it is not possible.
But more and more
Western companies are also active, so it is not enough to say that Japanese companies and our legal system need to prepare for such things.
because it's okay
I don't think so.
[Chairman Fujii] We will continue to hold discussions while maintaining the current perspective.
what is now
There was also talk about connecting it to the end in the process and whether the information could be properly organized, so while always keeping that in mind,
fic department
I think it would be good if we could make a final proposal by not only looking at academic targets but also recording them in the minutes of each meeting. do everything from the beginning
is a little
It seems difficult, so how about starting with such an arrangement this time? Well, this time there is also a time constraint.
and all
I couldn't do it, but the secretariat consulted with various teachers and put it together. That is document 4 and desk distribution, but first to document 4
explain about
After that, I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto to show me his thoughts, and to discuss how to revise from the next time onwards.
Mr. Kozakai, Planning Officer, please refer to Document 4.
[Dr. Kozakai, Director of Polar Science Planning] Now, I will explain material 4.
After sorting out the issues that were pointed out last time, we sorted out the current situation in Japan while taking international trends into consideration. First of all, although it is the first one, various problems
Nice to meet you,
After citing issues such as 1 global warming amplification, 13 black carbon, changes and effects of clouds and aerosols, trends and efforts so far, etc.
the leftmost column
The world trends in Arctic research, the trends in Arctic research in other countries, and the status of Arctic research in Japan, etc.
after that
Research infrastructure, development of domestic research bases in Japan, development of international collaboration bases, community formation and information dissemination, and human resource development.
I understand.
The horizontal column shows trends from around 1990 to around 2010, before the GRENE project started, and then from 2011 to 2015, when the GRENE project was running.
year, next to
The research period of the ongoing ArCS project from 2016 to 2020 and the period after 2021 are summarized.
At the top is the global trend of ■Arctic■ research. From 2011 to 2015
means that Japan is AC
, observer participation, etc.
Next, regarding trends in Arctic research in other countries, I have included participation in the EISCAT project, research trends at GRIP, NEEM, and IABP.
vinegar.
If you look vertically at the column for 2011 to 2015, first there are black and yellow circled numbers. This circled number corresponds to the research topic number above.
increase. black number
Letters indicate research at the researcher group or individual researcher level, with colored numbers in yellow, green, and red.
there is a thing
It is sorted out in the form that it is budgeted as a national project to some extent.
The research infrastructure on the second page includes observations by Mirai, the development of autonomous unmanned submersibles, remote-controlled unmanned probes, etc., and the water cycle change observation satellite Shizu
Ku” and land observation
This article describes the satellite DAICHI. In addition, the status of the EISCAT project enclosed in yellow, the cloud radar, the small aircraft, the Earth simulator,
Development of ADS, etc.
I am writing about an item.
As for the development of research bases under it, centers have been set up at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and the National Institute of Polar Research, but in 2016, Hokkaido
including university
The three institutions have been approved by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as joint usage/research centers. In addition, in the development of international cooperation bases, we have been developing the Ny-Alesund base and so on.
came, but 2
After 2016, we plan to build CHARS in Canada. In addition, in the ■Arctic■ community formation and information dissemination, information provision using ADS, etc.
Arctic Environmental Research Institute
Research consortium, establishment of JCAR, etc. are described.
In terms of human resource development, the overseas dispatch of young researchers in the GRENE project or the ArCS project is summarized in Document 4.
[Chairman Fujii] Do you have any questions about the explanation? In the first place, the 13 divisions of various issues themselves include very large issues and specific issues.
let alone this
I think it is necessary to organize relatively.
[Member Yamaguchi] I can't see the exit because I summarized the described issues as a phenomenon. What kind of paradigm can we build after doing this for 10 or 20 years?
not at all
can not see. I am very grateful to be able to get a bird's-eye view like this, but I need another ingenuity.
[Chairman Fujii] Today, I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto, a member of the committee, to make a presentation as a summary.
so, etc.
After looking over the whole picture, I would like you to discuss what is being done and what is necessary in the future.
[Committee Enomoto] In Document 4, I feel about the period from 1990 to 2011 onwards.
related
On the horizontal axis, my materials focus on efforts from GRENE in 2011 to ArCS, which was newly started in 2016.
vinegar.
Before GRENE started in 2011, there was a great lack of mutual communication between researchers, and since 2011 it has become closer.
is. 2016
Since then, it has been called ArCS, and although it used to be said that it was close, it was only in the natural sciences.
mean
The horizontal axis of the time axis from 2016 is a project that we are aware of.
On the vertical axis, my original focus was on science, but in terms of global trends, the IASC was established before the Arctic Council.
science leads
The background is that later, a council was established to decide and discuss policies. From 2011 to 2015 in Document 4, Japan's AC
Server nation participation
However, in addition to Japan, South Korea, India, China, Singapore, etc. have also been approved at the same time.
Participation of many countries
With the approval of the ``Arctic'', the Council has indicated that the ``Arctic'' is no longer a closed world within the ``Arctic'', but should be viewed from a global perspective.
it was done
In response to this question, GRENE also worked on research themes that corresponded to this. At the bottom of the first page of Document 4, research subjects, from geospace to humans and society, are included.
For experts
You can see what they are doing, but just by looking at the numbers in the circles, you can tell how much you have achieved, what you are missing, and what you are doing.
I think it's difficult
So, I briefly summarized the basic policy and progress. However, in terms of geospace and human beings and society, GRENE has ended this time.
By the way, G
Since there was not enough information to build on the results of RENE, I have touched on the ocean/sea ice, atmosphere, land area, and glaciers/snow ice that GRENE mainly dealt with. ancestor
other than
I would like to have an expert discuss it, and since I scanned it in a hurry from the personal information range, there are many things missing. yeah
the place is the throne
I would like to discuss this with you.
Then, there are 4 pages of materials on the current status of Arctic research in Japan. The large vertically long one on the far left is an international
When it comes to guidelines
Kororo is something that I would like to discuss at this study group, so it is not a proposal from me.
The first page summarizes glaciers, ice sheets, frozen soil, and snow cover.
As for glaciers and ice sheets, when the IPCC report comes out, the first thing that comes out is that the Greenland ice sheet is melting and the sea level is rising. snow and ice on land
melt into the sea
As the sea level rises, the shrinkage of snow and ice on land has become a hot topic.
Nari, mountain ice
There are quite a few rivers, and they have already started to change, and after a while the rivers will melt away. pull it
so as to inherit
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Greenland ice sheet has begun to melt. ■Antarctica■ hasn't changed yet, but if I were to start next, it would be ■Antarctica■.
Uno will happen in the future
I think it might happen. So, the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and then the Greenland ice sheet, which is starting to make a start, how it will affect sea levels.
can you get it
When it comes to global issues, Japan has strengths in model research, so we have included observations and models in those areas.
I'm here.
When it comes to research themes related to Greenland, the topic of melting ice or decreasing volume comes up.
ice block
It was not fully understood that half of the seawater was falling into the sea untouched.
rice field. yeah
Research has begun. In recent years, there has been news that the entire surface of the Greenland ice sheet has melted in 2012.
became the lowest
It was a month before the news. When the surface was said to have melted, the international community wondered how much it had melted in a presentation at an international conference that year.
Taka, that departure
filled with tables. The next year, however, it became clear where the meltwater had permeated and how much it had destabilized the ice sheet.
it sounds
By the way. In addition to monitoring surface melt, we are currently investigating how melt water affects the instability of the ice itself, or over the past thousands or millions of years.
in the scale
So, whether such a thing has happened and whether there are any traces of it is the subject of research. Both Japanese groups
firmly involved
I'm here.
Another point, the resulting environmental changes and social implications, is that natural scientists imagine the Greenland Ice Sheet as ice on rock.
but actually around
There are many people who live there. There are also fisheries, there are indigenous people, and it is a transportation route, and it collapses from Greenland.
there is a block of ice
Societal interest is in what kind of impact the large amount of fresh water that is being discharged will have on that area. Japan should also seek such support.
is included.
In this regard, GRENE has started the first research on melting, but in terms of the impact on society, the involvement in ArCS is included.
where you are
vinegar.
As for the snow cover, we know that the Arctic sea ice is shrinking and the glaciers are melting.
It's been a while
rice field. Over the past 30 years, it has been found that the snow cover period has shortened by nearly one month in the western part of the Eurasian Continent. Is that the sphere of human life?
are plants, soil,
Yukikaku is interested in what kind of influence is being given to such places, what will happen in the future, and what will happen in the future.
It is
Regarding this, the satellite data that Japan has has contributed greatly here, and cross-border monitoring of the entire northern hemisphere, and so on.
increase.
Also, the snow contains black carbon, which has become a hot topic, but only in some areas, a Japanese research group
come in
We have also started sampling.
As for the third, permafrost and permafrost, the process of permafrost transition has not been implemented. Previous IPCC Reports
remainder in
It is said that it was not handled properly, so it is being proposed that it will be handled properly in the next report, but the Japanese community is actually
there is power
However, we are in a situation where we are only able to carry out fragmentary activities. There are high expectations for this internationally, but we have not yet been able to meet it.
Next, with regard to the atmosphere, there is great diversity in the atmosphere. Are you looking at ingredients, or weather forecasts, like greenhouse gas?
long-term climate
There is a point that we are looking at changes and global warming.
As for global warming amplification, we are working to elucidate the point where the ■Arctic■ is changing remarkably and quickly in the global warming as a whole. Greenhouse gases/impurities
about,
Emission of carbon dioxide, or methane, as a greenhouse gas. Japan has been monitoring this since 1991, when the IASC was established.
did. rather
There is an accumulation that has continued for a long time. It has also led to interest in methane and other greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide.
vinegar. black
Carbon is also important for the Arctic climate, but there are those that spread globally and those that are transported over long distances.
from each country
It is a situation where submission of inventory is requested. How much carbon dioxide or black carbon is emitted by each country? it submitted
Lemasu and Lou
There is a possibility that we will enter into agreements on rules, etc., and following the project activities at GRENE, we have also entered into activities at ArCS.
to event
In terms of how international rules will be decided after the submission of the report, I would like to ask people involved in international law to get involved and start a new initiative at ArCS.
It's a dead stage.
With regard to the Arctic-Mid-latitude meteorological chain, Japan, South Korea, mid-latitude countries in Europe, and countries other than Alaska, such as the United States, are affected by cold waves from the Arctic.
to be influenced
As a result, there has been a growing awareness in recent years that changes in the Arctic and land surface conditions associated with the reduction of sea ice pose a threat to mid-latitude countries. ■ Arctic
■ changes in ■
It is like a symbol that it is not closed to the North Pole, but Japan is also putting considerable effort into this, and it is producing results.
vinegar. Especially Arctic
In terms of the route of the westerly wind that connects Japan and Japan, and the route through which abnormalities have been reported, there are activities that have progressed worldwide.
Extreme climate change
A program to improve dynamic forecasting is underway, but Japan is being praised as a model case because Japan has taken the lead and is producing good results.
is included.
ArCS is going to go to these places as well. In this last weather forecast, there is also an impact on the mid-latitudes, but of course the Arctic Ocean
direction of prediction at
There is also the above, and this is useful as information for safe navigation of ships passing through the ■North Pole■ route.
Regarding the ocean, sea ice, and ecosystems, why is sea ice decreasing, and how is the structure changing in the ocean? the ice is gone
spread after
What kind of changes are taking place in the sea surface, where the water is spreading? The area of contact between the atmosphere and the sea also increased there, and the exchange of gases,
waves
Children are increasing. Of course, human industrial activities will also be included in it, but future predictions of such places. For the previous weather forecaster
in a shorter time
However, when it comes to forecasting including the ocean, there is a point where we have to look at it over a long period of time.
Satellite observations clearly show the state of sea ice decline.
No pole Darkness of the night
We are providing the world's most advanced sea ice observation information, as it is possible to observe even when it is cloudy or when it is covered with fog or clouds in summer. Not only the area, but also the current
interest in ice
It's getting thicker. Moreover, it is not only the summer minimum, but how quickly it fades in the spring, or how quickly it returns in the fall.
Or rather
It has become a matter of great interest even now, and year-round observations and observations such as what is happening under the ice require observation systems and observation technology.
■Arctic■Russia has maintained a drifting station on the sea ice since 1931, but recently the ice has been cracking, so we have given up on observation.
I was. this
As a result, the information on the ice regions has suddenly become blank, and it is a situation where some country will go there and do some research.
situation. However,
Since it is difficult to do it regularly, the fourth line from the bottom of the sea ice section, MOSAiC, is currently being proposed.
I wonder if you can give it to me.
Germany decided to put an icebreaker there. Place a German icebreaker in the middle of the Arctic Sea for a year as a drift. International research, international network
to work
Researchers go there and observe for only one year. As for how much results can be obtained, such a campaign
something is expected
ArCS and others are also planning to board and observe from Japan.
Also, acidification has become a very important issue in terms of ecosystems.
a matter of concern
I have. This is also being worked on by GRENE and ArCS.
As for the terrestrial environment and terrestrial ecosystems, when the word ecosystem is included, the time scale suddenly becomes longer. It is difficult to obtain results with just one observation.
long-term monitor
Taring will be required. Also, in terms of how things will change in the future, we need highly accurate information that can be integrated over a long period of time.
but very difficult
By the way.
■Arctic■ The surface of the Arctic region has a wide variety of surfaces.
are each
There are areas where one country covers the area it is responsible for, but if that is the case, there is a bias, so the land observation network, INTERACT, has been launched.
There is
The EU has made an international call to map the range to be covered and see if there are any missing areas.
vinegar. finally
Whether or not to work here depends on the activities of each country.
if you can go in
It's been a while, but efforts are being made to set up important observation sites as supersites and monitor them. GREN DESO
I said
Roha was partly done.
The terrestrial hydrological cycle has actually not been explored much so far, and connecting the land, sea, and atmosphere is a very difficult theme. especially land and sea
to connect
In terms of where water and materials circulate through rivers, this is an important point.
or the sea
There are places where the community and the land community are not yet firmly connected, and there are advanced analysis results by some researchers.
link to
I know that it is, but it is said that this is not yet started.
Ecosystems, forest areas, tundra vegetation, and so on, within GRENE, we set various observation lines and looked at them.
ma
Ping's information is pretty dubious, don't believe what's already done and have to recreate it, or climate change will make it this way
rewritten from
It was pointed out that it is becoming a situation where Such a monitoring system is also desired.
[Chairman Fujii] I would like to hear your opinions and discussions about the explanation just now.
[Member Saegusa] I have heard that the research that had been conducted relatively separately since the start of GRENE has largely been consolidated, and I agree with you.
but from now on
If you would like to talk about the
For example ■ North Pole ■
It provides slightly larger-scale findings, such as whether greenhouse gases are being absorbed somewhere on the continental scale of the entire region, or whether they are shifting to emissions.
where to bring
However, I think that GRENE has probably already started, so I will emphasize that area and talk about further accelerating such areas in the next five years.
so that you can see
How would you like to do it? For example, using bottom-up data and top-down data such as inversion, model ratio
compare, multiple
I think that they should be able to detect long-term trends in continental-scale generation and absorption while reducing uncertainties using the method.
from now on
If we want to strengthen it further, for example, where sea ice will accelerate further from now on, where positive feedback will progress further, etc.
one step ahead
I feel that it is connected to seeing, so I thought it would be good if you could emphasize that.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Member Enomoto] We have conducted various trials in terms of information sharing and model calculations, and we have experienced both failures and successes, and there are areas where we can make progress.
is coming
I think. In this material of mine, I only wrote about the present and ArCS, which has just started, and I have not touched on the future, so
important in the future
I think it will be one of the points.
[Chairman Fujii] After all, there were things that GRENE knew and things that we didn't know, so we changed the shape a little and further developed it with ArCS, and so on.
so-called
Also, as you just said, this is written in the form of so-called cause and effect and its effect,
what
Are they connected in some way? I would like you to summarize how each of these pieces are connected at some level and scale.
is.
Since this is the first time, we will continue to revise what we have received in this form.
Literature/Social Science
As for the next time, I would like to have you make it in the same way in the same way, and I hope that you can make something like a rough draft by the summer.
also like this
There is also the point of view that if we clarify what kind of things further, we will be able to understand the overall picture and create a better plan, so please feel free to give us your opinions.
I would like to receive
think.
[Committee Sugiyama] I think that what you have lined up is exactly the pieces that are currently being conducted at the research site and are being elucidated.
increase. this is
Rather, it is a bottom-up approach. One thing about GRENE is that Mr. Enomoto has compiled a lot of information from the field.
I think it's a success
However, I believe that GRENE is already underway, and as Mr. Saegusa just said, these will work together to achieve one slightly larger goal.
mu
That's what GRENE is actually doing, and I think that's what ArCS is aiming for. Beyond that lies our country, like the first
standing position
I see, the ultimate goal is to make use of Japan's strengths, what part it should play in the international community, and what part it should demonstrate its strengths in.
The piece is
I think it would be good if we could have a discussion on whether we can make such a contribution or not.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Tani member] There is a description of GRENE, ArCS, and beyond. A five-year program or project has progressed, and in those five years, when it was planned,
I think
However, there is no commitment to continue observation five years from now. Then, for example, where did you hire someone or where did you go to install the observation equipment?
in that country
Even if we do so, it becomes a matter of leaving it for five years and then withdrawing it after five years.
Looking at the current budgeting method, there is always a review, and after five years, a new idea will be successfully created, launched, and each time the project will be renewed.
hire because it changes
I think that it will happen that we will change the relationship of use and buy new machines, but that is long-term, long-range monitoring.
and more desirable
I don't think so.
GRENE, ArCS, and so on, and after 5 years, I came up with the next name, and the one I got was good, I can continue, and I couldn't.
oh no
I think it's going to be something like a rip-off, but I don't think that's the case. how to cover it
think about what to say
It seems to be said whether it is not possible and thinks.
(So far) It's very well summarized.
But in my eyes
I feel like I'm on the right track, so that's the first thing, and although it's not written, I'm doing an international project to create bathymetric maps. ■ North
polar sea bottom
There are rough topographic maps, and although everyone is using them, they are still rough. Countries making efforts to create detailed bathymetric maps
there is
The answer comes as a surprise. For example, if you look at the topography of the seafloor where the ice sheet rushed to the seafloor and disappeared leaving traces on the seafloor,
what happened here
You can see how far the ice sheet stretched and how it moved.
is it something
So, although it doesn't appear in this item as a whole, there are things that are being done in the world that are not in Japan. It may not be necessary to do that, but
I happen to
I am also involved in a project to create a bathymetric map of the Arctic ocean, so I feel a little lonely.
Another thing is the management of information, and the results of observations and research that have been obtained can become one-stop internationally.
to make a
As for the point of contention, it is written that Japan will also participate in such international data sharing, but this is not the case.
and Japan
I think it's safe to say that Japan will do it, but Japan is not necessarily strong, so we have to decide what to do.
Also strong Lee
When we say that we integrate information management with leadership, we send the message that we, as a country outside the Arctic, will organize all data on a global scale.
is strong
I think there is
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Member Yamaguchi] At the time of GRENE, it was an organization called the Polar Research Institute, where individuals gathered and worked hard on research, producing many good scientific results. Largest in ArCS
is still
I believe it was created as an organization. If we continue to perpetuate this, even five years from now, even after the post-ArCS, Japan will play a central role in this.
■ North Pole ■ Research
I think it would be good if we could have a discussion about moving forward. I think what Mr. Tani just said is one of them. This kind of thing happens, so let's cut it in 5 years
It's no good
I think that such a discussion should be held here.
[Chairman Fujii] For that reason, I think it is necessary to discuss the long-term importance, not just this term. still in the future
also vaguely
However, it is a matter of course that there is such an important thing, and at least it does not end here.
and go out
mosquito. There is also progress in science and technology, so I thought it would be very important to be able to properly present it here, so I made this proposal.
vinegar.
Sugiyama: I am researching ice sheets.
see the ice above
I was there. As it has been five years at GRENE, even I have seen that the ice sheets are flowing into the ocean and interacting with the seafloor, and my understanding has progressed.
I was. ocean
I think research is one of Japan's strengths, so I had that in mind.
surface, boundary
It naturally occurred to me that I should.
The fact that Mr. Tani was able to come up with such a thing is because it is making use of one of Japan's strengths and making a presence in several areas of Arctic research.
go, suggestive
I think it's only one, but I think there are still many such examples, so I would appreciate it if you could provide information.
[Mr. Shirayama] There are about three. First of all, although this is of course a review of the current efforts, it is fine if the Strategy Committee discusses it in the future.
if so
In the Arctic science, as Mr. Tani said, the important point in the future is that it cannot be done by any one country.
research is solid
I think it is clear that it is necessary to be able to
I want to put it out
I think that one thing is important. This will not come out as long as you are talking about each individual, but it will definitely come out as a more overall policy.
you can
I thought it would be good.
The other is that the area of technological development, etc., is extremely weak.
clear by saying
It is necessary to think about such things as making a list of certain essential technologies, or discussing them.
Isn't it
When. Of course there may be platforms, but I think there are many.
Lastly, from the perspective of using tax money for Arctic research, I think that public support or something like that is also necessary.
think like this
increase. For example, there is a famous French apparel maker called agnès b.
See you next year
There is a plan to conduct observations where the ■Arctic■ is enclosed in ice over a period of about a year to a year or more. Such a strong private sector commitment is
then
I think we need to be aware of that as well. In other words, how can private sector commitment be obtained?
If you have a
The concerns of Mr. Tani, who was mentioned earlier, should be greatly reduced, and I feel that we need to think about that as part of our strategy.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] Indeed, as a research strategy, it is not necessary to limit it to the national budget, just like China and other countries.
unattractive
I think it's about building a framework. ■ Japan, which is not an Arctic ■ country, will cooperate with other countries, not only Japanese companies, but also Apple and Microsoft.
will you
Maybe. However, it is still a proposal based on the common task of developing the common asset of Arctic research in a safe and sustainable manner.
framework
is whether the country can show With this amount of materials, I think I can do it, but I would like you to put it together in that direction.
[Deputy Chief Ikeshima] Concerning Antarctica, as a national policy, Japan has been conducting observations and surveys of the Antarctic since the beginning, and Japan has also made significant contributions.
Up to Antarctica
Observations and surveys continue to be a kind of national policy.
Regarding the ``Arctic'', at least a ``Arctic'' policy has been established, but in the future, such a national policy, or rather, some kind of major national policy
project
I think that it will be questioned whether it will be a measure. That is the position that indicates the standing position, and so
don't make it bigger
There are people in the position that it is okay, and it is necessary to do everything with all Japan.
and the whole country
However, in the end, the question is whether or not it means creating a broader, more solid scientific framework or paradigm. for that reason
is 5 years or 1
0 years, we will continue further ahead. In fact, once we became an observer, we were unable to quit.
well, here
My impression is that it is necessary to put it out as a strategy.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that it is a very difficult problem, including the comparison with the current Antarctic.
Is not it.
[Mr. Hayashi, Marine and Global Affairs Division] The problem with the ■North Pole■ is that it stands in a slightly different position compared to the ■Antarctica■.
■ Antarctic ■ Treaty
There was a framework for global cooperation, and research and development began. ■North Pole■ was originally the territorial waters of each country or the EEZ.
little political situation
In the midst of this change, I became able to conduct a little research, and research progressed from around the 1990s.
wrong
I think there is.
Originally, I think that such long-term observations should be carried out over the long term by universities and research institutes with operating subsidies.
There is also a history
So, in the past few years, it's been getting quite exciting, so it's been launched as a project later.
After all, when it comes to doing it as a project, we set a certain deadline, evaluate it firmly, check the good and bad, and move on to the next.
to go with
I believe that this will become the normal way of doing things, but recently, both policies and the situation have changed considerably, and the Ocean Policy Headquarters formulated the Arctic Policy last year.
Although
In such a forum as a whole, the position of the policy has changed little by little, and when it comes to the fact that it must be done over the long term,
anyway
In advance, I think that it will be said that we do not think properly about how to put out a little money.
Currently, it is being done as a project from the perspective of the rapid increase in its importance in recent years, but this is the place to consider
Also based on
It won't suddenly become long-term from next year, but by the time ArCS ends, we have to think about what to do.
I'm saying that
I think.
[Director of Research and Development Bureau Tanaka] Basically, it is necessary to think about it as a big strategy without setting too many conditions at this strategy review meeting.
yes it is
I would like you to think about it. By chance, the government sets up projects in a cycle of about five years like this, but it is a kind of
a matter of method
Therefore, I understand that the strategy is essentially a different story. Therefore, as a strategy, for example, 10 years, in some cases 20 years, etc.
I received it,
Conversely, I think that it is the responsibility imposed on us administrative staff to decide how to do it for the next five years.
On top of that, GRENE introduced that the system was established in the process of moving to ArCS, and in that sense, the system has already been established.
so
I believe that we have established a permanent foundation for this fundamental system. Therefore, after that, the project is a matter of how to get the budget.
then this
We would like you to understand that if a bigger issue than just the budget comes up, we will of course consider a framework that matches it.
I think.
[Chairman Fujii] In that sense as well, I feel that it is extremely important to create long-term importance for Arctic research and technology development.
I will
From that point of view, although there is one more important issue that came up earlier, there was a discussion that it may not have been included.
I think.
This was a very strong opinion from everyone last time as well.
There is also a need,
Though we think that there is difficulty, it is such an assortment. Also, internationally, Japan shares this responsibility, but is there a stronger country?
so that one
I feel that there is a need for such an overall sorting.
This is the first step, so I think it is very important, for example, acidification.
I don't know
That's right. So, although Japan is doing this now, experts may know that there may be something more important.
However, this
If you can discuss whether it is necessary and sufficient if you do this, or whether it is necessary but not yet sufficient, I think you can come up with a very strong proposal. still the limit
very much to know
Since it is important to the future, I wonder if it is possible to polish it up from that point of view.
Committee Enomoto: This kind of community has already been done by GRENE, so while looking at the results of that, I will make an overall review.
from inside
As Mr. Yamaguchi mentioned earlier, we can't do what we can't because of technological progress. so general
Coming like this
I think that there is also a desire to do things.
There are various foundations for technical issues, but is it okay if we make them more specific? For example, autonomous unmanned diving under the sea surface
develop a machine
I think there are various things, such as developing it a little more, but is it okay to strengthen this part?
[Yamaguchi committee member] It is a way of saying that this kind of observation is necessary, so this kind of technology is necessary. In addition, from another technological perspective,
connected
There is such a thing as technology. I think that goes beyond this framework, but I would like you to summarize the stance of other ministries.
that kind of information
I think that it will be easier to discuss here when comes out.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] At the same time, I would like to ask what other countries' systems are like, and how the Arctic countries and non-Arctic countries are doing.
Uno also have information
I would be very grateful if there was.
[Member Enomoto] It is not possible to compare Japan and the EU.
vinegar. for example
There is the European Prediction Center, ECMWF, which collectively forecasts weather information for the Arctic. ESA
roga satellite
I've been making plans to raise. Also, there were data archives, common data, open science, etc.
one country in charge
There is a framework for multiple such institutions to work together to create a large system.
[Chairman Fujii] Earlier, it was said that companies were not very proactive, but I think other ministries and agencies have relationships with such companies.
but the general atmosphere
Can you tell me even if you don't mind?
[Mr. Hayashi, Director of Marine and Global Affairs Division] The Marine Headquarters is holding a liaison conference with related ministries and agencies. ■ Arctic Sea routes, what is currently most active in relation to industry
At the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,
Two years ago, we launched a study group, and there are places where people from related companies can participate and exchange various information. Of course the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Arctic Ambassador
I have also created a post, and I have been participating in various international forums to discuss various matters from the perspective of how to present Japan's position in relation to the North Pole.
describe one's position
It is a situation that is being clarified.
In that sense, under the coordination of the Marine Headquarters, especially in policy, science and technology will be used to contribute.
that kind of meaning
So, we have been conducting research and development so far, and we will proceed while informing each ministry a little more about what we are doing.
Isn't it
That's what it feels like.
[Chairman Fujii] In terms of equipment development, I think there are things that must be done in the current large-scale research project. So the long-term outlook
if there is
I think it would be good if we could make proposals in the mid- to long-term on this occasion, including the development of
[Mr. Shirayama] I think that the image of long-term is somewhat different depending on the person,
Because
If anything, the rate of change in the medium term is much faster than on land.
Even if I live
In the case of plants in particular, it takes several months, so you need to be aware that the cycle is rather fast. the rest
long term
I'm a little worried that it's just a discussion, so I would like to ask you to be a little more firm about the order for about five years.
If we can see the targets for the next five years, I think that we will be able to see some definite issues in the next one to three years as well.
[Chairman Fujii] If there is no medium term, there is no short term.
The task itself is small.
At least it won't end in five years, so I think it would be good if this committee could create a long-term perspective at the same time.
increase.
[Member Yamaguchi] It takes 10 years to reach industry, and the lifespan of structures is 20 to 30 years.
economic deci
It's John, so I think you should put it in.
[Chairman Fujii] I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto, but if there is a big change in one or two years from now, we have a system that can handle things like the budget with ArCS.
I'm here
How about
[Committee Enomoto] ArCS covers a wide range of areas, but there are some that are not covered, and the world is progressing rapidly.
but Japan is behind
I think there are areas where
[Chairman Fujii] Please show us the overall picture, including that part. It is not necessary to do everything, so
look at that part
I want to.
[Member Saegusa] In terms of the time scale, as you mentioned earlier, it changes quickly in one or two years, and the detection of global warming impacts and long-term
Trend detection
Climatologically speaking, it takes about 30 years. Year-to-year fluctuations are too large for 10 years, and it is difficult to show long-term trends in the impact of global warming.
so what
30 years at most. However, there are very basic meteorological factors, the extent of sea ice, the amount of heat exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere, and so on.
go periodically
Strategic, multi-agency, long-term, multi-agency assessments of key items, with a shared consensus that the major agencies will continue to monitor them.
period. That
Above, for example, in research themes that occur every five years, we will focus on areas and processes that should be monitored intensively through long-term monitoring.
Then force here
I think it would be good to do it in such a way as to transform it. To that end, we need to spread the knowledge we have obtained so far over a continental scale and a time span of about 10 years as soon as possible.
kale
I think it is necessary to make it possible to see the whole picture as soon as possible to find out where such changes are occurring. For example, methane is finally
occur a lot
If it seems that it has started to do so, it will be a very easy-to-understand strategy if you can see it, such as intensively investing in it for the next five years or developing technology for that purpose.
I thought
rice field.
[Tani] You just talked about methane. For example, in Siberia.
guys, that's
Just one or two places in the vast Siberia.
As for what Russia is doing, in fact, it is not doing much.
who knows the statue
No one knows. Japan is not out of the network, but the world is out of the network. soi
problem awareness and
We will present to the world what we want to do, and we will cooperate with each country to observe what should be prioritized and what should really be controlled, and in addition, we will conduct long-term monitoring.
persuade
I think this group has to think about things like that.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much. Well, that's exactly what we need. Can't be monitored by satellite
mosquito.
[Mr. Tani] It seems that ground truth is available, but the places are limited.
[Saegusa member] Also, the number of observation points for atmospheric CO2 and methane concentrations has been increasing little by little, and there are also aircraft observations and satellite observations of greenhouse gases.
increasing
Therefore, so-called inversion analysis, a method of inversely estimating emission sources and sinks from atmospheric transport models and concentrations in the atmosphere, has been widely used over the past five years.
better resolution
Since the resolution was very poor five years ago, the resolution has improved little by little.
vinegar. that's the book
When it comes out, it seems that we are at the stage where it will be possible to show long-term trends with what resolution in East Siberia and West Siberia.
I am thinking.
[Mr. Tani] As a scientist, what I should offer to policy makers is a reliable fact. If you do not explain by inversion, policy makers
does not move.
We need to raise the resolution and accuracy to the extent that they move, but it's scary that we haven't reached that level yet.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that today's document itself needs further revision, as you have just discussed.
do you have.
[Mr. Urabe] I don't think it is necessary to do all the things Mr. Saegusa said in Japan. I think that various efforts are already being made, so basically
as far as
I think it is necessary to summarize the above points and clarify what Japan can do among the things that will be necessary in the future. Among them, for example
make an observation
It is hard to understand because no one can see that Japan can make a very large contribution to the world. So, even if it is an AUV, Canada
AUV under the ice sheet
, and conduct surveys to obtain data on the extension of the continental shelf. In short, there are no topographic maps. Russia has it but does not publish it,
who owns the data
It's happening that you have it and who doesn't. The data that Japan can obtain becomes a policy in a scientific sense, which
don't ask the book
If there is something that should be done, I feel that it will have a greater say in matters that are ruled by law. Next time, by all means, what is enough?
I wonder if it's not
I would be very grateful if you could teach me how to do it.
[Chairman Fujii] If you ask people in the community, they think that we are absolutely strong in this area, so it's okay to have a little bias, so let's make it.
if possible
I think.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] In order to create a persuasive bird's-eye view, I think it is necessary to indicate the priority to the outside world.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] Lastly, there is one last point in the main points of discussion in Material 3.
field collaboration
Research is progressing with some kind of cooperative relationship and whether this can be done well. That is the big difference from GRENE and the development. then
to this Arctic
■As the research strategy committee, we consider how far the humanities and social sciences should be involved in research in the fields of natural sciences and technology, and what aspects are important.
I think it's a story
is.
The reason is that the issue of global warming, various legal frameworks, and international legal frameworks are all based on such natural science data, etc.
country
The creation of a framework for international society has begun. Ultimately, what kind of contribution Japan can make in this regard will ultimately depend on the creation of a legal system.
the biggest seki
It is given. Whether it's the issue of the continental shelf, deep-sea resources, or anything else, it's going to be related to diplomacy and other things.
I'm coming
However, I feel that it is necessary for us to consider to some extent whether we should act as a bridge between them.
did.
[Chairman Fujii] This time, we asked Mr. Enomoto to prepare the report, focusing on the parts that can be under his control. As a proposal, I would like to have a specialist make what I couldn't do this time.
I can't
I think so, but also about geospace, this time especially the very important humanities and social sciences related to human beings and society were created.
not
So, I would like to decide the person in charge and choose the most appropriate person, but I would like to have various opinions about what you created this time.
etc. was
So, I would like you to take that into consideration when making it. I think it would be better if you could raise more specific issues while maintaining flexibility.
I think
Do you know anyone who is qualified?
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] In terms of the humanities and social sciences, Mr. Takakura is a committee member.
I think.
[Chairman Fujii] Of course, one person can't cover everything, so we'll form a group with someone who knows, and we'll do something rough in about a month.
first make
How about giving it away?
[Committee Enomoto] I think that the mechanism itself to call out from GRENE to ArCS is already in place, so please look for it.
[Chairman Fujii] And I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto to act as a liaison.
[Committee Enomoto] Also, regarding the natural environment, we have been monitoring for many years, and we are going to spend a lot of time investigating.
even things that change
There are things that happen suddenly, but things that are controlled by the natural world.
decide something hard
I think there is such a thing as being able to read that a considerably different time scale will come out.
[Chairman Fujii] As I mentioned earlier, there is the problem of legal development, but there are also two aspects, such as the needs of local people.
[Member Enomoto] For example, the United States is currently chairing the Arctic Council.
when I'm doing it
Or Finland next time, I think there are various time scales like that.
[Chairman Fujii] Then, although it is a little difficult, I would like to ask Mr. Takakura in the way I am doing now, and Mr. Enomoto will support it.
tee's opinion
Is it all right if I incorporate it into my work?
Also, how about geospace?
[Tani] I have a map in my head to some extent about what is going on in the world of seafloor topography, but Japan is almost zero. JAMSTEC
of the seafloor topography
■It is being investigated, but it has not yet reached the point where it can be used to do something. However, that JAMSTEC is being done, and it is being done in the "North Pole"
■ Topography of the sea
Data is very much appreciated because it measures where there is the least amount of data.
[Chairman Fujii] Could you summarize that part as well?
[Member Enomoto] Geospace is for the upper atmosphere.
[Chairman Fujii] There is also the upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere is being researched by Mr.
generally
I would like you to start.
[Committee Enomoto] In order to receive this information, my research institute also approached various people, so I have an idea of who to contact.
vinegar.
[Chairman Fujii] I understand. Please reach out to the community and let us know what you think. Come thank you.
I would like to ask you to make it as comprehensive as possible first, and then ask from the viewpoint of what you will do in it.
After that, next time, I will ask you to create rough data for the humanities/social sciences and geosciences.
want to
increase.

(About Agenda 2)
[Chairman Fujii] In addition, is there anything else from the secretariat?
[Mr. Yamaguchi, Deputy Director, Marine & Global Affairs Division] I would like to introduce a personnel change.
On April 1st, Mr. Shiroma took up his post as Deputy Director-General of the Minister's Secretariat in charge of the Research and Development Bureau.
[Mr. Shirama] I apologize for being late today. My name is Shiroma, and I was appointed as a councilor on April 1st. Nice to meet you
please
increase.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much. Thank you again.

-- done --





Contact information


Ocean Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau

Email address: kaiyou@mext.go.jp
.

(Research and Development Bureau Marine Earth Division)
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□ As for dealing with drifting debris on the ocean caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, it is an important initiative on the Prime Minister's official website.
Here, when conducting surveys, exploration, searches, etc., it is not necessarily the case that those who are familiar with the area will do it.
Because of the scars and elderly people, volunteers and young people from distant prefectures, police officers from distant places, Self-Defense Forces from distant places, civil servants from distant places, etc.
with the help of
In many cases, there is no familiarity with the area, and it is often possible to confirm the current location by obtaining the direction.
Visual information cannot be used when a landmark is swept away by a tsunami, but macroscopic information such as which direction the sea opens up and a cape can be seen on the left.
information
It is possible that the
Those who often take a walk along the coastline such as Sydney (mostly Westerners and Japanese living along the coastline) know this from experience.
In other words, GPS location information often contains errors, and in places with many intricate coastlines, it is rather confusing.
In many cases, direction information may be more useful for quickly and accurately identifying the current location on a map or electronic map.
It is because there are many.
In this case, there is a need for a simple, compact, and lightweight azimuth acquisition method using GPS, which is already incorporated in mobile phones, smartphones, etc.
The present invention has great effects in such applications.




INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can be localized as a marine-related technology in remote isolated islands, including Minamitorishima, and has a great effect in this area.
It is essential for anyone who visits a place and conducts research, exploration, data collection, research, construction, observation equipment installation, equipment adjustment work, etc. to obtain a bearing.
but in that case
However, other conventional technologies other than the present invention, for example, geomagnetism utilization technology of compass
Remotely isolated islands are affected by magnetic disturbances such as the effects of lava formation, and these effects are invisible.
Because it is extremely scarce, blind belief in the detection results of the magnetic system will expose workers, investigators, engineers, researchers, supervisors, self-defense force personnel, etc., to extremely dangerous situations.
be. sickness there
Since there are no hospitals, medical facilities, or relief organizations, it is clear that recovery will be extremely difficult once problems arise. This technology is very useful in this regard.
have an effect
It is.

Prime Minister's Office Home > Meeting List > Headquarters for Ocean Policy > Holding of the 5th "Committee for Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Marine-Related Technology Development on Remote Islands"
hand


Holding of the 5th "Committee for the Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Ocean-Related Technology Development on Remotely Isolated Islands"
On March 2, 2016 (Wednesday), the 5th meeting of the "Committee for Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Marine-Related Technology Development on Remotely Isolated Islands" will be held.
At this meeting, the committee deliberated on the progress of marine-related technology development being carried out on Minamitorishima and the promotion of technology development utilizing remote isolated islands in the future.
to hold.
The “Committee for the Promotion of Development of Ocean-Related Technology for Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration on Remotely Isolated Islands” has established the following:
preservation and support of
Based on the Basic Plan Concerning the Development of Pollution Facilities (decided by the Cabinet on July 13, 2010), deliberations will be held on measures to promote the development of ocean-related technology on remote isolated islands.
We are here.
We would like to inform you that the 5th Committee Meeting will be held as follows.

Record

1. Date: Wednesday, March 2, 2016 10:00-11:30
2. Venue: Joint Government Building No. 2 Common Meeting Room 3A
3. agenda:
Status of coordination among stakeholders, including researchers
Progress status of ocean-related technology development in Minamitorishima
Toward the promotion of technological development utilizing remote islands
Details and schedule of the committee, etc.
4. List of committee members: See attachment
5. others:
・The committee is not open to the public, but you can take a camera at the beginning. Those who wish, March 1 (Tue) 17:00
Register your name, contact information, etc. with the camera registration below, and hold the meeting at least 15 minutes before the start of the meeting.
Please come directly to the place.
・The materials and summary of proceedings will be posted on the website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism at a later date.

Contact information
(Low-Tide Preservation Law Basic Plan, purpose of this committee, etc.)
Cabinet Secretariat Headquarters for Ocean Policy Secretariat
TEL: 03-6257-1959 (direct)

(Technical development issues, the current situation of Minamitorishima, etc., where to register camera shots at the beginning)
Technology Policy Division, Policy Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
TEL: 03-5253-8111 (Representative) Extension: 25615, 25625
03-5253-8308 (direct)
Fax: 03-5253-1560





















http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/mich/mich.html
policy meeting
Top > Meeting List > Headquarters for Ocean Policy

About the Marine Information Clearinghouse

- Information search service for people active in the ocean (Marine Page) -

On March 19, 2010, it was announced where and what kind of information about the ocean held by government agencies, universities, local governments, etc., and what to do about it.
can i get
We have started operation of the "Ocean Information Clearinghouse", which allows you to centrally search for information on the Internet.

Marine Information Clearinghouse Website: http://www.mich.go.jp/

As the first step toward developing a system for centralized management and provision of maritime information, which is one of the main measures of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (approved by the Cabinet in March 2008), each organization should
maritime affairs like
Marine information clear, which allows you to centrally search on the Internet for location information that describes how information and data are held and provided by what means
ring house
was constructed and operated by the Japan Coast Guard in cooperation with related organizations under the comprehensive coordination of the Secretariat of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy, Cabinet Secretariat.

The Marine Information Clearinghouse is a collection of marine information distributed among various organizations in Japan.
For research institutes, etc.
It is an information search service for those who need information on the ocean, aiming to provide it in an easy-to-use manner. In addition to those offered online,
offline
It also covers a wide range of provided information, from natural information such as water temperature and ocean currents to social information such as disaster prevention and legal systems.


By using the clearinghouse, it is possible to know where and how to obtain the desired information, so the time and effort required to obtain the information can be reduced.
is reduced
is expected.

Above: Image of obtaining information using the Marine Information Clearinghouse

As a first step to make information retrieval simple and easy, we created a link collection of marine information related to the Great East Japan Earthquake in order to promote the sharing and use of marine information related to the Great East Japan Earthquake.
done.
Utilizing the functions of the marine page, the posted information is related to the earthquake disaster, such as drifting ships, navigational warnings, ocean currents, radiation monitoring values, fisheries, etc., with the cooperation of related organizations.
various information
Enhanced and strengthened.

○ Main screens of the Marine Information Clearinghouse
● Top page
● Search screen
● Search results
● Map display

(reference)
○ Regulations related to efforts to unify maritime information
○ Task Force for Operation of Marine Information Clearinghouse

>> Go to the top of this page


In addition, as mentioned above, against the background of the emergence of demand
A marine information clearing house has been set up, and it is officially introduced on the Prime Minister's official website.
Demand for marine information will increase more than ever in the future
This is expected, and in that sense as well, the usefulness of the present invention has a great effect.


=========================





Humanities and social sciences related to the Arctic in Japan
Humanities 3 fields (Economy, Environment, Governance)
Hiroki Takakura
Tohoku University Center for Northeast Asian Studies
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
? Discipline-based, such as economics, anthropology, law, and political science
? Conventionally, national-based analysis lacks a comprehensive regional research perspective.
? The biggest difference from Western Arctic research: Exploration, history of science, history of our own country
Positioning of the Arctic: Why is it necessary to treat the Arctic as a "region"?
continue with home country research
Economy
human environment
(indigenous and non-indigenous)
governance
(Law and Politics)
institutional
Approach
blood
substantive
Approach
blood
Fieldwork
statistical survey
legal system
International organization
National/local government
1
Human environment 1 Economy
1 Main research items
Current Status and Issues of Oil and Gas Development in the Russian Arctic (Collaboration with Researchers of Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC))
force)
Current status and issues of the Northern Sea Route (in cooperation with engineering researchers)
Current Status and Problems of Economic Development (Including Population Issues) in the Russian Arctic Region
Current Status and Problems of Environmental Protection Measures in the Russian Arctic
Current Status and Problems of Policies for Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Arctic
Consideration of Arctic regional development policies promoted by the Russian government and local governments
Resource development and economic development, regional development
2 Main project name
Project name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Bilateral Exchange Program Joint Research (Finland) "Russia's Last Energy Frontier:
Challenges for Sustainable Development in the Far North (2014-2016) Far North Russia (Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yamalo
Field survey on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
3 International research cooperation:
Finnish researchers (University of Helsinki, University of Lapland, University of Turku, University of Tampere)
Russian researchers (St. Petersburg University, Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk)), local government officials
2
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Human environment 2 Culture and society
1 Current status of cultural research on Arctic human societies?
After the collapse of Ren
2 Main research items
・Emergency research on endangered languages in the North Pacific Rim (Base A: Hirohito Miyaoka et al.; continued from 1990s)
・Analysis of impacts of global warming on indigenous communities in the Arctic region by reconstructing microenvironmental history (Base B: Hiroki Takakura; 2010-2013)
・Environmental adaptation of culture in the Russian Far East forest area (Foundation A: Shiro Sasaki, 2009-2012)
・Indigenous Subsistence Whaling and Indigenous Rights in North America (Base B: Nobuhiro Kishigami, 2009-2014)
・Comparative Study of Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Science: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Sharing Process of Knowledge and Technology (Publication A: Keiichi Omura, 2013-2018)
3 Main themes
・Endangered Languages: Indigenous Languages of the North Pacific Rim
・Anthropology and area studies related to adaptation of local residents to climate change
4 Features
・Russian Arctic (Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia), countries related to the languages, cultures, societies, and indigenous rights of indigenous peoples in the North American Arctic
Basic research at the international level
・Enhancement of research support organizations: Regional research centers such as the National Museum of Ethnology, Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples, Hokkaido University Sura Research Institute, and Tohoku University Research Institute for Northeast Asian Studies
establishment of a medium-term research cooperation system with research institutes in Russia and North America
・Slow applied research (resource development, environmental problems, health and public health, etc.): Capacity building - human development
- Arctic residence
・International collaboration: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Cambridge University Scott Polar Institute, Smithsonian Museum Arctic Center 3
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Governance 1 Politics
1 Main research themes <1> Emergence of Arctic Ocean Governance Research
? The Arctic as a place of conflicting national interests (eg Ostreng 1999, Borgerson 2008)
? Governance Formation of Pan-Arctic Regional Cooperation (eg Oshrenko & Young 1989)
? Regime Analysis: Analysis of Stability Factors (eg Onishi) - Japan
<2> The Arctic as a subject of area studies
? Regional contexts and political processes in each country
? Studies on Political Social Movements and Indigenous Governance from the Perspective of Consumers (eg Nuttall 2008, 2009)
? The right to control the social situation of the residents = the reality of the right to self-determination (eg Takahashi) - Japan
2 Major projects
? Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) "International Politics of the Arctic Ocean" (2014.4-2017.3) Fujio Onishi (Representative)
? Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A) “Autonomy and Climate Change” (2014.4-2030.3) Minori Takahashi (representative)
3 Research trends and issues ( <1>＋ <2>)
? Deviation of target area: Russia and other “great powers” centered, North Atlantic waters (globally) blank area
? Biased target audience: Since it is premised on "how Japan is involved in the Arctic (Japan's diplomatic strategy)," the Arctic Council (AC)
(*The 2008 Arctic Ocean Conference was held outside the framework of the AC)
Insufficient research on the factors that change the security environment
Although it has been pointed out that attention will be paid to strengthening the military presence in the Arctic region, the ArCS also has specific research groups and studies.
It is a missing link in understanding international relations in the Arctic region.)
How to respond to criticism from anthropology that "political science looks at society but not people" 4
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Governance 2: Arctic International Legal System/Arctic Law
Year Research trends in Japan Research trends overseas
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010
2015
* The North Pole as an Accompaniment to Antarctic Treaty System Studies: Special Issue No. 353 of International Affairs (1989)
*Research on Arctic routes: INSROP (1993-) → No legal research follow-up
"Polar Region" (100th anniversary of the Society of International Law) (2001)
"Blank 10 Years"
Publication of Arctic Quarterly (2009?)
Start of Arctic international law and institutional research triggered by AC observer application
International Law Society Special Issue "Law and Politics in the Arctic" (2011)
Okuwaki Naoya et al., Arctic Ocean Governance (2013); Institute of International Affairs, Arctic Governor
Foreign Affairs and Japan's Diplomatic Strategy” Report (2013);
(2013); "International Issues" No. 627 Special Feature: "Focus: What is the Arctic Ocean Issue?" (2013)
Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Humanities and Social Science Research Group established
Initiation of research to envision an Arctic international legal order, Arctic Council (AC) institutional research book
classification
Kobe University Polar Cooperation Research Center (PCRC) established as an ArCS participating organization (2015), UArctic
The first Asian research institute to join the Polar Law Thematic Network
Establishment of the Polar International Institutional Research Forum, aiming at the fusion of humanities and sciences, "Prospects for the Arctic International Legal Order"
Published (2016)
Scientific Research Platform B "Concept of the Arctic International Legal Order" (Kobe University, Representative Shibata, 2016-2020)
The perspective of order-making is attracting attention from around the world
Dawn of Arctic Governance Research
Establishment of the Arctic Center of the University of Lapland
(1989)
AEP (1991)
◆ Advocating the Arctic Treaty (Donat Pharand)
◆ Spitsbergen Treaty Research (G.
Ulfstein)
Arctic
Council (1996)
◆ Arctic International Law and Institutions Centered on AC
full-scale research, research on the Arctic Ocean and the law of the sea
(T. Koivurova, D. VanderZwaag, etc.)
◆Research on domestic laws related to Arctic countries
◆ Development of research forums:
Polar Law Symposiums (2008?)
Yearbook of Polar Law published (2009?)
◆ Building an international network for Arctic law research
U-Arctic Polar Law Thematic
Network (2011)
◆ Social scientific knowledge and natural scientific knowledge
development of “holistic” research aiming at the fusion of
Start: Arctic Future Initiative (IIASA)
(2014-) Belmont Forum Pan-Arctic
Options (2015?)
Created by Kobe University PCRC 5
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
International Priority Research on Arctic Human Societies
Area and Future
1 International trends
? Arctic Human Development Report (Arctic Council, I-2004, II-2015)
? International Conference on Arctic Research Planning III (2015) - Integrating Arctic Research - A
roadmap of the future
? Sustainable development of natural resources, human security related to food and water, social differences such as age, gender, and ethnicity
different
→Adaptation of Arctic society to environmental change (climate/society) and its support, system design related to collaboration between Arctic and non-Arctic
2 Research area
? Governance - security, international order, economic exchange, human rights, indigenous peoples
?Human Environment - Economic Development and Local Communities, Human Development, Indigenous Peoples
3 Future
? From current situation analysis research to future design research
? Necessity of interdisciplinary research between humanities and social sciences
? Necessity of interdisciplinary research and social collaboration research (trans-science)
? Cooperation between scholars/stakeholders in non-Arctic countries and the Arctic region
humanities and social sciences
Field collaboration
the need for
natural Science
of the knowledge of
fusion
interest
stake holder,
right holder) and
collaboration of
6
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee

=======================


“Humanities and social sciences related to the Arctic in Japan
3 fields of Humanities (Economy, Environment, Governance), Hiroki Takakura, Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University Document 2
At the 3rd (June 13, 2016) Arctic Research Strategy Committee
as can be seen,
in the polar regions,
substantive
Approach
Statistical survey based on fieldwork as Chi, and
institutional
Approach
as Chi
legal system,
International organization,
Based on consideration of national and local autonomy,
The trinity of human environment (indigenous and non-indigenous), governance (law and politics) and economics is about to be explored.
this is,
Security, international order, economic exchange, human rights, governance such as indigenous people,
Research subjects include human environment fields such as economic development and local communities, human development, and indigenous peoples.In the future, we will move from current situation analysis research to future design research, and the need for interdisciplinary research and social collaboration research (trans-science). sex, and
Collaboration between academics and stakeholders in non-Arctic countries and the Arctic region, etc.
humanities and social sciences
Field collaboration
and the importance of fusing the knowledge of natural sciences,
In the future, we will continue to actively collect and analyze information through field surveys, field surveys, etc., after ensuring the safety of researchers based on this invention.
It is expected that academic data will be accumulated, and the present invention will have a great effect at that time.


Against the backdrop of trends in Japan's emphasis on policies concerning the Arctic Circle, the Arctic, and the Arctic Ocean, trends in policies that emphasize international Shakyamuni, and trends in policies focused on by the United States, Russia, China, European countries, etc., the present invention focuses on the Arctic only. It is effectively used as an effective direction information acquisition method in exploration, reconnaissance, investigation, research, etc. of the polar region and the polar region, including the Antarctic. This is because the application of a compass is not appropriate in those areas. In other words, compass needles, which point to magnetic north and south, have become extremely unreliable tools near the north and south poles, in or near the polar regions, and careless use can lead to great danger. This is because In that respect, the present invention has the advantage of being extremely reliable even in those areas. Furthermore, with the increase in GNSS systems, the number of satellites is expected to increase, and receivers that can receive them in a unified manner are being developed with the support of the United Nations mentioned above. It has the advantage of increasing its accuracy and effectiveness as it progresses. It is also a great advantage that it is equipped with a device that can also know the time, position, latitude and longitude, and altitude as GNSS.








innovator theory






Text


Talk


view source


history





Contents [hidden]
1 Overview
2 Proponents, etc.
3 Commentary 3.1 Five Groups in Innovator Theory 3.1.1 Innovators
3.1.2 Early Adopters
3.1.3 Early Majority
3.1.4 Late Majority
3.1.5 Laggards

3.2 Logic and chasm of 16% penetration rate

4 Reference URL
5 Reference books
6 See also
7 Related marketing


Overview

Innovator theory is a theory on the spread of innovation proposed by sociologist Everett M. Rogers. It classifies the members of society into five groups according to their attitudes towards product purchases.

proponents, etc.

Stanford University professor Everett M. Rogers advocated in 1962 in "Diffusion of Innovations."

Commentary





innovator theory
In the innovator theory, Rogers categorized consumers into five types based on their attitudes toward product purchases, in descending order of purchase of new products. The proportions of these five types are shown in a bell curve graph like the one on the right.

Five Groups in Innovator Theory

Innovators

A group of innovative adopters willing to adopt new things. They consider society's values to be in conflict with their own. It constitutes 2.5% of the total.

Early Adopters

A group of early adopters who share values with society, but are sensitive to trends and collect information and make decisions on their own. As an "opinion leader", you can exert a great influence on other members. It constitutes 13.5% of the total.

Early Majority (early follower)

Also called "bridge people". A group of early majority adopters who are relatively cautious about adopting new styles. It constitutes 34.0% of the total.

Late Majority

A group of late majority hires, also known as "followers". He is skeptical about adopting new styles, and sees the majority of people around him trying them out before making the same choice. It constitutes 34.0% of the total.

Laggards (Lagards)

The most conservative traditionalist, or laggard group. There is little interest in the movement of the world, and it is not adopted until the fashion becomes popular. It constitutes 16.0% of the total. Among them, there are those who persist in rejecting the trend until the very end.

Logic and chasm with a penetration rate of 16%

Rogers points out that the 16% line, which is the sum of the percentages of innovators and early adopters, is the point of product penetration, and advocates this as the "16% penetration rate logic."

Whether the product is practical or not, innovators buy in favor of novelty, so it may or may not resonate with many people. On the other hand, since early adopters pay attention to the new value and practicality that the product offers, it can be said that the product was accepted by the market only after it was supported by the so-called opinion leaders. In general, early adopters are said to have a strong influence on other consumers in society. Therefore, it is important to respond to early adopters.

In addition, Geoffrey A. Moore responds to this "16% penetration rate logic" from an analysis of the high-tech industry. Chasm: indicates that there is a chasm). Therefore, he preaches the "chasm theory" that it is not enough to catch early adopters, and that marketing to the early majority is also necessary.

Reference URL
Innovator Theory (1) | Marketing Concept | Mitsue-Links

reference books
Innovation Dissemination ISBN 978-4382050518
Diffusion of Innovation ISBN 978-4798113333

Related item
chasm theory
product life cycle

Related marketing


In order to promote the diffusion of such innovation theory to early adopters, etc., it is extremely effective to design as follows.

I will describe it next.

In other words, for example, the design should be such that calculations are made on the premise that the direction information acquisition method of the present invention is reversed every 00 seconds every minute.

This will give you the following advantages:
In the event of a disaster, etc., we already have such a function in case of emergency.
There is even information that the portable GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit has a built-in
If you get word of mouth, Twitter, etc., then
If you install it vertically in contact with your body and flip it every 00 seconds every minute,
In fact, direction information can be obtained.
If you do this, you can dare to add a mode switch to increase the development cost.
Nor do I let you. There is no need to increase the development factor and increase the name factor.
Since the GPS receiver is essentially a digital processing unit, it is only necessary to add the burning software, and the development elements are extremely small. physically
No additional hardware is required. The benefits of this are immeasurable.
Do not increase the naming factor. It does not cause degradation of radio characteristics due to additional hardware. In the first place, since it is a digital semiconductor, it is only necessary to add software to the memory. In other words, it is enough to rewrite the firmware.
This is because the present invention can be implemented with a regular firmware rewriting service.
It means.
This is an epoch-making method.
and to inform the above-mentioned early adopters of the advantages of the present invention and to the general public.
You can experience the convenience of the present invention in GPS in the event of a real disaster.
It will also help the international community to help refugees and voluntarily evacuate.
Do so to great effect for you to take advantage of. At that time, in Japan
It is clear that entitlement is very important as it brings strong political validity as an international contribution.
Naturally.



Claim 21//Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By disposing the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 22 // Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

A positioning satellite system antenna built into a wristwatch or worn on the arm by a wristwatch-shaped or wristwatch-shaped belt.

By deploying the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body for each arm,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 23 // Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

A positioning satellite system antenna deployed in a so-called one-shoulder bag

By deploying the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body together with the so-called shoulder bag,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 24

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

At 00 seconds every minute,

The state of deployment of the antenna on the ventral side of the human body and the state of deployment on the dorsal side of the human body are reversed, that is, switched.
By doing so, both of the above states are realized.
Assuming that
Calculate direction information

thing

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



The essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Comparative method between one-half sky sphere and one-fourth sky sphere)

That is, for example
Reception state in the state of horizontal installation, targeting the whole sky, ... (1)
When,
Receiving state in a state of being vertically installed adjacent to a shielding object, for example, the body (2)
When,
, compared to
in (2),
Whether each satellite signal is received as a direct wave or as a diffracted wave
After making the judgment of

Of course, it would be fine to obtain the azimuth information.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Antenna upside down method)

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
We will call it the "antenna inside out method".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 7-10.
7 to 10, although they are self-explanatory without any particular explanation, they are added in detail just in case.



As with any antenna, for example, on the front and back sides of a planar patch antenna, the spatial characteristics of the antenna's susceptibility are
Totally different. In other words, for example, the front side (generally the main beam side) of a planar patch antenna
and the back side (generally the sub-beam side), the antenna patterns are significantly different.
For example, using this in relation to the body as follows,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
We also devised a method to determine

That is, [for example, if it is the dorsal side, on the dorsal side], if it is the ventral side, it is on the ventral side (examples of placement on the ventral side are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8).
The surface or main beam side of the planar patch antenna is aligned vertically, adjacent to the body, for example in the dorsal direction or, for example, in the ventral direction. (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 are examples of deployment so as to match the ventral direction)

(However, Fig. 7 is a diagram showing, for example, a flat patch antenna so that the whole picture of the antenna pattern of the flat patch antenna can be seen well, and it was mainly intended to clarify the relationship of the directionality with the body. On the other hand, in Fig. 8, after understanding the directionality of the body and the directionality of the antenna pattern, which are clearly and understood in Fig. 7, they are further arranged adjacent to each other (that is, When the antenna pattern is deployed close to the body, or close enough to touch the body, the sensitivity of the antenna on the side of the body that is close to the body naturally Since it is hidden by the body, this figure is mainly intended to clearly show that fact as well.These are the differences in the display intentions of Figs. Because the idea of is completely new, if you explain the purpose with one diagram at once, it will be difficult to visually understand. I thought it would be easier to understand visually, so I deliberately intended to explain step by step with two diagrams. , the same applies to FIGS. 9 and 10.)

Receiving is performed in this state, and the state is first recorded in the memory.
(In this case, since the GPS receiver itself is a digital device, it generally has a memory, so it is only necessary to write to it, and generally there is no need to add HW. of course).

Then flip the antenna upside down. That is, the planar patch antenna is
[If, for example, the dorsal side was measured first, the antenna remains on the dorsal side.] If the ventral side was measured first, the antenna remains on the ventral side, and the antenna is turned over. (For example, if the previous measurement was on the ventral side, the antenna placed on the ventral side is turned over as it is in that position, and FIGS. 9 and 10 are examples.)

At this time, for example, the antenna is turned upside down.
In other words, around an axis parallel to the body plane and parallel to the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the plumb line)
Rotate 180 degrees (flip over).

The sub-beam side of the planar patch antenna would then be mounted vertically, adjacent to the body, for example coinciding with the dorsal direction or, for example, coinciding with the ventral direction.
(FIGS. 9 and 10 show examples in which the secondary beam side of this planar patch antenna is aligned with the antinode direction.)

Reception is performed in this state, and the reception state is recorded in the memory.

From these comparisons of reception conditions before and after turning the antenna over,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

Diffraction of the signal occurs at the perimeter and edge of the body, resulting in
If the signal is received as a diffracted wave,
Basically, there should be no change in the stability of the reception state before and after turning the antenna over, and
Or, if there is, it should be very few or small.


(For example, the antenna sensitivity with respect to the traveling direction (intrusion direction) of the diffracted waves that are diffracted at the left and right ends of the body and enter the antenna is obtained by comparing the antenna pattern of FIG. 8 and that of the antenna pattern of FIG. As you can see, there is no difference.Actually, the antenna sensitivity regarding the direction of the diffracted wave that enters the antenna after being diffracted at the left and right ends of the body is about -10 dB even if it is read from the antenna pattern in Fig. 8, and in Fig. 10 Even if you read from the antenna pattern of , there is no difference of about -10 dB.
Moreover,
"At this time, for example, let's turn the antenna upside down.
In other words, around an axis parallel to the body plane and parallel to the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the plumb line)
Rotate 180 degrees (flip over). because it accurately states,
It is self-evident from geometrical considerations that as long as the antenna is turned over in this way, it is logically guaranteed that the sensitivity of the antenna to the diffracted waves diffracted from the left end point of the body is the same.
It is self-evident from geometrical considerations that as long as the antenna is turned over in this way, it is logically guaranteed that the sensitivity of the antenna to the diffracted waves diffracted from the left and right end points of the body is the same.


This is because the sensitivity to signals coming from directions that go around and enter the body is almost the same before and after turning over (this geometrical situation is explained, for example, in the famous blue book of GPS). In the book known as the AIAA press book, in the chapter on multipath consideration in the second volume, the antenna pattern diagram of the planar patch antenna shows radio wave shielding objects such as the body on one side, either up or down. If you consider the situation, you can understand it immediately, so please see the blue book for the figure, and refrain from reprinting it in this article.)

Citation
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I (AIAA)
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume II (AIAA)
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I
James J. Spilker Jr.; Penina Axelrad; Bradford W. Parkinson;
eISBN: 978-1-60086-638-8
print ISBN: 978-1-56347-106-3
http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/4.866388
http://arc-test.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.866388
1996 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
chapter 14 Multipath Effects
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I: pp. 547-568
Multipath Effects
(doi: 10.2514/5.9781600866388.0547.0568)


On the other hand, regarding the direct wave, it is completely different from what I just said, "The stability (uneasiness) of the diffracted wave is almost unchanged before and after turning it over." It is self-evident that the signal strength is reduced by the amount corresponding to the difference in sensitivity of the antenna patterns compared to when the signal is received on the (multi-beam side), and the stability is also reduced under the influence of this.

This is because the synchronization mechanism of GPS (GNSS) is
Synchronization becomes more difficult as the antenna sensitivity deteriorates.

To put it more bluntly,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will suddenly contribute to the difficulty of maintaining synchronization.
In other words,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will suddenly make it easier to get out of sync.
Using yet another expression,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will rapidly make it easier to lose synchronization.
It depends on the characteristics.

In a more direct way, this is an expression that can only be said by those who have repeatedly conducted experiments related to this research.
Behavior that seems to have the effect of amplifying and notifying that the antenna sensitivity has deteriorated,
The GPS (GNSS) receiver synchronization acquisition and maintenance mechanism does
can be said.
It should be noted that this is an expression that can only be said by those who have repeatedly conducted experiments related to this research.
In terms of textbooks and doctrines, this is the GPS (GNSS) receiver
The synchronization acquisition/maintenance mechanism has been described as vulnerable to noise and multipath.
Taking this as an advantage, this research is vulnerable to noise and multipath.
Further progressing, deterioration of the signal, deterioration of the reception sensitivity of the antenna, deterioration of the resin stability
When deterioration occurs, it is a phenomenon called out-of-synchronization, and it actively informs it.
I am proposing it as a research result by redefining it as a positive and forward-looking meaning.
It can be said that there is an important point here, which is an excellent idea and an advanced invention, which could not have been easily conceived by people in the same industry.

From these comparisons of reception conditions before and after turning the antenna over,
Based on this perceived difference,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
can be discriminated.


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In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Sandwich method A)

In addition, among the inventions and devises, this paper
What we call Sandwich Method A is introduced here.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
Let's call it "sandwich method A".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 11-13.
11 to 13, although it is self-explanatory without any particular explanation, we will dare to add a detailed explanation just in case.


This is a method that utilizes the bodies of two people. For example, face stomach to stomach. (Figures 11 and 12 show this)
For example, leave a gap of about 10 cm or 25 cm between them (depending on the performance of the GPS (GNSS) antenna/receiver integrated unit, for example, the optimum gap for the device should be selected through preliminary experiments). of course)
Any GPS (GNSS) antenna can be placed between them, but for example, a flat patch antenna for GPS (GNSS) (or, of course, a GPS (GNSS) antenna/receiver integrated unit, etc., is also acceptable). .

Taking advantage of this situation,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
as follows
to discriminate.

In other words, in this state (states shown in FIGS. 11 and 12), satellite signals that can be received as direct waves are
It was located in a direction where it was possible to achieve a state that could be called "peeking in" through the gap between the two.
Should be satellite only. First, the signal reception status is recorded in this state.

Next, only one person releases the situation in which they are shielded,
In that state (state shown in FIG. 13), the signal reception state is recorded.

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.


In other words, whether only one person has released the shield (Fig. 13) or not (Figs. 11 and 12),
The satellite signal received by diffracting the end point of the other person's body is
Whether only one person has released the shielding (FIG. 13) or not (FIGS. 11 and 12), it should continue to be received as a diffracted wave signal.

Therefore, the characteristic of these signals is that the instability as diffracted waves remains unchanged,
before or after a change of circumstances
It should continue to show instability as a constant diffracted wave.

And, conversely, only one person released the shield (Fig. 13),
Until then,
The signal that entered the receiver as a diffracted wave was
Only one person released the shield (Fig. 13),
Now, as a direct wave,
The situation has changed completely,
The situation changes completely when it is received as a stable direct wave signal
should be.

moreover,
From the gap between both sandwiches (Fig. 11, Fig. 12)
It was located in a spatial position that could be seen
The signal from the satellite is also
Only one person has no effect by releasing the shield (Fig. 13),
as a direct wave,
It should continue to show stable signal strength.

thus,
By comparing how the reception status of those signals changed due to changes in the situation,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

Here, in the sandwich method A, the direction of the main beam of the antenna,
Regarding the relationship between the body direction of the remaining body after the shielding of the body of the second person is released,
As shown in FIG. 11, the relationship between the direction of the body and the main beam direction of the antenna (including the direction of the antenna pattern as information) is emphasized and deformed.
As shown.





Now, let's move on to the next discussion.

(Sandwich method B)

In addition, among the inventions and devises, this paper
What we call Sandwich Method B is introduced here.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
We will call it "Sandwich Method A".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 14-16.
14 to 16, although it is self-explanatory without any particular explanation, it will be added in detail just in case.

The difference between sandwich method A and sandwich method B is
The geometry of the main beam direction (antenna pattern direction as information including) of the antenna placed between the two bodies and the direction of the body left after the body shielding of the second person is released. It is the relationship, the difference.

(This can be easily understood by comparing FIGS. 11 and 14. This can also be easily understood by comparing FIGS. 12 and 15. This can also be understood by comparing FIGS. , which is easily understood by comparing FIG. 16). (Note that the distance between the bodies in Figures 11 and 14 is drawn with greater emphasis than it actually is. This is for the purpose of drawing the antenna pattern of the antennas deployed in between. Since it is a figure drawn on , I would appreciate it if you could understand it as an expedient for drawing because I had to take a space wider than the distance between the gaps between the bodies.)

Although this will be described later, a flat antenna is installed perpendicular to the ground,
It utilizes the advantage that is created by installing perpendicularly to both body planes.

In this case, the satellite that can be seen through the gap between the sandwiches is
It is possible to use a feature that makes it easier to discriminate from which gap the object can be seen.

After all, the satellite signal in the direction that can be seen through the gap on one side is
Since it is captured on the antenna surface of the planar patch antenna, it can also be used as a direct wave.
should have been received at a higher intensity, and
(This describes the signal from the satellite (or signal source) that can be seen through the gap on the left side of the paper, among the gaps that occur on both sides of the two bodies in FIGS. 14 and 15.)

Conversely, the satellite signal that was in the direction that could be seen through the other gap was
Although it is a direct wave because it is captured on the back side of the planar patch antenna,
Since it is received by the weaker antenna sensitivity, it can also be used as a direct wave.
It should have been received at a weaker intensity than the signal captured on the surface.
(This describes the signal from the satellite (or signal source) that can be seen through the gap on the right side of the paper, among the gaps that occur on both sides of the two bodies in FIGS. 14 and 15.)

Using these differences, even satellites that can be seen through gaps
It has the great advantage of being able to take advantage of clearer discriminative information,
Because it is excellent in convenience as a direction information acquisition method,
This is sandwich method B, and sandwich method A is
It should be distinguished.



Now let's move on to the next discussion.


(Sandwich method C)

Furthermore, I will introduce what I call the sandwich method C in this paper.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
We will call it "sandwich method C".
This is illustrated in FIG.
Although it is self-explanatory from the schematic diagram of FIG. 17 without any particular explanation, it will be added in detail just in case.

The main difference between sandwich method B and sandwich method C is
The points are different: ``The two bodies are parallel'' or ``The angle between the two bodies is not parallel and both ends of the two bodies are in contact and closed.'' ing.


In other words, the sandwich method C is
This method can be called a diagonal sandwich.

In this method, the body of the two people
Contact with each other at a certain angle, and the base of the triangle is
It can also be expressed as being open.

At the closed vertex of the triangle,
Deploy the antenna. (Fig. 17)

In this case, the base of the triangle is open, but from this open base of the triangle
The signal from the satellite (signal source) that can be seen is
Even if one person's body is removed,
It should continue to show highly stable reception as a direct wave.

Conversely, when the body of either person is removed,
What used to be diffracted waves can suddenly be received as direct waves.
Signals from satellites in position would show reception conditions exhibiting such characteristics.

Furthermore, even when one person's body is removed,
The signal from the satellite received as a diffracted wave from the other body is
Without change, continue
The instability that should have been received as a diffracted wave from the other body
will continue to show

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

In this case, as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 17,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 13 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second body may naturally be arranged in a positional relationship (with respect to the first body) as shown in FIG.

While the antenna may be deployed in the main beam direction and the antenna position as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 17,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 16 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second body may naturally be arranged in a positional relationship (with respect to the first body) as shown in FIG.






Now let's move on to the next discussion.


(U-shaped method)

Furthermore, among the inventions and ideas, this paper introduces what is called the U-shaped method.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
I will call it the "U-shaped method".
This is illustrated in FIG.
Although it is self-explanatory from the schematic diagram of FIG. 18 without any particular explanation, it will be explained in detail just in case.

The main difference between the sandwich method C and the U-shaped method is
``Does shielding consist of the bodies of ``two'' and only signals from some signal sources can be seen?'' There is a difference in the point of whether a state in which only the signal can be seen is realized.


Simply recapturing the characteristics and rephrasing, the U-shaped method is
(Two-person version) It is a method that can be said to be a three-person version of the diagonal sandwich.

In this method, the bodies of the three people are
When looking down from the sky, try to touch each other with a U-shape,
It can also be expressed that the left side of the U-shape is open.

At the right inner line segment of the U-shaped
Deploy the antenna. (Fig. 18)

In this case, the left side of the U-shape is open, but from this open area
The signal from the satellite (signal source) that can be seen is
Even if the bodies of the upper and lower figures in the figure are removed,
It should continue to show highly stable reception as a direct wave.

Conversely, when the body of either person is removed,
What used to be diffracted waves can suddenly be received as direct waves.
Signals from positioned satellites (signal sources) are subject to sudden changes in reception conditions reflecting such characteristics (generally, SS (Spread Spectrum) communication system receivers used in GPS (GNSS) receive The fact that it can be said that it has a characteristic of extremely amplifying a sudden change in sensitivity and a sudden change in received signal strength is the point of the present invention already discussed in this paper, and is the essence of the present invention that cannot be easily conceived by those skilled in the art. It has already been mentioned that it forms a corner of ).

Moreover, even when the bodies of the two objects were removed,
The signal from the satellite received as a diffracted wave from the other body is
Without change, continue
The instability that should have been received as a diffracted wave from the other body
will continue to show

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

In this case, as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 18,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 13 may be adopted.
In that case, it is natural that the second and third bodies may be finally arranged in the positional relationship (relative to the first body) as shown in FIG.

While the antenna may be deployed in the main beam direction and the antenna position as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 18,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 16 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second and third bodies may be arranged in the arrangement method shown in FIG. 16 so that the final positional relationship (with respect to the first body) is as shown in FIG. is.

Also, of course, the second
While you can compare with the third body removed at once,
Remove only the second body, record and compare the reception status, distinguish between direct waves and diffracted waves, and then,
Remove only the third body, record and compare the reception situation, discriminate between direct waves and diffracted waves,
Of course, it is also possible to obtain azimuth information by superimposing these results.

Of course, this is the same even if there are more people, but I will add it just in case.
Naturally, this will improve the accuracy. Since it is too obvious, the details are omitted, but it is natural that it is possible to do so.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(left-right position shift method)

Furthermore, among the inventions and devised
Introducing what we call

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
This method will be referred to as the "left and right position shift method".
This is explained because it is easy to understand based on the schematic diagram explained in FIG.

(However, in terms of ease of use, rather than Fig. 20,
Wearing a watch-shaped device on the left arm with the main beam side facing the palm of the left arm [a state in which a so-called woman wears a watch on the left arm with the dial facing the palm side],
It was found that it is easier to perform the exercise if the left thumb is up and the hand is placed behind the back.
We know the results of preliminary experiments. )

Although it is clear at a glance from the schematic diagram of FIG. 20 and the above explanation without adding any new explanation, it will be explained in detail just in case.

The inversion method already described, which is the basis of the present invention
When,
Left-right shift method
The main difference between
In the inversion method, the comparison is the reception state measured on the dorsal side and the ventral side,
In the left-right shift method, for example, if the dorsal side is compared, only the dorsal side is compared.
The reception state measured at the center of the back and the left side of the back (for example, not the center)
Compare the measured reception status
It is a point.

Alternatively, depending on the performance of the receiver, the following may be used. ie:
The inversion method already described, which is the basis of the present invention
When,
Left-right shift method
The main difference between
In the inversion method, the comparison is the reception state measured on the dorsal side and the ventral side,
In the left-right shift method, for example, if the dorsal side is compared, only the dorsal side is compared.
The reception state measured at the right side of the back (for example, not the center) and the left side of the back (for example, not the center)
Compare the measured reception status
is a point
And of course it's fine.


This is a derivative of the use of a person's body as a shield.
First, the reception situation when the antenna is deployed in the center of the body is recorded.

Next, dare to shift the position of the antenna in the direction of the end point on either side of the body,
Deploy and record reception status.

Doing it this way,
What was originally received as a diffracted wave is changed by the state of the shifted antenna.
The diffracted wave farther from the end point should have more diffraction loss as a diffracted wave and more instability.
A diffracted wave closer to the end point should have less diffraction loss as a diffracted wave and less instability.

Using these properties, even if we say the same diffracted wave,
Determine which side of the body is the dominant diffracted wave
It can be determined, and can be used to obtain more detailed azimuth information.







Various modifications are also included in the present invention within the scope of those skilled in the art without departing from the description of the claims.

The contents of the papers, published patent publications, etc. specified in this specification are incorporated by reference in their entirety.


The contents of the papers, published patent publications, etc. specified in this specification are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

This application is a continuation of the application

Ser. No. 09/603,917 filed Jun. 26, 2000,
now US Pat. No. 6,775,238 and claims
the benefit of priority from prior
Japanese Patent Applications No. 11-187123,
filed on Jul. 1, 1999, and No. 2000-174345,
filed on Jun. 9, 2000,
the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.


"Various modifications are also included in the present invention within the range that can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of claims."

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.


The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and it goes without saying that many modifications can be made by those skilled in the art within the technical concept of the present invention.


It goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above.


The present invention does not exclude configurations other than those described above, and naturally includes other configurations as necessary.


It should be understood from the above description that the present invention is a true pioneering invention.


The description is also written so that the action and effect of each constituent element of the claimed invention can be grasped.

For example, not only physical structures but also man-made objects, such as buildings and
It points out that it includes everything, including natural cliffs.

(In the case of natural cliffs, etc., reversing may be included.)
[In this case, to reverse
If you can walk to the cliff on the other side, you should do so.
This is the same as walking to the opposite side of a building or structure, for example.
Needless to say. This makes it possible to measure the reversed side. ])

(In the case of natural cliffs, etc., it goes without saying that there is no need to intentionally include reversed measurements if it is possible to cut off the influence of diffracted waves.
This is the case, for example, in buildings and structures,
Clearly, if it is possible to cut off the influence of diffracted waves,
Even if you don't bother to move to the opposite side on foot and measure the reverse side
It goes without saying that good is the same. )

In this way, when drafting the specification, a different configuration that achieves the same effect was also described.



In addition to the actions and effects of the basic embodiment, another configuration that produces different actions and effects has also been considered and described.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and many modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention by those skilled in the art.
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and many modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention by those skilled in the art.

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single
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times
road
as
Certification
is
pointing to the claim
fixed
It has not been
case
For the term, the problem is solved
to be decided
limit
wide solution in
interpretation
is made,
at the application stage
opinion
the scope of rights by written
exclusive
or
hey
against claims that are not
relaxation
Capacity
judgment is made
Such an effect is
"Tasks, functions, and effects"
itself
to become
to be
by not stating it in the specification
Deme
Li
tsu
To
surpass
then think
e
be done.
now
times
random
for
of the winning judgments extracted from
almost
degree
“Tasks/Actions/Effects” are non-
always
heavy
vision
being
It is from.
In light of the above judgment in favor of
e
the court may decide to prevail over the right holder.
When making an action, the “problem, action, and effect” of the invention should be stated.
approval
fixed
and the nature of the invention to which the subject rights are subject.
grasp
death,
Self
Faith
Have
so, claim
acceptance
It is clear that you are trying to make a judgment.
Clearly
inquiry
e
be.
people
case
In litigation, the accused infringing goods are
Judgment on the conviction that it belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
official
To
embrace
mosquito
let
Must
This is because there is a need.
"Litigation
cause
relationship
proof
is one point of doubt
righteousness
also allowed
can't
Self
Yes
department
study
target
proof
not clear
nine
，
Sutra
rule of thumb
To
light
Like
all
proof
base
of
Total
After consideration,
fixed
of
case
fruits are special
fixed
result of
departure
Raw
of
invitation
the relationship that came
Yes
approval
Can
Altitude
of
lid
Yes
sex
proof
It is to clarify and the judgment
fixed
teeth,
generally
Man
is suspicious
difference
death
Sandwich
devil
not so much
Every time
confidence in the truth of
holding
what you can get
That is
Must
and so
leg
thing to live
is” (maximum
two
small
Judgment
Akira
50/10/24
people
collection
29
roll
No. 9
141
7
page
)
The essence of the invention (problem, action, effect)
hidden
did
Mama
Wide in
rights
enjoy
reception
Trying to
insect
nice
Talk
”.
rice field
is
death
, as described above,
Les
ー
Mu
in the size of
ratio
do,
high
vinegar
Gi
Ru
level
to describe the "tasks, actions, and effects" of
teeth
Avoid
hair
Ru
Be
It is
The author
eye
for the target
improvement
many
term
system
take advantage of
Be
tree
is
e
be.
one
devil
the law of nature,
seed
of each
level
No Ku
Les
ー
Mu
against
agreement
do phase
agreement
new
level
, the "problem, action, effect" of the specification
It means to post. floor like this
layer
essentially, it
Comparing each configuration, problem, action, and effect
agreement
let me
nine
thing
Therefore, even in invalidity theory,
Defense
control
be able to
can
(
7
)
.
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3,
77

Regarding this point,
Communicating
and called a draft of the specification.
than the extraction stage of the invention
Talk
In Although,
Or
Ru
defeat
lawsuit infringement
from litigation
Lesson
stated
Be
sea bream.
"Construction
surface
floor
setting
bu
Rock
nine"
incident
(
knowledge
wealth
high
Judge Heisei 1
7
year 12
Moon
28
Day
Judgment (Heisei 1
7
(
Ne
)th
No. 10103))
Patent No. 199
7
“Construction” pertaining to claim No. 204
surface
floor
setting
bu
Rock
(2) to "
self
original stone
” contains
devil
It became a point of contention whether
rice field.
of the statement

Based on the winning judgment in the patent infringement lawsuit, the draft of the patent specification
I tried to extract guidelines for rafting.
As conclusion:
In the doctrine of infringement, patented inventions (
(Invention) is divided from broad claims to narrow claims.
clearly stated in the specification for each of the claims
The point was made that it was important to
In the doctrine of invalidity, the function and effect of the invention according to the independent claim
has a different action or effect (external impossibility
(1)
typical)
The point is that it is important to draft dependent claims.
was killed
Furthermore, the
conflict between infringement doctrine and invalidity doctrine
invalidity by assertion of validity, or non-infringement by assertion of validity
harm) as a solution, two or more
, there is little interrelationship (when writing ⇔ when reading (described later)
(such as), it is important to include a characteristic configuration in the claim.
It was pointed out that
1. Introduction
Patent infringement litigation is the ultimate means of settling patent disputes.
be.
Currently, in patent infringement litigation, patent
(Patent Act Article 104-3
1), the patent specification, prior art, and all of the allegedly infringing products
is considered, the patent is valid, and the allegedly infringing product is
Plaintiff (right holder) wins only if it is included in the scope of rights
Judgment is rendered.
In 2008 and 2009, in patent infringement litigation
However, the number of judgments in favor of the plaintiff is more than 30%.
(2)
Body
As can be seen, it is a narrow gate to obtain a favorable judgment.
In this paper, we will discuss how to overcome such a severe ``barrier''.
By reviewing the litigated patent specification,
Extraction of guidelines for drafting patent specifications at the time of patent application
It is an attempt to
(In addition, in the text, in the judgment text or in the cited part of the specification,
may have been underlined and/or marked by
be. )
2. theory of infringement
Below are the judgments in which the theory of infringement was the main point of contention.
(3)
Based on the
Explain.
2.1 Tokyo District Court 1989
March 6, 2018 (2008
(W) No. 14858)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 3625598 “Liquid crystal display device
Production method"
It can improve the reliability of the device by omitting the step of the photo process.
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thin film transistor.
(2) Major Issues and Judgments of the Court
<Issue 1>
In claim 1, "the first metal film on the substrate (implementation
example
Then
7
2
[
Less than
same]
) and the second metal film (
7
4)
order
To
lamination
"When
Have been described. Defendants
layer
To
other
of
layer
of
In addition
claim that the object does not belong to the scope of the right.
The court held the following rationale:
reason
from the defendant's allegations
Exhaust
do,
other
of
layer
of
In addition
above
exclusive
belong within
I decided.
[1]
such in the specification
exclusive
there is no
[2]
In the specification, "the present invention
example
To
exclusive
difference
it's not something that can be done
nine
，
many
of
deformation
is the technical
thought
At the inner
this
minutes
field
in
generally
of
knowledge
allowed by those who have
Noh
There is a statement that it is
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
61
Member
Shogo Nakamura
Learning from Successful Decisions in Patent Infringement Lawsuits
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
note
: The author is
[2]
The utility of statements such as
bosom
be suspicious
However, the judgment
official
of
conviction
But
mediocre
ancestor
solidified
If the
"
back
Inside
push
"su" has utility
thought
will be
[3]
The above "First metal film on the substrate (implementation
example
Then
7
2
[
Less than
same
looks]
) and the second metal film (
7
4)
order
To
lamination
reason to do
reason
When
do"
aluminum
film(
7
2) of
Hilo
Kusei
long
of
Suppression
vinegar
” point is stated in the specification,
aluminum
film(
7
2) of
top or bottom
fire resistance
metal(
7
4)
set up
even
Hilo
Kusei
long
of
Suppression
It is also stated in the specification that it can be done. obey
hand,
aluminum
film(
7
2) upper and lower
Twin
Towards
endurance
fire
metal(
7
4)
set up
even
good
stomach.
note
:
aluminum
film(
7
2) above or below
fire resistance
Money
genus (
7
4)
set up
The actions and effects of
vision
do
be.
(Author
note
:
Hilo
is
aluminum
the result
long
component
But
bu
Excitement by interacting
Born
Teshi
devil
cormorant
It is a phenomenon. )
〔Four〕
Claim 2 of the dependent claim states "
Previous
The first metal film is
aluminum
Mu
or
aluminum
from the alloy
shape
special to be made
and claim 3 "
Previous
Second metal film
teeth
fire resistance
from metal
shape
It is characterized by being made
It is
note
:
usa
to
hair
Ru
claim differentiation
the doctrine of
(
Four
)
(German
The technical scope of the clause is wider than that of the dependent claim).
Similar
.
The author
Simple
na internal
addition
(1)
dependent claims of
Also
bosom
doubtful, but especially
material
minutes
field
is it valid
Maybe.
<Issue 2>
In claim 1 "
Previous
Record
half
lead
body
film
PA
of the turn
shape
formed group
whole board
surface
to the third metal film (82
b
)of
shape
is described as
there is The defendant has claimed that the third metal film (82
b
)for
aluminum
contains
devil
claimed not to.
The court ruled that the third metal film (82
b
)But
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
and that this
subject
patent
of
priority date
After
Previous
of
publicly known
Sentence
dedication
from
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
of
aluminum
By configuring with
resistivity
But
small
I understand that there is an advantage that
reason
, "Book
subject
invention
One
"
Third metal film
』
for,
aluminum
contains
devil
I have to
I can't figure it out. ” he decided.
note
:
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
of
aluminum
and
The actions and effects of composing are emphasized.
vision
is doing.
<
dispute
Point 3>
In claim 1 "
Previous
Record
protection
membrane and
insulation
4 membranes
Next
Photo
etching
do
Previous
Kikido
Les
in
electrode
the table of
surface
When,
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
de's
table
surface
of
Dew
contact to be issued
Ho
ー
Le
of
shape
formed,
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
to be selected
Previous
Record
keep
Mamoru
membrane and
insulation
the membrane
etching
', but the defendant
"
Previous
Record
protection
membrane and
insulation
of the membrane
Twin
is better
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
do
inside
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
to be
Must
Argued that there is a need.
From the specification, the court
protection
film,
insulation
the membrane
"
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
the work of being
The use and effects were determined as follows.

game
tote
patch
do
PA
out of turn
the side
and
etching
Then,
game
ー
door
patch
do
PA
compose a turn
aluminum
Membrane
side
But
Dew
Exit
difference
This
aluminum
membrane and
ITO
Membrane and
contact
vinegar
This is because
prevention
I tried
can be
open
with what is shown
recognition
to be ordered

ITO
membrane and
game
tote
patch
configure the
aluminum
film
of
side
with
contact
of
prevention
In order to
game
tote
patch
de's
table
surface
of
Dew
coming out
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
shape
made up
can be
Must
is important,
protection
membrane and
insulation
of the membrane
Twin
direction"
But
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
to be
surely
servant
Must
not necessary
note
: A range that can solve the problem to be solved described in the specification
In the box, the “most
Big
the forgiveness of
Capacity
range"
of
approval
I'm holding
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
"implementation
example
To
exclusive
it won't
etc
the decision
devil
Literature
clause
is also valid
can become
internal affairs
addition
dependent claims of
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
62
2.2 Tokyo District Court 1990
February 18, 2007 (2007)
(W) No. 28506)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 3055054 “Concrete structure
construction
object
of
machine
Construction method and equipment
road
To
set up
to be
Gutters and protective fences
，
side wall
,During
center
minutes
detached body
etc
the presence of
logic
concrete structure
object
of
machine
method of construction and
Regarding the device.
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
<Issue 1>
Defendant
foundation
(Conventional
example
of the above
figure
In
7
) available
case
is a book
subject
Alleging that it does not fall within the technical scope of the patented invention.
The court has
decision
view
From the point "
rebar
of
Fixed
in order to
Be
squonk
REIT (
7
)of
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
What we can do
Namely
"Base
foundation
Yes
Reconstruction
case
, is not a book
subject
patented invention
invitation
to come
deputy
Next
effect
Gi
no
Certification
.
"So
blood
, in the conventional method,
Preliminary
eye
Be
squonk
REIT
Casting
and there
ah
hmm
power
ー
rebar
，
difference
death
logic
or
ah
hmm
power
- gold
tool
of
buried
and to these
rebar
of
Fixed
then
nine
Must
need and do it
Be
handmade
worker
handmade by
business
by
and others
sticky
Because it did not work,
case
of the cost
up
, engineering
term
of
lengthening
, Concrete
bu
Rifu
leg
such as
Question
the subject is
Born
I had it
reactor
,Book
subject
A patented invention may
Question
subject
to resolve
mo
ー
Le
de's
route of movement
To
Along
What,
Preliminary
eye
rebar
of
set
stand up
floating installation
put
Reinforcing bar
of,
mo
ー
Le
do
of
move
When
Both
To
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
lead to
enter
let
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
do
within
surface
or
contact
Department
material
When
contact
By letting
of
shaking
the
prevention
Concrete
supply
be done
relieved
PA
part
devil
and
move
to let
How it works
only
picking
I used
be. ”
note
: conventional technology, problem
Certification
and book
subject
Invention problem solving
of
thought
of
Certification
is doing.
"Then the book
subject
In a patented invention:
rebar
of
Fixed
make it unnecessary
contact
Department
material etc.
When
contact
while letting
Hopper
part
devil
and
move
The above-mentioned
Question
to solve the problem
straight
Tie
Ru，
Must
not necessary
Lack
elements
e
，
rebar
of
fixed
do
for
Be
base concrete
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
what you can do
is the book
subject
patented invention
invitation
to come
Secondary
effect
Gi
do not have
I understand
Be
and
Be
base concrete
Casting
Ministry of
abbreviation
is the above
Question
for problem solving
Required
consists of
It is clear that there is no
e
be. ”
note
: for solving the above problems
view
From the point "
rebar
of
Fixed
to do
of
Be
base concrete
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
what you can do
”
Namely
"Base
foundation
existing work
case
, is not a book
subject
patent
of the invention
invitation
to come
Secondary
effect
Gi
na
"I"
recognition
fixed
.
"Such an understanding is
each
In the description:
"
The present invention
Be
composition of ground concrete
remove
not something to remove
nine
，
Be
ground concrete
setting
including those that
』
and
devil
rice field,
"Must
in short
respond
hand
Be
Eliminates the construction of ground concrete
abbreviation
can
』
It is said that
adjustment
it fits
be. ”
note
:"of
remove
not something to remove
nine
", "including things", "
Must
in short
respond
hand"
etc
, in the specification
well
Used "
always
cloak
The expression of "means" is
useless
effect
Have
What
there is
<Issue 2>
The defendant stated in the claim that "
contact
Department
material
"But,
"
rebar
within
shape
", that is
blood
，
rebar
inside of
shape
fit for
match
do,
rebar
strong
system
in general
Restraint
above and below
left and right
of
shaking
the
prevention
do
and to this
exclusive
is
same
"
contact
"and,
single
Become
object
rational
contact
then
nine
，
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
within the
rebar
of
shaking
force it
system
in general
prevention
do
function
confirm
keep
do
mode
of
claim to refer to
The court decided to settle the matter as set forth in the specification as follows:
understanding the subject
through
the defendant's allegations
seal
rice field.
"
hare
Book
subject
in the statement
hair
above B
each
according to description
palce
,Book
subject
In a patented invention:
"Rebar
within
shape
of
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
de's
inside
set up
was taken
contact
Department
material
When
contact
while letting
Hopper
ー
Department
devil
and
move
let
』
things (components)
subject
Method
F.
) and
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
63
or,
"Rebar
within
shape
When
contact
do
contact
Department
material
of
Previous
Record
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
inside the do
set up
(components)
subject
Device
E.
)
It is said that
figure
Also,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
in the de
plan
within
was done
rebar
but up and down
left and right
To
shaking
be
rank
place
change
in particular
Than,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
behind the
Hopper
part and composition
shape model
ー
Le
lead in
enter
been
Raw
Concrete construction
shape
be done
edge
in the place
fixed
of
rank
Placement
figure
let's
devil
a concrete structure
construction
object
the table of
surface
To
Dew
put it out
devil
to say
situation
of
prevention
Suruta
It is understood that ”
note
: Claim text
words
and related to it
Communicating
statement in the specification
Solve the problem of the invention from
Certification
is doing.
"Moreover, the above B (
hare
) in the book
subject
method patent invention
and book
subject
Implementation of device patented invention
example
As
words
Referenced book
subject
figure
Four(
D.
)
In
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
de's
bottom
on the board
rebar
within
~ side
partly
rebar
of
high
Sano
about
two-thirds
high
have
trapezoid
of
contact
Department
material
But
set up
be
the contact
Department
material
outside of
~ side
When
rebar
within
shape
Toga
contact
do,
rebar
of
shaking
the
prevention
do
mode
is listed
reactor
, this implementation
example
teeth,
rebar
within
shape
of
contact
Department
material
and
support
By doing
the rebar itself
of
Self
by weight
That
shaking
the
prevention
and especially upward
What
of
move
of
suppress
things
and strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
Things to do
otherwise
recognition
be ordered (
Instep
2). ”
note
:fruit
Done
example
(
figure
Four(
D.
) )But,
the rebar itself
of
self
heavy
shaking
the
prevention
and "strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
, which does not
Certification
.
other
of
figure
Four(
A.
)

(
C.
) is “strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
bundle
and
thought
will be Therefore,
figure
Four(
A.
)

(
C.
) related to
example
only is
open
when indicated
such as this decision
positive
Was it a meaningful conclusion?
no
mosquito
i doubt it.
similar
have the action and effect of
another
Draft the configuration of
understand the importance of
"Then the book
subject
patented invention
hair
Ru
"contact
Department
Material』
When
teeth,
rebar
within
shape
To
contact
death,
rebar
But
Hopper
part and composition
shape
mo
ー
Le
to the de
move
at the time
fixed
of
rank
Placement
figure
so much as not
Every time
to,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
in the do
rebar
of
shaking
the
prevention
get
whatever
feet
the law of nature,
The same "contact"
also such
function
to the extent that
Every time
with
leg
understand
Be
and
iron
logic
strong
system
in general
Restraint
above and below
left and right
of
shaking
the
prevention
vinegar
to things
exclusive
been
figure
,And,
shaking
Re's
prevention
To
rebar
of
Self
Heavy
even when using
package
including
Be
It is ”
note
: "up and down
left and right
To
shaking
"Can't be done" action and effect
attention
do,
Basic implementation that only realizes it
example
What is
another
the implementation of
example
figure
Four(
D.
) was effective.
<Issue 3>
Defendant argues that the Defendant's method and the Defendant's device do
Since it is to be implemented, this
subject
does not infringe patent rights,
Claimed.
The court held the defendant's allegations as follows:
seal
rice field.
"however,
tentative
In addition, the Defendant's method and Defendant's device
Even if it implements a patented invention, it
But
Immediately
to the book
subject
It is not related to not working the patented invention.
I don't want to
Be
It is In the first place, the technology of patented inventions
The technical scope is based on the description of the claims
Zu
stay
fixed
Mena
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
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hair
Re
palce
(Patent Law
7
Article 0, paragraph 1)
，
this
the
Claimed in the patented invention
Pieces
of each
concrete
basic configuration
subject
of
sufficiency
consider
away
be,
other
patented invention of
understand what you are doing
reason
As
concerned
Technical of the patented invention
Any claim not to fall within the scope
lost
this
is said to be
seat
Ru
do not get ”
note
: The patent right is
Dedicated
not a license (
tentative
To
Self
patent right
Even if the implementation is within the scope of profit,
anti
valve
do not become)
(
Five
)
.
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
"of
remove
not something to remove
nine
", "including things", "
Must
required
To
respond
hand"
etc
can also be valid

me
implementation of the Inn
example
When
similar
have the action and effect of
another
Constitution
the implementation of
example
It is valid to describe
As an alleged infringer,
self
myself
of patented inventions
"
anti
valve
teeth
approval
can't be called
2.3 Tokyo District Court Heisei 2
Judgment dated January 30, 2008 (Heisei 20
Year (Wa) No. 14530)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 38
7
2
7
No. 98 "Liquid Crystal Display Device"
liquid crystal displays, especially
V.
A-type LCD
and
Distribution
direction split (one
of
picture
in the middle of nowhere
reversal
of liquid crystal molecules
Distribution
direction
situation
of
shape
make it happen
It is related to the technology that realizes
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
<Issue>
The defendant stated in the claim that the
me
in
rules
system
means"
is on the board, "
directly
”
set up
to be
Be
Kimono,
devil
``Do
me
in
rules
system
hand
step
"But"
Oblique
surface
is
Must
there is a point
Claimed.
note
: "Do
me
"in" means liquid crystal
Distribution
the direction of
matching
ing
unit
region
It's about.
"Do
me
in
rules
system
"Means" means that the liquid crystal
Oblique
for
Distribution
Facing
to be
Distribution
direction is 1
picture
In element,
multiple
number direction
to be
rules
system
means to
figure
reference
).
The court held the defendant's allegations as follows:
seal
character
rice field.
"
[1] Before
Record(
hare
), the book
subject
in invention 2
hair
Ru
electric
coining
addition
time liquid crystal
Distribution
in the direction of
rules
system
teeth,
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
by
Born
Ru
Oblique
eye
electric
realm
is due to the effect of
note
:
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
to the effect of
attention
is doing.
"
[2]
Book
subject
Ming
thin
book 2 column
drop
0024
》
(
Previous
Notes (b)
f
)as well as
figure
12 (1) (above)
~ side
substrate and bottom
~ side
of the board
Both
on the substrate
electrode
To
set up
picked pickpocket
tsu
To is
figure
shown) include:
electric
coining
addition
Sometimes "
electrode
pickpocket
tsu
G part (
electrode
workman
tsu
part)
to
Born
Ru
Oblique
eye
electric
realm
LCD using
Distribution
The principle of directing
thing,"
note
: "Do
me
in
rules
system
Means" is "
Oblique
surface
at
nine
even
similar
implemented by the means to achieve the effect of
example
To
open
shown. statement de
When rafting,
similar
different structures to achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the
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12
...CF
side electrode
13
...picture
elementary
electrode
20, 20
A.
, 20
B...
do
me
in
rules
system
means (thrust
start
)
twenty one
...
do
me
in
rules
system
means (pickpocket
tsu
door)
"
[3]
Book
subject
Paragraph 2 of the description
drop
0028
》
(
Previous
Notes (b)
h
)for,
"
Distribution
more
cheap
fixed
in general
line
allow
Noh
structure
As a result,
start
or
hollow
mior pickpocket
tsu
3 of "to"
seed
kind
But
open
what is shown,”
note
: "Do
me
in
rules
system
Means" is "
Oblique
surface
at
nine
even
similar
implemented by the means to achieve the effect of
example
To
open
shown. statement de
When rafting,
similar
different structures to achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the
"
[4] Before
Record(
ah
), the book
subject
Claims of the Invention
In the description of (Claim 1),
"
first do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
and
Beauty
"
second do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
Noi
figure
Either
Oblique
surface
of
have
form
it's not from
hair
Re
palce
not to
rules
fixed
do
Sentence
words
flower
nine
，
devil
rice field
，
Claim 8, which relies on claim 1,
"Previous
the first and second
me
in
rules
system
means
electrode
To
setting
hair
picked pickpocket
tsu
door
』
It is an invention of a liquid crystal display device
thing(
Previous
Notes (b)
a
)”
note
: Resolution of the technical scope of the invention according to the independent claim
interpretation
smell
and the statement of the dependent claim is
reference
and the technique of the invention of the independent claim
The technical scope is
little
na
nine
that of both dependent claims (this
subject
then
"
Oblique
surface
have
form
"is not
form
，
Namely
"Pickpocket
tsu
).
usa
to
hair
Ru
claim differentiation
the doctrine of
(
Four
)
What is
Slightly
different, but
Independent term solution
interpretation
For this purpose, the dependent claim is
reference
in terms of
teeth
Similar
do.
Plaintiff sues on independent claims only
addition
did. However, the court
is a dependent claim (Claim 8) "
Previous
the first and second
me
in
rules
system
means
electrode
To
set up
picked pickpocket
tsu
at
be
...
” expression
reference
and substantially infringes claim 8.
determined the harm
pattern
looks
. (If the allegedly infringing goods are
belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
palce
，
this
Yes
on the independent term
It is said that it belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
thought
thought
of
line
and
Guess
be done. ), therefore,
concerned
(Claim 8)
Simple
na, internal
addition
dependent claims of
role
may stand.
"More than
[1]
not
〔Four〕
according to
palce
，
electrode
the pickpocket
tsu
the g part is the book
subject
invention 2
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
To
this
it is clear that
Therefore, No. A liquid crystal
mo
The
yu
ー
Le
on the opposite substrate of
PA
turn
addition
engineered
shape
made opposite
electrode
the pickpocket
tsu
and
Same T
F.
T.
on the substrate
PA
turn
addition
engineered
shape
made
picture
elementary
electric
very
the pickpocket
tsu
is
Oblique
surface
have
form
mosquito
degree
to consider
Ru
devil
But
nine
, as plaintiffs allege, respectively
"Previous
on the first substrate
set up
be
Previous
on the LCD
electric
pressure
of
mark
addition
did
sometimes
Previous
The LCD
Distribution
direction to
rules
system
do, first
1
the de
me
in
rules
system
means
』
(component
subject
B.
)as well as
"Previous
on the second substrate
set up
be
Previous
on the LCD
electric
pressure
of
mark
addition
when I did
Previous
The LCD
Distribution
direction to
rules
system
the second do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
(component
Case C
) to
this
Barrel and
approval
be ordered. ”
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of
grasp
describe the specification so that
Be
tree
When drafting the specification,
similar
achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the configuration that changed

Simple
na internal
addition
dependent claims of
role
may stand on
2.4 Decision of the Tokyo District Court on December 25, 2007 (2006
Year (Wa) No. 1702, No. 27110)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 359
77
No. 89 "
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structure,
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structural
stop
water
Flexible
Inheritance
hand and
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
Construction method of structure
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structure
1
in
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
2 and below
water
road
tube
etc
of
tube
with 3
Contact
joint
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
for
stop
water
Flexible
Inheritance
hand
7
by
softness
structure,
earthquake
etc
according to
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
2 and
tube
with 3
Contact
broken joint
loss
of
Defense
ingredient
.
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
The defendant
cylinder
body
(
6
) within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Yes
tower
body
(
7
)”,
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
(
7
) "of
“
all
body
”
But"
Previous
Record
cylinder
body
(
6
)
~ side
"It is in
Must
I need
claim that
The court ruled as follows and supported the defendant's allegations
exclusion
did.
"
b
)Book
subject
Considering these statements in the patent specification:
Book
subject
patented invention
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"teeth,
cylinder
body
When
tube
with
while
of
Communicating
These
while
of
load
as well as
strange
rank
of
absorption
and with
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
When
tube
with
Contact
Aibu's
broken
loss
of
prevention
to be
recognition
be ordered. ”
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note
: claim component "
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
” action and effect
result from the description of the specification
Reading
fruit
taking
ing.
"
devil
book
subject
patented invention
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"teeth,
load
and
Beauty
displacement
of
absorption
do
bullet
sex
body
be
palce
,That
shape
To
limit
teeth
na
nine
(the above
<<
0031
"reference
)，
little
na
nine
friend
one
The part is
cylinder
body
as well as
tube
To
Fixed
(
<<
0034
"reference
)When
recognition
be ordered. ”
note
: claim component "
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"of
shape
To
limit
fixed
The lack of
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
”
Judging by the effect.
"Then,
subject
B.
of"
cylinder
body
within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Yes
tower
body
” means
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
But
cylinder
body
When
tube
with
while
of
negative
load
as well as
displacement
of
absorption
so that it can act as
To
cylinder
body
within
~ side
To
rank
whatever you put
feet
It's called Riru
Be
and more than that,
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
Nosu
Be
Teno
part is
cylinder
body
within
~ side
Only
rank
to put
exclusive
be done
When
devil
Solve with
interpretation
phase
this
is not. ”
note
: important component (
for example
"Possible
body
”)
by mentioning it in the specification so that it can be seen
"
Previous
Record
cylinder
body
within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"within
~ side
to
about,"
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"of
“
all
body
”
But"
Previous
Record
cylinder
letter
body
"within
~ side
to
nine
even
good
It leads to the judgment that
I got
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
2.5 Tokyo District Court 2009
Judgment dated September 15, 2006 (2006)
Year No. 21405)
(1) Target patent: Patent No. 1
7
06534 "
rotary
addition
pressure mold
Palais
data
e
rice field
pulverization
machine
”
rotate
Tee
bu
Le
(2) Above, follow
movement
rotate
do
pulverization
B
has a roller (3)
pulverization
machine
to,
rotary
addition
pressure
Palais
Data
(12)
addition
addition
equipment.
rotary center
Palais
data (12)
Negative pressure type
and
pulverization
machine
(1
Surrounded by
devil
broken part) inside
addition
pressure atmosphere
enclosure
air
Since
fixed
of
SE
center
Shu
(13) and its
times
Rino
rotating center
PA
Les
data (12)
while
To
another
powder
is invading
enter
by doing
Question
the subject is
existing
existed.
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7

Book
subject
The invention
Question
To solve the problem,
"
air
"But
"
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
jet
It is configured to "out".
(2) Major Issues and Judgments of the Court
<Issue 1>
Defendant
subject
The invention is
pulverization
directly above the part
Noboru
come
rice field
Moth
vinegar
flow
But
rotary cylinder
under
end
To
directly
by catching
hand,
SE
center
Shu
with
rotary cylinder
with
gap
To
Fine powder
is invading
enter
It claims that it is an invention whose subject is only the phenomenon of doing.
The court ruled as follows and supported the defendant's allegations
Exhaust
death
rice field.
"
...
The book solved this problem.
subject
an invention,
"
powder
crush
directly above the part
Noboru
have been
Moth
vinegar
flow
But
rotary cylinder
under
end
To
directly
By getting
SE
center
Shu
with
times
cylinder
with
gap
To
Fine powder
is invading
enter
The problem is only the phenomenon of
It is not an invention that ”
note
: Solve the problem of the invention from the description of the specification
Certification
death,
this
the
think from the task
e
hand,"
directly
to something that can be used
exclusive
difference
I decided that I could not.
<Issue 21>
Defendant
subject
The composition of the invention is
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
take advantage of
By
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
let out
to "things"
exclusive
claimed to have been
The court ruled as follows and rejected the defendant's allegations
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"Described in (b)
Be
As you can see,
rotary cylinder
under
end
kara place
fixed
Distance
Separation
Re
above
rank
from the
ring
letter
gap
To
addition
pressure atmosphere
enclosure
air
than
high
stomach
addition
compressed air
of
supply
pass
palce
，
ring
letter
gap
But
Communication
Since
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
air
But
jet
to put out
generally
and
times
cylinder
under
end
from
air
But
jet
be served
palce
,Book
subject
the effect of the invention
Therefore, the above description is
subject
composition of the invention
"
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
by using
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
to "things to let out"
exclusive
is what was done
is not understood. ”
note
: The effect of the invention from the description of the specification
Certification
death,
concerned
effect
In relation to the results, “total
lap
from
air
of
jet
What to bring out
To
exclusive
determined not to.
<Issue 22>
Defendant
examination
in stages
Submission
issued
opinion
in writing
hair
Ru
Citing the claim,
concerned
thinking from the point of view
e
book
subject
The invention is
lap
from
air
of
jet
to "things to let out"
exclusive
claim to be
rice field.
The court ruled as follows and rejected the defendant's allegations
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"(
workman
)Book
subject
patent application
excess
application in process
Man
from
Submission
Exit
was done
opinion
book(
Instep
1 of 5,
B
One
7
) in which the defendant pointed
pick up
so that
"
devil
ta, to
e
，This quote
example
is like the claimed invention
To
Fixed
was done
SE
center
Shu
of the port
lap
Rini
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
Yes
Noh
To
set up
even if
Next
also explained in section
like,
rotary cylinder
under
end
kara place
fixed
Distance
away
intervals
above
rank
Placement
the
ring
letter
of
gap
To
air
of
supply
and
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
by using
ring
letter
of
gap
internal affairs
body
To
air
of
line
tree
delivery
let
gap
under
end
all of
lap
from
average
etc
To
air
of
jet
The effect of making it come out is
a lot
is.
"(Five
page
11
line
or 19
line
),
"On the other hand, in the present invention,
dust
invasion of
entry prevention
of
line
cormorant
Part
SE
center
Shu
13 and
rotary cylinder
of 22
while
of
gap
of
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
part, but the whole
lap
from
air
But
jet
because it is issued
dust
invasion of
enter
to ensure
prevention
be able to
can.
Namely
, place
fixed
pressure
of
air
But
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
mosquito
La place
fixed
Distance
Separation
above
rank
Placement
ring
letter
gap
within
supply to
difference
be, and
ring
letter
gap
of
picture
form
one
one part
material
is
rotate
cylinder
out of 22
lap
surface
But
rotate
Since
Previous
of
Supply position
place
from
supply
was done
air
But
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
To
To
Ru
while
and
times
cylinder
out of 22
lap
surface
of
rotate
along with
ring
shaped passage
the inside
Spiral
letter
To
Turning
down while
fall
In order to
Supply position
Placement
resistance
of
little
no special
fixed
Part of
rank
Only
flow
be, place
so-called
，
Show
tote
PA
Sushi
Tari
drift
or
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
partial of
rank
Placement
Mikara
Exhaust
not be issued
nine
，
the
air
teeth
ring
letter
gap
Inside
all
body
To
line
tree
delivery
What
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
all of
lap
from
jet
put out
be. "(
7
page
20
line
or 8
page
16
line
).
However, the above statement
open
Akira
Five
7

7
5156
public
report
(
B
4) and
open
Akira
5592145
public
report
(
Instep
2) of 5
application
prior notice
cited as technology
refuse
Absolute
Reason
notification
was done
of
reception
hair
hand(
B
6 of 1) ，
pulverization
above the part
rank
place
SE
hmm
Tar
Shu
with
rotary cylinder
with
while
of
ring
letter
gap
To
addition
compressed air
of
supply
configuration to
open
do not indicate
Both
Quote
example
For the above configuration
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of
picking
It claims the action and effect of using
the law of nature,
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
to get it out
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
The point of using
Both
Quote
example
with
difference
as a different point
strong
tone
not something to do.
Therefore, the above application
Sutra
excess
of
reference
and configuration elements
subject
H.
to
hair
"
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
jet
configured to issue
other
meaning
of
exclusive
Solution
interpretation
vinegar
Be
yes
e
do not have. ”
note
: Based on the issues, actions, and effects described above,
Zuku
judgment
by
Already
To
conviction
I got
thought
will be referee
examination
in stages
opinion
description of the book (
package
bag prohibition
words
)
vision
height
figure
,Right holder
To
relaxed
Capacity
a judgment
for
It is
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
Problems to be solved, actions, and effects of patented inventions
grasp
Be able to
describe the statement in
Be
tree
Clarify the problem to be solved, actions, and effects
grasp
Ready
palce
,case
Depending on
examination
in stages
opinion
description of the book (
package
bag prohibition
words
)
heavy
vision
height
figure
, to the right holder
relaxation
Capacity
a judgment
for
can be
3. Invalidity theory
The following is a solution based on judgments in which the argument of invalidity was the main point of contention.
explain.
3.1 Osaka District Court 1989
Judgment dated June 21, 1996 (2006)
Year (Wa) No. 2810)
(1) Subject patent: patent
number
No. 3306043 "
impact type
broken
crush
machine
to
hair
Ru
Ha
hmm
pose
”
original
fee
(
crushed stone
etc
) in more detail
nine
broken
crush
used to
Ru
impact type
broken
crush
machine
in the original
fee
of
hit
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Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
69
(
3
)
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Next
like
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basic implementation
example
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3.2 Tokyo District Court Heisei 2
Judgment on March 28, 2007 (Heisei 19
Year (Wa) No. 12631)
(1) Target practical use
new
plan
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new
plan
register
No. 2598506
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in lawsuit
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From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3

7
0

August 2009 "without wishing to be bound by any theory"

This month, I would like to talk about the above phrases that I often encounter when translating statements into Japanese.

Since there is no established "fixed phrase" equivalent to this expression in Japanese specifications, when translators see "without wishing to be bound by any theory" in English specifications, they are puzzled as to how to translate it into Japanese. It seems that there are times when I wonder what the intention is.

Take a look at the example below.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that pre-straining a polymer in one direction may increase the stiffness of the polymer in the pre-strain direction.

(USP 7567681)

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that as the concentration of EC increases, the concentration of sodium can be increased without substantially affecting cell 10 adversely.

(USP 7566350)

Although not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the addition of titanium causes a reaction with the surface of the boron carbide particles to form a stable titanium-containing compound on the surface that does not disperse in the matrix and prevents further Attack by the aluminum alloy in the matrix.

(USP 7562692)

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, applicants believe that this is due to the oxidation of N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3-methylaniline and 4-aminoantipyrine by peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide.

(USP 7560271)

All of these are expressions that appear in the description of the embodiment of the invention, but the translations delivered by freelance translators vary as follows (only the part in bold above).

Group A (Cases in which the intention of the original text was not understood, so the author tried to translate it faithfully, or the intention of the original text could be imagined to some extent, but the impression of "word translation" could not be overcome due to lack of Japanese sense. ):
A-1:
"Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that..."
A-2:
"Without wishing to be bound by theory, . . . can be considered."

Group B (I omitted the translation of wishing, probably because I didn't understand the original intent):
B-1:
"Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that . . . "
B-2:
"Without being bound by theory, it is believed that..."
B-3:
"Without being bound by any particular theory, think . . . "

Group C (wishing not translated, but mostly acceptable translation):
C-1:
"While not bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-2:
"While not bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-3:
"While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-4:
"Without being bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "

Group D (Translations that do not correctly understand the intention of the original text):
D-1:
"Unless bound by theory, it is believed that..."
D-2:
"If you don't want to be bound by theory, you can think of . . . "
D-3:
"Without being bound by theory, it can be thought that . . . "

I don't think Group A's translation poses any real harm as a translation of a patent specification, but it's not recommended from the point of view of Japanese grammar.

There is no equivalent to wishing in the B group translation.
It seems that they decided that they didn't need to translate it, but the Japanese expression is not good enough for that. Among them, B-3 seems to have devised the Japanese expression more or less. I am not the applicant/inventor (ie, the author of this specification).
Rather, it is the applicant/inventor who "wants not to be bound by any particular theory."

Group C also does not translate wishing, but it is mostly acceptable from two points of view of Japanese usage and how well the original intention is conveyed. In addition, it is better to say "can be considered" rather than "is considered".

The D group translation clearly shows that the translator did not understand the original intent correctly.

So what does "without wishing to be bound by any theory" mean and when is it used?

When applying for a patent, it is not legally required at all to state the scientific basis or academic principle that supports the effect of the invention in the specification. In other words, even if the inventor himself/herself does not know the principle or mechanism by which the "effect of the present invention" is obtained, it is sufficient if the configuration that exhibits the special effect is clearly specified in the specification. . This is what distinguishes them from academic papers. This is why university professors often say, "Patent specifications are sloppy."

That said, as inventors, we want examiners to be able to somehow assess the merits of our inventions, and we want examiners to understand that the effects of their inventions are not mere fancy or speculation. To that end, the inventors attempt to state the rationale behind the effects of the invention.

However, the scary part of the specification is that later, a third party finds a theory or principle different from the theoretical basis disclosed there, and claims that ``I made a different invention,'' or ``There is a reason for invalidation.'' There is a possibility of claiming that In order to prevent this, while persuading the examiner by stating that "the effects of the present invention are considered to be obtained by such scientific grounds and theories," There are other theories as well.”

Thus, "While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that ....." or "While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, A translation such as "It is considered to be



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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-372576 (P2002-372576A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2002 (2002.12.26)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
// G01C 17/32
21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G01C 17/32
21/00A
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 3
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》12
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2002-93386 (P2002-93386)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2002 (2002.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2001-93966 (P2001-93966)
(32) <Priority date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
2F029
5J062
《F term (reference)》
2F029 AA01 AB07 AC03 AC16
5J062 AA01 AA13 CC07 DD22 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information by receiving a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite with only one antenna.
<<Solution>> One GPS flat patch antenna 1 for L1 wave with a hemispherical beam is placed horizontally with the beam center, and the flat patch antenna 1 is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it faces. is formed, and the GPS receiver 2 connected to the planar patch antenna 1 attempts to acquire the signals transmitted from the GPS satellites. determining the GPS satellites, and aligning each GPS satellite determined to be in said air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of said air coverage area, and the satellite corresponding to the last term; is the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the GPS satellite azimuth angle corresponding to the first term is extracted as the ending azimuth angle.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One GPS flat antenna having a hemispherical antenna pattern is arranged horizontally with its beam center, and with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary, the GPS flat antenna is directed to four directions above the sky. A sky coverage area is formed in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to one half of the celestial sphere, and the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna is made to try to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper half celestial sphere, and the GPS receiver to determine the GPS satellites existing in the above air coverage area by processing the signals received in and using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation, each determined to exist in the above air coverage area The GPS satellites are arranged in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth of the sky coverage area, and the azimuth of the GPS satellite corresponding to the last in the aligned order is taken as the starting azimuth, and the first corresponding wherein the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing is limited to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise, with the opposite direction of the azimuth angle of the GPS satellite being the terminal azimuth angle. Method.
<<Claim 2>> In the azimuth information acquisition method according to Claim 1, the GPS flat antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees and arranged to provide a sky coverage area where the sensitivity of the antenna extends to the remaining one-fourth of the celestial sphere. and making the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna try to acquire the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere in the same process as above and defining one azimuth by taking a common product set of the azimuth obtained in the first attitude of the GPS planar antenna and the azimuth obtained in the second attitude of the GPS planar antenna A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the GPS planar antenna is mounted on the head.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>> According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each flat patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. retrieving the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna having sensitivity and air coverage; It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the transmitted GPS satellite was in, the determination result of the existence area of this satellite is circularly arranged, and the measurement is performed based on the information included in the circular determination result sequence. Limited or specified the orientation of the direction.
<<0005>> In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method in a commercially available GPS receiver, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (patent application 2000-364605).
<<0006>> As a result, when a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other, one The GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the two data can be processed by the data processing unit to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>> Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
<<Problems to be Solved by the Invention>> However, in the method of obtaining azimuth information proposed above, two planar antennas are installed in parallel, and data from one GPS receiver is transmitted to the other GPS receiver. As such, it is necessary to provide at least two antennas and data transmission means between the two GPS receivers.
<<0009>> The present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a direction information acquisition method that can extremely easily acquire direction information with only one flat antenna and one GPS receiver.
<<0010>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention comprises one GPS planar antenna having a hemispherical antenna pattern, the beam center of which is horizontally arranged, and one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. , the GPS flat antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing, and a GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna is provided with a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere. An attempt is made to acquire a transmitted signal, the signal received by the GPS receiver is processed to determine the GPS satellites present in the air coverage area, and the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation is used. and each GPS satellite determined to be within said air coverage area is aligned in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth of said air coverage area, and corresponds to the last in the aligned order. The direction in which one side of the semicircle is directed in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise, with the azimuth angle of the GPS satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle of the first corresponding GPS satellite as the ending azimuth angle. is characterized by limiting the orientation of
<<0011>> In addition, according to the present invention, the GPS flat antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees to form a sky coverage area where the sensitivity of the antenna extends to the remaining one-fourth of the celestial sphere. making the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna attempt to acquire a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere, limiting the azimuth in the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing; Defining one orientation by taking a common intersection of the orientation obtained in the first pose and the orientation obtained in the second pose of the GPS planar antenna.
<<0012>> Furthermore, the present invention includes mounting the GPS planar antenna on the head, and makes the GPS planar antenna in a horizontal state or a vertical state according to the information to be acquired.
<<0013>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> Next, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0014>> and subsequent descriptions use degrees (deg) as the unit of angle, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0015>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. A planar antenna 1 is installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction in which the beam of the planar antenna 1 faces is on the left side, the direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is looking down is Hereinafter, this direction will be referred to as measurement direction 5.
<<0016>> As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is rarely referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore, of course, the term omnidirectional will not be used below to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams face the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0017>> When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG. corresponds to one side of the state divided in two. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the planar antenna 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B exists in Do not cover.
<<0018>> Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. Synchronization is possible with the signal from GPS satellite A located within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for GPS, but synchronization with the signal from GPS satellite B not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 is not possible. Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0019>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. Right-handed circularly polarized beamwidths with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of designing the planar patch antenna. The planar antenna that constitutes the This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《0020》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100《0021》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722<0022> Making slight modifications to obtain the desired antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
《0023》In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, it can be easily done by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part. A hemispherical beam antenna can be constructed.
<<0024>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0025>> The functions and specifications that the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 2 should have may be equivalent to the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, the miniaturization and mass productivity that have been cultivated for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer GPS positioning devices are inherited and used. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer-use GPS positioning devices, there are already many GPS receivers of a size suitable for planar patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand already exists at a low price, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since the accumulation of these existing miniaturization techniques can be utilized, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be configured economically and in a small size.
<<0026>> The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at a cycle of every second or less, that is, the one with standard specifications is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite elevation for the satellite assigned to channel 1; satellite azimuth for the satellite assigned to channel 1; channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1; satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2, satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2, channel state for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 2, . , the satellite number assigned to channel n, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, the channel for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n state. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1-wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0027>> Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals, and attempts positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is expected to exist in the sky as if it were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere in the sky, just like the GPS receiver of an ordinary portable satellite positioning device. It causes a signal search to be performed for all GPS satellites that are present.
<<0028>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked by the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other synchronized GPS satellites via antennas. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0029>>Although all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used due to the use of a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. That is, regarding all the GPS satellites existing at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites. In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0030>> In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state, which are data of each satellite, are periodically output from the GPS receiver. In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data at a rate of about every second are currently in widespread use. Also good.
<<0031>> Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing unit 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0032>> Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0033>> If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0034>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0035>> If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0036>> If there are two or more satellites extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0037>> The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0038>> That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the final satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0039>> The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0040>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0041>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0042>> The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0043>> Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0044>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in the azimuth limitation is (α, β) can be given to the observer, but not limited to that, the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as θ) and the one-sided error (hereinafter referred to as δ) can be expressed in the form of (θ, δ). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 1》
000003

However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0045>> The two output forms, shown in the (α, β) form and the (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and either form is presented to the observer. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0046>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is worn on the back, the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body. Since limited results are obtained, usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0047>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. There are small black circle marks and white small circle marks.
<<0048>> Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and whose elevation angles were 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0049>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. A planar antenna 1 was randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. 3 by an observer who had no information about the orientation. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as previously described. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0050>> When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 1 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 . It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<Table 1>>
000004

<<0051>> Of the satellite data, only the satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less are extracted. Satellite numbers 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, and 20 were extracted. <<0052>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0053>> Since there are two or more extracted satellites, the following is done. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0054>> Now, the satellite 20 is selected as the final term and the satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0055>> The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0056>> That is, the direction of measurement is the direction (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle, defined clockwise.
<<0057>> The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0058>> The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle. inform.
<<0059>> Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction. The output format of the azimuth angle of measurement direction 5 in <<0060>> azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as a general azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 2》
000005

<<0061>> That is, the approximate azimuth angle is 276 degrees and the one-sided error is 14 degrees.
<<0062>> Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0063>> The physical entity of a modern GPS receiver is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, current portable GPS receivers are available at low cost that are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the parts used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that it can be configured small by suppressing the For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . The result output unit 4 can output sound through a speaker or an earphone. <<0064>> Since direction information acquisition according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, it can be easily attached to the head or body and direction information can be obtained while moving.
<<0065>> FIG. 4 shows a case where the head is worn via a cap or a helmet. FIG. 4(a) shows a state in which the planar antenna 1 is arranged horizontally on the top of the head, FIG. 4(b) shows a state in which the planar antenna 1 is arranged vertically on the back of the head, and FIG. 1 shows a state in which the flat antenna 1 is arranged vertically, and convenience is improved if the mutual mounting positions can be easily changed. <0066> Furthermore, the receiver integrally formed with the antenna 1 was incorporated with a mercury switch 8 as shown in FIG. When the mercury of the mercury switch 8 is positioned at the contact that activates the measurement function (Fig. 5(a)), and the antenna 1 is positioned at the back of the head as shown in Fig. 4(b) and becomes vertical. , the mercury in the mercury switch 8 is arranged to move to one of the contacts activating the azimuth limiting function (FIG. 5(b)) and the antenna 1 is arranged in the forehead as shown in FIG. 4(c). When positioned vertically, the mercury of the mercury switch 8 moves to the other of the contacts that activate the azimuth limiting function (FIG. 5(c)). You can get any information just by changing the .
<<0067>> As described above, if the antenna 1 is placed perpendicular to the back of the head, the measurement direction will be leftward if left as it is. By setting in advance, the obtained result matches the front direction of the face, which improves convenience. Similarly, if the antenna 1 is placed perpendicular to the forehead, the measurement direction will turn to the right, so the data processing unit 3 should be set in advance to always subtract 90 degrees from the result and output it. Thus, the obtained result matches the front direction of the face, improving convenience.
<<0068>> As can be seen from the configuration of FIG. 2, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on one side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As for the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 may be output from the result output unit 4 as it is.
<<0069>> As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites required for positioning can often be secured even in the vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in the constant vertical arrangement. However, the advantage of using only the positioning function horizontally is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases, so the DOP (Dilution of Precision: accuracy deterioration index) value is good. It is highly probable that you can select a set of satellites that In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy can be expected.
<<0070>> Furthermore, when the observer does not change his posture and manually switches between the states of FIG. 4B and FIG. Orientation information acquisition can be realized as if
<<0071>> That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in the memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, whether the measurement was performed in the state of the flat antenna 1 in FIG. 4(b) or in the state of the flat antenna 1 in FIG. 4(c). possible). The third is the time when the azimuth limitation is achieved (the time of the built-in clock of the GPS receiver 2 can be used for this). These are stored in memory on the microprocessor.
<<0072>> In the bi-vertical arrangement of the planar antenna 1 (FIGS. 4(b) and 4(c)), if only the latest azimuth information acquisition information is stored in the memory (older information overwriting) can save memory efficiently.
<<0073>> Then, when azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state (for example, the state of FIG. 4(c)), the azimuth information is not only output, but also azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions is stored in the memory. Check whether
<<0074>> In other words, it is obtained within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds) from the time when the orientation information was obtained in the current vertical arrangement, and the orientation information obtained in the other vertical arrangement Check if the result exists.
<<0075>> If there is a corresponding record, it is judged that the observer is trying to use the information on both sides of the sky by simply changing the arrangement of the planar antenna 1 on the head without changing the posture. Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated, and the intersection is also output.
<<0076>> In this operation, it is possible to calculate more accurate azimuth information values by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere. can.
<<0077>> In fact, in FIG. 3, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison, the resulting azimuth information obtained from both using the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (from 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuthal definition of 5 degrees wide would be obtained in this case. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0078>> At this time, the result output unit 4 determines that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement, the orientation of the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The intersection of the results of information acquisition is .
<<0079>> Below, a specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information by both vertical arrangements will be shown. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 1 and Figure 3, a procedure similar to that was carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0080>> FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 3 at this time. It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small black circles indicate GPS satellites that are determined to exist in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and have an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 3, the satellite that was out of coverage is now in coverage.
<<0081>> Table 2 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<Table 2>>
000006

<<0082>> Of the satellite data, only the satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less are extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3 is synchronous, but is excluded because it has an elevation value greater than 85 degrees. High elevation satellites are not suitable for use because their actual elongation is extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth. because there is no
<<0083>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0084>> Follow the rule when there are two or more extracted satellites. In other words, a circular permutation is created with respect to the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more. Then, let the above satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0085>> Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0086>> According to the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately limited as follows.
<<0087>> According to the original definition of the measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. ) is the starting azimuth (64 degrees), and the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth, clockwise. , should be limited.
<<0088>> However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-described memory, the previous azimuth limitation It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 6) while maintaining the same direction as the measurement direction (5 in FIG. 3). This is the case when the user attempts to obtain a more accurate azimuth limit value and changes the antenna placement to the opposite vertical position. In this case, the data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which is automatically limited as described above, plus 180 degrees, to be the current azimuth-limited measurement direction, and (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees as the starting azimuth. Let the azimuth angle range defined by the angle (105+180=) 285 degrees be the ending azimuth angle, clockwise, as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0089>> Here, the results in Table 1 and FIG. 3 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(b), and the results in Table 2 and FIG. 6 are based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(c). It is assumed that the time difference between the two azimuth limitations is within the specified time. It is also assumed that the user has not changed his attitude at all during the change of antenna arrangement. The accuracy of the results can then be summarized as follows: Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle A, the ending azimuth angle B, clockwise, in the notation A<X<B. express that
<<0090>> The result of the first azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement of FIG. On the other hand, as shown in Table 2 and FIG. 6, the result of azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement in FIG.
<<0091>> Taking the product set of these two azimuth limitation results obtained only on one side, 262<X<285, it is possible to be determined in a width of 23 degrees. The results for the final azimuth constraint show narrower values than the results for either vertical position alone (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees). That is, by taking the intersection, we were able to produce a result that was better than the results on either side. In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0092>> In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both of them at the same time rather than using only one quarter of the celestial sphere as a target. According to the present invention, it can be realized with a simpler device. In other words, a simple configuration can be realized by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers and two planar antennas.
<<0093>> Even if you do not use your hands as upper limbs and just perform an action such as aligning the facial direction with the zenith direction or aligning the facial direction with the nadir (virtual symmetry point of the zenith) direction, the above-mentioned is possible. In other words, it is possible to realize switching of functions by a mercury switch and proper placement of the antenna with respect to the sky. With the equipment configuration shown in Fig. 4(a), the facial direction is first aligned with the zenith direction, and after setting the azimuth by making the equipment take one vertical position (equivalent to Fig. 4(b)), immediately, the nadir If the device is made to take another vertical position (equivalent to FIG. 4(c)) so as to match the facial direction with the direction of the face and the device is allowed to perform orientation limitation, the result of orientation limitation as the intersection of the two can be easily obtained as Obtainable. This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0094>> According to the present invention, high-level results equivalent to those obtained from satellite data of a quarter of the celestial sphere on both sides can be realized with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Moreover, it can be realized by a simple operation and is practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding an extremely small modification to an inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning device that is widely used for civilian use.
<<0095>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0096>>
<Effect of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method of claim 1, a GPS flat antenna having a single hemispherical antenna pattern is arranged vertically to receive signals from GPS satellites. By doing so, the azimuth can be quickly limited, in other words, the azimuth angle values can be narrowed down to a fan-shaped range of azimuth angle values.
<<0097>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquisition method according to claim 2, the GPS planar antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees, and the azimuth in the direction in which the other side of the semicircle faces is limited by the same process. , a more limited azimuth angle value can be obtained by taking the common intersection of the two resulting azimuths.
<<0098>> Furthermore, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar antenna, it can be easily attached to the head, and by positioning the antenna on the front of the head, the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing By limiting the orientation and moving the antenna to the back of the head, we can limit the orientation of the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing, and furthermore by taking the common intersection of the two orientations obtained. Limited azimuth angle values can be obtained.
<<0099>> Moreover, in its realization, priority can be given to the azimuth limiting function or the positioning function by simply switching between the vertical arrangement and the horizontal arrangement, providing high convenience to the observer. be able to.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device capable of embodying an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic arrangement diagram showing the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the orientation is limited by the orientation information acquisition device.
<<Fig. 4>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is an antenna layout diagram when the positioning function is prioritized, (b) is an antenna layout diagram at the back of the head when the azimuth information acquisition function is prioritized, (c) is an antenna arrangement diagram for the forehead when the azimuth information acquisition function is prioritized.
<<Fig. 5>> A conceptual diagram showing the switching state of the mercury switch of the direction information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the positioning information acquisition function is prioritized, and (b) is direction information FIG. 7C is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the acquisition function is given priority, and FIG. 4C is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the azimuth information acquisition function is given priority.
<<FIG. 6>> FIG. 3 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when azimuth limitation is performed by the azimuth information acquisition device when the antenna is placed in the opposite direction.
<<Description of symbols>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area
<<Figure 1>>
000007

<<Figure 2>>
000008

<<Figure 3>>
000009

<<Fig. 5>>
000011

<<Fig. 4>>
000010

<<Fig. 6>>
000012

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(19) <<Issuing Country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2007-248205 (P2007-248205A)
(43) "Published date" September 27, 2007 (2007.9.27)
(54) <<Title of the Invention>> Method and apparatus for acquiring direction or direction of magnetic force line information
(51) <<International Patent Classification>>
G01C 17/28 (2006.01)
G01R 33/02 (2006.01)
《FI》
G01C 17/28D
G01R 33/02L
《Request for Examination》Unclaimed
《Number of claims》38
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》26
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2006-70889 (P2006-70889)
(22) <Filing date> March 15, 2006 (2006.3.15)
(71) Applicant
《Identification number》301022471
<<Name>>National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100095337
"patent attorney"
<Name> Shinichi Fukuda
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100061642
"patent attorney"
<Name>Takemichi Fukuda
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
2G017
《F term (reference)》
2G017AA00
2G017AA03
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To obtain azimuth information inexpensively and simply without relying on satellites or radio wave sources, and with high reliability even on land.
<<Solution>> A conductor 12 is provided on a rotating throwing body 11 that rotates when thrown. A detection unit 13 is provided to generate a detection output when an induced electromotive force is generated in a predetermined direction in the conductor 12, and a notification unit 14 notifies that the detection output has been generated.
<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 1
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>>
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Acquiring predetermined azimuth information by detecting an induced electromotive force generated in the conductor when the conductor traverses the magnetic field due to rotation;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>>
A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, wherein:
providing a notification unit for notifying that the predetermined direction information has been acquired;
Arranging the notification part at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 3>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
disposing the notification unit at or near the outer periphery of the rotary thrower;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 4>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The notification unit changes its state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 5>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 4;
When the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before that, and the luminous body that emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light with a different emission color, and the optical property variable that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies emitting sounds or changing timbres from silence;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 6>>
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Acquiring magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force that can be generated in the conductor when the conductor crosses the magnetic field due to rotation;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 7>>
The magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 6;
providing a notification unit for notifying the acquired magnetic force line direction information;
Arranging the notification part at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 8>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 7;
disposing the notification unit at or near the outer periphery of the rotary thrower;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 9>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 7;
The notification unit changes its state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 10>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 9;
When the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before that, and the luminous body that emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light with a different emission color, and the optical property variable that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies emitting sounds or changing timbres from silence;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 11>>
a rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that emits a detection output when an induced electromotive force is generated in the conductor in a predetermined direction;
a notification unit that notifies that the detection output has been issued;
An azimuth information acquisition device comprising:
<<Claim 12>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit is arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 13>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit is arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary thrower;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 14>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The annunciator comprises visual or audible, or visual and audible annunciation means;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 15>>
15. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 14;
The notification unit, as the notification means, changes the previous state at the time of notification, emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, and has a variable optical characteristic that varies the value of light reflectance or light absorption. having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies that emit sounds or change timbre from silence:
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 16>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source and a drive control section for driving the notification section;
enabling the drive control unit to supply power from the power supply to the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 17>>
17. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 16;
The drive control unit is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 18>>
17. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 16;
further comprising a rotation detection device for detecting whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section for enabling power supply from the power source when the rotation detection device detects the rotation;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 19>>
19. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 18;
The rotation detection device has a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary thrower to the outer circumference, and are spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction;
The mercury switch is configured to close the electrical contact when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing comes to the radially outer end side due to centrifugal force accompanying rotation;
The rotation detection device detects rotation of the rotary thrower when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 20>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
Two or more of the notification units are provided at mutually different positions of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 21>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 22>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged in a straight line in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a portion of the outer peripheral edge thereof at appropriate intervals;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 23>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit includes a radio transmitter and is configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by a user when the detection unit emits the detection output;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 24>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The rotating throwing body is a return-type gliding body that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 25>>
A rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that detects an induced electromotive force that can occur in the conductor and emits a detection output;
a reporting unit that reports magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor obtained through the detection output of the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device comprising:
<<Claim 26>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit is arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 27>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit is arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary thrower;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 28>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The annunciator comprises visual or audible, or visual and audible annunciation means;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 29>>
29. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 28;
The notification unit, as the notification means, changes the previous state at the time of notification, emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, and has a variable optical characteristic that varies the value of light reflectance or light absorption. having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies that emit sounds or change timbre from silence:
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 30>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source and a drive control section for driving the notification section;
enabling the drive control unit to supply power from the power supply to the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 31>>
31. A magnetic force line direction information acquiring device according to claim 30;
The drive control unit is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 32>>
31. A magnetic force line direction information acquiring device according to claim 30;
further comprising a rotation detection device for detecting whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section for enabling power supply from the power source when the rotation detection device detects the rotation;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 33>>
33. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 32;
The rotation detection device has a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary thrower to the outer circumference, and are spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction;
The mercury switch is configured to close the electrical contact when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing comes to the radially outer end side due to centrifugal force accompanying rotation;
The rotation detection device detects rotation of the rotary thrower when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 34>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
Two or more of the notification units are provided at mutually different positions of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 35>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 36>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged in a straight line in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a portion of the outer peripheral edge thereof at appropriate intervals;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 37>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit includes a radio transmitter and is configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by a user when the detection unit emits the detection output;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 38>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The rotating throwing body is a return-type gliding body that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for obtaining azimuth or magnetic field line direction information, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for obtaining azimuth or magnetic field line direction information based on geomagnetism detection.
《Background technology》
<<0002>>
With the rapid development of geographic information systems and the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology in recent years, the demand for directional information acquisition methods that can be used reliably even on land is rapidly increasing. In particular, there is an increasing demand for a method based on geomagnetic detection that does not need to rely on satellites or radio sources, as well as a method that is inexpensive, simple, and highly reliable.
<<0003>>
Conventionally, when it comes to obtaining a direction by detecting geomagnetism without relying on a satellite or radio wave source, there is the application of a traditional compass. Acquisition of direction information using a compass certainly has had a certain degree of effectiveness over the ocean and in the sky. Over the ocean or in the air, correction of deviation (the error caused by the magnetic north direction indicated by the compass needle against the true magnetic north direction due to the influence of the magnetism of the hull or aircraft itself) and declination is complicated, but for the time being, This is because it is practically possible.
<<Disclosure of Invention>>
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0004>>
On land, however, things were different. The use of a compass on land was surprisingly problematic and should only be seen as a stopgap measure of convenience.
<<0005>>
In other words, the mixing ratio of geomagnetism and disturbance magnetism in the direction of the compass needle at each point is unknown, and this mixing ratio sometimes reaches 1:1 or more, which means that the error may be larger. . In other words, the error can be up to 360 degrees. Therefore, there is a great risk that the user will be given unreliable results without knowing the degree of error at individual points, and the user will act on the false information. Disturbance magnetism is caused by the geological characteristics inherent to the site, the presence of buried objects such as iron, the presence of automobiles, the presence of steel-framed buildings, and the effects of various magnetic metals possessed by users. These changes when the user's position changes, or when the user's clothing changes, so individual evaluation is very difficult. This is the fundamental difference from the deviation of ships and aircraft. The deviation of ships and aircraft can be corrected even if the procedure is complicated, but it cannot be evaluated on land because there are too many individual influences.
<<0006>>
In fact, the use of compasses, etc. on land was not used for important decision-making. This is because there is no evidence to deny that it is the result of contamination by disturbance magnetism originating from the geological features at the measurement point. This is because there was no way to quickly confirm on the spot whether or not the results were obtained. In order to confirm this, it is necessary to take the trouble of moving by walking or the like and confirming whether the orientation at each point is the same as the orientation at the original point.
<<0007>>
However, such movement by walking or the like has the drawback of rapidly depleting physical strength and time, which are extremely valuable resources for outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, and is not practical in terms of ensuring safety. In other words, there is a risk that trial walking to obtain a direction may lead to slipping down the ridgeline in fog, or a fall accident without stepping on the snow cornice. Also, even if it doesn't lead to an accident, it wastes precious time until sunset, and instead leads to danger such as being forced to do a dangerous bivouac at night. As a result, there was also the problem of increasing the risk of fatigue and freezing death.
<<0008>>
In view of such conventional circumstances, the present invention is capable of obtaining azimuth information or the direction of magnetic lines of force with high reliability even on land by means of an inexpensive and simple method or device without relying on satellites or radio wave sources. It is intended to provide a method or apparatus for obtaining
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0009>>
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention first has the following basic configuration:
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Obtaining predetermined azimuth information by detecting the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor as it crosses the magnetic field due to rotation;
We propose a direction information acquisition method characterized by
<<0010>>
Furthermore, the present invention also proposes a method of obtaining magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force that can be generated in a conductor when the conductor traverses the magnetic field due to rotation.
<<0011>>
As a preferred sub-structure of these, the present invention provides a notification unit for notifying that predetermined azimuth information has been acquired or for notifying the acquired magnetic force line direction information, and this notification unit is positioned at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body. , preferably at or near the outer periphery.
<<0012>>
Furthermore, it is also proposed that the notification unit changes the state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification. In other words, when the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before and changes the value of the luminous body that emits light from the non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, the light reflectance or the light absorption rate. It can be configured to have any one, some, or all of an optical property variable body, a sounding body that emits sound from a silent state or changes timbre.
<<0013>>
The present invention can of course also be defined as an apparatus. i.e.
a rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that emits a detection output when an electromotive force induced in a predetermined direction occurs in the conductor;
a notification unit that notifies that the detection output is issued;
We propose an azimuth information acquisition device comprising:
<<0014>>
As in the method invention, the apparatus invention also provides magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor obtained through the detection output of the detection unit. A direction information acquisition device is also proposed.
<<0015>>
In any of the inventions, as a subordinate structure, for example, the notification unit is preferably arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body, and is particularly preferably arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge. In the device configuration as well, the reporting section can be configured to have visual or audible reporting means, or visible and audible reporting means.
<<0016>>
Specific notification means include a luminous body that changes its previous state at the time of notification and emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, an optical property variable body that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption, Examples include a sounding body that emits sound from a silent state or changes tone. One of these may be used, or some or all of them may be used in combination.
<<0017>>
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source for driving the notification unit and a drive control unit, and the above detection output from the detection unit enables the drive control unit to supply power from the power supply to the notification unit. Can also be configured.
<<0018>>
Instead of simply supplying operating power, the drive control section may be configured to change the notification mode of the notification section based on the detection output from the detection section. That is, for example, the luminous color of the light emitter, which is the notification means provided in the notification unit, can be changed, the light reflectance or light absorption rate of the optical characteristic variable body can be changed, or the tone color of the sounding body can be changed. It can be configured to change from before.
<<0019>>
Furthermore, by further providing a rotation detection device that detects whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section that enables power supply from the power supply when the rotation detection device detects rotation, Power can also be conserved when the rotary thrower is not in use.
<<0020>>
The rotation detection device can be configured to have a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body to the outer periphery, and arranged at appropriate intervals in the circumferential direction. The switch is constructed such that the electrical contact is closed when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing comes to the radially outer end side due to centrifugal force due to rotation. In this way, when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches, the rotation detector can reliably detect rotation of the rotary throwing body.
<<0021>>
Two or more notification units may be provided at mutually different positions on the rotary throwing body, or a plurality of reporting units may be arranged at appropriate intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body. It is also a good arrangement to provide a plurality of linear throwers at suitable intervals in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a part of the outer peripheral edge.
<<0022>>
The notification unit may include a radio transmitter, and may be configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by the user when the detection unit emits a detection output. Of course, the receiver side activates one or both of the visual notification means and the audible notification means that the user can perceive based on the reception of the notification signal.
<<0023>>
In many cases, it is desirable that the rotary throwing object is a return-type gliding object that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown.
"Effect of the invention"
<<0024>>
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an azimuth information acquisition method or apparatus that is inexpensive and simple without relying on satellites or radio wave sources, and that exhibits high reliability by being free from the influence of disturbance magnetism. Moreover, it can present orientation information in the form of a generally useful body-centered, body-fixed coordinate system representation. It eliminates the need for complex deviation correction procedures, which are generally associated with magnetic detection, and solves the problem of the unknown magnetic disturbance effect, which was a serious drawback of using a compass on land. It can be realized, security and safety can be ensured, and the user can be protected from the danger of acting based on false information.
<<0025>>
In addition, since bearings and the like, which are weak points of compass needles, are not required, and mechanical moving parts are not required, the failure rate is low. It is relatively easy to recreate on site, and since it is lightweight, you can carry multiple pieces with you.
<<0026>>
Furthermore, according to certain aspects of the present invention, not only the azimuth but also the direction of the magnetic lines of force can be detected, which also has many very effective uses.
<<Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0027>>
1(A) and 1(B) show a preferred embodiment of an azimuth or magnetic force line direction information acquisition device configured according to the present invention. start. As shown in FIG. 1(A), there is a rotary thrower 11 as one of the main components of this device. The "rotary throwing object" referred to in the present invention refers to an object that can fly while rotating by being thrown directly by a person or by throwing with the aid of a tool that assists throwing. does not matter. In addition to frisbees and boomerangs with high gliding performance, baseballs and dodgeballs with low gliding performance or no gliding performance, as an intermediate existence between these, the interplay between Frisbee shape and ball shape during flight. A playground equipment that flips (flat ball), a playground equipment that looks like a PET bottle with the top and bottom cut off (X gyro), an ancient Japanese bamboo dragonfly, or a bamboo dragonfly-like object that rotates more to stabilize the rise. Throwable items, toys, etc., including those equipped with auxiliary equipment that can rotate the main body at high speed by pulling the towline at high speed, or similar rotating ascending bodies, etc. .
<<0028>>
By the way, in FIG. 1(A), the outer peripheral edge of the rotary projectile 11 shown in the shape of a disk is drawn obliquely, but the outer peripheral edge of the disk is also configured vertically (Dodgebee) at present. It is widely distributed, and of course that shape is also acceptable. If you throw a frisbee like a boomerang (a little more laid down than a boomerang), give it an angle of about 30 to 40 degrees from the horizontal and throw it forward and upward, it will rise forward and then turn around and come back. . Even throwing bodies with high gliding performance can be called "return type gliding bodies" because the above-mentioned Frisbee, boomerang, etc. return to a position close to the throwing start position.
<<0029>>
As is well known, the flying distance of a Frisbee ranges from 100m to 200m, and the flying distance of a donut-shaped ball called an aerobie, which completely hollows out the center part, can reach a flying distance of 300m. Boomerangs are also known to have various shapes, such as a dogleg shape, a shape with arms on three sides, a shape with arms on four sides, and so on. Of course, these can also be used as the rotary throwing body 11 in the present invention. There is also a foldable type that is convenient to carry, and such a type can also be conveniently used as the rotary throwing body 11 of the present invention.
<<0030>>
In this embodiment, for convenience of explanation, the rotating throwing body 11 is assumed to be a Frisbee, but the rotating throwing body 11 is provided with a conductor 12 . In the case of this embodiment, the conductor 12 is composed of a conductor wire 12 wound around the diameter passing through the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 . For the sake of clarity, the number of turns of the conductor 12 is shown as one, but in practice it is desirable to have multiple turns, which can increase the induced electromotive force described later.
<<0031>>
A detector 13 for detecting an induced electromotive force generated in the conductor 12 faces the conductor 12 . A commercially available semiconductor-based minute voltage detector or the like can be arbitrarily used to detect the minute induced electromotive force.
<<0032>>
The detector 13 can limit the detection induced electromotive force direction by simply using a rectifier diode or the like, for example, so as to detect only when the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor 12 is in a predetermined direction. You can leave it as is. In addition, since the induced electromotive force is not simply turned on and off, it is often preferable to detect when the conductor 12 faces the predetermined direction when the maximum induced electromotive force is generated.
<<0033>>
The rotary throwing body 11 is also provided with a notification unit 14 that operates when the detection unit 13 detects that an induced electromotive force is generated in the conductor 12 in a predetermined direction. It is sufficient if it is configured so that a state different from the above can be visibly or audibly embodied, or visibly and audibly. For example, in order to display visually, the notification means may typically be composed of light-emitting bodies such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are light, small, and low in power consumption. Typically, the means may be composed of a sounding body such as a low power consumption, light weight and small size film speaker or the like, or both may be used in combination. Also, an optical property variable body such as a liquid crystal whose light reflectance or light absorption rate can be controlled by an electrical signal can be used alone or in combination with the light emitter or sound generator.
<<0034>>
When the detection output of the detection unit 13 is sufficiently high and the operating power of the notification unit 14 is extremely small, the output of the detection unit 13 can drive the notification unit 14 as it is. Fourteen drive control units 15 can be configured. For example, if a light-emitting diode or the like that can emit light with an extremely small amount of power is provided in the future, simply inserting this light-emitting diode in series with the conductor 12 will also serve as the rectifying diode described above. However, in general, there are many cases in which separate power is required to drive current light-emitting diodes and speakers. , so that the notification unit 14 can be selectively driven via the drive control unit 15. As shown in FIG. In FIG. 1(A), the power source 16 is shown at a position slightly off the center of the rotary thrower 11 for the convenience of notation, but if it is near the center, in the case of the disk-shaped rotary thrower 11, the rotation balance is good. Become.
<<0035>>
If the number of turns of the conductor wire 12 is sufficiently large, the induced electromotive force itself can be used as the power supply for the main body, or an appropriate power storage device (not shown) such as a built-in rechargeable battery or an electric double layer capacitor can be used. They can also be used as the power source 16 if stored.
<<0036>>
Examples of correlation circuit blocks of the detector 13, notification unit 14, drive control unit 15, and power source 16 are shown in FIG. 1(B), for example. The drive control unit 15 can be assembled as a power supply line switching unit using, for example, a field effect transistor or other semiconductor switching element, and emits a detection output indicating that the detection unit 13 has detected an induced electromotive force in a predetermined direction. The power supply line opening/closing unit may sometimes respond to close the power supply line, and the power supplied from the power supply 16 may be used to drive the notification unit 14 . Such a circuit configuration itself can be assembled in various ways by those skilled in the art very easily, and can be made considerably smaller and lighter with the use of recent integrated circuit technology.
<<0037>>
The geometric arrangement position of the notification unit 14 should be a position that avoids the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11, at least when visually reporting, and is preferably at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body 11. . In the case of this embodiment, it is provided on one surface of the rotary throwing body 11 in the vicinity of the outer peripheral edge, and is positioned to ride on the conductor 12 as well.
<<0038>>
As already described, when a semiconductor-based minute voltage detection device is used as the detection unit 13, for example, an integrated circuit distributed as "ultra-high-performance AD converter IHM-A-1500" may be used. Since this is a small, lightweight, and thin integrated circuit (10 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 5 mm thin) that can be placed on a fingertip, it is lightweight and suitable for aircraft. It is a 16-pin integrated circuit chip with 8 leads for external input/output arranged on both long sides of a flat rectangular package. It uses a SOP (Small Outline Package) method, which is a flat type, which is popular as a package method, and is easy to handle and low in cost. It can detect minute voltages on the order of μV at a maximum period of 16 kHz, and can output highly accurate 16-bit digital signals. It is a product manufactured by ISABELLENHUTTE in Germany and is available at a very low price. However, there is white noise even with 0V input, and the lower 1 and 2 bits may not be completely 0, but this is rather normal for this kind of integrated circuit with high detection sensitivity, and their This can be dealt with by ignoring the bit or by appropriately setting the threshold in the drive control unit 15. Also, since it is a mere AD converter without an internal controller, its conversion method can be controlled by register contents. The main unit operates on a 5V power supply. It weighs only a few grams and is distributed at a price comparable to or lower than that of the main Frisbee, so it is highly applicable to the device of the present invention.
<<0039>>
When the induced electromotive force is detected by the integrated circuit of such a minute voltage detection device, the microcomputer (abbreviated as microcomputer: for example, PIC microcomputer: EPROM can hold the program) used as one form of the drive control unit 15 is notified. I wish I could. Of course, the above-mentioned button battery is sufficient as the power supply 16 because it can operate sufficiently with a 5V power supply.
<<0040>>
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the principle of operation of the azimuth information acquiring apparatus of the present invention shown in FIG. 1. First, basically, the present invention utilizes Fleming's right-hand rule. In other words, when a conductor placed perpendicular to the lines of magnetic force in a magnetic field is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field, the induced electromotive force is induced by the middle finger occurs in the direction of
<<0041>>
Therefore, when the rotary thrower 11 with the coil 12 wound around the conductor 12 is thrown in the throwing direction Dg in the magnetic field Mf, the rotational direction of the rotary thrower 11 indicated by the arrow Ro in FIG. The induced electromotive force vector is generated from the tangential motion vector and the geomagnetic direction vector. As a result, the detection unit 13 detects the generation of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor (lead wire) 12 in a predetermined direction. Then, at the moment when the detection unit 13 detects the induced electromotive force, the notification unit 14 is driven by the operating power from the power supply 16 via the drive control unit 15, and the light emitting body such as a light emitting diode provided as the notification unit 14 emits light as indicated by symbol Le.
<<0042>>
The reference of this light emission may be a design in which a threshold is set for the induced electromotive force and a notification is given when the threshold is exceeded. Alternatively, when the induced electromotive force begins to be observed, focus on its fluctuation cycle, which should be basically a sine curve accompanying rotation, and find the induced electromotive force at 80% of the maximum value in the sine curve of the previous induced electromotive force. The power may be a threshold value of the current induced electromotive force, and may be designed to notify when the threshold value is exceeded. With the latter method, it is possible to avoid the situation where the threshold is set too high and no notification is given at all. In addition, it is convenient because it can handle changes in the induced electromotive force depending on the throwing direction and angle. Alternatively, both may be switched by a switch.
<<0043>>
In the former case, that is, when a predetermined threshold value is set, the azimuth in which light continues to be emitted may become too wide. However, since it can be recognized as the central position by the observer, there is little problem. The threshold may be set externally using a jog dial or the like (not shown). Also, if it is possible to carefully detect the sine curve variation for one wavelength, it is of course preferable to control the light emission appropriately before and after the maximum value of the induced electromotive force. This in itself is not very difficult.
<<0044>>
Here, reference is made to the magnitude of the induced electromotive force induced by Fleming's right-hand rule. Magnetic field measurement by electromagnetic induction with a rotating-coil flux meter can measure the absolute value of the magnetic field. A sensing coil (constituted by conductor 12 in the present invention) in a steady magnetic field is rotated at a constant speed and the electromotive force induced in the coil is measured.
<<0045>>
For example, when a detection coil having a cross-sectional area of S and the number of turns of N is rotated at a constant speed perpendicular to the magnetic field H at an angular velocity ω, the total magnetic flux Φ penetrating the coil is
Φ＝μo・H・S・N・cos(ωt)
Therefore, the induced electromotive force V becomes
V = δΦ/δt = μo・ω・H・S・N sin(ωt)
<<0046>>
Substituting specific numerical values into the above formula yields the following.
Angular velocity ω = 2 x 3.14 (rad/circle) x 10 (circle/sec) = 62.8 (rad/sec) (assuming 10 rotations per second), Magnetic field µoH = 0.35 (G) = 0.35 x 10-4 (T) ( horizontal magnetic force in the mid-latitude region),
Cross-sectional area S = 0.015 (m-2) (assuming a rectangular coil cross-sectional area with a diameter of 30 cm and a height of 5 cm),
Number of turns N = 10 (times)
given that,
Maximum induced electromotive force V = 3.30 x 10-4 (V)
becomes.
<<0047>>
Therefore, considering that the detection sensitivity of the micro-voltage detection device using a low-cost fingertip-sized semiconductor integrated circuit is 10-6V, it is already 330 times the detection sensitivity under the above-mentioned realistic conditions. Power is obtained, and the small voltage range of interest can be detected sufficiently. Of course, as described above, increasing the number of turns N of the conductor 12 substantially improves the detection sensitivity of the detector 13 .
<<0048>>
The term "horizontal magnetic intensity" as used above refers to the horizontal component when the magnetic field of the earth's magnetism is divided into two components, the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. It is the largest at the geomagnetic equator, about 0.4G (0.4×10-4T), and about 0.3G near Tokyo.
<<0049>>
Here, for example, according to Non-Patent Document 1 below, it is shown that the results are disturbed by disturbance magnetism. In the present invention, the rotation that must be given to the induced electromotive force detection is used interchangeably with the rotation that accompanies the spatial movement aimed at minimizing the influence of the local magnetic disturbance. produced sexuality.
<<Non-Patent Document 1>> Nagasaki University/Course Education Research Report/7, "Measurement of Geomagnetism by Rotating Coil Method and Disturbance of Geomagnetism in Laboratory", Tetsuyuki Tomiyama et al., NCID AN00178258, VOL.7, March 30, 1984 Day
<<0050>>
As described above, in the device of the present invention, the luminous body 14 can emit light only when the rotary throwing body 11 assumes a specific posture with respect to the geomagnetic direction vector. That is, the projectile 11 that glides or flies while rotating can be configured so that the luminous body as the notification unit 14 provided therein emits light only when it takes a certain attitude with respect to the geomagnetic vector. It can be configured to emit light only when the position of the reporting unit 14 coincides with the direction of magnetic north. It allows the thrower to ascertain magnetic north. At this time, if necessary, if a flashing device or a colored mark is provided in a different color at the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11, as shown by the phantom line in FIG. It becomes easier to confirm the position of the notification unit 14 at that time, and eventually it becomes easier to confirm the magnetic north direction.
<<0051>>
However, various forms other than the above are conceivable as the form of expression of direction information in the direction information acquiring apparatus according to the present invention. For example, in the above description, the luminous body 14 is made to emit light when the direction in which the luminous body 14 as the notification unit 14 is viewed from the center Oc becomes magnetic north. , and the sounding body 14 may be driven instead of the light emitting body 14 when magnetic north is detected. This may be useful for use in direct sunlight where the emission may be difficult to perceive. In this case, the sound is emitted and audible at the moment when the colored sign faces a certain direction, so that the direction is known to be north.
<<0052>>
Since the speed of sound in the atmosphere at 1 atmospheric pressure and 20 degrees is 343m/sec, if we assume that the distance is 5m and the rotation speed is 10 rpm, the delay in sound transmission is 5/343=0.01458sec. occurs, and the rotation advances by about 5 degrees during that time. However, both historically and today, 8 directions (such as southeast) or at most 12 directions (such as northeast) are expected for directions, and more accuracy is meaningless. In fact, the 8-direction and 12-direction have error ranges of 30 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively, but considering that they are allowed without any problems, the above 5 degrees is not only within the expected accuracy, but also Furthermore, even if the error is about 10 times, it is definitely within the practical range of life.
<<0053>>
Even when using acoustic output, if you practice several times, you can easily expect a correction of about 5 degrees at any time, taking into account that the acoustic transmission speed delay is included according to the visual distance. If these factors are taken into consideration comprehensively, it is easy to understand that appropriate information can be obtained simply, quickly, and inexpensively.
<<0054>>
Of course, the luminous body 14 and the sounding body 14 may be driven together, and even in this case, the thrower can recognize the magnetic north by the position of the colored marker, the sound emitted, or even the light superimposed on the colored marker. A colored sign and a light emitter may be provided side by side, and a separately provided switch means (not shown) may open a power supply line to the light emitter when the light emitter is not required.
<<0055>>
Further, the driving control unit 15 does not simply selectively supply the operating power from the power supply 16 to the notification unit 14, but is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit 14 according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit 13. It is extremely easy with existing technology. Furthermore, if the induced electromotive force generated in the conducting wire 12 can be separately detected in both directions, a wider variety of notification expressions can be adopted. For example, when the light emitter 14 faces north, the drive control unit 15 causes the light emitter to emit light in a first emission color, such as green, and when it faces south, emits light in a second emission color different from that, such as red. can also be configured to These days, there are products that incorporate three diodes with different emission wavelengths so that the three primary colors of light can be selectively emitted in the lens housing of one light-emitting diode, so such products can be used conveniently.
<<0056>>
As indicated by the phantom lines in FIG. 1(A), when a second reporting unit 14' is also provided at a position diametrically opposed to the reporting unit 14, each of these two reporting units 14, 14' It can also be made to emit red light when facing , and green light when facing south. Of course, a sounding body can also be used together, and the drive control section 15 can be assembled so as to cause a change in tone as a change in state.
<<0057>>
By doing so, the device of the present invention can be used by, for example, a visually handicapped person. Even if a visually impaired person hears the sound, he or she cannot visually confirm the direction of the colored sign or the like at that time. Therefore, for example, when the detection unit 13 detects the induced electromotive force, the drive control unit 15 emits a certain sound from the first notification unit 14 facing north, and the second notification facing 180 degrees opposite to it. A different sound is emitted from the part 14'. Due to the presence of the left and right ears, human hearing can perceive spatial perception with a three-dimensional depth from the acoustic field. Stereo sound is an example of this, and the direction from the listener of the first violinist in an orchestra, the approximate position is, for example, the left direction, front, and the direction from the listener, the approximate position of the clarinetist, for example, is the right direction and the back. You can distinguish between the directionality and the depth, such as . Therefore, with the above configuration, even a visually handicapped person will be able to identify the azimuth by getting a sense of it through a little practice.
<<0058>>
In such a case, only the directions in which two sounds with different timbres, intervals, lengths, timings, continuity, forms, and structures are emitted are important to the discriminator, so these two sound sources The larger the diameter of the rotary projectile so that the difference in direction is equal to or greater than the resolution for discriminating the direction of arrival of the sound from the user, the faster the decision can be made, and the closer to the discriminating person the faster the decision. is. Furthermore, in this case, rather than moving in parallel, a rotary throwing object like a bamboo dragonfly that rises vertically, floats stably for a certain period of time and then descends, or, as mentioned above, gives more stable rotation by pulling a tow rope. Those with auxiliary tools are more suitable for such uses. The sound comes from overhead, and it can be determined that the direction of a certain tone is north and the opposite direction is south. If there is only one sound, it is difficult to determine its direction, but it is relatively easy to determine the positional relationship between two different sounds in space.
<<0059>>
Furthermore, although not shown, a plurality of luminous bodies are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge including both sides of the winding conductor 12 of the rotary throwing body 11, and when one of them faces, for example, north, The driving control unit 15 is configured to control to emit red light, control to emit green light when facing south, and control to emit white light in other cases, for example. etc. can be easily performed with recent circuit technology.
<<0060>>
A plurality of light emitters 14 may be arranged in a straight line at suitable intervals in the radial direction from the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 or its vicinity toward the outer periphery, and may emit light at the same time. This can significantly improve visual comprehension. When the direction from the center Oc of the rotating and flying rotary throwing body 11 to a part of the outer periphery of the rotating throwing body 11 coincides with a certain azimuth, this linear light emission is very clearly perceived by the observer. will be obtained. In order to make the direction from the center Oc to the outer periphery clearer, the color or brightness of the light emitter at the center Oc or its vicinity may be made different from the color or brightness of the light emitter at the outer edge. In any case, an appropriate one may be designed and selected from among various forms according to the surrounding lighting environment and cost.
<<0061>>
As mentioned above, when the emphasis is placed on use under direct sunlight, mirror materials with a different reflectance from the main body surface should be used instead of luminous bodies or the above-mentioned colored signs. It may be devised to improve the distinguishability of the direction under direct sunlight by embedding on the radial line. The dominant direct sunlight can also be used in reverse, and for example, an optical characteristic variable body such as a liquid crystal that can control the light reflectance and light absorption rate by an electric signal can be used as the notification unit 14 instead of the light emitter. Alternatively, such a liquid crystal notification unit 11 may be embedded on the radial line of the rotary throwing body 11 in an elongated shape.
<<0062>>
The device can also be equipped with a radio transmitter. A lightweight and compact radio transmitter can be mounted on a rotary projectile such as a Frisbee without any problems given the current state of technology. For example, when the annunciation unit facing north, a notification signal is transmitted from the wireless transmitter to a wireless receiver on the user side, such as an earphone-type receiver, and the audible notification unit on the receiving side emits sound / voice ( It can also be controlled to output a voice such as "North"), or to remotely notify the user by LED light emission of the visible notification unit within the field of view of the wireless receiver combined with glasses. The distance from the rotary throwing body 11 should be assumed to be at most about 100m, and weak wireless power, which is being deregulated in the Radio Law, can be sufficiently satisfied.
<<0063>>
FIGS. 3 to 6 show exclusively examples of possible forms of the rotary thrower 11, which differ from those shown in FIG. The same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 denote the same or similar components, and the descriptions of them can be used as they have been made so far, so there are cases where re-descriptions are omitted. .
<<0064>>
First, unlike the rotary throwing body 11 shown in FIG. 1, the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. It's becoming In other words, as mentioned above, the outer periphery of the disc is a vertical wall surface. Recently, such a shape has come to be seen well. Of course, the configuration of the present invention can also be applied to the rotary throwing body 11 having such a shape. Components indicated by reference numerals 12 to 16 and 14' shown in the figure are the same as those explained above, and the explanation thereof can be cited.
<<0065>>
FIG. 4 shows a rotary thrower 11 whose back side is recessed like an inverted tray. Although the wall surface of the outer peripheral edge is vertical, it may of course be inclined as shown in FIG. Since the description here focuses only on the positional relationship between the rotary throwing body 11 and the conductors or coils 12 provided therewith, for the purpose of simplifying the drawings, the detection section 13 and the notification section shown in FIGS. 14, more preferably provided drive control unit 15, power source 16, etc. are not shown in the drawing, but are naturally provided in accordance with the gist of the present invention.
<<0066>>
In the case of the rotary thrower 11 whose back side is recessed in this way, the conductor wire is laid along the inner surface of the side wall forming the outer peripheral edge on the back side and also along the surface of the tray-shaped recess. It is good to arrange 12. The cross section of the conducting wire or coil 12 has a shape in which the letter "concave" is turned upside down. This has the advantage of not compromising the freedom of movement for throwing or catching. In throwing, there is no problem if you can hang your fingers in one place and use the snap, and in catching it, it is standard to pinch it with both palms from above and below, so the hollow part above the bowl shape is the conductor wire. Even if 12 is crossed, standard capture is sufficiently possible, but if the conducting wire 12 is not crossed in the hollow part, the degree of freedom of throwing and capturing operations is further improved.
<<0067>>
As already mentioned, the induced emf is proportional to the coil cross-sectional area across the magnetic field and proportional to the number of coil turns. Compared to a configuration with a rectangular cross-sectional area, this inverted U-shaped configuration reduces the cross-sectional area. No problem at all. Conversely, the number of turns can be increased dramatically without interfering with catching and throwing, so the induced electromotive force can be increased.
<<0068>>
Even if the number of turns is not increased, no problem arises. Since the previous trial calculation had already obtained a value 330 times the detectable power, it is intuitively expected, but let's show a tentative calculation. For example, the rotary throwing body 11 has an outer diameter of 30 cm, an inner diameter of 25 cm at the lower surface, and a height of 5 cm. In this case, an induced electromotive force can be expected by subtracting the induced electromotive force based on the inner diameter cross-sectional area S' from the induced electromotive force based on the outer diameter cross-sectional area S according to the above-described induced electromotive force equation.
<<0069>>
Since the outer diameter cross-sectional area S = 0.3mx0.05m = 0.015 (m-2), the inner diameter cross-sectional area S' = 0.25mx0.05m = 0.0125 (m-2), the cross-sectional area difference ΔS = 0.0025 (m-2) is. Therefore, the induced electromotive force maximum value V = 52 × 10 -6 (V) is obtained from the induced electromotive force calculation formula given above. Considering the fact that the detection sensitivity of the micro-voltage detection device using an inexpensive fingertip-sized semiconductor integrated circuit is 10-6 (V), an electromotive force exceeding 50 times the sensitivity can be obtained with this simple configuration. However, voltage detection is sufficient. Moreover, by increasing the number of turns N of the conductor 12, the detection sensitivity of the detector 13 is substantially improved. With this wire configuration, the wire 12 can be embedded inside the body, and it is quite possible to increase the number of turns by 10 or more. Naturally, it is possible to obtain an induced electromotive force several hundred times as high as the low-cost, minute and lightweight minute voltage detection sensitivity of 10-6 (V) described above.
<<0070>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 4 is particularly suitable for the aforementioned Dodgebee, etc., which have gained popularity in recent years. By the way, the material of this is composed only of extremely soft materials, and it is suitable for capturing, but it is safe even if it is stopped by hitting it against the body without capturing it, and an unspecified number of groups can hit each other like a dodgeball. It is actively expected to be applied to playing group games. Of course, since the back surface is substantially hollowed out like a tray, the thickness of the rotary throwing body 11 is reduced in various places. 13-16 can also be constructed to be very thin, so that together with the conductor 12 can be embedded inside the rotary thrower. When a button battery is used as the power supply 16, it goes without saying that it can be embedded replaceably without showing a structural example.
<<0071>>
FIG. 5 also shows another devised embodiment of the routing of the conductors 12. As shown in FIG. 1 and 3, the drive control unit 15, the power source 16, and the like, which are preferably provided, are omitted from the drawing for the sake of simplicity. there is The rotary throwing body 11 has a bowl-shaped gouged back surface, similar to the one shown in FIG. However, in the case of this embodiment, the dashed line indicating the conductor 12 on the back side overlaps with the dashed contour line on the back of the projectile and is difficult to see, so only the wiring pattern of the conductor 12 is taken out and displayed in a reduced size at the bottom left of the figure.
<<0072>>
When the conductor 12 wraps around to the back side, instead of crossing over the diameter along the surface of the tray-shaped depression as shown in FIG. drawn and run to the opposite end. It can be seen that this is also an arrangement that does not reduce the degree of freedom of throwing, and can produce a sufficiently detectable induced electromotive force. It is also similar to the discussion above that the induced electromotive force can be further increased by dramatically increasing the number of turns without reducing the degrees of freedom for catching and throwing.
<<0073>>
FIG. 6 shows yet another embodiment. 1 and 3 as well as the drive control unit 15, the power source 16, and the like, which are also shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, are omitted from the figure. These are naturally provided. In this embodiment, the rotary projectile 11 has a completely hollow cylindrical or ring shape and can rotate around the rotation axis Oa. etc. correspond to this shape.
<<0074>>
In this embodiment, as shown in the drawing, the conductor 12 to be provided on such a rotary throwing body 11 is formed along the inner circumference of the hollow cylindrical opening edge on the back side, as in the previous embodiment shown in FIG. While the arc is drawn in a semicircular shape, the arc is also drawn in a semicircular shape along the outer periphery of the opening edge of the hollow cylindrical shape in a geometrically symmetrical relationship on the surface side. Also in this drawing, for the sake of clarity, only the wiring pattern of the conductor 12 is extracted and shown in the lower left of the drawing.
<<0075>>
However, with such a hollow cylindrical rotary throwing body 11, the front and back portions in the axial direction are dimensionally narrow, and it is difficult to provide various circuit sections 13 to 16 (FIGS. 1 and 3) necessary for the present invention. It is conceivable that there may not be a sufficient area portion. However, as described above, they can be made light and small enough to fit on a fingertip, so it is sufficiently possible to embed them in a portion corresponding to a side surface corresponding to a hollow cylindrical frame.
<<0076>>
When throwing such a hollow cylindrical X gyro, it is known that aerodynamically stable flight is achieved by giving rotation around a rotation axis Oa that coincides with the horizontal direction of travel. When the rotation axis Oa is made to fly horizontally in the direction orthogonal to the north-south axis (that is, the direction of the magnetic force line in this case: hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the expression of north, south, east, and west is based on magnetic north), it will not fly in any other direction. Since the maximum induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force can be generated compared to the case where the horizontal magnetic force is detected, in this case, along with such detection via the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14 can easily and directly detect magnetic north. can be notified.
<<0077>>
In this case, more interestingly, even the magnetic dip or inclination can be detected if desired. The dip is the angle between the direction of the earth's magnetic field and the horizontal plane. The dip is small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes. The direction indicated by the device as north (from the center to the direction indicated by "north" or from the direction indicated by "south" to the direction indicated by "north") corresponds in this case to the direction of the magnetic field lines of the geomagnetic field. . In other words, it does not simply indicate "north", but indicates a direction with an angle of about 48 degrees toward the ground assuming use in a mid-latitude area such as Tokyo, for example. By the way, for the area connecting Boso and Tokai to Setouchi and Kitakyushu, the angle of dip is about 48 degrees. The rotary projectile can detect the induced electromotive force of the magnetic force line vector component perpendicular to its own rotation axis among the magnetic force line vectors existing around itself. When the east-west axis coincides with the rotation axis, as in the present case, the magnetic force line vector component perpendicular to the rotation axis is the magnetic force vector existing around itself. Exact match. In other words, when the east-west axis coincides with its own rotation axis, the missing component that cannot be detected is zero.
<<0078>>
In other words, when the east-west axis and its own rotation axis match, the induced electromotive force obtained completely reflects the direction of the magnetic field line, and the complete magnetic field line direction information is restored, including the azimuth information and the inclination information. It is possible. The present invention is also suitable for making use of this fact in reverse and flying in the east-west direction as a teaching material for learning that magnetic lines of force have an inclination unique to the land. When implemented in Tokyo, when implemented in Sapporo, and when implemented in Sydney, the values are different. By exchanging information in real time on the Internet, etc., it is possible to easily compare the magnetic depression of the earth, which is useful for international cooperative learning and increases the learning effect of students. It goes without saying that such features as low cost, light weight, simplicity, and rapidity are also utilized in this case.
<<0079>>
By the way, when thrown horizontally in the east direction, the line of magnetic force is detected as a line of magnetic force from the upper right to the lower left as seen from the thrower. When thrown horizontally in the west direction, the line of magnetic force is detected from the top left to the bottom right as seen from the thrower. If this fact is known, it is possible to know the direction of throwing from the direction of the detected magnetic field line of inclination, and usefulness is maintained.
<<0080>>
On the other hand, when the rotation axis Oa is horizontally flown in the direction parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic force line), the conducting wire does not cross the horizontal magnetic force, so no induced electromotive force is generated due to the horizontal magnetic force. indicates that vertically downwards is "North" under the influence of the vertical component. That is, it does not point "north" in the horizontal direction, but only senses the vertical component. If we know this fact, we can determine that the direction of flight itself is north or south when pointing vertically downwards instead of pointing horizontally to north. To confirm, look from above the thrower's head, rotate the thrower 90 degrees clockwise, for example, and throw again. At that time, since it returns to the above-mentioned east or west, it is easy to judge whether the first throw was north or south.
<<0081>>
Even if it is thrown in a horizontal direction that does not exactly match the directions of east, west, south, and north, using this method will always provide a direction at least at the level of the 8-direction range, ensuring high usability. drip. Normally, the angle of inclination is measured from the horizontal plane, but let's assume that the vertical upward direction is 0 degrees and the angle of inclination is displayed up to 360 degrees clockwise from the thrower's point of view. This is convenient because the same reasoning as here will hold even south of the geomagnetic equator. It should be noted that "southern of the geomagnetic equator" can be thought of as being approximately the same as the southern hemisphere, but depending on the location, there will be a difference of about 15 degrees in terms of latitude. But this is of little concern for the discussion here.
<<0082>>
However, the direction of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw is 180 <F1 If <360, the direction of the eastern region (clockwise with respect to magnetic north, if the throwing direction is θ1, 0 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) and 0 <F1 If <180, the west area direction (180 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), so the throw direction can be determined almost immediately. In addition, after the thrower turns his or her body 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from the top of the thrower's head, the angle of inclination F2 obtained by throwing the second time under the condition of θ2 = θ1 + 90 Note first and then the change in magnitude of F2 compared to the angle of inclination F1.
<<0083>>
The orientation of the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw θ2 changes over the vertical axis compared to the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw θ1. If a change including 0 degrees is observed south of the geomagnetic equator from F1 to F2 clockwise, it means that the north-south axis has been crossed by rotating 90 degrees clockwise as seen from overhead. Therefore, the first throwing direction θ1 is the northwest area (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees) or Southeast area (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees). It is possible to identify which of these cases corresponds to the orientation of the inclination angle F2 at the time of the second throwing θ2. If 0 <F2 If <180, that is, if the thrower is north of the geomagnetic equator, it is from top left to bottom right, and if it is south of the geomagnetic equator, it is from bottom left to top right. <θ1 <180 degrees).
<<0084>>
180 on the contrary <F2 If <360, that is, from the thrower's point of view north of the geomagnetic equator, from the upper right to the lower left, and from the point of view south of the geomagnetic equator, from the lower right to the upper left, the direction of the first throw is the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees). Up to this point, one has already been determined from the four directions that are highly practical in daily life, and the next consideration further and immediately narrows it down to eight directions without any additional action.
<<0085>>
The direction of the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from above is 180 degrees if north of the geomagnetic equator, and 0 if south of the geomagnetic equator compared to the angle of inclination F1 of the first throw. degree, and if it were closer to vertical, the direction θ1 of the first throw would be in the southeast area (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) in the east-southeast region (90 degrees) <θ1 <135 degrees) and the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), the west-northwest area (270 degrees) <θ1 <315 degrees). If the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise as viewed from above and the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw are symmetrical about 180 degrees, then it is in the southeast area. (90 degree <θ1 <180 degrees), the southeast region (θ1 = 135 degrees) is narrowed down to the northwest region (270 degrees). <θ <360 degrees), it is further narrowed down to the northwest (θ1=315 degrees).
<<0086>>
If the orientation of the inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after a 90 degree clockwise rotation as seen from overhead is more horizontal than the inclination F1 of the first throw, then the direction of the first throw. θ1 is the southeastern region (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) in the south-southeast region (135 degrees) <θ1 <180 degrees) and the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), the north-northwest region (315 degrees) <θ1 <360 degrees). So far we have shown that it is possible to immediately narrow down to 8 directions without any additional action.
<<0087>>
As can be easily guessed, contrary to the above, the direction of the inclination angle F2 obtained in the second throw θ2 after rotating 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from the top of the thrower's head is the inclination angle F1 of the first throw θ1. Compared to , when it did not show any change beyond the vertical axis, it means that it did not cross the north-south axis by rotating 90 degrees clockwise as viewed from overhead, so the first throwing direction θ1 is the northeast area (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) or Southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees). Furthermore, the angle of inclination F2 at the time of the second throw θ2 is 0 <F2 If <180, that is, from the perspective of the thrower, north of the geomagnetic equator is from top left to bottom right, and south of the geomagnetic equator is from bottom left to top right. <θ1 <270 degrees). Conversely, 180 <F2 If <360, that is, if the thrower is north of the geomagnetic equator from the upper right to the lower left, and south of the geomagnetic equator from the lower right to the upper left, then the direction of the first throw is the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees).
<<0088>>
If the orientation of the inclination F2 obtained from the second throw after a 90 degree clockwise rotation as seen from overhead is more vertical than the orientation of the inclination F1 of the first throw, then the direction of the first throw. θ1 is the southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees), and the west-southwest region (225 degrees) <θ1 <270 degrees) and the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) and the east-northeast region (45 degrees) <θ1 <90 degrees).
<<0089>>
In exactly the same way, if the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise viewed from above and the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw are symmetrical with respect to the axis of 180 degrees, Southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 < 270 degrees), especially the southwest (θ1 = 225 degrees), and the northeast region (0 degrees) <θ < 90 degrees), it is narrowed down to the northwest (θ1 = 45 degrees), and if the direction of the angle of inclination F2 is closer to the horizontal than the direction of the angle of inclination F1, the direction of the first throw θ1 is the southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees), the south-southwest region (180 degrees) <θ1 <225 degrees) and the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) and further north-northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <45 degrees).
<<0090>>
As described above, when the device of the present invention is used, if the device of the present invention is lucky, it can be uniquely narrowed down to clear directions such as east, west, south, north, northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest. Even in the normal case, with just two throws, you can quickly narrow it down to 8 directions without any additional action. In other words, we clarified the fact that if this device is used, the azimuth can be immediately narrowed down to a range of 45 degrees or less, which is sufficient for practical azimuth, with only two throws and no additional movement.
<<0091>>
To recapitulate here, when the rotating projectile 11 is made to fly horizontally with its rotation axis aligned in the north-south direction, the influence of the horizontal magnetic force is zero, but the vertical magnetic force (components other than the horizontal magnetic force) (if you call it that way). When flying horizontally with the axis of rotation aligned in the east-west direction, both the influence of the horizontal magnetic force and the vertical magnetic force are completely received.
<<0092>>
Therefore, when the rotation axis Oa is horizontally flown in a direction that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic force line), the combination described above is obtained. For example, when flying horizontally to the east, the magnetic lines of force can be observed as if they were vectors with an inclination of 48 degrees (for example, in the case of Tokyo) toward the north (assuming that this magnitude is 1). When flying horizontally in the north direction, only the vertical downward vector of the magnetic field lines can be observed, but its magnitude corresponds to the orthogonal projection to the vertical axis of the magnitude of 1 above. That is, the size becomes smaller. If you change the direction from the east to the north and fly horizontally, the direction of the detected magnetic lines of force will be a vector with an inclination angle of 48 degrees to the north, which will gradually decrease in size and move downward. is a vector pointing downward with the magnitude of the orthogonal projection of the first magnitude, so it is simple and easy to understand. Flying in other directions can be easily understood accordingly.
<<0093>>
For example, if the rotating projectile 11 is caused to fly horizontally by changing the direction from east to south, the direction of the detected magnetic lines of force will be a vector with an inclination angle of 48 degrees toward the north, which will gradually decrease in magnitude and move downward. It is simple and easy to understand because it goes forward and ends up with a vector that has the magnitude of the orthographic projection of the initial magnitude and points straight down. The same is true when moving from west to north, and the same is true when moving from west to south. With this in mind, no matter how you fly in any direction, at most two throws with a 90 degree change of direction will throw at least 8 azimuth zones (North-Northeast, It is possible to determine useful azimuth information such as the fan-shaped areas with central angles of 45 degrees in the west-northwest, south-southwest, and west-southwest directions. Occasionally, even eight directions (north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest facing directions) can be uniquely determined. Therefore, it is very convenient when you want to quickly obtain an approximate value even if it is fan-shaped.
<<0094>>
In other words, when flying in the east-west direction, sufficient electromotive force can be obtained to detect the true horizontal north, but as the aircraft is flown in the north-south direction, the electromotive force gradually decreases. If you fly in the north-south direction, the electromotive force in the horizontal direction becomes 0. Therefore, if the horizontal direction does not point to the north, it can be inferred that the flight coincided with the north-south axis. However, the effect of the vertical magnetic force will result in an electromotive force in horizontal flight in any direction, and by noting it, even if not pointing horizontally north, the present moment after the thrower's 90 degree turn. With a single throw, it's easy to determine which direction, north or south, it's flying. In view of this, it can be seen that the present invention can be defined as a method or apparatus for acquiring magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force generated in a conductor.
<<0095>>
To put it from a slightly different point of view, according to the present invention, it is possible to enjoy playing by throwing the rotary throwing body 11, sometimes like playing catch, while moving the axis of rotation in the vertical direction beyond the dimension of play. If you have a rotating projectile, you can immediately get the north direction straight away with just one throw, and even if you have a rotating projectile with a horizontal axis of rotation, you can easily throw it twice. , the azimuth can be quickly, inexpensively, simply, and pleasantly narrowed down to 8 azimuths, and the magnetic dip component of the geomagnetism can also be detected. Furthermore, it is possible to detect magnetic direction information by observing the disappearance of the induced electromotive force in flight with the rotation axis aligned with the magnetic force line direction and the maximization of the induced electromotive force in flight in which the rotation axis is perpendicular to the magnetic force line direction. Surprise and unexpected experiences using rotating projectiles outdoors are a synthesis of geomagnetic characteristics including dips, Fleming's right-hand rule, geophysics, electromagnetism, and aeronautical engineering that are difficult to understand from desk-based learning. It makes learning possible. In particular, because it is an experiential learning that moves the body, it leaves an impression, surpasses short-term memory, becomes experiential memory and episodic memory that can be considered as long-term memory, and is extremely effective in mastering the concept of three-dimensional electromagnetism. big. Through the experience of actually moving the body outdoors, the magnetic lines of force, which are normally invisible, can be visualized one by one by throwing the magnetic field over a wide range. The significance of being able to share is also great. Magnetic field is a translation of magnetic field, but there are various theories as to why the word field was chosen. One theory is that he got the idea from the scenery in which the wind blows the wheat all at once in the wheat field of a farming village in Western Europe, that is, the vector brought by the invisible wind is instantly represented in the field. The present invention is a rare device that visualizes magnetic phenomena, which are invisible and difficult to understand, in the field, and enables physical observation of magnetic fields. There is an advantage that close empirical understanding can be easily realized. After understanding the basic principles through experience through this device, discussion provides opportunities for various discoveries. In addition, it can be visually shared by a larger number of people, making it ideal for large-scale learning. It is also well suited for use in comprehensive learning materials. Since each of these devices can be constructed at a low cost, they are not valuable, and many learning materials can be created and provided at the same time. If necessary, inexpensive and simple electronic work can be performed in advance, which prevents the student from leaving science and increases the learning effect. At an outdoor event venue such as twilight, by throwing a large number of inexpensive and lightweight rotating throwing objects distributed to an unspecified number of participants all at once, participants can share a fantastic visual space, It also has a great effect as an illumination. Conventional holding-type penlights and the like require participants to match the operating cycles, and if the cycles do not match, only the sense of inconsistency becomes noticeable. On the other hand, in the case of a rotating throwing object, the objects are thrown almost all at once, and all the light emission directions are always aligned regardless of the direction of throwing or the direction of the rotation axis. The unexpected spectacle of unpredictable coincidence of light emission direction by throwing without any prior arrangement gave participants a chance to conversely learn about science and technology as a common language on a global scale and with the only earth as a shared ground (which brings about geomagnetism). It arouses the senses and serves as an opportunity to recall the fact that there are naturally many common parts latent among beings with different native languages and cultures. This common experience in the twilight space is an emotional experience when nonverbally permeating messages for problem solving in the global society era, such as global environmental conservation, emphasis on science and technology education, and rational overcoming of ethnic conflicts. It can be used for sharing the base and has a great effect. At international political conferences, it is rather natural that art appreciation of classical music is scheduled. The fact that it has contributed to sophistication has long been known. Besides art, the modern age also expects the fusion of science and art to bear the blame. After a panel discussion at an outdoor forum by an international organization such as the United Nations, many twilight throws can be enjoyed as an event illumination that transcends differences in wealth and language. However, the sight of an unspecified number of projectiles pointing in the same direction (as if they were pointing towards universal values common to all humankind overcoming cultural differences) is a sight that is refreshing to the eye, and the humanistic view of being a global citizen. The synergistic effect of these two shared values, namely, shared awareness and shared mathematical language of science and technology, is highly effective in promoting empathic understanding and high-level consensus building. <<0096>>
In the above explanation, for the sake of convenience, when the throwing body is thrown in a direction in which the axis of rotation radiates from the thrower, unless otherwise specified, it is assumed that the thrower throws clockwise around the axis of rotation. In principle. Similarly, unless otherwise specified, unless the throwing object is thrown in a direction in which the rotation axis of the throwing object radiates from the thrower, the rotation axis when viewed from the top of the top and bottom surfaces of the throwing object itself The principle is to throw clockwise around the center.
<<0097>>
Considering the rotation axis of the rotary throwing body 11 in general terms, the description has basically been made on the assumption that the rotation axis is vertical according to the embodiments shown in FIGS. . If the rotation axis is vertical in this way, there is an advantage that only the electromotive force due to the horizontal magnetic force needs to be considered, and the vertical geomagnetic component does not need to be considered. However, the rotation axis of the rotary thrower 11 may be horizontal. Consider, for example, the intentional throwing of a Frisbee upright (or near vertical) for a return trip, or by accident.
<<0098>>
First, if the horizontal axis of rotation coincides with the east-west axis (that is, throwing the Frisbee upright in the north-south direction), the maximum induced electromotive force occurs when the conductor 12 crosses the north-south axis. At this time, as described above, the induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force can be detected, the magnetic north can be detected, and an appropriate notification can be made. As mentioned above, it has the advantage of being able to detect even the dip of the magnetic lines of force. Naturally, it can be used for science experience outdoor activities such as demonstrating inclination.
<<0099>>
On the other hand, if the axis of rotation is horizontal and parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic field line) (that is, it corresponds to the case of throwing it in the east-west direction while standing), the induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force will occur. do not have. However, as described above, an induced electromotive force originating from the perpendicular magnetic force is generated. For example, if it is thrown in the east direction, it will point vertically downward as the direction of the vertical magnetic force, but knowing these facts will enable direction detection. In other words, given the fact that no azimuth is reported in the horizontal direction, it can be reasonably assumed that the rotation axis coincided with the north-south axis (towards east or west) and was flown by chance. Afterwards, if the angle of inclination is observed from the upper part of the distance to the lower part of the vicinity as seen from the thrower by re-throwing after the thrower changes direction by 90 degrees, it is assumed that the previous throw was directed to the east. I can judge. Conversely, if the re-throwing after the thrower's direction change of 90 degrees causes the angle of inclination to be observed from near-up to far-down as viewed from the thrower, then the previous throw was directed westward. I can judge. These can be confirmed by a simple thought experiment, and if they are known, they can always be used as azimuth information.
<<0100>>
When the axis of rotation is horizontal, and when the axis of rotation is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of magnetic lines of force) (that is, it corresponds to the case where the axis is thrown in a direction other than the east-west direction or the north-south direction while standing), the horizontal magnetic force Since a corresponding induced electromotive force is generated according to the inner product orthogonal projection component from to the horizontal axis perpendicular to the rotation axis, if the induced electromotive force is not as large as when it is projected toward the north itself, but it is not zero, By obtaining information on the direction and magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated via the detection unit, it is possible to quickly grasp general information such as which direction, east or west, the projectile was thrown. is easily possible. Then, by performing a similar throw after the thrower's 90-degree rotation, it is possible to narrow down to an 8-direction area or 8-direction. Once the 8-orientation region is obtained, it is also easy to carry out further information acquisition in order to obtain exactly one of the 8 orientations. <<0101>>
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment obtained by further modifying each of the above-described embodiments. As a modification of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 to 5, it is schematically shown by a plan view in accordance with those shapes, but of course, the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 will also be described below. Configuration is applicable.
<<0102>>
In this embodiment, the power supply line from the power supply 16 is closed only when the rotation is being thrown, and power is supplied to the drive control unit 15, and if necessary, the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14, and other circuits that require power. In order to save the power supply 16 by allowing this, a rotation detection device 19 and a power switch section 18 that enables power supply when the rotation detection device 19 detects the rotation of the rotary throwing body 11 are provided. In the figure, for simplification, the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14, the drive control unit 15, and the power supply 16 are shown only in block diagrams, and the pattern mounted on the rotary throwing body 11 is not shown. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, or as described above, they are mounted at appropriate locations on the rotary thrower 11 together with the circuit devices 17 and 18 newly provided in this embodiment.
<<0103>>
Various existing technologies can be considered for the rotation detection device 19 capable of detecting whether or not the mounted object is rotating, and any of them can be used. In particular, it has a simple, inexpensive, and rational configuration that cleverly utilizes the fact that rotation accompanies centrifugal force.
<<0104>>
That is, in this embodiment, the rotation detection device 19 is composed of a plurality of small and light mercury switches 19, and each mercury switch 19 is arranged along the radial direction from the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 to the outer circumference, and are arranged at an appropriate angular separation in the circumferential direction. For example, in the illustrated case, a total of six mercury switches 19 are used at an angular separation of 60 degrees in the circumferential direction. These are of course preferably embedded within the body of the rotary thrower 11 as appropriate.
<<0105>>
The mercury switch 19 is configured to close an electrical contact when a mercury ball 19b enclosed in a casing 19a such as a glass tube or the like comes to the radially outer peripheral end side, and when it leaves the outer peripheral end, the electrode closes. The contacts are open. Therefore, when the rotary throwing body 11 is thrown and rotated, all the mercury balls 19b are moved to the outer peripheral end side by the centrifugal force generated at that time, and the electric contacts of all the mercury switches 19 are closed. Instead, it is rather unthinkable that all the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19 are closed together when they are simply placed somewhere or carried, and at least one or more , the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19 should be open.
<<0106>>
Therefore, in the figure, the rotation detection circuit 17 is schematically indicated by an AND circuit diagram symbol. This rotation detection circuit 17 monitors the closed state of the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19, and when all are closed Only then, the power switch unit 18 is closed via the circuit 17 so that the power from the power supply 16 is supplied to the drive control unit 15, the detection unit 13, and the notification unit . In this way, the power supply is not turned on in any posture during carrying, and can be turned on only when the ball is thrown by rotation.
<<0107>>
The configuration of the rotation detection circuit 17 shown as the AND circuit 17 is also such that the contacts of the mercury switch 19 are all inserted in series between the power line from the power supply 16 to the load circuit, for example, the drive control unit 15. In many cases, it is sufficient to have only a circuit configuration, or conversely, an AND circuit device including an active element that operates with an extremely small amount of standby power together with the power switch section 18 may be used.
<<0108>>
Preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be described below. First, for example, it is useful in escaping from a distressed environment in mountains. In addition, even if it had to be left uncollected and left as it was, rather, there would rather be some kind of throwing subject (often victims and injured people) in the vicinity of the rescue team that reached the vicinity. It shows existence and becomes a mark of one's survival. Assuming that you are sliding down into a valley, if you throw the rotary throwing body 11 in the direction of the ridgeline and leave it there, and especially if the color is made conspicuous, it will be possible to notify that there is a victim even in the snow. It's doubly useful because it connects. Since it is lightweight, there is also a feature that there is no problem in having multiple possessions. In addition, since the absolute direction can be notified by light emission, there is an advantage that the direction information can be shared instantaneously by all the people who can see it from a distance. In the mountains, even at a distance of, for example, 30 meters, voices may not reach you sufficiently, and communicating information by voice wastes already exhausted physical strength. Even at the rescue mountain party, everyone can instantly confirm and share their orientation in the body-centered coordinate system even at night.
<<0109>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as an inverse usage, if the return-type glide body described above is used as the rotating projectile 11, a target such as a strong magnetic body carefully embedded in advance is aimed at generating a local singularity of the magnetic field. It is possible to realize new sports and entertainment, such as a new competition to search for natural resources outdoors, a so-called treasure hunting competition. In this case, if there is a glide area that shows a magnetic field with a specific difference from the surroundings, it can be estimated that a target (treasure) is buried in the ground directly under or near it, and sports and entertainment within the group・It can be used for games. It is a well-known fact in modern times that play is extremely significant for human beings, without waiting for Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out. Mobilizing the knowledge and skills of electromagnetism, geophysics, aerodynamics, and electronic engineering, this hands-on learning competition that can be held outdoors while demonstrating spatiality, substance, and self-participation at the same time: It has a non-negligible educational potential.
<<0110>>
The present invention also finds potential relevance to the dog-frisbee cultural area. That is, the rotary throwing body has been used as a playground equipment for deepening communication with a pet dog, and the present invention further promotes its utilization. For example, when climbing a snowy mountain with a pet dog, the dog, which is relatively lightweight compared to humans (their masters), does not become so-called tsubo-ashi (a state in which the feet are buried in the fresh snow and the progress speed slows down) like humans do. can be hastened. On the other hand, while waiting for a slow-moving person (master) in the snow, they enjoy playing by throwing a frisbee as a rotary throwing object of the present invention and happily retrieving it. It seems that the human (master) is just playing with his pet dog, but in fact, in environments where it is easy to fail to identify the mountain seat, such as in snowy mountains where all directions are white, it is easy to lose sight of the direction. You'll be able to check it each time you play. Walking in the wrong direction, unexpectedly, without realizing it, continues for several hours in the wrong direction, and does not arrive at the destination even after the time and physical strength of walking in the snow, and does not arrive even after sunset. Only then can it easily lead to a situation in which it becomes clear that the ship has fallen into a distress due to misdirection. Preventing such a situation can be realized in play and can contribute to safety. At the same time, the pet dog can have a good time without wasting time, and such an influence also affects the emotional tension of the human (owner), thereby avoiding the danger of being lost. The present invention is no doubt just a single device, but since it is realized by rotating projectiles with cultural backgrounds such as dogs and frisbees, it will deepen communication between humans and animals and make appropriate use of time and space. It is worth noting that it can also have a great effect in terms of improving the quality of life by
<<0111>>
Furthermore, rotary projectiles have played a leading role in the current prosperity of flying disc competitions in Japan and overseas, in which both visually impaired and able-bodied people participate, and the long history that supports them. Even if you don't have much physical strength, you can easily fly with just a snap of your wrist, so anyone can participate. Skills improve quickly with mastery, and it is easy to have a sense of pleasure that cannot be obtained from monotonous rehabilitation training. It can be used as a valuable outdoor recreation with able-bodied people. For visually impaired people, careless walking is dangerous, and the image of flying is directly linked to a fun experience. Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with able-bodied people in this way, the flying disc has played a certain role as rehabilitation with medical effects that lead to recovery of physical function and self-confidence. There are competitions for distance, accuracy for throwing, etc., and each year we count a large number of visually impaired participants. First of all, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that flying discs are already very popular all over the world.
<<0112>>
At the same time, it is surprisingly unknown that direction information acquisition is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people. Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because it is impossible to estimate direction using visual information, and the risks associated with walking, for which visual feedback plays an important role (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are higher than those of healthy people. is also overwhelmingly high. For this reason, it has been extremely difficult for a healthy person to acquire the orientation by the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy. Conversely, since there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information, we had no choice but to ask a busy healthy person to accompany us. There was a reality that some improvement was expected for visually impaired people, such as the fact that the burden on them became larger, and in some cases it led to the gradual estrangement of mutual relationships.
<<0113>>
In light of this current situation, it is especially important to work with able-bodied people to master the skill of azimuth information acquisition during recreation and competition training using flying discs, etc., which are close to people with disabilities. it makes sense. Communication with able-bodied people through the present invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals such as participation in competitions, and autonomous walking practice using the present invention in a vast lawn-like place in the future and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately. Play. Considering the affinity of visually impaired people for flying disc technology through competitions, etc., and the potential demand for azimuth information acquisition by visually impaired people, we used throwing rotating bodies such as flying discs. It is easy to understand that the value of the direction information acquisition method exceeds the level initially expected by able-bodied people, and that there is latent value there. It will also deepen our understanding of how strong the needs for azimuth information acquisition are.
<<0114>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. On the contrary, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the various difficulties that nature brings. However, azimuth information acquisition is also important in this case. For example, even though the ship approaches a good natural anchorage site composed of rocky reefs, it is nighttime and the weather is stormy, cloudy, or rainy, and there are many situations where astronomical navigation is impossible. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, the failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground, and the inability to navigate under one's own power, flooding of the hull, overturning in waves, and sinking. It also leads to the distress of Since the compass needle can have an error of 0 to 360 degrees due to the deviation of the ship and the disturbance of the local reef magnetic field, the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable. Reliability is low in such situations where the cost of trial moves that are free from the influence of . Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. It was realistic to drop anchor offshore and wait for dawn while hoping to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0115>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. That is, if the reporting unit 14 is equipped with a light-emitting body using the rotary throwing body 11, it can be clearly seen even at night, so magnetic north can be detected appropriately. If a feedback type is used as the rotary throwing body 11, the measurement can be used any number of times. Even if it fails to return and falls into the water, it is easy to construct it so that it floats, and if it is coated with fluorescent paint, it can be visually recognized. Once a rough azimuth is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to cascading information that supports the azimuth. It also has a great effect in providing the user with a first step at a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can provide effective azimuth information acquisition means for selecting a route to berthing while preventing grounding even in an environment in which time has been wasted by mooring offshore.
<<0116>>
Finally, going back to the basic effect, according to the device of the present invention, the measurement point can be easily changed by about 100m in the horizontal direction every moment, and in a space where the distance from the ground surface is also about 10m in the vertical direction. It can be like doing magnetic field detection moment by moment. By doing so, it is possible to easily eliminate the influence of disturbance magnetism peculiar to each measurement point, and it is possible to effectively provide the user with data useful for decision making.
<<0117>>
For example, if the magnetic north direction indicated by the rotating projectile 11 changes greatly one after another during gliding, it indicates that the influence of disturbance magnetism is scattered on the ground surface near the gliding (in the case of the sea, rocks under the water surface). ing. Conversely, if the direction of magnetic north hardly changes during gliding, it can be regarded as an area where the influence of disturbance magnetism is small. We could not deny the possibility that the value might be greatly wrong with only the compass needle due to the unlikely event of a local disturbance magnetic field. Therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the disturbance magnetism only with the compass needle, so careless movements can lead to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, rock reef due to misdirection in shallow water, ridge line sliding down due to misdirection on the ridge, etc.) It was directly connected, and the final action decision was not escaped from great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information simply, quickly, and over a wide area, and to effectively support comprehensive action decisions.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0118>>
<<FIG.1>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> It is an explanatory view of the operation of the device of the present invention shown in FIG.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic configuration diagram of another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic configuration diagram of still another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 5>> A schematic configuration diagram of another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 6>> It is a schematic block diagram of still another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A schematic configuration diagram of another modified example of the device of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0119>>
11 Rotating Thrower
12 conductors
13 Detector
14 Notification unit
15 Drive control section
16 power supply
17 Rotation detection circuit
18 Power switch
19 Rotation detector (Mercury switch)
<<Fig. 1>> 000003

<<Fig. 2>> 000004

<<Fig. 3>> 000005

<<Fig. 4>> 000006

<<Fig. 5>> 000007

<<Fig. 6>> 000008

<<Fig. 7>> 000009


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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA08 BB01 CC07 HH05
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To provide a method for efficiently determining the line-of-sight range between space and the ground.
<<Solution>> For each navigation satellite 3 with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more that tries to capture radio waves when a land mobile uses the navigation satellite system, the above position of each satellite viewed from the location of the land mobile 4 and each satellite The signal intensity from the land mobile unit 4 is recorded along with the position and time of the land mobile unit 4. Later, it is possible to determine whether each microscopic area that subdivides the sky above each point is line-of-sight or shielded from the radio wave intensity information recorded within a certain period of time. By judging, the sky visibility range at that point within that time is determined.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One or more land mobiles equipped with a device for estimating its own current position and a device for correcting positioning errors by receiving radio waves from a plurality of navigation satellites In addition to the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time values obtained as positioning results, the elevation and azimuth angle values above each navigation satellite and the signal strength value from each satellite, which are calculated in the positioning process, are also It continues to save as one record for each fixed time or fixed distance. And extract only the record group that satisfies that the altitude value is within a certain range near a certain point, and the satellite elevation value and satellite azimuth angle value included in the record group and the signal strength from the satellite By considering multiple records of values as information to determine whether the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point is a line-of-sight channel, the A point-by-point sky line-of-sight range creation method characterized by constructing an information database regarding the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight communication path in the sky above a point and the direction of that communication path.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs> The present invention relates to a method for specifying the existence range of a line-of-sight communication channel between space and the ground.
<<0002>>
<Priorart> A surface as a set of points where the sky can be seen without being blocked by radio wave obstacles when looking up at the sky from a point on the earth specified by a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. Hereafter, it is referred to as the sky visibility range. Radio wave obstacles here include, for example, terrain such as mountains that exist relatively far from the point, and trees that have a large shielding effect in the elevation direction when relatively close to the point. and high-rise buildings. In addition, there are factors such as the growth of trees, artificial felling, construction of buildings by development, and demolition of buildings as the shape of radio wave obstacles changes with time. In other words, the sky visibility range has the property that it is determined only by the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.
<<0003>> Since the concept of the sky visibility range itself is new, there are few things that can be considered as conventional techniques for creating a sky visibility range for each point. If I were to force it, the first, the method based on the calculation from the topographical map, and the second, the method based on the optical imaging, are considered to be the conventional technologies. <<0004>> First, as the first method, a method for creating the sky visibility range for each point by calculation from a topographic map will be described below. In mountains and mountainous areas, there are few man-made structures, so the main radio wave obstacles are generally distant mountains and hills and forests that accompany them. In this case, from the altitude information read from the 1:25,000 topographic map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and the digital map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, the topography that affects the sky above a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. By calculating , it is possible to obtain a tentative estimate of the range of sky visibility.
<<0005>> Also, as a second method, there was a method of creating sky visibility ranges for each point using the results of image processing of optical imaging. It was a method of estimating the range of visibility in the sky above the point by performing image processing on the optical image of the sky at a certain point using a fisheye lens and then binarizing the image based on the contrast.
(See reference below).
Riza Akturan and Wolfhard J. Vogel, "Path Diversity for LEO Satellite-PCS in the Urban Environment", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.45, no.7, July 1997, pp.1107-1116 <<0006>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, when the sky visibility range is required for each point in an urban area, the first method, that is, estimating the sky visibility range by reading the altitude on a topographic map or digital map, is not appropriate. I didn't. This is because radio wave shielding factors for land mobiles traveling in urban areas are generally not due to distant natural topography indicated by altitude information, but to man-made structures such as buildings and elevated structures that exist relatively close to each other. This is because it is often the case that For this reason, the first method, that is, the method of reading the altitude, cannot be expected to be accurate for the sky visibility range for each point in urban areas.
<0007> Therefore, as a means of compensating for this shortcoming, elevation data that considers even man-made structures in urban areas as topography, comprehensively and complete information on a wide range of national land, if it exists, It may be possible to apply this first method based on the information. However, although such information exists in paper form, etc., in local governments, fire departments, and other administrative agencies that require information on the number of floors in a building, it is not standardized and is organized systematically at present. It has not reached Furthermore, it has yet to be digitized. For this reason, in order to achieve the purpose of creating a sky view range for each location based on such non-standardized information, it is necessary to confirm the location of the data for each local government, collect it, standardize the format, and digitize it. , and then start calculating the sky visibility range.
<<0008>> If we were to complete this enormous amount of work, we would have the following drawbacks.
(1) Since it takes time and effort to create the above-mentioned work, the sky visibility range for each point as a product to be provided is based on old information (It takes time to create the sky visibility range. Time dependency of sky visibility range not desirable from the point of view)
(2) In order to compensate for this shortcoming, if it is desired to update the sky view range for each point to the latest version, it would be necessary to start with a survey of the number of floors of buildings and houses, and then organize the data again, which would require an enormous amount of time and manpower. Expensive. (The cost of updating the sky visibility range is high.) (3) Even if the current shielding conditions caused by houses and buildings can be estimated, the sky visibility range results are one-sided because shielding by other features such as elevated structures, trees, and signboards cannot be estimated. It becomes generic and inaccurate. If you aim for accuracy, it will be necessary to identify the heights of individual features, trees, elevated highways, overpasses, large gate-type signs, utility poles, etc. that may cause radio wave shielding. (It is not possible to comprehensively evaluate the diversity of causes of sky visibility range.)
(4) Since the data is based on floor number information only, expedient methods such as multiplying the "average height per floor (generally about 3.5 meters)" are used, and individual heights are used. becomes inaccurate, and as a result the accuracy of the sky visibility range decreases (the result of the sky visibility range estimation is not accurate enough).
<<0009>> The second optical imaging method has the following drawbacks.
(1) In order to create a sky view range for each point in a wide urban area, it is necessary to sequentially take optical images at various points on many roads. occurs.
(2) There has not been established an accurate algorithm that can automatically completely separate the sky from other areas using image processing technology for individual imaging results under various shooting conditions. In reality, human intervention is required when setting the threshold for separation, which takes time and effort.
(3) The shooting time is limited during the daytime and in fine weather, because it is necessary to shoot so that the separation can be clearly seen in the subsequent image processing. Accurate separation is extremely difficult at night, when it is cloudy, or when it is raining, because the contrast decreases.
(4) Radio wave shielding of individual cases, such as the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of the sun filtering through foliage of trees, or the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of multiple electric wires. It becomes difficult to estimate the effect.
(5) Not only does the photographer possess optical imaging equipment, but at the same time, equipment that specifies the imaging position as latitude and longitude, such as a device that receives radio waves from a navigation satellite system and performs positioning, and equipment such as a gyro and a compass. must also possess In other words, the person engaged in data collection had to carry a large number of devices, and there was a drawback that the work was not easy.
<<0010>>
<<Means for Solving the Problems>> The present invention has been proposed in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art. does not apply.
(2) It does not take much time to collect and create data on sky visibility ranges for each location.
(3) It is possible to easily update the information, always reflecting the latest information, so as to cope with the time dependency of the sky view range for each location without spending time and money.
(4) Eliminate the time and effort inherent in the method of estimating and weighting features that cause shielding by type in estimating the sky visibility range for each point, and perform a batch evaluation using the signal strength from the actual satellite. You can reach your goal with
(5) By using the signal strength from the actual satellite when estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to easily evaluate the visibility under special conditions that are difficult with other methods. For example, it is possible to avoid the difficulty of judging whether or not the sunlight filtering through the trees is really visible, which is unique to image processing such as optical imaging.
(6) In the process of collecting data prior to estimating the range of sky visibility for each location, the work of the data collector is simple and less burdensome. For example, data collectors do not need to have knowledge and skills in specialized fields such as radio engineering, topography, or optical imaging, and can use land mobiles equipped with the necessary equipment to perform land mobile operations. It is possible to contribute to the creation of the sky visibility range for each location simply by
(7) For estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to develop the equipment necessary for data collection by slightly modifying the positioning equipment based on the Global Positioning System (hereafter referred to as GPS), which has been widely used in consumer products in recent years. It is a method, and a compact and high-performance device can be developed at a low cost, which is highly convenient.
(8) In recent years, it is compatible with the vehicle location management system using GPS, etc., which is spreading in the transportation industry, taxi industry, etc. In that case, the driver can concentrate on the original work using the land mobile. Since it is possible to contribute secondarily to the creation of the sky view range for each point just by using the site, it is possible to participate substantially in data collection without being conscious of being dedicated to it. high.
We provide a point-by-point sky visibility range creation method characterized by the following.
<<0011>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a state in which radio waves from a plurality of GPS satellites 3 do not reach a GPS antenna 5 installed on the roof of a land mobile unit 4 due to shielding by buildings 1, 1' and trees 2. This shows the principle of shielding the radio waves from the GPS satellite 3.
<<0012>> In other words, the radio waves for positioning transmitted from the GPS satellites 3 use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, so they are excellent in straightness like light, and the line-of-sight position from the GPS antenna 5 is There is a clear difference between the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 in the distance and the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 not in line of sight from the GPS antenna 5 . The radio waves used in space communications, including not only GPS satellites but also general navigation satellites, are often microwaves, millimeter waves, and other radio waves with excellent straightness, and the influence of diffraction can be almost ignored.
<<0013>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites contain orbital information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, and this is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, the elevation angle of the GPS satellite 3, which exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, but the signal strength from the satellite is infinitely close to 0 due to shielding, that is, the radio wave from the satellite cannot be captured and azimuth can be calculated and output by simple calculation from the data received from other GPS satellites 3 that can be seen. In fact, there are devices that output such information. In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes, there is no risk of interference even if they use the same frequency. By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the signal strength from those satellites are separately detected. It is easy in principle to do so.
<<0014>> Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the system when multiple land mobiles are used, based on the point-by-point sky visibility range creation method. It consists of a plurality of land mobiles 10, 10', 10", . . . and a data storage device 11.
<<0015>> Each land mobile has the same configuration as the land mobile 10, and holds a GPS antenna 10A, a GPS receiver 10B, a data temporary recording device 10C, and a positioning error correction device 10D. . Positioning error correction devices include currently popular differential GPS receivers, acceleration sensors, vehicle speed sensors, map match mechanisms, etc. Any suitable combination of devices may be used. In GPS, the commonly used C/A code usually contains noise that deliberately causes positioning errors in the data transmitted from satellites in order to reduce positioning accuracy (called selective availability). In that case, a positioning error of 120 meters in the horizontal direction and 180 meters in the vertical direction occurs. However, it is well known that the positioning error can be reduced to several meters or less by using the above positioning error correction device.
<<0016>> In the land mobile unit 10, while traveling, among the data output from the GPS receiver 10B, not only the latitude value, longitude value, altitude value and time value obtained as the positioning result of the current position, but also The elevation angle and azimuth angle values of each GPS satellite present at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more and the signal strength value from the satellite are continuously stored as one record in the temporary recording device 10C at regular time intervals.
<<0017>> FIG. 3 shows an example of data contents contained in one record.
<<0018>> Consider the case where N satellites exist at elevation angles of 0 degrees or more, and call them satellite 1, satellite 2, . . . , satellite N. 1 record is current time 20A, current land mobile latitude 20B, current land mobile longitude 20C, elevation of satellite 1 21A, azimuth of satellite 1 21B, signal strength from satellite 1 21C, satellite 2 22A of elevation, 22B of azimuth of satellite 2, 22C of signal strength from satellite 2, and finally 23A of elevation of satellite N, 23B of azimuth of satellite N, and 23C of signal strength from satellite N. .
<<0019>> Records are collected at many points by continuing recording once per second while the land mobile 10 is running. Even if the same land mobile 10 passes the same point at different times, the time is different and the satellite arrangement in the sky is different, so data is collected under different conditions, which is significant. Furthermore, it is efficient to collect data at many points by collecting data for multiple land mobiles, such as land mobile 10' and land mobile 10".
<<0020>> Data temporarily recorded in the data temporary recording device 10C in the land mobile unit 10 is stored in the data temporary recording device 10C when, for example, the data for several days are collected and moved to the data storage device 11. capacity can be utilized.
<<0021>> If the temporary data recording device 10C uses a PCMCIA card type ATA flash card for personal computers, which has become popular in recent years, and a personal computer with a large-capacity hard disk and a PCMCIA slot is used as the data storage device 11, an ATA flash card can be used. It is efficient because data can be transferred by simply inserting/removing the card and manipulating a simple file.
<<0022>> In this way, the data is stored in the data storage device. It is possible to collect data more efficiently by enlisting the cooperation of many land vehicles operated by the agencies of the department. In doing so, a vehicle location management system, which has become popular in recent years, is adopted, and the location information of land mobiles is transferred in real time to a control center or the like via a mobile phone, etc., and centralized management of the location of land mobiles is performed. If it is an agency, the existing GPS receiver will be slightly modified as necessary so that it will output the same output as the GPS receiver 10B. Elevation angle 21A, azimuth angle 21B of satellite 1, signal strength 21C from satellite 1, elevation angle 22A of satellite 2, azimuth angle 22B of satellite 2, signal strength 22C from satellite 2, ..., elevation angle 23A of satellite N, satellite N It is only necessary to additionally transfer the data of the azimuth angle 23B and the signal strength 23C from the satellite N, and the work of data transfer by the driver of the land mobile can be eliminated, which is more efficient. In that case, the computer in the management center corresponds to the data storage device 11 .
<<0023>> After that, among the many records saved in the data storage device 11, the time 20A is within a certain time range, e.g. Extract those that satisfy until June 30th 23:59:59 (JST). Limiting the records to a period of about half a year is too long a record because of the possibility of changes over time in factors that affect the range of sky visibility, such as the construction of new buildings, construction of houses, and the growth of trees. should not be adopted.
<<0024>> Then, from the extracted record group, only the record group that satisfies that the latitude value, longitude value, and altitude value are within a certain range is extracted. For example, if you want to estimate the sky view range at a point on the road about 20 m south of the Uchisaiwai-cho intersection in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, the latitude and longitude of that point, that is, 35 degrees 40 minutes 02.2 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes east longitude. The latitude and longitude measured by land mobiles are slightly different. Width/Longitude Only records that satisfy the latitude range and longitude range with width are extracted.
<<0025>> The total number of satellites included only in the group of records extracted so far is quite large. Information for determining whether or not the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point and its vicinity is a line-of-sight channel. be regarded as
<<0026>> That is, the sky above the point is divided into various minute areas, and the data having the corresponding azimuth and elevation angle values in each minute area is regarded as the representative value of the satellite communication path of the minute area. Even after deducting the distance through the atmosphere, which can be calculated based on the satellite elevation angle, and the signal strength attenuation margin due to weather conditions such as rain attenuation, the radio waves from the GPS satellite are expected to be -125 dBm or more. There is a high probability that a small area where there are many data below the value and exists with a high probability is shielded by radio shielding objects such as buildings, trees, and signboards. Therefore, for example, for a minute area where 95% or more of the data satisfying the signal strength (21C, 22C, 23C) is -125 dBm or more, the minute area is judged as line-of-sight, and for a minute area below 30%, The minute area is determined to be occluded, and the minute area that does not belong to either of these is assumed to be undefined and determined by further collection of records. The above values for judging line-of-sight may be changed according to the intended use of the sky line-of-sight range. The minute area can be created, for example, by creating a fan-shaped portion on the hemisphere determined by two criteria, such as 5 degree increments for each elevation angle and 5 degree increments for each azimuth angle.
<<0027>> In this way, information about the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight channel over a certain point in a certain time range and the direction of that channel can be efficiently constructed.
<<0028>> The present invention has been described above based on the embodiments shown in the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any way as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. can do.
<<0029>>
<<Effects of the Invention>> In short, according to the present invention, since there is no need for full-time labor costs, it is possible to increase the effect-price ratio of creating sky view ranges for each location. In other words, there is no need for a large-scale survey of current conditions.
<<0030>> In addition, a device that receives radio waves from navigation satellites and specifies the current position up to latitude and longitude, and a device that can be easily modified by adding a small modification to a general recording medium such as a PCMCIA type card ATA flash memory. It is feasible, and it can be realized at a relatively low cost in the present day when the above-mentioned devices are widely used in the consumer.
<0031> Furthermore, regardless of the weather, day or night, information collection is always possible and efficient when business (taxi business, postal business, truck transportation business, cleaning business, etc.) is occurring.
<<0032>> Furthermore, updating is necessary to reflect the latest situation in creating the sky view range for each point, but compared to the existing methods, it is possible to update easily.
<<0033>> In addition, since the measured signal strength of the radio wave from the satellite is used to determine the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to incorporate the effects of shielding by natural objects such as trees and topography. There is no need to include items related to radio wave shielding, such as signboards and large gate-type signs, as categories, eliminating complexity.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Fig. 1>> A conceptual diagram showing the principle of shielding in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> A conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a plurality of land mobiles and a data storage device in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 3>> A conceptual diagram showing the data content of one record in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
1,1' structures
2 trees
3 GPS satellites
4 Land mobile
5 GPS antenna
10,10',10" land mobile
10A GPS antenna
10B GPS receiver
10C data temporary recorder
10D positioning error correction device
11 Data storage device
20A time
20B Latitude
20C longitude
21A Satellite 1 elevation angle
21B Satellite 1 azimuth
21C Signal strength from satellite 1
22A Satellite 2 elevation angle
22B Satellite 2 azimuth
Signal strength from 22C satellite 2
23A Azimuth of Satellite N
23B Satellite N elevation angle
23C Signal strength from satellite N
<<Figure 1>>
000003

<<Figure 2>>
000004

<<Figure 3>>
000005

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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-365357 (P2002-365357A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 18, 2002 (2002.12.18)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 3
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》11
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2002-93385 (P2002-93385)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2002 (2002.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2001-93965 (P2001-93965)
(32) <Priority date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 CC07 DD13 DD22 DD24 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To solve the problem that it is difficult to effectively acquire azimuth information in a place where there is a mountain on the back or in a place where there is no sky coverage area for obtaining sufficient satellite information due to a forest of high-rise buildings.
<<Solution>> A pair of flat patch antennas 11a and 11b are arranged so that a common area 2 is formed in which at least a part of the respective sky coverage areas overlaps, and the sky coverage areas of the antennas are divided into a first area 1 and a third area 3. , and the azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle obtained in each area and the angle formed by the two antennas.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of planar antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground at an angle such that a portion of the respective sky coverage forms at least a common area that overlaps, and formed by the two antennas. GPS receivers connected to the above two antennas are made to try to acquire signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the upper hemisphere, and the obtained satellite signals are compared to obtain signals In each of the three regions, the satellite azimuth angle sequence is created clockwise, and the first term The azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the final term are extracted, and the azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one region and the angle formed by the two antennas. A direction information acquisition method.
<<Claim 2>> The azimuth information acquisition method according to Claim 1, characterized in that one satellite exists in the at least one region, and the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term are the same. direction information acquisition method.
<<Claim 3>> In the orientation information acquisition method according to Claim 1, the orientation information is characterized in that the orientations obtained from the plurality of regions are defined as one orientation by taking a common product set. Acquisition method.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>> According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each flat patch antenna is provided with an antenna on a quarter celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. A sky coverage area with sensitivity is formed, the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna are extracted, and each signal is determined based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the transmitted GPS satellite was in, and the result of determining the existence area of this satellite is circularly aligned, and measurement is performed based on the information contained in the circular determination result sequence. Limited or specified the orientation of the direction.
<<0005>> In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method in a commercially available GPS receiver, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (patent application 2000-364605).
<<0006>> As a result, when a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other, one The GPS satellite data received by the GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the two data can be processed by the data processing unit to easily obtain the azimuth information.
<<0007>> Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, in the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above, since two flat antennas are installed in parallel, there are high-rise buildings on the back and sides, and the whole sky is limited. Where only the azimuth portion was available, relatively small width azimuth-limited azimuth results were difficult to obtain, and antenna coverage oriented in the feature shielding direction was wasted.
<<0009>> In addition, since the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel, it is difficult to install the method on a land mobile body having a streamlined head portion.
<<0010>> The present invention has been devised in view of the above, and provides an azimuth information obtaining method capable of obtaining azimuth information if there is at least one sky coverage area that receives signals from GPS satellites. With the goal.
<<0011>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> In order to solve the above-described problems, a direction information acquiring method according to the present invention provides a pair of planar patch antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern. positioned perpendicular to the ground at an angle to form a common area, detecting the angle formed by the two antennas, and being in the respective air coverage areas with GPS receivers respectively connected to the two antennas. An attempt is made to receive a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite, and the obtained satellite signal is compared to determine in which of the three divided airspace areas the satellite that transmitted the signal was located. , in each of the three regions, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and obtain the first term azimuth angle obtained in at least one region and the azimuth angle of the final term and the angle formed by the two antennas.
<<0012>> As described above, the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention can avoid allocating antenna sensitivity to the whole sky even in situations where mountains and buildings are present and features are conspicuously blocked. Even in the above situation where the result range tends to be wide, it is now possible to obtain azimuth information with the characteristic that it is easy to obtain results limited to the near azimuth within the desired range.
<<0013>> Further, in the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention, since the pair of antennas are installed so as to form a predetermined angle, by setting the above angle as the angle of the streamline shape, A pair of planar antennas can be easily installed on the side of the vehicle, and azimuth information can be obtained even while driving.
<<0014>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> First, the principle of the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. A pair of planar patch GPS antennas 11a, 11b, each having a hemispherical beam pattern, are positioned perpendicular to the ground at an angle .delta. as shown in FIG. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that the main beams of both antennas extend in the spatial direction on the back side of the page.
<<0015>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and light, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When the first planar patch antenna 11a and the second planar patch antenna 11b are actually produced, the three-dimensional antenna is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
<<0016>> Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, "Compact/Planar Antenna" co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.
<<0017>> Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. <<0018>> Such a beam Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting the shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0019>> Alternatively, unlike the design calculation of the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0020>> The angle δ formed by the two antennas 11a and 11b is an angle that forms at least a common area in which a part of the sky coverage area of each antenna overlaps. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the sky coverage of the first planar patch antenna 11a is the first region 1 and the second region 2, and the sky coverage of the second planar patch antenna 11b is the second region 2 and the second region. 3 becomes area 3, and the second area becomes a common area for both antennas. In FIG. 2, since the sky above the user is drawn assuming a state looking down from above, the user's zenith and the user's position overlap. The arc coincides with an elevation angle of 0 degrees as seen from the user, and the central zenith coincides with an elevation angle of 90 degrees as seen from the user. The antenna is schematically represented in a large size for ease of understanding.
<<0021>> Assuming that the direction 4 pointed by one end of the first planar patch antenna 11a (closer to the second planar patch antenna 11b) is the direction X, the opposite direction of the first antenna 11a is 180 degrees to X. The direction indicated by one end of the second antenna 11b (closer to the first planar patch antenna 11a) is the direction obtained by subtracting the angle δ from X, and the opposite direction is obtained by adding 180 degrees to that direction. direction.
<<0022>> As shown in FIG. 3, a first GPS receiver 12a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 11a, and a second GPS receiver 12b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 11b.
<<0023>> The first GPS receiver 12a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to signals from satellites existing in the upper hemisphere through the first planar patch antenna 11a, and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 12b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to signals from satellites in the hemisphere through the second planar patch antenna 11b, and attempts positioning.
<<0024>> The functions and specifications of the first GPS receiver 12a and the second GPS receiver 12b in FIG. In other words, the miniaturization and mass productivity that have been cultivated for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer GPS positioning devices are inherited and used. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer-use GPS positioning devices, there are already many GPS receivers of a size suitable for planar patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand already exists at a low price, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since the accumulation of these existing miniaturization techniques can be utilized, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be configured economically and in a small size.
<<0025>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite Elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1-wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are. The output is sent to the data processing unit 13 .
<<0026>> Through the first planar patch antenna 11a, the first GPS receiver 12a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 12b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 11b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 12a and the second GPS receiver 12b are connected to an antenna covering the hemispherical sphere in the same manner as the GPS receiver of a normal portable satellite positioning device. A signal search is performed for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky.
<<0027>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked by the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0028>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. That is, regarding all GPS satellites existing at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites. In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0029>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to search for signals, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state, which are data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output period is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data at a rate of about every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0030>> Further, as a countermeasure to the time when positioning is not established, the data of the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, and positioning calculation mode are output as the most recent values when the positioning calculation is established. A GPS with extremely standard specifications that utilizes the latitude, longitude, and altitude at the time of establishment of the most recent positioning calculation, and uses the current time to calculate the satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle from the satellite orbital elements. Use a receiver. Then, even in a situation where positioning is not established, as long as the latest positioning calculation is established at a nearby point, the result of the positioning calculation establishment at the nearby point and the current time are used with extremely high accuracy. Satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle can be calculated. For example, assuming that the positioning calculation is established at a point 300 km away, even if the satellite azimuth angle and the satellite angle are calculated using that value and the current time, the deviation of the satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle is very large. is small (less than 1 degree) and can be calculated with very good accuracy. the error is virtually negligible.
<<0031>> The data processing unit 13 first excludes GPS satellite data indicating that the channel conditions of both GPS receivers are not synchronized. (The existence of such satellites may be due to the shielding of features or may be in the sky area where the antenna sensitivity is low, but there is no particular need to distinguish.) Next, a high elevation angle near the zenith, such as For GPS satellites of 1 degree or more, even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, the actual elongations are extremely small, so the data for those satellites are removed.
<<0032>> The data processing unit 13 compares the remaining GPS satellite data with each other and determines in which of the first area 1, the common area 2, and the third area 3 the data exists.
<<0033>>In the first GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from a satellite indicate synchronization, and in the second GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from that satellite does not indicate synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is in the first region 1 .
<<0034>>In the second GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from a satellite indicate synchronization, and in the first GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from that satellite does not indicate synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is present in the third region 3 .
<<0035>>In the first GPS receiver, the channel condition assigned to the signal transmitted from a satellite indicates synchronization, and in the second GPS receiver, the channel assigned to the signal transmitted from that satellite When the status indicates synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is in common area 2 .
Using the satellite azimuth angle output from the GPS receiver indicating the positioning calculation time newer than <<0036>>, the following processing is performed for the area-determined satellites.
<<0037>> Create a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each region 1, 2, and 3 clockwise, and extract the data of the first (first term) satellite and the last (last term) satellite in the sequence. . If there is only one satellite in the region, treat the first term as the last term. If there are two or more satellites in the area, define the first and last terms as follows. Create a circular permutation in order of satellite azimuth only for those satellites that are found to be in the region. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a satellite (assumed to be A) in the circular permutation and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) in the clockwise direction is 360 degrees from the central angle of the region. When the angle is equal to or greater than the angle obtained by subtracting , the satellite A should be taken as the last term and the satellite B as the first term.
<<0038>> When this is done, in FIG. 2, satellite 5 becomes the first term satellite of the first region 1 and satellite 6 becomes the last term satellite. In common area 2, there are also four satellites, but satellite 7 is the first term satellite and satellite 8 is the last term satellite. Since there is only one satellite 9 in the third region 3, the satellite 9 is a first term and last term satellite.
<<0039>> In addition, the symbols A(S1, 1), etc. attached to the first and last satellites in FIG.
<<0040>> For example, S1 on the left side in parenthesis of A(S1, 1) of satellite 5 represents the sequence of satellites determined to exist in the first area 1, and 1 on the right side represents the number of the sequence in the sequence. Represents a term Therefore, A(S1, 1) represents the azimuth angle of the first term satellite of the sequence of satellites existing in region 1 . In the case of satellite 8, since it is in the second region 2, the left side of the parenthesis indicates S2, and the right side indicates the number in the series of clockwise azimuth angles in this region. However, since the satellite 8 is the final term, it is shown as e2 as an indication representing the final term of the sequence in the second region 2. FIG. (More specifically, it is the fourth, so e2=4.)
<<0041>> As a result, the following equation (1) is obtained from FIG.
《Number 1》
000003

In the above formula, the symbol "<" indicates the order of appearance of orientations when viewed clockwise.
<<0042>> Next, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of the region 1 from the above expression (1) will be described.
<<0043>> First, the first term and the last term of regions other than region 1 are removed from equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 2》
000004

Add (180) to equation (1-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 3》
000005

Similarly, (δ) is added to equation (1-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 4》
000006

Concatenate equations (1-2) and (1-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability.
《Number 5》
000007

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (1-4), we obtain the equation (1-5) that constrains the orientation X by the first and last terms of the region 1.
《Number 6》
000008

<<0044>> Similarly, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of region 2 from expression (1) will be described.
<<0045>> First, the first term and the last term of regions other than region 2 are eliminated from equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 7》
000009

Add (δ) to the equation (2-2) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 8》
000010

Concatenate equations (2-2) and (2-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability. 《Number 9》
000011

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (2-4), we obtain the equation (2-5) that constrains the direction X by the first and last terms of the region 2.
《Number 10》
000012

<<0046>> Finally, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of region 3 from expression (1) will be described. First, the first and last terms of regions other than region 3 are dropped from the equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 11》
000013

Add (δ-180) to the equation (3-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 12》
000014

In equation (3-2), the second term (X-180) is the same as (X+180), so it is rewritten.
《Number 13》
000015

Concatenate (3-1) and (3-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability. 《Number 14》
000016

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (3-4), we obtain the equation (3-5) that constrains the orientation X by the first and last terms of the region 3.
《Number 15》
000017

<<0047>> Equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5) obtained as described above play an important role in obtaining azimuth information in the present invention. If only one of them is obtained, the azimuth information is obtained using that formula, and if multiple formulas are obtained, the azimuth angle range that satisfies them at the same time is obtained to obtain more accurate azimuth information. and output from the result output unit 14 such as a liquid crystal screen and a speaker.
<<0048>> The above processing is performed by the data processing unit 13, which can be constructed by a general-purpose microprocessor having a numerical calculation function and a memory holding function.
<<0049>> In the above description, “extractability” means that even if three or more elements are extracted from a circular permutation of correct orientations consisting of four or more terms and expressed as It is based on the theorem that the circular permutation of
<<0050>>"Possibility of addition and subtraction" is based on the theorem that a circular permutation of correct orientation is established even if an arbitrary angle of rotation is added (or subtracted) to all terms of the circular permutation of correct orientation.
<<0051>>"Connectability" is when there is term a and immediately following term b in a certain circular permutation of correct orientation, and term b and immediately following term a in another correct orientation circular permutation , the sequence created by cutting the circular permutation of the former orientation between a and b, and the sequence created by cutting the circular permutation of the latter orientation between b and a It is based on the theorem that even if a new circular permutation of orientation is created by concatenating with respect to b, it is correct as a circular permutation of orientation.
<<0052>> Next, a method for specifically obtaining azimuth information will be described using the above three major equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5). uses degrees (deg), and uses azimuth angles with north at 0 degrees and east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, the elevation angle is displayed with the horizontal plane being 0 degrees and the zenith being 90 degrees.
<<0053>> First, two planar patch antennas 11a and 11b are arranged perpendicularly to the ground at a predetermined angle δ. The angle δ is appropriately set in consideration of the situation of the position to be measured, the azimuth acquisition direction, and the like, and should be an angle that forms at least a common area in which at least a part of the sky coverage area of each antenna overlaps.
<<0054>> The angle formed by the two antennas is measured by a known angle detector such as a variable capacitor, a variable resistor, etc., which can take out the rotation angle as a numerical value such as voltage.
<<0055>> As shown in FIG. 4, when the angle δ formed by the two antennas 11a and 11b is set to 100 degrees, the first region 1 has a starting azimuth angle of X+180 degrees, an end azimuth angle of −100 degrees, clockwise It is a sector with a central angle of 80 degrees determined by .
<<0056>> A satellite in this region 1 corresponds to a satellite whose channel state is synchronous with the first GPS receiver 12a and not synchronous with the second GPS receiver 12b. Suppose that three satellites are determined to be in the region, with azimuth angles of 12 degrees, 6 degrees, and 351 degrees, respectively.
<<0057>> The circular permutation of these three satellite azimuth angles can be expressed as 6<12<351. The central angle of this region 1 was 80 degrees. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) clockwise is 360 degrees minus the central angle of the area (360 −80=280 degrees), satellite A is the last term and satellite B is the first term. Let A(S1, e1).
<<0058>> As described above, the initial term A (S1, 1) was found to be 351, and the final term A (S1, e1) was found to be 12. substitute.
《Number 16》
000018

By arranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 17》
000019

<<0059>> Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the common area 2 is a sector with a central angle of 100 degrees defined by a starting azimuth angle of -100 degrees and a terminal azimuth angle of X degrees clockwise.
<<0060>> Satellites in this common area 2 correspond to satellites whose channel conditions are synchronous in the first GPS receiver 12a and synchronous in the second GPS receiver 12b. Suppose that four satellites were determined to be in the region, with azimuth angles of 72 degrees, 53 degrees, 148 degrees, and 102 degrees, respectively.
The <<0061>> circular permutation is written as 53<72<102<148, or 148<52<72<102, or 102<148<53<72, or 72<102<148<53.
<<0062>> The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) when viewed clockwise is 360 degrees minus the central angle of the region. If the angle is greater than (360-100=260 degrees), satellite A is the last term and satellite B is the first term. be the final term A(S2, e2).
<<0063>> As described above, the initial term A (S2, 1) was found to be 53, and the final term A (S2, e2) was found to be 148. .
《Number 18》
000020

By arranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 19》
000021

<<0064>> Finally, as shown in FIG. 4, the third region 3 is a sector with a central angle of 80 degrees defined by a starting azimuth angle of X degrees and a terminal azimuth angle of X+80 degrees.
<<0065>> Satellites in this region 3 correspond to satellites whose channel state is not synchronous with the first GPS receiver 12a but synchronous with the second GPS receiver 12b. If it is determined that one satellite 9 exists in the area and the azimuth angle of the satellite 9 is 215 degrees, both the first term A(S3,1) and the final term A(S3,e3) (3-5).
《Number 20》
000022

By rearranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 21》
000023

<<0066>>148<X<153 is obtained as an azimuth angle range that simultaneously satisfies the obtained expressions (1)′, (2)′, and (3)′.
<<0067>> That is, information is obtained that the unknown direction X in FIG.
<<0068>> Next, a method of obtaining azimuth information will be described in the case where three sides of the sky coverage are blocked by extremely tall buildings and the like, and only signals from satellites in a part of the whole sky can be received. <<0069>> As shown in FIG. 5, due to shielding such as tall buildings indicated by hatching, the sky region (open sky) where satellite information may be obtained is about Consider the case where there is only a sector of 100 degrees. In this case, the two antennas 11a and 11b are arranged, for example, so that .delta.
<<0070>> Next, the GPS receivers connected to the respective antennas are activated to attempt synchronization, decoding and positioning of GPS satellite signals in the upper hemisphere.
<<0071>> Six satellites actually existed in the first region 1 and the common region 2 (together, that is, the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna), but the signals from the four satellites were Reception (synchronization) is not possible due to the shadow of buildings (observers can distinguish whether the satellite was in the sky area with no antenna sensitivity or because it was blocked by a feature). However, as a result, signals from only two satellites (satellite 18 and satellite 22) can be received, and one of them (satellite 18) can be determined to be a satellite existing in the common area 2.
<<0072>> In the figure, oblique lines indicate areas where signals cannot be received due to shadows such as buildings, gray circles indicate satellites determined to exist in area 1, and black circles indicate satellites determined to exist in area 2. , white circles with cross marks indicate satellites determined to exist in region 3, and white circles indicate satellites in which region 1, 2, or 3 could not be determined. The solid-line outermost circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and the solid-line concentric circles indicate elevation angles of 10 degrees.
<<0073>> In the third area 3 and the common area 2 (together, that is, the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna), there were also six satellites, but the signals from the four satellites were It was not possible to receive the signal due to the shadow of the building. ) can be received, and one of them (satellite 18) can be determined to be that of a satellite existing in the common area 2. FIG.
<<0074>> As described above, since there are satellites addressed to each of the three areas 1, 2, and 3, the first term equals the last term, and the following information is obtained for each region.
《Number 22》
000024

From the top, satellite azimuth angle information in the first area 1, the common area 2, and the third area 3 is shown.
<<0075>> Substitute the above information and δ=30 degrees into the following three important equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5).
《Number 23》
000025

<<0076>> Substituting the above information into the respective important equations yields the following equations.
《Number 24》
000026

<<0077>> Rearranging the above formula yields the following formula.
《Number 25》
000027

<<0078>> Taking the azimuth range that satisfies the above three equations at the same time, 244<X<262 is obtained. That is, the obtained azimuth X is in the range of 244 degrees to 262 degrees.
<<0079>> The angle of δ is determined by the observer while considering the following trade-offs.
<<0080>> Since the value of .delta. In this sense, the advantage of narrowing δ is that a highly accurate result can be obtained. However, if .delta.
<<0081>> Here, consider the number of available satellites in the sky, which is determined by the observer's current location and time. It is known that the actual number of GPS satellites that can be used in Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, is always 8 to 12. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume 10 as the average number of available satellites. Suppose that the available sky area looking up from the observer's current location is only a fan-shaped area with a central angle of only 36 degrees. Then, if we estimate the number of available satellites that can be expected to exist in this narrow 36-degree angle sky area above the observer, we can statistically expect 1 satellite (10 satellites x 36 degrees/360 degrees = 1 satellite). .
<<0082>> Now, suppose that the opening angle δ of the two antennas is set to 36 degrees, and the common area with the central angle of 36 degrees coincides with the above available sky area. Then, there is a high probability that the signal of one expected satellite will be acquired. In general, in the measurement according to the present invention, even if only one satellite is captured in the common area, the azimuth limitation of width δ can be achieved in a blink of an eye (Equation (2-5), that is, A(S2, e2) In <X<A(S2,1)+δ, if the first term = the final term, that is, e2=1, from A(S2,1)<X<A(S2,1)+δ, immediately even one satellite azimuth limitation of width δ). Even in such an environment where only a narrow sky area can be used, according to the present invention, it is possible to expect azimuth limitation of about 36 degrees with a high probability.
<<0083>> Usable empty areas are usually not so bad environments as 36 degrees, and are often wider. The number of satellites that can be acquired in that case is naturally higher. This means that the number of terms (e2) in equation (2-5) also increases. In this case, it is possible to limit the orientation to be smaller than δ from only the expression (2-5), and the existence of S1 and S3 in the regions 1 and 3 can be expected, and the expressions (1-5) and (3-5) can also be It can be used, and the accuracy of azimuth limitation is also improved.
<<0084>> Next, as shown in FIG. 6, an upper sky region (an open sky) where satellite information may be obtained due to shielding such as tall buildings indicated by hatching is centered on the zenith. Consider the case where there is only a sector with a central angle of about 45 degrees. Assume that the observer desires information with a width of 25 degrees or less for some reason. In this case, the two antennas 11a and 11b are arranged at δ=25 degrees, for example, so that the common area 2 is formed in the direction in which the sky coverage can be measured. of GPS satellites to attempt synchronization, decoding and positioning.
<<0085>> If it is fortunately possible to determine that a satellite exists within the common area 2, the obtained azimuth angle (244 degrees) and .delta.=25 are substituted into the area 2 important equation. In this case also, since there is one satellite, the initial term A(S2, 1) and the final term A(S2, e2) are the same, so the following is obtained.
《Number 26》
000028

That is, the azimuth X to be obtained is in the range of 244 degrees to 269 degrees.
<<0086>> Generalization is as follows. Consider a poor environment where only one satellite can be captured. If the one satellite is captured in the common area 2, the azimuth limit width is .delta. degrees. (In the formula (2-5), that is, A(S2, e2)<X<A(S2,1)+δ, if the first term = the last term, that is, e2 = 1, then A(S2, 1) < From X<A(S2, 1)+.delta., it can be seen that the azimuth limitation with a width of .delta. degrees is immediately made even with one satellite).
<<0087>> If captured in the first region, the azimuth limitation width is 180-δ degrees. (Formula (1-5), that is, A (S1, e1) + δ < X < A (S1, 1) + 180, the first term = the last term, that is, if e1 = 1, then A (S1, 1) + δ From <X<A(S1, 1)+180, it can be seen that the azimuth limitation with a width of 180-δ degrees is immediately made even for one satellite).
<<0088>> If captured in the third region, the azimuth limitation width is also 180-δ. (Formula (3-5), that is, A (S3, e3) + δ-180 < X < A (S3, 1), the first term = the last term, that is, if e3 = 1, then A (S3, 1) From +δ-180<X<A (S3, 1), it can be seen that the azimuth limitation of width 180-δ degrees is immediately made even for one satellite).
<<0089>> Comparing these results with the results of a configuration that does not have a common area, its superiority can be understood. That is, in the setting of δ=0 (no common area), the azimuth limitation width at that time is 180 degrees regardless of whether one satellite is captured in the first area or the third area ( (corresponds to the case of substituting e1=1 and δ=0 in equation (1-5)). In other words, having the common area 2 provides an excellent azimuth limiting function, especially in situations where only one satellite can be tracked.
<<0090>> As is clear from the above description, the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention can effectively obtain azimuth information even in a place where part of the sky is blocked or a place where a feature is clearly expected to be blocked. can get to
<<0091>> In particular, even in a place where most of the sky is shielded, if at least one satellite exists in the unshielded sky and the signal can be received, the azimuth information can be obtained.
<<0092>> Also, since it is not necessary to install a pair of patch antennas in parallel, for example, by arranging them on a moving object (such as a motorcycle with a streamlined cowl) that holds the streamlined part at the front, It is possible to travel while acquiring azimuth information.
<<0093>>
<<Effect of the Invention>> In the invention described in claims 1 and 2, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged at an angle such that at least a part of each sky coverage area forms a common area overlapping each other. The coverage area is divided into a first antenna coverage only area, a second antenna coverage only area, and a common area of both antenna coverage areas, and at least one area has at least one satellite for receiving signals. If it is possible, it is possible to efficiently obtain azimuth-limited information, so that azimuth-limited information can be effectively obtained even in a place where most of the sky is blocked.
<<0094>> In addition, according to the third aspect of the invention, satellites exist in a plurality of areas, and when the azimuth is obtained in each area, a common product set of the azimuths is taken to limit the azimuth to a single azimuth. more accurate azimuth information can be obtained.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of an arrangement state of a pair of planar patch antennas in the azimuth information acquisition method of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> An explanatory view of the sky coverage area formed by each antenna when a pair of antennas are arranged as shown in FIG.
<<FIG. 3>> FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an apparatus for implementing the direction information acquisition method of the present invention.
<<FIG. 4>> It is an explanatory diagram showing the positional relationship between a pair of antennas and a satellite in the sky when the pair of antennas are arranged at 100 degrees.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information when the sky region from which satellite information can be obtained is only a sector centered at the zenith and having a central angle of about 100 degrees.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information when the sky region from which satellite information can be obtained is only a sector centered at the zenith and having a central angle of about 45 degrees.
<<Description of symbols>>
1 First area
2 common area
3 Third area
4 Azimuth to be measured
5-9 satellites
11a first planar patch antenna
11b Second planar patch antenna
12a first GPS receiver
12b second GPS receiver
13 Data processing unit
14 Result output section
<<Figure 1>>
000029

<<Figure 2>>
000030

<<Fig. 4>>
000032

<<Figure 3>>
000031

<<Fig. 5>>
000033

<<Fig. 6>>
000034

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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-168938 (P2002-168938A)
(43) <<Released Date>> June 14, 2002 (2002.6.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> GPS receiver
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 6
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》8
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2000-364605 (P2000-364605)
(22) <Filing date> November 30, 2000 (2000.11.30)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA11 DD23 FF02 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problems>> Conventional GPS receivers can obtain positioning information such as latitude, longitude, and altitude from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but cannot obtain azimuth information.
<Solution> A GPS receiver having a patch antenna section 2, a GPS receiver section 8, and a result output section 5 is provided with a data transmission section 4, a data reception section 3, and a data processing section 9 so that direction information can also be obtained. It is characterized by
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A GPS receiver consisting of a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a result output section, in which a data transmission section, a data reception section, and calculation of data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received. A GPS receiver, comprising: a data processing unit for limiting or specifying the azimuth of a measurement direction by performing a measurement, and a use mode control switch.
<<Claim 2>> The GPS receiver according to claim 1, wherein the data transmission section and the data reception section are an infrared transmission mechanism and an infrared reception mechanism.
<<Claim 3>> The GPS reception according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the data transmission unit and the data reception unit are provided at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the center point of the surface on which they are provided. machine.
<<Claim 4>> The GPS receiver according to Claim 1, wherein the control switch is a mercury switch.
<<Claim 5>> A first GPS receiver comprising a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, a data receiving section, a data processing section for calculating data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received, and a result output section; a second GPS receiver having a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a data transmission section; GPS satellite data received by the second GPS receiver is transmitted from the data transmission section to the data reception section of the first GPS receiver; to a data processing unit via a , where the data processing unit calculates data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite to limit or specify the azimuth of the measurement direction.
<<Claim 6>> The GPS receiver according to Claim 5, wherein the data receiving section of the first GPS receiver and the data transmitting section of the second GPS receiver are an infrared receiving mechanism and an infrared transmitting mechanism, respectively. .
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to an improvement of a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver, and to a GPS receiver that can obtain not only positioning information but also azimuth information when used in pairs.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Conventional GPS receivers are equipped with an antenna section having a substantially hemispherical antenna pattern, a receiver section, and a result output section. Positioning information such as GPS time can be obtained, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>>According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged perpendicularly to each other and in the back direction, and each flat patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. form an air coverage area, extract the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna, and transmit each signal based on the comparison of the extracted signal strength It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the GPS satellite was located in, and the result of determining the existence area of this satellite is circularly arranged, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is the information included in the circular determination result sequence. limited or specified based on
<<0005>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> As described above, in order to obtain azimuth information, the signal strength values of a plurality of satellites received from two GPS receivers are compared to determine which antenna is in the sky coverage area. However, conventional GPS receivers do not have a function of exchanging information between GPS receivers and a function of calculating azimuth information based on the exchanged information. No GPS receiver was prepared, and the patch antenna was arranged parallel, back, and vertically, but azimuth information could not be obtained.
<<0006>> The present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object thereof is to provide a GPS receiver that can obtain positioning information as in the conventional case and can obtain azimuth information by using a pair of GPS receivers.
<<0007>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a GPS receiver comprising a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a result output section. 1. A GPS receiver comprising a data processing unit for calculating data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received and limiting or specifying the azimuth of a measurement direction, and a use mode control switch.
<<0008>> The data transmission unit and the data reception unit use an infrared transmission mechanism and an infrared reception mechanism, and the data transmission unit and the data reception unit are provided at points symmetrical with respect to the center point of the surface on which they are provided. . As a result, when the data transmission section and the data reception section of a pair of receiver main bodies are placed facing each other and one of the receiver main bodies is placed upside down, the data transmission section and the data The receiver faces the data receiver and data transmitter of the other GPS receiver, respectively.
<<0009>> As described above, by providing a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section in the GPS receiver, the GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver is transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the data is transmitted to the other GPS receiver. Azimuth information can also be obtained by processing both satellite data in the processing unit. In addition, by using an infrared communication system for data transmission/reception, there is no need to connect two GPS receivers with a cable, and handling is easy.
<<0010>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a GPS receiver according to the present invention. 2 is embedded. On the opposite side of the receiver main body 1, a data receiving section 3 and a data transmitting section 4 are provided at positions symmetrical with respect to the center point of the plane.
<<0011>> As a result, as shown in FIG. 3, when the surfaces of a pair of receiver main bodies 1a and 1b on which the data transmitting section and the data receiving section are provided face each other, one receiver main body 1b is turned upside down. , the data receiving section 3a and the data transmitting section 4a of one receiver main body 1a face the data transmitting section 4b and the data receiving section 3b of the other receiver main body 1b, respectively. An infrared communication system can be preferably used for transmission and reception of this data.
<<0012>> As shown in FIG. 2, the receiver main body 1 contains a GPS receiver section 8 and a data processing section 9. The output from the GPS receiver section or the data processing section is The results are output from a result output unit 5 such as a liquid crystal screen or a speaker provided on the upper surface of the receiver body 1 .
<<0013>> On the side of the receiver main body 1, a control switch 6 is further provided for switching each component to an ON state or an OFF state according to the mode of use. An arrow 7 on the upper surface of the receiver main body 1 is a mark for confirming the measurement direction.
<<0014>> When acquiring positioning information using the GPS receiver configured as described above, as shown in FIG. , an "OFF" signal is sent to the data receiving unit 3 and the data transmitting unit 4, and the GPS receiver is installed so that the planar patch antenna 2 faces the zenith direction.
<<0015>> As a result, the signals transmitted from the GPS satellites existing in the hemisphere are received by the GPS receiver unit 8 via the patch antenna 2, and the calculated positioning information such as latitude, longitude and altitude is After passing through the data processing unit 9, it can be output from the result output unit 5 in the same manner as the conventional GPS receiver.
<<0016>> Next, when azimuth information is acquired using the GPS receiver having the above configuration, as shown in FIG. The patch antenna 2a is arranged to be perpendicular to the ground, and the mark 7 for confirming the measurement direction is oriented in the desired direction.
<0017> On the other receiver main body 1b, the data transmitting section 4b and the data receiving section 3b are arranged in parallel so that they face the data receiving section 3a and the data transmitting section 4a of the receiver main body 1a with a predetermined distance therebetween. to be placed.
<<0018>> As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas 2a and 2b are arranged parallel to each other and facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and each planar patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. form a sky coverage area over which the sensitivity of the antenna reaches.
<<0019>> Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the control switch 6a of the receiver body 1a is operated to turn ON the GPS receiver section 8a, the data receiving section 3a, the data processing section 9a, and the result output section 5a. signal. In the other receiver body 1b, the control switch 6b is operated to send an "ON" signal only to the GPS receiver section 8b and the data transmission section 4b.
<<0020>> As a result, the GPS receiver unit 8a connected to the planar patch antenna 2a receives signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the air coverage area of the antenna, and the received signals are transmitted to the data processing unit. 9a.
<<0021>> Similarly, the GPS receiver section 8b connected to the planar patch antenna 2b receives signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the air coverage area of the antenna, and the received signals are transmitted to the data transmission section. From 4b, for example, it is sent to the data receiving section 3a of the receiver body 1a by infrared rays, and stored in the data processing section 9a.
<<0022>> Since the signal transmitted from each GPS satellite contains the own satellite number, the own satellite signal transmission time, and the orbital elements of all GPS satellites including the own satellite, the own satellite number can be detected at the stage of decoding. . Also, the strength of the output signal of the signal synchronization circuit can be detected in the GPS receiver units 8a and 8b. Furthermore, in the GPS receiver units 8a and 8b, the position and time of the measurer can be obtained from the signals received from three or more satellites, and accordingly the satellite azimuth and elevation of each satellite can be obtained.
<<0023>> Based on the satellite number, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and satellite signal strength among the information output from the two GPS receiver sections 8a and 8b, the data processing section 9a performs the following processing to acquire azimuth information.
<<0024>> First, an "exclusion determination" process consisting of two exclusion situations is performed. The first exclusion situation is "High Elevation Angle Exclusion". For example, satellites near the zenith have a very small actual elongation, even though their azimuth angles differ numerically. Therefore, if these pieces of information are used in subsequent processes for obtaining azimuth information, errors included in the results will increase. Therefore, for example, information on satellites existing at an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more is processed to be excluded.
<<0025>> The next exclusion status is "feature occluded exclusion". Even if the satellite is in the coverage area of one antenna, if the channel is blocked by terrain, buildings, trees, etc., the signal strength from the satellite will be weak even in the receiver connected to that antenna. Therefore, satellite signals below a predetermined threshold value, eg, -125 dBm, in both antenna coverage areas, ie, in both receivers, are considered to be blocked by features and are excluded from subsequent processing.
<<0026>> Secondly, an "existence area determination" process is performed to determine, based on the strength of the received signal, in which antenna the satellite was located. That is, if one GPS receiver exhibits a sufficient signal strength (above the threshold) and the other does not, it can be determined that the GPS receiver exists in the former's airspace coverage area. Also, if both GPS receivers show sufficient signal strength, it can be determined that they happen to be on the boundary between their airspace coverage areas. Such judgment is represented by a symbol.
<<0027>> Thirdly, "rearrangement into an annular array in order of azimuth angles" is performed. In this method, the azimuth angles are sorted in ascending order, and the characteristic of the azimuth angles that 360 degrees and 0 degrees match is used to connect the tail and head to create a circular array. is.
<<0028>> Fourthly, azimuth information is obtained from this annular array of satellites. The azimuth information includes both concepts of ``specific azimuth'' meaning a azimuth angle value for a specific direction and ``limited azimuth'' meaning a range of azimuth angle values for a specific direction, Although the GPS receiver of the present invention can obtain azimuth information from any direction, general azimuth-only acquisition will be described here.
<<0029>> In the circular array of the obtained satellite existence area determination results, observe the portion where the existence area determination result transitions from one value to another.
<<0030>> For example, as shown in FIG. 5, there are six satellites 3, 6, 11, 14, 18, and 20 in the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a, and similarly 6 satellites in the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b. Assuming that there are three satellites 2, 7, 9, 15, 21, and 22, the data processing unit 9a outputs signals transmitted from these satellites as shown in Table 1, assuming that the direction is clockwise with north as the base point. Satellite data is created. The signal strength of the satellite 21 is below the threshold -125 dBm in any coverage area, and the elevation angle of the satellite 3 is 85 degrees or more. be processed accordingly.
<<0031>>
<<Table1>>
000003

<<0032>> Subsequently, the data processing unit 9a constructs a directional circular array R from the data in Table 1. FIG. In Table 1, R looks like "1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 (back to top)". In the table, "1" means the air coverage area of the antenna 2a, and "2" means the air coverage area of the antenna 2b. Table 2 shows this circular array arrangement R.
<<0033>>
<<Table2>>
000004

<<0034>> Table 2 shows that the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a encompasses "the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 244 degrees clockwise and the ending azimuth angle of 6 degrees". Also, from Table 2, it can be seen that the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b includes "the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 56 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 218 degrees clockwise".
<<0035>> By the way, as is clear from FIG. 5, the geometric relationship between the measurement direction and the air coverage area of both antennas is clockwise: the air coverage area of antenna 2a, the measurement direction 7, and the air coverage area of antenna 2b. , appearing in the order of .
<<0036>> In order for this order and the above-mentioned subsumption relation not to contradict each other, the azimuth angle value of the measurement direction 7 must be "defined by the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees clockwise. must be in the azimuth range. As can be seen from Table 2, the data processing unit 9a can make such a determination instantaneously. This range is shown in FIG. 5 as the first azimuth information.
<<0037>> Furthermore, as is apparent from FIG. There was an order in which they appeared in the order of the sky coverage area of 2b, the opposite measurement direction, and the sky coverage area of antenna 2a.
<<0038>> In order for this order and the above-mentioned subsumption relation not to contradict each other, the azimuth angle value in the anti-measurement direction must be "defined by the starting azimuth angle of 218 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 244 degrees clockwise. must be in the azimuth range As can be seen from Table 2, the data processing unit 9a can make such a determination instantaneously. This range is shown as the second orientation information in FIG.
<<0039>> From the logical product of the two azimuth information obtained as described above, the data processing unit 9a determines that the measurement direction 7 is the azimuth defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees clockwise. It is determined that the data exists within the "angle range", and is output by voice from the result output unit 5a or displayed on the liquid crystal screen.
<<0040>> When it is determined that a satellite exists at the boundary between the two air coverage areas, the azimuth in the measurement direction is specified as follows instead of limiting the azimuth in the measurement direction.
<<0041>> In this case, it is important to identify whether the corresponding satellite exists in the direction of measurement or in the direction opposite to the direction of measurement. This determination can be easily performed as follows.
<<0042>> In other words, as a geometrical relationship between the azimuth of the corresponding satellite and the sky coverage of both antennas, the clockwise order of the sky coverage of the antenna 2a, the corresponding satellite, and the sky coverage of the antenna 2b was confirmed. In this case, the data processing unit 9a can immediately regard the azimuth angle value of this corresponding satellite as the measurement direction.
<<0043>> Conversely, when the clockwise order of the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b, the corresponding satellite, and the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a is confirmed, the azimuth angle of this corresponding satellite can be regarded as the opposite measurement direction. The data processing unit 9 can also determine the value obtained by subtracting 180 degrees from the value as the measurement direction. <<0044>> The data processing unit can be configured by a general-purpose microprocessor having a numerical calculation function and a memory holding function.
<<0045>> Furthermore, if a mercury switch utilizing the property of mercury falling in the direction of gravity and the electrical conductivity of mercury is used as the control switch, complicated switch operations can be eliminated.
<<0046>> That is, as shown in FIG. 6(a), when the triangular sealed container 12 containing the mercury 11 of the mercury switch 10 is placed in the receiver main body 1 and the antenna 2 faces upward, the apex is downward. set so that it faces The contact 13a at the top of the container 12 is wired so that the GPS receiver section, the data processing section, and the result output section are in the "ON" state, and the contact 13b on one side is connected to the GPS receiver section and the data reception section. , the data processing unit, and the result processing unit are in the "ON" state, and the contact 13c on the other side is wired so that the GPS receiver unit and the data transmission unit are in the "ON" state.
<<0047>> In order to acquire positioning information with this GPS receiver, as shown in FIG. 11 is positioned at the contact 13a, the GPS receiver section, the data processing section, and the result output section are turned on to obtain positioning information.
<<0048>> Also, in order to obtain azimuth information, when a pair of receiver main bodies 1a and 1b are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other as shown in FIG. The mercury 11 of the mercury switch 1a is positioned at the contact 13b, the GPS receiver section, the data receiving section 3a, the data processing section, and the result output section are in the "ON" state, and the mercury 11 of the mercury switch 10b of the receiver body 1b is turned on. Positioned at the contact 13c, the GPS receiver section and the data transmission section are in the "ON" state, and the signal received by the receiver main body 1b is sent from the data transmission section to the data reception section of the receiver main body 1a. Together with the signal received by the GPS receiver section of the main body 1a, the signal is arithmetically processed by the data processing section, and direction information is output.
<<0049>>
<Effect of the Invention> As is clear from the above explanation, the GPS receiver according to the present invention can obtain positioning information as in the conventional case by itself, and by using two units, it is possible to obtain azimuth information which could not be obtained so far. can also be obtained.
<<0050>> Therefore, if a mountaineer gets lost in a dense fog and loses his bearing, the two GPS receivers of the present invention can immediately obtain bearing information. If data is transmitted and received between the two GPS receivers by infrared rays, the trouble of wire connection can be saved and handling becomes easy. Furthermore, since the GPS receiver has the same design specifications, it is excellent in mass production.
<<0051>> Moreover, when obtaining the azimuth acquisition information, as already explained, the first receiver body 1a does not require a data transmission section, and the second receiver body 1b does not require a data reception section. , and data processing units are not used, and by removing these parts, the positioning information and the direction information can be obtained with a simpler and less expensive GPS receiver.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> A perspective view showing an embodiment of a GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A perspective view showing the arrangement of the GPS receiver according to the present invention when positioning information is acquired.
<<FIG. 4>> FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram when positioning information is acquired using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 5>> FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the positional relationship between a satellite in the sky and a pair of antennas when positioning information is acquired using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 6>> It is an explanatory diagram when a mercury switch is used as an operation switch, (a) is an explanatory diagram for obtaining positioning information, and (b) is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a, 1b Receiver body
2a, 2b planar patch antenna
3a, 3b data receiver
4a, 4b data transmitter
5a, 5b Result output unit
6a, 6b control switch
7 measurement direction
8, 8a, 8b GPS receiver section
9, 9a, 9b data processing unit
10, 10a, 10b Mercury switch
<<Figure 1>>
000005

<<Figure 2>>
000006

<<Figure 3>>
000007

<<Fig. 4>>
000008

<<Fig. 5>>
000009

<<Fig. 6>>
000010

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<<Title of Document>> Procedural Amendment
<Address> Commissioner of the Patent Office
《Show Incident》
<Application number> Patent application 2012-171536
《Correcter》
《Identification number》 711005330
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Procedural Amendment 1》
《Name of document to be amended》 Description
《Name of item to be corrected》 Full text
《Correction method》 Change
<<Details of correction>>
《Document name》Description
<Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
"Technical field"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers.
<<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is shown.
<<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.

<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.

<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.

<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> Configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging water in a hollow cylindrical shape in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of .
<<Fig. 3>> Hollow cylindrical container that can be used for disposing water in the device of the present invention and that can also be used as tableware
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of FIG.
<<Fig. 4>> Ship life-saving equipment of Japan that can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention
One external shape and size that can be said to be a de facto international standard for fresh water packages stipulated in the regulations, etc.
Legal information.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the parallel two rectangular plate-shaped water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
.
<<FIG. 6>> Some substances such as water or alcohol used in the apparatus of the present invention
It is a graph which shows the small power half-life depth of a microwave (2450 MHz).
<<FIG. 7>> Some substances such as water or alcohol used in the apparatus of the present invention
It is a graph which shows the small power half-life depth of a microwave (915 MHz).
<<FIG. 8>> Region with microwaves (50 MHZ) in water used in the device of the present invention
3000 MHz from z) is a graph showing the attenuation per unit distance.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
.
<<Fig.
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig.
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 12>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
A water distribution structure is embodied by a hinge, which is perpendicular to the body when carrying out the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram when deploying;
<<Fig. 13>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied with a hinge and the method of the present invention is not carried out, the protrusion of the water-containing object
, is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<<Fig. 14>> A plate-like device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
A water placement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders to contain water when the method of the present invention is not practiced.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram when the number of protrusions of an object is reduced.
<<Fig. 15>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out,
FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing how the projections of the musculature spread left and right from both sides of the body.
<<Fig. 16>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out,
Fig. 10 is a conceptual diagram when the protrusions of the musculature are arranged perpendicular to the body;
.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> Proposed method G on the back of which is arranged in a straight line using only the body as a shield.
Placing a PS receiver can be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that you don't want to receive
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining that.
<<Fig. 19>> Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter),
Arranging them in a U-shape, including the body, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom of the
Conceptual diagram explaining that it is effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
is.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> An embodiment of an azimuth information acquisition device that can embody the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing a state; FIG.
<<Fig. 22>> Relation between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the direction is limited by the direction information acquisition device
Fig. 2 is a schematic layout diagram showing a connection;
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<Fig. 25>> Fig. 22 shows the azimuth information acquisition device when the antenna is placed in the opposite direction.
FIG. 2 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when azimuth limitation is performed based on the position of the antenna;
.
<<Fig. 26>> Implementation time of azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude)
It is a graph of the simulation result of the dependence and orientation frequency dependence.
<<Fig. 27>> About the relationship between the expected value of the daily azimuth limit width for one fixed star in Tokyo and the number of orientations
and a graph of its exponential approximation curve.
<<Fig. 28>> A configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
is an explanatory photograph.
<<Fig. 29>> GPS satellite arrangement suitable for elevation angle conditions (place with a good view, 6 train line crossing overpasses)
Above, a sky map of a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> Occurrence probabilities of the four categories of output results for azimuth limitation in actual prototype experiments
Relationship between received signal strength thresholds (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks, 5 times in total)
Rotation experiment) is a graph.
<<Fig. 31>> Average value of azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at the time of correct answer in actual machine prototype experiment
Degree threshold relationship (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments)
is a graph of
<<Fig. 32>> Each box showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the correct answer in the actual prototype experiment
-and-whisker plot and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold (see
It is a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments on a sunny place, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks.
<<Fig. 33>> Histogram of limited azimuth width when answer (correct answer h) (place with good view, 6
It is a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments on the overpass crossing the train tracks).
<<Fig. 34>> A magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was performed at the actual prototype test site.
Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observation value when applied (place with good view, 6 train line crossing land
It is a graph of Hashigami, simultaneous measurement at the time of rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 35>> GPS satellite layout map conforming to elevation angle conditions (place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. Takao Biwa Falls,
A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 36>> Occurrence probabilities of four categories of result output of azimuth limitation in actual machine prototype experiment and
Relationship of received signal strength threshold (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
Rotation experiment) is a graph.
<<Fig. 37>> Average azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at correct answers in the actual prototype experiment
The relationship between the degree threshold (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. Takao Biwadaki, a total of 5 rotation experiments)
graph.
<<Fig. 38>> Rotation test with magnetic sensors placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site
Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observation value when conducting (place surrounded by mountains, Mt.
It is a graph of the vicinity of the waterfall and the measurement at the time of the rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 39>> GPS satellite layout map conforming to elevation angle conditions (place surrounded by buildings, etc., within 23 wards of Tokyo)
Elementary school, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> Occurrence probabilities of the four categories of output results for azimuth limitation in actual prototype experiments
Relationship between received signal strength thresholds (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school compound school building in Tokyo's 23 wards)
, a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 41>> Average azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at correct answers in the actual prototype experiment
Degree threshold relationship (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school compound school building in Tokyo's 23 wards, total 5
It is a graph of one rotation experiment)).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Rotation test with magnetic sensors placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site
Example of time fluctuation of magnetic sensor observation value when implemented (place surrounded by buildings, etc., in Tokyo 23 wards
It is a graph of the vicinity of the elementary school compound school building, and the measurement at the time of the rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 44>> One implementation of a container configuration for arranging water, etc., in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention
It is a schematic block diagram of a form.
<<Fig. 45>> One implementation of a container configuration for arranging water, etc., in a cylindrical shape utilizing the side surface of the hemisphere of the device of the present invention
It is a schematic block diagram of a form.
<<Fig. 46>> One embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of FIG.
<<Fig. 47>> An example of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the apparatus of the present invention.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment; FIG.
<<Fig. 48>> An embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a state; FIG.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter structure of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
An embodiment with fittings on the right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration with a central angle of 90 degrees
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for arranging the water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is fitted vertically.
The GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves by stacking them in two layers while fitting them together to increase the height.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for disposing water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is shaped like a cylinder using the side surface of a hemisphere.
In addition to narrowing the opening of the container configuration for placing water etc., the wall other than the opening is also
Used when deploying a similar thickness of water to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to diffracted waves.
1 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration in which
<<FIG. 52>> As a container used in forming the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention, a closed
A transparent hose with a flexible mechanism at both ends is arranged like a coiled snake.
In addition, the hose becomes a pure transport container for water, and in an emergency
of construction in demonstrating the advantage of producing an advantage in mountaineering that can be properly utilized as a rope
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 53>> The configuration of a container for placing water, etc., in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment; FIG.
<<Fig. 54>> In the device of the present invention, a container in which water, etc.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a device configuration; FIG.
<<Fig. 55>> In the device of the present invention, the parabolic body of revolution is cut at two points on the horizontal plane to form a base shape.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration for arranging water or the like.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, the
By arranging the water in a shape that gradually spreads, or close to two flat plates but gradually to the left and right sides
By arranging the water in a shape that spreads out, the GPS receiver is less susceptible to diffracted waves.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for realizing combing.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical shape but rounded towards the inside
By arranging the water in a shape that gradually increases, or two plates that are close to each other but gradually move toward the center.
By arranging the water in a shape that curls up, the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the diffracted waves.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for realizing combing.
<<Fig.
By squeezing it tightly, it becomes a flat circular layer that can be stored without being bulky.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the shape of the cup made of cone material when not in use.
<<Fig.
By pulling out, it is shaped as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material.
Although it is a conceptual diagram explaining the shape of the cup when in use, it is not the main proposal.
When applied to the proposed method, instead of containing water inside the cup,
Usefulness of a new pop-up cup with a new feature that has a space for water
, which itself can be used as a cup as a matter of course, and in an emergency, the half of the device of the present invention
An overview explaining the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to deployment on the wall of a ball table.
It is a concept.
<<FIG. 60>> Water can be contained from the inlet, and modules of adjacent dimensions are uneven with respect to each other.
have mating portions (e.g., the next smaller sized ring segment may
Up to 1/4 of the height of the bed, there is a step like a road shoulder so that you can easily fit yourself in.
It can be easily realized if it is engraved on the inside, and in this case, the thickness of the water in the fitting part is constant
), and the concentric layered multi-layered
The present system is capable of deploying water in a shape composed of a number of interlocking ring segments.
An example of a proposal.
<<Fig.
Or the pentagonal part has a zip so that it can be filled with water, or a screw
When formed as a flexible plastic (vinyl) water bottle with a cap, it can also be used as a whole water bottle
It is a conceptual diagram showing that it can be folded back at an appropriate place and stored in a rucksack or the like. (Ash
The color corresponds to the margin of overlap. The part is Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro
It is advisable to use a tape or the like to facilitate joining and separation. When not in use and without water
It's also easy to flatten it into Zack. )
<<Fig. 62>> A hexagonal
Or the pentagonal part has a zip so that it can be filled with water, or a screw
It is formed as a flexible plastic (vinyl) water bottle with a cap.
, Make it a crimped or zipped part so that the filling of water stops at the part that hits the equator, and others
[The part of the northern hemisphere, excluding the Arctic region, is filled with water so that it will spread
In case of emergency, the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, can be taken immediately.
When not in use, fold it back at the appropriate place and use it as a flat water bottle in a rucksack or the like.
It is possible to form a practical water bottle that can be folded into several layers and stored, and that it contains water when not in use.
A conceptual diagram showing that it is easy to flatten it into a rucksack when it is not there.
<<Fig. 63>> When the previous figure was actually constructed three-dimensionally, the water-filled layer was shown in gray.
Three-dimensional finished drawing. Just fill with water outdoors, join with Velcro tape and assemble
A water structure close to a hemisphere is completed in
A water bottle that can be opened and folded simply by removing the Velcro tape
It can also be used as a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
Conceptual diagram showing that.
<<Fig. 64>> Dependence of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency and
and a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<Fig. 65>> Penetration depth of electromagnetic wave in medium with high water content
depth. e is the base of natural logarithms), and is a graph showing frequency characteristics.
<<Fig. 66>> Represents a molecular structural model of water showing that water molecules have a dipole moment
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 67>> Orientational polarization is induced by microwaves, ion polarization is induced by infrared rays, and ultraviolet
Conceptual graph of polarization and absorption vs. frequency showing the induced electronic polarization at the line.
is.
<<Fig. 68>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., which has a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
concept of a tent mat or shelf mat with voids capable of holding
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 69>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., which has a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
Tent mats or shelf mats with voids capable of holding
As an embodiment of the device of the present invention, it is used to weaken the diffracted waves by placing it on the left and right sides of the body.
FIG. 11 is a schematic configuration diagram in the case of FIG.
<<Fig. 70>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., with a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
Tent mats or shelf mats with voids capable of holding
As an embodiment of the device of the present invention, the device is arranged on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body and rotated.
It is a schematic block diagram in the case of using for folded wave weakening.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, the oxygen atom in the water molecule has two electrons in the 2s orbital,
It is supposed to have 4 electrons in the 2p orbital and a total of 6 outer shell electrons.
, the covalent separation angle based on bonds using p-orbitals is the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms
Therefore, the angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals is widened by about 14 degrees from the original angle.
extended and extended to 104 degrees, the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment
In demonstrating that this can actually be explained on the basis of the latest theories of quantum mechanics,
It is a frequently cited conceptual diagram.
<<Figure 72>> Water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0
. Actual frequency characteristics of dielectric constant and dielectric loss at 5 molal (mass molal concentration)
Measured values are shown.
<<Fig. 73>> Barium titanate and ratio of barium titanate to strontium titanate
Measured values of frequency characteristics of dielectric constant and dielectric loss are shown.
Figure 74 Short height, folded compactly and stored in the back when not in use
A (thin plate-shaped) fan-shaped column-shaped water bottle compartment with a
By moving the connected arms in an arc from the side of the body to the top of the head through the horizontal direction,
It slides along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in
It is easy to spread out so that the fans are deployed on both sides of the body, and if necessary,
By intentionally turning both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, the body and the fan-shaped structure spread
However, when viewed from above, draw a U-shape (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case).
), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed on the front of the body is positioned at the zenith
existed outside the sky coverage area intended to be formed by a single semicircle passing through
Since it can effectively attenuate the signal strength originating from GPS satellites, GPS receivers
can more easily identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage area; and
During activities that involve the transportation of water, medical infusions, etc. that must be carried for disaster relief activities, etc.
It is possible to effectively utilize the potential functions of these transported items, and at the same time, as a result,
Prompt access to victims is important for increasing the survival rate of emergency rescue and reducing the incidence of aftereffects.
A simple and convenient context-appropriate method for obtaining orientation information that supports more accurate
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing what is obtained;
<<Fig. 75>> The internal structure of the thoracoabdominal portion of the jacket of the device of the present invention can form a layer of water.
It shows that it can be a highly airtight, so to speak, thin water bottle.
By opening the front body, which includes the body and the water layer when viewed from above,
(forehead) forms a U-shape (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case,
(assuming that the signal is deployed vertically in the front of the body), the originally intended
Efficiently attenuates signal strength originating from GPS satellites that existed outside the airspace
Support more reliable implementation of the proposed method of obtaining orientation information in a way that is suitable for the context of use.
and effectively combines an oral hydration system during land activities
In the sea, it effectively doubles as a jacket-type buoyancy control device.
It is an example of implementation showing that it is possible to prepare
<<Fig. 76>> A diagram showing one embodiment of this proposal, in which a reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) is
, Normally, as shown in Fig. 77, a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (longitudinal
(Combined with a tube that is a mouth-watering device) can be easily attached to the body.
・While it is also suitable for running, it is difficult to get lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost.
In order to prevent the
has a central angle by unfolding individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments
A wider fan-shaped layered structure of water can be developed, in which case the basic part
, which authorizes the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information by GPS receivers.
Fig. 2 shows what is possible;
<<Fig. 77>> A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, showing a wide medium as shown in Fig. 76.
The vertical installation structure of the fan-shaped water layer on the left and right of the body can be used for other work.
One (without hogging the arm, without bothering the arm), while being able to take this water-containing reservoir
The ba (portable water bottle) is a compact multi-layered con
Easy return to compartment structure (combined with tubing, which is an oral water intake device)
It is a figure which shows the shape at that time.
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, GPS satellite A in the sky
and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body.
A cylinder that has been specially devised such that the radio waves emitted from star A make a part of the water layer thinner.
In the model water bottle, the special positional relationship between the part that is specially devised and the sky
As a result of the orientation, the received strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver is significantly reduced.
It is possible to send out such transmission waves when it is recognized that the
indicating that the positions of the GPS satellites can be geometrically constrained in their position in the sky;
At that time, in order to identify the position of the satellite that emitted the signal, as an important variable in the text of the specification
φ (φ is derived from the determination of B by the sliding result) and θ (θ is the rotation
(determined by the results of
and a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram of the mutual arrangement positional relationship in the mutual geometric relationship
It is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding by first showing the overall picture as.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, which is drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
Re-grasping around, GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the body
However, in Fig. 78 showing the geometric relationship, a cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations
In addition to showing various variables near
Regarding the relationship, it is a diagram of the overall picture shown, and the radio waves emitted from GPS satellite A are partly
For cylindrical water bottles that have been specially devised such as thinning the water layer,
As a result of orienting the elaborated part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the GPS receiver
When it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite in the
Furthermore, the positions of GPS satellites capable of sending out such transmissions are
indicating that a geometrical constraint on the position can be made, where the satellite that emitted the signal
φ (φ is a sliding operation
) and θ (where θ is the result in the rotational operation
), the interaction between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the canteen
A bird's-eye view conceptual diagram of the positional relationship of mutual arrangement in the geometric relationship
Schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the body image.
It is a diagram that first intends to
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
At the same time, although it is self-evident, the user also draws just in case, but
For that reason, in order to avoid making the diagram overly complicated and to ensure the visibility of the comprehension
, hypothetically, θ=0 and φ can take any value freely.
, In the case of a cylindrical water bottle, a cross-sectional view on a plane containing its central axis is shown, and
Edge diffracted waves and waves diffracted after passing through the thinned portion of the water layer are reflected at the bottom of the cylindrical water bottle.
Propagation distances that produce mutually opposite phases when reaching the L1 C/A GPS receiver located in the center of the plane
In the case of separation, to derive what geometric conditions make
By changing the length of B, the operation proposed by this proposal can freely change a, b, r, and A.
Since it is a constant value,
satellite signal to the GPS antenna due to the nearly anti-phase difference of the diffracted waves of the two paths
By detecting the characteristic drop in received power due to cancellation due to arrivals, the GP is effectively
It is possible to grasp the existence of the S satellite and support the method of obtaining direction information.
3A and 3B are conceptual diagrams of illustrations intended to facilitate visual comprehension;
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
In FIG. 79, which has been re-grasped around
It is a diagram showing that the water layer forms a thin area along the body, and the value of length B is scaled.
The signal from one of the GPS satellites overlaps the amplitude of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases.
It is possible to identify the length B that exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of
, which leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of the GPS satellites.
It is a conceptual diagram showing that.
<<Fig. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in Fig. 78
A situation equivalent to the situation, a cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective close to the user
In FIG. 79, which has been re-grasped to the center, it is a drawing focusing on the cylindrical water bottle, and one part of the circumference
This is a diagram showing that the water layer forms a thin region in the part, mainly because the value of B is already
When the identification is completed, this area with a thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle is
With rotation, signals from GPS satellites show a characteristic drop in received strength.
θ
It is a conceptual diagram showing that it can be identified as
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of this proposal, the water layer is thin on part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle.
It is used to achieve pinching by applying pressure to form a region.
It is a conceptual diagram of a clipper that can be cut, and is made of resin that is lightweight, inexpensive, small, highly elastic, and highly available.
As a result, you can easily make your own using a 3D printer, which has become very popular recently.
It is a diagram for illustration of what also has the advantage of being
The fixed central angle is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees.
It is easy to create a 360-degree object in addition to a 360-degree object.
It is a diagram for the purpose of
Realize 360 degrees, then remove one 180 degrees worth of central angle, or 90 degrees
It is an external view for simply showing that the same thing can be done even if four degrees are used.
<<Fig. 84>> The structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81 is simulated
While remembering that it can be approximated by forming it with a polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism),
From the request to reduce the weight and volume of outdoor activities when forming with square poles like
, is a conceptual diagram when two of the four sides are removed for further simplification, and comparison
While the figure omits appropriate points that can be easily understood, even in that situation,
The edge diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, are mutually at the position of the GPS antenna.
Conceptually illustrates that mutual cancellation occurs if the phases are opposite due to the difference in propagation distance in
It is a diagram intended to
<<Fig. 85>> The outer shape of the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 is
It is assumed that it can be approximated by forming a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism).
When it is formed with square poles in this way, it is possible to reduce the weight and volume of outdoor activities.
Conceptual diagram when two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the design
The figure omits as appropriate points that can be easily understood by comparison.
, the edge diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are mutually GPS-announced.
In general, if the phases are opposite to each other due to the difference in the propagation distance at the position of the tenor, they cancel each other out.
Although the figure is intended to illustrate just in case, the positional relationship with the user's back is conceptually illustrated.
1 is a schematic diagram intended to illustrate to FIG.
<<FIG. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG.
For example, dealing only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites in the vicinity of the body side direction
Although it is usually thought that it is possible in reality that it is enough
In such a case, only small values of φ should be considered, and only limited values of θ should be considered.
Since it suffices to consider, the diffracted signal of the signal from the satellite from the vicinity of both body sides for the user
When it is sufficient to consider only the offset of
Since the parameters are determined almost uniquely, it is implemented as a block with the simplest outline.
With this device, the far edge diffracted wave and the near edge diffracted wave will coincide at the GPS antenna.
Considering that it is easy to design to increase the frequency of offsetting
It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the
As a result, it is easy to carry around, and visually it is even more convenient as a container for water.
FIG. 10 is an external view for enhancing understanding;
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder.
Whilst it is relatively easy, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such regions parallel to the central axis of the cylinder.
In view of the fact that the
It is a conceptual drawing, and for the thin part of the water layer, that part is used for simple notation.
It is a diagram that is expressed as if it does not exist, and even if such a structure
In other words, if the water is filled by the distance B from the bottom and does not permeate, it is the same as the above structure
is intended to enhance the visual understanding of showing that the effect of
Although it is simplified as φ=0, if A=20 cm, B=6 cm, etc., the
to show that it is easy to recall that signals from
It is an external view intended to do so, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a guide
.
<<Fig. 88>> In Fig. 87, θ was simplified to be 0.
It is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what happens when it is not
87, the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ=60 degrees in the figure is also
and the difference in propagation distance corresponding to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave.
, is a diagram intended to easily remind us that the canceling effect of the diffracted waves is also animated.
.
<<Fig.
, in both the lower part and the upper part
In addition, by configuring it, when the lower connecting tube is attached, the
Oral water retention can be easily performed using a branched oral water retention tube.
If water is injected before, if one chamber contains some air and the plug is closed,
By simply loosening the other wire while climbing, after climbing, and when descending, Pascal's principle
A meaningful difference in the water level is generated by the difference in the current atmospheric pressure from the atmospheric pressure trapped before climbing.
Therefore, both water bottles were kept transparent and the current air pressure in the one-sided chamber, which was sealed before the climbing activity,
If you have a scale to read the current air pressure difference on the side where you loosen the tap, you can handle heavy water.
In addition to simply carrying it, it can effectively detect changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude or sudden changes in climate.
A head designed to visually promote understanding that effective use such as knowing is possible
is.
<<Fig.90>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides, diffracted waves are directed to the GPS installed vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion, it is usually said to be a layer of water, which corresponds to a film of water in substance.
It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle, etc., to the back with Velcro tape, etc.
Also, in cold regions, it prevents freezing and easily maintains a molten state that is drinkable at any time.
There are also points, and in addition to being convenient because it can be expected to have a cooling effect on body temperature in intense heat, direction information
Place your hands on your hips and stretch your elbows back or in any direction as needed during acquisition.
By putting it out, the water film is appropriately stretched in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape etc.
It can be easily attached, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of direction information by GPS
It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of what can be done.
<<FIG. 91>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in FIG.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
Unfold around any connection part such as, and attach the belt to the arm like the furisode part of the kimono of the furisode.
By sticking the arm in any direction by sticking it like Lucro tape, the arm and
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
It is possible to visually confirm that the acquisition of direction information by GPS can be performed more reliably.
A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate understanding of the
If you can connect with Velcro tape, etc., it can be used to create a circle even with various fine movements of the human body.
A, B, C,
This is exemplified in D.
<<Fig. 92>> As in Fig. 90, by forming water layers on the left and right sides, the diffracted wave is set vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked by GPS.
It was intended to promote a visual understanding that the acquisition of azimuth information can be carried out more reliably.
It is a conceptual diagram, which is an external view as seen from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shaded.
is shown. .
<Fig. 93> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in Fig. 90, the diffracted wave is set vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves in partial spaces such as A, B, C, and D can be easily
In this case, if the GPS is installed around the navel, it will be quite deep
, crossing the knees, demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical obscuration with a wide aperture.
It is also a concept that it is possible to ensure the shielding of the hip joint by inserting it regardless of the body shape.
, thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby
Intended to promote visual understanding that direction information can be obtained more reliably and easily
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<FIG. 94>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in FIG.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves in partial spaces such as A, B, C, and D can be easily
In this case, if the GPS is installed around the navel, it will be quite deep
, illustrates that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a cone obscuration with a wide aperture, crossed knees.
It is also conceptually possible to ensure that the hip joints are shielded by placing the
This indicates that the azimuth
Aimed at promoting visual understanding that information acquisition can be carried out more reliably and easily
It is a conceptual diagram, which is an external view as seen from the side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shaded.
is shown.
<<Fig. 95>> A container made of silicon, for example, with several compartments.
In the case of a combination of plates, when forming a water layer with a water plate, part of it is directly
For a linear area, peel off a part of the area to thin the water layer.
You can easily reach the purpose by doing, and at that time, Velcro
We saw that such a function could easily be achieved even with a cylinder by joining with tape or the like.
It is a diagram intended to enhance understanding visually, and shows the initial state before part is peeled off.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example;
<<Fig. 96>> A container made of silicon, for example, with several compartments.
In the case of a combination of plates, when forming a water layer with a water plate, part of it is directly
For a linear area, peel off a part of the area to thin the water layer.
You can easily reach the purpose by doing, and at that time, Velcro
We saw that such a function could easily be achieved even with a cylinder by joining with tape or the like.
It is a diagram intended to enhance understanding, and the initial state before a part is peeled off.
It is a figure which illustrates.
<<Fig. 97>> For example, in the direction-independent magnetic connection structure by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, the magnets
The polygonal water layer compartment
Incorporating such a coupling mechanism in the compartment receptacle so that the components can be coupled to each other.
The convenience is improved if the
Helpful in maintaining faecality and enhances visual understanding of compatibility with such mechanisms
It is a photograph intended to do.
<<Fig.
Along with the machine, pour water into the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket, for example made of polycarbonate.
It has a so-called double structure closed space that can seal the layers, and has multiple plugs there.
It is convenient to equip with a bucket combination device that has a structure that can easily realize this proposal.
It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of what is hard, and
safe water is particularly profitable if, fortunately, the lifeboat lands on some island.
It is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket even when it is small.
It would be more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water, even if only a little.
, the convenience will increase if the function is provided so that it can be used in such cases.
For better visual comprehension, the side when the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on.
Steam rises from the part where the upper stopper of the is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid.
A structure is conceivable in which distilled water is obtained by condensing and dripping into the center.
The top may have depressions to facilitate cooling with chilled seawater, while it may be without it.
However, it can also serve as a device that can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun.
Fig. 3 is a view intended to facilitate visual understanding and is grasped with the lid;
<<Fig.
Along with the machine, pour water into the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket, for example made of polycarbonate.
It has a so-called double structure closed space that can seal the layers, and has multiple plugs there.
It is convenient to equip with a bucket combination device that has a structure that can easily realize this proposal.
It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of what is hard, and
safe water is particularly profitable if, fortunately, the lifeboat lands on some island.
It is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket even when it is small.
It would be more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water, even if only a little.
, the convenience will increase if the function is provided so that it can be used in such cases.
For better visual comprehension, the side when the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on.
Steam rises from the part where the upper stopper of the is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid.
A structure is conceivable in which distilled water is obtained by condensing and dripping into the center.
The top may have depressions to facilitate cooling with chilled seawater, while it may be without it.
However, it can also serve as a device that can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun.
This is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding, and is grasped with the lid removed.
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 100>>
Along with a GPS receiver with direction information acquisition function, for example made of polycarbonate
The side of the transparent, lightweight bucket has a double-structure sealed space that can seal the water layer.
, and there is a bucket that has a structure with multiple stoppers and can easily realize this proposal
To develop a visual understanding of the convenience of having a brace together with a dual-use device.
In addition, in such a case, in overseas countries where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water,
While it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket, it is also possible to use unsafe water locally.
It is more convenient to have a device such as a filter for safe water, so in such a case, knowledge
The name of the locally sourced filter media required (Gravel
, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) are indicated by each language and icon.
It would be more convenient if it were shown along with the location, and it would be more convenient
The view that convenience is enhanced by providing a diameter of about 4 mm and a screw cap etc. on the bottom
It is a diagram for promoting visual understanding.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (use your body to keep your body active).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
If the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. ancestor
The central axis of the cylindrical shape of is aligned with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed in a relatively flat shape on the back of the vest.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disk.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the quadrangular frame structure used for the prismatic wall as an upright/storage variable structure has an excellent effect of attenuating the diffracted wave of the microwave as shown separately.
Plastic springs or plastic frameworks can be used, which are not particularly influential other than the results, thereby reducing the transparency of the water and vinyl.
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. It can be used for various purposes by coloring it as an external part.
I can. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no practical problems.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling in, by combining with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be instantly transformed so that it can be used for weakening diffracted waves, and for distress prevention etc.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer having an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain.Nylon
6,66,610,7,11,
12, etc. It is used as a synthetic fiber due to its moderate hygroscopicity and ease of dyeing.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
α (amplitude attenuation constant, Amplitude
the attenuation co-efficient),
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic waves
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: permittivity of vacuum
As
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is about 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length
Power half-life depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2
dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2
dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymers, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene-based materials such as neoprene)
rubber, etc.).
These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material that has not been paid attention to at all in this field for purposes other than beverages. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the straight line until the microwave power density on the dielectric surface is halved to 1/2, that is, the power halving depth D [m] is
《Number 2》

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating.
<<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating." In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of ration (food), which is a heavy item, is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is also possible to convert it from the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, such as long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has the rare function of being able to safely impart long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food, which is extremely meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-37,
December 1995)
(source:
Edited by Tetsuo Koshijima, "Compilation of Microwave Heating Techniques", ISBN 4-86043-07
0-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr・tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably, the depth of power is reduced by half.
D takes a small value. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in unprocessed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of oneself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc., which have a large loss factor εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, must be
Naturally, a material with a small power half-life depth D is likely to be heated by microwaves, and cannot be used as, for example, a structural material for a microwave heating device.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) in Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, the leaves of plants rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (which is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965 Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Fresh water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided airtight packing continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the sealed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without attenuation from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation line portions has an initial diameter 2a and starts to be wound in multiple layers (without requiring special awareness of other things at the site). ``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The angle of rotation of the (n+1)th cutting line can be conveniently expressed in a simple expression form of θ(n=n+1)=2πg(n+1) [rad].
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent cut lines of the packaging) is simply the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b / 2 π, and the order of the cut lines n (the rest is π, based on the golden ratio
It can be calculated in a short time from the constant g defined by
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [
] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision and sealed packaging of drinking water having a thickness of b (cm), the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg(a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
Designing a hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package may minimize overlap when wrapped and be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified specifically how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured, and the length of the vinyl scrap of the package should be specified. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in case of emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the breaks in the drinking water subdivided sealed-packaging continuous vinyl package are:
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it is clear from the above equation developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what number of cm it should be made.
Let's become
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing it from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. It is a format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》

there is and also
《Number 6》

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. of FIG. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is.
Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body.
<<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it is naturally an oral water supply (water drinking) tube.
Of course, they may be connected and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become diversified, and QOL (Quality of Life) in daily use has improved.
With the expectation of improving the quality of life, wheelchairs are very popular because they are all made of wood and other materials with a good texture, even the wheel spokes, without metal.
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, depending on the location with many mountains, with many buildings, and with an open sky. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
-Proposal of a small, lightweight, inexpensive new method-, Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Transactions A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol. J94-A, No. 2, pp. 95-111, February. 2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Occasionally, water dissolved
The magnitude of the conductivity σ provided by the electrolyte also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (70% of the body is water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest, as proposed by the author. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can suitably support the life-saving mission in question.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; chemical solution for
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without the need for assistance such as checking, etc., and it is also easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a suitable small and compact shape, in fact, as you can see from not a few athletes who participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima, Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. Oral Rehydration
Solution). The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the Base of
The importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Pyramid (BOP) has been widely talked about. It is a method that can contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of its functions only with the body and body by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time. This proposal is considered to be of deep significance.
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so it is preferable to add citric acid as its precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, is sold as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink aimed at efficiently replenishing the water and minerals that have been lost from the body through perspiration and the like due to exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heatstroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was demonstrated. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
This comparison is between water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, and water at 25°C, which has an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal.
Since we are comparing liquids, comparing a pure solution at 25°C and an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C makes the electrolyte capacity more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] is a candy born in the Netherlands
Lyca physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. For high temperature processing
It loses oxygen more gradually, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures below 4K. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. Low softening point, excellent electrical properties, thermal fluidity, thermal stability
It is an excellent thermoplastic resin that has good qualitative properties and can be colored beautifully. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is convenient. high. In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 intuitively illustrates the orientation-limited operation.
This sky map is drawn as if the receiving unit, etc. were looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you were to stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction of the beam of the planar antenna 1 would be on the left side, you would be looking down.
The direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is there is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
At the very least, there are already low-cost models that can fit comfortably in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem with manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly.
<<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
Therefore, even if the antenna exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal may be blocked due to the shielding of features or topography, or the antenna may not exist within the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are widespread.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. The reason for outputting the information as voice is that it can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but the information may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, so if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, small white
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and whose elevation angle was 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, divide by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. The positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is directly output from the result output unit 4.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, more accurate azimuth information values can be calculated by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The resulting azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because satellites with high elevation angles are not suitable for use because their actual elongations are extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth angles.
be. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint results
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Only rotations such as 180 degrees or 90 degrees, which are performed one-shot with a clear intention of rotation between a stationary state and a fixed period of stationary state, as if it were a machine, rate
If you plan to rely on the gyro only to detect its rotation, even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work effectively, so even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011)
Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of New Compact, Lightweight and Inexpensive Method Masato Takahashi・・・・・ a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving object
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, and the characteristics that can be easily made at low cost, are almost the same.
It can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the background of the times that further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure are expected, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include a method of detecting a carrier wave phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims in the shortest possible time after a disaster, especially for people who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph of FIG. 26 is a graph showing the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each broken line divided by color).
It is a thing. Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis.
is shown in . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reasons. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, they cannot be used for azimuth limitation.
As Takahashi (2004), it is decided not to use it for calculation of direction limitation because there is concern that the result of direction limitation may be contaminated [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold.
<<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. Severe environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams
It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in borders.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) August 29, 2010 20:
It was 10 minutes from 39:37 JST. Elevation angle of sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare for a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the output record at each second instant, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there was no result determined to be satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "answered" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the cases in which no azimuth limitation results were obtained because there was no result determined as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, three satellite signals exhibiting signal strength equal to or greater than the threshold
Star) Although the above is obtained, there is a contradiction (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam) during the azimuth limitation calculation, so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
is 600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. Number of Answers/Total Number of Trials
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new compact compass with superior portability that maintains usability that surpasses that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples are reanalyzed as follows: 2130 samples with answers
, the average number of captured satellites was 1.33, the variance was 0.25, the standard deviation was 0.50, and the standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize a new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing it with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate of 0% is obtained as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is re-analyzed, the average number of satellite acquisitions with 437 samples
The value is 1, the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0. at 0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, the proposed method can be used in this environment.
When the above threshold is used, the result is likely to be reliable when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when the answer is given) (the disappearance of the error rate has already been seen at the threshold M threshold
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. It was shown that this proposed method also has a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, the wrong answer this time was only for a few seconds when the user was almost directly facing the north side school building at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an azimuth angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees.
I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly a reflected wave, not a direct one, because it was happening. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. Due to the recent enactment of the Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and the Space Basic Law, local governments and governments are developing geospatial information.
It is expected to be widely used effectively in the future, with a view to further improving the usability of the communication social infrastructure. In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be touched upon once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or actually be able to do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired.
Also note that This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery -Suggestions for Mathematics Education-”, Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M., “Analysis of Satellite
Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , “Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies-Case
Studies of Japan and the United Nations-”, Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol.5 No.3, pp.300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology
and Applications, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , “Method for acquiring
azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest"
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create a structure necessary for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used inexpensively and easily (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Of course, the three-story type can also be freely constructed. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the aperture in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. A shape such as that shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tan δ, it must have the attribute of power half-life depth below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less).
It is characterized by the skillful utilization of only one thing for electromagnetic subwave absorption.
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chloroprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte. In case of emergency, even when there is no water in combination, choose the one with the lowest power half-life among these items on hand.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Even if you make it possible to put water in other parts,
All right, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite.
<<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .

<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, is It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.


<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.







<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. Since there are several layers of aqueous compartments, it is assumed that removing, stripping, or stripping just one layer does not necessarily eliminate the aqueous layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Figures 95 and 96 show schematic diagrams of the stripping aspect. However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a stripping has occurred in the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

Waves that reached the GPS receiver while being diffracted from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and the above-mentioned wave and the wave that was emitted from the satellite and came parallel to the above-mentioned wave. Since the waves that enter from and attenuate and diffract after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, the amplitudes of each other are almost canceled, and generally , the received intensity can be controlled to be less than the threshold.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Strip off the water layer in some areas as previously described. Partial removal of the water layer naturally means that shielding components and electromagnetic wave absorbing components are reduced. At least, it is generally not conceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, is reduced by such stripping. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if it is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is temporarily determined to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned stripping results in a decrease in signal intensity. is seen, the original signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite that was in the place to be shielded. As a result, it is reasonably reasonable to presume that the cancellation of the amplitudes is caused. If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in FIGS. 81 and 82, the compartment (including water) located closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .

<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.

<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 83 will be described.
Figure 83 shows, as with the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 83 shows a shape that allows pressure to be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference rather than the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.



<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip of the shape shown in Fig. 83, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 83, which has a center angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of the clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, "a wave that reaches the GPS antenna after being diffracted by the outer edge of the cylinder" and "a wave that passes through the portion where the thickness of the water in the cylinder is reduced (it does not matter if the thickness is zero). , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a - b + C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite's azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the frontal direction of your body that you are currently facing is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellite that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the range of possible existence when viewed from the front of one's body is determined immediately, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a - b + C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c)－b = (2n+1) ・λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the parallel waves from the satellite are received and the thickness of the water is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in FIG. 78 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.

<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to

<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0419>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.





<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 87 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.

<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)





<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic is transparent with little absorption for the L1 band. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.


<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 86 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things.
<<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.

Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters, for example, only in the circumferential portion (or only the left and right half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Figures 95 and 96 show the stripping aspect.

Then, what happens will be described with reference to FIG. 79 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.
GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, peel off another step, and examine it, when you peel off some step, there is a certain A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to



<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.



<<0436>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 88 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.

<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)



<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details about ropework, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical ropework by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Ropework that is immediately useful for outdoor activities by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Ropework Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it is extremely likely to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of positively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold things containing water can contain seawater (or any other liquid that can be procured locally). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and it is detachable from a life jacket, increasing convenience.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.

<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.

<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.

<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0454>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.


<<0455>>
FIG. 85 is a suitable configuration when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the body side direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.

<<0457>>
Figure 100 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is engraved or shown in a picture (Fig. 100). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).



<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.

<<0460>>

·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) Large volumes of water (for larger populations) can be easily treated using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filtration system is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).


<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.

<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books.
Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.



<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connection portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.


<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)



<<0470>>
Figure 97 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right hip, and D is the left hip. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.






<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, where rocks were carved to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some areas) climbs as they are, and climbs as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.








<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.

<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black














<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar. There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.





<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. Install the screw
It has a cap mouth. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.


<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.



<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.



<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance will be further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.

<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in the ability to appropriately and rapidly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for activity, and to continue activity smoothly and efficiently when one should move forward without wasting any time. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book)
<<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.

<<0487>>

Diffraction will be described next.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.



<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous,
The straight-ahead phenomenon is remarkably observed,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this),

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),

<<0491>>

Therefore, diffraction phenomena can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed, and as a result, the particle theory of light was believed for a long time. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction pattern.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura







<<0495>>

To put it briefly, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting rarefied gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain weather conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits dilute gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. effective dose
dose).
Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
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The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be avoided. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.

<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.

<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation

<<0501>>

Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.

<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs between the groins.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.

This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square cylinder, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smoothly rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.




<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.

Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.


<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
\3,413 (tax included)
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Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1L) B-1 No middle/stopcock (stop cock, 2-way cock 2-way cock, 3-way cock 3-way cock 4-way cock four way cock) / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

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SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/tyakkubukuro-sanpuringubukuro/SAN4627.phtml
Baron Box Kontena only 10L
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PP transparent from bottom left, 2LWEB2303, 1L2208E

, 500ml 2300E 0.5 48×167×115

Sampler Book Bottle 1L Transparent 2208E (291-7025)
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. It saves space compared to cylindrical bottles and can be neatly organized.

Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
WEB2303
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500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
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48×230×166 None 166 291-7025 ￥495
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<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) cone, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. put in there
(a) Specifically, there are no ready-made products. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have separate chambers and separate plugs, a barometer can be made using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious jet or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distillation apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complex structures, high production costs, and are not portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Using sea water as cooling water to take away (condensate) heat""Using sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater even if it drops, and even if it falls, it will stay in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. The dimensions of 0.5L are 0.5L 48×167×115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Add powder of SAP Super Absorbent Polymer to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.

<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


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Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.

<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
There are 1,800cc, 600cc, 360cc and so on for the bill bag. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)




<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which electrolytes dissociate in solution (dissociation degree) is greater when the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or true electrolyte
true electron>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. Solubilization of a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolved in a micelle solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution.
Or it is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by whether it is dissolved in the solvent of . Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are calculated and measured from <Raoul's law> (the law for vapor pressure drop) and the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression related to the law. It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state Properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electric conduction, etc. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electric conduction are also studied experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is adjusted to almost the same level as body fluid and is completely sterilized so that it does not damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids or lipid emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron generally has holes.
In a polyhedron with p spaces, a0-a1+a2=2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause loss.
FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals based on quantum theory, due to the bonding of the p orbitals.
Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between covalent bonds is extended by 14 degrees to 104 degrees from the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their
In theory, the two electrons involved in one covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable electronic structure of the rare gas type. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which electron pairs form stable bonds was first explained by Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics.
clarified. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device.
<<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the power half-life is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem with water, etc., is now said to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the age of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011
NHK comprehensive disaster prevention crisis--who will save the victims at that time--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, overall weight reduction and dual use of equipment are effective and important for carrying out rescue or survival.
The purpose was to make it possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the necessary equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to obtaining judgment information that contributes to action decisions. South America, Africa, etc., so-called Base of
Also highly qualified for Pyramid (BOP) target assistive technology.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low- and mid-latitude regions, it is also highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys because it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions.
and has a great effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area







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(19) <<Issuing Country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP2013-50447(P2013-50447A)
(43) "Published date" March 14, 2013 (2013.3.14)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification>>
G01S 19/53 (2010.01)
G01C 17/32 (2006.01)
G01C 21/00 (2006.01)
G01S 19/36 (2010.01)
《FI》
G01S 19/53
G01C 17/32
G01C 21/00 Z
G01S 19/36
《Request for Examination》Unclaimed
《Number of claims》1
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》452
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2012-171536 (P2012-171536)
(22) <Filing date> August 1, 2012 (August 1, 2012)
(31) <<Priority claim number>> Patent application 2011-168130 (P2011-168130)
(32) <<Priority Date>> August 1, 2011 (2011.8.1)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
<<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty>> Application for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law is filed February 1, 2011 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Fundamental and Boundary Society, "The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, VOL.J94A" No. 2 FEBRUARY 2011” published on pages 95-111
(71) Applicant
《Identification number》711005330
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
2F129
5J062
《F term (reference)》
2F129AA02
2F129BB03
2F129BB22
2F129BB37
2F129EE43
2F129EE86
2F129HH12
2F129HH31
2F129HH35
5J062AA07
5J062AA11
5J062CC07
5J062EE01
5J062GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain accurate information by weakening the influence of diffracted waves in a low-cost and efficient method suitable for the usage context of the device, regarding a method for obtaining azimuth information by a GPS receiver from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. enable
<Solution> Using the body to shield the satellite signals from the GPS satellites existing on one side of the upper hemisphere, at the same time, the GPS receiver installed perpendicular to the ground along the body
While searching for satellite signals of GPS satellites existing on the other side, in the process of obtaining a limited direction using the captured satellite signals, the diffracted waves from both sides of the body as a shield are Diffraction that attempts to affect the use of an inexpensive GPS receiver by placing water or a substance with a dielectric loss coefficient close to that filled in a structural container around the GPS receiver. To efficiently and inevitably weaken waves while making effective use of materials possessed, and to help a GPS receiver eliminate the influence of diffracted waves and limit the orientation.
<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 1
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. 《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers. <<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the Invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is shown. <<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; any two of the originally adjacent separation cut lines;
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
Place the center of the beam horizontally, bordering on one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000003

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) A device containing water is attached so as to (5) protrude from the orientation information acquisition device, and (6) thereby,
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning, fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as emergency relief medical teams, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment. It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
A direction information acquisition method characterized in that it can be expressed as:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is easy to combine with an oral intake tube while making it possible to give a cooling or warming effect to the armpits that prevent heat stroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., for trail running etc. In fact, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water is also used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving). can do
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It has two or more liquid-connectable closed spaces equipped with two or more openable and closable plugs, and based on Pascal's principle, changes in air pressure in both chambers can be detected.
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container that can be used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the apparatus of the present invention and that can also serve as tableware.
<<FIG. 4>> Information on the outer shape and dimensions of a fresh water package which can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention and which can be said to be a de facto international standard as defined in Japan's ship lifesaving equipment regulations.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which two parallel rectangular plate water arrangements are arranged.
<<FIG. 6>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (2450 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (915 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 8>> It is a graph showing the attenuation rate per unit distance of a range of microwaves (50 MHz to 3000 MHz) in water used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
<<FIG. 10>> A conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a cylindrically hollowed area.
<<Fig. 11>> It is a conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a place cut into a rectangular shape.
<<Fig. 12>> The plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied by hinges in a life jacket for falling in water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., and is arranged perpendicular to the body when the method of the present invention is carried out. It is a conceptual diagram when doing so.
<<Fig. 13>> A life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which embodies the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention with a hinge and contains water when the method of the present invention is not carried out, It is a conceptual diagram when making it less.
<<Fig. 14>> Projection of a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which contains water when the plate-like water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is not performed. is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<Fig. 15> Projection of a water-containing life jacket for falling into water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when spreading from both sides of the body to the left and right.
<Fig. 16> Projection of water-containing life jacket for falling into water or bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when it is arranged perpendicularly to the body.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> It will be explained that using only the body as a shield and arranging them in a straight line shape and arranging the GPS receiver of the proposed method behind it may be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that are not required to be received. It is a conceptual diagram for.
(Fig. 19) Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter) that they are carrying, arranging them in a U-shape, including their bodies, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom. is a conceptual diagram for explaining that it is more effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram showing an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus capable of embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 22>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<FIG. 25>> FIG. 22 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation when the antennas are placed in opposite directions.
<<FIG. 26>> A graph of simulation results of execution time dependence and orientation frequency dependence of the azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude).
<<FIG. 27>> A graph of simulation results and an exponential approximation curve for the relationship between the expected value of the intraday azimuth width of one sidereal in Tokyo and the number of orientations.
<<FIG. 28>> A photograph for explaining a configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
<<FIG. 29>> A sky map of a GPS satellite arrangement conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> A graph of the relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth limitation result output and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments). .
<<FIG. 31>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 32>> Each box-and-whisker plot showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer in the actual prototype experiment, and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 33>> A graph of a histogram of the azimuth limitation width when there is an answer (h when the answer is correct) (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 34>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when magnetic sensor is placed on the abdomen of the body at the actual prototype test site and rotation experiment is performed (place with good view, on overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, measured simultaneously during rotation experiment) ) is a graph.
<<FIG. 35>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
<<Fig. 36>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited result outputs and the received signal strength threshold in an actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. graph.
<<Fig. 37>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. be.
<<Fig. 38>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed values when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. It is a graph of (simultaneous measurement at the time of experiment).
<<FIG. 39>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by buildings, an elementary school in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited output results and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotations) experiment).
<<Fig. 41>> Relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width and the received signal strength threshold at the time of correct answer in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments) ).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when a magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was conducted at the actual prototype test site (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school complex in Tokyo 23 wards) , and measurement during the rotation experiment).
<<FIG. 44>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 45>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the hemispherical side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 46>> It is a schematic view of one embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 47>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 48>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter configuration of the container used for arranging the hollow cylindrical water of the device of the present invention, one embodiment having fitting portions on the left and right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration diagram with a center angle of 90 degrees. is.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for the hollow prismatic water arrangement of the device of the present invention is stacked in two layers while engaging the concave-convex fitting in the vertical direction to increase the height, and the GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for arranging water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is formed in a tubular shape utilizing the side surface of a hemisphere. is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when a thickness of water is deployed to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to the effects of diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 52>> The container used to form the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention is substantially realized by arranging a transparent hose having closable mechanisms at both ends like a coiled snake. It is a schematic diagram of a configuration showing the advantage that a hose can be used as a pure transport container for water and that it can be properly used as a rope in case of emergency.
<<FIG. 53>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 54>> A schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of the tip of a wind instrument at the end of the straight pipe shape in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 55>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of a table obtained by cutting a parabolic rotating body at two points on a horizontal plane in the apparatus of the present invention.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but opening toward the outside, or by arranging water in a shape close to two flat plates but gradually spreading toward the left and right sides. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a shape that gradually increases.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but curling toward the inside, or by disposing water in a shape similar to two flat plates but gradually curling toward the center, FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a certain shape.
<Fig. 58> Non-use shape of a cup made of flexible silicone material, known as a so-called pop-up cup, which can be compactly stored as a flat circular layer when not in use by lightly squeezing it by hand. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
<<FIG. 59>> Describes the in-use shape of the cup, known as the so-called pop-up cup, which is formed as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material when in use is lightly pulled out by hand. At the same time, when it is applied to the proposed method, it is a new pop with a new feature that has a space for putting water in the side wall instead of putting water inside the cup・Proposing the usefulness of the up cup, which itself can be used as a cup naturally, and in an emergency, the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to the deployment of the device of the present invention on the wall surface of the hemisphere. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
FIG. 60 Water can be contained from an inlet, and modules of adjacent sizes have a bumpy fit to each other (e.g., the next smallest sized ring segment is the height of its own ring). Up to 1/4 height, it can be easily realized if a step is carved inside like a road shoulder so that it can easily fit into itself.In this case, the thickness of the water is constant at the fitting part) An embodiment of the present proposal in which water can be arranged in a shape formed by fitting a large number of concentric layered ring segments, which can be filled while water flows smoothly.
<<Fig. 61>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps so that the hexagonal or pentagonal part can be filled with water, based on the graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure that is close to a sphere. A conceptual diagram showing that when formed as a water bottle, it becomes a water bottle as a whole, and can be folded back at an appropriate location and stored in a rucksack or the like. (The gray area corresponds to the glue margin. It is recommended to use Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) on that part to make it easy to join and separate. When not in use and there is no water in It is also easy to turn it into
<<Fig. 62>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps to allow water to be filled in the hexagonal or pentagonal parts, based on a graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure close to a sphere. It is formed as a water bottle, but at that time, the part corresponding to the equator is crimped or zipped so that the filling of water stops, and the other parts [the parts in the northern hemisphere except for the Arctic region] are filled with water. If you spread it around, you can immediately take the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, in an emergency, and when not in use, you can fold it back at an appropriate point and put it in a rucksack or the like. A conceptual diagram showing that a practical water bottle that can be folded and stored in several layers can be formed and that it can be easily flattened in a rucksack when it is not in use and does not contain water.
<<Fig. 63>> A three-dimensional finished drawing in which the layer filled with water is illustrated in gray when the previous drawing was actually constructed three-dimensionally. A water structure close to a hemisphere can be completed just by filling it with water outdoors, joining it with Velcro tape, and assembling it. Conceptual diagram showing that it can be used as a water bottle that can be folded when it is open, and can also be a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
<<FIG. 64>> A graph showing the dependence of the magnitude of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency on electromagnetic wave frequency and the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<FIG. 65>> A graph showing the frequency characteristics of the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves (the depth at which the power density becomes 1/e, where e is the base of natural logarithm) in a medium with a high water content in a living body.
<<FIG. 66>> A conceptual diagram showing a molecular structure model of water showing that the water molecule has a dipole moment.
<<FIG. 67>> A conceptual graph showing frequency characteristics of polarization and absorption, showing that microwaves induce orientational polarization, infrared rays induce ion polarization, and ultraviolet rays induce electronic polarization. <<Fig. 68>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tent or shelf mat with voids that can be accommodated. FIG.
<<Fig. 69>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a tent mat or shelf mat having voids that can be rolled up, which is arranged on the left and right sides of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 70>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and water or the like (a liquid or gel with a large specific heat, an appropriate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) is held in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram in which tent mats or sheruff mats having voids that can be rolled up are placed on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule is supposed to have two electrons in the 2s orbital, four electrons in the 2p orbital, and a total of six outer-shell electrons. The separation angle between covalent bonds based on bonding using orbitals is pushed about 14 degrees wider than the original angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals due to the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms. Extended to 104 degrees, the concept is often cited to illustrate that the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment that can actually be explained on the basis of modern theories of quantum mechanics. It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 72>> Measured values of relative permittivity and frequency characteristics of dielectric loss in water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0.5 molal (mass molarity)) is.
<Fig. 73> Shows measured values of the frequency characteristics of relative permittivity and dielectric loss of barium titanate, barium titanate and strontium titanate.
<<Fig. 74>> When not in use, a fan-shaped columnar water bottle compartment with a short height (a thin plate) is folded compactly and stored in the back. , making it easier to slide along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in fanning out on both sides of the body, Also, if necessary, dare to point both arms in the direction of the front half of the body so that the body and the fan-shaped structure that is spread out form a U-shape when viewed from above (the opening of the U is In this case, it will be in front of the body), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body does not exist outside the sky coverage area, which is intended to be formed with a semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. Since it is possible to effectively attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites that have been used, it becomes easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that existed in the above-mentioned sky coverage area, which is useful for disaster relief activities, etc. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are essential to carry around, it is possible to make effective use of those transports to demonstrate their potential functions, and at the same time, as a result, increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the aftereffects. FIG. 10 shows that orientation information acquisition can be made more accurate by a simple and convenient method suitable for the context of use, which aids in rapid access to victims, which is important for reducing incidence.
<<Fig. 75>> Shows that the internal structure of the chest and abdominal portion of the jacket of the present invention can form a layer of water, a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle, and opens the chest collar or front body. By doing so, when viewed from above, the front body (mae migoro), which includes the body and water layers, forms a U-shape (the opening of the U is in this case the front of the body, and the GPS receiver is located in front of the body). In order to efficiently attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the originally intended air coverage area, the proposed orientation information acquisition It can support more reliable performance in a way that is suitable for the context of use of the method, and can effectively combine an oral hydration system during land activities, which is jacket-type buoyancy in the sea. This is an example showing that the function of the control device can also be efficiently combined.
<<Fig. 76>> Fig. 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption), as shown in Fig. 77 . It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running. In order to implement it more reliably, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying an individual fan-shaped structure with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use, In doing so, it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information with a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the proposal. <<Fig. 77>> This is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. While it can be used for business (without using your arm or bothering your arm), the reservoir (portable water bottle) containing this water can be stored in a compact fan-shaped column during activities such as walking and running. FIG. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to a multi-compartment structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device).
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation similar to that depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<FIG. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<Fig. 84>> Recalling that the cylindrical structure containing water in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (such as a regular octagonal prism), It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<Fig. 85>> Recalling that the outer shape of the structure containing water, which is realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.), This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<Fig. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, it is sufficient to deal only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites existing in a limited direction, for example, in the vicinity of the lateral direction of the body. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, while a region with a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such a region parallel to the central axis of the cylinder. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is also simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc., signals from satellites with φ = 0 will be canceled at the GPS receiver. It is an external view intended to show that it can be easily imagined, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a measure of size.
<Fig. 88> In Fig. 87, θ is simplified and assumed to be 0. This is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value were not 0, and FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<Fig. 89>> If a water bottle forming a flat layer of water on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs should be constructed at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with water channels at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<Fig. 90>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right sides, a water layer, which usually corresponds to a water film, is formed. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<Fig. 91>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<Fig.92>> Similar to Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading. .
<<Fig.93>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<Fig.94>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<Fig. 95>> In the case of a container made of silicon, for example, which consists of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be easily realized even with a cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<Fig. 96> For example, in the case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be realized even with a simple cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off. <<Fig. 97>> For example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-independent Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the magnets rotate with respect to each other and the SN orientation can be aligned, allowing the compartments of the polygonal water layers to be interconnected. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.
<<Fig. 100>> For example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (use your body to keep your body active).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
If the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. The central axis of the cylindrical shape is arranged so as to coincide with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed in a relatively flat shape on the back of the vest.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disc.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is very highly expected that it will be convenient for camping outdoors and carrying on site and it is water, and in fact most of its mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the rectangular frame structure used as a variable standing/storage structure for the prismatic wall, and the plastic spring which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as shown separately. Alternatively, a plastic framing structure can be used so that the transparency of the water and vinyl
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. By coloring it as an external part, it can be used for various purposes. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no problems in practical use.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling in, by combining with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be instantly transformed so that it can be used for weakening diffracted waves, and for distress prevention etc.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer with an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain. Nylon 6, 66, 610, 7, 11, 12, etc. are commonly used conventionally, and have moderate hygroscopicity and dyeing properties. It is used as a synthetic fiber because it is easy to wear, and it is also used for films, gears, and belts because of its excellent mechanical strength and abrasion resistance.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is due to the fact that lifeboats are required to be equipped with 3 liters of drinking water per person. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
The absorption characteristics of electromagnetic waves by water were measured by Schwan et al. using ε' (relative dielectric constant) and ε " (relative dielectric loss) values of water (25 degrees) α (amplitude attenuation coefficient) of,
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic wave
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: as the permittivity of vacuum,
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is approximately 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length Power half-power depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2 dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2 dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene, etc.) ). These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material that has not been paid attention to at all in this field for purposes other than beverages. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the microwave power halved on the dielectric surface, that is, the power half-decay depth D [m] is
《Number 2》
000004

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating. <<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating". In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of ration (food), which is a heavy item, is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is also possible to convert it from the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, such as long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has the rare function of being able to safely impart long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food, which is extremely meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>
000005

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-39)
(Source: Tetsuo Koshijima, "Microwave Heating Technique Compilation", ISBN 4-86043-070-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably take a small value of the power half reduction depth D. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in unprocessed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of oneself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. in microwave band electromagnetic waves with a large loss coefficient εr · tan δ and inevitably with a small power half-life depth D are heated by microwaves. It becomes difficult to use it as a structural material for a microwave heating device, for example.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) of Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, plant leaves rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (which is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965, Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Clear water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the sealed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without being attenuated from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation lines has an initial diameter 2a and is layered many times (without the need to be particularly conscious of other things at the site).
``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The rotation angle of the (n+1)-th cutting line is expressed in a simple expression format as θ (n = n + 1) = 2πg (n + 1) [rad]
It is convenient because you can
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》
000006

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent perforated lines of the packaging) is simply defined based on the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b/2π, and the order of the perforated lines n (the rest is pi and the golden ratio. Since it is a constant g, it can be calculated in a short time from the known number).
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [ ] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle. In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
: r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision and sealed packaging of drinking water having a thickness of b (cm), the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (however, n = 1, 2, 3, etc.), so that the break in the packaging of the water comes to the water subdivision Sealed packaging continuous vinyl The package design may be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves with minimal overlap even when wrapped.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified specifically how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured, and the length of the vinyl scrap of the package should be specified. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in case of emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the breaks in the drinking water subdivided sealed-packaging continuous vinyl package are:
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it will be clear from the above-mentioned formula developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what number of cm it should be made. .
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing it from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. It is a format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》
000007

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》
000008

there is and also
《Number 6》
000009

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, it is possible to make effective use of materials such as urethane that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. of FIG. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is. Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body. <<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it may of course be connected to an oral water supply (drinker) tube and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become more diverse, and in anticipation of an improvement in quality of life (QOL) in daily use, all wheels, including spokes, are made of wood and other materials with a good texture, eliminating metal. wheelchairs are very popular
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, depending on the location with many mountains, with many buildings, and with an open sky. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new method that is compact, lightweight and inexpensive -, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Border area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February.2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Sometimes, the magnitude of conductivity σ brought about by the electrolyte in which water or the like is dissolved also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (70% of the body is water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest, as proposed by the author. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can suitably support the life-saving mission in question.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the liquid is a chemical solution, a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith, the GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, divided, and recombined (by having the characteristics, it depends on the characteristics of the signals derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned air coverage area, the characteristics of the GPS antenna, the GPS receiver, and the surrounding environment). Therefore, it is possible to actively enable local users to utilize various shapes.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
A direction information acquisition method characterized in that it can be expressed as:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above azimuth information acquisition methods, (6) includes the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple layers of compartments and developing them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle, a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle is developed. By creating it, (without having to keep the shape of the layered structure with hands and arms, you can free your hands and arms, check maps and check items, etc., without needing assistance, and heatstroke or While making it possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the armpits to prevent hypothermia, it is also easy to equip with an oral intake tube, and it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape suitable for trail running, etc. In fact, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to their mouth, such a shape makes it more effective.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima and Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. When dissolved in water, it is called Oral Rehydration Solution. The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Base of Pyramid (BOP) has been widely spoken. In addition, by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time, the accuracy of the function can be improved by using only the physical structure. This proposal, which is a method that can contribute to
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so it is preferable to add citric acid as its precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, is sold as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink aimed at efficiently replenishing the water and minerals that have been lost from the body through perspiration and the like due to exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heatstroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》
000010

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was shown. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
Since this comparison compares water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, to an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C, Comparing an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C with a pure at 25°C makes the capacity of the electrolyte more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] was a Dutch-born American physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. It gradually loses oxygen by high-temperature treatment, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures of 4K or less. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. It is a thermoplastic resin with a low softening point, excellent electrical properties, good thermal fluidity and thermal stability, and the ability to be beautifully colored. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is highly convenient. . In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 is a sky map intuitively showing the azimuth limiting calculation, and is drawn as if the receiving unit and the like are looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction in which the beam of the planar antenna 1 faces is on the left side, the direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is looking down is Hereinafter, this direction will be referred to as measurement direction 5.
<<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
At the very least, there are already low-cost models that can fit comfortably in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem with manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly. <<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
Therefore, even if the antenna exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal may be blocked due to the shielding of features or topography, or the antenna may not exist within the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are widespread.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》
000011

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, since the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric circle drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, white small
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>
000012

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》
000013

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, divide by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. The positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is directly output from the result output unit 4.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, more accurate azimuth information values can be calculated by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The resulting azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>
000014

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because a satellite with a high elevation angle is not suitable for use because its actual elongation angle is extremely small compared to the numerical azimuth angle. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint result
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is indispensable. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Let's rely on the rate gyro only to detect rotations, such as 180-degree or 90-degree rotations that are made by a single machine, with a clear intention to rotate between when it's stationary and when it's stationary for a certain period of time. In this case, even a low-priced, small rate gyro can work effectively, so even a low-priced, small rate gyro would work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of Small, Lightweight, and Inexpensive New Method -", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Fundamentals and Boundaries (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February. 2011)
Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new compact, lightweight and inexpensive method Takahashi
Masato... a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving object
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, as well as the characteristics of low cost and simplicity, can be inherited almost as they are. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the background of the times that further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure are expected, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include a method of detecting a carrier wave phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is indispensable. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>
000015

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are severed, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims, etc., in as short a time as possible after a disaster, for those who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. <<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph in Fig. 26 shows the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each colored line). Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis. . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reason. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, using them for azimuth limitation results in azimuth limitation. As Takahashi (2004), it is not used for azimuth-limited calculations because of the possibility of contamination [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold. <<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in harsh environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) It was 10 minutes from 20:39:37 JST on Aug. 29, 2010. Elevation angle of sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare for a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the output record at each second instant, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there was no result determined to be satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record for each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "Yes" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the cases in which no azimuth limitation results were obtained because there was no result determined as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, three satellite signals exhibiting signal strength equal to or greater than the threshold
Stars) Although the above is obtained, a contradiction occurred during the azimuth limitation calculation (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam), so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. The number of answers/total number of trials is
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new compact compass with superior portability that maintains usability that surpasses that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>
000016

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples is analyzed again as follows: The average value of the number of satellite acquisitions when 2130 samples are answered. was 1.33, its variance was 0.25, its standard deviation was 0.50 and its standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize a new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing it with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate of 0% is obtained as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold value (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is analyzed again, the average value of the number of satellite acquisitions when the answer is given for 437 samples is 1, and the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, the standard error is 0.0, the azimuth limitation width at the time of answer is 180.0 degrees on average, the variance and standard deviation is 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, when the proposed method is used under this environment with the above-mentioned threshold, when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when an answer is given), the result is highly likely to be reliable (wrong answer Disappearance of the rate is already seen at the threshold M and
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. It was shown that this proposed method also has a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, this time, the wrong answer occurred only for a few seconds when the user was facing the school building on the north side at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees. I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly not a direct wave but a reflected wave. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. With the enactment of the Basic Act on the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Act on Space in recent years, progress is being made in developing geospatial information by local governments and governments, and in view of further improvements in the utilization of telecommunications infrastructure, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. there is In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be touched upon once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or if they can actually do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired. pay attention to. This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery -Suggestions for Mathematics Education-”, Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M, “Analysis of Satellite Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , "Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies -Case Studies of Japan and the United Nations-", Journal of Health Technology and Applications, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , "Method for obtaining azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading -Proposal of Small, Lightweight, and Inexpensive New Method-", Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Transactions on Basics and Boundaries Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A,No.2,pp.95-111,February.2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create the necessary structure for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used, at low cost (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Of course, the three-story type can also be freely constructed. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. The shape shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tanδ, so it has the attribute of power half-life below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less). characterized by
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chlorprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte.
use it. By doing so, in an emergency, even when there is no water in combination, from among these items on hand, those with a small power half-life depth can be selected.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Of course, the other parts can be filled with water, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, is It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be easily realized even with a cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be realized even with a simple cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off. <<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.

<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.






<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing or removing one layer will not completely eliminate the water layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Fig. 8002 and Fig. 8003 show schematic diagrams of the aspect of the &#21085; However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a "grip" is formed on the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

A wave that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and a wave that was emitted from the satellite and the wave that came parallel to the above wave. Since the waves that enter from the area of the part where it is attenuated and diffracted after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, their mutual amplitudes are almost Therefore, it can be expected that the reception strength can be controlled to be below the threshold as a whole.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Remove the water layer in a certain area as described above. Removing part of the water layer naturally reduces the shielding and electromagnetic wave absorbing components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but they may become weaker. I don't get it. At least, it is generally inconceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, would be reduced by such interference. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if there is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is judged to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned result of &#21085; , when a decrease in signal strength was observed, the first signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite, which was located in a location that should have been shielded. It is reasonably reasonable to presume that amplitude cancellation occurred as a result of interference with the diffracted wave after passing through the .
If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in Figures 8002 and 8003, the compartment (including water) at the position closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .
<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.
<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 8004 will be described.
Fig. 8004 shows, like the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 8004 shows a shape in which pressure can be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference instead of the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.


<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip having the shape of Fig. 8004, which has a center angle of about 180 degrees, and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 8004, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of the clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, "a wave that reaches the GPS antenna after being diffracted by the outer edge of the cylinder" and "a wave that passes through the portion where the thickness of the water in the cylinder is reduced (it does not matter if the thickness is zero). , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a+b+C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite's azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the frontal direction of your body that you are currently facing is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellite that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the range of possible existence when viewed from the front of one's body is determined immediately, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a+b+C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c) &#8211; b = (2n+1) λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the parallel waves from the satellite are received and the thickness of the water is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in diagram 8050 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.
<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to
<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c) &#8211; b (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known, if we eliminate c from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. That is, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seems to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness A slightly elastic mold with a pinching force (Fig. 8004), which is formed around the entire circumference or a portion of the circumference (e.g. an arc, e.g. By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, the liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can experience the result of a kind of dynamic action act, not just being passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.

<<0419>>
Diagrams 8005-8006 are intended to illustrate the following;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In diagram 8005, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
When R=λ=19cm, θ=90 degrees When R=2λ=38cm, θ=60 degrees
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified.
r=1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.




<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 8005 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle
(Then naturally A>B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal
A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm
With n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
b=a-(c/f)/2 =17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm
=7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)




<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, it is possible to separate one side from the other and distribute it to the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 8010 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or recess is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The adjacent diffracted waves are canceled by the adjacent ones. Combining two such water bottles facing each other forms a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for a desk stand in a tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things. <<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.
Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters only in the circumferential portion (or only the right and left half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Fig. 8002 and Fig. 8003 show the peeling aspect.

Then, what happens will be explained using 8001 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.

GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, and peel off another step in the configuration shown in FIGS. A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to


<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c) &#8211; b (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 8004), the entire circumference or a portion of the circumference (e.g. an arc, e.g. By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0436>>
Diagrams 8005-8006 are intended to illustrate the following;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In diagram 8005, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified.
r=1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),
2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 8005 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle
(Then naturally A>B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm
When n=0: Substitute the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
b=a-(c/f)/2 =17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm
=7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)


<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; any two of the originally adjacent separation cut lines;
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS planar antenna is placed horizontally with the beam center,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000017

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where θ=2・π・g・n (rad) (where n=1,2,3...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above azimuth information acquisition methods, (6) includes the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"On that occasion,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
Alternatively, it is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, which frequently occurs during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and has a very high tendency to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent the latter from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation occurs as a load. The distance difference becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 wavelength and cancels each other out. Since it is sufficient that the signal falls below the threshold, it is not necessary to set excessively strict numerical values, and it may be set appropriately to the extent that moderate transmission occurs (even if there is no thinned part in this part, it is not necessary. If no diffraction signal is detected, there is no need to set it in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0454>>
FIG. 8010 is a diagram showing just in case what kind of positional relationship the diagram 8009 has with the human body.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0455>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 8010 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.
<<0457>>
Diagram 9002 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is stamped or shown in a picture (Fig. 9001). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).


<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.
<<0460>>
·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) Large volumes of water (for larger populations) can be easily treated using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filtration system is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).

<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.
<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books. Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.

<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connection portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.

<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)


<<0470>>
Figure 9003 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right waist, and D is the left waist. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.





<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, where rocks were carved to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some areas) climbs as they are, and climbs as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.







<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.
<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black













<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar.
There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.




<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. There is also a screw cap mouth in the center of the left and right connecting tube. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.

<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.


<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.


<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance will be further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.
<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in being able to appropriately and quickly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for behavior when it is necessary to move forward without wasting a moment, and consequently to be able to continue behavior smoothly and efficiently. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book) <<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0487>>

Diffraction will be described next.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.


<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous, rectilinear phenomenon is conspicuous,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this),

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),
<<0491>>

Therefore, diffraction phenomena can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed, and as a result, the particle theory of light was believed for a long time. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction pattern.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura






<<0495>>

To put it briefly, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting rarefied gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain weather conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits dilute gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. is the effective dose. Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
Ads by Google

The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be avoided. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.
<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.
<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation
<<0501>>
Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.
<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs between the groins.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.
This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square cylinder, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smoothly rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.



<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.
Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.

<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
\3,413 (tax included)
We provide drawings of this product in PDF format.
Please click here to view.

Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1 L) B-1 Stop cock, two-way cock, 2-way cock, 3-way cock, 3-way cock, 4-way cock, four way
without cock / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

Vat/Tray Product List

SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/tyakkubukuro-sanpuringubukuro/SAN4627.phtml
Baron Box Kontena only 10L
mighty back
PP transparent from bottom left, 2LWEB2303, 1L2208E

, 500ml 2300E 0.5 48×167×115

Sampler Book Bottle 1L Transparent 2208E
(291-7025)
￥488 new from 4
sellers
Add to Shopping List
166g (L):
1.0
Dimensions (width W x depth D x height H) (mm): 48 x 230 x 166


. It saves space compared to cylindrical bottles and can be neatly organized.

Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
WEB2303
\605
\635 (tax included)

500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
0.5 48×167×115 None 85
291-7017
￥308
￥293
2208E 1.0
48×230×166 None 166
291-7025 ￥495
￥470
SUNPLATEC, BOOKBOTTLE



<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) cone, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. Put it there (a) Specifically, there is no ready-made product. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have individual chambers and individual plugs, a barometer can be made by using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious vessel or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distilling apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complicated structures and high manufacturing costs, and none of them are portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Use sea water as cooling water to take away (condense) heat""Use sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater when the water drops fall, and even if it falls, it will remain in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. 0.5L dimension is 0.5L
48 x 167 x 115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. SAP Super
Add Absorbent Polymer powder to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.
<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


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Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.
<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
Bill bag is 1,800cc,
600cc, 360cc, etc. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)



<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which an electrolyte dissociates in solution (dissociation degree) is greater if the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or <true electrolyte>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. A phenomenon in which a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolves in a micellar solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by the solubility of the Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are calculated and measured from <Raoul's law> (the law for vapor pressure drop) and the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression related to the law. It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state These are properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electrical conduction, and so on. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electric conduction are also studied experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is prepared to the same extent as body fluids and is completely sterilized so as not to damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids and fat emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron with p holes generally has a0-a1+a2 = 2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause losses.
Based on quantum theory, FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer-shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals. Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between bonds is 14 degrees larger than the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal, and represents 104 degrees.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their theory is that the two electrons involved in a single covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable noble-gas-type electronic structure. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which stable bonds are formed by the formation of electron pairs was first explained by Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device. <<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the power half-life is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem with water, etc., is now said to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the era of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011 NHK General Disaster Prevention Crisis--Who will save the victims--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, overall weight reduction and dual use of equipment are effective and important for carrying out rescue or survival.
The objective was to make it possible to more reliably acquire azimuth information with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the essential equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to obtaining judgment information that contributes to action decisions. It is also highly qualified for so-called Base of Pyramid (BOP) assistive technologies such as South America and Africa.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low-latitude and mid-latitude regions, it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions, and is highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys. effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area
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<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. 《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers. <<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is shown. <<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000141

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is an on-site carry-on item, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as emergency relief medical teams, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details about ropework, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical ropework by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Ropework that is immediately useful for outdoor activities by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Ropework Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container that can be used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the apparatus of the present invention and that can also serve as tableware.
<<FIG. 4>> Information on the outer shape and dimensions of a fresh water package which can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention and which can be said to be a de facto international standard as defined in Japan's ship lifesaving equipment regulations.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which two parallel rectangular plate water arrangements are arranged.
<<FIG. 6>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (2450 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (915 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 8>> It is a graph showing the attenuation rate per unit distance of a range of microwaves (50 MHz to 3000 MHz) in water used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
<<FIG. 10>> A conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a cylindrically hollowed area.
<<Fig. 11>> It is a conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a place cut into a rectangular shape.
<<Fig. 12>> The plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied by hinges in a life jacket for falling in water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., and is arranged perpendicular to the body when the method of the present invention is carried out. It is a conceptual diagram when doing so.
<<Fig. 13>> A life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which embodies the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention with a hinge and contains water when the method of the present invention is not carried out, It is a conceptual diagram when making it less.
<<Fig. 14>> Projection of a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which contains water when the plate-like water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is not performed. is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<Fig. 15> Projection of a water-containing life jacket for falling into water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when spreading from both sides of the body to the left and right.
<Fig. 16> Projection of water-containing life jacket for falling into water or bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when it is arranged perpendicularly to the body.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> It will be explained that using only the body as a shield and arranging them in a straight line shape and arranging the GPS receiver of the proposed method behind it may be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that are not required to be received. It is a conceptual diagram for.
(Fig. 19) Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter) that they are carrying, arranging them in a U-shape, including their bodies, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom. is a conceptual diagram for explaining that it is more effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram showing an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus capable of embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 22>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<FIG. 25>> FIG. 22 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation when the antennas are placed in opposite directions.
<<FIG. 26>> A graph of simulation results of execution time dependence and orientation frequency dependence of the azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude).
<<FIG. 27>> A graph of simulation results and an exponential approximation curve for the relationship between the expected value of the intraday azimuth width of one sidereal in Tokyo and the number of orientations.
<<FIG. 28>> A photograph for explaining a configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
<<FIG. 29>> A sky map of a GPS satellite arrangement conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> A graph of the relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth limitation result output and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments). .
<<FIG. 31>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 32>> Each box-and-whisker plot showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer in the actual prototype experiment, and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 33>> A graph of a histogram of the azimuth limitation width when there is an answer (h when the answer is correct) (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 34>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when magnetic sensor is placed on the abdomen of the body at the actual prototype test site and rotation experiment is performed (place with good view, on overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, measured simultaneously during rotation experiment) ) is a graph.
<<FIG. 35>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
<<Fig. 36>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited result outputs and the received signal strength threshold in an actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. graph.
<<Fig. 37>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. be.
<<Fig. 38>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed values when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. It is a graph of (simultaneous measurement at the time of experiment).
<<FIG. 39>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by buildings, an elementary school in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited output results and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotations) experiment).
<<Fig. 41>> Relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width and the received signal strength threshold at the time of correct answer in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments) ).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when a magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was conducted at the actual prototype test site (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school complex in Tokyo 23 wards) , and measurement during the rotation experiment).
<<FIG. 44>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 45>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the hemispherical side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 46>> It is a schematic view of one embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 47>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 48>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter configuration of the container used for arranging the hollow cylindrical water of the device of the present invention, one embodiment having fitting portions on the left and right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration diagram with a center angle of 90 degrees. is.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for the hollow prismatic water arrangement of the device of the present invention is stacked in two layers while engaging the concave-convex fitting in the vertical direction to increase the height, and the GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for arranging water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is formed in a tubular shape utilizing the side surface of a hemisphere. is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when a thickness of water is deployed to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to the effects of diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 52>> The container used to form the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention is substantially realized by arranging a transparent hose having closable mechanisms at both ends like a coiled snake. It is a schematic diagram of a configuration showing the advantage that a hose can be used as a pure transport container for water and that it can be properly used as a rope in case of emergency.
<<FIG. 53>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 54>> A schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of the tip of a wind instrument at the end of the straight pipe shape in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 55>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of a table obtained by cutting a parabolic rotating body at two points on a horizontal plane in the apparatus of the present invention.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but opening toward the outside, or by arranging water in a shape close to two flat plates but gradually spreading toward the left and right sides. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a shape that gradually increases.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but curling toward the inside, or by disposing water in a shape similar to two flat plates but gradually curling toward the center, FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a certain shape.
<Fig. 58> Non-use shape of a cup made of flexible silicone material, known as a so-called pop-up cup, which can be compactly stored as a flat circular layer when not in use by lightly squeezing it by hand. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
<<FIG. 59>> Describes the in-use shape of the cup, known as the so-called pop-up cup, which is formed as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material when in use is lightly pulled out by hand. At the same time, when it is applied to the proposed method, it is a new pop with a new feature that has a space for putting water in the side wall instead of putting water inside the cup・Proposing the usefulness of the up cup, which itself can be used as a cup naturally, and in an emergency, the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to the deployment of the device of the present invention on the wall surface of the hemisphere. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
FIG. 60 Water can be contained from an inlet, and modules of adjacent sizes have a bumpy fit to each other (e.g., the next smallest sized ring segment is the height of its own ring). Up to 1/4 height, it can be easily realized if a step is carved inside like a road shoulder so that it can easily fit into itself.In this case, the thickness of the water is constant at the fitting part) An embodiment of the present proposal in which water can be arranged in a shape formed by fitting a large number of concentric layered ring segments, which can be filled while water flows smoothly.
<<Fig. 61>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps so that the hexagonal or pentagonal part can be filled with water, based on the graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure that is close to a sphere. A conceptual diagram showing that when formed as a water bottle, it becomes a water bottle as a whole, and can be folded back at an appropriate location and stored in a rucksack or the like. (The gray area corresponds to the glue margin. It is recommended to use Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) on that part to make it easy to join and separate. When not in use and there is no water in It is also easy to turn it into
<<Fig. 62>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps to allow water to be filled in the hexagonal or pentagonal parts, based on a graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure close to a sphere. It is formed as a water bottle, but at that time, the part corresponding to the equator is crimped or zipped so that the filling of water stops, and the other parts [the parts in the northern hemisphere except for the Arctic region] are filled with water. If you spread it around, you can immediately take the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, in an emergency, and when not in use, you can fold it back at an appropriate point and put it in a rucksack or the like. A conceptual diagram showing that a practical water bottle that can be folded and stored in several layers can be formed and that it can be easily flattened in a rucksack when it is not in use and does not contain water.
<<Fig. 63>> A three-dimensional finished drawing in which the layer filled with water is illustrated in gray when the previous drawing was actually constructed three-dimensionally. A water structure close to a hemisphere can be completed just by filling it with water outdoors, joining it with Velcro tape, and assembling it. Conceptual diagram showing that it can be used as a water bottle that can be folded when it is open, and can also be a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
<<FIG. 64>> A graph showing the dependence of the magnitude of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency on electromagnetic wave frequency and the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<FIG. 65>> A graph showing the frequency characteristics of the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves (the depth at which the power density becomes 1/e, where e is the base of natural logarithm) in a medium with a high water content in a living body.
<<FIG. 66>> A conceptual diagram showing a molecular structure model of water showing that the water molecule has a dipole moment.
<<FIG. 67>> A conceptual graph showing frequency characteristics of polarization and absorption, showing that microwaves induce orientational polarization, infrared rays induce ion polarization, and ultraviolet rays induce electronic polarization. <<Fig. 68>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tent or shelf mat with voids that can be accommodated. FIG.
<<Fig. 69>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a tent mat or shelf mat having voids that can be rolled up, which is arranged on the left and right sides of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 70>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and water or the like (a liquid or gel with a large specific heat, an appropriate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) is held in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram in which tent mats or sheruff mats having voids that can be rolled up are placed on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule is supposed to have two electrons in the 2s orbital, four electrons in the 2p orbital, and a total of six outer-shell electrons. The separation angle between covalent bonds based on bonding using orbitals is pushed about 14 degrees wider than the original angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals due to the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms. Extended to 104 degrees, the concept is often cited to illustrate that the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment that can actually be explained on the basis of modern theories of quantum mechanics. It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 72>> Measured values of relative permittivity and frequency characteristics of dielectric loss in water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0.5 molal (mass molarity)) is.
<Fig. 73> Shows measured values of the frequency characteristics of relative permittivity and dielectric loss of barium titanate, barium titanate and strontium titanate.
<<Fig. 74>> When not in use, a fan-shaped columnar water bottle compartment with a short height (a thin plate) is folded compactly and stored in the back. , making it easier to slide along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in fanning out on both sides of the body, Also, if necessary, dare to point both arms in the direction of the front half of the body so that the body and the fan-shaped structure that is spread out form a U-shape when viewed from above (the opening of the U is In this case, it will be in front of the body), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body does not exist outside the sky coverage area, which is intended to be formed with a semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. Since it is possible to effectively attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites that have been used, it becomes easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that existed in the above-mentioned sky coverage area, which is useful for disaster relief activities, etc. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are essential to carry around, it is possible to make effective use of those transports to demonstrate their potential functions, and at the same time, as a result, increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the aftereffects. FIG. 10 shows that orientation information acquisition can be made more accurate by a simple and convenient method suitable for the context of use, which aids in rapid access to victims, which is important for reducing incidence.
<<Fig. 75>> Shows that the internal structure of the chest and abdominal portion of the jacket of the present invention can form a layer of water, a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle, and opens the chest collar or front body. By doing so, when viewed from above, the front body (mae migoro), which includes the body and water layers, forms a U-shape (the opening of the U is in this case the front of the body, and the GPS receiver is located in front of the body). In order to efficiently attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the originally intended air coverage area, the proposed orientation information acquisition It can support more reliable performance in a way that is suitable for the context of use of the method, and can effectively combine an oral hydration system during land activities, which is jacket-type buoyancy in the sea. This is an example showing that the function of the control device can also be efficiently combined.
<<Fig. 76>> Fig. 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption), as shown in Fig. 77 . It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running. In order to implement it more reliably, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying an individual fan-shaped structure with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use, In doing so, it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information with a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the proposal. <<Fig. 77>> This is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. While it can be used for business (without using your arm or bothering your arm), the reservoir (portable water bottle) containing this water can be stored in a compact fan-shaped column during activities such as walking and running. FIG. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to a multi-compartment structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device).
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation similar to that depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<FIG. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<Fig. 84>> Recalling that the cylindrical structure containing water in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (such as a regular octagonal prism), It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<Fig. 85>> Recalling that the outer shape of the structure containing water, which is realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.), This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<Fig. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, it is sufficient to deal only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites existing in a limited direction, for example, in the vicinity of the lateral direction of the body. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, while a region with a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such a region parallel to the central axis of the cylinder. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is also simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc., signals from satellites with φ = 0 will be canceled at the GPS receiver. It is an external view intended to show that it can be easily imagined, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a measure of size.
<Fig. 88> In Fig. 87, θ is simplified and assumed to be 0. This is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value were not 0, and FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<Fig. 89>> If a water bottle forming a flat layer of water on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs should be constructed at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with water channels at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<Fig. 90>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right sides, a water layer, which usually corresponds to a water film, is formed. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<Fig. 91>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<Fig.92>> Similar to Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading. .
<<Fig.93>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<Fig.94>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<Fig. 95>> In the case of a container made of silicon, for example, which consists of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<Fig. 96> For example, in the case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<Fig. 97>> For example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-independent Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the magnets rotate with respect to each other and the SN orientation can be aligned, allowing the compartments of the polygonal water layers to be interconnected. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.
<<Fig. 100>> For example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that uses the filter media, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (use your body to keep your body active).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
If the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. ancestor
The central axis of the cylindrical shape of is aligned with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed in a relatively flat shape on the back of the vest.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disk.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the quadrangular frame structure used for the prismatic wall as an upright/storage variable structure has an excellent effect of attenuating the diffracted wave of the microwave as shown separately.
Plastic springs or plastic frameworks can be used, which are not particularly influential other than the results, thereby reducing the transparency of the water and vinyl.
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. It can be used for various purposes by coloring it as an external part.
I can. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no practical problems.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling it with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be used to weaken the diffracted waves, and it can be used for distress prevention.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer having an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain.Nylon
6,66,610,7,11,
12, etc. It is used as a synthetic fiber due to its moderate hygroscopicity and ease of dyeing.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
The absorption characteristics of electromagnetic waves by water were measured by Schwan et al. using ε' (relative dielectric constant) and ε " (relative dielectric loss) values of water (25 degrees) α (amplitude attenuation coefficient) of,
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic waves
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: permittivity of vacuum
As
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is about 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length
Power half-life depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2
dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2
dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. There were drawbacks. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymers, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene-based materials such as neoprene)
rubber, etc.).
These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. There were drawbacks.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material that has not been paid attention to at all in this field for purposes other than beverages. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the straight line until the microwave power density on the dielectric surface is halved to 1/2, that is, the power halving depth D [m] is
《Number 2》
000142

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating. <<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating." In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of ration (food), which is a heavy item, is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is also possible to convert it from the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, such as long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has the rare function of being able to safely impart long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food, which is extremely meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>
000143

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-39)
(source:
Edited by Tetsuo Koshijima, "Compilation of Microwave Heating Techniques", ISBN 4-86043-07
0-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr・tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably, the depth of power is reduced by half.
D takes a small value. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in unprocessed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of oneself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc., which have a large loss factor εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, must be
Naturally, a material with a small power half-life depth D is likely to be heated by microwaves, and cannot be used as, for example, a structural material for a microwave heating device.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) in Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, the leaves of plants rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (which is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965 Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Fresh water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided airtight packing continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the sealed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without attenuation from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation line portions has an initial diameter 2a and starts to be wound in multiple layers (without requiring special awareness of other things at the site). ``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The angle of rotation of the (n+1)th cutting line can be conveniently expressed in a simple expression form of θ(n=n+1)=2πg(n+1) [rad].
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》
000144

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent cut lines of the packaging) is simply the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b / 2 π, and the order of the cut lines n (the rest is π, based on the golden ratio
It can be calculated in a short time from the constant g defined by
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [
] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle. In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision of drinking water with a thickness of b (cm) and closed packaging, the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg(a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
A hermetically-sealed continuous vinyl package design may minimize overlap when wrapped and be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified specifically how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured, and the length of the vinyl scrap of the package should be specified. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in case of emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the breaks in the drinking water subdivided sealed-packaging continuous vinyl package are:
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it is clear from the above equation developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what number of cm it should be made.
Let's become
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing it from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. It is a format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》
000145

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》
000146

there is and also
《Number 6》
000147

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. of FIG. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is. Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body. <<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it is naturally an oral water supply (water drinking) tube.
Of course, they may be connected and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become more diverse, and in anticipation of an improvement in quality of life (QOL) in daily use, all wheels, including spokes, are made of wood and other materials with a good texture, eliminating metal. wheelchairs are very popular
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, depending on the location with many mountains, with many buildings, and with an open sky. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new method that is compact, lightweight and inexpensive -, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Border area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February.2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Occasionally, water dissolved
The magnitude of the conductivity σ provided by the electrolyte also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (70% of the body is water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest, as proposed by the author. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can suitably support the life-saving mission in question.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the liquid is a chemical solution, a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without the need for assistance such as checking, etc., and it is also easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a suitable small and compact shape, in fact, as you can see from not a few athletes who participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima and Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. When dissolved in water, it is called Oral Rehydration Solution. The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Base of Pyramid (BOP) has been widely spoken. In addition, by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time, the accuracy of the function can be improved by using only the physical structure. This proposal, which is a method that can contribute to
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so citric acid is preferably added as a precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, has been marketed as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink intended to efficiently replenish water and minerals that have been lost from the body due to perspiration and the like caused by exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heat stroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》
000148

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was shown. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
This comparison is between water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, and water at 25°C, which has an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal.
Since we are comparing liquids, comparing a pure solution at 25°C and an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C makes the electrolyte capacity more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] is a candy born in the Netherlands
Lyca physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. For high temperature processing
It loses oxygen more gradually, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures below 4K. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. Low softening point, excellent electrical properties, thermal fluidity, thermal stability
It is an excellent thermoplastic resin that has good qualitative properties and can be colored beautifully. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is convenient. high. In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 intuitively illustrates the orientation-limited operation.
This sky map is drawn as if the receiving unit, etc. were looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you were to stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction of the beam of the planar antenna 1 would be on the left side, you would be looking down.
The direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is there is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 . <<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
Even if it is small, there are already inexpensive ones that can fit in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly. <<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna that covers the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
For this reason, it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, but the signal is blocked due to the shielding of features or terrain, or it does not exist in the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudonoise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are in widespread use.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing unit 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》
000149

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, since the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric circle drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, white small
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>
000150

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》
000151

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, it is divided by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. As for the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is output from the result output unit 4 as it is.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites required for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, it is possible to calculate a more accurate azimuth information value by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The result of the azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>
000152

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because satellites with high elevation angles are not suitable for use because their actual elongations are extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth angles.
be. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint result
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is indispensable. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Only rotations such as 180 degrees or 90 degrees, which are performed one-shot with a clear intention of rotation between a stationary state and a fixed period of stationary state, as if it were a machine, rate
If you plan to rely on the gyro only to detect its rotation, even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work effectively, so even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011)
Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of New Compact, Lightweight and Inexpensive Method Masato Takahashi・・・・・ a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving body
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, and the characteristics that can be easily made at low cost, are almost the same.
It can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the background of the times that further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure are expected, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include a method of detecting a carrier wave phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>
000153

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are severed, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims, etc., in as short a time as possible after a disaster, for those who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. <<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph of FIG. 26 is a graph showing the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each broken line divided by color).
It is a thing. Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis.
is shown in . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reason. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, they cannot be used for azimuth limitation.
As Takahashi (2004), it is decided not to use it for calculation of direction limitation because there is concern that the result of direction limitation may be contaminated [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold. <<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. Severe environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams
It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in borders.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) August 29, 2010 20:
It was 10 minutes from 39:37 JST. Elevation angle of sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare as a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the output record at each second instant, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there was no result determined to be satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "answered" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the cases in which no azimuth limitation results were obtained because there was no result determined as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, three satellite signals exhibiting signal strength equal to or greater than the threshold
Star) Although the above is obtained, there is a contradiction (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam) during the azimuth limitation calculation, so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. The number of answers/total number of trials is
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new compact compass with superior portability that maintains usability that surpasses that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>
000154

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples are reanalyzed as follows: 2130 samples with answers
, the average number of captured satellites was 1.33, the variance was 0.25, the standard deviation was 0.50, and the standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize a new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing it with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate of 0% is obtained as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is re-analyzed, the average number of satellite acquisitions with 437 samples
The value is 1, the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0. at 0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, the proposed method can be used in this environment.
When the above threshold is used, the result is likely to be reliable when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when the answer is given) (the disappearance of the error rate has already been seen at the threshold M threshold
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. In the proposed method, it was shown that there was a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, the wrong answer this time was only for a few seconds when the user was almost directly facing the north side school building at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an azimuth angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees.
I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly a reflected wave, not a direct one, because it was happening. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. Due to the recent enactment of the Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and the Space Basic Law, local governments and governments are developing geospatial information.
It is expected to be widely used effectively in the future, with a view to further improving the usability of the communication social infrastructure. In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be touched upon once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or actually be able to do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired.
Also note that This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery - Implications for Mathematics Education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M, “Analysis of Satellite Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , "Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies -Case Studies of Japan and the United Nations-", Journal of Health Technology and Applications, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , "Method for obtaining azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest"
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create the necessary structure for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used, at low cost (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Naturally, the three-story type can also be freely configured. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. The shape shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tan δ, it must have the attribute of power half-life depth below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less).
It is characterized by the skillful utilization of only one thing for electromagnetic subwave absorption.
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chloroprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte. In case of emergency, even when there is no water in combination, choose the one with the lowest power half-life among these items on hand.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Even if you make it possible to put water in other parts,
All right, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, is It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.

<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.






<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. Since there are several layers of aqueous compartments, it is assumed that removing, stripping, or stripping just one layer does not necessarily eliminate the aqueous layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Figures 95 and 96 show schematic diagrams of the stripping aspect. However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a stripping has occurred in the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

Waves that reached the GPS receiver while being diffracted from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and the above-mentioned wave and the wave that was emitted from the satellite and came parallel to the above-mentioned wave. Since the waves that enter from and attenuate and diffract after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, the amplitudes of each other are almost canceled, and generally , the received intensity can be controlled to be less than the threshold.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Strip off the water layer in some areas as previously described. Partial removal of the water layer naturally means that shielding components and electromagnetic wave absorbing components are reduced. At least, it is generally not conceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, is reduced by such stripping. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if it is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is temporarily determined to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned stripping results in a decrease in signal intensity. is seen, the original signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite that was in the place to be shielded. As a result, it is reasonably reasonable to presume that the cancellation of the amplitudes is caused. If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in FIGS. 81 and 82, the compartment (including water) located closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .
<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.
<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 83 will be described.
Figure 83 shows, as with the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 83 shows a shape that allows pressure to be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference rather than the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.


<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip of the shape shown in Fig. 83, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 83, which has a center angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of the clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, "a wave that reaches the GPS antenna after being diffracted by the outer edge of the cylinder" and "a wave that passes through the portion where the thickness of the water in the cylinder is reduced (it does not matter if the thickness is zero). , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a - b + C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite's azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the frontal direction of your body that you are currently facing is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellite that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the range of possible existence when viewed from the front of one's body is determined immediately, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a - b + C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c)－b = (2n+1) ・λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the parallel waves from the satellite are received and the thickness of the water is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in FIG. 78 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.
<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to
<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.

<<0419>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.




<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 87 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)




<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 86 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things. <<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.

Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters, for example, only in the circumferential portion (or only the left and right half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Figures 95 and 96 show the stripping aspect.

Then, what happens will be described with reference to FIG. 79 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.
GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, peel off another step, and examine it, when you peel off some step, there is a certain A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to


<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0436>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
When R=λ=19cm, θ=90 degrees
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 88 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)


<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000155

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of positively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold things containing water can contain seawater (or any other liquid that can be procured locally). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and it is detachable from a life jacket, increasing convenience.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0454>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0455>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 85 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or recess is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.
<<0457>>
Figure 100 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is engraved or shown in a picture (Fig. 100). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).


<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.
<<0460>>

·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) Large volumes of water (for larger populations) can be easily treated using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filtration system is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).

<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.
<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books. Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.


<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connection portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.

<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)


<<0470>>
Figure 97 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right hip, and D is the left hip. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.





<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, where rocks were carved to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some areas) climbs as they are, and climbs as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.







<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.
<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black













<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar. There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.




<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. Install the screw
It has a cap mouth. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.

<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.


<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.


<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance will be further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.
<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in the ability to appropriately and rapidly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for activity, and to continue activity smoothly and efficiently when one should move forward without wasting any time. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book) <<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0487>>

Diffraction will be described next.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.


<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous,
The straight-ahead phenomenon is remarkably observed,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this),

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),
<<0491>>

Therefore, diffraction phenomena can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed, and as a result, the particle theory of light was believed for a long time. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction image.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura






<<0495>>

To put it briefly, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting rarefied gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain weather conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits dilute gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. effective dose
dose).
Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
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The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be avoided. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.
<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.
<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation
<<0501>>

Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.
<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs between the groins.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.

This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square tube, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smooth rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.



<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.

Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.

<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
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Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1L) B-1 No middle/stopcock (stop cock, 2-way cock 2-way cock, 3-way cock 3-way cock 4-way cock four way cock) / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

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SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
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Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
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500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
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SUNPLATEC, BOOKBOTTLE



<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) cone, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. put in there
(a) Specifically, there are no ready-made products. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have individual chambers and individual plugs, a barometer can be made by using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious vessel or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distilling apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complicated structures and high manufacturing costs, and none of them are portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Use sea water as cooling water to take away (condense) heat""Use sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater when the water drops fall, and even if it falls, it will remain in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. The dimensions of 0.5L are 0.5L 48×167×115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Add powder of SAP Super Absorbent Polymer to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.
<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


Security measures
Secure SSL encrypted communication

Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.
<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
There are 1,800cc, 600cc, 360cc and so on for the bill bag. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)



<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which an electrolyte dissociates in solution (dissociation degree) is greater if the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or <true electrolyte>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. A phenomenon in which a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolves in a micellar solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by the solubility of the Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are the calculated values and the measured It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state These are properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electrical conduction, and so on. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electrical conductivity are also investigated experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is prepared to the same extent as body fluids and is completely sterilized so as not to damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids and fat emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron with p holes generally has a0-a1+a2 = 2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause loss.
FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals based on quantum theory, due to the bonding of the p orbitals.
Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between covalent bonds is extended by 14 degrees to 104 degrees from the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their
In theory, the two electrons involved in one covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable electronic structure of the rare gas type. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which electron pairs form stable bonds was first explained by Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics.
clarified. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device. <<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the power half-life is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem with water, etc., is now said to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the age of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011 NHK General Disaster Prevention Crisis--Who will save the victims--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, overall weight reduction and dual use of equipment are effective and important for carrying out rescue or survival.
The purpose was to make it possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the necessary equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to obtaining judgment information that contributes to action decisions. It is also highly qualified for so-called Base of Pyramid (BOP) assistive technologies such as South America and Africa.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low- and mid-latitude regions, it is also highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys because it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions.
and has a great effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area



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JP 2001-356161
<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and the GPS antennas are above the direction in which they are facing with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. A quarter of the sky is covered by the antenna, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of the reception state of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth angle from at least one GPS receiver, and determining the satellite in each area Create a sequence of azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angles of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and determine the azimuth angle by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>> A pair of GPS antennas, each having a hemispherical antenna pattern, are placed facing each other perpendicularly to the ground. Antenna sensitivities and sky coverage are formed in a quarter of the sphere, respectively, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals transmitted by all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of each GPS satellite signal in both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver, and obtaining the satellite azimuth in each area clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and limit the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. , with the angular width of the azimuth angle obtained above as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the above pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receivers connected to each GPS antenna receive signals from all the GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. ceasing horizontal rotation of the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which acquisition of the transmitted signal has been attempted and at least one satellite has been determined to be at the boundary from each GPS satellite signal obtained; determining the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extracting the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, the azimuth angle of the extracted one satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction, and the boundary A method of obtaining azimuth information, wherein the azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angles of the satellites determined to be present in the satellite.
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquiring method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are planar patch antennas.
<<Claim 4>> The azimuth information acquisition method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are mounted facing each other in parallel with the head interposed therebetween and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 5>> The method for obtaining azimuth information according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are sandwiched between the body and are mounted facing each other in parallel and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 6>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sensitive air coverage area and for acquiring by said pair of antennas signals transmitted by satellites in said respective air coverage areas; and generating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each said area in a clockwise direction. means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term; An azimuth information acquiring apparatus, comprising means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in the area.
<<Claim 7>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna has antenna sensitivity in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sky coverage area over which the satellites are present, and capturing signals transmitted from the satellites existing in the respective sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; Means for determining the existing region where the satellite azimuth angle was present, means for creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above regions in a clockwise direction, extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and at least means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in one region; means for attempting to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each pair of rotating antennas, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it is determined that at least one satellite exists at the boundary. means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction that has been determined; means for determining the presence area of at least one other GPS satellite and extracting the azimuth angle of that satellite; An azimuth information acquiring device comprising means for identifying an azimuth by comparing an azimuth angle of a satellite, an azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist at the boundary.



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Masato Takahashi Orientation information

detailed description

<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for obtaining azimuth information using GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> In this specification, the term ``specific orientation'' means uniquely associating an azimuth angle value with a specific specific direction. means to associate a fan-shaped azimuth angle value range defined by a certain start azimuth angle value, a certain end azimuth angle value, and a certain rotation direction with respect to a specific direction. It is intended to include both concepts of azimuth limitation.
<<0003>> A description of the azimuth limitation will be added below. For example, when using a display system where north is 0 degrees and degrees increase clockwise, the action of uniquely associating the specific direction in which a mountain can be seen from one's own view with an azimuth angle of 37 degrees. is azimuth-specific, and on the other hand, in the absence of such information, it is at least certain that it lies within a sector shown clockwise from azimuth 35 degrees to azimuth 49 degrees. It can be said that the action acquired by using facts as clues is limited to direction.
<<0004>> If this azimuth determination can be performed very quickly compared to the azimuth determination, it can be said that the action of azimuth determination has practical utility. It would be even more practical if both rapid azimuth determination and accurate azimuth identification were possible as required. In other words, when the accuracy is given priority, the direction can be specified, and when the speed is given priority, the direction can be limited.
<<0005>> In fact, in view of the specific circumstances described below, the need for both orientation specification and orientation limitation is recognized.
<<0006>> For example, visually impaired people walking outdoors, survey hikers and reconnaissance workers who have to walk in a state where visibility is almost ineffective due to heavy fog and snowstorms in mountainous areas. think. For those in the situations mentioned here, the fact that they have no choice but to walk in a state corresponding to blindness is common. Of course, it is said that the latter should be temporarily encamped, but predictions of danger to life in extremely low temperatures that will come after sunset, or predictions of physical and life danger due to forecasts of the arrival of snowstorms, together with accurate judgment of the situation. When it is done, there are cases where walking is made with a certain degree of action decision even in blindness. This blind walking has the following common features.
<<0007>> First, it is good that the current position is known by the latitude and longitude values of the portable satellite positioning device, and the destination is also clear by the latitude and longitude values. However, the fact that there is no visual field means that the simple visual direction information acquisition function is deprived. can hardly be used. On the other hand, depending on the place of use, the results may be greatly biased due to magnetic disturbance, and a compass that cannot output the bias, that is, the margin of error, cannot be used for important decisions such as direction determination for blind walking. Directional information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but direction information cannot be obtained. In addition, the method of re-positioning by movement and calculating the direction of movement, which is appropriate for land mobiles, requires a considerable walking distance due to the positioning error of GPS (one of the Global Positioning System satellite positioning systems), and visual walking Even so, the load is heavy, and it is extremely difficult to perform blind walking. Therefore, even if a portable satellite positioning device is carried, the device that does not provide the direction can accurately determine the walking direction for a person who is in a blind situation and cannot estimate the approximate direction based on vision. There was a lack of functions to support There is a need for an azimuth information acquisition method that can compensate for this.
<<0008>> Secondly, even if it is possible to somehow decide to go in a certain direction, humans generally rely on visually recognized directions such as specific feature directions and celestial direction. Since straightness is maintained by a feedback loop that finely corrects the direction of travel, it is difficult to maintain the correct direction of travel in the blind situation. As with walking with your eyes closed, if you do not check your bearings frequently, your course will turn into a curve against your original intentions, and there is a danger of stepping into a dangerous area such as an avalanche-prone area. . In this case, since the azimuth is checked very frequently, the work load of each confirmation work is heavy, and it is not really useful if it restricts the movement. For people who walk blind, it is essential to have a quick direction information acquisition method that can be easily operated even while walking and is suitable for frequently acquiring information.
<<0009>> Thirdly, when sight is not used, it is necessary to always search for obstacles in front of the vehicle with the hand or its extension, such as a cane, in order to avoid falling over. Therefore, even if there is a device related to the above azimuth identification / azimuth limitation, a portable device held in the hand is inappropriate. the device is suitable.
<<0010>> Based on the above, the following features are necessary to accurately support blind walking. First, it is equipped with quick and easy measurement, and retains the function of azimuth limitation that can clearly indicate the degree of error, so that it can often be confirmed that the direction of travel does not deviate from the intended direction during blind walking. is required. Secondly, when walking without visibility, when the latitude and longitude values of the current point and the destination point are obtained, it is necessary to retain a somewhat accurate azimuth identification function so that the walking direction to the destination point can be initially determined. Become. Thirdly, during blind walking, the hand is an important means for detecting objects in front and avoiding falls.
<<0011>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> In other words, the ability to acquire directions is useful not only for assisting the visually impaired in their daily outdoor activities and outdoor activity work, but also for healthy people in outdoor activity work under weather conditions with poor visibility. The requirements are as follows.
(1) It is possible to immediately limit the direction (useful for frequent confirmation of straightness in the process of blind walking).
(2) The same equipment can be used to easily identify the direction (assisting direction identification at the start of blind walking).
(3) Because it is compact and lightweight and can be configured in a plane that conforms to the body, it can be used while worn on the body (it does not block the hand, which is important in the process of blind walking). More specifically, it has the following practical characteristics.
(4) Even when visually impaired people wear it all the time and use it in social situations, it has a shape that is visually acceptable (it can support the social life of pedestrians who are blind on a daily basis).
(5) It is intuitive and easy to use because the measurement direction always matches the direction of the observer's face (the direction acquisition operation is easy enough to withstand frequent use in the process of blind walking).
(6) It can be constructed at a relatively low cost by using the elemental parts of conventional portable satellite positioning equipment and adding minor modifications (support for blind walking itself does not cost much).
(7) Since it has a satellite positioning function, it is no longer necessary to have a separate satellite positioning device (it is possible to reduce the number of items to carry during blind walking).
<<0012>> In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an azimuth information acquisition method and apparatus that can be readily carried by azimuth limitation and azimuth identification.
<<0013>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention is to arrange a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern facing each other perpendicularly to the ground so that one semicircle passing through the zenith is arranged. As a boundary, the GPS antennas each form a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the sky in the direction in which they are facing, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna has a full sky hemisphere. At least one of the GPS receivers determines the presence area of one or more GPS satellites by comparing the reception status of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers. extract the GPS satellite azimuth angle from, create a series of satellite azimuth angles in each region clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and extract the initial azimuth angle obtained in at least one extracted region The azimuth is defined by the azimuth angle of the term and the azimuth angle of the final term.
<<0014>> Also, in the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention, a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground facing each other. Antenna forms antenna sensitivity and sky coverage in one-fourth of the sky in the direction it is facing, and transmits from all GPS satellites in the sky half-sphere to the GPS receiver connected to each antenna. acquisition of the GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, determine the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from comparison of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, and extract the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver , in each region, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and obtain the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term The azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle, the angular width of the obtained azimuth angle is used as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receiver connected to each antenna is projected to the half sky the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which it has attempted to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the sphere, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it has been determined that at least one satellite is at the boundary; stop the horizontal rotation of, determine the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extract the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, and extract the azimuth angle of the one satellite and vice versa The azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angle of the direction and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to be present at the boundary.
<<0015>> Including using a planar patch antenna as the pair of GPS antennas. <<0016>> In addition, the pair of GPS antennas are mounted on the head or body in parallel with each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0017>> Further, the azimuth information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is facing means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere above the direction, and for capturing signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A sequence of satellite azimuth angles is created clockwise, a means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and the existence area where the satellite existed is determined by comparing the signals from each captured satellite. and means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the regions.
<<0018>> In addition, the direction information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel, facing each other, and arranged vertically; Means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere, and for acquiring signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A means for determining the existence area where the satellite existed from the comparison of the signals from the above, and creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above areas clockwise, and calculating the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the above regions; means for horizontally rotating the pair of antennas, and attempting to capture signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each rotating pair of antennas, and obtaining signals from each GPS satellite means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction in which at least one satellite is determined to exist on the boundary from the means for extracting an azimuth angle; and means for identifying the azimuth by comparing the extracted azimuth angle of the satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist on the boundary. It is characterized by characterized by consisting of
<<0019>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of an orientation information acquiring method and an orientation information acquiring apparatus embodying the method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0020>> In the following explanation, the unit of angle is degrees (deg), and the azimuth angle is indicated clockwise with 0 degrees for the north, 90 degrees for the east, 180 degrees for the south, and 270 degrees for the west. . Elevation angle is expressed by setting the horizontal plane to 0 degrees and the zenith to 90 degrees.
<<0021>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A first planar patch antenna 1a and a second planar patch antenna 1b are installed in the center of FIG. The first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are arranged facing each other and parallel to each other. Both of them are installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna arrangement from above, and arrange the first flat patch antenna 1a on the left side and the second flat patch antenna 1b on the right side, for the observer who is looking down, The direction that is the front of the body is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0022>> As the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, those having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system are used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is sometimes referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic, so here Omnidirectional, that is, according to the usage of isotropic, is not used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are erected perpendicular to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams are directed toward the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0023>> When two such planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other, and both of them are placed perpendicular to the ground, each of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b is substantially The upper coverage corresponds to the state in which the sky is divided into two with a semicircle as the arc of a great circle as the boundary, as shown in Fig. 1. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In other words, the first planar patch antenna 1a covers a quarter of the celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and the second planar patch antenna 1b covers GPS satellite B in FIG. The existing 1/4 celestial sphere is taken as the coverage area.
<<0024>>Positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, so they have excellent straightness like light, and the first planar patch antenna 1a for GPS A clear difference occurs between the signal strength from GPS satellite A, which is within the sky coverage area 6a, and the signal strength from GPS satellite B, which is not within the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a. Therefore, based on the difference in signal strength, the existence areas of GPS satellites A and B can be determined. can be azimuthally limited.
<<0025>> In FIG. 1, the GPS satellite C exists in a semicircle 7 that is the boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Therefore, the signal from this GPS satellite C is received by the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b. Since the orbit of the GPS satellite system is about 20,000 kilometers in the sky, the electromagnetic waves coming from the far field are incident parallel to the coverage areas 6a and 6b of both planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, and are received by both. . In the present invention, when the signals are received simultaneously in this manner, the existing direction of the GPS satellite C can be determined as the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction, which is the direction obtained by adding 180 degrees to the measurement direction 5, and Using the above-mentioned azimuth angle information of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B and the result of area determination, the azimuth of measurement direction 5 can be identified.
<<0026>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When creating the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b, the three-dimensional beam width is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《００２７》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.《００２８》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. Obtaining the desired antenna pattern by slightly modifying the antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0030>> However, if the beam has a solid angle that is slightly wider than desired, the present invention may use it as it is. As a result, the semicircle in Fig. 1 is not a line, but a band area with a slight width (with a slight viewing angle from the observer's point of view). In the azimuth limiting function, which will be described in detail later, this slight spread produces a minute width in the measurement direction 5, which has the effect of increasing the probability of accidentally capturing a satellite. On the other hand, in the azimuth identification function, although the accuracy at the time of azimuth identification is expected to drop slightly, there is no major problem in practical use, which is the purpose of the present invention, and the fact that there is some tolerance is a fact from the viewpoint of manufacturing costs. preferable.
<0031> Alternatively, unlike the design calculations for the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0032>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying an orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a first GPS receiver 2a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 1a, and a second GPS receiver 2b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 1b. As described above, the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are arranged parallel to each other, and both are erected perpendicularly to the ground.
<<0033>> The functions and specifications that the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b in FIG. 2 should have may be the same as the GPS receivers included in the widely spread L1-wave-using compact portable positioning devices. In other words, it inherits the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when miniaturizing and lightening consumer GPS positioning devices. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of GPS positioning devices for consumer use, there are already many GPS receivers with a size suitable for flat patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the flat patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, there is already a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand, and there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since these existing accumulations of miniaturization techniques can be used, the present invention can be configured economically and compactly. <<0034>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, Satellite azimuth and channel conditions. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1 wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0035>> Through the first planar patch antenna 1a, the first GPS receiver 2a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 2b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 1b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are connected to antennas covering the hemispherical sphere in the same way as the GPS receivers of ordinary portable satellite positioning devices. It makes it search for the signals of all the GPS satellites that are expected to be in the sky.
<<0036>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked due to the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0037>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0038>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to perform signal search, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state, which are the data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. . In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0039>> Each data obtained from the first GPS receiver 2a and each data obtained from the second GPS receiver 2b are input to the data processing unit 3. The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows. <<0040>> The data processing unit 3 first constructs a data table for obtaining azimuth information with respect to the data of each satellite. The positioning result data is stored in the buffer of the data processing unit 3, and after being used for the purpose of reference necessary for completing the data table, the result output unit 4 is notified. Each row in the data table for azimuth information acquisition corresponds to each GPS satellite. The maximum number of rows in the data table shall be equal to the maximum number of satellites capable of parallel signal processing by the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b. Here, it is assumed that the maximum number of satellites that each of the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b can perform parallel signal processing is 12, which is equivalent to the portable positioning device currently in practical use at the civilian level.
<<0041>> Each column of the above data table has the following items. The first column records the satellite number periodically. There are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be considered the same. If not, there are more than a dozen satellites in the sky and the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are trying to acquire different sets of satellite numbers. Or one of them is using old almanac data. Therefore, the data processing unit 3 detects the set of satellite numbers selected by the GPS receiver that has sent information on the new positioning calculation time, and commands the remaining GPS receiver to select that satellite. send. Such a function of designating a set of satellite numbers for which signal acquisition is to be performed is also a common specification in the GPS receiver of a portable satellite positioning device.
<<0042>> The second column stores the satellite azimuth and updates it periodically. The third column stores the satellite elevation angle and updates it periodically. Regarding the values in the second and third columns, there are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be regarded as the same. If they are not identical, one of the GPS receivers is acquiring the latest almanac data from the satellites and is using slightly older almanac data, so the GPS receiver sending more recent information about the positioning calculation time. is solved by adopting the input of
<<0043>> At this point, the elevation angle information is checked, and the GPS satellite data with too high an elevation angle are removed so as not to be used in subsequent processing. Satellites in the 3rd row have extremely high elevation angles (near the zenith), and even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, their actual elongations are extremely small, and are used as the basis for calculating azimuth angle information. I don't like that. Therefore, for example, it is assumed that satellites with an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more are not used for subsequent acquisition of azimuth information. In the 6th column, note that it was rejected as a high-elevation satellite as a result of the inspection. When the elevation changes and it is no longer necessary to reject due to high elevation, the symbol can be cleared.
<<0044>> The fourth column periodically stores the channel state obtained by the first GPS receiver 2a. The fifth column stores the channel conditions obtained with the second GPS receiver 2b. These values indicate whether they are synchronous or not.
<<0045>> In addition, since the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite uses a technology called a spread spectrum communication system using a pseudo-noise code, it has a code length of 1023. Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) ) code is spread-modulated. The PRN code is a unique identification code uniquely assigned to each GPS satellite. Therefore, in the channel inside each GPS receiver, the same replica pseudo-random noise as the PRN code of the satellite is generated for synchronization. When this synchronization is perfect, a weak spread signal buried in noise becomes an extremely strong signal (increase by about 40 dB when synchronization is established) and can be identified and detected. Therefore, it is common to assume that reception is established when establishment of synchronization is confirmed.
<<0046>> Here, consideration will be given to shielding by features and topography. Even if the satellite exists in the coverage area of one antenna, if the line-of-sight propagation path is blocked by features such as terrain, artificial buildings, and trees, the strength of the signal will be extremely low and the receiver will not be able to receive the signal. Synchronization cannot be detected in Therefore, if the channel conditions at the receivers of both antenna systems do not indicate synchronization, it is highly probable that the satellite is shielded by features or terrain. Such satellite information is excluded from use in calculation of azimuth information. In the 6th column, the result of exclusion judgment by this feature shielding or terrain shielding is written. This symbol can also be cleared when the condition that the channel conditions at the GPS receivers of both antenna systems do not both indicate synchronization is removed.
<<0047>> For satellites other than those excluded by the above-mentioned two exclusion judgments, that is, either high elevation angle judgment or feature/terrain shielding judgment, rearrangement is performed according to the satellite azimuth angle data in the second column. conduct. Here, since the azimuth notation method is used in which the numerical value increases in the clockwise direction with north being 0 degrees, if ascending sorting is used, the satellite azimuth angle will be in the clockwise direction with north as the base point. line up.
<<0048>> The fourth column, ie, the first signal strength, and the fifth column, ie, the second signal strength, are compared with the aforementioned threshold values to determine the satellite presence area. If the channel condition of the GPS receiver of one antenna system shows synchronization and the channel condition of the GPS receiver of the other antenna system does not show synchronization, the satellite can be determined to be in the coverage area of the former antenna. In this case, the seventh column stores the former antenna number, that is, "1" for the first GPS receiver 2a, or "2" for the second GPS receiver 2b. Next, when the channel conditions of the GPS receivers of both antenna systems are both above the threshold, the satellite exists on a semicircle (including the zenith) where the extension of the antenna back plane intersects the upper hemisphere. The 7th column stores the number "0" to represent it.
<<0049>> By the above procedure, the data processing unit 3 can construct the data table.
<<0050>> Here, the data processing unit 3 reads down the seventh column, that is, the region determination result, for the satellites other than the excluded satellites shown in the sixth column of the data table. Since the azimuth angles have already been sorted in ascending order, it is equivalent to reading out the satellite range determination results in ascending azimuth order when considering the direction clockwise from north.
<<0051>> As a result, a sequence having elements 0, 1, and 2 is created. The last term of this sequence constitutes a directed cyclic sequence (hereafter referred to as R) as following the first term. Since azimuth angles 0 degree and 360 degrees match and return to the original, they are arranged in the order of the azimuth angles in this way, and the last term of the sequence is regarded as a directional ring following the first term. By constructing the target alignment, it is possible to maintain the order based on the azimuth angle. The internal structure of this R will be important later.
<<0052>> The data processing unit 3 simply inspects the internal structure of R, and branches the processing into three based on the result.
<<0053>> Here, for the purpose of simply notating the sequence that is the substructure inherent in R, three finite sequences are defined below.
<<0054>> S0 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
<<0055>> S1 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "1"" (eg {1,...,1}).
<<0056>> S2 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "2"" (eg {2,...,2}).
<<0057>> By using these definitions, the internal state discrimination of R can be expressed concisely.
<<0058>> The sequence of terms inside R is replaced with S0, S1, S2.
<<0059>> In the unlikely event that two (or more) S0 exist in R, one of them is named S0'. However, S0' is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
As for the state of the internal structure of <<0060>>R, all cases are exhausted with state A and state B below and state C below.
<<0061>> In other words, when the state of R is state A, it means "with regard to the internal structure of R, the number of sequences S0 and S0' is 0, and the number of each of sequences S1 and S2 is 1 or less. Both are not 0 at the same time".
<<0062>> Next, when the state of R is state B, it means that "with respect to the internal structure of R, the number of the sequence S0 is 1, the number of the sequence S0' is 1 or less, and the sequence S1 and the sequence S2 is 1 or less and not 0 at the same time.
<<0063>> Then, the state of R is state C when "R's internal structure is neither state A nor state B."
<<0064>> Express the number of each sequence in R in the order of (S0, S0', S1, S2) in parentheses. Then we can express the internal state of R in detail.
<<0065>> When R is in state A, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,1,1 ).
<<0066>> When R is in state B, using the above notation, R is (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,1), (1,0,1,0 ), (1,1,1,0), (1,0,1,1), or (1,1,1,1). <<0067>> When R is in state C, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (1,1,0,0 ), or a case where any of the four digits contains a number greater than or equal to 2 (eg (1,0,2,1)).
<<0068>> Of these, only two cases in particular occur frequently in practice. The most frequent occurrence is the (0,0,1,1) case, which is contained in state A. The frequency of occurrence of this case is overwhelmingly high. Next, we can see the occurrence frequency of the (1,0,1,1) case, which is included in state B, to some extent. The former (0,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation constraints. The latter (1,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation. Normally, the sum of all occurrence frequencies of these two cases is 100%. The probability of occurrence of other cases in normal use is almost 0%. When these exceptional events appear, it is presumed that the sky is not open at all, or half of the sky is artificially occluded.
<<0069>> The first and last terms in each sequence are determined by the azimuth order that appears clockwise in the corresponding region.
<0070> Although the probability is low as an example, some cases that should be clarified in the method of determining the first term and the last term will be described.
<<0071>> Although it is rare, if there is only one S1 in R (0, 0, 1, 0), the first and last terms of S1 are determined as follows. If the number of terms of S1 is 1, the above satellite is assumed to be the first term of S1 = the last term. If the number of terms of S1 is 2 or more, create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a given satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S1, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S1. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0072>> This is also rare, but if there is nothing but one S2 in R (0, 0, 0, 1), how to decide the first and last terms of S2 is as follows. . If the number of terms of S2 is 1, the above satellite is the first term of S2 = the last term. If the number of terms of S2 is 2 or more, we create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite in the clockwise direction is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S2, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S2. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0073>> Also, in a rare case, if there is nothing but S0 in R (1, 0, 0, 0), the next processing is continued. If the number of terms of S0 is 1, let that term be the first term of S0 = the last term. If the number of terms of S0 is 2 or more, the following processing is performed. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles of the satellites belonging to S0. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) following it clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be C) If the angle formed by the azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be D) clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, then A is the last term of S0, B is the first term of S0', and C is the last term of S0', D is the first term of S0, and the other terms are defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term. Now some things that look like (1,0,0,0) but should be (1,1,0,0) are properly handled.
<<0074>> From the considerations so far, the first term and the last term could be appropriately selected in all cases.
For the purpose of simplifying the flow of azimuth limitation and azimuth specification after <<0075>>, the satellite azimuth angle will be defined below. A(S1, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S1. A(S1, e1) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S2, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S2. A(S2, e2) is defined as the azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S0, m0) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the central term of the sequence S0. However, the central term is defined as "the smallest integer not less than the value obtained by dividing the number of terms by 2".
The outline of the processing after <<0076>> will be briefly described from a broader point of view as follows. When R is in state A, orientation limitation is possible. In state B, orientation can be determined. State C indicates to the observer that the usage is not appropriate and prompts for a simple response (a 90 degree turn or use in a good view of the sky). It will be explained later that the probability of state C occurring is extremely low.
<<0077>> Now, the first case of 3-branching with the state of R as a branching condition will be described. If R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the state of R is the state A as a result, the measurement direction 5 can be regulated by two conditions, and the azimuth of the measurement direction 5 can be immediately determined. can be limited. That is, if the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is z, the data processing unit 3 determines as follows.
<<0078>> The first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle of the measurement direction (assumed to be z) exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0079>> The second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0080>> From the product set of the above two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation or the like) to the azimuth angle area. The result of this azimuth limitation is notified to the result output unit 4 .
<<0081>> When notated in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0082>>
《Number 1》
000003

<<0083>> However, a < b The notation < c shall indicate that the azimuth angles a,b,c occur in the order a,b,c, clockwise. That is, a certain azimuth angle b exists in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise by the starting azimuth angle a and the ending azimuth angle c.
<<0084>> Next, the procedure when the state of R is B will be described.
<<0085>> When R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the result is that the state of R is state B, the azimuth in the measurement direction 5 can be identified by the following procedure.
<<0086>> First, when the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0087>> An azimuth angle region defined clockwise with the satellite azimuth angle associated with any term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the above arbitrary term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle If there is a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is associated with the central term of S0. It is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle.
<<0088>> As an arbitrary term of S1, the first term of S1 may be used.
<<0089>> If the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 does not exist, the following processing is performed.
<<0090>> An azimuth defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the starting azimuth and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the ending azimuth. If the region has a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is the center of S0. It is the satellite azimuth itself associated with the term.
<<0091>> As an arbitrary term of S2, the first term of S2 may be used.
<<0092>> When written in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0093>>
《Number 2》
000004

<<0094>> Finally, if the state of result R is state C, the following is done. The data processing unit notifies the result output unit 4 of exception processing.
If <<0095>>R is in state C, the case of (0,0,0,0) indicates that the sky is completely occluded. Encourage use in open sky areas.
<<0096>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,0,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts a 90 degree clockwise rotation (0,0,1,0) or results in (0,0,0,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0097>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,1,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, resulting in (0,0,1,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0098>> It is geometrically impossible for R to have 2 or more sequences among the states C. Very unlikely to occur. If this occurs with a certain frequency, it is possible that there is interference from some communication device that uses the strong 1.5 GHz band, such as a mobile phone. For example, encourage them to change places.
<<0099>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0100>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited (state A) or azimuth-specified (state B), the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer by voice. In the exceptional case of condition C, a separate test is performed as indicated above and the observer is encouraged to turn 90 degrees or use a more open sky. The reason why the sound output prompting the observer to change direction by 90 degrees is that it has the effect of reducing the state of R to the state of A. Also, if interference from other devices using the 1.5Ghz band is suspected, please turn off your mobile phone.
<<0101>> is output by voice because it can be used appropriately for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0102>> The information to be output at this time can include the following. These are azimuth information of the measured direction (result of azimuth limitation or azimuth identification), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0103>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is (α, By giving the set of β), it is possible to convey to the observer by voice or the like, but the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be indicated by voice in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 3》
000005

However, x MOD y represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0104>> The two output formats, indicated by the (α, β) format and the (θ, δ) format when the direction of rotation is defined, are immediately convertible to the other format, and either format is available to the user. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in view of the user's purpose and convenience, an observer selection system may be used to improve the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0105>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the first planar antenna 1a is attached to the chest and the second planar antenna 1b is attached to the back, the measurement direction z is the right side of the body. The azimuth angle of the front is obtained, and the convenience is enhanced.
<<0106>> The flow of processing seen from the apparatus side has been described above. In the following, the flow of more specific information acquisition processing will be described in detail, including the procedure seen from the observer's side.
<<0107>> Overall, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if the state of R is the aforementioned state A, the direction can be limited immediately without rotation. If you want to go one step further from the azimuth limitation and obtain higher accuracy, you can rotate with an upper limit and stop at a certain angle. , can be oriented. Alternatively, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if R accidentally obtains the state B described above, it is possible to immediately specify the direction. These will be explained based on an example. For convenience of explanation, orientation limitation will be explained first, and then orientation specification will be explained.
<<0108>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the above-described embodiment performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There is a small black circle, a small white circle, and a small gray circle, each of which corresponds to the following: The gray circles are the GPS satellites that have been judged to be excluded from processing for the rational reasons already mentioned in the process, and the small black circles are later judged to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In the center, two flat patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0109>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. Then, by an observer who has no information about the orientation, the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are parallel and backward, perpendicular to the ground, as shown in the center in FIG. are installed in random directions. The measuring direction 5 is indicated by a dotted line. The measurement direction indicated by the dotted line means that the orientation is not specified in this orientation limitation. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees. At this time, the observer does not yet know the satellite arrangement in the sky like this figure.
<<0110>> The process of limiting the orientation of the measurement direction 5 will be specifically described below. At this time, the observer only needs to stand while wearing the direction information acquisition device or hold the direction information acquisition device without moving it, and the observer does not need to perform actions such as rotation.
<<0111>> A 12-row, 7-column configuration created by the data processing unit 3 based on the results of individual outputs from the GPS receivers 2a and 2b connected to the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b. The data table is shown as Table 1.
<<0112>>
<<Table1>>
000006

<<0113>> The rows of the excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows. They are not used to obtain orientation information.
<<0114>> In the data processing unit 3, the 7th column of the data table of Table 1, that is, the final term of the numerical sequence obtained by reading down the area determination is continued to the head to form a directed circular array R. In the data in Table 1, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0115>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2, and checks the number of them. As a result, it becomes clear that the number of the sequence is (0,0,1,1), which is the state A.
<<0116>> The first and last terms of the sequence S1 and S2 are as follows.
《Number 4》
000007

<<0117>>
<<Table2>>
000008

<<0118>> The data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state A. In the case of state A, the first azimuth information and the second azimuth information can be acquired.
<<0119>> Shows the first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0120>> That is, as the first azimuth information, the measurement direction (z) exists in a range defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (236 degrees + 180 degrees) = 56 degrees. I judge.
<<0121>> Shows the second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0122>> That is, as the second azimuth information, the measurement direction is defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle (218 degrees + 180 degrees) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (244 degrees + 180 degrees) = 64 degrees. We judge that (z) exists.
<<0123>> In FIG. 3, as the first azimuth information, this range is indicated by an arc with a double arrow, that is, a range defined clockwise from a starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to an ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. there is
<<0124>> In FIG. 3, as the second azimuth information, this range is an arc with a double-headed arrow in the upper right direction of the outer circumference circle. 244 degrees + 180 degrees) = shown, with the range specified clockwise to 64 degrees.
<<0125>> From the product set of the above-described two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation) to the azimuth angle area. That is, the data processing unit 3 can determine that the measurement direction 5 exists within a range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees, the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees, and the clockwise direction.
<<0126>> In FIG. 3, the azimuth angle range to be the final output is an arc with a double-headed arrow on the upper right outside the outer circumference circle, that is, the starting azimuth angle (218+180) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. shown as up to
<<0127>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, the azimuth can be immediately limited without requiring rotation or the like.
<<0128>> This result is output by voice to the observer. If it is expressed in the form of a set of starting and ending azimuth angles (α, β) when the direction of rotation is determined, (starting 38 degrees, ending 56 degrees) is output. Another form of expression that can be used for azimuth limitation is a set of approximate azimuth (θ) and one-sided error (δ) (θ, δ), which is (approximate value 47 degrees, one-sided error 9 degrees). Both formats can be output.
<<0129>> A practical example of these two expressions will be described.
<<0130>> For example, if you know the azimuth angle that you should never move from your current location, and you want to quickly confirm during your action that the direction you are going to move from is not at least that direction, use the (α, β) format. convenient output. For example, a visually impaired person receives news of a nuclear power plant accident and is requested to quickly evacuate away from a point at a certain latitude and longitude. do. Waiting for a helper to arrive and taking time to pinpoint directions will increase the dose of radiation with serious health consequences. Alternatively, when crossing an avalanche-prone area, it is necessary for a mountaineering party, etc. to continue to act quickly, and to proceed while confirming that the course is not heading in a particularly dangerous direction. It is valid. The reason is that in snowy fields, even if you think you are going straight, there are almost no features to visually apply corrective feedback on the direction of travel, or if visibility is poor due to snowstorms or fog, you cannot control the course based on visual information in the first place. This is because it is impossible to feed back to the ship, and there are cases where the track becomes curved and the ship steps into a dangerous area. It is very convenient to be able to limit the direction of the body or the direction of the line of sight without instantaneously turning while acting in this way.
<<0131>> On the other hand, the latter (θ, δ) form is more intuitive and convenient when one wants to quickly know the azimuth angle value with coarse accuracy for a specific direction of some interest. When a specific landform or feature (mountain, man-made structure, etc.) is visible, there may be multiple similar ones, and it may not be possible to identify which one without azimuth information. There is not enough time to stop and identify the direction, and then to identify the topography and features, but if only the general direction information of the line-of-sight direction is obtained, the target can be selected from several possible options. This is the case when it is possible to identify a specific mountain or a specific building. Since neither requires rotation, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the direction can be immediately limited while walking.
<<0132>> If it is determined that R is in state A, the measurement direction 5 is not rotated, and a constant azimuth angle determined by the starting azimuth angle, the ending azimuth angle, and the direction of rotation such as clockwise direction The procedure for immediately deriving the measurement direction 5 as a range is shown by examples in Tables 1, 2 and 3, and two output formats are possible. Regarding the frequency of this state A, as will be described later, it occurs with a probability of over 90% when randomly installed.
<<0133>> Now, let us assume that the result of azimuth limitation is obtained for measurement direction 5 . Going one step further, when specifying the orientation, the observer horizontally rotates the orientation information acquisition device, for example, clockwise (counterclockwise or any rotational direction).
With the <<0134>> rotation, the data processing unit 3 can detect that the number 0 has occurred in the 7th column, that is, that S0 has occurred in the internal structure of R. The data processing unit 3 notifies the observer of this fact with a special beep through the result output unit 4, and stops the horizontal rotation.
<<0135>> FIG. 4 shows another example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when azimuth identification is performed by the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. The concentric drawing in FIG. 4 is a drawing assuming that the hemisphere in the sky centered on the zenith direction of the observer's point is viewed from above the zenith in the state where the rotation is stopped. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There are small circles filled in black, small white circles, small gray circles and small circles characterized by crossed lines, which correspond to the following: The small gray circles are the GPS satellites that were determined to be excluded from processing for rational reasons in the process, and the small black circles are the satellites later determined to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. The small circles characterized by the crossed line pattern are the GPS satellites later determined to exist at the boundaries of the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b; planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and vertically to the ground.
<<0136>> In the concentric diagram of FIG. It is assumed that after the azimuth is limited in the state of Fig. 3, it reaches Fig. 4 by clockwise horizontal rotation. The same figure can be used to explain the satellite above.
<<0137>> Table 3 is a data table created in the data processing unit 3 at this time. The rows of excluded satellites are shown as the bottom two rows. These are not used in subsequent processing.
<<0138>>
<<Table3>>
000009

<<0139>> In the data processing unit 3, the final term of the numerical sequence read down from the 7th column of the data table of Table 3 is followed to the head, and R, which is a directed circular sequence of numbers, is constructed. In the data in Table 3, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0140>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2. As a result, it is determined that the case is (1,0,1,1), that is, state B.
<<0141>> sequence information is as follows.
《Number 5》
000010

<<0142>>
<<Table4>>
000011

<<0143>> Therefore, the data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state B.
<<0144>> When the state of R is the state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0145>> In the azimuth angle region defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle, If the central term of S0 exists, then the measuring direction z is the central term of S0, otherwise the measuring direction z is the opposite direction of the central term of S0.
Since <<0146>>S1 exists, the following is checked first.
<<0147>> Using the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth, the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 is The middle term of S0 (A(S0,m0)=236) in the azimuth domain defined clockwise with the opposite direction (A(S1,1)+180=262+180=82) as the terminal azimuth The question is whether there exists This is equivalent to asking if there are 236 degrees between 262 degrees and 82 degrees clockwise. The answer is "does not exist". This question is used to identify whether the satellite at the boundary is captured in the measurement direction or in the anti-measurement direction. <<0148>> Therefore, the procedure for non-existence, ``the measurement direction z is the opposite direction (A(S0, m0)+180) of the central term of S0 (A(S0, m0))'' is adopted. Then we get z=A(S0,m0)+180=236+180=56.
<<0149>> Therefore, the measurement direction is specified as 56 degrees.
<<0150>> As described above, after the orientation is limited, the orientation can be identified by horizontal rotation.
<<0151>> This rotation has the following upper limit, and if the rotation is within that range, the azimuth can be specified.
<<0152>> In the following, the fact that the upper limit angle of rotation required to make the transition from the state of FIG. 3 to the state of FIG. explain.
<<0153>> For example, if the azimuth limitation has already been performed as in the cases of Tables 1, 2, and 3, twice the obtained one-sided error width angle (δ), that is, two-sided error width angle (2δ) It is enough to rotate the measurement direction 5 up to the upper limit. It is clear from FIG. 3 that the two-sided error width angle is the upper limit. In FIG. 3, one or more satellites can be captured in either the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction within a two-sided error margin (2δ). The direction of rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. When horizontally rotated clockwise in FIG. 3, the satellite 9 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ, resulting in the state shown in FIG. When horizontally rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the satellite 14 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ.
<<0154>> Since it suffices to rotate only with the angle 2δ as the upper limit without rotating to an angle larger than necessary, there are the following advantages.
<<0155>> (1) For the observer, excessive rotation can be prevented, and it is easy to achieve the target azimuth determination with the minimum necessary effort.
(2) At the time when the azimuth limitation result is obtained, it is possible to estimate the upper limit of the time required for azimuth identification. Therefore, the observer can accurately determine whether or not to go one step further and identify the direction in light of his/her spare time during the outdoor activity.
<<0156>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, in addition to being able to limit the orientation of the measurement direction 5 without rotation, the minimum rotation is required even when the azimuth is specified one step further after that. I just showed you what you can do.
<<0157>> The mounting configuration will be described below.
<<0158>> When the present invention is actually used, it is possible to enjoy the convenience of having a structure in which two planar patch antennas are used in parallel by configuring as follows. FIG. 5 is a configuration example in which the orientation information acquisition device has a shape suitable for wearing. (a) is a top view of the head mounted state. (b) is a left side view of the device mounted on the head, and (c) is a front view of the device mounted on the head. That is, it is a state in which a person's head is sandwiched between the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b in the present invention.
<<0159>> In the case of such a configuration example, that is, the ability to adopt a shape similar to a headband-like structure, a headphone shape, or a hat shape produces the following advantages.
<<0160>> (1) Since the measurement direction 5 of the device always coincides with the frontal direction of the observer's face, even when operating to obtain direction information, when using the numerical value that is the result of the direction information obtained, can be understood directly and is highly convenient.
<<0161>> (2) Wearing it on the head is effective in obtaining direction information because the vertical distance between the direction information acquisition device and the ground can be maximized, and the effects of shielding features and terrain can be minimized. target.
<<0162>> (3) There are actual cases where accessories such as headbands and functional devices such as headphones are worn on the head.
<<0163>> (4) Rotation in azimuth identification may also be a movement that naturally creates a distant view, which is simple and visually acceptable.
<<0164>> The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, today's portable GPS receivers are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand and are available at low cost. From this, too, it can be seen that the element part size is considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the components used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that the volume can be suppressed and the configuration can be made small. For example, the first GPS receiver 2a and the data processing section 3 are housed behind the first planar patch antenna 1a. The second GPS receiver 2b and the result output section 4 are housed behind the second planar patch antenna 1b. A flexible cable is housed inside the headband-like structure, and connections are made to achieve the configuration shown in FIG. The result output unit 4 can output sound through speakers or earphones.
<<0165>> Also, it may be worn on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the garment, that is, on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the jacket. As a general rule, they should be placed on the clothes on both outer sides of the upper arm so that they are perpendicular to the ground and they are parallel to each other. Moreover, if the mutual planes are installed parallel to the frontal direction of the body, the measurement direction 5 will be in the frontal direction of the body. In this case, the GPS receiver may be housed behind the planar patch antenna. In this case, the part that connects the two is configured with a flexible cable, which is passed from the outside of the upper limb through the shoulder, behind the neck and the shoulder on the opposite side, and reaches the other flat patch antenna. A pressure-release tape can be used to temporarily fix it. The data processing unit 3 and the result output processing unit 4 can be housed on the back side of either flat patch antenna, or they can be designed to come to the back of the shoulder or neck. good. In addition, planar antennas may be installed in parallel on the front and back of the body, the chest and the back. In this case, if the first planar patch antenna 1a is placed on the back and the second planar patch antenna 1b is placed on the chest, the measurement direction 5 is directed toward the left side of the body. Therefore, it is convenient for the observer if the result output unit 4 always outputs a value converted in the forward chest direction of the observer, that is, a value obtained by adding 90 degrees clockwise. Such a configuration has the following advantages.
<<0166>> (1) Convenience is high because the front of the body is matched with the measurement direction.
(2) It is easy to rotate because it requires only a slight movement of the body.
(3) There are few protrusions, etc., and they are easy to accept.
(4) It can be worn on the observer's favorite clothes. In this case, it is convenient for washing if it is made detachable with a pressure peeling tape or the like.
<<0167>> It can also be worn on the lateral sides of both lower legs or on both lateral sides of a pair of shoes. In this case as well, the antenna part and other functional parts are temporarily fixed with pressure-bonding tape or magnets, and the two antennas and each functional part are connected by a flexible cable from the outside of the leg via the waist etc. can be detachable. In this case, it is thought that the signal acquisition performance of the high-elevation-angle satellite is degraded due to the shielding effect of the arm, etc., but as described above, the present invention dares not use satellites existing at a particularly high elevation-angle, so this is not a big problem. Therefore, we don't really care about shielding for high elevation angles.
<<0168>> Processing when R is in state C will be additionally described. In this process, in the output to the observer, it was recommended to change the direction 90 degrees to the left or right and remeasure, or to recommend the use in a place with a better view of the sky. , and beep sounds indicating these meanings may be determined separately.
<<0169>> Next, a computer simulation was performed to statistically calculate to what extent the azimuth limiting value can be obtained when the azimuth information acquiring apparatus that embodies the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention immediately limits the azimuth. Show the results.
<<0170>> In this computer simulation, at 35 degrees 40 minutes 14.9 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes 33.4 seconds east longitude, i.e., in the center of Hibiya Park in Tokyo, at multiple times on February 17, 2000, the We reproduce the operation of the satellite using the satellite orbital information, and see how much width of the azimuth limitation can be obtained in the trial of setting the measurement direction at random.
《０１７１》Each fixed time from 0:00 to 11:00 (0:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) was evaluated. This is because the minimum number of satellites with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, that is, the number of usable satellites and the satellite constellation (satellite arrangement), varies with time, and this is to be reflected correctly in the evaluation.
《0172》Also, in order to obtain results close to reality, it is assumed that elevation angles of 5 degrees or less, which are susceptible to feature shielding, cannot be used, and that satellites of 85 degrees or more are not used. We used the previously mentioned constraint to exclude high elevation satellites.
<<0173>> Furthermore, in order to realize the randomness of the measurement direction 5, as in the actual use, the selection of the measurement direction 5 was set at random using random number (0 to 359 degrees) generation.
<<0174>> A random number trial under this condition was repeated 1000 times at each time, aiming to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results.
<<0175>> This result, that is, the two-sided error in total 12000 times (12 times x 1000 times) of azimuth limitation was 30.8 degrees as an average value.
《0176》North, northeast, northeast, east, southeast, southeast, south, southwest, southwest, west, northwest, and northwest. is. By using the method of the present invention, the azimuth can be limited by such a value without rotation or the like even with random measurements. This shows that the present invention is simple to operate and has a great effect.
<<0177>> The probability of accidentally locating one or more satellites in the plane containing measurement direction 5 and the zenith in the initial random orientation installation (without rotation) and directing the bearing immediately is It was 9.9%, and it was possible to identify the direction immediately at a relatively high rate.
<<0178>> A computer simulation is performed assuming that the common coverage area has a band width of 2.5 degrees in front and behind the semicircle forming the boundary.
<<0179>> In terms of the state occurrence probability, the state A occurrence probability is 90.1%, and the state B occurrence probability is 9.9%. In all the former cases, satellites exist in both the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b (the case of (0,0,1,1)). Similarly, the latter are all cases where satellites exist in both the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b (case of (1,0,1,1)). In state A, satellites are unevenly distributed only in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a (corresponding to the case of (0,0,0,1)), or satellites are only in the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Being ubiquitous (corresponding to the (0,0,1,0) case), the situation did not appear even in 12000 total trials. While in state B, the same uneven distribution situation ((1,0,0,1), (1,0,1,0), (1,1,0,1), (1,1,1,0) corresponding to the case) also did not appear.
<<0180>> The above explanation was given only for the functions of direction limitation and direction identification in the direction information acquisition device according to the present embodiment, but as is clear from the configuration of FIG. Positioning can also be realized with the direction information acquisition device according to this embodiment. In the mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8 to 12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on each side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b to the data processing unit 3 can be used as it is. Among the positioning results, the one with the latest positioning calculation time may be preferentially output from the result output unit 4 .
<<0181>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0182>>
<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method and device according to claims 1 and 6, a pair of GPS antennas having hemispherical antenna patterns are arranged vertically with their backs to each other. By receiving signals from GPS satellites for each planar patch antenna, it is possible to quickly limit the azimuth without the need for rotation. be able to.
《0183》In addition, by diverting a low-priced L1 wave GPS receiver, which is widely used in small size, and adding a small modification, a direction information acquisition device that can embody a direction information acquisition method can be realized. Can be manufactured at a cost.
<<0184>> Moreover, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar patch antenna and the characteristics of its parallel installation, it is excellent in wearability on both sides of the head. It is possible to provide the observer with high convenience due to matching with the direction.
<<0185>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquiring method and apparatus according to claims 2 and 7, based on the azimuth angle width range obtained by azimuth limitation, horizontal rotation with a clear upper limit can further specify the azimuth. can be easily performed.

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《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device that embodies an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of the satellites in the sky and the two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth identification.
<<Fig. 5>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a view of the head-mounted state from above, (b) is a view of the head-mounted state from the left side, (c) is a front view of the head-mounted state.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a 1st planar patch antenna
1b 2nd planar patch antenna
2a 1st GPS receiver
2b 2nd GPS receiver
3 Data processing section
4 Result output section
5 Measurement direction
6a Sky coverage by the first planar patch antenna
6b Sky coverage by second planar patch antenna
7 Semicircular boundary between the air coverage area of the first planar patch antenna and the air coverage area of the second planar patch antenna

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(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<<Solution>> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are installed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).


Bibliography + Abstract + Claims

(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication Number>> Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161 (P2001-356161A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2001 (2001.12.26)
(54) <Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method and Device
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00D
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 7
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》17
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2001-93964 (P2001-93964)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2000-91362 (P2000-91362)
(32) <Priority date> March 29, 2000 (2000.3.29)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<<Solution>> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are installed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).
000002






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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication Number>> Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161 (P2001-356161A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2001 (2001.12.26)
(54) <Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method and Device
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00D
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 7
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》17
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2001-93964 (P2001-93964)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2000-91362 (P2000-91362)
(32) <Priority date> March 29, 2000 (2000.3.29)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<<Solution>> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are installed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and the GPS antennas are above the direction in which they are facing with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. A quarter of the sky is covered by the antenna, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of the reception state of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth angle from at least one GPS receiver, and determining the satellite in each area Create a sequence of azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angles of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and determine the azimuth angle by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>> A pair of GPS antennas, each having a hemispherical antenna pattern, are placed facing each other perpendicularly to the ground. Antenna sensitivities and sky coverage are formed in a quarter of the sphere, respectively, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals transmitted by all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of each GPS satellite signal in both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver, and obtaining the satellite azimuth in each area clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and limit the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. , with the angular width of the azimuth angle obtained above as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the above pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receivers connected to each GPS antenna receive signals from all the GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. ceasing horizontal rotation of the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which acquisition of the transmitted signal has been attempted and at least one satellite has been determined to be at the boundary from each GPS satellite signal obtained; determining the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extracting the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, the azimuth angle of the extracted one satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction, and the boundary A method of obtaining azimuth information, wherein the azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angles of the satellites determined to be present in the satellite.
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquiring method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are planar patch antennas.
<<Claim 4>> The azimuth information acquisition method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are mounted facing each other in parallel with the head interposed therebetween and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 5>> The method for obtaining azimuth information according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are sandwiched between the body and are mounted facing each other in parallel and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 6>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sensitive air coverage area and for acquiring by said pair of antennas signals transmitted by satellites in said respective air coverage areas; and generating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each said area in a clockwise direction. means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term; An azimuth information acquiring apparatus, comprising means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in the area.
<<Claim 7>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna has antenna sensitivity in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sky coverage area over which the satellites are present, and capturing signals transmitted from the satellites existing in the respective sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; Means for determining the existing region where the satellite azimuth angle was present, means for creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above regions in a clockwise direction, extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and at least means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in one region; means for attempting to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each pair of rotating antennas, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it is determined that at least one satellite exists at the boundary. means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction that has been determined; means for determining the presence area of at least one other GPS satellite and extracting the azimuth angle of that satellite; An azimuth information acquiring device comprising means for identifying an azimuth by comparing an azimuth angle of a satellite, an azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist at the boundary.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for obtaining azimuth information using GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> In this specification, the term ``specific orientation'' means uniquely associating an azimuth angle value with a specific specific direction. means to associate a fan-shaped azimuth angle value range defined by a certain start azimuth angle value, a certain end azimuth angle value, and a certain rotation direction with respect to a specific direction. It is intended to include both concepts of azimuth limitation.
<<0003>> A description of the azimuth limitation will be added below. For example, when using a display system where north is 0 degrees and degrees increase clockwise, the action of uniquely associating the specific direction in which a mountain can be seen from one's own view with an azimuth angle of 37 degrees. is azimuth-specific, and on the other hand, in the absence of such information, it is at least certain that it lies within a sector shown clockwise from azimuth 35 degrees to azimuth 49 degrees. It can be said that the action acquired by using facts as clues is limited to direction.
<<0004>> If this azimuth determination can be performed very quickly compared to the azimuth determination, it can be said that the action of azimuth determination has practical utility. It would be even more practical if both rapid azimuth determination and accurate azimuth identification were possible as required. In other words, when the accuracy is given priority, the direction can be specified, and when the speed is given priority, the direction can be limited.
<<0005>> In fact, in view of the specific circumstances described below, the need for both orientation specification and orientation limitation is recognized.
<<0006>> For example, visually impaired people walking outdoors, survey hikers and reconnaissance workers who have to walk in a state where visibility is almost ineffective due to heavy fog and snowstorms in mountainous areas. think. For those in the situations mentioned here, the fact that they have no choice but to walk in a state corresponding to blindness is common. Of course, it is said that the latter should be temporarily encamped, but predictions of danger to life in extremely low temperatures that will come after sunset, or predictions of physical and life danger due to forecasts of the arrival of snowstorms, together with accurate judgment of the situation. When it is done, there are cases where walking is made with a certain degree of action decision even in blindness. This blind walking has the following common features.
<<0007>> First, it is good that the current position is known by the latitude and longitude values of the portable satellite positioning device, and the destination is also clear by the latitude and longitude values. However, the fact that there is no visual field means that the simple visual direction information acquisition function is deprived. can hardly be used. On the other hand, depending on the place of use, the results may be greatly biased due to magnetic disturbance, and a compass that cannot output the bias, that is, the margin of error, cannot be used for important decisions such as direction determination for blind walking. Directional information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but direction information cannot be obtained. In addition, the method of re-positioning by movement and calculating the direction of movement, which is appropriate for land mobiles, requires a considerable walking distance due to the positioning error of GPS (one of the Global Positioning System satellite positioning systems), and visual walking Even so, the load is heavy, and it is extremely difficult to perform blind walking. Therefore, even if a portable satellite positioning device is carried, the device that does not provide the direction can accurately determine the walking direction for a person who is in a blind situation and cannot estimate the approximate direction based on vision. There was a lack of functions to support There is a need for an azimuth information acquisition method that can compensate for this.
<<0008>> Secondly, even if it is possible to somehow decide to go in a certain direction, humans generally rely on visually recognized directions such as specific feature directions and celestial direction. Since straightness is maintained by a feedback loop that finely corrects the direction of travel, it is difficult to maintain the correct direction of travel in the blind situation. As with walking with your eyes closed, if you do not check your bearings frequently, your course will turn into a curve against your original intentions, and there is a danger of stepping into a dangerous area such as an avalanche-prone area. . In this case, since the azimuth is checked very frequently, the work load of each confirmation work is heavy, and it is not really useful if it restricts the movement. For people who walk blind, it is essential to have a quick direction information acquisition method that can be easily operated even while walking and is suitable for frequently acquiring information.
<<0009>> Thirdly, when sight is not used, it is necessary to always search for obstacles in front of the vehicle with the hand or its extension, such as a cane, in order to avoid falling over. Therefore, even if there is a device related to the above azimuth identification / azimuth limitation, a portable device held in the hand is inappropriate. the device is suitable.
<<0010>> Based on the above, the following features are necessary to accurately support blind walking. First, it is equipped with quick and easy measurement, and retains the function of azimuth limitation that can clearly indicate the degree of error, so that it can often be confirmed that the direction of travel does not deviate from the intended direction during blind walking. is required. Secondly, when walking without visibility, when the latitude and longitude values of the current point and the destination point are obtained, it is necessary to retain a somewhat accurate azimuth identification function so that the walking direction to the destination point can be initially determined. Become. Thirdly, during blind walking, the hand is an important means for detecting objects in front and avoiding falls.
<<0011>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> In other words, the ability to acquire directions is useful not only for assisting the visually impaired in their daily outdoor activities and outdoor activity work, but also for healthy people in outdoor activity work under weather conditions with poor visibility. The requirements are as follows.
(1) It is possible to immediately limit the direction (useful for frequent confirmation of straightness in the process of blind walking).
(2) The same equipment can be used to easily identify the direction (assisting direction identification at the start of blind walking).
(3) Because it is compact and lightweight and can be configured in a plane that conforms to the body, it can be used while worn on the body (it does not block the hand, which is important in the process of blind walking). More specifically, it has the following practical characteristics.
(4) Even when visually impaired people wear it all the time and use it in social situations, it has a shape that is visually acceptable (it can support the social life of pedestrians who are blind on a daily basis).
(5) It is intuitive and easy to use because the measurement direction always matches the direction of the observer's face (the direction acquisition operation is easy enough to withstand frequent use in the process of blind walking).
(6) It can be constructed at a relatively low cost by using the elemental parts of conventional portable satellite positioning equipment and adding minor modifications (support for blind walking itself does not cost much).
(7) Since it has a satellite positioning function, it is no longer necessary to have a separate satellite positioning device (it is possible to reduce the number of items to carry during blind walking).
<<0012>> In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an azimuth information acquisition method and apparatus that can be readily carried by azimuth limitation and azimuth identification.
<<0013>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention is to arrange a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern facing each other perpendicularly to the ground so that one semicircle passing through the zenith is arranged. As a boundary, the GPS antennas each form a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the sky in the direction in which they are facing, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna has a full sky hemisphere. At least one of the GPS receivers determines the presence area of one or more GPS satellites by comparing the reception status of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers. extract the GPS satellite azimuth angle from, create a series of satellite azimuth angles in each region clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and extract the initial azimuth angle obtained in at least one extracted region The azimuth is defined by the azimuth angle of the term and the azimuth angle of the final term.
<<0014>> Also, in the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention, a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground facing each other. Antenna forms antenna sensitivity and sky coverage in one-fourth of the sky in the direction it is facing, and transmits from all GPS satellites in the sky half-sphere to the GPS receiver connected to each antenna. acquisition of the GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, determine the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from comparison of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, and extract the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver , in each region, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and obtain the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term The azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle, the angular width of the obtained azimuth angle is used as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receiver connected to each antenna is projected to the half sky the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which it has attempted to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the sphere, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it has been determined that at least one satellite is at the boundary; stop the horizontal rotation of, determine the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extract the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, and extract the azimuth angle of the one satellite and vice versa The azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angle of the direction and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to be present at the boundary.
<<0015>> Including using a planar patch antenna as the pair of GPS antennas. <<0016>> In addition, the pair of GPS antennas are mounted on the head or body in parallel with each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0017>> Further, the azimuth information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is facing means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere above the direction, and for capturing signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A sequence of satellite azimuth angles is created clockwise, a means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and the existence area where the satellite existed is determined by comparing the signals from each captured satellite. and means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the regions.
<<0018>> In addition, the direction information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel, facing each other, and arranged vertically; Means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere, and for acquiring signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A means for determining the existence area where the satellite existed from the comparison of the signals from the above, and creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above areas clockwise, and calculating the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the above regions; means for horizontally rotating the pair of antennas, and attempting to capture signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each rotating pair of antennas, and obtaining signals from each GPS satellite means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction in which at least one satellite is determined to exist on the boundary from the means for extracting an azimuth angle; and means for identifying the azimuth by comparing the extracted azimuth angle of the satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist on the boundary. It is characterized by characterized by consisting of
<<0019>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of an orientation information acquiring method and an orientation information acquiring apparatus embodying the method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0020>> In the following explanation, the unit of angle is degrees (deg), and the azimuth angle is indicated clockwise with 0 degrees for the north, 90 degrees for the east, 180 degrees for the south, and 270 degrees for the west. . Elevation angle is expressed by setting the horizontal plane to 0 degrees and the zenith to 90 degrees.
<<0021>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A first planar patch antenna 1a and a second planar patch antenna 1b are installed in the center of FIG. The first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are arranged facing each other and parallel to each other. Both of them are installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna arrangement from above, and arrange the first flat patch antenna 1a on the left side and the second flat patch antenna 1b on the right side, for the observer who is looking down, The direction that is the front of the body is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0022>> As the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, those having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system are used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is sometimes referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic, so here Omnidirectional, that is, according to the usage of isotropic, is not used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are erected perpendicular to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams are directed toward the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0023>> When two such planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other, and both of them are placed perpendicular to the ground, each of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b is substantially The upper coverage corresponds to the state in which the sky is divided into two with a semicircle as the arc of a great circle as the boundary, as shown in Fig. 1. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In other words, the first planar patch antenna 1a covers a quarter of the celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and the second planar patch antenna 1b covers GPS satellite B in FIG. The existing 1/4 celestial sphere is taken as the coverage area.
<<0024>>Positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, so they have excellent straightness like light, and the first planar patch antenna 1a for GPS A clear difference occurs between the signal strength from GPS satellite A, which is within the sky coverage area 6a, and the signal strength from GPS satellite B, which is not within the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a. Therefore, based on the difference in signal strength, the existence areas of GPS satellites A and B can be determined. can be azimuthally limited.
<<0025>> In FIG. 1, the GPS satellite C exists in a semicircle 7 that is the boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Therefore, the signal from this GPS satellite C is received by the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b. Since the orbit of the GPS satellite system is about 20,000 kilometers in the sky, the electromagnetic waves coming from the far field are incident parallel to the coverage areas 6a and 6b of both planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, and are received by both. . In the present invention, when the signals are received simultaneously in this manner, the existing direction of the GPS satellite C can be determined as the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction, which is the direction obtained by adding 180 degrees to the measurement direction 5, and Using the above-mentioned azimuth angle information of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B and the result of area determination, the azimuth of measurement direction 5 can be identified.
<<0026>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When creating the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b, the three-dimensional beam width is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《００２７》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.《００２８》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. Obtaining the desired antenna pattern by slightly modifying the antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0030>> However, if the beam has a solid angle that is slightly wider than desired, the present invention may use it as it is. As a result, the semicircle in Fig. 1 is not a line, but a band area with a slight width (with a slight viewing angle from the observer's point of view). In the azimuth limiting function, which will be described in detail later, this slight spread produces a minute width in the measurement direction 5, which has the effect of increasing the probability of accidentally capturing a satellite. On the other hand, in the azimuth identification function, although the accuracy at the time of azimuth identification is expected to drop slightly, there is no major problem in practical use, which is the purpose of the present invention, and the fact that there is some tolerance is a fact from the viewpoint of manufacturing costs. preferable.
<0031> Alternatively, unlike the design calculations for the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0032>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying an orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a first GPS receiver 2a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 1a, and a second GPS receiver 2b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 1b. As described above, the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are arranged parallel to each other, and both are erected perpendicularly to the ground.
<<0033>> The functions and specifications that the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b in FIG. 2 should have may be the same as the GPS receivers included in the widely spread L1-wave-using compact portable positioning devices. In other words, it inherits the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when miniaturizing and lightening consumer GPS positioning devices. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of GPS positioning devices for consumer use, there are already many GPS receivers with a size suitable for flat patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the flat patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, there is already a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand, and there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since these existing accumulations of miniaturization techniques can be used, the present invention can be configured economically and compactly. <<0034>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, Satellite azimuth and channel conditions. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1 wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0035>> Through the first planar patch antenna 1a, the first GPS receiver 2a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 2b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 1b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are connected to antennas covering the hemispherical sphere in the same way as the GPS receivers of ordinary portable satellite positioning devices. It makes it search for the signals of all the GPS satellites that are expected to be in the sky.
<<0036>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked due to the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0037>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0038>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to perform signal search, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state, which are the data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. . In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0039>> Each data obtained from the first GPS receiver 2a and each data obtained from the second GPS receiver 2b are input to the data processing unit 3. The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows. <<0040>> The data processing unit 3 first constructs a data table for obtaining azimuth information with respect to the data of each satellite. The positioning result data is stored in the buffer of the data processing unit 3, and after being used for the purpose of reference necessary for completing the data table, the result output unit 4 is notified. Each row in the data table for azimuth information acquisition corresponds to each GPS satellite. The maximum number of rows in the data table shall be equal to the maximum number of satellites capable of parallel signal processing by the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b. Here, it is assumed that the maximum number of satellites that each of the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b can perform parallel signal processing is 12, which is equivalent to the portable positioning device currently in practical use at the civilian level.
<<0041>> Each column of the above data table has the following items. The first column records the satellite number periodically. There are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be considered the same. If not, there are more than a dozen satellites in the sky and the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are trying to acquire different sets of satellite numbers. Or one of them is using old almanac data. Therefore, the data processing unit 3 detects the set of satellite numbers selected by the GPS receiver that has sent information on the new positioning calculation time, and commands the remaining GPS receiver to select that satellite. send. Such a function of designating a set of satellite numbers for which signal acquisition is to be performed is also a common specification in the GPS receiver of a portable satellite positioning device.
<<0042>> The second column stores the satellite azimuth and updates it periodically. The third column stores the satellite elevation angle and updates it periodically. Regarding the values in the second and third columns, there are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be regarded as the same. If they are not identical, one of the GPS receivers is acquiring the latest almanac data from the satellites and is using slightly older almanac data, so the GPS receiver sending more recent information about the positioning calculation time. is solved by adopting the input of
<<0043>> At this point, the elevation angle information is checked, and the GPS satellite data with too high an elevation angle are removed so as not to be used in subsequent processing. Satellites in the 3rd row have extremely high elevation angles (near the zenith), and even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, their actual elongations are extremely small, and are used as the basis for calculating azimuth angle information. I don't like that. Therefore, for example, it is assumed that satellites with an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more are not used for subsequent acquisition of azimuth information. In the 6th column, note that it was rejected as a high-elevation satellite as a result of the inspection. When the elevation changes and it is no longer necessary to reject due to high elevation, the symbol can be cleared.
<<0044>> The fourth column periodically stores the channel state obtained by the first GPS receiver 2a. The fifth column stores the channel conditions obtained with the second GPS receiver 2b. These values indicate whether they are synchronous or not.
<<0045>> In addition, since the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite uses a technology called a spread spectrum communication system using a pseudo-noise code, it has a code length of 1023. Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) ) code is spread-modulated. The PRN code is a unique identification code uniquely assigned to each GPS satellite. Therefore, in the channel inside each GPS receiver, the same replica pseudo-random noise as the PRN code of the satellite is generated for synchronization. When this synchronization is perfect, a weak spread signal buried in noise becomes an extremely strong signal (increase by about 40 dB when synchronization is established) and can be identified and detected. Therefore, it is common to assume that reception is established when establishment of synchronization is confirmed.
<<0046>> Here, consideration will be given to shielding by features and topography. Even if the satellite exists in the coverage area of one antenna, if the line-of-sight propagation path is blocked by features such as terrain, artificial buildings, and trees, the strength of the signal will be extremely low and the receiver will not be able to receive the signal. Synchronization cannot be detected in Therefore, if the channel conditions at the receivers of both antenna systems do not indicate synchronization, it is highly probable that the satellite is shielded by features or terrain. Such satellite information is excluded from use in calculation of azimuth information. In the 6th column, the result of exclusion judgment by this feature shielding or terrain shielding is written. This symbol can also be cleared when the condition that the channel conditions at the GPS receivers of both antenna systems do not both indicate synchronization is removed.
<<0047>> For satellites other than those excluded by the above-mentioned two exclusion judgments, that is, either high elevation angle judgment or feature/terrain shielding judgment, rearrangement is performed according to the satellite azimuth angle data in the second column. conduct. Here, since the azimuth notation method is used in which the numerical value increases in the clockwise direction with north being 0 degrees, if ascending sorting is used, the satellite azimuth angle will be in the clockwise direction with north as the base point. line up.
<<0048>> The fourth column, ie, the first signal strength, and the fifth column, ie, the second signal strength, are compared with the aforementioned threshold values to determine the satellite presence area. If the channel condition of the GPS receiver of one antenna system shows synchronization and the channel condition of the GPS receiver of the other antenna system does not show synchronization, the satellite can be determined to be in the coverage area of the former antenna. In this case, the seventh column stores the former antenna number, that is, "1" for the first GPS receiver 2a, or "2" for the second GPS receiver 2b. Next, when the channel conditions of the GPS receivers of both antenna systems are both above the threshold, the satellite exists on a semicircle (including the zenith) where the extension of the antenna back plane intersects the upper hemisphere. The 7th column stores the number "0" to represent it.
<<0049>> By the above procedure, the data processing unit 3 can construct the data table.
<<0050>> Here, the data processing unit 3 reads down the seventh column, that is, the region determination result, for the satellites other than the excluded satellites shown in the sixth column of the data table. Since the azimuth angles have already been sorted in ascending order, it is equivalent to reading out the satellite range determination results in ascending azimuth order when considering the direction clockwise from north.
<<0051>> As a result, a sequence having elements 0, 1, and 2 is created. The last term of this sequence constitutes a directed cyclic sequence (hereafter referred to as R) as following the first term. Since azimuth angles 0 degree and 360 degrees match and return to the original, they are arranged in the order of the azimuth angles in this way, and the last term of the sequence is regarded as a directional ring following the first term. By constructing the target alignment, it is possible to maintain the order based on the azimuth angle. The internal structure of this R will be important later.
<<0052>> The data processing unit 3 simply inspects the internal structure of R, and branches the processing into three based on the result.
<<0053>> Here, for the purpose of simply notating the sequence that is the substructure inherent in R, three finite sequences are defined below.
<<0054>> S0 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
<<0055>> S1 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "1"" (eg {1,...,1}).
<<0056>> S2 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "2"" (eg {2,...,2}).
<<0057>> By using these definitions, the internal state discrimination of R can be expressed concisely.
<<0058>> The sequence of terms inside R is replaced with S0, S1, S2.
<<0059>> In the unlikely event that two (or more) S0 exist in R, one of them is named S0'. However, S0' is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
As for the state of the internal structure of <<0060>>R, all cases are exhausted with state A and state B below and state C below.
<<0061>> In other words, when the state of R is state A, it means "with regard to the internal structure of R, the number of sequences S0 and S0' is 0, and the number of each of sequences S1 and S2 is 1 or less. Both are not 0 at the same time".
<<0062>> Next, when the state of R is state B, it means that "with respect to the internal structure of R, the number of the sequence S0 is 1, the number of the sequence S0' is 1 or less, and the sequence S1 and the sequence S2 is 1 or less and not 0 at the same time.
<<0063>> Then, the state of R is state C when "R's internal structure is neither state A nor state B."
<<0064>> Express the number of each sequence in R in the order of (S0, S0', S1, S2) in parentheses. Then we can express the internal state of R in detail.
<<0065>> When R is in state A, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,1,1 ).
<<0066>> When R is in state B, using the above notation, R is (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,1), (1,0,1,0 ), (1,1,1,0), (1,0,1,1), or (1,1,1,1). <<0067>> When R is in state C, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (1,1,0,0 ), or a case where any of the four digits contains a number greater than or equal to 2 (eg (1,0,2,1)).
<<0068>> Of these, only two cases in particular occur frequently in practice. The most frequent occurrence is the (0,0,1,1) case, which is contained in state A. The frequency of occurrence of this case is overwhelmingly high. Next, we can see the occurrence frequency of the (1,0,1,1) case, which is included in state B, to some extent. The former (0,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation constraints. The latter (1,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation. Normally, the sum of all occurrence frequencies of these two cases is 100%. The probability of occurrence of other cases in normal use is almost 0%. When these exceptional events appear, it is presumed that the sky is not open at all, or half of the sky is artificially occluded.
<<0069>> The first and last terms in each sequence are determined by the azimuth order that appears clockwise in the corresponding region.
<0070> Although the probability is low as an example, some cases that should be clarified in the method of determining the first term and the last term will be described.
<<0071>> Although it is rare, if there is only one S1 in R (0, 0, 1, 0), the first and last terms of S1 are determined as follows. If the number of terms of S1 is 1, the above satellite is assumed to be the first term of S1 = the last term. If the number of terms of S1 is 2 or more, create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a given satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S1, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S1. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0072>> This is also rare, but if there is nothing but one S2 in R (0, 0, 0, 1), how to decide the first and last terms of S2 is as follows. . If the number of terms of S2 is 1, the above satellite is the first term of S2 = the last term. If the number of terms of S2 is 2 or more, we create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite in the clockwise direction is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S2, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S2. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0073>> Also, in a rare case, if there is nothing but S0 in R (1, 0, 0, 0), the next processing is continued. If the number of terms of S0 is 1, let that term be the first term of S0 = the last term. If the number of terms of S0 is 2 or more, the following processing is performed. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles of the satellites belonging to S0. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) following it clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be C) If the angle formed by the azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be D) clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, then A is the last term of S0, B is the first term of S0', and C is the last term of S0', D is the first term of S0, and the other terms are defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term. Now some things that look like (1,0,0,0) but should be (1,1,0,0) are properly handled.
<<0074>> From the considerations so far, the first term and the last term could be appropriately selected in all cases.
For the purpose of simplifying the flow of azimuth limitation and azimuth specification after <<0075>>, the satellite azimuth angle will be defined below. A(S1, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S1. A(S1, e1) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S2, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S2. A(S2, e2) is defined as the azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S0, m0) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the central term of the sequence S0. However, the central term is defined as "the smallest integer not less than the value obtained by dividing the number of terms by 2".
The outline of the processing after <<0076>> will be briefly described from a broader point of view as follows. When R is in state A, orientation limitation is possible. In state B, orientation can be determined. State C indicates to the observer that the usage is not appropriate and prompts for a simple response (a 90 degree turn or use in a good view of the sky). It will be explained later that the probability of state C occurring is extremely low.
<<0077>> Now, the first case of 3-branching with the state of R as a branching condition will be described. If R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the state of R is the state A as a result, the measurement direction 5 can be regulated by two conditions, and the azimuth of the measurement direction 5 can be immediately determined. can be limited. That is, if the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is z, the data processing unit 3 determines as follows.
<<0078>> The first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle of the measurement direction (assumed to be z) exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0079>> The second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0080>> From the product set of the above two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation or the like) to the azimuth angle area. The result of this azimuth limitation is notified to the result output unit 4 .
<<0081>> When notated in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0082>>
《Number 1》
000003

<<0083>> However, a < b The notation < c shall indicate that the azimuth angles a,b,c occur in the order a,b,c, clockwise. That is, a certain azimuth angle b exists in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise by the starting azimuth angle a and the ending azimuth angle c.
<<0084>> Next, the procedure when the state of R is B will be described.
<<0085>> When R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the result is that the state of R is state B, the azimuth in the measurement direction 5 can be identified by the following procedure.
<<0086>> First, when the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0087>> An azimuth angle region defined clockwise with the satellite azimuth angle associated with any term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the above arbitrary term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle If there is a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is associated with the central term of S0. It is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle.
<<0088>> As an arbitrary term of S1, the first term of S1 may be used.
<<0089>> If the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 does not exist, the following processing is performed.
<<0090>> An azimuth defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the starting azimuth and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the ending azimuth. If the region has a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is the center of S0. It is the satellite azimuth itself associated with the term.
<<0091>> As an arbitrary term of S2, the first term of S2 may be used.
<<0092>> When written in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0093>>
《Number 2》
000004

<<0094>> Finally, if the state of result R is state C, the following is done. The data processing unit notifies the result output unit 4 of exception processing.
If <<0095>>R is in state C, the case of (0,0,0,0) indicates that the sky is completely occluded. Encourage use in open sky areas.
<<0096>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,0,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts a 90 degree clockwise rotation (0,0,1,0) or results in (0,0,0,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0097>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,1,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, resulting in (0,0,1,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0098>> It is geometrically impossible for R to have 2 or more sequences among the states C. Very unlikely to occur. If this occurs with a certain frequency, it is possible that there is interference from some communication device that uses the strong 1.5 GHz band, such as a mobile phone. For example, encourage them to change places.
<<0099>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0100>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited (state A) or azimuth-specified (state B), the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer by voice. In the exceptional case of condition C, a separate test is performed as indicated above and the observer is encouraged to turn 90 degrees or use a more open sky. The reason why the sound output prompting the observer to change direction by 90 degrees is that it has the effect of reducing the state of R to the state of A. Also, if interference from other devices using the 1.5Ghz band is suspected, please turn off your mobile phone.
<<0101>> is output by voice because it can be used appropriately for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0102>> The information to be output at this time can include the following. These are azimuth information of the measured direction (result of azimuth limitation or azimuth identification), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception handling.
<<0103>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is (α, By giving the set of β), it is possible to convey to the observer by voice or the like, but the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be indicated by voice in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 3》
000005

However, x MOD y represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0104>> The two output formats, indicated by the (α, β) format and the (θ, δ) format when the direction of rotation is defined, are immediately convertible to the other format, and either format is available to the user. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in view of the user's purpose and convenience, an observer selection system may be used to improve the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0105>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the first planar antenna 1a is attached to the chest and the second planar antenna 1b is attached to the back, the measurement direction z is the right side of the body. The azimuth angle of the front is obtained, and the convenience is enhanced.
<<0106>> The flow of processing seen from the apparatus side has been described above. In the following, the flow of more specific information acquisition processing will be described in detail, including the procedure seen from the observer's side.
<<0107>> Overall, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if the state of R is the aforementioned state A, the direction can be limited immediately without rotation. If you want to go one step further from the azimuth limitation and obtain higher accuracy, you can rotate with an upper limit and stop at a certain angle. , can be oriented. Alternatively, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if R accidentally obtains the state B described above, it is possible to immediately specify the direction. These will be explained based on an example. For convenience of explanation, orientation limitation will be explained first, and then orientation specification will be explained.
<<0108>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the above-described embodiment performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There is a small black circle, a small white circle, and a small gray circle, each of which corresponds to the following: The gray circles are the GPS satellites that have been judged to be excluded from processing for the rational reasons already mentioned in the process, and the small black circles are later judged to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In the center, two flat patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0109>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. Then, by an observer who has no information about the orientation, the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are parallel and backward, perpendicular to the ground, as shown in the center in FIG. are installed in random directions. The measuring direction 5 is indicated by a dotted line. The measurement direction indicated by the dotted line means that the orientation is not specified in this orientation limitation. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees. At this time, the observer does not yet know the satellite arrangement in the sky like this figure.
<<0110>> The process of limiting the orientation of the measurement direction 5 will be specifically described below. At this time, the observer only needs to stand while wearing the direction information acquisition device or hold the direction information acquisition device without moving it, and the observer does not need to perform actions such as rotation.
<<0111>> A 12-row, 7-column configuration created by the data processing unit 3 based on the results of individual outputs from the GPS receivers 2a and 2b connected to the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b. The data table is shown as Table 1.
<<0112>>
<<Table1>>
000006

<<0113>> The rows of the excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows. They are not used to obtain orientation information.
<<0114>> In the data processing unit 3, the 7th column of the data table of Table 1, that is, the final term of the numerical sequence obtained by reading down the area determination is continued to the head to form a directed circular array R. In the data in Table 1, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0115>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2, and checks the number of them. As a result, it becomes clear that the number of the sequence is (0,0,1,1), which is the state A.
<<0116>> The first and last terms of the sequence S1 and S2 are as follows.
《Number 4》
000007

<<0117>>
<<Table2>>
000008

<<0118>> The data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state A. In the case of state A, the first azimuth information and the second azimuth information can be acquired.
<<0119>> Shows the first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0120>> That is, as the first azimuth information, the measurement direction (z) exists in a range defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (236 degrees + 180 degrees) = 56 degrees. I judge.
<<0121>> Shows the second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0122>> That is, as the second azimuth information, the measurement direction is defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle (218 degrees + 180 degrees) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (244 degrees + 180 degrees) = 64 degrees. We judge that (z) exists.
<<0123>> In FIG. 3, as the first azimuth information, this range is indicated by an arc with a double arrow, that is, a range defined clockwise from a starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to an ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. there is
<<0124>> In FIG. 3, as the second azimuth information, this range is an arc with a double-headed arrow in the upper right direction of the outer circumference circle. 244 degrees + 180 degrees) = shown, with the range specified clockwise to 64 degrees.
<<0125>> From the product set of the above-described two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation) to the azimuth angle area. That is, the data processing unit 3 can determine that the measurement direction 5 exists within a range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees, the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees, and the clockwise direction.
<<0126>> In FIG. 3, the azimuth angle range to be the final output is an arc with a double-headed arrow on the upper right outside the outer circumference circle, that is, the starting azimuth angle (218+180) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. shown as up to
<<0127>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, the azimuth can be immediately limited without requiring rotation or the like.
<<0128>> This result is output by voice to the observer. If it is expressed in the form of a set of starting and ending azimuth angles (α, β) when the direction of rotation is determined, (starting 38 degrees, ending 56 degrees) is output. Another form of expression that can be used for azimuth limitation is a set of approximate azimuth (θ) and one-sided error (δ) (θ, δ), which is (approximate value 47 degrees, one-sided error 9 degrees). Both formats can be output.
<<0129>> A practical example of these two expressions will be described.
<<0130>> For example, if you know the azimuth angle that you should never move from your current location, and you want to quickly confirm during your action that the direction you are going to move from is not at least that direction, use the (α, β) format. convenient output. For example, a visually impaired person receives news of a nuclear power plant accident and is requested to quickly evacuate away from a point at a certain latitude and longitude. do. Waiting for a helper to arrive and taking time to pinpoint directions will increase the dose of radiation with serious health consequences. Alternatively, when crossing an avalanche-prone area, it is necessary for a mountaineering party, etc. to continue to act quickly, and to proceed while confirming that the course is not heading in a particularly dangerous direction. It is valid. The reason is that in snowy fields, even if you think you are going straight, there are almost no features to visually apply corrective feedback on the direction of travel, or if visibility is poor due to snowstorms or fog, you cannot control the course based on visual information in the first place. This is because it is impossible to feed back to the ship, and there are cases where the track becomes curved and the ship steps into a dangerous area. It is very convenient to be able to limit the direction of the body or the direction of the line of sight without instantaneously turning while acting in this way.
<<0131>> On the other hand, the latter (θ, δ) form is more intuitive and convenient when one wants to quickly know the azimuth angle value with coarse accuracy for a specific direction of some interest. When a specific landform or feature (mountain, man-made structure, etc.) is visible, there may be multiple similar ones, and it may not be possible to identify which one without azimuth information. There is not enough time to stop and identify the direction, and then to identify the topography and features, but if only the general direction information of the line-of-sight direction is obtained, the target can be selected from several possible options. This is the case when it is possible to identify a specific mountain or a specific building. Since neither requires rotation, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the direction can be immediately limited while walking.
<<0132>> If it is determined that R is in state A, the measurement direction 5 is not rotated, and a constant azimuth angle determined by the starting azimuth angle, the ending azimuth angle, and the direction of rotation such as clockwise direction The procedure for immediately deriving the measurement direction 5 as a range is shown by examples in Tables 1, 2 and 3, and two output formats are possible. Regarding the frequency of this state A, as will be described later, it occurs with a probability of over 90% when randomly installed.
<<0133>> Now, let us assume that the result of azimuth limitation is obtained for measurement direction 5 . Going one step further, when specifying the orientation, the observer horizontally rotates the orientation information acquisition device, for example, clockwise (counterclockwise or any rotational direction).
With the <<0134>> rotation, the data processing unit 3 can detect that the number 0 has occurred in the 7th column, that is, that S0 has occurred in the internal structure of R. The data processing unit 3 notifies the observer of this fact with a special beep through the result output unit 4, and stops the horizontal rotation.
<<0135>> FIG. 4 shows another example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when azimuth identification is performed by the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. The concentric drawing in FIG. 4 is a drawing assuming that the hemisphere in the sky centered on the zenith direction of the observer's point is viewed from above the zenith in the state where the rotation is stopped. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There are small circles filled in black, small white circles, small gray circles and small circles characterized by crossed lines, which correspond to the following: The small gray circles are the GPS satellites that were determined to be excluded from processing for rational reasons in the process, and the small black circles are the satellites later determined to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. The small circles characterized by the crossed line pattern are the GPS satellites later determined to exist at the boundaries of the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b; planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and vertically to the ground.
<<0136>> In the concentric diagram of FIG. It is assumed that after the azimuth is limited in the state of Fig. 3, it reaches Fig. 4 by clockwise horizontal rotation. The same figure can be used to explain the satellite above.
<<0137>> Table 3 is a data table created in the data processing unit 3 at this time. The rows of excluded satellites are shown as the bottom two rows. These are not used in subsequent processing.
<<0138>>
<<Table3>>
000009

<<0139>> In the data processing unit 3, the final term of the numerical sequence read down from the 7th column of the data table of Table 3 is followed to the head, and R, which is a directed circular sequence of numbers, is constructed. In the data in Table 3, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0140>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2. As a result, it is determined that the case is (1,0,1,1), that is, state B.
<<0141>> sequence information is as follows.
《Number 5》
000010

<<0142>>
<<Table4>>
000011

<<0143>> Therefore, the data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state B.
<<0144>> When the state of R is the state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0145>> In the azimuth angle region defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle, If the central term of S0 exists, then the measuring direction z is the central term of S0, otherwise the measuring direction z is the opposite direction of the central term of S0.
Since <<0146>>S1 exists, the following is checked first.
<<0147>> Using the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth, the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 is The middle term of S0 (A(S0,m0)=236) in the azimuth domain defined clockwise with the opposite direction (A(S1,1)+180=262+180=82) as the terminal azimuth The question is whether there exists This is equivalent to asking if there are 236 degrees between 262 degrees and 82 degrees clockwise. The answer is "does not exist". This question is used to identify whether the satellite at the boundary is captured in the measurement direction or in the anti-measurement direction. <<0148>> Therefore, the procedure for non-existence, ``the measurement direction z is the opposite direction (A(S0, m0)+180) of the central term of S0 (A(S0, m0))'' is adopted. Then we get z=A(S0,m0)+180=236+180=56.
<<0149>> Therefore, the measurement direction is specified as 56 degrees.
<<0150>> As described above, after the orientation is limited, the orientation can be identified by horizontal rotation.
<<0151>> This rotation has the following upper limit, and if the rotation is within that range, the azimuth can be specified.
<<0152>> In the following, the fact that the upper limit angle of rotation required to make the transition from the state of FIG. 3 to the state of FIG. explain.
<<0153>> For example, if the azimuth limitation has already been performed as in the cases of Tables 1, 2, and 3, twice the obtained one-sided error width angle (δ), that is, two-sided error width angle (2δ) It is enough to rotate the measurement direction 5 up to the upper limit. It is clear from FIG. 3 that the two-sided error width angle is the upper limit. In FIG. 3, one or more satellites can be captured in either the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction within a two-sided error margin (2δ). The direction of rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. When horizontally rotated clockwise in FIG. 3, the satellite 9 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ, resulting in the state shown in FIG. When horizontally rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the satellite 14 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ.
<<0154>> Since it suffices to rotate only with the angle 2δ as the upper limit without rotating to an angle larger than necessary, there are the following advantages.
<<0155>> (1) For the observer, excessive rotation can be prevented, and it is easy to achieve the target azimuth determination with the minimum necessary effort.
(2) At the time when the azimuth limitation result is obtained, it is possible to estimate the upper limit of the time required for azimuth identification. Therefore, the observer can accurately determine whether or not to go one step further and identify the direction in light of his/her spare time during the outdoor activity.
<<0156>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, in addition to being able to limit the orientation of the measurement direction 5 without rotation, the minimum rotation is required even when the azimuth is specified one step further after that. I just showed you what you can do.
<<0157>> The mounting configuration will be described below.
<<0158>> When the present invention is actually used, it is possible to enjoy the convenience of having a structure in which two planar patch antennas are used in parallel by configuring as follows. FIG. 5 is a configuration example in which the orientation information acquisition device has a shape suitable for wearing. (a) is a top view of the head mounted state. (b) is a left side view of the device mounted on the head, and (c) is a front view of the device mounted on the head. That is, it is a state in which a person's head is sandwiched between the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b in the present invention.
<<0159>> In the case of such a configuration example, that is, the ability to adopt a shape similar to a headband-like structure, a headphone shape, or a hat shape produces the following advantages.
<<0160>> (1) Since the measurement direction 5 of the device always coincides with the frontal direction of the observer's face, even when operating to obtain direction information, when using the numerical value that is the result of the direction information obtained, can be understood directly and is highly convenient.
<<0161>> (2) Wearing it on the head is effective in obtaining direction information because the vertical distance between the direction information acquisition device and the ground can be maximized, and the effects of shielding features and terrain can be minimized. target.
<<0162>> (3) There are actual cases where accessories such as headbands and functional devices such as headphones are worn on the head.
<<0163>> (4) Rotation in azimuth identification may also be a movement that naturally creates a distant view, which is simple and visually acceptable.
<<0164>> The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, today's portable GPS receivers are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand and are available at low cost. From this, too, it can be seen that the element part size is considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the components used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that the volume can be suppressed and the configuration can be made small. For example, the first GPS receiver 2a and the data processing section 3 are housed behind the first planar patch antenna 1a. The second GPS receiver 2b and the result output section 4 are housed behind the second planar patch antenna 1b. A flexible cable is housed inside the headband-like structure, and connections are made to achieve the configuration shown in FIG. The result output unit 4 can output sound through speakers or earphones.
<<0165>> Also, it may be worn on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the garment, that is, on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the jacket. As a general rule, they should be placed on the clothes on both outer sides of the upper arm so that they are perpendicular to the ground and they are parallel to each other. Moreover, if the mutual planes are installed parallel to the frontal direction of the body, the measurement direction 5 will be in the frontal direction of the body. In this case, the GPS receiver may be housed behind the planar patch antenna. In this case, the part that connects the two is configured with a flexible cable, which is passed from the outside of the upper limb through the shoulder, behind the neck and the shoulder on the opposite side, and reaches the other flat patch antenna. A pressure-release tape can be used to temporarily fix it. The data processing unit 3 and the result output processing unit 4 can be housed on the back side of either flat patch antenna, or they can be designed to come to the back of the shoulder or neck. good. In addition, planar antennas may be installed in parallel on the front and back of the body, the chest and the back. In this case, if the first planar patch antenna 1a is placed on the back and the second planar patch antenna 1b is placed on the chest, the measurement direction 5 is directed toward the left side of the body. Therefore, it is convenient for the observer if the result output unit 4 always outputs a value converted in the forward chest direction of the observer, that is, a value obtained by adding 90 degrees clockwise. Such a configuration has the following advantages.
<<0166>> (1) Convenience is high because the front of the body is matched with the measurement direction.
(2) It is easy to rotate because it requires only a slight movement of the body.
(3) There are few protrusions, etc., and they are easy to accept.
(4) It can be worn on the observer's favorite clothes. In this case, it is convenient for washing if it is made detachable with a pressure peeling tape or the like.
<<0167>> It can also be worn on the lateral sides of both lower legs or on both lateral sides of a pair of shoes. In this case as well, the antenna part and other functional parts are temporarily fixed with pressure-bonding tape or magnets, and the two antennas and each functional part are connected by a flexible cable from the outside of the leg via the waist etc. can be detachable. In this case, it is thought that the signal acquisition performance of the high-elevation-angle satellite is degraded due to the shielding effect of the arm, etc., but as described above, the present invention dares not use satellites existing at a particularly high elevation-angle, so this is not a big problem. Therefore, we don't really care about shielding for high elevation angles.
<<0168>> Processing when R is in state C will be additionally described. In this process, in the output to the observer, it was recommended to change the direction 90 degrees to the left or right and remeasure, or to recommend the use in a place with a better view of the sky. , and beep sounds indicating these meanings may be determined separately.
<<0169>> Next, a computer simulation was performed to statistically calculate to what extent the azimuth limiting value can be obtained when the azimuth information acquiring apparatus that embodies the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention immediately limits the azimuth. Show the results.
<<0170>> In this computer simulation, at 35 degrees 40 minutes 14.9 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes 33.4 seconds east longitude, i.e., in the center of Hibiya Park in Tokyo, at multiple times on February 17, 2000, the We reproduce the operation of the satellite using the satellite orbital information, and see how much width of the azimuth limitation can be obtained in the trial of setting the measurement direction at random.
《０１７１》Each fixed time from 0:00 to 11:00 (0:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) was evaluated. This is because the minimum number of satellites with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, that is, the number of usable satellites and the satellite constellation (satellite arrangement), varies with time, and this is to be reflected correctly in the evaluation.
《0172》Also, in order to obtain results close to reality, it is assumed that elevation angles of 5 degrees or less, which are susceptible to feature shielding, cannot be used, and that satellites of 85 degrees or more are not used. We used the previously mentioned constraint to exclude high elevation satellites.
<<0173>> Furthermore, in order to realize the randomness of the measurement direction 5, as in the actual use, the selection of the measurement direction 5 was set at random using random number (0 to 359 degrees) generation.
<<0174>> A random number trial under this condition was repeated 1000 times at each time, aiming to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results.
<<0175>> This result, that is, the two-sided error in total 12000 times (12 times x 1000 times) of azimuth limitation was 30.8 degrees as an average value.
《0176》North, northeast, northeast, east, southeast, southeast, south, southwest, southwest, west, northwest, and northwest. is. By using the method of the present invention, the azimuth can be limited by such a value without rotation or the like even with random measurements. This shows that the present invention is simple to operate and has a great effect.
<<0177>> The probability of accidentally locating one or more satellites in the plane containing measurement direction 5 and the zenith in the initial random orientation installation (without rotation) and directing the bearing immediately is It was 9.9%, and it was possible to identify the direction immediately at a relatively high rate.
<<0178>> A computer simulation is performed assuming that the common coverage area has a band width of 2.5 degrees in front and behind the semicircle forming the boundary.
<<0179>> In terms of the state occurrence probability, the state A occurrence probability is 90.1%, and the state B occurrence probability is 9.9%. In all the former cases, satellites exist in both the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b (the case of (0,0,1,1)). Similarly, the latter are all cases where satellites exist in both the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b (case of (1,0,1,1)). In state A, satellites are unevenly distributed only in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a (corresponding to the case of (0,0,0,1)), or satellites are only in the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Being ubiquitous (corresponding to the (0,0,1,0) case), the situation did not appear even in 12000 total trials. While in state B, the same uneven distribution situation ((1,0,0,1), (1,0,1,0), (1,1,0,1), (1,1,1,0) corresponding to the case) also did not appear.
<<0180>> The above explanation was given only for the functions of direction limitation and direction identification in the direction information acquisition device according to the present embodiment, but as is clear from the configuration of FIG. Positioning can also be realized with the direction information acquisition device according to this embodiment. In the mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8 to 12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on each side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b to the data processing unit 3 can be used as it is. Among the positioning results, the one with the latest positioning calculation time may be preferentially output from the result output unit 4 .
<<0181>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0182>>
<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method and device according to claims 1 and 6, a pair of GPS antennas having hemispherical antenna patterns are arranged vertically with their backs to each other. By receiving signals from GPS satellites for each planar patch antenna, it is possible to quickly limit the azimuth without the need for rotation. be able to.
《0183》In addition, by diverting a low-priced L1 wave GPS receiver, which is widely used in small size, and adding a small modification, a direction information acquisition device that can embody a direction information acquisition method can be realized. Can be manufactured at a cost.
<<0184>> Moreover, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar patch antenna and the characteristics of its parallel installation, it is excellent in wearability on both sides of the head. It is possible to provide the observer with high convenience due to matching with the direction.
<<0185>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquiring method and apparatus according to claims 2 and 7, based on the azimuth angle width range obtained by azimuth limitation, horizontal rotation with a clear upper limit can further specify the azimuth. can be easily performed.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device that embodies an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of the satellites in the sky and the two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic arrangement diagram showing the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and the two antennas when the bearing is specified by the bearing information acquisition device.
<<Fig. 5>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a view of the head-mounted state from above, (b) is a view of the head-mounted state from the left side, (c) is a front view of the head-mounted state.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a 1st planar patch antenna
1b 2nd planar patch antenna
2a 1st GPS receiver
2b 2nd GPS receiver
3 Data processing section
4 Result output section
5 Measurement direction
6a Sky coverage by the first planar patch antenna
6b Sky coverage by second planar patch antenna
7 Semicircular boundary between the air coverage area of the first planar patch antenna and the air coverage area of the second planar patch antenna
<<Figure 1>>
000012

<<Fig. 4>>
000015

<<Figure 2>>
000013

<<Figure 3>>
000014

<<Fig. 5>>
000016

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Claim 1
Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna
In a first positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
observe the reception
next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,
preventing direct incidence of signals from signal sources located in directions within the spherical surface of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere
disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna
For the second positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
observe the reception
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed
a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

It provides two antenna/receiver pairs and assumes one or two shields, the shields being adjacent or nearly adjacent, for positioning satellites. be. Actually, since the measurement is performed by changing the geometrical positions of the two antenna/receiver pairs, the shielding object, and the signal source, it is possible to perform the measurement at the same time.


Claim 2
Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
In some positioning satellite system receivers,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
record reception status
after that
Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
In the positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
record reception status
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded
The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

This assumes one antenna/receiver, one or two obscuration objects, adjacent or nearly adjacent, intended for positioning satellites.
In practice, one would change the geometry of the antenna, shield and signal source.
Claim 3
of an antenna coupled to a receiver
of the surrounding celestial spheres,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
direct incidence on the antenna
In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;
a step of recording the reception status;
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,
a step of recording the reception status;
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,
a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This assumes one antenna/receiver and one shield, and expresses it as a state that blocks direct waves instead of adjoining, and uses the term signal source instead of the term positioning satellite. It is.
The shield and the antenna/receiver may be reversed as a unit, or the shield alone, the antenna alone, or the combination of the antenna and receiver may be reversed.
You may change arrangement|positioning in positional relationship with a signal source.


Claim 4
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of both states in claim 3,
A greater signal strength, a more stable signal strength, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

It describes the process of using the magnitude and stability of signal strength to make a qualification as to the location of the signal source.


Claim 5
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,
Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,
Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This uses the expression of quickness of synchronization and stability of maintenance rather than expression of magnitude and stability of signal strength.

Claim 6
The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with a multi-positioning satellite system.

Claim 9
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
be a human body
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 10
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
contain the human body
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is included in the sense that the use on the surface of the earth may also be used.

Claim 11
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
When including a human body or a human body,
By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,
Realization of both the above conditions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


This is not limited to use on the surface of the earth, but also expresses use in outer space.

Claim 12
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
When including a human body or a human body,
By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,
Realization of both the above conditions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This expression is not limited to reversing as a whole, but also includes removing and replacing.

Claim 13
Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
a step of recording the reception status;
of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,
For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
the reception status,
concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;
a step of recording;
For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,
Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,
In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,
whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,
Judgment step to judge and
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is expressed by using two antennas, including sequential or simultaneous measurements, and the sameity of shields and the like is not questioned.

Claim 14
In claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the signal source that emitted the signal exists in which direction of the two hemispheres based on a comparison of the reception conditions in the two states. an inference step of inferring, based on the determination, that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere lies within a region limited within the spherical surface;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is expressed by the expression of inferring the central axis direction existence area from the expression of signal source existence area determination.

Claim 15
In claim 12, if there is one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
a synthesis step of direction refinement,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.

Claim 16
In claim 12,
If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
Has direction refinement synthesis step
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.




Claim 17
In claim 3,
Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and
With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,
Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,
direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;
of,
superposition,
a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is a set of measurements
(a set of two different measurements capable of capturing only direct waves from sources contained in one hemisphere and its complementary hemisphere of the celestial sphere, respectively). It shows that it is possible to take the product of synthesis with the findings obtained by performing another set of measurements by giving an angle of rotation.


Claim 18
In claim 17,
so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,
A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because, after completing one set of measurements, when performing another set of measurements again,
It can also be expressed as a function that "proposes a convenient rotation angle like a concierge".
If there is no particular information, for example, a rotation of 90 degrees is generally considered. , it is disappointing that there is little available (information that can narrow the azimuth width substantially more about the azimuth). Therefore, including the intention to avoid such a case, the direction in which the signal sources are appropriately clustered is such that the base of the hemisphere where the beam that captures the direct wave is directed in the next measurement coincides. The rotation of the angle, along with the direction of rotation, is intended to have a proposed function. May have a function like this


Claim 19
In claim 3,
at a given time interval,
of an antenna coupled to a receiver
of the surrounding celestial spheres,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
direct incidence on the antenna
In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
on the assumption that
a step of recording the reception status;
At different time intervals,
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
on the assumption that
a step of recording the reception status;
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
both of the above states
premised on
Based on the comparison of each reception status,
a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


The three-dimensional GPS patent claims were as follows.
Claims
Claim 1
using one GPS antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern;
causing a GPS receiver connected to the GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites in coverage from the obtained signals;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the GPS satellites from the positioning calculation process;
limiting the GPS antenna direction by integrating the directions of the derived GPS satellites;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 2
using multiple GPS antennas with hemispherical antenna patterns at different orientations;
causing each GPS receiver connected to each GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites within the coverage of each GPS antenna from signals obtained at each GPS receiver;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the plurality of GPS satellites from a positioning calculation process;
After summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites and temporarily limiting the directions of the GPS antennas;
Information on the direction limitation of one GPS antenna selected from among the plurality of GPS antennas, and direction limitation of other GPS antennas other than the one selected GPS antenna, the mutually different known By superimposing information transformed into directional limits of the selected GPS antenna based on orientation descriptions and taking the product of the information of the directional limits, the linearly secondarily more restricting the restricted direction;
constraining the attitude from the constraining of the orientation of each of the plurality of GPS antennas;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 3
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2;
When notifying the above limited direction information to the mother spacewalker in outer space, the names of any one or more of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or directions close to it shall be indicated. include in notifications;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 4
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3;
Inform the mother spacewalker of the direction of the reference object, or the direction and the distance information to the reference object, which would be more convenient to give to the mother spacewalker;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 5
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
Using three of the GPS antennas, one on the mother spacewalker's head in space, another on one side of the wearable module carried by the mother spacewalker, and one on the mother spacewalk's back. attached to the other side of the wear module;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 6
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The GPS antenna is mounted on the head of the mother extravehicular activist in outer space so that the mounting position on the head can be changed;
When the mounting position of the head is changed within a predetermined time, it is assumed that different GPS antennas are provided in each position before and after the change, thereby providing the plurality of GPS antennas. shall be used;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3 or 4;
When visual information is included in the notification, goggles capable of double-copying any one or more of the names of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or in a direction close to it to be worn by the mother EVA;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1;
Placing the beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 9
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
locating at least one beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



The three-dimensional GPS patent claims were as follows.
Claims
Claim 1
using one GPS antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern;
causing a GPS receiver connected to the GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites in coverage from the obtained signals;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the GPS satellites from the positioning calculation process;
limiting the GPS antenna direction by integrating the directions of the derived GPS satellites;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 2
using multiple GPS antennas with hemispherical antenna patterns at different orientations;
causing each GPS receiver connected to each GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites within the coverage of each GPS antenna from signals obtained at each GPS receiver;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the plurality of GPS satellites from a positioning calculation process;
After summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites and temporarily limiting the directions of the GPS antennas;
Information on the direction limitation of one GPS antenna selected from among the plurality of GPS antennas, and direction limitation of other GPS antennas other than the one selected GPS antenna, the mutually different known By superimposing information transformed into directional limits of the selected GPS antenna based on orientation descriptions and taking the product of the information of the directional limits, the linearly secondarily more restricting the restricted direction;
constraining the attitude from the constraining of the orientation of each of the plurality of GPS antennas;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 3
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2;
When notifying the above limited direction information to the mother spacewalker in outer space, the names of any one or more of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or directions close to it shall be indicated. include in notifications;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 4
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3;
Inform the mother spacewalker of the direction of the reference object, or the direction and the distance information to the reference object, which would be more convenient to give to the mother spacewalker;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 5
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
Using three of the GPS antennas, one on the mother spacewalker's head in space, another on one side of the wearable module carried by the mother spacewalker, and one on the mother spacewalk's back. attached to the other side of the wear module;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 6
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The GPS antenna is mounted on the head of the mother extravehicular activist in outer space so that the mounting position on the head can be changed;
When the mounting position of the head is changed within a predetermined time, it is assumed that different GPS antennas are provided in each position before and after the change, thereby providing the plurality of GPS antennas. shall be used;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3 or 4;
When visual information is included in the notification, goggles capable of double-copying any one or more of the names of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or in a direction close to it to be worn by the mother EVA;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1;
Placing the beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 9
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
locating at least one beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<Title of Document> Scope of Claims



<<Claim 1>>

Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna

In a first positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere;
Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna

For the second positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites (or signal sources)

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

Between the first reception state and the second reception state,
Observe or compare reception from the same signal source (or the same positioning satellite), and

each of the observed or compared (of the first reception state and the second reception state, respectively);
in reception, observed at the receiver machine,
■ Comparison of stability or
■ Comparison of stability over a period of time ■ or
■ Presence or absence of sudden drop in signal strength as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time ■ or
(2) In which receiving state, the first receiving state or the second receiving state, the presence or absence of a sharp drop in signal strength as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time (this can occur in either This is because it is a logical necessity.Because the shielding object such as the body is measured on one side and then reversed to measure, it is either the first measurement state or the second measurement state. This is because one receives a direct wave and as a result the receiving state is stable, while the other receives a diffracted wave and as a result the receiving state is unstable. ) or
(2) In which receiving state did the signal strength show a stable high value as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time?
(2) As a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time, whether the signal strength was a stable high value was determined in which receiving state, and whether or not there was a sharp drop in the signal strength in the first receiving state and in the second. a combination of both events that existed in which of the reception states of
■ Alternatively,
(2) As a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time, whether the signal strength was a stable high value was determined in which receiving state, and whether or not there was a sharp drop in the signal strength in the first receiving state and in the second. For both events, which of the reception states of 1 and 2 existed, a score is given to each (for example, the score reflects the average value, median value, and mode value of the signal strength given a discrete or continuous numerical value), and the weight reflecting the characteristics of the receiver may be multiplied as a coefficient reflecting the stability and the phenomenon of a sudden drop, and they are weighted and added. If it is effective to discriminate between the diffracted wave and the direct wave, judging from the characteristics of the receiver, it should be determined by the calculation result (these can be easily obtained by preliminary experiments. Or, recently, it is easier to obtain by using AI deep learning technology, so what to do here is not as essential as in the past.Or, in the present invention, a simple and inexpensive receiver can be used. Since there is an emphasis on , it is naturally assumed that the calculation formula here can change depending on the manufacturer, model, or individual, so in that sense, what to do with the formulas and discriminants here is important in that sense. It should be noted that this is not a problem, it is only a secondary issue.Incidentally, in preliminary experiments, it was found in a large number of preliminary experiments that time-moving averages can be easily discriminated. ), ■ or
■
In which receiving state, the first receiving state or the second receiving state, the presence or absence of a sharp drop in signal strength existed



Based on

a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

■ At that time, by attaching a GNSS antenna (a receiver-integrated type may also be included) to the body and shoulder/body bag (a multi-GNSS compatible type may of course be included), ( A direction information acquisition method or direction information acquisition method characterized by simply realizing a first reception state and a second (inverted) reception state by simply pulling a strap of the shoulder/body bag. (By doing this, the user does not need to take the trouble to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily.)

Alternatively, at that time, a wristwatch-type (multi-GNSS compatible type may of course be included) GNSS antenna (a receiver-integrated type may of course be included) is used to attach the arm to the front of the body (abdomen). ), and
By placing the arm on the back of the body (back),
Characterized by simply realizing the first reception state and the second (inverted) reception state
Orientation information acquisition method or direction information acquisition method. (By doing this, the user does not need to take the trouble to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily.)

Alternatively, at that time, by doing as follows, the user does not have to bother to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily. Taking this idea one step further, we will even re-deploy GNSS antennas (including those with integrated receivers) (which may of course include multi-GNSS compatible types) to the front and back of the body. In the sense of making it unnecessary, if the back of the body is dorsal (that is, on one side of the body), simply flip it over against the shield of the body, and the signal from a certain signal source (or satellite) will be Whether it was received as a diffracted wave in both the second reception state and the second reception state (in this case, it can be judged from the fact that the instability does not change even if it is turned over), or in the first reception state Also in the second reception state, was the direct wave received? In addition to judging from the fact that the intensity of the signal should be attenuated by In this case, as a matter of course, it is possible to obtain a more plausible result by using the maximum likelihood method. This is a matter of course, and for this reason, this method is also very effective in obtaining precise estimated values of azimuth information.)

As a matter of course, the maximum likelihood method is
A general term for estimation methods based on maximum likelihood estimators. When performing statistical inference using a probabilistic model, the probability density (in the case of continuous distribution) or the probability distribution (in the case of discrete distribution) used in the model is evaluated based on the actually obtained data *Likelihood is called the likelihood function when viewed as a function of the unknown parameters. The parameter value that maximizes the likelihood function is called the maximum likelihood estimator. Maximum likelihood estimators have various favorable properties as parameter estimators when the sample size is large. That is, it is asymptotically unbiased and the asymptotic variance achieves a lower bound on the variance of the unbiased estimator, and the asymptotic distribution is *normal. A test method based on the ratio of likelihoods evaluated under the null and alternative hypotheses is called the likelihood ratio test and is widely used.
In this case, as the unknown parameter, the direction (or azimuth) in which the body is facing can be used, and as the probability density or probability distribution, the antenna sensitivity pattern of the GNSS antenna (when using this table and inside out It is natural to use a different antenna sensitivity pattern than when ). In this case, the satellite signal strength may be assumed to be uniform for the time being, or it may be described in the next paragraph, or the average value, median value, or mode in the first reception may be used. may be used, or the average value, median value, or mode of the first reception and the second reception may be used.


In the first reception state and the second reception state, regarding the signal source of direct wave reception, the satellite signal strength in the state of receiving the direct wave is due to reversing the antenna sensitivity pattern ( ), the expected attenuation is observed, and corresponding identification can be readily made. Regarding the source of the diffracted waves, the satellite signal strength and its instability are related to the first reception and the second reception. Since there is almost no change between reception and reception, this is also as expected, and extremely stable discrimination between the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be achieved. After performing such discrimination in advance, it is of course possible to use the West maximum likelihood method to further corroborate it, to refine it, or to make a more detailed and precise estimation. of. ■


<<Claim 2>>

Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Place an electromagnetic wave absorbing material or electromagnetic wave shielding material (at this time, this may be the body ■)

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

after that

Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded

The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



<<Claim 3>>

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

a step of recording the reception status;

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For a signal from a signal source lying in a direction contained by another (or remaining) hemisphere that complements said hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 4>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of both states in claim 3,

Larger signal strength or more stable signal strength (■ Spread spectrum communication method (commonly used in GNSS), electromagnetic wave absorbers such as the human body, water, salt water, and dissolved electrolytes Solutions such as water and alcohol (that is, foods, foodstuffs, animals, plants, soil, sewage, seawater, and other materials, foodstuffs, and medical supplies that are necessary for human life, such as those necessary for human life), and electromagnetic waves If the direct wave is blocked by a building or moving object as a shielding material, only the diffracted wave enters the receiver via the antenna. Attenuation due to diffraction loss, mutual interference of multiple diffracted waves diffracted at various end points, etc., can cause the function of the synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism, which is also a feature of the spread spectrum communication system. Synchronization becomes more difficult to obtain with the diffracted wave than with the direct wave, and even if it is obtained, it is easily lost immediately. With waves, it is much more difficult to receive than direct waves, and the inventor clarified through many unique experiments that the two can be discriminated by this method, and was able to make this proposal ahead of the world. It is obvious that this point of view was not easily conceived by a person skilled in the same field, and this point of view was naturally not found in the previous inventions of the present inventors or in other inventions in the world. '' or both were obtained, i.e.,

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 5>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,

Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 6>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 7>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 8>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with multiple positioning satellite systems.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 9>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

be a human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

(At that time, I invented the following as an invention that has a great effect because it is possible to easily deploy only the GNSS antenna in the inverted position without bothering to invert the body. It is a one-side shoulder body.・ Equipped with a GNSS antenna in the shape of a bag,
Apply it to the body from one shoulder diagonally to one side or waist direction,
By pulling the belt (only), the front of the body and the rear of the body,
Inverting (easily) deploying the GNSS antenna in the above sense
Direction information acquisition method characterized. )

(Alternatively, I also invented the following as an invention that has a great effect because it is possible to easily deploy only the GNSS antenna in the inverted position without bothering to invert the body.
Equipped with a GNSS antenna in a wristwatch shape and attached to the arm
Put the arms on the front of the body and on the back of the body,
By deploying (only), on the front of the body and the back of the body,
Inverting (easily) deploying the GNSS antenna in the above sense
to (easily) deploy
Direction information acquisition method characterized. )


(Or even simply deploying just the GNSS antenna in an inverted position,
By omitting and just turning over the GNSS antenna without changing its position,
The following invention was also invented as an invention having a great effect for achieving the same purpose.
that is,
GNSS antenna
(on the front of the body or) on the back of the body,
Deploy and remain on (front of body or) on back of body,
Flip the GNSS antenna
deploy
Comparing its respective reception state, in the previous sense, to obtain bearing or direction
Direction information acquisition method characterized. ) is further elaborated as follows. (This is rewritten based on claim 3 above, but it is of course possible to rewrite in the same way based on other claims. Therefore, it will only become complicated, so I will omit it, but of course, how can they be derived by rewriting the claims before or after this sentence or the claims written in this article? It is clear that the

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

Reception conditions (signal strength or degree of temporal sway, ease or difficulty in acquiring synchronization, ease or difficulty in maintaining synchronization, state of sway, presence or absence of abrupt drops in signal strength, and slow recovery recording them all in detail over time, including the status of

In a state in which the antenna is blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber, in particular, the side of the antenna sensitivity pattern blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber is now blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber. Place the antenna in a geometrical arrangement that is not obstructed by electromagnetic wave absorbers Or re-deploy the posture only to some electromagnetic wave absorber (inverted),

Now, in its new state,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:




<<Claim 10>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

contain the human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 11>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



《Claim 12》 //Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 13>>

Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

a step of recording the reception status;

of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,

For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

the reception status,

concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;

a step of recording;

For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,

Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,

In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,

whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,

Judgment step to judge and

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 14>>

4. The method according to claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the ratio of reception conditions in both said states.
Based on the comparison, in which direction of the two hemispheres is the signal source emitting the signal.
Based on the determination, the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is within the area limited within the spherical surface.
inference step that infers that

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 15>>

In claim 12, when there are one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted, each
The result obtained by applying the inference step for

In addition, the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is within a more limited area within the spherical surface
a synthesis step of direction refinement, performing a synthesis of direction refinement, if present in

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 16>> // 1 signal source → 2 or more signal sources Superposition Refinement synthesis Claim //

In claim 12,

If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,

For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is

Overlap,

The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is

in the spherical surface

When present within a more confined area,

a direction narrowing synthesis step for performing direction narrowing synthesis;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 17>>.

In claim 3,

Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and

With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,

Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,

direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;

of,

superposition,

a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 18>>

so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,

A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 19>>

at a given time interval,

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

At different time intervals,

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

both of the above states

premised on
Based on the comparison of each reception status,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

























《Document title》 Abstract

"wrap up"

"Task"

A method of obtaining azimuth information by a GNSS receiver from signals transmitted from GNSS satellites.

It allows to obtain information about a device in an inexpensive and efficient manner appropriate to the usage context of the device.

《Solution》

At the same time as shielding satellite signals from GNSS satellites existing on one side of the upper hemisphere using the body,

While having the GNSS receiver installed perpendicular to the ground along the body search for the satellite signal of the GNSS satellite existing on the other side,

In the process of obtaining a limited orientation using captured satellite signals, waves from both sides of the body as a shield are

After the signal strength sampling by the GNSS receiver for a certain period of time, while maintaining the relationship between the GNSS receiver and the body,

In the direction after turning to the opposite direction, etc. by rotating around the body axis,

Similarly, the signal strength sampling by the GNSS receiver for a certain period of time was carried out,

Based on the comparison of the signal strength etc. recorded by each of those sampled GNSS receivers,

In which area of the one-fourth celestial sphere the received GNSS satellite was located,

By making the determination, it is possible to obtain the azimuth information more accurately by a simple method.

<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 5

Search result 12 items
Item number Document number Title of the invention First applicant
(Registration publications and US Japanese extracts indicate the right holder) Date of issue Application number Application date Leading IPC
1 JP2013-050447 Direction Information Acquisition Method Masato Takahashi March 14, 2013 Patent Application 2012-171536 August 1, 2012 G01S 19/53
2 JP2013-050446 Direction Information Acquisition Method Masato Takahashi March 14, 2013 Patent Application 2012-171535 August 1, 2012 G01S 19/53
3 JP 2007-248205 Azimuth or magnetic field line direction information acquisition method and device National Institute of Information and Communications Technology September 27, 2007 Patent application 2006-070889 March 15, 2006 G01C 17/28
4 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-372576 Direction Information Acquisition Method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
5 JP2002-365357 Method for Acquiring Orientation Information Communications Research Laboratory, etc. December 18, 2002 Patent Application 2002-093385 March 28, 2002 G01S 5/14
6 JP2002-168938 GPS receiver Independent administrative agency Communications Research Laboratory et al.
7 JP 2001-356161 Method and apparatus for acquiring azimuth information Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
8 Patent 4547563 Azimuth or magnetic field direction information acquisition device National Institute of Information and Communications Technology September 22, 2010 Patent application 2006-070889 March 15, 2006 G01C 17/28
9 Patent 3522259 Direction information acquisition method Independent administrative agency Communications Research Laboratory et al.
10 Patent 3522258 Direction information acquisition method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
11 Patent 3473948 GPS receiver Communications Research Laboratory, etc. December 08, 2003 Patent application 2000-364605 November 30, 2000 G01S 5/14
12 Patent 3430459 Azimuth Information Acquisition Method and Apparatus Communications Research Laboratory, etc. July 28, 2003 Patent Application 2001-093964 March 28, 2001 G01S 5/14

In this article, all of the above and below are cited.
(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062 In this paper, all of the above and the following shall be cited.


What is a statement

= Basic mindset for writing specifications =
The specification has the following legal functions by disclosing the content of the invention for which a patent is sought, and it is necessary to fully understand its meaning in order to write a good specification. be.

(1) prescribe the scope of the patent sought; (contract-like function)
(2) provide the grounds on which the invention is patentable; (application-like function)
(3) demonstrate the feasibility of the invention; (enablement requirement fulfillment function)
(4) prevent others from obtaining patents; (Late application exclusion function)

The contractual function means that the scope of claims in the specification is equivalent to entering into a contract with a third party regarding the scope of patent rights (the technical scope of the patented invention). Therefore, it must be recognized that the expression is subject to strict legal interpretation. Since parts outside the scope of claims may also affect the interpretation of rights, it is necessary to be aware of the descriptions outside the scope of claims as well.

The application-like function is achieved by appealing to the examiner that the technical content defined in the claims has a sufficient inventive step compared to the level of the prior art. It is easy to obtain rights by narrowing the scope of claims, but it is difficult to obtain patents by broadening the scope of claims. Needless to say, it is the agent's duty to do his best to obtain as broad a claim as possible, so it is desirable to write the specification so as to obtain the broadest possible scope of claims. At this time, the important role of the specification is to impress the examiner on the patentability of the invention defined in the broad scope of claims. It is the mission of those who write specifications to lead to patents, and this is what is expected of patent offices. Therefore, when writing a specification, it is important not only to explain the technical contents, but also to try to write a specification that will lead to the acquisition of a patent for an invention that is difficult to obtain a patent.

The ability to satisfy the enablement requirement means that the specification must be written to satisfy the enablement requirement required by law. The specification must be written so that a person skilled in the art can read and practice the invention. Otherwise, not only will it be impossible to confirm whether the invention has been completed during the examination, but it cannot be said that there is sufficient disclosure in light of the purpose of the patent system, which is to grant a patent in exchange for disclosure of the invention. is. Therefore, when the scope of claims is described broadly in pursuit of broad rights, the description of the working examples, etc. that sufficiently support the breadth must be provided.

The function to exclude subsequent applications means a function that prevents others from obtaining patents for similar inventions. The invention of (which can be easily invented by a person skilled in the art based on the invention) can be prevented from patenting other's applications filed after the publication of the application. Therefore, in the description of the invention, even if it seems obvious or not directly related, it is necessary to be prepared to describe the possibility of a later application.



(2) Points for drafting the scope of claims
In drafting the scope of a claim, it is essential to fully understand the essence of the invention. It is important to write down only the sufficient condition in a concise and clear expression. Since the scope of claims is a legal document (a contract with a third party) that expresses the content of the claimed invention, strict expressions are required and the content tends to be difficult to understand. It is desirable that the expression be as easy to understand as possible, as long as the expression does not have the possibility of being misread as being different from the intended invention.

Expressions to avoid

Affirmative language is required in the claims, and negative language should not be used. For example, a requirement such as "does not" or "does not have" cannot be used. This is because this does not mean that the requirements are limited, and the invention is not specified in such a way as to define everything other than certain things. In addition, selective or vague expressions are not permitted in the claims. Alternative expressions are conjunctions that express alternatives, such as “or, or, or”. In addition, the ambiguous expression is an expression whose range is unclear, such as "etc." and "about." This is because the invention is not specified. However, even if it is a selective expression or an unclear expression, it is a case where one thing is broadly expressed as a concept, and one specific term cannot be used, so such words are used to express is allowed as the case may be. For example, "according to the number or amount" and "elastic material such as rubber, plastic, etc." are examples.

When describing the constituent elements of a claim, always pay attention to whether or not the constituent elements are really necessary, whether broader conceptual words can be used to express the constituent elements, etc. Care must be taken not to impose excessive restrictions. In particular, since inventors often think narrowly about their inventions, the drafter of the specification must thoroughly examine each requirement to see if it is possible to use broader terms, or if there are no unnecessary requirements. It must be carefully examined whether For that purpose, it is necessary to separate from the embodiments presented by the inventor and grasp the essence of the invention. However, it should be noted that no matter how broad the patent is, it should not be extended to include prior art. This is because an invention claimed to include prior art is not patentable. Also, it should not be expanded to the extent that it includes unrealistic things that are far from common technical knowledge. It should be remembered that patents are intended only for things that can be used industrially.

Vague terms are not suitable for the scope of the claims, but terms that are well defined by those skilled in the art may be used without further explanation. In addition, when there is no suitable term, it can be used as a clear term if it is clearly defined in the text of the specification.

In the description of the scope of claims, the most important thing is to describe the constituent elements of the invention clearly and sufficiently broadly, and the format should be easy to express in relation to the content of the invention. should be selected. In particular, in terms of the form of expression, it is desirable to use as concise an expression as possible on the premise that the invention will be accurately expressed so as not to obscure the gist of the invention and to prevent the expression from being unnecessarily roundabout.

(3) Independent and dependent claims
The claims may be set forth in one or more claims, and the claims may, from a formal point of view, be independent or dependent. There is no difference in legal effect between the two.

Dependent claims are described in a form dependent on other claims, and the number of claims to be dependent may not be one. subordinate form.

A dependent claim is a claim that limits or specifically specifies a particular requirement stated in a dependent subject claim. add other requirements to the dependent claims, replace the requirements stated in the dependent subject claims with others, or refer to the dependent subject claims in their entirety as they are, and as a form of expression, In response to the requirement A, "X described in claim 1, characterized in that said A is ...", "Y characterized in that X described in claim 1 is used for ...", "Furthermore, B is used." It is described as "X" in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:

Two or more requirements may be specified here, and may be "characterized by the fact that the above A is... and the above B is...".
When two claims are dependent, a selective expression such as "X in claim 1 or 2, wherein said A is..." is used to selectively depend on multiple claims. Make an expression like

When selectively depending on three or more claims, "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...the X in the first, second or third claim." X described in (1) (in) any one of (1) to (3) from (1) to (3). Describe.

Arrangement of independent claims and dependent claims shall be such that the independent claim is described first, followed by the dependent claims dependent on the independent claim. Dependent claims that depend on more than one claim must appear after any of the claims on which they depend.

Claims

(1) Basic format of claims

In the scope of claims, the structures necessary and sufficient to achieve the object of the invention are written in the form of nouns. Write the structure, not the purpose or effect. However, since it is possible to express the structure more broadly by describing the structure in an active manner, it is also permitted to use the active expression when the structure is uniquely specified. Claims are written differently depending on whether the invention is a product or a method.
If the invention is a product,

"consisting of (including comprising, etc.) A, B, C and D

X characterized by: "or,

Is it a form (Combination Style) in which multiple components are connected with and like "X characterized by consisting of (including, comprising, etc.) of A, B, and C." ,or
A configuration corresponding to the prior art, which is the premise of the invention, is described before "at", such as "in ..., X characterized by doing ...", and then a novel configuration that is the feature of the invention. The format represented by the so-called German patent (Continental Style, Jepson Style) is used. The latter form is particularly easy to write when the invention is a partial improvement of the prior art, but since the improvement is emphasized, it gives the impression that the improvement is not significant and makes it difficult to appeal the patentability. is not suitable.

In addition, when it is considered that the invention cannot be fully expressed only by the constitution, or when it is considered that the features of the invention can be expressed more clearly by describing the function, the following equivalents are considered to be the effects of the invention: It is also possible to add the description to the end.
"X consisting of A, B and C and characterized by..."

"In ..., X characterized by ... and thereby ..." In principle, the above X should be the same as the title of the invention.

Although it is preferable to formally express the claims in the claims such as "X consisting of A, B, C and D" so as to clarify the constituent elements of the invention, When it is difficult to do so, or especially when it concerns an improvement over the prior art and the improvement is considered sufficiently patentable, it is characterized You may use expressions such as
In addition, it has long been used in Japan to describe the configuration as it is using "providing" such as "X characterized by providing B in A, providing C in B, and D-connecting A and C." It is possible to use the format used, but although such Japanese expressions are allowed in Japanese, direct translations often do not result in claims that are accepted in foreign countries, so there is a possibility of filing a foreign application. Not recommended for applications with high
Furthermore, as the format of the claims, the main constituent elements are first described as "consisting of A, B, C and D, wherein the A is and the C is." It may be better to list and then define further features for that feature. This is suitable when the content of the configuration requirements is too complicated and listing the configuration requirements in order makes the content difficult to understand.
In either case, the organic coupling between the constituents should be made explicit, rather than listing each constituent separately. Otherwise, the overall configuration cannot be clearly specified.
If the invention is a process,
It is preferable to connect each step (process) constituting the invention in the form of "and", such as "Method Y characterized by performing ..., ..., and ...".
In this case, it may be necessary to use words that express the order of steps (before and after) such as "after", "next", and "at the same time" after "... and". .
Alternatively, an expression such as “a method characterized by comprising a step of …, a step of …, and a step of …” may be used.




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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA08 BB01 CC07 HH05
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To provide a method for efficiently determining the line-of-sight range between space and the ground.
<<Solution>> For each navigation satellite 3 with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more that tries to capture radio waves when a land mobile uses the navigation satellite system, the above position of each satellite viewed from the location of the land mobile 4 and each satellite The signal intensity from the land mobile unit 4 is recorded along with the position and time of the land mobile unit 4. Later, it is possible to determine whether each microscopic area that subdivides the sky above each point is line-of-sight or shielded from the radio wave intensity information recorded within a certain period of time. By judging, the sky visibility range at that point within that time is determined.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One or more land mobiles equipped with a device for estimating its own current position and a device for correcting positioning errors by receiving radio waves from a plurality of navigation satellites In addition to the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time values obtained as positioning results, the elevation and azimuth angle values above each navigation satellite and the signal strength value from each satellite, which are calculated in the positioning process, are also It continues to save as one record for each fixed time or fixed distance. And extract only the record group that satisfies that the altitude value is within a certain range near a certain point, and the satellite elevation value and satellite azimuth angle value included in the record group and the signal strength from the satellite By considering multiple records of values as information to determine whether the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point is a line-of-sight channel, the A point-by-point sky line-of-sight range creation method characterized by constructing an information database regarding the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight communication path in the sky above a point and the direction of that communication path.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs> The present invention relates to a method for specifying the existence range of a line-of-sight communication channel between space and the ground.
<<0002>>
<Priorart> A surface as a set of points where the sky can be seen without being blocked by radio wave obstacles when looking up at the sky from a point on the earth specified by a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. Hereafter, it is referred to as the sky visibility range. Radio wave obstacles here include, for example, terrain such as mountains that exist relatively far from the point, and trees that have a large shielding effect in the elevation direction when relatively close to the point. and high-rise buildings. In addition, there are factors such as the growth of trees, artificial felling, construction of buildings by development, and demolition of buildings as the shape of radio wave obstacles changes with time. In other words, the sky visibility range has the property that it is determined only by the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.
<<0003>> Since the concept of the sky visibility range itself is new, there are few things that can be considered as conventional techniques for creating a sky visibility range for each point. If I were to force it, the first, the method based on the calculation from the topographical map, and the second, the method based on the optical imaging, are considered to be the conventional technologies. <<0004>> First, as the first method, a method for creating the sky visibility range for each point by calculation from a topographic map will be described below. In mountains and mountainous areas, there are few man-made structures, so the main radio wave obstacles are generally distant mountains and hills and forests that accompany them. In this case, from the altitude information read from the 1:25,000 topographic map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and the digital map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, the topography that affects the sky above a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. By calculating , it is possible to obtain a tentative estimate of the range of sky visibility.
<<0005>> Also, as a second method, there was a method of creating sky visibility ranges for each point using the results of image processing of optical imaging. It was a method of estimating the range of visibility in the sky above the point by performing image processing on the optical image of the sky at a certain point using a fisheye lens and then binarizing the image based on the contrast.
(See reference below).
Riza Akturan and Wolfhard J. Vogel, "Path Diversity for LEO Satellite-PCS in the Urban Environment", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.45, no.7, July 1997, pp.1107-1116 <<0006>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, when the sky visibility range is required for each point in an urban area, the first method, that is, estimating the sky visibility range by reading the altitude on a topographic map or digital map, is not appropriate. I didn't. This is because radio wave shielding factors for land mobiles traveling in urban areas are generally not due to distant natural topography indicated by altitude information, but to man-made structures such as buildings and elevated structures that exist relatively close to each other. This is because it is often the case that For this reason, the first method, that is, the method of reading the altitude, cannot be expected to be accurate for the sky visibility range for each point in urban areas.
<0007> Therefore, as a means of compensating for this shortcoming, elevation data that considers even man-made structures in urban areas as topography, comprehensively and complete information on a wide range of national land, if it exists, It may be possible to apply this first method based on the information. However, although such information exists in paper form, etc., in local governments, fire departments, and other administrative agencies that require information on the number of floors in a building, it is not standardized and is organized systematically at present. It has not reached Furthermore, it has yet to be digitized. For this reason, in order to achieve the purpose of creating a sky view range for each location based on such non-standardized information, it is necessary to confirm the location of the data for each local government, collect it, standardize the format, and digitize it. , and then start calculating the sky visibility range.
<<0008>> If we were to complete this enormous amount of work, we would have the following drawbacks.
(1) Since it takes time and effort to create the above-mentioned work, the sky visibility range for each point as a product to be provided is based on old information (It takes time to create the sky visibility range. Time dependency of sky visibility range not desirable from the point of view)
(2) In order to compensate for this shortcoming, if it is desired to update the sky view range for each point to the latest version, it would be necessary to start with a survey of the number of floors of buildings and houses, and then organize the data again, which would require an enormous amount of time and manpower. Expensive. (The cost of updating the sky visibility range is high.) (3) Even if the current shielding conditions caused by houses and buildings can be estimated, the sky visibility range results are one-sided because shielding by other features such as elevated structures, trees, and signboards cannot be estimated. It becomes generic and inaccurate. If you aim for accuracy, it will be necessary to identify the heights of individual features, trees, elevated highways, overpasses, large gate-type signs, utility poles, etc. that may cause radio wave shielding. (It is not possible to comprehensively evaluate the diversity of causes of sky visibility range.)
(4) Since the data is based on floor number information only, expedient methods such as multiplying the "average height per floor (generally about 3.5 meters)" are used, and individual heights are used. becomes inaccurate, and as a result the accuracy of the sky visibility range decreases (the result of the sky visibility range estimation is not accurate enough).
<<0009>> The second optical imaging method has the following drawbacks.
(1) In order to create a sky view range for each point in a wide urban area, it is necessary to sequentially take optical images at various points on many roads. occurs.
(2) There has not been established an accurate algorithm that can automatically completely separate the sky from other areas using image processing technology for individual imaging results under various shooting conditions. In reality, human intervention is required when setting the threshold for separation, which takes time and effort.
(3) The shooting time is limited during the daytime and in fine weather, because it is necessary to shoot so that the separation can be clearly seen in the subsequent image processing. Accurate separation is extremely difficult at night, when it is cloudy, or when it is raining, because the contrast decreases.
(4) Radio wave shielding of individual cases, such as the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of the sun filtering through foliage of trees, or the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of multiple electric wires. It becomes difficult to estimate the effect.
(5) Not only does the photographer possess optical imaging equipment, but at the same time, equipment that specifies the imaging position as latitude and longitude, such as a device that receives radio waves from a navigation satellite system and performs positioning, and equipment such as a gyro and a compass. must also possess In other words, the person engaged in data collection had to carry a large number of devices, and there was a drawback that the work was not easy.
<<0010>>
<<Means for Solving the Problems>> The present invention has been proposed in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art. does not apply.
(2) It does not take much time to collect and create data on sky visibility ranges for each location.
(3) It is possible to easily update the information, always reflecting the latest information, so as to cope with the time dependency of the sky view range for each location without spending time and money.
(4) Eliminate the time and effort inherent in the method of estimating and weighting features that cause shielding by type in estimating the sky visibility range for each point, and perform a batch evaluation using the signal strength from the actual satellite. You can reach your goal with
(5) By using the signal strength from the actual satellite when estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to easily evaluate the visibility under special conditions that are difficult with other methods. For example, it is possible to avoid the difficulty of judging whether or not the sunlight filtering through the trees is really visible, which is unique to image processing such as optical imaging.
(6) In the process of collecting data prior to estimating the range of sky visibility for each location, the work of the data collector is simple and less burdensome. For example, data collectors do not need to have knowledge and skills in specialized fields such as radio engineering, topography, or optical imaging, and can use land mobiles equipped with the necessary equipment to perform land mobile operations. It is possible to contribute to the creation of the sky visibility range for each location simply by
(7) For estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to develop the equipment necessary for data collection by slightly modifying the positioning equipment based on the Global Positioning System (hereafter referred to as GPS), which has been widely used in consumer products in recent years. It is a method, and a compact and high-performance device can be developed at a low cost, which is highly convenient.
(8) In recent years, it is compatible with the vehicle location management system using GPS, etc., which is spreading in the transportation industry, taxi industry, etc. In that case, the driver can concentrate on the original work using the land mobile. Since it is possible to contribute secondarily to the creation of the sky view range for each point just by using the site, it is possible to participate substantially in data collection without being conscious of being dedicated to it. high.
We provide a point-by-point sky visibility range creation method characterized by the following.
<<0011>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a state in which radio waves from a plurality of GPS satellites 3 do not reach a GPS antenna 5 installed on the roof of a land mobile unit 4 due to shielding by buildings 1, 1' and trees 2. This shows the principle of shielding the radio waves from the GPS satellite 3.
<<0012>> In other words, the radio waves for positioning transmitted from the GPS satellites 3 use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, so they are excellent in straightness like light, and the line-of-sight position from the GPS antenna 5 is There is a clear difference between the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 in the distance and the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 not in line of sight from the GPS antenna 5 . The radio waves used in space communications, including not only GPS satellites but also general navigation satellites, are often microwaves, millimeter waves, and other radio waves with excellent straightness, and the influence of diffraction can be almost ignored.
<<0013>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites contain orbital information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, and this is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, the elevation angle of the GPS satellite 3, which exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, but the signal strength from the satellite is infinitely close to 0 due to shielding, that is, the radio wave from the satellite cannot be captured and azimuth can be calculated and output by simple calculation from the data received from other GPS satellites 3 that can be seen. In fact, there are devices that output such information. In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes, there is no risk of interference even if they use the same frequency. By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the signal strength from those satellites are separately detected. It is easy in principle to do so.
<<0014>> Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the system when multiple land mobiles are used, based on the point-by-point sky visibility range creation method. It consists of a plurality of land mobiles 10, 10', 10", . . . and a data storage device 11.
<<0015>> Each land mobile has the same configuration as the land mobile 10, and holds a GPS antenna 10A, a GPS receiver 10B, a data temporary recording device 10C, and a positioning error correction device 10D. . Positioning error correction devices include currently popular differential GPS receivers, acceleration sensors, vehicle speed sensors, map match mechanisms, etc. Any suitable combination of devices may be used. In GPS, the commonly used C/A code usually contains noise that deliberately causes positioning errors in the data transmitted from satellites in order to reduce positioning accuracy (called selective availability). In that case, a positioning error of 120 meters in the horizontal direction and 180 meters in the vertical direction occurs. However, it is well known that the positioning error can be reduced to several meters or less by using the above positioning error correction device.
<<0016>> In the land mobile unit 10, while traveling, among the data output from the GPS receiver 10B, not only the latitude value, longitude value, altitude value and time value obtained as the positioning result of the current position, but also The elevation angle and azimuth angle values of each GPS satellite present at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more and the signal strength value from the satellite are continuously stored as one record in the temporary recording device 10C at regular time intervals.
<<0017>> FIG. 3 shows an example of data contents contained in one record.
<<0018>> Consider the case where N satellites exist at elevation angles of 0 degrees or more, and call them satellite 1, satellite 2, . . . , satellite N. 1 record is current time 20A, current land mobile latitude 20B, current land mobile longitude 20C, elevation of satellite 1 21A, azimuth of satellite 1 21B, signal strength from satellite 1 21C, satellite 2 22A of elevation, 22B of azimuth of satellite 2, 22C of signal strength from satellite 2, and finally 23A of elevation of satellite N, 23B of azimuth of satellite N, and 23C of signal strength from satellite N. .
<<0019>> Records are collected at many points by continuing recording once per second while the land mobile 10 is running. Even if the same land mobile 10 passes the same point at different times, the time is different and the satellite arrangement in the sky is different, so data is collected under different conditions, which is significant. Furthermore, it is efficient to collect data at many points by collecting data for multiple land mobiles, such as land mobile 10' and land mobile 10".
<<0020>> Data temporarily recorded in the data temporary recording device 10C in the land mobile unit 10 is stored in the data temporary recording device 10C when, for example, the data for several days are collected and moved to the data storage device 11. capacity can be utilized.
<<0021>> If the temporary data recording device 10C uses a PCMCIA card type ATA flash card for personal computers, which has become popular in recent years, and a personal computer with a large-capacity hard disk and a PCMCIA slot is used as the data storage device 11, an ATA flash card can be used. It is efficient because data can be transferred by simply inserting/removing the card and manipulating a simple file.
<<0022>> In this way, the data is stored in the data storage device. It is possible to collect data more efficiently by enlisting the cooperation of many land vehicles operated by the agencies of the department. In doing so, a vehicle location management system, which has become popular in recent years, is adopted, and the location information of land mobiles is transferred in real time to a control center or the like via a mobile phone, etc., and centralized management of the location of land mobiles is performed. If it is an agency, the existing GPS receiver will be slightly modified as necessary so that it will output the same output as the GPS receiver 10B. Elevation angle 21A, azimuth angle 21B of satellite 1, signal strength 21C from satellite 1, elevation angle 22A of satellite 2, azimuth angle 22B of satellite 2, signal strength 22C from satellite 2, ..., elevation angle 23A of satellite N, satellite N It is only necessary to additionally transfer the data of the azimuth angle 23B and the signal strength 23C from the satellite N, and the work of data transfer by the driver of the land mobile can be eliminated, which is more efficient. In that case, the computer in the management center corresponds to the data storage device 11 .
<<0023>> After that, among the many records saved in the data storage device 11, the time 20A is within a certain time range, e.g. Extract those that satisfy until June 30th 23:59:59 (JST). Limiting the records to a period of about half a year is too long a record because of the possibility of changes over time in factors that affect the range of sky visibility, such as the construction of new buildings, construction of houses, and the growth of trees. should not be adopted.
<<0024>> Then, from the extracted record group, only the record group that satisfies that the latitude value, longitude value, and altitude value are within a certain range is extracted. For example, if you want to estimate the sky view range at a point on the road about 20 m south of the Uchisaiwai-cho intersection in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, the latitude and longitude of that point, that is, 35 degrees 40 minutes 02.2 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes east longitude. The latitude and longitude measured by land mobiles are slightly different. Width/Longitude Only records that satisfy the latitude range and longitude range with width are extracted.
<<0025>> The total number of satellites included only in the group of records extracted so far is quite large. Information for determining whether or not the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point and its vicinity is a line-of-sight channel. be regarded as
<<0026>> That is, the sky above the point is divided into various minute areas, and the data having the corresponding azimuth and elevation angle values in each minute area is regarded as the representative value of the satellite communication path of the minute area. Even after deducting the distance through the atmosphere, which can be calculated based on the satellite elevation angle, and the signal strength attenuation margin due to weather conditions such as rain attenuation, the radio waves from the GPS satellite are expected to be -125 dBm or more. There is a high probability that a small area where there are many data below the value and exists with a high probability is shielded by radio shielding objects such as buildings, trees, and signboards. Therefore, for example, for a minute area where 95% or more of the data satisfying the signal strength (21C, 22C, 23C) is -125 dBm or more, the minute area is judged as line-of-sight, and for a minute area below 30%, The minute area is determined to be occluded, and the minute area that does not belong to either of these is assumed to be undefined and determined by further collection of records. The above values for judging line-of-sight may be changed according to the intended use of the sky line-of-sight range. The minute area can be created, for example, by creating a fan-shaped portion on the hemisphere determined by two criteria, such as 5 degree increments for each elevation angle and 5 degree increments for each azimuth angle.
<<0027>> In this way, information about the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight channel over a certain point in a certain time range and the direction of that channel can be efficiently constructed.
<<0028>> The present invention has been described above based on the embodiments shown in the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any way as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. can do.
<<0029>>
<<Effects of the Invention>> In short, according to the present invention, since there is no need for full-time labor costs, it is possible to increase the effect-price ratio of creating sky view ranges for each location. In other words, there is no need for a large-scale survey of current conditions.
<<0030>> In addition, a device that receives radio waves from navigation satellites and specifies the current position up to latitude and longitude, and a device that can be easily modified by adding a small modification to a general recording medium such as a PCMCIA type card ATA flash memory. It is feasible, and it can be realized at a relatively low cost in the present day when the above-mentioned devices are widely used in the consumer.
<0031> Furthermore, regardless of the weather, day or night, information collection is always possible and efficient when business (taxi business, postal business, truck transportation business, cleaning business, etc.) is occurring.
<<0032>> Furthermore, updating is necessary to reflect the latest situation in creating the sky view range for each point, but compared to the existing methods, it is possible to update easily.
<<0033>> In addition, since the measured signal strength of the radio wave from the satellite is used to determine the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to incorporate the effects of shielding by natural objects such as trees and topography. There is no need to include items related to radio wave shielding, such as signboards and large gate-type signs, as categories, eliminating complexity.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Fig. 1>> A conceptual diagram showing the principle of shielding in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> A conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a plurality of land mobiles and a data storage device in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 3>> A conceptual diagram showing the data content of one record in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
1,1' structure
2 trees
3 GPS satellites
4 Land mobile
5 GPS antenna
10,10',10" land mobile
10A GPS antenna
10B GPS receiver
10C data temporary recorder
10D positioning error correction device
11 Data storage device
20A time
20B Latitude
20C longitude
21A Satellite 1 elevation angle
21B Satellite 1 azimuth
21C Signal strength from satellite 1
22A Satellite 2 elevation angle
22B Satellite 2 azimuth
Signal strength from 22C satellite 2
23A Azimuth of Satellite N
23B Satellite N elevation angle
23C Signal strength from satellite N
<<Figure 1>>
000003

<<Figure 2>>
000004

<<Figure 3>>
000005

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The format of the specification attached to the request for a patent application is different from the conventional format in which the scope of claims is listed after the title of the invention. Each of them is given a document name such as "document name" specification, "document name" claims, "document name" abstract, and "document name" drawing. constitutes the specification of

The title of the invention, the detailed description of the invention, and the brief description of the drawings in the narrowly defined specification are headings determined by the Enforcement Regulations, so the titles and order must be observed. The subheadings in the detailed description of the invention are the suggested labeling and order for a sequential discussion of the invention, and are to be followed as much as possible. However, since the purpose is to make it possible for the reader to simply understand what is being explained in the detailed explanation of the invention, the following expressions are not necessarily used, and other appropriate expressions may be used. Any suitable expression may be used. For example, in a specification with a long description of the embodiments, it is advisable to add appropriate subheadings in it so that one can easily find what is written where.

《Document name》Description
《Title of Invention》
"Technical field"
《Background technology》
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
《Non-Patent Literature》
《Outline of the invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
《Means to solve the problem》
"Effect of the invention"
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
"Example"
《Industrial applicability》
<<Description of symbols>>

<<Title of Document>> Claims
<<Claim 1>>
<<Claim2>>

《Document name》Abstract
"wrap up"
"Task"
《Solution》
《Selection》

《Document name》 Drawing

Yanagida International Patent Office
About each item described in the specification

《Title of Invention》
The title of the invention expresses the content of the invention as a noun, such as "method", "apparatus", "system", "recording medium", "program", and the like. It is preferable that the title should not vaguely indicate the technical field of the invention, but should express the contents of the invention in some concrete manner. For example, instead of "detection device", use "sheet leading edge detection device".

Also, it is desirable that the title of the invention match the expression such as "apparatus" that appears at the end of the claims. For specifications containing two categories of process and article, use "methods and apparatus", "compounds and methods of making the same", and so on. However, it is not necessary to cover all categories. Especially when there are many categories and the title of the invention is long, the title should be appropriately simplified.

"Technical field"
In this section, the technical field to which the invention belongs is described using expressions such as "this invention relates to...". In particular, if the invention belongs to a relatively detailed field within a certain technical field, first describe the broad technical field, such as "the present invention relates to ..., especially to ...", In addition, it is desirable to describe in more detail what is involved in it.

The purpose of this section is to inform the reader of the specification of what the invention is about in a concise and clear manner, as the title of the invention alone is too broad and the object of the invention is not clear enough. . Therefore, what should be particularly noted in this section is that the specific technical field to which the invention is directed is clarified without mentioning the purpose and effects of the invention.

When the technical field is considered to be generally unfamiliar, for example, when it relates to a completely new technology, once "this invention relates to", then "here It is better to add some explanation about the words related to the title of the invention, such as "What is...".

《Background technology》

This section describes the prior art known prior to the filing of the application, which is the background of the invention. In particular, the prior art having the problem to be solved by the invention will be described, but it is better to describe the premise or background of the prior art, if there is anything that helps the understanding of the invention.

In other words, in many cases, the background of the invention is not only a simple problem, but also complicated problems of the prior art. It is necessary to explain the prior art step by step so that it can be understood.
In order to avoid detailed explanation, the name of the literature (for example, the number of the publication) may be given, but at least what is necessary to make the reader understand the problem to be solved by the invention should be explained in sentences.

<<Prior Art Documents>><<PatentDocuments>><<Non-PatentDocuments>>
In this section, publicly known documents cited in the description of the background art are divided into patent documents such as publications and non-patent documents such as books and papers. Specify by quoting the date, etc. In the background art section, references are made using expressions such as Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2, etc., without citing numbers.

《Outline of the invention》

《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
In this section, the problems that led to the invention, that is, the problems that had to be solved or were desired to be solved in the prior art, and the purpose of the invention are explained.

In particular, if the content of the invention is not advanced, or if the inventive step is not considered to be large compared to the prior art, in order to appeal the patentability, the problems of the prior art should be explained in some detail. How technically, practically, or industrially important the object of the invention was in this technology, how difficult it was to solve it, and how big the need for a solution was, but it has not been solved until now. It is desirable to describe in detail the points such as whether or not This is because the importance of the technology will be appealed, and even if the improved part is small, the size of the technology will be evaluated.

What is particularly important in this section is that the problems of the invention listed here must necessarily be the problems to be solved by the present invention. This is because if the problem is not solved by the present invention, there is no point in citing the problem here.

The problem of the invention and the means to solve it must always be explained along a consistent line of reasoning. Without this consistency, the specification is not only meaningless, but also the invention is incomplete or unworkable. The application will be rejected as

This paragraph further includes expressions such as "The object of the present invention is to provide..." or "The object of the present invention is to provide..." , describes the object of the invention. The object of the invention here is not to solve the problem, but to provide a solution to the problem. What is provided is a device or method at the end of the scope of claims, which is preceded by a description summarizing the intended effect of the invention as a modifier, such as "the present invention is described above." In view of the problems of the prior art, the object is to provide a device that performs .

The intended content here is the problem of the prior art that is derived from the problems or demands of the prior art described in the prior art section. not. For example, rather than using general expressions for the purpose of the invention, such as an excellent device or a convenient device, or aiming at a problem unrelated to the problems described so far, , in response to the problems of the prior art described so far, it is specifically described as "an object is to provide a device (method) for . . .".

Since this purpose is often used as a reference when interpreting the right of an invention, the invention must be described after fully understanding the problems and demands of the prior art. That is, first, the effect achieved by the invention described in the broadest scope of claims is the main object (objective) of the invention, and the inventions described in the dependent claims and the scope of claims do not. It should not be aimed at any particular advantage of any particular embodiment.
In addition, since it is not necessary to describe the configuration of the provided invention in this purpose section, only the purpose should be described without mentioning the features of the configuration.

《Means to solve the problem》

This section describes the structure of the invention. The constitution of the invention is the essential constitutional requirement for solving the problems of the invention, and is the essence of the invention itself. The content must correspond.

The purpose of this section is to ensure that the specification provides support for the matters recited in the claims, to clarify the meaning of the constituent elements of esoteric expressions, and in particular to prevent narrow interpretation of the expressions and terms used in the claims. It is better to think that it is to define broadly in Therefore, the same expressions and terms as those in the claims are used here as they are, and the meanings thereof are explained so as not to be particularly narrowly interpreted. The gap between the embodiment (narrow) and the scope of the claims (broad) is filled in, and descriptions are provided to clarify which configuration of the embodiment corresponds to which component of the scope of the claims.

In other words, based on the premise that the scope of claims is a legal document that expresses the scope of rights, there are many cases in which clear premises are written redundantly or expressions are extremely difficult to understand, making it difficult to intuitively understand the meaning (gist). Therefore, we believe that the purpose of this paragraph is to explain the gist of the invention in an easy-to-understand manner, explain the meaning of the invention, and take care not to narrowly interpret the terms, etc. of the claims. It's good.

However, since the description in this section is the most important when interpreting the right, carelessly adding unnecessary description will cause a big problem later. must be careful.

Specifically, in order to be conscious of the scope of rights in claims, technically unusual or unfamiliar generic words are often used. To keep things simple, this section explains or defines the broader terms. For example, "A here means ... and is not necessarily limited to a, and may be, for example, b, c, etc." Anything can be used. Specifically, for example, a, b, c, etc. can be used." good.

In addition, in this section, it is desirable to define (explain) various terms used in the claims in addition to the generic terminology as described above. In particular, the terms used in the claims are often used broadly or narrowly depending on the meaning of the terms that are commonly understood. It is better to explain while being conscious.

"Effect of the invention"

Here, the effect achieved by the configuration of the invention (means for solving the problem) is described. The effect of this invention is likely to be a repetition of the purpose of the invention. The effect section is intended to explain in an easy-to-understand manner specific effects obtained in relation to the configuration of the invention.

That is, in the section on the effects of the invention, it is desirable to explain in an easy-to-understand manner why the effects are obtained in relation to the configuration of the invention. For example, it is desirable to write the effect with a reason, such as "according to the apparatus or method of the present invention configured as described above, . . . can be achieved."

In addition, the effect of an invention is extremely important in asserting and impressing the inventive step necessary for obtaining a patent. It is better to list as many things as possible. The most desirable advantage is the original functional effect of the object of the invention, but if there are other derivative effects that are generally considered industrially desirable, such as cost reduction and structural simplification, as many as possible It is better to describe However, the following points should be noted.

The description in this effect section is closely related to the essence of the invention. Do not state effects that are not necessarily achieved by the structures recited in the claims. If such an effect is written, a claim may be required to add a limitation to that effect because the claim lacks a component to achieve that effect. It should be noted that the effects achieved only by the inventions or preferred embodiments described in the dependent claims should never be expressed as "according to the present invention", for example, "when has the effect of". Otherwise, a preferred configuration for achieving the effect may be recognized as an essential requirement of the main invention.

The description of the effect of the invention is not necessarily required under the current law, and by writing this, the purpose of the invention is construed in a restrictive manner, i.e., it is interpreted as if the purpose is to achieve the effect. Therefore, in order to obtain a patent, it is better to write the effect, but to broaden the right, it is better not to write the effect. However, when describing the effect, it is important to consider the balance between the two.

《Brief description of the drawing》

This section contains a brief description of the drawings used and the reference numbers of important parts shown in the drawings. The explanation of the drawings is such as "Fig. 1", "Fig. 2", etc., followed by "Plan view showing...", "Partial sectional view showing...", "Perspective view showing...", etc. It should be stated what kind of diagram it is.


Examples of the types of views used herein include, for example, top view, front view, side view, perspective view, section view, vertical section, horizontal section, partial section, enlarged view, partial enlarged section , developed view, partially cutaway front view, exploded view, circuit diagram, graph, diagram, flow chart, etc.


The descriptive language of this drawing should make it clear how it relates to the structure of the invention, for example, a perspective view showing the entirety of an apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention. , an enlarged view showing the details of the main part of the device, and a horizontal sectional view showing the part of the device according to another embodiment of the present invention. It is desirable to use an expression that clarifies whether

<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>

The purpose of this section is to provide a reader (person skilled in the art) with an explanation to facilitate the implementation of the invention, and to explain the specific content of the invention to another reader (examiner) (the enablement requirement is satisfaction). Here, a detailed description will be given of the configuration, operation, and, if necessary, the method of manufacturing and the method of use, etc., in the case of concretely carrying out the invention. An embodiment of the invention is an embodiment of the invention specifically shown to support the subject matter of the invention described in the claims.
If not, it may be necessary to describe multiple embodiments. In particular, when the scope of claims is described broadly in order to obtain a broader right, it is necessary to describe embodiments, working examples, etc. that sufficiently support the scope of the claims. Depending on the technical content, for example, in the case of mechanical inventions, there are cases where the structure can be expressed only in words. Examples such as experimental results, clinical data, and lens data are essential in fields such as chemical inventions, pharmaceuticals, and optical lens systems.

In the embodiment, it is not necessary to disclose numerical values such as the dimensions and weight of the concrete structure. It is sufficient if the idea of

As for the order of writing, the structure may be explained first and then the function, or the structure and function may be interwoven. Which of these two formats should be adopted should be decided on a case-by-case basis by choosing the one that is easier to explain. In general, for inventions relating to mechanical structures, the configuration is first described, followed by the operation, and for inventions in the fields of electricity and electronics, the configuration and operation are often described together.

In the description of this embodiment, the symbols for the respective members shown in the drawings are used, but the members simply indicated by numbers, such as "1 is 2". is not preferable because it does not explain the configuration, and after the name of the member with the reference number in the drawing, such as "2 is fixed on 1 ..." It is desirable to describe the configuration concretely by attaching the reference numerals.

It should be remembered that the drawings are only for the purpose of helping understanding of the invention, and that the content of the invention should be explained in writing in principle. For example, even if a quadrangle that looks like a trapezoid is drawn on the drawing, it will not be possible to correct it later to limit it to a trapezoid. This is because it is not possible to clearly distinguish whether the trapezoid is intentionally drawn or the rectangle looks like a trapezoid due to the inaccuracy of drawing.

However, in the case of an explanation of an embodiment of an electric circuit, if the circuit configuration is explained in such detail that it can be understood without looking at the drawings, the specification will become redundant, so the contents can be understood by referring to the drawings. It is desirable to explain the degree. However, in this case, it is not desirable to explain only the function without explaining the structure at all, even though the structure of the electric circuit is obvious when looking at the drawing. Since the specification must merely explain the structure of the invention, it is not permissible to try to explain only the function in the body of the specification instead of explaining the structure with drawings. In other words, when explaining an electric circuit, it is better to proceed while explaining the structure little by little as well as the operation. For example, while explaining the structure of the circuit, its function is explained as follows: "The deflection angle of the pointer of A is adjustable by means of a variable resistor C whose one end is connected to the input terminal B of meter A." As you go along, you will be able to explain the content relatively concisely and sufficiently.

In addition, since there are many cases where each embodiment has a unique effect in the section of the embodiment of the invention, it is desirable to add the effect peculiar to the embodiment after the description of the operation.

Another thing to keep in mind with respect to the description of the embodiments is that the specification has the effect of excluding later applications. In other words, it has the function of a prior art document that excludes easily invented material from the description of others' later applications filed after the publication of the application, and The application has the function of a prior application that excludes the same invention, and in order to fulfill the latter function, it is necessary to describe the same level of description as the invention that can be a later application. For example, even if the concept of the invention is described, if the description at the level of the embodiment is insufficient, a later application at the level of the embodiment may be established. It is better to keep it. Concretely, it is good to mention a wide range of specific examples, such as "may be", "can be", etc., even if it is just words.

"Example"

This section should state the fact that the invention has been embodied. That is, for example, actual implementation or experiment results are described with numerical values such as specific sizes, speeds, weights, amounts, ratios, and times. Therefore, the tense of the sentence is expressed in the past tense.


In the case of inventions related to chemistry, in general, the actual experiment data and manufacturing method must be described. The materials used in the experiments and manufacturing methods, their methods, and their results are quantitatively explained.


In particular, in the case of inventions related to pharmaceuticals, the medicinal efficacy must be fully described with clinical data from the time of filing, because only the manufacturing method and administration method will be inadequate.


In addition, it is desirable to describe comparative examples for demonstrating the effects of the invention together with the working examples, if necessary. In this case, it is necessary to carefully check whether the provided data are such that the examples fall within the scope of the claimed invention and the comparative examples do not.

《Industrial applicability》

When the industrial applicability of the invention is unclear, the method of industrial application, production method, or method of use of the invention is described. However, since the industrial applicability is usually obvious, this description is not necessary.

<<Description of symbols>>

In the description column of the reference numerals, a blank is placed next to the number to indicate the name of the member indicated by the number, such as "1: substrate, 2: support, 3: rocking lever, . . . ". When there are multiple embodiments and different reference numerals are given to corresponding members across those embodiments, multiple numbers are arranged, for example, "1, 11, 21 ... cover", and collectively may be indicated as follows.


It is necessary to describe relatively important elements related to the constitutional elements of the invention described in the claims without omission in this column of codes. It is not necessary to describe the symbols that are used.


It is preferable to avoid showing drawings related to the prior art in the drawings as much as possible, and it is preferable that the prior art is explained without using the drawings, and that the drawings only show the configuration of the present invention. However, if it is necessary to explain the prior art using drawings, it is also good to explain the prior art using the drawings. In that case, the drawing that best represents the contents of the invention should be FIG.

Claims

(1) Basic format of claims

In the scope of claims, the structures necessary and sufficient to achieve the object of the invention are written in the form of nouns. Write the structure, not the purpose or effect. However, since it is possible to express the structure more broadly by describing the structure in an active manner, it is also permitted to use the active expression when the structure is uniquely specified. Claims are written differently depending on whether the invention is a product or a method.
If the invention is a product,

"consisting of (including comprising, etc.) A, B, C and D

X characterized by: "or,

Is it a form (Combination Style) in which multiple components are connected with and like "X characterized by consisting of (including, comprising, etc.) of A, B, and C." ,or
A configuration corresponding to the prior art, which is the premise of the invention, is described before "at", such as "in ..., X characterized by doing ...", and then a novel configuration that is the feature of the invention. The format represented by the so-called German patent (Continental Style, Jepson Style) is used. The latter form is particularly easy to write when the invention is a partial improvement of the prior art, but since the improvement is emphasized, it gives the impression that the improvement is not significant and makes it difficult to appeal the patentability. is not suitable.

In addition, when it is considered that the invention cannot be fully expressed only by the constitution, or when it is considered that the features of the invention can be expressed more clearly by describing the function, the following equivalents are considered to be the effects of the invention: It is also possible to add the description to the end.
"X consisting of A, B and C and characterized by..."

"In ..., X characterized by ... and thereby ..." In principle, the above X should be the same as the title of the invention.

Although it is preferable to formally express the claims in the claims such as "X consisting of A, B, C and D" so as to clarify the constituent elements of the invention, When it is difficult to do so, or especially when it concerns an improvement over the prior art and the improvement is considered sufficiently patentable, it is characterized You may use expressions such as
In addition, it has long been used in Japan to describe the configuration as it is using "providing" such as "X characterized by providing B in A, providing C in B, and D-connecting A and C." It is possible to use the format used, but although such Japanese expressions are allowed in Japanese, direct translations often do not result in claims that are accepted in foreign countries, so there is a possibility of filing a foreign application. Not recommended for applications with high
Furthermore, as the format of the claims, the main constituent elements are first described as "consisting of A, B, C and D, wherein the A is and the C is." It may be better to list and then define further features for that feature. This is suitable when the content of the configuration requirements is too complicated and listing the configuration requirements in order makes the content difficult to understand.
In either case, the organic coupling between the constituents should be made explicit, rather than listing each constituent separately. Otherwise, the overall configuration cannot be clearly specified.
If the invention is a process,
It is preferable to connect each step (process) constituting the invention in the form of "and", such as "Method Y characterized by performing ..., ..., and ...".
In this case, it may be necessary to use words that express the order of steps (before and after) such as "after", "next", and "at the same time" after "... and". .
Alternatively, an expression such as “a method characterized by comprising a step of …, a step of …, and a step of …” may be used.

(2) Points for drafting the scope of claims
In drafting the scope of a claim, it is essential to fully understand the essence of the invention. It is important to write down only the sufficient condition in a concise and clear expression. Since the scope of claims is a legal document (a contract with a third party) that expresses the content of the claimed invention, strict expressions are required and the content tends to be difficult to understand. It is desirable that the expression be as easy to understand as possible, as long as the expression does not have the possibility of being misread as being different from the intended invention.

Expressions to avoid

Affirmative language is required in the claims, and negative language should not be used. For example, a requirement such as "does not" or "does not have" cannot be used. This is because this does not mean that the requirements are limited, and the invention is not specified in such a way as to define everything other than certain things. In addition, selective or vague expressions are not permitted in the claims. Alternative expressions are conjunctions that express alternatives, such as “or, or, or”. In addition, the ambiguous expression is an expression whose range is unclear, such as "etc." and "about." This is because the invention is not specified. However, even if it is a selective expression or an unclear expression, it is a case where one thing is broadly expressed as a concept, and one specific term cannot be used, so such words are used to express is allowed as the case may be. For example, "according to the number or amount" and "elastic material such as rubber, plastic, etc." are examples.

When describing the constituent elements of a claim, always pay attention to whether or not the constituent elements are really necessary, whether broader conceptual words can be used to express the constituent elements, etc. Care must be taken not to impose excessive restrictions. In particular, since inventors often think narrowly about their inventions, the drafter of the specification must thoroughly examine each requirement to see if it is possible to use broader terms, or if there are no unnecessary requirements. It must be carefully examined whether For that purpose, it is necessary to separate from the embodiments presented by the inventor and grasp the essence of the invention. However, it should be noted that no matter how broad the patent is, it should not be extended to include prior art. This is because an invention claimed to include prior art is not patentable. Also, it should not be expanded to the extent that it includes unrealistic things that are far from common technical knowledge. It should be remembered that patents are intended only for things that can be used industrially.

Vague terms are not suitable for the scope of the claims, but terms that are well defined by those skilled in the art may be used without further explanation. In addition, when there is no suitable term, it can be used as a clear term if it is clearly defined in the text of the specification.

In the description of the scope of claims, the most important thing is to describe the constituent elements of the invention clearly and sufficiently broadly, and the format should be easy to express in relation to the content of the invention. should be selected. In particular, in terms of the form of expression, it is desirable to use as concise an expression as possible on the premise that the invention will be accurately expressed so as not to obscure the gist of the invention and to prevent the expression from being unnecessarily roundabout.

(3) Independent and dependent claims
The claims may be set forth in one or more claims, and the claims may, from a formal point of view, be independent or dependent. There is no difference in legal effect between the two.

Dependent claims are described in a form dependent on other claims, and the number of claims to be dependent may not be one. subordinate form.

A dependent claim is a claim that limits or specifically specifies a particular requirement stated in a dependent subject claim. add other requirements to the dependent claims, replace the requirements stated in the dependent subject claims with others, or refer to the dependent subject claims in their entirety as they are, and as a form of expression, In response to the requirement A, "X described in claim 1, characterized in that said A is ...", "Y characterized in that X described in claim 1 is used for ...", "Furthermore, B is used." It is described as "X" in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:

Two or more requirements may be specified here, and may be "characterized by the fact that the above A is... and the above B is...".
When two claims are dependent, a selective expression such as "X in claim 1 or 2, wherein said A is..." is used to selectively depend on multiple claims. Make an expression like

When selectively depending on three or more claims, "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...the X in the first, second or third claim." X described in (1) (in) any one of (1) to (3) from (1) to (3). Describe.

Arrangement of independent claims and dependent claims shall be such that the independent claim is described first, followed by the dependent claims dependent on the independent claim. Dependent claims that depend on more than one claim must appear after any of the claims on which they depend.
About the abstract

The purpose of the abstract is to provide a brief explanation of the content of the invention separately from the specification for the convenience of searches, etc., and it is not used as a subject of examination or as a material for interpreting the scope of rights. It is said that
Therefore, it is recommended to use simple technical expressions instead of using unique expressions intended to interpret the scope of rights, such as those used in the description of the claims. For example, the use of patent-specific terms such as "said", "the", and "...means" should be avoided as much as possible, and it is better to use terms that express the members themselves of the embodiments with reference numerals in the drawings.

Bad example: "The product is transported by the transport means..."

→ Good example: "Lighter 5 is conveyed by belt conveyor 8..."

The abstract should be written within 400 characters (within about 11 lines, including formulas and chemical formulas), divided into "problem" and "solution". If there are drawings, select the best one and describe the invention with reference to that drawing.

In the column of the problem, do not use expressions such as "the present invention ..." and "provide" in the specification that use unnecessary words, but directly express expressions such as "in ...". use.

Example: Improving the SN ratio in a magnetic tape playback device.

In the column of means for solving the problem, the gist of the embodiment shown in the selected drawing (only the portion that simply shows the gist of the invention will suffice) will be described using reference numerals. If there is room in the number of characters, the effects may be mentioned, but it is not necessary to mention different embodiments and modifications.
About drawings

The drawings are used as an aid to the explanation of the invention to facilitate the reader's understanding of the invention, but the drawings are only an aid and cannot be used as a substitute for the explanation of the invention. The invention must be clearly stated in writing. For example, just because a square was drawn in a drawing, it is not permissible to make a correction to limit it to an example of a square later. This is because a square is only an example of a polygon or an example of a simple figure, and it cannot be recognized that the idea of a square rather than a triangle is actively disclosed. Therefore, what is related to the idea of the invention or what is meaningful as an embodiment must be positively described not only in drawings but also in sentences.

In order to help the reader understand the invention, it is recommended to use drawings as much as possible. However, it is better to explain the prior art without using the drawings as much as possible, except in cases where the explanation cannot be done without the drawings. This is because the specification and drawings are primarily for the purpose of disclosing the invention for which a patent is sought, and should not be devoted to explaining the prior art.


For inventions involving mechanical structures with moving motion, it is desirable to use multiple drawings showing each stage of the motion so that the motion can be seen.
When describing a plurality of different embodiments, drawings should be prepared for each, and it is not preferable to show different forms in one drawing. However, when only a part of the whole is modified, the modified example may be indicated by a broken line or the like to save space.

In the case of inventions in the field of chemistry, especially inventions related to substances and compositions, it is often unnecessary, but in the case of inventions that use devices, it is also necessary in the field of chemistry.
About signs


Reference numerals are used in the drawings to indicate elements. The same reference numerals are used for the same members. Also, the same reference numeral must not be used for two or more different members. As the code, alphabets can be used in addition to numbers. Combinations of numbers and letters (2a, 3a, R1, A1, etc.) can also be used, but it is not acceptable to use combinations more frequently than necessary. This is because the characters in the drawings become small and difficult to find when reading.

Different reference numerals are used for corresponding elements in different embodiments. In the case of particularly similar embodiments, corresponding (not the same but similar, eg, 12, 22, 32) designations are used for corresponding members to facilitate understanding of the correspondence. It is common to change the digits of 100 for each different embodiment and use the same code for the corresponding members in the last two digits, but the number of digits of the code increases even though the number of members is not so large. should be avoided. This is because the drawing becomes difficult to see.

In US patent practice, there is a rule that everything in a claim must be in the drawings. Therefore, for applications that are likely to be filed in the United States, it is preferable to prepare drawings according to the rules from the time of filing in Japan. That is, all claimed variations must be shown in the drawings. The verbal content in the text may not be shown in the drawings, but the modification cannot be claimed later. However, if it is not new matter and can be added by amendment, there is no problem.








The previous series of inventions related to the conventional direction information acquisition method originated by the present inventor (the list is given and shown elsewhere in this paper)

"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
Compared to
(And whether it is receiving a direct wave or it is shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up the diffracted wave, so it will be completely shielded. Although it is difficult to say that
board"
It was something.

for that reason,
When the strength of the signals emitted by individual satellites in a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth is not uniform for some reason, in other words when the strength of the signals emitted by multiple individual signal sources is not uniform for some reason ,
"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
In comparison (and is it receiving direct waves or is it shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up diffracted waves as it is. Although it is difficult to say that it is completely shielded, it was estimated or determined]))

Even though there are
no longer,
the judgment of
It was difficult.

for example,
・・・
when like
Even diffracted waves from behind
・・・
Because
・・・
Other direct waves of weak satellite signals
When,
of strong satellite signals, of diffracted waves
the judgment of
It was difficult.



The present invention is a method for overcoming this, comprising:
According to the invention,
First divide the sky in two,
using one's body
・・・
and by creating an occlusion situation
Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,
For that same satellite signal,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the diffracted wave,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so
(I'll talk more about when it happens to be on or in the border area later.)
Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,
For the same signal,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the diffracted wave,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so
Which of the two reception status data strings is
In the diffracted wave reception situation,
Which
Check the direct wave reception status
It will get better just by doing some exercise,
this is,
The difficulty of the inventor's previous invention has completely disappeared,
very,
It becomes easier to distinguish
It becomes self-evident.
It has also been confirmed experimentally.

In this way
of an earlier invention
difficulty
I was able to overcome it.


again,
Because the previous invention was extremely original,
who truly understood this
there were few in the world.
Therefore,
the previous invention itself
another
This method

in short
the same signal source
Direct wave reception status and
the diffracted wave reception status
produce
which one
which one
discriminate
Even if that is the case,

and
Combining previous inventions by the inventor

The idea itself
cannot occur
it is conceivable that

Therefore, what a person skilled in the art can easily conceive is
that it's impossible to say
Make a note of it.









By the way, the result of the preliminary experiment (After rain overpass mh phone 20130825 124126-35 & 124626-35)
3. (2) is for example
SONY819401090034126N3542202E13939389+00920002819401090034125C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDC FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 88.6 deg &&&&&&&& sat FE:40deg F:50deg=>Typ.
\\\\\\\\\\\sat c, Elevation F=50 Azimuth E=40deg >> Left 20° out of sight
=> Attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the other side at typical value D

SONY819401090034626n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnDE ADoDB kDCIO heading 355.7 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
\\\\\\\\\\\sat c, Elevation F=50 Azimuth E=40deg >> Left 20° out of sight
=> Attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the other side at the representative value I

SONY819401090034126N3542202E13939389+00920002819401090034125C3A CGEDD cFEFF SHbDC FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFG ADpAB kDEGE heading 88.6 deg &&&&&&&& sat FE:40deg F:50deg=>Typ.
SONY819401090034127N3542202E13939389+00920002759401090034126C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCI PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDEFE heading 66.8 deg 180-24=156deg
SONY819401090034128N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034127C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDC FEFCH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFG ADpAC kDDFO heading 70.5 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034129N3542202E13939389+00920002419401090034128C3A CGEDC cFEFD SHbBD FEFCH PELFJ GEgAC KFnFH ADpAB kDDEO heading 135.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. It is impossible to distinguish between strong and weak.
SONY819401090034130N3542202E13939389+00920002389401090034129C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDD FEFFG PELFL GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDDO heading 138.5 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034131N3542202E13939389+00920013369401090034130C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDD FEFFH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDEDO heading 146.9 deg Certainly falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034132N3542202E13939389+00920002209401090034131C3A CGEDC cFEFE SHbDD FEFCH PELFK GEgAC KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034133N3542202E13939389+00920002589401090034132C3A CGEDB cFEDD SHbDC FEFFH PELFK GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDDCO heading 150.1 deg
SONY819401090034134N3542202E13939389+00920001859401090034133C3A CGEDC cFEDE SHbDC FEFFH PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCO heading 149.1 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, leftward F=50deg F=50deg
SONY819401090034135N3542202E13939389+00920002769401090034134C3A CGEDC cFEFF SHbDD FEFCG PELFJ GEgAB KFnFI ADpAB kDBCE heading 149.2 deg => Typical value D is attenuated by about 6.9dB from the opposite side

SONY819401090034626n3542205E13939386+00980001809401090034623N4A CGECJ cFEFJ SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnDE ADoDB kDCIO heading 355.7 deg Typical value G satisfies the minimum requirements for direct waves,
SONY819401090034627N3542204E13939387+01000011229401090034626F4A CGECJ cFECL SHaFG FEGFE PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDHIO heading 354.8 deg The opposite side is also the representative value G, and there is no difference. Strong, weak, indistinguishable
SONY819401090034628N3542204E13939388+01000001809401090034627Q3A CGECJ cFEFL SHaCG FEGFE PELAB GEgFL KFnDD ADoDB kDGAE heading 353.2 deg In this case, it was regarded as a boundary existence.
SONY819401090034629N3542204E13939387+00990001719401090034628F4A CGECJ cFECJ SHaFG FEGFF PELAB GEgFM KFnFD ADoDC kDGJE heading 358.9 deg Yes, it falls within the ±5 degree range.
SONY819401090034630N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034629Q3A CGECK cFEFG SHaCG FEGFJ PELAB GEgFN KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 358.9 deg &&&&&& sat FE:40deg G:60deg=>Representative value G 96-2deg=OK 90deg(90deg)⊂4deg(90deg)
SONY819401090034631N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034630Q3A CGECK cFEFI SHaCH FEGFH PELAB GEgFP KFnDD ADoDD kDFJE heading 7.5 deg 360-24=336deg
SONY819401090034632N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034631Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCI FEGFH PELAB GEgFQ KFnDD ADoDD kDFJO heading 20.8 deg
SONY819401090034633N3542204E13939387+00990001809401090034632Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCJ FEGFG PELAC GEgFO KFnDE ADoDD kDFJO heading 56.5 deg \\\\\\\\\\\sat c, left view F=50 deg F=40 deg E
SONY819401090034634N3542204E13939387+01010011859401090034633F4A CGECK cFECG SHaFI FEGFH PELAC GEgFN KFnFD ADoDD kDCJO heading 75.3 deg => Typical value I is attenuated by about 6.9 dB from the opposite side
SONY819401090034635N3542204E13939387+01010001809401090034634Q3A CGECK cFEFH SHaCH FEGFH PELAC GEgFO KFnDC ADoDE kDBJO heading 67.9 deg



----------
Nakano overpass after the rain
20130825sun 12:37:16-10min
20130825sun 12:49:31-10min


Great after rain, not too hot, overpass
The result seems to be a good record only with the electronic magnet.
Z's BT had a record break in a few lines, and the same decrease as A's BT occurred.
2 times.

1st time.
JPN 2013/8/25 12:37:06** 24:52

4 minutes of full horizontal exposure on the overpass ←Constant supplementation of about 5 satellites in advance
1st session
Radio clock Recorder Elapsed seconds Beam direction = Rotation angle of the beam direction from the north because "the beam direction at the start is north"
JPN 2013/8/25 12:37:06 Start 24:52 0sec 00 deg **********
JPN 2013/8/25 12:47:06 Ended 34:52 600sec 360deg Ended

2nd session Horizontal exposure for about 1min
Second time. It started raining so I decided to do it again.
JPN 2013/8/25 12:49:31 00sec 37:17 *********** Whistle begins to sound
JPN 2013/8/25 12:59:31 600sec 47:17 *********** Start (The second time I added a little extra tail. Until about 50 seconds.)




(I think it would be better if G is more than 5 seconds out of 10 seconds...)


■The maximum value among the "minimum values of received power for five consecutive seconds (between 5 outputs)" within 10 seconds (between 10 outputs) in the same posture. is a representative value. ■ (*)

■ Hypothesis that the above representative value is valid for "G" -128.0 dBm ■■ (body and GPS only, 0.6 degree rotation per second for 10 minutes). →Strong! Endure!
10 minutes Rotating speed 6 degrees/10 seconds No water pillow (equipped with sodium polyacrylate aqueous solution) Withstands with only a back body and a watch.
■ "G" is -128.0dBm■
(If this is the case, is it OK without using the inversion frame?) [As a simplified version, instead of 6 degrees, rather simply, try 30 degrees. Give it time to warm up. )

In terms of falsifiability, if it is asked if it is block 2 or if it is block 3
→That's why I'm doing it at -128dBm instead of -130dBm. I argue that the weak ones are discarded.
Now, if you ask me if I just happened to be successful with satellite P, → It may be so, so I will try various satellites.

And, perhaps, ``if satellites that emit stronger signals (gradually intentionally or unintentionally due to malfunctions, etc.) are mixed in the system update'',
It is also possible that we must admit that this method will produce errors there.

However, it is not too far-fetched to argue that such a thing is unlikely, because this experimental data speaks for itself.
It seems that I will not have to deny the IEICE paper. If this. That's because it's cool without ice cream.

That's why it can be said that it was good for the body and the water level.

"After that, after various follow-up experiments,
Cancel the IEICE framework = ``the framework that compares the instantaneous value with the threshold value (in IEICE, it was R etc.)'',
IEEE framework = "a framework that uses the representative value of (*) and compares it with a threshold (in IEEE, let's say G)",


, because "strong satellites have been mixed" with the passage of time,

Even so, since the boundary can be identified quite clearly, I think it can be put to practical use. (However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet.)
If this is the case, it may be possible to specify the direction with an accuracy of about 6 degrees.
If this is a defect or a block future type, etc., and a strong signal is issued, is it difficult to make a threshold G hypothesis? , argues that the probability is low.
(However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet)

So, really, if we take the following framework:
In other words, parallel type + single type + crossed type +
○ Use only body shield
○Slowly rotate (6 degrees/10 seconds (or 0.6 degrees/second))
○The representative value is (*). ■The maximum value among the "minimum values of received power for five consecutive seconds (between 5 outputs)" within 10 seconds (between 10 outputs) in the same posture. is a representative value. ■ (*)
○ G is set as a threshold.

If this is the case, it may be possible to specify the direction with an accuracy of about 6 degrees. (However, it can also be said that it has not hit a strong satellite yet)
no···
Isn't there such a good story...? Well, it's doing well now because it's a lucky general satellite. (Just because it hasn't hit a strong satellite yet)
If this is a malfunction or a block future type, etc., and "satellites that emit strong signals are mixed", the threshold G hypothesis is to the extent that the satellites are mixed,
It is possible to output an error. Well, no doubt. But now, do you argue that the probability is still low? That is one claim.
And even if there are some problems, it is a usable technology, so if you propose it, it seems that the patent application will pass. It means that it can be used with t including risk

In order to go beyond that, it is a story that a framework for turning around appears.
It is a touch that it is always a method that can not be mistaken.

Similar findings to the previous time that it is possible to distinguish between "G (approximately -128.0 dBm according to the IEICE paper Masato)" or more for 5 seconds (*) continuously! Focus on satellite P (K=about 100 degrees, L=about 110 degrees).

It's so consistent that I'm surprised. Kang is very grateful

Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal_Level) - 144.5 (dBm)

Specifically, in the SONY GPS satellite signal reception antenna integrated unit IPS5000

B=8.460*(ln(2))-144.5=-138.64
C=8.460*(ln(3))-144.5=-135.206==-135.21
D=8.460*(ln(4))-144.5=-132.772=-132.8dBm
E.
F=8.460*(ln(6))-144.5=-129.3417=-129.3 dBm This is fine. The latest version of the ICD claims -125.5 dBm, so I think my adoption of equation 2 from the IEICE paper was correct. Thanks.
■G■=8.460*(ln(7))-144.5=-128.038=■-128.0 dBm■ It's getting closer. It is 0.5 dBm higher than the minimum guaranteed user-side received power value in the latest version of the ICD of the G hypothesis, and it looks good.
H(8)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(8))-144.5=8.460*(2.0794)-144.5=-126.908 Oh, nice. -126.9dBm? Then it's still low.
I(9)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(9))-144.5=8.460*(2.1972)-144.5=-125.911 Oh, nice. -125.9dBm? Then it's still low.
J(10)[dbm]=8.460*(ln(10))-144.5=8.460*(2.3026)-144.5=-125.020 Oh, nice. -125.0dBm? this is fine.
K = about -125.0 dBm
R = about -120.5dBm
Z= about -117dBm

Hypothesis G Hypothesis G
SATELLITE P Endured, endured Excellent right answer to boundary closeout identification!
Satellite C 16 degree error, 4 degree error Excellent for boundary parting identification
Satellite c 4 degree error, 10 degree error Excellent for boundary parting identification
Is it possible to use G Hypothesis mode? actual. Body and GPS only. Press the button and measure the rotation for 10 minutes! I think it can be used quite a bit. This should be announced. With.
You can also use the reversal hypothesis.



In preliminary experiments,
In the inversion diagram,
"If it is not within the range of about ± 6 degrees of the boundary" There are times when it is subtle with a difference of around one character,
except that
Satellites in the two regions are
There is always a difference of at least one character (by the way, 1.3 dBm between F and G, 1.1 dBm between G and H).
It may be argued that
--------------------------------------------------
sat el az ant typical value ant typical value difference between typical values
--------------------------------------------------
satC G60deg D30deg, 6deg J <=-> 186degC125.0-135.2=10.2
satC G60deg D30deg, 12deg N <=-> 192deg B 125.0-138.6=13.6

--------------------------------------------------
The magnificence of this clear-cut sensitivity is quite good when only "common-sense satellites" are selected as targets, but this may become impossible when encountering "strong satellites".




-------------20130825 Amegami v6 overpass telephone 2 times during the day with compass LOG00428.txt ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――


-------------20130825 Amegami v6 overpass telephone 2 times during the day with compass LOG00428.txt ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-------------20130825 Amegami v6 overpass telephone 2 times during the day with compass LOG00428.txt ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

---**-------**----The following is only necessary for organizing my own head, I wonder if it is necessary for the final application version-------- --
(Although I do not want to clarify the following, it is an act of narrowly defining the ambiguity of my past patent specifications and claims. But first, I will write it anyway)
In particular, we point out the following problems.
1. The object of comparison with a certain predetermined threshold is the reception strength itself (→ policy change to the important value of the minimum value for 5 seconds and the maximum value for 10 seconds) (reception strength itself → min, max)
2. The object of comparison with a given threshold is the instantaneous one (→ policy change to important value of minimum value for 5 seconds and maximum value for 10 seconds) (instantaneous → interval)
3 Do not compare the reception status of the same satellite before and after reversal (→ policy change to important difference before and after reversal)

In other words, the feature of spread spectrum communication that makes it difficult to maintain synchronization, that is, the deterioration of the correlation result due to the chip waveform distortion of the diffracted wave composite wave at the end points of the body, makes it more difficult to maintain synchronization. I changed it to a measurement framework that can be used. of.
Therefore, there are three policy changes.
1 Receiving strength itself → Take max of min to pick up "(inevitable) failure to maintain synchronization in the situation where we are doing our best"
2 Instantaneous value →→ Take an interval to pick up the (inevitable) failure to keep in sync when you are doing your best
3 Before and after the reversal, the same satellite's "(inevitable) failure to maintain synchronism in the scene where they are doing their best" is judged to be "complex addition wave of various diffracted waves at body endpoints".
-


(2) Patent 3522259


20130826mon 01:15AM












The basic terms are explained below.

Cycle Slip http://www.f2.dion.ne.jp/~ats_alfa/gps02.htm
(cycle slip) Cycle slip is related to interferometric positioning.
It is better to describe it as being out of sync.
In interferometric positioning, when integrating the carrier wave phase,
As a result of the accumulation count temporarily stopping mainly due to momentary interruption of reception,
It means to produce jumps of integer wavenumbers. This jump can be corrected during baseline analysis.

navigation message
(Navigation message)
Data necessary for positioning that is constantly sent from GPS satellites.
It consists of almanac, orbital information, clock correction values, ionospheric correction data, health data, etc. It consists of 25 sets of 1,500-bit data,
30 seconds to acquire only orbital information,
It takes 12.5 minutes to receive all the data.

C/A code
(C/A code, clear and acquisition, coarse and access)
A signal on the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. It serves both as a time mark for measuring pseudoranges and as an identification code for the 24 GPS satellites. It is a pseudo-noise code with a bit rate of 1.023 Mbps and a code string length of 1023 bits, ie, 1 ms in time. → S code, P code, PRN code


Time synchronization
(Time synchronization)
It is commonly called clock adjustment, but since all GPS satellites are equipped with primitive clocks, it can also be used for ultra-precise clock adjustment. Currently, synchronization of national standard clocks all over the world is performed by GPS.


GPS satellite
(GPS satellite)
The orbital altitude is about 20.000 km, the orbital period is 0.5 sidereal days (about 11 hours and 58 minutes), and the total system consists of 24 satellites, 4 satellites in 6 orbital planes. The satellite weighs about 800 kg and carries L1 and L2 band transmitters for positioning, multiple cesium and rubidium primitive clocks, equipment for hygiene control and operation, and other equipment.

GPS time
(GPS time)
It is the time ticked by the atomic clocks of all GPS satellites, and there is a difference of 19 seconds from international atomic time. There is a difference of 9 hours and an exact integer second from the time (Japan Standard Time) that is used everyday. The difference of integer seconds sometimes varies due to the slowing of the Earth's rotation.

almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message


calendar
(Ephemeris)
It has the same meaning as almanac, but in GPS it is used in the same meaning as orbital information. If I had to emphasize the difference, the almanac is a precise orbital element, but its accuracy is guaranteed for a short period of time.


health
(Health)
A term unique to GPS, there is information called "health" in the navigation messages sent from satellites, informing the user whether the status of the satellite is normal or not. Based on this, it is determined whether or not the satellite can be used.

Standard positioning service
(Standard positioning service: SPS)
Until now, it has referred to general positioning using the C/A code and the L1 band. However, since the P-code is effectively open, the meaning of the term is ambiguous. →Precise positioning service
Block I
(Block I)
Eleven satellites launched from February 1972 to October 1985, during the GPS experimental stage (one of which failed). As of 1992, half of them are out of order or out of service, but a few are still in operation and used for positioning. It will be decommissioned once the Block II satellites are deployed. → Block II

Block II
(Block II)
A practical GPS device that has been launched since February 1989. It basically has the same specifications as Block I satellites, but the number of on-board atomic clocks and the capacity of the power supply have been enhanced. → Block I

PRN number
(PRN number)
This number is related to the bit arrangement of the pseudo-noise code of GPS satellites, but is currently treated the same as the satellite number. Based on this number, a predetermined pseudo-noise code is generated inside the receiver and compared with the received waveform to capture and receive the desired satellite. →SV number

PN code
(PN code, pseudo random noise code)
→PRN code



carrier wave
(Carrier)
High frequency is the basis for transmitting information using radio waves. The carrier wave alone is a continuous constant sine wave at that frequency. Depending on the information, for example, the amplitude, frequency, and phase are changed to transmit to the other party of the communication. In GPS, carrier waves are L1 and L2 frequency waves, and information to be transmitted is C/A code, P code, and navigation message. Since all of this information is digital data, it is placed on the carrier wave with phase changes of 0° and 180°.

PRN code
(Pseudo random noise code)
A pseudo-noise code, a digital code string in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly. Both the C/A code and P-code of GPS are pseudo-noise codes, and the arrangement of 0s and 1s is changed for each satellite. Identification is performed by →C/A code, P code

PRN number
(PRN number)
This number is related to the bit arrangement of the pseudo-noise code of GPS satellites, but is currently treated the same as the satellite number. Based on this number, a predetermined pseudo-noise code is generated inside the receiver and compared with the received waveform to capture and receive the desired satellite. →SV number


almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message

antenna swapping
(Antenna swapping)
In kinematic positioning using the stop-and-go method, this refers to measuring by switching the antenna of the receiver between the first reference point and a temporary point temporarily installed near it. This is an operation for determining the integer value bias. → stop-and-go method


1 frequency type
(Single frequency model)
A type of receiver that performs positioning and surveying by receiving only the L1 band of the L1 band and L2 band radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. → 2 frequency type

1 point positioning
(Point positioning)
→Independent positioning

space technology
(Space technology)
In the field of geodesy, it refers to the technology of performing high-precision surveying using radio stars and artificial satellites. Specifically, long-baseline radio wave interferometers, satellite laser ranging, GPS, etc.

satellite health
(Health status)
Information called "health" is included in navigation messages transmitted from GPS satellites, and informs users whether the status of equipment on the satellite is normal. Based on this, it is determined whether or not the satellite can be used. →Health

SV number
(SV number)
In general, SV (space vehicle) means a spacecraft, and GPS indicates the number of the satellite. It is now a different number, PRNNO., but there have been many changes in how satellite numbers are represented in the past, so caution is required when comparing with old records.

L1 band
(L1 band)
It is the 1,575.42 MHz part of the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. Only this radio wave is used for general positioning.



Single positioning
(point positioning)
A method of obtaining the latitude, longitude and height of a point measured by a single receiver using GPS. Also called single-point positioning. Calculates position by measuring pseudoranges of at least four GPS satellites. The accuracy is about 100m when decoding and processing a general-purpose C/A code. If you use P-code, you can get several times better accuracy.


WGS-84
(World Geodetic System 1984)
A global geodetic coordinate system with its origin at the center of the earth. It was revised from time to time according to the accumulation of observational data, and was published in 1984 based on data from space technology. Since the orbital information of GPS satellites is based on this coordinate system, the results of GPS positioning are obtained in the first stage in terms of latitude, longitude and height based on this coordinate system. Therefore, in order to obtain the latitude, longitude and height based on the local coordinate system, for example, the Japanese geodetic system, the coordinate system must be converted. The previous version had WGS-72.

Orbit information
(Orbit information)
Data used to calculate the position of a GPS satellite in space at a given moment, and is called an orbital element in celestial mechanics. An orbital element consists of six numerical values, and can determine the position of a celestial body at any moment. →orbital elements, navigation messages

orbital element
(Orbital element)
Two numerical values representing the shape of the orbital ellipse, one numerical value indicating the position of the celestial body on the ellipse, two numerical values indicating the relationship between the earth and the orbital plane, It consists of a total of 6 numbers, one of which indicates the orientation of the ellipse on the orbital plane.


L1 band
(L1 band)
It is the 1,575.42 MHz part of the positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites. Only this radio wave is used for general positioning.


SV number
(SV number)
In general, SV (space vehicle) means a spacecraft, and GPS indicates the number of the satellite. Currently, it has a different number, PRNNO., but in the past, there have been many changes in how satellite numbers are represented, so caution is required when comparing with old records.

space technology
(Space technology)
In the field of geodesy, it refers to the technology of performing high-precision surveying using radio stars and artificial satellites. Specifically, long-baseline radio wave interferometers, satellite laser ranging, GPS, etc.

almanac
(almanac)
The original meaning is almanac, but in GPS, it refers to the approximate orbital information of each of the 24 GPS satellites. It is included in the navigation message on the radio waves from the satellite. Based on this, the receiver is controlled, and in surveying, it is used to create an observation plan. → navigation message














GPS signal rapid acquisition method and apparatus



A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the position of a receiver using a transmitted signal containing a unique periodically repeating sequence. The apparatus and method are useful in communication systems, particularly desynchronised systems such as A-GPS used in GSM and UMTS cellular telephone systems. The received signal is stored by the receiver for at least two repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence. An FFT operation is performed and the resulting data frequency samples are pruned in response to the hypothesized residual frequencies. This reduces the number of subsequent computations and processing time required. A correlation series is determined from the pruned samples corresponding to the hypothesized transmitter and the reference frequency samples. If a match is found, the code phase offset is determined, otherwise the process is repeated with another hypothesized residual frequency. A number of similarly obtained correlation series can also be non-coherently combined prior to this examination.
Qualcomm Inc. (6,941)

-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## detailed description of the invention ##>>##
##"##Technical field##"##
## <<##0001##>>##
The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for calculating the position of mobile devices through the use of radio signals, such as the GPS system.
## <<## background technology ##>>##
## <<##0002##>>##
Position sensing devices are becoming more and more popular. This encourages the development of rapid and sensitive methods for acquiring signals used to determine position.
## <<##0003##>>##
Location techniques typically use radio signals transmitted simultaneously from known locations to determine position. In the GPS system, these signals are transmitted simultaneously from many satellites at known times and on predefined frequencies. On the ground, a GPS receiver acquires a signal from each satellite within view of the sky. The time of arrival of the signal with the exact positions of the satellites in view and the exact time the signal was transmitted from each satellite are used to determine the position of the GPS receiver by trilateration calculations.
## <<##0004##>>##
Acquisition of signals from GPS satellites is difficult due to several factors. For example, GPS signals are relatively low power and transmitted over long distances. By the time GPS signals propagate from earth orbit to the receiver, their initially low power is greatly reduced, and the signal reaches the receiver, becoming extremely weak. The received signal level can also be attenuated by building obstruction effects, such as occurs during indoor reception or reception in an urban canyon environment.
## <<##0005##>>##
There are two primary functions in GPS receivers: (1) computation of pseudoranges to various GPS satellites, and (2) the calculation of these pseudoranges, satellite timing, and ephemeris (position) data. Calculation of the position of a GPS receiver using . Pseudorange measures the time delay (or equal distance) between the satellite and the GPS receiver, biased by the local clock. In a typical autonomous GPS receiver, the satellite ephemeris and time of transmission data are extracted from the GPS signal as it is acquired and tracked. Correction of this information typically takes a relatively long time (30 seconds to several minutes) and must be accomplished at good received signal levels to achieve low error rates.
## <<##0006##>>##
Virtually all known GPS receivers use correlation methods, or their mathematical equivalents, to calculate pseudoranges. These correlation methods are performed in real-time, often with hardware correlators. GPS signals contain a highly repetitive signal that is modulated according to a special sequence or "code" called a pseudo-random (PN) sequence. A code available for civilian applications is called the C/A code, which is 1.023 MHz and is used to give a binary phase reversal rate, or "chipping" rate, of 1023 chip repetition periods in one code period of 1 msec. used for The pseudo-random sequences of the GPS system belong to a family known as "Gold Codes". Each GPS satellite broadcasts a signal with a unique Gold code.
## <<##0007##>>##
For the sake of brevity, the following description uses the term "comprising a pseudorandom sequence (or code)" to mean that the signal is a waveform modulated according to a pseudorandom sequence or code. means that it contains The length of one frame of a pseudorandom sequence is the number of symbols in the sequence before it repeats. By pseudorandom sequence duration (time) is meant the duration of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. Similarly, when we refer to the frame rate of a pseudorandom sequence, we mean the repetition rate of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. It will be clear from the context whether the term "pseudo-random sequence" refers to a sequence of numbers or a waveform modulated according to such a sequence of numbers.
## <<##0008##>>##
After a signal is received from a given GPS satellite, following a down-conversion process to baseband, the signal is correlated with a reference signal. For example, a simple correlation receiver multiplies the received signal by a locally generated reference signal containing a stored replica of the appropriate Gold code contained within its local memory, then the signal Integrate (eg, low-pass filter) the product to obtain an indication that .
## <<##0009##>>##
A simple individual correlation process can yield a single (possibly complex) number. However, in many cases of interest, such number multiplications are computed by performing similar operations, either serially or in parallel, corresponding to different reference sequences (eg, delayed versions). Such a set of numbers is called a "correlation series". The final result of combining one or more consecutive correlation series is called the "final correlation series".
## <<##0010##>>##
By successively adjusting the relative timing of this stored replica with respect to the received signal and observing when high energies occur in the resulting final correlation series, a simple receiver can obtain A time delay between the received signal and the local clock can be determined. This time delay, modulo 1 millisecond code period, is termed the "code phase". Unfortunately, the correlation acquisition process takes time, especially if the received signal is weak. To improve acquisition time, most common GPS receivers use multiple correlators (typically up to 12) that allow parallel searches for correlation peaks.
## <<##0011##>>##
Some GPSs use FFT techniques to determine the Doppler frequency of the received GPS signal. These receivers use conventional correlation operations to despread the GPS signal and provide a narrow bandwidth signal with a bandwidth typically in the range of 10 kHz to 30 kHz. The resulting narrow bandwidth signal is then Fourier analyzed using an FFT algorithm to determine the carrier frequency. Such carrier determination simultaneously provides an indication that the local PN reference has been adjusted to the correct code phase of the received signal, providing an accurate measurement of the carrier frequency. This frequency is used for subsequent receiver tracking operations.
## <<##0012##>>##
One location determination method, for example, uses an FFT algorithm to compute pseudoranges for central processing locations rather than mobile device locations. According to the method, snapshots of data are collected by the GPS receiver and then transmitted over the data link to the remote receiver where they undergo FFT processing to compute the final correlation series. However, typically only a single forward and inverse fast Fourier transform (corresponding to four PN periods) is computed to perform the set of correlations.
## <<##0013##>>##
Another method involves using the Fast Fourier Transform method for capturing GPS signals and digitizing, storing and processing long blocks of raw data. Data corresponding to, for example, one second intervals can be digitized and then processed locally using FFT-based signal processing methods to capture the GPS signals present within this captured data block. In this method, a number of FFT operations are performed, each producing a correlation series, and the result undergoes both coherent and non-coherent processing operations to produce the final correlation series.
## <<##0014##>>##
Unfortunately, the GPS signal acquisition methods of such systems are inefficient when performing long coherent integrations, such as over one period of one data bit (eg, 20 GPS frames equal to 20 milliseconds of time). The loss in efficiency is also significant, especially when the uncertainty of the GPS carrier frequency is large. Moreover, in current GPS receiving systems, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit requires the GPS receiver to have a priori knowledge of the bit sequence. Therefore, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit is usually done by transmitting such information from the server to the mobile station. This common method is standardized in several cellular communication standards including IS-95, CDMA2000, GSM and UMTS standards.
## <<##0015##>>##
Other conventional methods for coherent processing are (1) when long coherent integrations are required, (2) when searches over wide Doppler ranges are required, and (3) each GPS code phase search is processed. It would be useful when all 1023 chips of the signal have to be done. However, such conventional methods have several limitations and limitations. For example, these algorithms require processing data as two-dimensional arrays and can limit the extent to which Doppler searches can be efficiently performed.
##"##Overview##"##
## <<##0016##>>##
A method and apparatus are described for receiving and processing one or more signals transmitted from multiple transmitters at predetermined frequencies. Each transmitted signal includes a waveform encoded according to a periodically repeating sequence that uniquely identifies the transmitter transmitting each respective signal. The received signals are used to determine the position of the receiver. The transmitter may include multiple GPS satellites that transmit GPS signals at GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a waveform coded according to a unique periodically repeating sequence. The code phase offset of the signal at the receiver is found, and using this information from multiple transmitters, the position of the receiver can be determined using GPS algorithms.
## <<##0017##>>##
Higher sensitivity and processing speed can be achieved by performing FFT operations on the observed data, with FFT, special pruning operations are used based on hypothesized residual (missed) frequency errors. , reducing the total number of computations and thus reducing the processing time.
## <<##0018##>>##
Specifically, at the receiver, a signal of a predetermined frequency is observed and digitized over a predetermined time period corresponding to at least two repetitions (two frames) of the periodically repeating sequence. One of a plurality of transmitters is hypothesized and a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized transmitter is provided. A first subset of the digitized data is selected as having a duration equal to at least two frames, thus defining a block of data. A set of data frequency samples is then calculated from this block, such as by using Fourier transform techniques.
## <<##0019##>>##
A first residual frequency is hypothesized and then the data frequency samples are pruned in response to the hypothesized first residual frequency to provide a first subset of periodically spaced data frequency samples. . The first subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples are further processed (typically by multiplication and inverse FFT procedures) to provide a first correlation data series.
## <<##0020##>>##
This procedure is then repeated with additional blocks of data (typically adjacent), and the multiple correlation series so found can be detected and added together to form the final correlation series. . This latter series is then searched to identify signal matches, typically by looking for strong peaks in the final correlation series. Once a matched signal is found, the code phase offset is determined from the final correlation series. However, if no matched signal is found, another residual frequency is hypothesized and the process is repeated, typically using the same set of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples, to find a signal match. search. A similar process is performed until a signal match is found, or until no match is found and enough residual frequencies are hypothesized that the signal from the hypothesized transmitter cannot be acquired. proceed.
## <<##0021##>>##
Typically, there will be multiple transmitters observable by the receiver, and this process will be performed at each such transmitter to identify the signal and possibly determine the code phase offset from each transmitter. can be repeated.
## <<##0022##>>##
Many different embodiments can be implemented. In one embodiment, the pruning step further comprises selecting a subset of the data frequency samples, the subset comprising a plurality of samples having indices that are separated with respect to each other by an integer K, where K is the number of frames of the PN sequence in the data block.
## <<##0023##>>##
In this regard, although we occasionally use the term "PN sequence" or "PN frame" in F(t), i.e. the repeating set of frames of the PN sequence, the PN sequence is actually the modulation of the carrier. Note that this is not strictly correct, as it is the sequence of numbers used to construct the signal that is used to generate the waveform F(t). However, it will be clear from the context whether "PN sequence" is used to mean the waveform modulated by the PN sequence F(t) or the sequence itself.
## <<##0024##>>##
In another embodiment, the method further includes multiplying the subset of data frequency samples with the set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples.
## <<##0025##>>##
The reference frequency samples may be obtained by any suitable method, e.g. the receiver may perform a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) on one or more periods of the periodically repeated frequency to define the reference frequency samples. Often, the reference frequency samples may be pre-computed at each transmitter and stored at the receiver, or the reference frequency samples may be downloaded from a server such as the PDE described herein.
## <<##0026##>>##
The step of performing a correlation operation can include performing an inverse DFT on the set of weighted frequency samples to generate a correlation data series.
## <<##0027##>>##
Each data block may have a size corresponding to an integer number of repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence, 2 or more, such as 5, 10, 20 or more. A data block of some embodiments may have a size in the range of approximately 5 to 20 repetitions of the periodically repeating sequence. In other embodiments, a data block may have a size of 100 or so such repetitions.
## <<##0028##>>##
The methods described above are performed in suitable hardware and/or software in the receiver and/or one or more servers of the wireless network. For example, some functions may be performed at the receiver and some functions may be performed at the Position Determining Entity (PDE).
## <<##0029##>>##
The apparatus and methods described herein are particularly useful in assisted GPS (“A-GPS”) systems. In this assisted GPS system, the communication system that provides the assistance information to the GPS receiver is desynchronized, as in the GSM and UMTS cellular standards. In a synchronous communication system, such as the CDMA2000 standard, the demands placed on the code phase search are greatly reduced, and further benefits may be obtained from the use of the improved algorithms described herein.
## <<## detailed description ##>>##
## <<##0030##>>##
In the various figures of the drawings, identical reference numbers designate identical or similar parts.
## <<##0031##>>##
FIG. 1 shows a GPS environment including multiple GPS satellites (SVs) 11 . Although described in a GPS environment, the system described herein can be configured with any positioning system. Satellites 11 emit GPS signals 12 that are received by a plurality of land-based base stations 10 that are part of a communications network and mobile stations (MS) 14 that communicate with the base stations. MS 14 includes a GPS receiver and a two-way communication system for communicating with base stations using two-way communication signals 20 . GPS receivers can be configured in a wide range of mobile embodiments (other than cell phones) that communicate with one or more base stations. A user 13 possessing an MS 14 that can be positioned in a wide range of environments can be stationary or mobile.
## <<##0032##>>##
GPS satellites (SV) 11 comprise a group of satellites that broadcast signals used to position GPS receivers. The satellites are synchronized to transmit radio signals 12 that are synchronized to GPS time. These signals are generated at predetermined frequencies and in predetermined formats. In the current GPS architecture, each SV transmits a civil-type GPS signal in the L1 frequency band (at 1575.42 MHz) formatted according to the GPS standard. When GPS signals are detected by the MS's normal GPS receiver, the GPS system calculates a pseudorange for each GPS satellite, from which the position of the MS is calculated.
## <<##0033##>>##
Pseudorange is defined as c·(Tuser−TSV)+cTbias, where c is the speed of light, Tuser is the GPS time when a signal is received from a given SV, and TSV is the time a satellite sent a signal. and Tbias is the local user clock error that is normally present in GPS receivers. Sometimes pseudoranges are specified by omitting the constant "c". In the normal case, the receiver needs to solve for the four unknowns X, Y, Z (coordinates of the receiver antenna) and Tbias. Solving for these four unknowns usually requires measurements from four different SVs. However, in some circumstances this constraint can be relaxed. For example, the required number of SVs can be reduced from 4 to 3 if an accurate altitude estimate is obtained. In A-GPS operation, TSV is not always available to the receiver, and instead of processing true pseudoranges, the receiver relies primarily on code phase. In current GPS configurations, the PN code repeats every 1 millisecond, so the code phase has a 1 millisecond time ambiguity. Occasionally, data bit boundaries are checked, thus resulting in an ambiguity of only 20 milliseconds.
## <<##0034##>>##
Base station 10 comprises any collection of base stations used as part of a communication network that communicates with MS 14 using radio signals 20 . The base stations are connected to a cellular infrastructure network 15 which includes a number of other communication networks such as the public telephone system 16, a computer network 17 such as the Internet, a Position Determination Entity (PDE) 18, block 17a. It provides communication services to various other communication systems shown collectively. A GPS reference receiver (or receiver) 19, which may be at or near the base station 10, or at any other suitable location, communicates with the PDE 18 and SV Provides information useful in determining location, such as location (calendrical) information.
## <<##0035##>>##
A land-based cellular infrastructure network 15 typically provides communication services that allow cell phone users to connect to other phones over the public telephone system 16 . However, base stations can also be used for other communication purposes, such as communication with other devices and/or Internet connectivity with handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs). For example, base station 10 may be part of a GSM communications network, but may be used in other types of synchronous (eg, CDMA2000) or asynchronous communications networks as well.
## <<##0036##>>##
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of mobile device 14 incorporating a communication and location system. A two-way communication system 22 , such as a cellular communication system, is connected to antenna 21 for communicating using cellular signals 20 . The cellular communication system 22 includes suitable equipment such as modems 23, hardware, software for communicating with and/or detecting signals 20 from base stations and for processing transmitted or received information. can include
## <<##0037##>>##
The MS's GPS positioning system 27 is connected to a GPS antenna 28 for receiving GPS signals 12 transmitted at or near the ideal GPS frequency. The GPS system 27 receives GPS signals, a GPS receiver 29 including frequency conversion circuitry and an analog-to-digital converter, a GPS clock, control logic for controlling the desired functions of the GPS receiver, and GPS signals. Appropriate hardware and software for processing and performing the calculations necessary to determine position using a suitable location algorithm. In the illustrated embodiment, the analog-to-digital converter is connected to a buffer memory of the position detection system, which is coupled to the DFT circuitry for providing and storing data during DFT operations. In some A-GPS architectures, final location calculations (e.g., latitude and longitude) may be performed at a remote server based on code phase and other information transmitted from the GPS receiver to the remote server. can be done. Some examples of GPS systems are disclosed in US Pat. Nos. 5,841,396, 6,002,363 and 6,421,002.
## <<##0038##>>##
GPS clocks are intended to keep accurate GPS time, but since accurate time is often not available prior to position fixation, its estimated value and ambiguity about its value It is common to keep time with GPS clock software. Note that GPS time is often known exactly (within tens of nanoseconds of uncertainty with current GPS architecture) after a precise GPS position is determined. However, this precise time may only be available at the server when the final location calculations are done at the remote server.
## <<##0039##>>##
A mobile device control system 25 is connected to both the two-way communication system 22 and the location system 27 . The mobile device control system 25 may include any suitable control system, such as one or more microprocessors, memory, other hardware, firmware, or software, to perform the appropriate control functions for the system to which it is connected. contains a structure. The processing steps described herein may be performed in any suitable manner.
## <<##0040##>>##
The control system 25 is connected to a user interface 26, which may include any suitable device for interfacing with a user, such as a keypad, a microphone/speaker for voice communication services, a display such as a backlit LCD display, and the like. contains components. The mobile device control system 25 and user interface 26 connected to the location system 27 provide appropriate input-output for the GPS receiver and two-way communication system, such as control of user input and display of results. give function.
## <<##0041##>>##
An example of a coherent processing method is described with reference to FIG. 3 and other figures. FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing the sequence of steps taken by a mobile station to process a received GPS signal to identify whether it matches a hypothesis for selecting a GPS code and carrier frequency offset; be. Since the algorithm attempts to find a code phase offset match with the selected GPS code, it can examine all possible code offsets (eg, 1023 offsets). The coherent processing algorithm is then repeated for each GPS code that may be observable by the mobile station. Additional non-coherent processing can be added to the algorithm of FIG. 3 to further improve sensitivity. For the sake of brevity, this added complexity will be discussed later in conjunction with FIG.
## <<##0042##>>##
In FIG. 3, at 30, the act of observing GPS signals is shown. Essentially, the receiver receives electromagnetic energy having a carrier frequency close to the GPS carrier frequency in the hope that GPS signals are present and detectable. The GPS signal (if it exists) is observed for a period of time at least as long as period Tc, i.e., a time period during which a block of data is taken for coherent processing (Tc is the "data block period" or coherent period of the signal). can also be referred to as a simple integration (processing) time).
## <<##0043##>>##
In the absence of noise, the functional form s(t) of the GPS signal can theoretically be written at any time t as
s(t)=Ad(t)P(t)exp(j2□ft+□) (A1)
where A is the signal amplitude, d(t) is the data sequence with relatively low speed (eg 50 baud) modulating the carrier (eg by biphasic modulation) and P(t) is the PN sequence F A waveform consisting of a repeating set of (t) frames, where f is the carrier frequency (ideally equal to f0) and □ is the carrier phase. For example, the transmission (eg, chip) rate is 1.023 MHz, F(t) has a length of 1023 chips, the PN frame rate is 1 kHz, and P(t) has a length K□1023 chips.
## <<##0044##>>##
Note that equation (A1) is the complex representation of the carrier, which is useful if the quadrature sampling method is used to process the signal, and of course other representations can be used when appropriate. do. It should be appreciated that in real-world conditions, the various parameters are not perfectly stable, but for purposes of explanation it is assumed that the signal amplitude and the various modulation rates are approximately constant.
## <<##0045##>>##
FIG. 4 is a diagram representing the structure of an ideal GPS signal described by equation (A1). The GPS signal consists of a series of PN frames, indicated at 45, each biphasically modulated waveform F(t) 46 according to a particular pseudonoise (or "PN") sequence, and carrier frequency 47. contains. Each iteration of F(t) is termed a "PN frame". Each PN frame has a predetermined duration Tr. At 48 the data transitions of the data sequence d(t) are shown, which occur at the start of one of the PN frames shown. However, because the data sequence d(t) is relatively slow, data transitions 48 occur only once every 20 PN frames (in the US GPS C/A code), and therefore data transitions occur at the start of arbitrarily chosen PN frames. occurs or does not occur in
## <<##0046##>>##
Each GPS satellite (SV) transmits a unique PN waveform F(t) indicated at 46, which is a series of symbols (chips) transmitted at a predetermined rate. The PN waveforms are distinguished from each other by the specific PN sequence used for bilayer modulation of the carrier. For example, these sequences can be selected from a set of Gold codes in the C/A waveform of the US GPS system.
## <<##0047##>>##
In one example, the chip rate is 1.023 MHz, so the PN frame rate is approximately 1 kHz. This waveform F(t) is repeated continuously, for example the first code from the first satellite SV1 repeatedly transmits a unique sequence F1(t) and SV2 repeats a unique PN sequence F2(t). Send. GPS receivers are programmed with the unique PN sequences of all possible GPS satellites in view. These PN sequences can be used in algorithms to identify particular satellites, particularly when satellite signals are received by a GPS receiver, the PN sequences are used to identify the satellite that transmitted the received signal. used. Initially, however, the GPS receiver does not know the actual received code phase epoch, which may be the distance over the entire PN frame (eg, 1 millisecond duration or 1023 chips) as described above. Furthermore, the receiver does not know whether the GS signal associated with a particular PN code is detectable. This is because this signal is attenuated by various obstacles and/or the particular SV is not in view. Therefore, the receiver must search serially or in parallel over an indeterminate distance of epochs to attempt to detect the hypothesized signal, aligning the epochs of the received GPS frames with the locally generated reference frames. must.
## <<##0048##>>##
In a real GPS environment, a GPS receiver simultaneously receives multiple signals, each with a unique PN sequence F(t), such as the theoretical signal specified in equation (A1). For example, under typical conditions, a GPS receiver typically receives 8 to 12 signals from different in-view satellites at any given time, and various parameters such as path length, direction of arrival, Doppler They are different from each other because of the different frequency shifts. For purposes of explanation, we will first describe processing one of the signals in the theoretical form of equation (A1), and then show how the processing algorithms described here can be used to process a large number of signals. Prove that you can. Each signal has the theoretical form of equation (A1).
## <<##0049##>>##
When GPS signals reach the receiver they are often highly corrupted by additive noise and possibly also by other noise or buffering. Furthermore, the carrier frequency and chip rate can be considered slightly shifted from their original values, mainly due to the Doppler effect. Therefore, the carrier frequency may shift slightly when observed by the receiver of the MS due to the action of the SV and the action of the MS, so that when the receiver receives the signal, the actual received carrier frequency can vary from its ideal predetermined carrier frequency f0 by an amount called the "residual frequency". In addition, MS local oscillator errors cause the carrier frequency to vary from its ideal frequency.
## <<##0050##>>##
Referring to FIG. 3, at 31 the carrier frequency is "stripped" from the GPS signal by a suitable frequency conversion circuit, leaving a residual frequency fe. To remove the carrier frequency, the GPS signal is typically first converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) by a mixer, after which the remaining IF component is reduced to near zero by any suitable analog or digital technique. processed as For example, the IF frequency can be substantially removed by another mixer, or digital processing mixing techniques may be used after converting the GPS to digital signal with an analog-to-digital converter. In some designs, the frequency conversion circuit can provide a final frequency with a small known frequency offset plus the residual frequency described above. This small known frequency offset is known to be constant, so further processing only requires determination of the residual frequency. For simplicity of the following discussion, this small known offset is assumed to be zero. However, the methods and apparatus described herein are equally applicable to cases where such known offsets are non-zero.
## <<##0051##>>##
Typically, residual frequencies are primarily caused by the Doppler effect. Furthermore, the receiver itself may induce slight frequency shifts during signal processing. The sum of these two errors from the ideal carrier frequency can be represented by some maximum tolerance (Δf). Therefore, the actual received carrier frequency is typically within f0±Δf. Although the residual frequency can be more or less in any particular set of circumstances, the residual frequency fe, which is equal to the frequency remaining after the receiver has attempted to reduce the original carrier to zero, typically ranges from a few hundred hertz to a few kHz. in the range of
## <<##0052##>>##
In the A-GPS system, the expected Doppler corrections on all GPS signals are transmitted from the PDE to the GPS receiver (in one form or another), and a list of possible GPS satellites in view is also transmitted to the receiver. , which allows GPS receivers to more efficiently search for satellite signals. The expected data stream can also be provided by the PDE.
## <<##0053##>>##
In its memory, the receiver stores PN codes (or their representations, such as the DFT of these codes) corresponding to all GPS satellites that may be in view.
## <<##0054##>>##
At 32, the processed GPS signal (if not previously converted) is digitized (i.e., sampled) in an analog-to-digital converter over a predetermined period of time and then stored in the buffer memory of the GPS receiver. There is no theoretical limit to the size of the dataset, or the sample rate of the data, although it is sometimes useful for the sample rate to be a multiple of 1.024 MHz and the dataset size to be a multiple of 1024. Therefore, the signal of equation (A2) is considered to be a sampled signal, where the sample rate can be set to a number of 1.024 MHz or 2.048 MHz, whereby 1024 or 2048 samples are Occurs over a 1 ms PN frame period. Due to Doppler-induced errors, this sample rate is not exactly equal to the chip rate or twice the chip rate. One reason for choosing this sample rate is that if sampling is performed at 1.024 or 2.048 MHz, the resulting number of samples is a power of 2 over a 1 millisecond frame period, which is efficient. It is convenient for a typical FFT. That is, a frame of data is a multiple of 1024 samples, a convenient size for efficient FFTs, and the total dataset size (in coherent processing) is also a multiple of 1024, a power of 2 times this length. be. However, this limitation is not absolute, as efficient algorithms still exist when the number of samples per frame is not a power of two.
## <<##0055##>>##
At 33, a data block for coherent processing is defined by selecting a portion of the stored digital data over a predetermined coherent processing period Tc. The time period over which data is combined for coherent processing is typically selected to include a large integer number of PN frames (eg, 20 PN frames). Coherent processing blocks, however, may be used for very long periods of time, as residual carrier frequency stability and other multipath effects (and possibly other factors) over long time periods can limit or prevent performance improvement. should not be selected. As will be explained below, it may be useful to choose Tc to be an exact multiple of one PN frame period Tr.
## <<##0056##>>##
Still referring to FIG. 4, the GPS signal is observed over time Tc, which defines a data block such as first data block 49a or second data block 49b, time Tc being an integral number of PN data blocks. It is selected to have a frame 45. Since the actual data block is received without prior knowledge of when the PN frame begins, the start and end of the data block can be anywhere within the PN frame boundary. For example, a data block could happen to extend from the start of the first frame to the end of the last PN frame, as shown at 49a (code phase offset=0), but more likely , the data block extends from somewhere halfway in the first PN frame (as indicated at 49b) to somewhere halfway in the frame following the last full PN frame, and Thereby the code phase offset is not equal to zero. For example, the code phase offset can be determined using a matched filter operation, as described with reference to steps 39-42 of FIG.
## <<##0057##>>##
At 34 in FIG. 3, the data sequence is optionally removed. After the data sequence d(t) has been removed and the theoretical signal of equation (A1) has been transformed to a frequency close to the baseband of the residual signal sb(t), the neglected noise and interference has the form
sb(t)=AP(t)exp(j2□fet+□) (A2)
where fe is the residual frequency after converting the carrier frequency to approximately baseband.
## <<##0058##>>##
Optionally, it may be useful to remove the data sequence d(t) before processing. To help eliminate data sequences, in some A-GPS systems the expected data sequence d(t) is sent to the GPS receiver (eg from a server) along with some approximate arrival times of the GPS signals. be done. In these cases, the GPS receiver can eliminate the data sequence d(t) and therefore the pseudo-random polarity reversals that can occur in the signal of equation (A1) every 20 milliseconds with the data sequence d(t). . By eliminating random polarity reversals (ie, by eliminating d(t)), the coherent integration time can be increased to time intervals greater than one data bit period, eg, greater than 100 milliseconds. Increasing the coherent integration time can improve the sensitivity of the GPS acquisition process. As indicated earlier, some future modes of GPS may contain signaling components that do not contain data. In these situations, the coherent integration period is not limited to one data bit period.
## <<##0059##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, the carrier frequency is approximately removed to provide a residual frequency fe in the signal sb(t) of equation (A2), and the block duration Tc is chosen to be an exact multiple of the PN frame duration Tr. was done. In other words, Tc=KTr, where K is the number of frames in the block period. For example, if K=100 and Tr=1 msec, then Tc can be 100 msec.
## <<##0060##>>##
At 35, the data blocks are coherently processed using a Fourier transform process. This step can be called the "forward transform" process. For example, a fast Fourier transform (eg, FFT or DFT) of signal sb(t) sampled over time period Tc can be performed as follows:
y(f)=FFT(sb(t), from t=0 to t=Tc) (A3)
The forward transform process can be performed in various ways. One well-known method is decimation in time, another method is decimation in frequency. One fast algorithm can be used as suitable or useful, such as chirp z-transform or number-theoretic transform.
## <<##0061##>>##
An optional signal FFT (eg, shown in and described with reference to FIG. 9) includes a series of data frequency samples separated in frequency by the reciprocal of the period over which the data block is being processed. . For example, if the block period (Tc) is 20 ms, the frequency samples are separated by 50 Hz. If the block period is 80 ms, the frequency samples are separated by 12.5 Hz. Each data frequency sample can be identified by its frequency Hz, or more conveniently by its frequency index. In particular, each data frequency sample of the DFT can be designated by an integer (frequency index), eg starting at zero index at zero frequency. In an N-point FFT, the frequency index N/2 corresponds to half the sample rate frequency Hz, ie S/2. Frequency samples with indices N/2+1, N/2+2, etc. correspond to frequencies Hz equal to -S/2+1/Tc, -S/2+2/Tc, etc., ie they represent data corresponding to negative frequencies. If we rearrange the data samples by selecting samples with indices N/2, N/2+1, N/2+2, . . . , N−1, 0, 1, 2, . The data are collected in ascending order (in Hz) starting with the most negative frequency and progressing to the highest frequency. This rearrangement is used in FIGS. 5 and 6, for example. As a result, the frequency indices are considered cyclic, whereby the index m is equal to m+N and m−N. Therefore index N/2+m is equal to index -N/2+m.
## <<##0062##>>##
FIG. 5 is a graph of the frequency spectrum of a theoretically noise-free GPS signal at frequencies near zero (0) frequency with the above rearrangement. FIG. 5 shows an FFT with a characteristic appearance due to the periodic repetition of the PN sequence, which repeats every 1 millisecond in the US GPS C/A code. The noiseless FFT shown contains a subset of data frequency samples (spectral lines) 51 with strong energy separated by a number of intermediate samples (not shown) with low energy. Such spectra are sometimes called "comb" spectra, where the separation between successive strong samples is at multiples of K frequency indices.
## <<##0063##>>##
In particular, the comb spectrum shown in FIG. 5 was repeated and sampled 20 times over a period of 20 ms, with a residual carrier frequency fe=0 and a maximum amplitude (at 209 kHz, not shown in the graph) Fig. 3 is a graph of magnitude versus frequency in the power spectrum corresponding to GPS Gold Code #1, normalized by line; In this example, a series of spectral lines with intense energy are spaced apart by approximately 1000 Hz (1 kHz). The 0.0 Hz line 51a has an amplitude of approximately -38 db, the 1.0 kHz line 51b has an amplitude of approximately -11 db, and the 2.0 kHz line 51c has an amplitude of approximately -13 db. Between each pair of strong spectral lines there are 19 intermediate lines of very low amplitude as represented by the logarithmic graph of FIG. For example at 51a, spectral lines are present at 0 Hz and 1000 Hz. Spectral lines exist from 50 Hz, 100 Hz to 950 Hz, but since they have low energy they are not shown in the figure. A similar analysis exists for each strong spectral line pair. The separation of the comb-shaped intense spectral lines measured in Hz is equal to the frame rate fr. Measured by the frequency index difference is the K index, the number of frames in the coherent data block.
## <<##0064##>>##
While FIG. 5 shows the theoretical result in the absence of noise, the FFT of the actual received signal as shown in FIG. showing noise. In the example of FIG. 5, the average noise level of the FFT, indicated at 52, typically exceeds the amplitude of even the strongest spectral lines.
## <<##0065##>>##
With further reference to FIG. 9, this is a graph showing that a typical frequency content (FFT) for real data includes a plurality of data frequency samples, generally indicated at 90, a plurality of these data frequency samples are collectively termed a "data frequency set". The data frequency set extends up to the highest frequency index (corresponding to the frequency in Hz of S-1/Tc). The frequency separation between each data frequency sample is equal to the reciprocal of the block period (ie, the reciprocal of the time period of sample 1/Tc), so when the original FFT ordering is used, the largest index is at STc-1. .
## <<##0066##>>##
Unlike FIG. 5, each data frequency sample 90 in FIG. 9 contains noise, and therefore only periodic spectral lines (at frequency index K) have significant energy, unlike the theoretical GPS spectrum of FIG. , a large amount of energy is found at each frequency index. In other words, due to noise, the amplitude of spectral lines associated with the received GPS signal is below the noise level and therefore not directly observable. Put another way, in the FFT of real data, the average noise energy level can be similar for all frequency lines, so the comb spectrum in Fig. 5 is not observable and unknown until further processing. will be in the state of
## <<##0067##>>##
Returning to FIG. 3, at 36a, initial assumptions are made to begin the algorithm. Like the theoretical signal specified in equation (A1), a GPSK receiver receives multiple signals simultaneously, each with a unique PN sequence F(t), and therefore each unique Note that we provide an FFT. For example, under typical conditions, a GPS receiver typically receives between 8 and 12 signals from various in-view satellites at any given time, many of these signals being too weak to be detected. there is a possibility. Therefore, there is no certainty as to which satellite is providing the receivable signal, and even if detectable, the code phase offset of any receivable signal that determines the arrival time is a priori unknown. ## <<##0068##>>##
At 36a, a particular satellite that may be in view is selected or "guessed". The selection of any particular satellite may be random, or may be based on any suitable information such as a history or list provided by the PDE. as explained below. The PN code of the selected satellite is tested over multiple frequency hypotheses (typically within a distance determined by the receiver) until at least a match is found or all hypotheses are exhausted, then at 36c; The next satellite is selected and the corresponding PN code is tested across multiple frequency hypotheses until all candidate satellites are selected or signals from a sufficient number of satellites are found to have completed position determination. be.
## <<##0069##>>##
At 36a, an initial hypothesis is made for the residual frequencies. If sufficient information is available to the GPS receiver (e.g., a previous position fix has been made or an estimated Doppler correction is available), then this initial and subsequent hypotheses are based on this information. can be done. If no information is available, a best guess can be made and a search can begin.
## <<##0070##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, at 37 the GPS codes corresponding to the hypothesized satellites are Fourier transformed. This code, which can be locally generated or computed and stored ahead of time, is sometimes referred to as the "reference" code. These GPS codes are well known and it is feasible to pre-compute and store a value for each GPS code in a GPS receiver. These GPS codes can then be Fourier transformed before or after storage in the GPS receiver. For example, a Fourier transform (eg, FFT or DFT) can be performed on a reference data set consisting of K iterations of a PN sequence F(t), denoted P(t), as follows:
B(f)=FFT(P(t), from t=0 to t=KTr=Tc) (A4)
The result, such as the example shown in FIG. 5, is a comb spectrum containing a series of evenly spaced lines, which can be termed "reference frequency samples". It is non-zero only for every Kth frequency sample of B(f) and only the non-zero value needs to be stored, thus reducing the required storage.
## <<##0071##>>##
However, it is further possible to pre-compute the Fourier transform of the repeated sequence P(t) and store only the non-zero Fourier transformed values at each GPS code, allowing for quick use whenever needed. would be efficient. It is easy to observe that these non-zero values are obtained from the Fourier transform of F(t) rather than P(t), thus reducing the computational burden. Since the FFT of the repeated sequence can be obtained from this short FFT, it is usually possible to compute the FFT of only one iteration of F(t) instead of K iterations, as shown in (A4). It is enough. Also, the reference GPS code is normally assumed to have a code phase offset of zero and a carrier frequency offset of zero, and therefore should be centered at 0.0 Hz, the graphical representation of FIG. 5 rather than FIG. should be similar to
## <<##0072##>>##
The details of the above calculation relate to the US GPS PN code being of length 1023 and the preferred FFT size being a power of 2, typically 1024 or 2048 in this description. Given that the FFT is precomputed, a suitable procedure for generating a suitably sized FFT, corresponding to a sample rate of 1.023 MHz, is to perform a reference 1023-point FFT and extract the values of indices 512 and 513 Attach extra zero-valued samples in between. Similarly, corresponding to a sample rate of 2.046 MHz, a suitable procedure for generating a suitably sized FFT is to perform a 2046-point FFT of the reference PN (sampled at 2 samples per chip) and index Append two extra zero-valued samples between 1024 and 1025. These procedures are interpolation techniques performed in the frequency domain and are computationally more efficient than equivalent resampling method implementations in the time domain. In any case, the FFT of the repeated reference sequence can then be computed by simply inserting the appropriate number of non-zero valued samples between each reference frequency sample corresponding to the FFT of one PN frame.
## <<##0073##>>##
When the data frequency samples were first computed in the FFT process at block 35, the residual frequencies were unknown. This unknown residual frequency must be found in order to accurately and efficiently acquire the GPS signal. To determine the residual frequencies, a "trial and error" process can be used in which a series of residual frequencies are hypothesized, calculations are performed on each hypothesis, and the results are analyzed to search for locations. . It should be recognized that the number of hypotheses is large and the processing time can increase with the number of hypotheses tested.
## <<##0074##>>##
At 38, a subset of the data frequency samples provided at 37 is selected or "pruned" in response to the hypothesized residual frequencies. As shown in FIG. 5 and described therewith, an ideal GPS signal P(t) has a comb-shaped spectrum with periodic frequency spacing fr, which is the FFT multiplied by the number of samples in the block. is the frequency spacing, ie (1/Tc)□K=fr. Since this comb spectrum has non-zero samples occupying only a fraction of the actual data frequency samples, a reduction in frequency search complexity and time requirements is possible. As mentioned above, the frequency spacing fr, expressed in Hz, is equal to the PN frame rate. Expressed as an index, this is equal to the number of repeated PN frames (K) in the data block.
## <<##0075##>>##
For example, referring again to FIG. 9, if K=20, the data frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized residual frequencies can be selected by selection of a particular group of spectral lines, such as 92a or 92b. . Since P(t) has a comb spectrum, so does the baseband, noise-free received signal sb(t) (see equation A-2), since this signal is the frequency transform of P(t). because it contains the modified version. However, the actual comb lines of sb are not positioned at exact multiples of 1 kHz, but are offset by residual frequencies (see Figure 6), which need to be determined.
## <<##0076##>>##
If the sampling rate is 1.024 MHz, the block size is 20 msec, and there are 20 PN sequences in the block, then the spacing between adjacent comb lines in the received signal is 1 kHz, thus giving recognizable energy. There are only 1024 lines of the DFT of P(t) with This comb spacing limits the subset to only 1024 data frequency lines, so a correspondingly reduced size inverse FFT can be used in subsequent processing.
## <<##0077##>>##
As another example, if the sampling rate is 2.048 MHz, then there are 2048 non-zero valued comb lines with a comb frequency spacing of 1.0 kHz, but with more energy than the 2.048 MHz passband. extends beyond. It is not necessary to sample at a rate that is a multiple of the frequency separation (eg, 1.0 kHz), nor is it necessary that the sample rate be a power of two times 1.0 kHz, and the comb spectrum of sb(t) still remains. However, it is desirable that the total sample period Tc be a multiple of 1 millisecond to achieve true periodic convolution. This requirement can be omitted, but may result in some performance penalty or speed degradation, as will be explained later.
## <<##0078##>>##
6, which has a residual carrier frequency of about 1.5 kHz (ie fe=1.5 kHz) and is normalized by the maximum amplitude line (occurring at 209 kHz) as in FIG. 1 is a graph of the power spectrum of an example GPS signal (Code #1) repeated 20 times with . A comparison of FIGS. 5 and 6 shows that comb spectra are present in both cases, and the spectrum of FIG. 6 is simply offset with respect to that of FIG. 5 by a residual frequency fe of about 1500 Hz in this example. is also shown. Therefore, the hypothesis of 1500 Hz (the true carrier frequency offset in this example) results in an appropriate selection of the set of frequency lines containing signal energy. Even though the GPS signal spectrum appears as in FIG. 6, it can be disturbed by noise as shown in FIG. 9 appearing at each frequency sample (rather than just comb samples). However, the noise that occurs between the frequency samples of the GPS signal comb is inappropriate for GPS signal detection because they contain little GPS signal energy. Therefore, it is necessary to use only the frequency information of the comb line positions for GPS signal detection purposes. As will be explained in detail, each frequency hypothesis states that a different set of possible comb frequencies are processed, so that these different sets of possible comb frequencies are simply cyclically shifted relative to each other. version. ## <<##0079##>>##
The term "pruning" refers to selecting only every Kth sample from the frequency data. In the conventional example, Tc equals 20 PN frames and K equals 20, ie only every twentieth sample of the FFT data needs to be selected for use in subsequent processing. More generally, K is the iteration number of the PN code of the coherent data block being processed. Such pruning leads to a subsequent reduction in throughput.
## <<##0080##>>##
See FIGS. 9 and 10. FIG. FIG. 9 is an example of a typical data frequency sample containing noise that interferes with the GPS signal. FIG. 10 is a table showing (for simplicity of explanation) the subset of data frequency samples corresponding to a hypothesized positive frequency offset, how every Kth sample contributes to the hypothesized residual frequency. It indicates what is chosen to define the subset for frequency selection. To hypothesize a zero frequency offset, transform the selection into a first subset 92a, which is every Kth sample starting at frequency index zero (A0, AK . . . ), shown at 92a in FIGS. , corresponding to row 0 in FIG. To hypothesize a 1-index frequency offset, a second subset 92b is selected, containing every Kth sample, but offset by a frequency index of 1 (A1, AK+1 . . . ), as shown in FIG. Corresponds to row 1. To hypothesize a two-index frequency offset, a third subset 92c is selected, which contains every Kth sample offset by frequency index 1 (A2, AK+2...). This process, sometimes called circular rotation, continues by translating the selected data frequency samples by integers to hypothesize each subsequent frequency offset. The number of frequency offsets can exceed K (corresponding to rates exceeding the frame rate).
## <<##0081##>>##
The frequency data set is considered cyclic, ie frequency K is similar to KN and K+N, for example. Thus, it can be seen that the last few data samples of a given row can actually correspond to the first data sample of the first row. For example, in 92c, if K equals 2, the last index of 92c is NK+2-N=-K+2=0 and the last index of 92d is NK+3-N=-K+3=1. In this example, the last elements of 92c and 92d are therefore A0 and A1 respectively. Similarly, a negative frequency offset (not shown in the table) was hypothesized by first choosing a "negative frequency". As an example, the lowest negative frequency hypothesis corresponds to the selected data A-1, AK-1, A2K-1, A3K-1, . 1, A2K-1, A3K-1, . . . , AN-K-1. Therefore, the first sample of this array is actually the last frequency sample of the FFT. It is convenient to reorder the array starting at AN/2 so that most of the frequency data increases in frequency.
## <<##0082##>>##
In FIG. 10, the columns show the "comb" frequency indices, ie the indices of a pruned array with only N/K elements. Each row shows the value at a hypothesized comb frequency index. Of course, combs starting at negative frequency offsets are permissible and have rows constructed as described above.
## <<##0083##>>##
Information useful for identifying the presence of a GPS signal is therefore substantially contained within spectral lines that are mutually displaced by a fixed amount (1 kHz in this example) and offset by residual frequencies. Therefore, following the hypothesis of the residual frequency, for subsequent matched filter computation purposes corresponding to the hypothesized residual frequency, the set of spectral lines (comb) corresponding to that frequency offset can be selected from the FFT, The rest are ignored. This reduced number of spectral lines can reduce the number of subsequent computations required, thus reducing the processing time for each hypothesized residual frequency. For example, instead of having to perform an inverse FFT of size STc, as required in the matched filter operation of step 39, only an inverse FFT of size S/1 kHz is performed if a sample rate of S is used. There is a need. Therefore, assuming Tc = 128 milliseconds, we typically need to perform an inverse FFT of size 128 □ 1024 if the sample rate is 1.024 MHz. Taking advantage of the sparseness of the spectrum (i.e. the fact that GPS signals have a comb spectrum), we only need to compute an inverse FFT of size 1.024 MHz/1 kHz (i.e. 1024), with a processing savings of 128 (more precisely 1.7 □ 128) coefficient. Moreover, the processing savings improve as the total coherent processing time Tc increases. Therefore, it can be seen that the FFT size reduction is related to the number of iterations of the PN sequence F(t), ie the FFT size reduction factor improves as the number of coherently integrated PN frames increases.
## <<##0084##>>##
At 39, an operation is performed to form a correlation series from a subset of the data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples (eg GPS codes). To achieve this, an FFT-based matched filter operation can be implemented as follows.
Multiply the selected subset of data frequencies by the complex conjugate of the FFT of the GPS code. (A5)
Perform an inverse FFT of the result of Equation A5 and perform a detection operation on this resulting data set. (A6)
The result is a circular convolution of Sb(t) and P(t), which provides good correlation information, assuming that the duration of Sb(t) is an integer number of PN frames. This basic procedure required the processing of a long data set of period Tc, ie the procedure required performing a forward FFT of large size. However, as is well known, there are efficient ways to perform such large FFTs. Computational convenience comes from the need to perform only small size inverse FFTs for the pruning procedure. Since many inverse FFTs need to be performed for many frequency hypotheses, computational savings can be realized. This will be further mathematically proven later.
## <<##0085##>>##
For purposes of explanation, the method of steps 33-39 corresponds to processing one block of data in a coherent manner, a type of correlation referred to herein as "coherent correlation" or "coherent processing." . To improve sensitivity, the correlation output from multiple coherent correlation processes can be detected and the number of contiguous time intervals (eg 2 to 2000 blocks, typically 5 to 200 blocks) to give a correlation result. ). This process is called "non-coherent correlation" and is described in more detail below in conjunction with FIG.
## <<##0086##>>##
At 40 in FIG. 3, the correlation results (series) are analyzed to determine if a match is found. This operation can be performed with any number of suitable algorithms, as described below.
## <<##0087##>>##
FIG. 7 is a graphical illustration of the results of the correlation operation of step 39, showing amplitude as a function of hypothesized code phase. The result of the matched filter operation, or correlation operation, of step 39 is called the "correlation series". As explained below, multiple correlation series can be combined (coherently and/or non-coherently) to provide improved performance. This combined series is called the "final correlation series" because this number of series can be examined to determine the condition in which they are matched. Returning to FIG. 7, as a result of the graph, successive lines 70 of different code phases are evenly spaced, typically by one chip increments or one-half chip increments. Any suitable peak finding type search algorithm can be used to determine if a match is found. For example, the size of each line may be considered. For example, if the line magnitude of a particular hypothesized code phase is the largest among all lines and its amplitude meets or exceeds a predetermined threshold, then a match has been found. can be assumed. In FIG. 7, line 72 appears to be the largest, so if the detection threshold (eg indicated at 74) is the predetermined threshold, the code phase of line 72 (i.e. It will be assumed that the code phase position 18) indicates a match. Other algorithms may be used, such as determining all peaks above a predetermined threshold and retaining all such peaks as potential matches.
## <<##0088##>>##
Referring again to FIG. 3, if after step 40 a match is not identified, operation moves to decision step 41 . At 41, if there are more residual frequencies to be searched, another frequency hypothesis is made at step 36b and steps 37-40 are repeated. However, if there are no more residual frequencies to be searched, operation moves from 41 to decision step 43 to determine whether there are more satellites to search, as described below. Returning to decision step 40, if a match is found, operation moves to step 42 where the code phase offset is determined.
## <<##0089##>>##
For example, as described above with reference to FIG. 4, once the data block has been sampled, the code phase is unknown, ie the start and end of the PN frame period have not yet been ascertained. In particular, although a data block has an integer number of PN frames 45, the starting position of the data block is not known, so the start and end of the data block can be anywhere within the PN frame. can. For example, a data block could happen to extend from the start of the first PN frame to the end of the last PN frame, as shown at 49a (code phase offset=0), but more possibilities are , the data block extends from an optionally selected point in the first PN frame to the same point in the frame following the last full PN frame, as indicated at 49b (code phase offset ≠ 0).
## <<##0090##>>##
At 42 , following a positive search result (ie after a match was found at step 40 ), the code phase offset is determined from the results of the matched filter operation at step 39 . Specifically, the number of possible code offsets is known before the matched filter operation. In the example just described of FIG. 7, the number of possible code offsets ranges from zero to 1023 (1024 total possible code phases if a 1024-point FFT is used), which is 1 millisecond. is the number of code phase offset steps over the interval. After matched filtering, line 72 (identifying the existence of a match) also shows the code phase offset as the number of steps from zero. In the example of FIG. 7, the code phase offset is at code phase position 18, which in this example translates to approximately 18/1024 milliseconds. This phase offset is related to the phase of the locally generated clock within the GPS receiver. In many cases, the accuracy of this phase offset is improved through an interpolation procedure that combines the level at a specified code phase with the levels of its neighboring code phases. ## <<##0091##>>##
At 43, a determination is made as to whether signals from additional satellites are searched. This determination is made according to any suitable criteria. For example, if it finds that signals from enough satellites have already made a position fix, or if the list of possible in-view satellites is exhausted, a decision is made to stop the search, at 44. As shown, the capture operation is completed. However, if signals from more satellites are searched, at 36c the next satellite is selected, an initial residual frequency is hypothesized, and steps 37-42 are performed with the new assumption.
## <<##0092##>>##
Using the knowledge that the PN sequence F(t) repeats multiple times in coherently processed data blocks, an even simpler inverse FFT procedure is possible as part of the overall matched filter procedure, as described here. It can be seen that this reduces the computation time. The improvement in processing time is particularly large if only one Doppler hypothesis is to be searched. However, since searches are typically performed over a large number of Doppler hypotheses (eg, searches over ±500 Hz are common), this processing savings advantage quickly becomes significant as described here. One reason to save processing is that each Doppler hypothesis requires a separate inverse FFT to be performed. However, in the method described here, the inverse FFT size is independent of the coherent frequency block size due to the fact that it only requires processing frequency samples at the hypothesized comb frequency locations. It is easy to see that the number of such frequency samples is equal to the number of data frequency samples over one PN frame. In the previous example, with a processing block size of 128 milliseconds, the required inverse FFT size is reduced by a factor of 128, resulting in a processing speed improvement of a factor greater than 128. A large forward FFT must be performed as in step 35, but this large operation only needs to be performed once per GPS code searched, and in some cases one forward FFT can be performed on multiple hypotheses. can be shared with the assigned GPS code.
## <<##0093##>>##
Typically, in order to search over a large Doppler range, a correspondingly large number of Doppler hypotheses are made sequentially and executed in turn, thus requiring multiple inverse FFT runs. For example, to search over a range of residual carrier frequencies fe=±2 kHz, with a coherent integration time of 128 ms, multiple Doppler hypotheses are required, i.e., the number of inverse FFTs equal to at least 512 (4000 kHz×128 msec) is executed. In the previous example, the inverse FFT size only requires 1024 points instead of 131072, which saves computation time by a factor of about 218 (FFT processing time is proportional to Nlog(N), where N is the transform size Note that). For example, using currently available technology, a 1024-point FFT can be performed in less than 0.5 milliseconds using an inexpensive DSP integrated circuit, and the overall processing of the entire set of inverse FFTs is Time results in less than 0.26 seconds. On the other hand, without taking advantage of sparse data, the processing time can be about 1 minute. Moreover, since one has to search over a large number of hypothesized GPSPN codes, the processing time required by conventional FFT processing is impractical, whereas the processing time with the disclosed method easily becomes practical.
## <<##0094##>>##
A search over the various Doppler hypotheses ensures that adjacent spectral lines of the FFT are separated from each other by a predetermined number, in this example 1/Tc Hz (e.g., if Tc=128 msec then 1/Tc=1/128 msec=7.813 Hz). It is simplified by recognizing that it is remote. Therefore, for a given PN code, it is not necessary to perform a forward FFT at each frequency again. To change the frequency hypothesis, we only need to shift the FFT of sb by one index position (the index value is properly determined without undue effort, such that the signal is likely to be captured). . Let y equal the FFT of sb. In the example where the sample rate is 1.024 MHz and T=128 msec, if the frequency hypothesis is zero, process y samples numbered 0, 128, 256, . If the residual frequency hypothesis is 7.813 Hz, then process samples numbered 1, 129, 257, and so on. If the residual frequency hypothesis is −7.813 Hz, then process samples at 131071, 127, 255, etc. (note that the spectrum is periodic with period 131071, so index 131071 equals −1). The pruned block in each case is multiplied by the complex conjugate of the non-zero FFT samples of the reference GPS waveform. The result is inverse transformed to give a matched filter output representing the 1PN frame.
## <<##0095##>>##
The magnitude (or magnitude squared) of the peak found above this power threshold was received with the GPS signal number and Doppler frequency corresponding to those used in the processing sequence. It represents the presence and arrival time of GPS signals. As will be explained below, in some cases it is preferable to shift the FFT by a fraction of the number of indices. This can be done using frequency interpolation methods, as described below, rather than simply rotating or shifting the frequency set.
## <<##0096##>>##
Figures 8A, 8B, and 8C show the respective matched filter operations at each of the three hypothesized frequencies (fh-50Hz, fh, fh+50Hz) when Tc = 20 ms. An example run result is shown (so the spectral lines of the forward FFT are separated by 50 Hz). In FIG. 8B it can be seen that the hypothesized frequency is the true frequency and the strong detected peak 82 occurs at one particular code phase offset (index 18). It can be seen that the hypothesized frequency falls below or exceeds the true frequency by 50 Hz in FIGS. 8A and 8C, respectively, and therefore in these cases the strong peak at index position 18 is (at 81 and 83 (as shown) and it can be seen that there are no other peaks above the detection threshold. For simplicity of illustration, the plots of FIGS. 8A, 8B, and 8C only show code phase indices up to 30, whereas if a 1024-point FFT were used, the indices would be Note that it actually ranges from 0 to 1023.
## <<##0097##>>##
The method of FIG. 3 corresponds to processing one block of data in a coherent manner, which is a type of correlation referred to herein as "coherent correlation". In practice, however, coherent correlation cannot be sensitive enough to detect weak GPS signals and measure their code phases. To improve sensitivity, correlation outputs from multiple coherent correlation processes (ie correlation series) can be detected and combined, a procedure termed "non-coherent correlation" or "non-coherent processing". It is In particular, the coherent integration process of steps 33-39 above can be repeated at one or more additional, contiguous time intervals (typically in the range of 5 to 2000 blocks), the results of which are detected ( For example, their magnitudes or squared magnitudes are calculated) and combined.
## <<##0098##>>##
This variant will be understood more precisely with reference to FIG. FIG. 11 is a variation of FIG. 3 in which multiple correlation series are combined before searching for matched states. The block numbering of FIG. 11 is similar to that of FIG. 3, except that a "1" is added to the beginning. For example, the upper block "Observing GPS Band Energy" is shown at 30 and 130 in the two figures. FIG. 11 includes additional processing associated with post-detection accumulation of multiple correlation series. That is, mainly a feedback loop is added from the output of block 147 to the input of 138 that repeats over multiple blocks of data. A combination of multiple correlation series is performed at 146 .
## <<##0099##>>##
Examination of FIG. 11 reveals that at 133 we have selected data corresponding to a number of blocks of length Tc as compared to 33 single blocks. Then, at step 134, an FFT is performed on each individual data block. This data is then typically stored in a buffer for later use. Steps 136a and 137 are identical to 36a and 37. Steps 138 and 139 then use a pruning algorithm as part of calculating the correlation series from the reference frequency samples (corresponding to the given SV and residual frequency) and the frequency samples of the given data block. This is similar to 38 and 39. However, at step 146, the resulting correlation series is combined with that similarly performed on the previous data block. Typically, this combination is done by performing a magnitude, magnitude-squared type detection operation on the correlation series and then adding the result to what was done analogously in the previous block. will be In some cases, the combinations may be simple additions or other coherent combinations. The latter case is appropriate when computational resources limit the ability to perform coherent processing on large datasets.
## <<##0100##>>##
At 147 the branch to the right is to repeat the processing of 138, 139, 146 on the next data block if not all data blocks have been processed, at which point (147) the processing Flow goes to 140. When processing proceeds to 140, all desired correlation series are combined to determine the matched condition. The correlation series combined at this point is called the "final correlation series". In a manner similar to that described in FIG. 3, the final correlation series is examined with matched conditions, typically peaks above the detection threshold, to find the corresponding code phase offsets.
## <<##0101##>>##
Note that in the previous discussion, operations 138, 139, and 146 are repeated on successive blocks of data, but the hypothesized SV, reference frequency sample, and residual frequency are the same for each iteration. If no match is found at 140, a new residual frequency is selected at 136b (if the set has not been completely searched) and the processes 138, 139, 146 start anew with the first data block (145 is reinitialize the block number). At step 135, since the FFT was previously computed on all data blocks, no further forward FFT is needed when changing the hypothesized next residual frequency. That is, the frequency samples of each data block are stored in a buffer and can be reused in each subsequent residual frequency hypothesis.
## <<##0102##>>##
After a match is found, or after all residual frequencies have been exhausted, the process proceeds to 143 where if more SVs are required to be examined, at 136c select the next SV and initial frequency; Proceed to step 133. In some cases, such as when no data sequence is present, at this point we proceed instead to step 136a and reuse the data frequency samples from 135 already computed by the previous FFT operation.
## <<##0103##>>##
The following description is one description of the operation of one method described herein.
## <<##0104##>>##
First, consider how the inverse FFT operation is performed. The first sampled time data can be represented as x(n):n=0,1,2, . Shorthand, where TS is the sample time period. The discrete Fourier transform ("DFT") of this sampled data is denoted by y(0,1,2,...). The DFT of this data effectively represents frequency samples at frequencies 0, 1/(NTS), 2/(NTS) . . . , m/(NTS) . DFTy(m) is expressed by the following equation for each m.
##《##number 1##》##

## <<##0105##>>##
By circular symmetry, the frequency corresponding to index m (ie, frequency m/(NTS)) is equal to the frequency corresponding to index mN (ie, frequency (mN)/(NTS)), so M>N The frequencies of the DFT corresponding to /2 are actually negative frequencies. Here, for purposes of this discussion, 1) GPS frame period corresponds to R input samples, 2) as before, any satellite data has been removed, 3) block size N corresponds to K frames, That is, K=KR and 4) assume that any Doppler effects in the signal modulation are negligible. These assumptions allow the FFT algorithm to perform periodic convolution.
## <<##0106##>>##
As mentioned above, since the matched filter operation is essentially a circular convolution of the signal data and a periodically repeated reference, we are only interested in finding R samples from the matched filter operation. Therefore, the matched filter result is also periodic with period R. Under these conditions, the operation in y(m) of equation (B1) can give the matched filter output in a known manner.
##《##number2##》##

## <<##0107##>>##
where g is the FFT of the GPS reference PN waveform repeated K times [sampled at the same rate as x(n)], * represents the complex conjugate, and r is the output time variable, which is We only need the range over [0, 1, . . . , R−1]. Equation (B2) assumes that the residual carrier frequency of signal y(m) is zero. As mentioned above, since the PN sequence is periodic every frame, ie every R samples, the function g(m) will have a non-zero value (in frequency) every N/R=(KR/R)=K samples. have For example, if N corresponds to 20 frames of GPS data, every 20th sample of the FFT (starting from the beginning) of g is non-zero. Therefore, the product in the sum of equation (B2) is non-zero only every 20th sample, so we can write (B2) as
##《##number3##》##

## <<##0108##>>##
The final sum is the R-point inverse DFT. It has therefore been shown that the inverse DFT required in matched filter operation may be performed using only the R-sample FFT algorithm, which reduces processing time and memory requirements. Furthermore, no matter how many PN frames of data K are processed, only an R-point inverse DFT is needed as long as the above conditions are met. Note that equation (B3) is mathematically identical to the equation obtained if a full N-point inverse FFT is performed as in equation (B2). Note also that equation (B3) explicitly shows the selection of every Kth point from the FFT of y in performing the inverse FFT. This is the basis for the "pruning" procedure, ie selecting a subset of points to perform the inverse FFT. Equation (B3) determines whether the hypothesized residual carrier frequency error is correct. However, this process only produces a strong detection indication when the residual carrier frequency error is small compared to 1/Tc.
## <<##0109##>>##
Equation (B3) above corresponds to the processing of the transformed data samples, assuming a residual carrier frequency of zero. This produces strong correlation peaks only when the residual frequencies are close to zero. To change this assumption, the Doppler shift is assumed to be d/(NTS), where d is an integer, and equation (B3) is modified as follows.
##《##number4##》##

## <<##0110##>>##
where [] mod N is the bracketed quantity modulo M. Essentially, assuming the Doppler hypothesis is correct, we frequency shift the input signal so that it has a residual frequency that is non-zero (ie, much smaller than 1/Tc). Equation (B4) exploits the cyclic property of y. Note that this transformation is simply a frequency transformation of y by d spectral lines, and is straightforwardly performed by indexing the sequence y (in a circular fashion) starting at the d position with respect to the first element of y. . This method eliminates the conventional limitation described in the background section, which otherwise effectively limits searches over a range greater than about -500 to 500 Hz. The only limitation in the Doppler hypothesis d is a blind limitation on the expansion of y due to the time Doppler effect (ie Doppler in signal modulation). This limitation can be removed as described below.
## <<##0111##>>##
One convenient aspect of equation (B4) is that there is no need to perform separate forward transforms to handle different GPS codes. In some situations, the appropriate GPS code for "g" (eg, the appropriate Gold code) can be substituted into the previous equation and the conventionally transformed data can continue to be used. This can be done if the satellite data information (messages) present in two or more simultaneously received GPS signals are substantially identical. This state makes it possible to simultaneously remove data transmissions in signals received at the same time. This is possible if two conditions are met: (A) the differential distance from the satellites is fairly small (eg, within 300 km), and (B) the message data information is similar between SV transmissions. It is to be. Item (B) often occurs, for example, when satellite almanacs are transmitted. Also item B is not important if the coherent integration time is less than 20 milliseconds. , in data-free GPS modes, such as those proposed in future structures, condition (B) does not apply and this variant can be done more generally.
## <<##0112##>>##
In the preceding discussion, the effects of Doppler shift (including receiver reference local oscillator induced "Doppler") are assumed to primarily affect the carrier frequency. However, if the coherent integration time NTS becomes large enough, the effect of Doppler on the modulation of the signal (ie on the PN sequence P(t)) may not be negligible. For the purposes of the present invention, the Doppler effect, or "time Doppler" effect, of this modulation primarily modifies the modulation rate and consequently "stretches" or "compresses" the signal waveform with respect to the reference generated in the GPS receiver. occurs.
## <<##0113##>>##
For example, to process the C/A code for GPS standard location service (civil service), the ratio of carrier frequency to chip modulation rate is approximately 1575.42e6/1.023e6=1540. A Doppler shift of about 500 Hz in the carrier therefore results in a Doppler shift of about 5000/1540=3.25 Hz in the modulation. For coherent processing of short blocks of data (eg, 20 ms), such time Doppler may not be significant. However, when processing long blocks of data, the effect can degrade system sensitivity by reducing the magnitude of the peak output of the matched filter. As a rule of thumb, if the modulation Doppler (including local oscillator effects) is p Hertz, the total block size N corresponds to Tc seconds, and without additional processing, the amount pTc is about should be kept below 1/2.
## <<##0114##>>##
Consider the above case where a 10,000 Hz Doppler shift in the carrier results in a 7.143 Hz Doppler shift in the PN modulation. If the coherent block size is about 100 ms, then pTc = 0.7143 and some degradation in system performance will be noticeable. Furthermore, the time of peak output from the matched filter will be displaced by pTc/2 chips for the non-zero Doppler case. A large Doppler search range and a long coherent integration time therefore result in losses from the time Doppler effect if left uncorrected. This problem is especially amplified in the following two important situations.
(1) A large difference between Doppler shifts from one GPS satellite signal to another GPS satellite signal, as observed by a GPS receiver. This item has already been mentioned above.
(2) Effective Doppler shift due to the error of the GPS local oscillator frequency with respect to its ideal frequency.
## <<##0115##>>##
Regarding item (2), the GPS local oscillator can differ from the ideal GPS frequency. For example, a GPS receiver can sometimes derive its local oscillator frequency from the frequency of a cell phone that is synchronized, thus achieving low error. However, in some situations this may not be possible. Even a well temperature-compensated crystal can have a frequency error of over ±3000 Hz at GPS frequencies (1575.42 MHz). Although such frequency errors are not true Doppler shifts, they produce both carrier and modulation shifts in GPS receivers, similar to Doppler shifts observed from moving platforms. Such frequency errors are common to all GPS receivers and therefore affect all GPS signals processed to some extent. Nevertheless, these frequency errors can lead to degraded performance especially for long coherent block sizes.
## <<##0116##>>##
One way to address the above problem is to resample the input data sequence at a rate commensurate with the GPS SV (satellite vehicle) Doppler hypothesis and/or due to local oscillator error. By resampling the signal, using digital signal processing methods, the input signal can be expanded or compressed as a result, so that there are again an integral number of PN frames of GPS data in the coherent processing block. do. Without such resampling, the number of such frames in a coherent block is no longer an integer, but a quantity more or less as large as several samples, which is the peak signal generated by matched filter operation. can cause severe degradation of
## <<##0117##>>##
However, resampling in the time domain may require resampling and performing a large forward FFT over a range of frequencies and a given SV. As noted above, the range is less than about 1/2 |pTc|. Unfortunately, the requirement to perform this large number of forward FFTs results in both increased system memory requirements and increased processing time.
## <<##0118##>>##
However, by performing the resampling function in the frequency domain, the aforementioned drawbacks are eliminated, especially the requirement to perform an additional forward FFT. In other words, the resampling function can be performed on the transformed signal y rather than in the time domain. This method avoids the requirement to perform an additional forward FFT, but depending on the configuration some additional storage may be required.
## <<##0119##>>##
The underlying principle behind frequency domain resampling can be explained from the following Fourier transform relations.
## <<## number 5##>>##

## <<##0120##>>##
where x is the time waveform, y is the Fourier transform of x, and a is the scale shift or extension. In this way, extension of any domain can be done.
## <<##0121##>>##
Expansion or compression includes processes involving resampling of frequency samples, ie partial resampling methods. From (B5), the frequency samples are called y(m), so if these samples are initially given at frequency m=[0,1,2,...]/(NTS), then these samples are frequency replaced by samples estimated at m/a, i.e., at frequencies mr = [0, 1, 2, ...]/(aNTS) = [0, 1/a, 2/a, ...]. I understand that.
## <<##0122##>>##
This last result is only corrected at positive frequencies, as we must ensure that the data samples are symmetrically spaced about 0 Hz. To do this, if we reorder the initial set to the order −N/2−1, −N/2, . . . −1, 0, 1 . set is resampled in frequency.
[(-N / 2-1) a, (-N / 2) / a, ..., -2 / a, -1 / a, 0, 1 / a, 2 / a, ..., (N / 2) / a]/(NTS) (B6)
That is, if using the original order, it is resampled in frequency.
m/a: when m=0, 1, 2, . . . , N/2 (B7)
N+(m-N)/a: When m=N/2+1, N/2+2, …, N-1 (B8)
Note here the cyclic nature of the frequency such that the frequency index m is the same as m+N or m−N.
## <<##0123##>>##
The resampling of equations (B6) or (B7) involves estimating the frequency response at frequencies "between" the normal discrete frequencies estimated by the DFT. This is relatively easy to do, for example, with a "sinc" interpolator. Since the input data are time constrained, we can estimate the (complex) frequency response for frequencies □|□|<0.5 Hz for a set of spectral lines through a convolution procedure. For example, to estimate the spectral response at frequency y(m0+□), form the following product, where m0 is an integer.
## <<## number 6##>>##

## <<##0124##>>##
Here m ranges over all possible values (ie m−N/2+1 to m+N/2).
## <<##0125##>>##
A simple approximation to this computation requires only two or three values of m. An estimate of the loss by the second term estimate of equation (B9) shows that such sensitivity loss is less than 1 dB if □ ranges from −0.5 to 0.5 Hz. For most modulation Doppler shifts of interest, the expansion by equation (B5) is expected to be fairly constant over a relatively large number of consecutive frequency samples. Therefore, the interpolation procedure of equation (B9) can use the same values for the sinc weighting factors to determine a number of consecutive resampled spectral values.
## <<##0126##>>##
The resampling method described above thus enables the use of an algorithm in which the frequency data y is decomposed into a series of small blocks, each of size 1024, for example, and each block is resampled using an interpolation procedure with a fixed set of coefficients. sampled. Before processing a block, the coefficients are calculated or looked up in a table. This procedure can greatly reduce the processing burden of the resampling operation. For example, if a two-point interpolation procedure such as equation (B9) is used, then the resampling procedure (ignoring the table references above) uses four real multiples to compute each interpolated value. Only two additions are required. This method can be compared with, for example, 8 butterflies per data sample required to compute the FFT with a block size equal to 64K. These butterflies require 32 real multiples and 48 additions, increasing computation by a factor of about 16 for interpolation in the frequency domain. Therefore, frequency domain resampling is considered to be much more practical and efficient than time domain resampling.
## <<##0127##>>##
Resampling is useful to compensate for modulation Doppler when processing large ranges of Doppler shift and/or when processing signals from different SVs. In such cases, the same Fourier transformed data set can be used and therefore no processing of the original time data is necessary. However, as mentioned above, the processing of different SVs with the same Fourier-transformed data set may limit the satellite message data to similar states, such that it can be removed prior to initial coherent processing. There is In any case, even after the resampling operation has been performed, it is useful to keep the original Fourier transformed data set in case a second and additional resampling is required. If the original Fourier-transformed data set is not available, resampling must be performed on the resampled set, which can lead to cumulative errors if accurate resampling is not performed.
## <<##0128##>>##
Due to the mottling or comb-line shape of the spectrum associated with the repeated PN signal, the pruning operation is defined as the selection of a subset of frequency data from the forward FFT. When spectral interpolation is required, subsets are constructed by interpolation between frequency samples rather than simply selecting, as described above. Nevertheless, the size of the subset so constructed is similar to the case where a simple selection is made. That is, it is typically equal to the number of signal samples per PN frame. For example, in the previous example, this was 1024 or 2048 samples, corresponding to sample rates of 1.024 MHz or 2.048 MHz. The inverse FFT sizes are therefore these sizes as well. Consequently, the definition of "pruning" extends to constructing a subset of frequency samples by an interpolation procedure and selecting a subset of frequency samples directly.
## <<##0129##>>##
In a similar manner, the interpolation procedure can be used when it is desired to change successive frequency hypotheses by increments smaller than the line spacing of the FFT, eg 1/2 line spacing increments are desirable. Furthermore, the definition of pruning extends to constructing a subset of frequency samples by an interpolation procedure in which the frequency hypothesis is changed by a fraction of the FFT line spacing.
## <<##0130##>>##
A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that alternate embodiments can readily be implemented in light of these teachings.
## <<##0131##>>##
For example, in the previous discussion, there is an initial frequency translation operation to frequency translate the signal to a frequency near zero, as illustrated by FIG. 2 or FIG. This can be done with ordinary local oscillators and mixers in a manner well known in the art. It can also be done by filtering the incoming RF energy close to the GPS frequency band and directly sampling this filtered energy at a rate commensurate with the filter bandwidth. It is well known that this method can result in efficient frequency conversion. Therefore, the term "frequency conversion" applies to these direct RF sampling methods as well as to conventional frequency conversion methods. Furthermore, although FIG. 3 shows that the carrier frequency is removed prior to digitization, leaving a residual frequency fe, in most cases only most of the carrier frequency is removed and the signal remains untouched by digitization. It is a frequency previously converted to a low IF frequency, eg fIF+fe. Following the digitization operation, the IF frequency fIF is typically substantially removed by digital signal processing methods. Processing results then continue as indicated at step 33 in FIG. Such variations in initial signal preprocessing will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
## <<## BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING ##>>##
## <<##0132##>>##
## <<## FIG. 1##>>## A perspective view of a communication and location system including satellites emitting GPS signals that are received by a GPS receiver of a mobile station communicating with a plurality of base stations.
## <<## FIG. 2##>>## A block diagram of one embodiment of a mobile station including a GPS receiver and a cellular communication system.
## <<##FIG. 3##>>## Flowchart illustrating the coherent integration process described herein.
## <<## FIG. 4## >>## Block diagram showing the structure and waveform components of a theoretical GPS signal.
## <<## FIG. 5##>>## Graph showing the power spectrum as a function of frequency of the GPS signal repeated 20 times (gold code #1 in this example) at residual carrier frequency fe=0.
## <<## FIG. 6##>>## A graph showing the power spectrum as a function of frequency for a GPS signal repeated 20 times (gold code #1 in this example) at a residual carrier frequency of about 4.5 kHz.
## <<## FIG. 7##>>## An example graph of the results of a matched filter operation, showing amplitude as a function of frequency.
## <<## FIG. 8##>>## A set of graphs comparing the results of matched filter operation in different Doppler frequency hypotheses.
## <<## FIG. 9##>>## A graph showing a data frequency set representing frequency content typical of real data.
## <<## FIG. 10##>>## Table showing subsets of data frequency samples corresponding to hypothesized frequency offsets, showing how subsets are defined in frequency selection of hypothesized residual frequencies.
## <<## FIG. 11##>>## Flowchart showing a process involving combining the results of multiple coherent integration processes.


-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## Claims ##>>##
## <<## Claim 1##>>##
A method of processing a signal transmitted from one of a plurality of transmitters on a predetermined carrier frequency and containing a waveform modulated according to a pseudonoise (PN) sequence identifying said one transmitter, comprising:
receiving electromagnetic energy near said carrier frequency and digitizing said energy over said predefined time period;
hypothesizing an identity of one of said transmitters and determining a signal associated therewith, providing a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to said determined signal;
hypothesize a first residual frequency of the determined signal;
selecting from the digitized energy a first subset of data of length at least equal to two repetitions of the repeating PN sequence;
calculating a first set of data frequency samples using the first subset of data;
pruning the first set of data frequency samples using the hypothesized first residual frequency to generate a first subset of data frequency samples;
calculating a final correlation series using at least one correlation series as input from said first subset of data frequency samples and said reference frequency samples, said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal; generating an indication of whether a condition matched between the exists.
## <<## claim 2##>>##
selecting a second subset of data from the digitized energy of a length at least equal to two repetitions of the PN sequence;
calculating a second set of data frequency samples using the second subset of data;
pruning the second set of data frequency samples in response to the hypothesized first residual frequency to provide a subset of the second set of data frequency samples;
The calculation comprises at least the correlation series calculated from the first subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples, and a correlation series calculated from the second subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples. , as input, to compute a final correlation series and to generate said indication of whether a matched condition exists between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal. 1. The method of claim 1.
## <<## claim 3##>>##
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said calculating includes detecting and combining at least said first correlation series and said second correlation series.
## <<## claim 4##>>##
The pruning further includes selecting from the first subset of data frequency samples a plurality of samples having indices that are mutually separated by an integer K, where K is a PN sequence in the data block. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of .
## <<## Claim 5##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first subset comprises a plurality of data frequency samples separated with respect to each other by a repetition rate of said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 6##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said pruning comprises interpolating between said first set of data frequency samples.
## <<## claim 7##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said providing reference frequency samples comprises performing a DFT operation on said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 8##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said calculating comprises multiplying said first subset of said data frequency samples with said set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples. .
## <<## claim 9##>>##
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said calculating comprises performing an inverse DFT on said set of weighted frequency samples to generate said first correlation data series.
## <<## Claim 10##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said transmitter comprises a plurality of GPS satellites transmitting GPS signals on GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a unique PN sequence.
## <<## claim 11##>>##
The final correlation series is searched to identify the presence of a GPS signal, and if the presence of a GPS signal is identified, to determine the phase offset of the PN code and the time of arrival of the GPS signal at the receiver. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method determines.
## <<## Claim 12##>>##
Assuming a second residual frequency,
pruning the first set of data frequency samples in response to the hypothesized second residual frequency to provide a third subset of data frequency samples;
calculating a third correlation series from the third subset of data frequency samples and the reference frequency samples;
to calculate a second final correlation series comprising at least said third correlation series, and to determine whether a matched condition occurs between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal; , further comprising examining the second final correlation series.
## <<## Claim 13##>>##
13. The method of claim 12, wherein said data block has a size within a range of approximately 5 to 20 repetitions of said PN sequence.
## <<## claim 14##>>##
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising using time of arrival information to determine the position of the receiver.
## <<## claim 15##>>##
A method of processing a signal transmitted from one of a plurality of transmitters and containing a waveform modulated by a repeating PN sequence, comprising:
hypothesize a signal associated with one of said transmitters and its carrier frequency,
extracting a subset of data having a length equal to at least two repetitions of said repeating PN sequence from electromagnetic energy received at frequencies near the carrier frequency of said signal being processed to generate said subset of data frequency samples; , pruning a set of data frequency samples calculated from the subset of data in response to the hypothesized carrier frequency;
calculating a final correlation series using as input at least one correlation series determined from the subset of data frequency samples corresponding to the hypothesized signal and a reference frequency sample;
examining said final correlation series to determine if a matched condition occurs between said transmitted signal and said hypothesized signal.
## <<## claim 16##>>##
A mobile station including a location system that receives a signal transmitted at a predetermined frequency from one of a plurality of transmitters, the transmitted signal being the transmitter that transmits the signal. At a mobile station containing a uniquely identifying periodically repeating sequence,
means for observing and digitizing electromagnetic energy at a predetermined frequency for a predetermined period of time;
means for hypothesizing one of the plurality of transmitters and providing a set of reference frequency samples corresponding to a hypothesized signal transmitted from the hypothesized transmitter;
means for hypothesizing residual frequencies;
means for selecting a first portion of said digitized electromagnetic energy of length equal to at least two iterations of said periodically repeating sequence, thereby defining a data block;
means, in response to said block of data, for calculating a set of data frequency samples; means for pruning the frequency samples;
means for calculating a first correlation series from said subset of said data frequency samples and said reference frequency samples;
means for calculating a final correlation series comprising at least said first correlation series;
Searching the final correlation series to identify whether a signal match condition occurs between the hypothesized signal and the received signal, and matching a matched condition to the hypothesized signal. and means for determining timing information if found between said received signals.
## <<## claim 17##>>##
The cyclically spaced subset comprises a plurality of samples having indices spaced with respect to each other by an integer K, where K is the number of repetitions of the cyclically repeating sequence in the data block. 17. The method of claim 16.
## <<## claim 18##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein said periodically spaced subset comprises a plurality of samples having adjacent samples spaced with respect to each other by a repetition rate of said periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## Claim 19##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein said pruning means includes means for interpolating between said data frequency samples.
## <<## claim 20##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein said mobile station comprises a memory for storing said reference frequency samples.
## <<## Claim 21##>>##
The means for calculating a final correlation series converts the first correlation to a second correlation series calculated from a second portion of the digitized electromagnetic energy different from the first portion. 17. The mobile station of claim 16, including means for non-coherently combining the series.
## <<## claim 22##>>##
said means for calculating said first correlation series for multiplying said first subset of said data frequency samples by said set of reference frequency samples to form a set of weighted frequency samples; and means for performing an inverse DFT on said set of weighted frequency samples to generate said first correlation series.
## <<## claim 23##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, wherein the transmitter comprises a plurality of GPS satellites transmitting GPS signals on GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a unique periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## claim 24##>>##
17. The mobile station of claim 16, wherein said data block has a size corresponding to an integer number of repetitions of said periodically repeating sequence.
## <<## claim 25##>>##
17. The mobile station of Claim 16, further comprising a GPS detection system that utilizes the timing information to determine the position of the mobile station.


-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## Figure 1##>>##




## <<## Figure 2##>>##




## <<## Figure 3##>>##




## <<## Figure 4##>>##




## <<## Figure 5 ##>>##




## <<## Figure 6##>>##




## <<## Figure 7##>>##




## <<## Figure 8##>>##




## <<## Figure 9##>>##




## <<## Figure 10 ##>>##




## <<## Figure 11 ##>>##





-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
## <<## publication number ## >>## special table 2007-519936 (P2007-519936A)
## <<## publication date ##>>## July 19, 2007 (2007.7.19)
## <<## International Patent Classification##>>##

Physics (1,517,821) measurement; testing (289,551) radio direction determination; radio navigation; ... (2,972) using radio waves [1, 2010.01] (2,612) by measuring absolute distances from a plurality of points at known positions separated from each other (1,798)





## <<## Application number ##>>## Patent application 2006-551634 (P2006-551634)
## <<## filing date##>>## January 27, 2005 (2005.1.27)
## <<## International Application Number ##>>## PCT/US2005/003540
## <<## international publication number ##>>## WO2005/074153
## <<## International Release Date##>>## August 11, 2005 (2005.8.11)
## <<## Applicant##>>## (595020643) Qualcomm Inc. (6,941)
## <<## full name or name in original language ##>>## QUALCOMM INCORPORATED
## <<## F-term (reference) ##>>##

Wireless Positioning (18,150)Purpose (3,428)Communication (1,163)

Positioning method (4,065) Existing system (2,485) GPS (2,471)


GPS Receiver (3,071)Configuration (695)Demodulator (360)


Compensation (1,577)

Mobile Radio Communication System (431,744) Transmission System (19,922) Multiplexing System (15,289) Spread Spectrum (2,910)


System configuration (112,673) Station configuration (101,448) Mobile station (41,202)
Relay station (2,948)Satellite station (299)



Connection Auxiliary Functions (44,267)Data Control and Processing (39,429)Data Collation, Search and Comparison (16,662)
Store, Read, Erase in Memory (14,058)


Multi-channel, zone control (23,837) Position determination of mobile station (7,701) Determined by mobile station (3,206) Based on navigation information (2,439)






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The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for calculating the position of mobile devices through the use of radio signals, such as the GPS system.
## <<## background technology ##>>##
## <<##0002##>>##
Position sensing devices are becoming more and more popular. This encourages the development of rapid and sensitive methods for acquiring signals used to determine position.
## <<##0003##>>##
Location techniques typically use radio signals transmitted simultaneously from known locations to determine position. In the GPS system, these signals are transmitted simultaneously from many satellites at known times and on predefined frequencies. On the ground, a GPS receiver acquires a signal from each satellite within view of the sky. The time of arrival of the signal with the exact positions of the satellites in view and the exact time the signal was transmitted from each satellite are used to determine the position of the GPS receiver by trilateration calculations.


## <<##0004##>>##
Acquisition of signals from GPS satellites is difficult due to several factors. For example, GPS signals are relatively low power and transmitted over long distances. By the time GPS signals propagate from earth orbit to the receiver, their initially low power is greatly reduced, and the signal reaches the receiver, becoming extremely weak. The received signal level can also be attenuated by building obstruction effects, such as occurs during indoor reception or reception in an urban canyon environment.

## <<##0005##>>##
There are two primary functions in GPS receivers: (1) computation of pseudoranges to various GPS satellites, and (2) the calculation of these pseudoranges, satellite timing, and ephemeris (position) data. Calculation of the position of a GPS receiver using . Pseudorange measures the time delay (or equal distance) between the satellite and the GPS receiver, biased by the local clock. In a typical autonomous GPS receiver, the satellite ephemeris and time of transmission data are extracted from the GPS signal as it is acquired and tracked. Correction of this information typically takes a relatively long time (30 seconds to several minutes) and must be accomplished at good received signal levels to achieve low error rates.

## <<##0006##>>##
Virtually all known GPS receivers use correlation methods, or their mathematical equivalents, to calculate pseudoranges. These correlation methods are performed in real time, often with a hardware correlator. GPS signals contain highly repetitive signals that are modulated according to a special sequence or "code" called a pseudo-random (PN) sequence. The code available for commercial applications is called the C/A code, which is 1.023 MHz and has a binary phase reversal rate of 1023 chips repetition period in one code period of 1 msec, or "chipping.""It's used to give a rate. The pseudo-random sequences of the GPS system belong to a family known as "Gold Codes". Each GPS satellite broadcasts a signal with a unique Gold code.


## <<##0007##>>##
For the sake of brevity, the following description uses the term "comprising a pseudorandom sequence (or code)" to mean that the signal is a waveform modulated according to a pseudorandom sequence or code. means that it contains The length of one frame of a pseudorandom sequence is the number of symbols in the sequence before it repeats. By pseudorandom sequence duration (time) is meant the duration of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. Similarly, when we refer to the frame rate of a pseudorandom sequence, we mean the repetition rate of the waveform modulated according to the pseudorandom sequence. It will be clear from the context whether the term "pseudo-random sequence" refers to a sequence of numbers or a waveform modulated according to such a sequence of numbers.


## <<##0008##>>##
After a signal is received from a given GPS satellite, following a down-conversion process to baseband, the signal is correlated with a reference signal. For example, a simple correlation receiver multiplies the received signal by a locally generated reference signal containing a stored replica of the appropriate Gold code contained within its local memory, then the signal Integrate (eg, low-pass filter) the product to obtain an indication that .



## <<##0009##>>##
A simple individual correlation process can yield a single (possibly complex) number. However, in many cases of interest, such number multiplications are computed by performing similar operations, either serially or in parallel, corresponding to different reference sequences (eg, delayed versions). Such a set of numbers is called a "correlation series". The final result of combining one or more consecutive correlation series is called the "final correlation series".

## <<##0010##>>##
By successively adjusting the relative timing of this stored replica with respect to the received signal and observing when high energies occur in the resulting final correlation series, a simple receiver can obtain A time delay between the received signal and the local clock can be determined. This time delay, modulo 1 millisecond code period, is termed the "code phase". Unfortunately, the correlation acquisition process takes time, especially if the received signal is weak. To improve acquisition time, most common GPS receivers use multiple correlators (typically up to 12) that allow parallel searches for correlation peaks.


## <<##0011##>>##
Some GPSs use FFT techniques to determine the Doppler frequency of the received GPS signal. These receivers use conventional correlation operations to despread the GPS signal and provide a narrow bandwidth signal with a bandwidth typically in the range of 10 kHz to 30 kHz. The resulting narrow bandwidth signal is then Fourier analyzed using an FFT algorithm to determine the carrier frequency. Such carrier determination simultaneously provides an indication that the local PN reference has been adjusted to the correct code phase of the received signal, providing an accurate measurement of the carrier frequency. This frequency is used for subsequent receiver tracking operations.



## <<##0012##>>##
One location determination method, for example, uses an FFT algorithm to compute pseudoranges for central processing locations rather than mobile device locations. According to the method, snapshots of data are collected by the GPS receiver and then transmitted over the data link to the remote receiver where they undergo FFT processing to compute the final correlation series. However, typically only a single forward and inverse fast Fourier transform (corresponding to four PN periods) is computed to perform the set of correlations.

## <<##0013##>>##
Another method involves using the Fast Fourier Transform method for capturing GPS signals and digitizing, storing and processing long blocks of raw data. Data corresponding to, for example, one second intervals can be digitized and then processed locally using FFT-based signal processing methods to capture the GPS signals present within this captured data block. In this method, a number of FFT operations are performed, each producing a correlation series, and the result undergoes both coherent and non-coherent processing operations to produce the final correlation series.
## <<##0014##>>##
Unfortunately, the GPS signal acquisition methods of such systems are inefficient when performing long coherent integrations, such as over one period of one data bit (eg, 20 GPS frames equal to 20 milliseconds of time). The loss in efficiency is also significant, especially when the uncertainty of the GPS carrier frequency is large. Moreover, in current GPS receiving systems, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit requires the GPS receiver to have a priori knowledge of the bit sequence. Therefore, coherent integration over periods of more than one data bit is usually done by transmitting such information from the server to the mobile station. This common method is standardized in several cellular communication standards including IS-95, CDMA2000, GSM and UMTS standards.
## <<##0015##>>##
Other conventional methods for coherent processing are (1) when long coherent integrations are required, (2) when searches over wide Doppler ranges are required, and (3) each GPS code phase search is processed. It would be useful when all 1023 chips of the signal have to be done. However, such conventional methods have several limitations and limitations. For example, these algorithms require processing data as two-dimensional arrays and can limit the extent to which Doppler searches can be efficiently performed.
##"##Overview##"##
## <<##0016##>>##
A method and apparatus are described for receiving and processing one or more signals transmitted from multiple transmitters at predetermined frequencies. Each transmitted signal includes a waveform encoded according to a periodically repeating sequence that uniquely identifies the transmitter transmitting each respective signal. The received signals are used to determine the position of the receiver. The transmitter may include multiple GPS satellites that transmit GPS signals at GPS frequencies, each GPS satellite transmitting a waveform coded according to a unique periodically repeating sequence. The code phase offset of the signal at the receiver is found, and using this information from multiple transmitters, the position of the receiver can be determined using GPS algorithms.
## <<##0017##>>##
Higher sensitivity and processing speed can be achieved by performing FFT operations on the observed data, with FFT, special pruning operations are used based on hypothesized residual (missed) frequency errors. , reducing the total number of computations and thus reducing the processing time.
## <<##0018##>>##



Claim 1
The reception state with the body placed between a certain GNSS satellite and a certain GNSS antenna
Reception condition without placing the body between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS antenna
by identifying
Estimate the existence area of the GNSS satellite in the upper hemisphere.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


Claim 2
By inverting while attaching the receiver to the body,
or
By moving and inverting only the receiver from the front of the body to the back of the body, or vice versa, without inverting the body

A state in which the body is not sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (A)
A state in which the body is sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (B),

It is possible to realize both.

For the same satellite,

The representative value of the reception strength of (A) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (B)
It is expected to be as large as 1 dB to several dB.

The reason for this is described elsewhere. In a nutshell, ``There is an effect of diffraction attenuation of the diffracted waves themselves at the end points of the body. As the waveform of the level signal is distorted and the correlation with the generated signal is lowered, the signal strength is further reduced, making it difficult to acquire synchronization in the synchronization acquisition mechanism, and to make it more difficult to maintain synchronization in the synchronization holding mechanism. The reason is that both the distortion of the S-curve and the gradual slope of the S-curve make it difficult to maintain synchrony, deviating from the true center of synchrony and dithering, leading to a drop in correlation. It is caused by a drop in the signal strength derived from it, and a sudden drop in the signal strength due to a sudden drop in correlation due to loss of synchronization and retrying from acquisition of synchronization."



In other words
The representative value of the reception strength of (B) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (A)
It is expected to be a small effect of diffraction loss (diffraction attenuation) of 1 dB to several dB.

In other words
The reception of (A) is a direct wave,
Reception of (B) is a diffracted wave


In other words
The representative value of the received intensity of (A) is that of the direct wave,
The representative value of the received intensity in (B) is that of the diffracted wave


In other words
The temporal stability of reception of (A) is high,
The temporal stability of reception of (B) is low,
It is expected.


In other words
Regarding the reception state of (A), "Considering a set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', the maximum value" is A',
Regarding the reception state of (B), "Considering a set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', the maximum value" is B',
then A'>B' + (1dB to several dB)
is expected to be・・・(*)

In other words,
It is expected that a complementary pair of A', B' that satisfies (*) will always be obtained.
Based on the notion of complementary pairs, region determination can be made.

Should A'B' not satisfy (*) be obtained, the area for that satellite can be estimated as follows.
In other words, consider the great circle passing through the zenith where the extension of the plane of the inverted body intersects the sky,
It is thought that this is the result of the presence of satellites on both sides of the area with a width of several degrees on one side (about 5 degrees to 7.5 degrees on one side).
The data is not used forcibly for region determination. This is because the results are tainted.
Rather than that, it would be appropriate to dismiss this first and foremost.

Then, if there is a margin, it should be considered that it is estimated to be on the belt-like boundary and whether or not there is a contradiction, and that the result is utilized.

If there is still room, consider expanding such a zonal boundary and considering a layered structure.
A'>B' + (1dB to several dB)
Depending on the magnitude of (1 dB to several dB) of
It is interesting and useful to estimate which layer structure the satellite was in.

Alternatively, it can be considered as feature shielding.

It is conceivable that the identification should be based on whether or not the received strength exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value.



It is easy to understand if the name is as follows.

Direct wave/diffracted wave relationship, that is, satellite signals in a complementary relationship,
The size relationship between the two is correctly identified by the receiver, and
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength

Mixture Satellite signals in the boundary zone, even if the attitude is reversed, the magnitude relationship between the two
It was not identified (because it was below the resolution of the receiver, etc.), and
Either representative value exceeds the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength

With satellite signals that are shielded by microscopic features, no change in reception intensity is recognized even if the attitude is reversed, and
Both reception strengths are below the ICD minimum guaranteed value



However, the direction information acquisition method proposed above is

If you set a strict (high) threshold,

With the unfavorable trend of a reduced number of available satellites and wider azimuth limits,

On the other hand,

It also has the desirable properties of decreasing the no-response rate and increasing the correct-answer rate when answered.

There was a trade-off with

(It should be noted that this has an excellent feature that the azimuth limitation width can be narrowed by acquiring azimuth information after changing the body direction multiple times and superimposing the results.

It is important to reconfirm the

Conversely, setting a sweet (low) threshold increases the number of available satellites,

Along with the desirable trend of narrower azimuth limiting widths,

On the other hand, the non-response rate increases and the correct answer rate decreases when there is an answer, which is undesirable.

There was a trade-off with

Reflecting individual differences of receivers and individual differences of satellites,

Allowing for variations in receiver signal strength,

It was necessary to set the threshold appropriately.




By using one positioning satellite system antenna/receiver integrated unit,

You can solve the problem of individual differences on the receiver side,

At the same time, it benefits from eliminating the need for calibration inherent in using two (or more) receivers, and

To reduce the weight of the device, which is desired for mountain climbing, etc., and to keep the positioning function, which has been regarded as convenient from the past, in combination with it, and

For each satellite of each positioning satellite system,

Received at both attitudes with their respective antenna beam directions covering their respective quadrants of the sky,

By comparing the reception state for a certain period of time,

In order to solve the problem of individual differences in satellite signal strength depending on individual differences of satellites on the user side,
In each posture with each one-fourth of the celestial sphere covered,
Whether the reception was receiving direct waves,
Whether the reception was such that diffracted waves were being received,
Or, which one was the reception situation that could not be regarded as which one,
By first distinguishing




A. Considering how to ensure communication despite the diffraction loss,
Nor is it a position to contribute to better communication line design for future new frequency use.
1. [PDF]
Consideration on UWB wireless transmission using diffracted waves by shielding objects
www.ap.ide.titech.ac.jp/publications/.../IEICE_TRWBS(0305Takada).pdf
In an indoor environment, it is expected that the propagation path will be blocked by the human body, etc.
and the diffracted wave at the edge of the shield is the main propagation mechanism).
The intensity of the wave is governed by the degree of shielding of the Fresnel zone) and has frequency characteristics.
from ...
2. [PDF]
research bulletin
search.ieice.org/bin/pdf_link.php?category=B&fname=j83-b...
The purpose of this paper is to provide useful materials for the establishment of a new model. However, the more general
In order to establish the model, it is necessary to obtain the diffraction characteristics for the case of oblique incidence on the human body including the head, and this is a future topic. 2. Diffraction propagation experiment of 60 GHz wave.
layout plan ...

B. Nor is he in a position to discuss the (bad) effects on the human body.
Questions and answers about electromagnetic waves (1) (JOMON)
www.jomon.ne.jp/~ja7bal/keijians.htm - Cached - Similar
We take the position that it may affect the human body depending on the usage conditions, but 100W at 900MHz
There is an effect on the human body about the output of the "special machine" ....
800MHz band, now 2.4GHz band) and operates with an output power of 500W or more.
human body


C. not,




Since the intensity of the diffracted wave is generally governed by the degree of shielding of the Fresnel zone, it has frequency characteristics.
The effects are discussed when diffracted waves by an obstruction are the dominant propagation mechanism.

It is sufficient to consider the loss at the center frequency.
Human body shielding experiment.

Consideration on UWB wireless transmission using diffracted waves by shielding objects
Ultra WIdeband Radio Transmission with Dffraction at a Shadowing Object
Advancement techniques, WBS2003-2, MW2003-14(2003-05)
Junichi Takada, Junmichi Araki, et al., P7-P11




Human occultation in indoor ultra wideband propagation and modeling [in Japanese]
o YOSHIKAWA Makoto
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o OHKUBO Fumio
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o Naoto Takahashi [other] TAKAHASHI Naoto
o NTT Advanced Technology Corp. NTT Advanced Technology Corp.
o MIYAMOTO Takahiro
o NEC Engineering Corp.
o ZHANG Honggang
o Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution
o TAKADA Jun-ichi
o Communications Research Laboratory, Yokosuka Wireless Communication Research Center: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Independent Administrative Institution: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
o ARAKI Kiyomichi
o Communications Research Laboratory, Yokosuka Wireless Communication Research Center: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Independent Administrative Institution: Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
o KOBAYAHI Takehiko
o Communications Research Laboratory, Independent Administrative Institution
Abstract
Recently, communication using Ultra wideband (UWB) technology has been studied. In indoor environments such as offices and homes where UWB technology is used for WPAN and positioning, the influence of channel shielding caused by human movement is large. In this report, we compare the measured value of the shielding loss of the human body and the measured value of the metal plate, and report the modeling of the human body shielding.
-----------


"GPS signal out of sync"

Error characteristics of multiple GPS terminals and their evaluation
repository.seikei.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10928/.../rikougaku-48-1_51-61.pdf
A large error is detected that significantly reduces the usefulness of GPS (increases the variance of the range error).
was done. We call the error the “out-of-synchronization error,” where it is about 10 times the average error.
It is defined as the above error. “Error due to out-of-synchronization” in Table 5 represents the number of times it was detected.
...

----------------------------------The following is optional---------- ----------

## <<##0057##>>##

The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result. (■ Correction required (delete?) ■)

## <<##0058##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ In the result output unit 4, the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle. tell the observer.

## <<##0059##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ The information to be output at this time can include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.

## <<##0060##>>##

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ The output format of the azimuth angle of measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation should be indicated in the format of (θ, δ) as the approximate azimuth angle (θ) and the one-sided error (δ) as follows. can also

■ Correction required (delete?) ■ At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.

■Correction required (delete?)■##《##number 2##》##



## <<##0061##>>##

That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
-----------------------Is it okay if there are no more------- ----------





(Expression 2 as 0 to 180 degrees) (Necessity 10)
## <<## claim 3##>>##
determining a region of existence of one or more satellite positioning system satellites;
Using the azimuth angle of each satellite positioning system satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
To limit the orientation, when

the azimuth angles of some or all of the satellite positioning system satellites in said respective quadrants and the azimuth angles of the starting azimuths of said respective quadrants,
■ Based on being 0 degrees or more and 180 degrees or less ■

direction of the main beam in the first attitude of the satellite positioning system antenna
limit the orientation

2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:


(Documentation of area determination flowchart) (Necessity 5)
## <<## claim 4##>>##
From the "comparison of reception conditions" of the satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired "at each attitude" at an instant or at multiple instants
Satellite positioning system satellite signals acquired at each of the attitudes are:
■ Is the feature shielded ■,
It is discriminated whether it has received ■ direct wave ■, ■ diffracted wave ■, or one that cannot be regarded as either (■ in boundary region (band) ■),
Based on the results,
Determine the existence area of each satellite positioning system satellite
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:


## <<## claim 6##>>## (requirement level 10)
The one satellite positioning system antenna,
Furthermore, when inverting 180 degrees and placing it,
with the antenna for the satellite positioning system
■Every body■ (Both the body and GPS are reversed, but only the GPS is reversed when the body is stationary.)
Invert 180 degrees and place
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:




## <<## claim 8##>>## (requirement level 10)

The one satellite positioning system antenna,
Furthermore, when inverting 180 degrees and placing it,
The one satellite positioning system antenna,
with the antenna for the satellite positioning system
Each electromagnetic wave absorber or ■ electromagnetic wave shield, ■ (Not only that both the object and GPS are reversed, but also that only the GPS is reversed when the object is stationary is claimed.)
Invert 180 degrees and place
2. A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, characterized in that:



(Reversal and frame of body or shielding object: collect data in posture 1 and posture 2 to make 1 set)
Claim 1
A reception state in which the body is placed between a certain GNSS satellite and a certain GNSS antenna
at a position where the GNSS antenna is inverted, and
Receiving condition without placing the body between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS antenna
based on a comparison of
Determine the existence area of the GNSS satellite in the upper hemisphere
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


(Representative value that reflects sudden drop in correlation value and received power due to synchronization deviation and loss of synchronization)
Claim 2
By inverting while attaching the receiver to the body,
or
By moving and inverting only the receiver from the front of the body to the back of the body, or vice versa, without inverting the body

A state in which the body is not sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (A)
A state in which the body is sandwiched between the satellite and the receiver (B),

It is possible to realize both.

"Consider the set of 'minimum values for consecutive 5 seconds', and let the maximum value" be the representative value AB of each state (A) (B)

For the same satellite,

The representative value of the reception strength of (A) is
From the representative value of reception strength in (B)
It is expected to be about 6.9dB larger.

The reason for this is described elsewhere. In a nutshell, ``There is an effect of attenuating the diffraction of the diffracted waves at the end points of the body itself. As the waveform of the level signal is distorted and the correlation with the generated signal is lowered, the signal strength is further reduced, making it difficult to acquire synchronization in the synchronization acquisition mechanism, and to make it more difficult to maintain synchronization in the synchronization holding mechanism. The reason for this is that both the distortion of the S-curve and the gradual slope of the S-curve make it difficult to maintain synchrony, and dithering out of the true center of synchrony leads to a drop in correlation. This is caused by a drop in the signal strength derived from it, or a sudden drop in the signal strength due to a sudden drop in correlation due to loss of synchronization and retrying from acquisition of synchronization."


The reception of (A) is a direct wave,
Reception of (B) is a diffracted wave




(Determination of the satellite existence area based on the difference between the attitude 1 representative value and the attitude 2 representative value)
Claim 3
A'>B' + threshold 2 (*)

It is expected that a complementary pair of A', B' that satisfies (*) will always be obtained.
Based on the notion of complementary pairs, region determination can be made.

In the unlikely event that A'B' that does not satisfy (*) is obtained,
The area for that satellite can be estimated as follows.
In other words, consider the great circle passing through the zenith where the extension of the plane of the inverted body intersects the sky,
It is thought that this is the result of the presence of satellites on both sides of the area with a width of several degrees on one side (about 5 degrees to 7.5 degrees on one side).


Considering the layered structure by enlarging such zonal boundaries,
A'>B' + threshold 2
In which layer structure the satellite was present may be estimated based on the size of the threshold 2 of .


If both A' and B' do not exceed the ICD minimum guaranteed value of reception strength, it is considered as feature shielding.











of a typical (e.g. planar patch) antenna used in a GNSS satellite signal receiver
An example of a typical antenna pattern in the L1 frequency band is shown on the relevant page of the book below. In that figure, the outermost circumference of the concentric circles indicates 0 dB. Concentric circles are drawn inside it every -5 dB. At -8.7 dB on the scale shown here, the gain is 0 dBIC.
A diagram of this typical antenna pattern can be found, for example, in the following publications:
(Hereinafter, this is called an antenna pattern diagram.)
JJSpilker Jr. and FD Natali, "INterference Effects and Migration Techniques " in "Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I", pp.717-772 (especially pp.722) , in Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Volume 163, AIAA( American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.
This book is very widely known in the field of research on the Global Positioning System, and because of the blue appearance of the book, it is also known as the bblue book of GPS. This book is published by the National Institute of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, is a best-selling book, is highly accessible, and is believed to be highly available in major libraries in Japan and around the world. I would like to avoid it and devote the effort to the necessary explanation. Therefore, for the time being, it would be greatly appreciated if you could refer to the figure on the above page of the relevant document for the antenna pattern diagram.


where dBIC is the circular polarization gain. For the circular polarization gain calculation formula, see
For example, the calculation formula can be obtained from the following URL.
http://amplet.tokyo/tu/pdf/dbic.pdf
For further details please refer to the literature.

Polarization is one of the types of vibration modes of an electric field in a plane electromagnetic wave, and relates to the vibration direction of the electric field. (In the case of light, this is called polarization.) In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates in the plane perpendicular to the direction of travel of the wave. When this vibration direction is always in the same direction, it is called a linearly polarized wave. When the electric field has the same magnitude and its direction rotates in the plane, it is said to be circularly polarized. When the direction of the electric field rotates while the magnitude of the electric field changes, it is called an elliptically polarized wave. Linearly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating near the ground surface are called horizontally polarized waves when the vibration direction of the electric field is horizontal to the ground surface, and vertically polarized waves when the vibration direction is vertical to the ground surface.

Now, as you can see above, it is shaped like a jellyfish. In this case, the part corresponding to the leg of the jellyfish is the direction in which the sub-beam of the antenna hits. The part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish is the direction in which the red beam of the antenna hits. As a matter of course, the part of the antenna that corresponds to the main beam will use the one with the stable higher sensitivity (in the spatial sense). In most cases, it is the part corresponding to the head of the aforementioned jellyfish.

The sensitivity of the jellyfish legs is spatially heterogeneous and often low. These portions are thus treated as side lobes. Therefore, it has been called the unnecessary sensitivity portion.

In the present proposal so far, by placing the body or the like in the side lobe portion, the sensitivity of that portion is practically eliminated.

On the other hand, from now on, we will actively utilize the side lobe part from a new perspective. Avoiding distress situations, avoiding further aggravation of distress situations, and avoiding distress situations during outdoor work where materials must be transported by human power alone, mountain climbing, ocean navigation (including drifting in the ocean with lifeboats), etc. In an environment where advanced materials are scarce, such as when trying to escape from the disaster, or during large-scale disaster relief, the presence of side lobes, which have been inevitably lost and were treated as a hindrance until then, can be useful. The present inventor has devised a mechanism that enables this. If the GPS antenna and GPS receiver are already there, then this sidelobe will also be present at the same time. This simultaneous existence becomes a great strength and produces a great effect.

The principle is as follows.

In the antenna pattern diagram, when the part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish is used for signal reception (usually like this), the direction of the leg part of the jellyfish as a side lobe is in contact with the user's body. The sensitivity of the jellyfish legs as a sidelobe has been virtually eliminated. So far, this paper has mainly explained assuming such usage. There is nothing wrong with this.

First, the GNSS antenna is placed next to the dorsal side of the body (as already mentioned, the ventral side is also acceptable) so that its main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

So far in this paper, we have described this as ``while maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated'' (†), and the zenith-nadir passing straight line is It was to rotate 180 degrees around the axis of rotation.

Then, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception situation before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is directly before or after the rotation. It is received as a wave and in which direction it is received as a diffracted wave.

Thereby, the region in which each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) was located can be effectively determined.

Furthermore, we will attempt to implement this for all signal sources in the sky (generally GNSS satellites).

This allows each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) to effectively determine each region in which it has been.

The principle is that by summarizing the information on the existence area of each signal source (generally GNSS satellites) thus obtained, it is possible to obtain a limited direction in which the antenna was initially directed.



Now, let us consider a case where we want to avoid the rotation of the body for some reason. This may be due to injuries and damage to the trunk in harsh outdoor environments, and it is not possible to turn your back or look away when encountering a group of wolves (in Mongolia and China, even cities, towns, villages, etc. are at night). It may be due to the external environment due to the presence of dangerous creatures, etc., which is a danger that is commonly encountered even in downtown areas, or it may be due to the inadvertent movement of the body that causes snow cornices or avalanches. Or maybe it's because the rotation of the body in a narrow and unstable lifeboat induces a further danger of falling overboard. The actual dangers in the field are not limited to the above, but in such cases, it is even more desirable to adopt a method in which the above part (†) is replaced with the following and still applicable. In other words, the part (†) ``While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, that is, for each body, that is, the body and the receiver as one'' is replaced with the following (†† In other words, ``the body and the receiving antenna do not particularly maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††). It looks like this:


First, the GNSS antenna is placed next to the dorsal side of the body (as already mentioned, the ventral side is also acceptable) so that its main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

So far in this paper, we have described this as ``while maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated'' (†), and the zenith-nadir passing straight line is It was supposed to rotate 180 degrees around the rotation axis,

Here, instead, this is ``the body and the receiving antenna do not maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††) zenith/zenith It rotates 180 degrees around the bottom passing straight line as the axis of rotation.

Then, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception status before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is "before or after the rotation". It is determined in which direction the wave is received as a direct wave and the wave is received as a diffracted wave."

That is, a signal from a certain signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is compared with the reception status before and after the rotation, and the signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) is "before or after the rotation. , determines which is received in the dominant sensitive portion of the antenna pattern and which is received in the dependent sensitive portion of the antenna pattern. Of course, here, the "dominant sensitivity part in the antenna pattern" corresponds to the above-mentioned main beam side, and the "subordinate sensitivity part of the antenna pattern" corresponds to the above-mentioned sub-beam side or sidelobe side. It is something to do. To use an easy-to-understand metaphorical expression, the former is of course the part corresponding to the head of the jellyfish, and the latter is the part corresponding to the legs of the jellyfish.

Thereby, the region in which each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) was located can be effectively determined.

Furthermore, we will attempt to implement this for all signal sources in the sky (generally GNSS satellites).

This allows each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) to effectively determine each region in which it has been.

The principle is that by summarizing the information on the existence area of each signal source (generally GNSS satellites) thus obtained, it is possible to obtain a limited direction in which the antenna was initially directed.

It should be noted that the "stability of reception" described above may be used for the "judgment" here. Alternatively, a time average value, median value, mode value, etc., or a combination thereof may be used. It goes without saying that the longer the sampling time, the higher the accuracy, since it is a statistic. Needless to say, the index (feature quantity or combination of feature quantities) necessary for determination may be selected from prior experiments depending on the difference in antenna pattern or the difference in the resolution performance of the received intensity of the receiver. In any case, it goes without saying that the judgment has an extremely high degree of feasibility. because it exists in (※※※.)

Here, I considered the case where it is desired to avoid the rotation of the body for some reason. This may be due to injuries and damage to the trunk in harsh outdoor environments, and it is not possible to turn your back or look away when encountering a group of wolves (in Mongolia and China, even cities, towns, villages, etc. are at night). It may be due to the external environment due to the presence of dangerous creatures, etc., which is a danger that is commonly encountered even in downtown areas, or it may be due to the inadvertent movement of the body that causes snow cornices or avalanches. Or maybe it's because the rotation of the body in a narrow and unstable lifeboat induces a further danger of falling overboard. The actual dangers in the field are not limited to the above, but in such cases, it is even more possible to replace the above (†) with (††) and adopt a method that is still applicable. layer desirable. In other words, the part (†) ``While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, that is, for each body, that is, the body and the receiver as one'' is replaced with the following (†† In other words, ``the positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna is not particularly maintained, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver'' (††) was a measure.



And, as mentioned above, as can be seen in the antenna pattern diagrams, the GNSS antenna possessed the fundamental properties to withstand such use. However, the present invention has made such a usage highly realistic for the first time. This is due to the unparalleled and tireless efforts and excellence of the inventor, who found the practicality by thoroughly considering the needs in advance, and from numerous preliminary experiments with receivers and antenna patterns. It is based on insight and sophisticated knowledge, and is by no means easily conceived by peers. As evidence of this, we cannot forget that the inventor's achievements continue to lead the world in this field even today.



(※※※) also mentions something a careful observer might have noticed. Whether the bottom of the antenna is adjacent to the body and rotates together with the body, or the antenna alone is detached from the body and rotated (inverted, so to speak) and then placed next to the body, the realization is realized. is. What would happen if there was a signal source (generally a GNSS satellite) right beside the body? It's an event so rare that it may not be worth considering, but it can happen. I would like to consider this as well.

In this case, it is assumed that (body and antenna) integrated rotation makes it difficult to distinguish between direct waves and diffracted waves, at least logically. This is because the antenna pattern sensitivities are the same in stores. However, it can be said that it is a phenomenon that can occur only with a very small probability in reality that the signal sources are exactly and coincidently on the extended plane of the body.
Also, in this case, it is assumed that at least determination of dominant reception and subordinate reception will be considerably difficult in the separated type rotation (only the antenna is turned over). However, it can be said that it is extremely rare in reality that the signal sources exist exactly and coincidently on the extended plane of the body.
In the first place, it can be said that it is extremely rare for the signal source to exist exactly on the extended surface of the body in this way, but just in case, it is possible to deal with such an event. The advantages of the present invention are shown below. Considering that magnetic compasses, gyros, and the like have no means of recovering from their own inherent defects, this is also what makes the present invention extremely excellent. .

Assuming such a case, it is possible to further increase the reliability of the present invention by providing a fixed range of decision-reserving range in the comparison of the reception state before and after the rotation. .

In other words, when the reception conditions (the various feature values that have been described as representing) before and after rotation have a width smaller than the width of the initially set value as the limit for judgment, there is a possibility that , (as an extension of the body surface), the signal source exists on the boundary surface.

More specifically, first, as a special treatment, it is excluded from existence area determination. But it doesn't go on forever. Instead, as something that will reappear as useful information later, we temporarily give "a special flag meaning that there is a high probability of a signal source existing near the boundary surface" with respect to the data of that signal source. It is decided to keep (set a flag).

After the other signal sources have been determined, that is, after the directions have been narrowed down by superimposing the direction information of the eight signal sources, for example, the data with the above flags are If there is, it is possible to further improve the accuracy by incorporating an algorithm that begins to check consistency, and incorporating it if it is consistent with judgments from other signal sources. Preliminary experiments have shown that even if such a method is adopted, excellent results can be obtained in terms of accuracy, and it is of course possible to adopt such a method.

In this case, of course, it is recommended to display the fact that such processing has been performed on the display unit, as this will give confidence in the accuracy.



As a result of preliminary experiments, it is found that the following method is also possible by further advancing such an idea.
In other words, depending on the manufacturer, it may be necessary to use existing low-resolution receivers depending on the model. ing). In this case, the problem is what should be done if a signal that leads to a contradictory determination is temporarily recognized when attempting to integrate the determination results. In this case, it should be noted that when the judgments of a plurality of signal sources are superimposed, the result appears that the solution does not exist. This rarely happens, but incorporating a mechanism to rationally exclude even rare events has the effect of increasing human confidence in the device, which is also important. It leads to valuing the time spent, and greatly enhances usability felt by the user. Preliminary experiments have revealed that it is better to do the following.

That is, the apparatus first recognizes this event as a case where there is no solution that should be narrowed down as a result of superimposing each existence area determination of the data of ten signal sources. In that case, it became clear as a result of the inventor's vigorous preliminary experiments that the countermeasure should be incorporated as follows.

In other words, the number of signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as small as possible that is consistent for the first time is determined by the computer. Preliminary experiments have shown that in many cases the exclusion of just one signal source is consistent, and that is the signal source near the boundary region. In that case, it is even better for the device to notify the user that the exclusion has been made, which is assumed to be near the border area. In the vicinity of the boundary area, such a case may occur depending on the setting of the judgment criteria. Rather, it seems to indicate that the criterion does not match the performance (signal strength resolution, signal strength resolution, etc.) of the GPS receiver and the like used there. Data such as those excluded signal sources are also stored together with the context (data of other signal sources) at that time, and after a certain amount of time has accumulated, using a statistical method of big data analysis, how to determine the judgment criteria It is of course possible to self-analyze whether it can be a better device by doing so, and to configure it as a device that grows on its own. This coincides with the rise of artificial intelligence in recent years. Also, in order to reduce the burden of that part, send data to the server with a communication part and let it analyze it, and based on the analysis result, reconfigure your own firmware according to the judgment criteria recommended by the server. Of course, the configuration is also good. This is officially compatible with the concept of Society 5.0 promoted in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan and the goal of aiming for a human-centered society that fully utilizes IoT/AI/Bigdata.

It should be noted that since it is a digital signal processor, it is easy to make such an arrangement. Since the affinity is very high, the reliability can be enhanced by complementing each other. In this way, it can be used in a highly convenient and time-saving manner.

Furthermore, after performing one set of measurements, for example, if the rotation angle is 90 degrees with the zenith and nadir straight lines as the rotation axis, give the body a rotation angle of 90 degrees and perform another set of measurements, The high future potential and convenience of this method that cannot be overlooked is the fact that it is possible to further narrow down the result of narrowing down the direction by superimposing the results of each direction narrowing down from the results of these two sets of measurements. and high usability.

If multi-satellite receivers for GNSS satellites such as GPS (United States), Glonass (Russia), China's positioning satellite system, Galileo system (Europe), Brazil and India's positioning satellite system, etc. The point that this system can be assembled is also the superiority and high future potential of this system. The more satellites there are, the more precise directions can be obtained in a short time. Thus, the present method has a great effect.




ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

claim

Place the GNSS antenna next to the dorsal side of the body (or ventral side if ventral side) so that the main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

"While maintaining the mutual positional relationship between the body and the receiving antenna, in other words, the body and the receiver are integrated" (†),
When rotating 180 degrees around the zenith/nadir passing straight line as the axis of rotation,

Before and after said rotation,
for a signal from a source (generally a GNSS satellite)
compare and analyze reception status, or detect changes,

comparative analysis of said reception conditions, or based on detected changes

The signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
before or after said rotation,
received as a direct wave in which
In which direction it is received as a diffracted wave
to determine

Based on the judgment,
Each of the signal sources (generally a GNSS satellite, or a GNSS satellite) is
the area that existed
identify

In addition, the above procedures
All sky signal sources (generally GNSS satellites, or even GNSS satellites)
to try to implement

obtained by this
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
each area that existed
identify,

thus obtained,
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
Information on each area that existed
oversee,
The direction the main beam of the antenna was originally pointing
get limited or
obtain on a limited basis or
Narrow down
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


claim

If it is the dorsal side of the body, the GNSS antenna is placed next to (or attached to) the dorsal side (or the ventral side if it is the ventral side) so that the main beam direction is perpendicular to the body.

"The body and the receiving antenna do not particularly maintain the mutual positional relationship, that is, the posture of the body is left as it is, that is, only the receiver."
When rotating the straight line passing through the zenith and nadir 180 degrees around the axis of rotation (that is, turning it inside out and attaching it to the same side of the body again or placing it next to each other),

Before and after said rotation,
for a signal from a source (generally a GNSS satellite)
compare and analyze reception status, or detect changes,

comparative analysis of said reception conditions, or based on detected changes

The signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
before or after said rotation,
In which case, "received at the dominant sensitive part of the antenna pattern (the main beam side, the main lobe side, or the so-called jellyfish head-shaped antenna pan side),"
In which part is received in the sub-sensitive part of the antenna pattern (sub-beam side, sidelobe side, or so-called jellyfish leg-shaped antenna pan side)?
determine

Based on the judgment,
Each of the signal sources (generally a GNSS satellite, or a GNSS satellite) is
the area that existed
identify

In addition, the above procedures
All sky signal sources (generally GNSS satellites, or even GNSS satellites)
to try to implement

obtained by this
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
each area that existed
identify,

thus obtained,
Each signal source (generally a GNSS satellite, or may be a GNSS satellite) is
Information on each area that existed
oversee,
The direction the main beam of the antenna was originally pointing
get limited or
obtain on a limited basis or
Narrow down
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

This is a claim.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
This is a claim.


In the "determination" of the preceding claim,
"Reception stability" described separately in the specification
Alternatively, the time average value, median value, mode value, etc., or any combination thereof, may be selected depending on the difference in antenna pattern or the difference in resolution performance of the received intensity of the receiver. It is recommended to use indices (features or combinations of features) and the optimal or hypothesized thresholds used therein.
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
ーーーーーーーーーー
claim


In the "determination" according to the above claims
When the reception conditions (various feature values that have been described as representing) before and after rotation have a width smaller than the width of the initially set value as the limit for judgment,
We reserve the right to rule out the possibility that the signal source exists on the boundary surface (as an extension of the body surface).
More specifically, first, as a special treatment, exclude it from the existence area judgment,
Rather than keep excluding
Instead, as it will later reappear as helpful information,
Temporarily, "a special flag meaning that the possibility of a signal source existing near the boundary surface is high" is given (flag is set) for the data of the signal source,
After the signal source has been determined, that is, after the direction narrowing down is completed by superimposing the direction information of, for example, 8 if 8 signal sources,
If there is data with the above flag, the algorithm will start to check the consistency, and if it is consistent with the judgment from other signal sources, it will be incorporated.
to improve accuracy
to use
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

claim

If the "determinations" of the above claims are superimposed, integrated, or multiplied,
If a contradiction occurs and there is no solution,
Start with as few signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as possible, first consistent, as few signal sources (generally GNSS satellites) as possible First let the computer figure out as a number
(Experiments show that in many cases elimination of just one signal source is consistent)
indicates the result of excluding how many satellites, and/or
In the case of signal sources near the boundary region, that fact, or/and
In the case of a directional signal source, the fact (it may indicate that the sensitivity in that direction only is a problem with the antenna, or that in the measurement environment it may be due to signals specific to that direction only) (although it often indicates that there is something affecting
to notify the user of the
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method
^^^^^^
claim


Furthermore, after performing one set of measurements, for example, give the body a rotation angle with a straight line passing through the zenith and nadir as the axis of rotation (if it is 90 degrees, only 90 degrees).
Again, take another set of measurements,
By superimposing the results of each direction narrowing down of the results of those two sets of measurements, we can narrow down the result of narrowing down the directions more precisely.
That

Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

ーー
claim

(GPS (US), Glonass (Russia), Chinese positioning satellite system, Galileo system (Europe), Brazil and India positioning satellite system, etc.)
Multi-satellite system compatible receivers of GNSS satellites (if they are on the market) are diverted as receivers and/or receiving antennas (this system is superior in that it can be assembled and has high future potential). (The more satellites there are, the more precise directions can be obtained in a short period of time. Thus, this method is highly effective.)
characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method


===========,
claim

By accumulating direction information acquisition data and analyzing it, or by having the analysis server analyze it
Algorithms that can derive more optimal results for themselves, and/or feature quantities or combinations of feature quantities required for judgment, and/or optimal settings for thresholds to be used or threshold settings
and/or
Introduce it to yourself (and further improve your ability to answer)
of
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method

===========,
claim
By accumulating direction information acquisition data and analyzing it, or by having the analysis server analyze it
Algorithms that can derive more optimal results for themselves, and/or feature quantities or combinations of feature quantities required for judgment, and/or optimal settings for thresholds to be used or threshold settings
and/or
Introduce it to yourself (and further improve your ability to answer)
of
Characterized by
Orientation information acquisition method



0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) Boundary satellite removal inspection function (if the contradiction becomes consistent, it is better to remove it) or remove this from the beginning as a safe solution
It may be presented as an introductory solution. However, if possible, it would be nice to have a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it would be good to confirm it later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei, if possible.

Alternatively, when it is clear that you have enough time and want to obtain a precise solution, that is, a narrowed solution, or narrowed down direction information,
Aside from that mode, the signal source in the vicinity of the current daringly provides the excluded answer (that is, several times in a mode that gives only a very certain and solid solution). Each purchase in the set can be squeezed into a very secure and stable high
It is also possible to add a mode that can reduce such features of the present invention.



0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) Boundary satellite removal inspection function (if the contradiction becomes consistent, it is better to remove it) or remove this from the beginning as a safe solution
It may be presented as an introductory solution. However, if possible, it would be nice to have a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it would be good to confirm it later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei, if possible.

Alternatively, if you have enough time to find an exact solution, i.e.
The narrowed down solution is
I want to obtain extremely narrowed down direction information even if it takes time.
When it is clear from the circumstances,
You can also create a mode that enables it and respond to it.

In other words, from the beginning, the data of the signal source existing near the boundary is daringly
Provide the user with the excluded azimuth-limited times, etc.
(In other words, only a very certain answer, an extremely solid answer, is given to the user
In that mode,
This is done by reversing a set of measurements, in sets of several, and
Those solutions, each of them a very secure and highly stable solution,
Overlap, squeeze, go, narrow down the direction,
While doing so, the satellite placement will change and the number of satellites rising above the horizon will increase.
You can have a mode that will increase the accuracy even further,
While waiting for rescue without moving, the accuracy is steadily increasing,
There is also a mode that makes full use of the features of the present invention.
You can make a profit.
At the same time, at the same time, a solution for not excluding the excluded satellite may also be presented in parallel as an "introductory answer". Of course.
This has a great effect. Whether in a hurry or slow and precise
Space infrastructure can be enjoyed to the fullest extent at low cost with few user resources. Being able to respect life in mountains, deserts, polar regions, and oceans in situations close to distress plays a great advantage.

0) Current method (no) = In addition to the method of turning around the whole body (rotating 180 degrees around the straight line that makes the balance), (called the inversion method)
1) A method of flipping the receiver only on the ventral side (only Segawa) while keeping the body as it is (FlipOver method. Flipover function)
2) You may have a boundary satellite removal check function (better to remove the contradiction if it makes it consistent).
Or this from the beginning

That is, one signal source data closest to the average value of the range of directions (or azimuths) presented as a boundary, or
Data from a fixed number of sources in traffic
or,

of the range of directions (or bearings) that led to presentation as a boundary
exists within a certain range of directions (or azimuth angles) determined from the width and mean value (median) of
data from source

obtained by eliminating or removing
humble
the answer
as a safe solution
You may present them separately as the stepping solutions (the times they were also included). However, if possible, it would be nice to have a function that makes a proposal to the extent that it would be good to confirm it later by rotating it 90 degrees around the straight line that connects the tencho and tentei, if possible.

Alternatively, if you have enough time to find an exact solution, i.e.
The narrowed down solution is
I want to obtain extremely narrowed down direction information even if it takes time.
When it is clear from the circumstances,
You can also create a mode that enables it and respond to it.

In other words, from the beginning, the data of the signal source existing near the boundary is daringly
Provide the user with the excluded azimuth-limited times, etc.
(In other words, only a very certain answer, an extremely solid answer, is given to the user
In that mode,
This is done by reversing a set of measurements, in sets of several, and
Those solutions, each of them a very secure and highly stable solution,
Overlap, squeeze, go, narrow down the direction,
While doing so, the satellite placement will change and the number of satellites rising above the horizon will increase.
You can have a mode that will increase the accuracy even further,
While waiting for rescue without moving, the accuracy is steadily increasing,
There is also a mode that makes full use of the features of the present invention.
You can make a profit.
At the same time, at the same time, a solution for not excluding the excluded satellite may also be presented in parallel as an "introductory answer". Of course.
This has a great effect. Whether in a hurry or slow and precise
Space infrastructure can be enjoyed to the fullest extent at low cost with few user resources. Being able to respect life in mountains, deserts, polar regions, and oceans in near-distress situations is a great advantage.

As an application, the following form may be adopted.


For example, the GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit may be configured as a clock type.
In this case, although it is only an example, the following convenience is achieved if a stretchable flexible wrist band is attached to the arm.
That is, for example, if worn on the left arm with the normal vector of the main beam of the antenna pointing in the direction from the palm of the left hand to the back of the left hand, just like a normal wrist watch for men. do. For example, in that state, place the wristwatch-type device on the left arm on the ventral side, for example, slightly above the navel (closer to the head), and place it on the inside of the left arm (the side where veins pass or the side of the palm of the left hand) on the abdomen. side of the arm) should be placed lightly. Then, there is an advantage that the direction of the antenna main beam can be easily aligned with the vector from the back to the abdomen of the GPS receiver and antenna integrated unit on the ventral side of the body. . For example, if it is 1 minute, you can measure only for a fixed time such as 1 minute. Next, in order to make an inversion, (of course, you can rotate your body as it is and measure it as an inversion, but if you don't want to do it due to special circumstances, for example, keep looking at the scenery in front of you. (For example, when you want to continue identification, continue astronomical observations, or want to see the movement of clouds and fog in the windward direction at the same time as the weather conditions, etc.), or , even if you don't rotate your body that far,

This time, if the left arm was used earlier, turn the left arm around the back this time,
On the dorsal side, for example, on the back side of the position of the device previously placed for measurement on the ventral side, the wristwatch-type device was placed on the left arm and placed on the back on the inside of the left arm (the side where veins, etc., pass through). Place the palm side of the left hand (generally the side where the veins in Japan are visible and take the pulse) so that it is lightly attached. Then, there is an advantage that the direction of the antenna main beam can be easily aligned with the vector from the abdomen to the back of the GPS receiver and antenna integrated unit on the back side of the body. .

Needless to add, if there is a physical flexibility constraint that makes it difficult to perform such arm and body placement on the ventral or dorsal side due to physical circumstances, of course, A flexible wristband should be used. In that case, for example, when turning the left arm around the back, the user may find it difficult to carry out a posture in which the inside of the arm is placed on the back, so that the advantage of the flexible wristband can be used. By making use of it, you can change the state of wearing it like a wristwatch for men to like a wristwatch for women. , and the rest can easily realize the same arrangement. That is, even if the left arm is used, the left arm can be placed around the dorsal side, but in this case, the back side of the left arm can be lightly placed on the back, so it goes without saying that this can be achieved more easily.

Of course, it goes without saying that the same argument holds even if it is worn on the right arm.



Also, a so-called waist pouch may be used to achieve this.
In this case, after placing the waist pouch on the ventral side and completing the measurement on one side
All you have to do is turn the waist pouch around your back and take measurements.
(At this time, if the belt of the waist pouch is a flexible elastic material d, it can be done more easily, but even if it is not, it is easy to loosen the belt of the waist pouch and turn it to the opposite side of the body. ) This type of bag is convenient and popular for overseas travel, so it is suitable for overseas travel.

Naturally, it may be attached to a lumbago belt. This case is also the same as described above. In this case, you can use a waist belt with a pocket for valuables. Also, it is natural that it is good if it is attached by using a Velcro tape or the like, because it can be easily attached and detached even when washing, and the convenience is enhanced. Of course, this case is also suitable for the elderly and the physically handicapped.


In addition, a so-called body bag, that is, a one-shoulder body bag, that is, a cross-body bag, also called a Move Line Bag, which has been gaining popularity in recent years, is suitable for realizing the present invention. This is just an example, but from the left shoulder to the right side of the waist (or vice versa, from the right shoulder to the left side of the waist), the bag is generally placed on the back. It is a common usage example to wear it on the back, but naturally it is easy to put it on as it is so that the bag part will come to the abdomen side. That is, by simply pulling the oblique belt-like portion halfway around, the bag portion will come to the ventral side (for example, if the bag portion was on the dorsal side before being pulled). By utilizing this feature, the present invention can be easily implemented by equipping the bag with a GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit, which is highly convenient. In addition, since it is also a stylish fashion that is popular internationally, it is highly suitable for overseas travel, and in that sense, it is suitable for overseas travel, which is one of the effective usage forms of the present invention, because it is easy to use. be.



This one-shoulder body bag can be used as a handbag or as a shoulder bag. Needless to say, it is suitable for the present invention because it is highly convenient in that it can also be used as a device.

A diagonal bag type is also acceptable.


Of course, even if the GPS antenna/receiver integrated side unit is attached to a general belt, all you have to do is turn the belt in the opposite direction, so of course that is fine. Furthermore, it is of course possible to rotate the whole body as a matter of course.



It should be noted that the description of GPS in the patent application is just an example,
Naturally, it can be read as general GNSS.
Here, GNSS means Glonass, GPS, as well as countries such as China, Germany, Brazil, Japan, India, etc., which are being developed or operated.
It shall refer to all of GNSS.

Also, for the present invention, if it is designed as follows at the time of popularization promotion
It is convenient because the convenience of use can be known.

i.e. all GPS
It may be designed in advance assuming that the reverse measurement is performed at 00 seconds per minute.



It is not limited to the above, and any form that realizes the content described in the claims may be used.



This series will focus on the increasing importance of science and technology policy both in Japan and abroad in recent years and its international nature, and will attempt to introduce domestic and foreign science and technology policy-related organizations and their recent trends. We would appreciate it if you could use it to maintain and improve your motivation to study and deepen your interest in adjacent fields, etc.

In this series, the first installment will focus on the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and the National Coordination Office (NCO) in the United States, which are responsible for the control tower functions of science and technology policy in Japan and the United States. ), and in Japan, the Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) of the Cabinet Office. The second session gave an overview of the science and technology departments of the European Union (EU), the European Commission (commonly known as the EC: European Commission), and the United Nations (UN). In the third installment, we looked back on the origins of the key concept of innovation in science and technology policy. In the 4th session, we introduced the fact that Japanese researchers are leading the world in the field of regenerative medicine, which is a typical example, and enjoyed the original State of the Union address by the President of the United States, which referred to the importance of this field. In the 5th meeting, we introduced the G8 Science and Technology Ministers' Meeting, which preceded the G8 summit meeting held in Japan, and enjoyed the original report. In the 6th session, with the enactment of the Basic Law on Space and the Basic Law on the Advancement of Geospatial Information Utilization, we considered positioning satellite systems, which are becoming increasingly active around the world, in the history of science and technology in Europe and the United States. At the 7th meeting, we announced that this time we would consider the characteristics of science and technology in Japan. I considered. In the eighth installment, when I was trying to discuss the importance of integrating seemingly contradictory values, I found a similarity in the US President's Inaugural Speech, and explained the development history of quantum mechanics. In the ninth installment, we looked at WHO's contribution to N1H1 influenza in the original English text as a real-time scientific contribution to global issues. In the 10th session, we organized the key English terms from our own perspective regarding iPS cells (induced pluripotent stem cells), which Japan leads the world. Part 11 introduces how to write English patent specifications and important terms based on my experience in writing English patent specifications and achieving numerous international patent registrations, in line with Japan's policy of becoming a nation based on the creation of intellectual property. Did. In the 12th edition, we introduced the efforts of the International Space Station, in which Japan and the rest of the world participate. The 13th will show the meaning of the Convention on Biological Diversity led by the United Nations, and the 14th will show the significant movements of Foucault's pendulum, which will be displayed in motion at the United Nations General Assembly, accurately and plainly. introduced the mathematical approach. In the 15th installment, I touched on the good news that Dr. Eiichi Negishi and Dr. Akira Suzuki won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and explained the future opened up by the Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling organic synthesis method. In the 16th installment, I introduced the deep connection with the present age of Christmas period science lectures 150 years ago by Faraday, who left a big mark on physical chemistry. The 17th lecture will discuss how the concept of time and space can be applied at the forefront of theoretical physics, based on the English version of the latest results bulletin from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which demonstrated Einstein's theory of relativity through satellite experiments. Recognized or tasted. In the 18th session, we enjoyed reading together Albert Einstein's book Relativity, The special and the General Theory, which attempts to explain the physics of the gravitational field relatively easily in his own words. I believe that I was able to see the possibility of transforming a way of thinking into a more universal one over a long period of time through an attempt to explain it in a simple manner. In the 19th session, we enjoyed cutting-edge science and technology English on the breaking news that the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Telescope has discovered a new solar system rich in water - the source of life. In the 20th installment, we compared the ideas in quantum theory and classical theory from the original work of David Bohm, a theoretical physicist in quantum theory, and enjoyed the world view together based on necessary and sufficient English expressions. In the 21st installment, we took up British astronomer James Bradley and examined the origin of his idea, which discovered aberration by making use of the orbital speed of the earth, based on the English of the time. In the 22nd edition, we enjoyed the explanation of the rainbow together with the original work on optics by Newton of England. Some of you may have been impressed by the origin of the format similar to the current patent specifications, which we are familiar with. In the 23rd installment, Professor Yamanaka's discovery of iPS cells, which has been featured many times in this series, has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. I tasted it. The 24th meeting is intended to enrich the knowledge of science and technology English in research areas in which Japan has a high degree of international competitiveness. We have examined together the English presentations from the perspective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration regarding research using an asteroid probe, which is also related to both. At the 25th meeting, we tasted the English of the Kepler Project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration together with the laws of astronomer Kepler. The 26th lecture will focus on the Watson-Crick DNA model, which has brought about a major paradigm shift, in light of the fact that topics originating in Japan have been leading the international community in recent years in the fields of molecular biology and life sciences. We had a great time enjoying the science and technology English of model) together. I was able to see that it will lead to research in Japan, especially research on iPS cells, which leads the world. At the 27th meeting, we enjoyed the commentary in English for the discovery of the Higgs boson, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013. In the 28th meeting, we enjoyed Einstein's 1905 paper, which positioned Brownian motion as a fact that unambiguously proves the existence of atoms. I think I was able to experience the fun of a great researcher building up logical inferences from [at the time] unimaginable angles and leading to certain predictions. Later, Perrin was able to show the observation results as expected by Einstein, so it became a research with important significance as proof of the existence of the atom, which was still invisible to anyone at that time. The 29th is the Hubble Space Telescope, that is, the name of the reflecting telescope launched into outer space in 1990. We enjoyed science and technology English together. At the 30th meeting, we enjoyed the latest science and technology English about the European Space Agency's comet probe "Rosetta," which is about to land on a comet for the first time in human history. The 31st time featured the invention of the blue diode by Dr. Isamu Akasaki, Dr. Hiroshi Amano, and Dr. Shuji Nakamura, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014. At the 32nd, we tasted together the technical English of Linus Carl Pauling (1901 - 94), who twice alone won the honor of winning the Nobel Prize. An American physical chemist who researched the application of quantum mechanics to chemical bonds, etc., won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954, and was active as vice president of the World Federation of Scientists and a member of the Peace Defense Committee. won the Nobel Peace Prize that year. In the 33rd meeting, we examined the science and technology English of the most recent Nobel Prize-winning research that has made it possible to observe even intracellular phenomena beyond the limits of optical microscopes. In the 34th, Einstein and others enjoyed science and technology English that explained the development of physics from its early concepts to relativity and quantum theory in an easy-to-understand manner. In the 35th session, we examined Professor Takaaki Kajita's neutrino research from the perspective of a Nobel Laureate in Physics. The 36th Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Dr. Satoshi Omura, who succeeded in creating innovative new medicines from compounds produced by bacteria in the soil, and actually made millions of people around the world sick. The Nobel Prize-winning research that saved him from the agony of the world was enjoyed together with the science and technology English explained by the award-winning institution. For the 37th time, we have examined the science and technology English of the most recent 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award-winning research that elucidated the mechanism of DNA repair. This time, we would like to introduce you to the scientific and technical English of the Global Navigation Satellite System, which is being used in an explosive manner around the world, and the combination of it with a smartphone application that uses Japanese characters has captivated people around the world. How would you like to enjoy it? Let's enjoy it right away.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a utility service owned by the United States that provides users with positioning, navigation and time services. This system consists of three segments, a space segment, a control segment and a user segment.

The space segment consists of a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and time. The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS satellites, 95% of the time To ensure this commitment, the Air Force has been flying 31 operational GPS satellites for the past few years. The space segment will consist of a constellation of 24 operational satellites deployed in orbit as originally designed. . These satellites transmit their current position and current time unidirectionally. It is the responsibility of the United States to maintain at least 24 GPS satellites in service and operational 95% of the time. To ensure that responsibility, the United States Air Force has flown 31 GPS satellites over the past few years.

GPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each satellite circles the Earth twice a day. The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth. Each plane contains four “slots” occupied by baseline satellites. This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
GPS satellites fly in medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each GPS satellite orbits the earth twice a day. In the GPS satellite constellation, all satellites are arranged in six equally spaced orbital planes around the Earth. Each of the [six mentioned] planes has four "satellite positions" determined, and the GPS satellites that serve as pivots are deployed at these determined positions. As long as GPS satellites are properly deployed at these 24 satellite deployment positions, it is possible to achieve a situation in which four or more GPS satellites exist above the user, regardless of where the user is on the surface of the earth.

In addition to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a critical fourth dimension - time. Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very precise time data to the GPS signals. GPS receivers decode these signals, effectively Synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks. This enables users to determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second, without the cost of owning and operating atomic clocks.
In addition to latitude, longitude and altitude, the GPS system also provides a fourth important dimension - time. Multiple atomic clocks on board each GPS satellite provide highly accurate time data to the GPS signal. GPS receivers, on the other hand, skillfully synchronize each receiver with atomic clocks [on board the GPS satellites] to transmit the GPS signals [encoded and transmitted from the GPS satellites] to [ receive and] decipher (decrypt). Thanks to this mechanism, users can determine the current time with a high degree of accuracy within 1/100 billionth of a second without bearing the cost of owning or operating an atomic clock.

I enjoyed the science and technology English of the US Global Positioning System, one of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems. Let's also examine the science and technology English of the United Nations Committee for Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (OOSA), which is watching the GPS from a higher dimension. The author participated in the United Nations 3rd International Conference on Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space as a representative of Japan after passing the English essay examinations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations. I feel nostalgic because I had discussions in English with representatives from each country for two consecutive weeks at the United Nations Headquarters.

The Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) adopted a strategy to address global challenges in the future through space activities. The strategy, contained in “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development” , included key actions to use space applications for human security, development and welfare. In 2001, member States accorded high priority to a limited number of selected recommendations of UNISPACE III. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space established action teams under the voluntary Leadership of member States to implement those priority recommendations.
At the 3rd International Conference on Peaceful Uses and Exploration of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) hosted by the United Nations, various strategies were adopted for solving global issues through space activities. Various strategies set out in the United Nations Declaration entitled “The Official United Nations Vienna Declaration on the Exploration of Space and Human Development: Towards the New Millennium of Space Exploration” are aimed at the security, development and welfare of mankind. It also included a key action plan for the concrete utilization of infrastructure utilization technology in the future. The UNISPACE III recommendations were subsequently further refined, and in 2001 the selected recommendations were given high priority by UN Member States. To ensure the implementation of those recommendations given high priority, the Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space [of the Permanent Body of the United Nations Headquarters] has established a new Action Team under the voluntary leadership of Member States. Did.

The Action Team on GNSS, consisting of 38 member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, recommended, inter alia, that an international committee on GNSS should be established to promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global basis and to facilitate exchange of information.
The GNSS Action Team, consisting of 38 Member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, is a GNSS international organization that promotes the use of GNSS infrastructure and revitalizes information exchange based on a common global platform. It further recommended the creation of a commission.

The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space included this recommendation in the Plan of Action proposed in its report [A/59/174] to the General Assembly on the review of the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPACE III. In resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, the Assembly endorsed the Plan of Action.
The Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space prepared a report [A/59/174] formally reporting to the United Nations General Assembly its findings on the extent to which the UNISPCE III recommendations have been implemented. It contained an action plan, including the previous recommendations. On October 20, 2004, the action plan was formally approved by the General Assembly as United Nations Resolution No. 59/2, and officially approved by the United Nations.

The successful completion of the work of the International Committee on Global Navigation Systems (ICG), particularly in establishing interoperability among the global systems, will allow a GNSS user to utilize one instrument to receive signals from multiple systems of satellites. , particularly in urban and mountainous regions, and greater accuracy in timing or position measurements.
The International Commission for Global Navigation Systems (ICG) has successfully completed its task, especially the task of establishing interoperability between various systems on a global scale. If possible, a single GNSS receiver would be able to receive and utilize the various formats of signals transmitted by multiple GNSS satellite systems. If this is realized, the amount of GNSS data obtained by users will increase, especially in suburban areas and mountainous areas, so the time and position will be calculated with even higher accuracy.

This time, the U.S. government and the United Nations will explain the positioning satellite system as advanced space engineering that supports the explosively popular Augmented Reality (AR) application around the world from various perspectives. We also added perspectives of future prospects and enjoyed examining them together. Next time, we will have fun examining the world of cutting-edge science and technology English, including space engineering, physics, chemistry, and life science, including Nobel Prize-winning research. We would appreciate it if you could give us the opportunity to use it for maintenance.





















Forwarded by compass@fol.hi-ho.ne.jp
----------------------- Original Message -----------------------
From: "Masato Takahashi"<mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
To: <mtakahashi@nict.go.jp>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2016 17:07:52 +0900
Subject: GNSS OOSA documents, etc. JSTC
----



===========================

Public Safety & Disaster Relief

A critical component of any successful rescue operation is time.
One important element common to any successful rescue operation is time.

Knowing the precise location of landmarks, streets, buildings, emergency service resources, and disaster relief sites reduces that
time -- and s
aves lives.

Knowing landmarks, knowing roads, knowing buildings, knowing emergency services resources, and knowing the exact location of disaster relief sites
Shorten that time, and save lives.


This information is critical to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel in order to protect life and reduce property loss.


To protect life and reduce property damage
This information is important to disaster relief teams and public safety personnel.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) serves as a facilitating technology in addressing these needs.

GPS serves as a technology that helps in addressing these needs.

GPS has played a vital role in relief efforts for global disasters
such as
the tsunami
that struck in the Indian Ocean region in 2004,
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
that wreaked havoc in the Gulf of Mexico in 2005, and
The Pakistan-India earthquake in 2005.

The tsunami that caused damage in the Indian Ocean region in 2004,
Hurricanes Katrina and Hurricane Rita in 2005 in the Gulf of Mexico caused extensive damage,
2005 Pakistan-India earthquake,
GPS has played an important role in efforts to relieve global disasters.


Search and rescue teams used GPS, geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing technology to create maps of the disaster
areas for re
scue and aid operations, as well as to assess damage.

The search and rescue team
Using GPS, GIS, remote sensor technology,
as well as to assess damages,
For search and aid operations,
Created a map of the disaster area.


Another important area of disaster relief is in the management of wildfires.

Another important area of disaster relief is the management of wildfires.

To contain and manage forest fires, aircraft combine GPS with infrared scanners to identify fire boundaries and "hot spots."


To manage, including forest fires,
Aircraft combine GPS with infrared scanners,
It identifies fire boundaries and “hot spots”.


Within minutes, fire maps are transmitted to a portable field computer at the firefighters' camp.

Within minutes, the fire map is sent to a portable field computer at the firefighters' camp.

Armed with this information, firefighters have a greater chance of winning the battle against the blaze.
Armed with this information, firefighters have a greater chance of winning the battle against the raging flames.

Tsunami Hazard Zone sign

In earthquake prone areas such as the Pacific Rim, GPS is playing an increasingly prominent role in helping scientists to anticipate
earthquakes.


In earthquake-prone areas such as the Pacific Rim,
to help scientists predict earthquakes
an increasingly prominent role
GPS is
is fulfilling.


Using the precise position information provided by GPS, scientists can study
how strain
builds up slowly over time
in an attempt to characterize,

and
in the future perhaps
anticipation,
earthquakes.


Using the precise location information provided by GPS, scientists
In an attempt to characterize earthquakes
How
You can study whether the strain is gradually completed over time,
And in the future, there is probably a possibility that we can predict earthquakes.


Meteorologists responsible for storm tracking and flood prediction also rely on GPS.

Meteorologists responsible for tracking storms and predicting floods also rely on GPS.


They can assess water vapor content by analyzing transmissions of GPS data through the atmosphere.

They can calculate the amount of water vapor (in the atmosphere) by analyzing GPS transmissions that pass through the atmosphere.


GPS has become an integral part of modern emergency response systems -- whether helping stranded motorists find assistance or
guiding emergency
vehicles.

Helping helpless drivers find help;
or,
Guiding material means for emergency transportation
in either
GPS has become an integral part of modern emergency response systems.


fire trucks

As the international industry positioning standard for use by emergency and other specialty vehicle fleets, GPS has given managers a
quantum lea
forward in efficient operation of their emergency response teams.

For international industry positioning standards for use by emergency vehicles and other specialized vehicles, see
GPS tells managers,
Giving a positive quantum jump in the efficient operation of their emergency response teams.

The ability
to effectively identify and view the location of police, fire, rescue, and individual vehicles or boats, and how their location
relates to an en
tire network of transportation systems in a geographic area,
has resulted in
a whole new way of doing business.

the location of police, firefighters, rescue workers, and individual vehicles or vessels;
the ability to effectively identify and oversee
and,
The ability of how to relate their locations to a network of transport systems as a whole in a geographical area
It resulted in a whole (?) (?) new way of doing business.



Location information provided by GPS, coupled with automation, reduces delay in the dispatch of emergency services.

Location information obtained by GPS is combined with automation to reduce delays in dispatching emergency services.


Incorporation of GPS in mobile phones places an emergency location capability in the hands of everyday users.

The integration of GPS in mobile phones is equivalent to putting the ability to tell emergency location information into the hands of users every day.

Today's widespread placement of GPS location systems in passenger cars provides another leap in developing a comprehensive safety
net.

Passenger cars; (U.S.) Passenger cars (dining [parlor, sleeping] cars, etc.) (passenger cars), GPS position systems are widely spread and installed, today's situation is
In deploying a comprehensive safety net,
It offers another (quantum) leap.


Today, many ground and maritime vehicles are equipped with autonomous crash sensors and GPS.
Today, many land and sea vehicles are equipped with autonomous sensors and GPS.

This information, when coupled with automatic communication systems, enables a call for help even when occupants are unable to do
so.

When combined with an automated communication system, this information allows holders to contact for help even when they are unable to do so.


The modernization of GPS will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services.

GPS modernization will further facilitate disaster relief and public safety services.

The addition of new civil signals will increase accuracy and reliability all over the world.

The addition of new civilian signals will increase accuracy and increase reliability around the world.

In short, GPS modernization translates to more lives saved and faster recovery for victims of global tragedies.

Simply put, GPS modernization
More lives will be saved and faster recovery for the victims of the world's tragedies.


================================================= =
Timing

In addition to longitude, latitude, and altitude, the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a critical fourth dimension - time.

In addition to latitude, longitude and altitude, GPS also provides an important fourth dimension. It's time.


Each GPS satellite contains multiple atomic clocks that contribute very precise time data to the GPS signals.

Each GPS satellite carries multiple atomic clocks. It gives all GPS signals very accurate time data.


GPS receivers decode these signals, effectively synchronizing each receiver to the atomic clocks.

GPS receivers decode these signals by effectively synchronizing each receiver to all atomic clocks.

This enables users to determine the time to within 100 billionths of a second, without the cost of owning and operating atomic
clocks.

This allows users to determine the time with an accuracy of 1/100 million (100 million?) of a second without owning an atomic clock and paying operating costs.


Precise time is crucial to a variety of economic activities around the world.
Accurate time is very important to various economic activities around the world.

Communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks all rely on precision timing for synchronization and
operational efficiency
y.

Communication systems, power grids, and financial networks all rely on accurate time acquisition for synchronization and operational efficiency.

The free availability of GPS time has enabled cost savings for companies that depend on precise time and has led to significant
advances in cap
ability.

Businesses that depend on accurate time, and that "have led to significant advances in their capabilities," will benefit from having GPS time at their disposal.
You can save money.


For example, wireless telephone and data networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect synchronization.
For example, wireless telephones and data networks use GPS time to keep all of their base stations in perfect synchronization.

This allows mobile handsets to share limited radio spectrum more efficiently.

This allows mobile handsets to share limited radio frequency resources more efficiently.


Similarly, digital broadcast radio services use GPS time to ensure that the bits from all radio stations arrive at receive
ers in lockstep.
Similarly, digital broadcast radio services require that every bit from every radio station be "aligned as close as possible to the previous bit".
Tade in locks
tep," i.e. every bit from all radio stations in sync,
It uses GPS time to ensure arrival at receivers.

lockstep /*l*kstep∥*l**k-/ noun in lockstep especiallyAmE following rules and accepted ideas without thinking
[Name]
1 Close march method 《Close the distance with the person in front as much as possible and keep pace》；Close march.
2 A fixed [inflexible] procedure [how to].
*[adjective] inflexible, rigid

This allows listeners to tune between stations with a minimum of delay.
This allows listeners to tune between radio stations with minimal delay.

(Hand inserting bank card into ATM)

Companies worldwide use GPS to time-stamp business transactions, providing a consistent and accurate way to maintain records and
ensure their tr
aceability.
ATM companies use hand-inserted bank cards


Major financial institutions use GPS to obtain precise time for setting internal clocks used to create financial transactions
timestamps.
nd small businesses are turning to automated systems that can track, update, and manage multiple transactions made by a global
network of custom
ers, and these require accurate timing information available through GPS.

The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses GPS to synchronize reporting of hazardous weather from its 45 Terminal Doppler
weather radar
s located throughout the United States.

Instrumentation is another application that requires precise timing. Distributed networks of instruments that must work together to
precisely me
asure common events require timing sources that can guarantee accuracy at several points. GPS-based timing works exceptionally well
for any appl
ication in which precise timing is required by devices that are dispersed over wide geographic areas.
GPS time into
Seismic monitoring networks enable researchers to quickly locate the epicenters of earthquakes and other seismic events.

Power lines Power companies and utilities have fundamental requirements for time and frequency to enable efficient power
transmission and distri
bution. Repeated power blackouts have demonstrated to power companies the need for improved time synchronization throughout the
power grid. Anal
systems of these blackouts have led many companies to place GPS-based time synchronization devices in power plants and substations.
analysis th
e precise timing of an electrical anomaly as it propagates through a grid, engineers can trace back the exact location of a power
line break.

Some users, such as national laboratories, require the time at a higher level of precision than GPS provides.
use GPS satellite
llites not for direct time acquisition, but for communication of high-precision time over long distances.
receiving the same G
PS signal in two places and comparing the results, the atomic clock time at one location can be communicated to the other.
laboratories
around the world use this "common view" technique to compare their time scales and establish Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
use the sam
e technique to disseminate their time scales to their own nations.

New applications of GPS timing technology appear every day. Hollywood studios are incorporating GPS in their movie slates, allowing
for unparallel
eled control of audio and video data, as well as multi-camera sequencing. The ultimate applications for GPS, like the time it
measures, are limi
tless.

As GPS becomes modernized, further benefits await users.
accuracy an
d reliability of GPS time, which will remain free and available to the entire world.





http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/

Official US Government information about the Global Positioning System (GPS) and related topics


What is GPS?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility
that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a system that provides positioning, navigation and time services to users.
Utilities owned by the United States.

This system consists of three segments:
the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.

This system consists of a space segment, a control segment and a user segment.
The US Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments.

The space segment and control segment are developed, maintained and managed by the US Air Force.

Space Segment

(satellite)
The space segment
consists of
a nominal constellation of 24 operating satellites that transmit one-way signals that give the current GPS satellite position and
time.

the space segment
Consists of 24 active satellites in planned orbits,
GPS satellites unidirectionally transmit their current position and current time.

The GPS space segment consists of a constellation of satellites transmitting radio signals to users.

The United States is committed to maintaining the availability of at least 24 operational GPS satellites, 95% of the time.
The United States is obligated to maintain at least 24 operational GPS satellites available 95% of the time.

To ensure this commitment, the Air Force has been flying 31 operational GPS satellites for the past few years.

To meet this mandate, the Air Force has flown 31 operational GPS satellites over the past few years.

Constellation Arrangement

GPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles).
earth twice
a day.

GPS satellites are flying in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), at an altitude of about 20200 km.

Each satellite orbits the earth two weeks a day.

Graphic showing the six orbital planes of the constellation
Enlarge
Expandable 24-Slot satellite constellation, as defined in the SPS Performance Standard.

The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth.
All satellites in the entire GPS system are arranged in six equally spaced orbital planes around the earth.

Each plane contains four "slots" occupied by baseline satellites.
Each plane has four "slots", which are occupied by baseline satellites.

This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
Thanks to this 24-slot arrangement, users can:
Virtually any point on this satellite can see at least four satellites.


The Air Force normally flies more than 24 GPS satellites to maintain coverage whenever the baseline satellites are serviced or
decommissioned.
Typically more than 24 satellites to maintain coverage even when baseline satellites are in service or taken out of commission.
large number of GPS
The US Air Force is flying satellites.

The extra satellites may increase GPS performance but are not considered part of the core constellation.
Extra satellites may improve GPS performance, but are not considered part of the core constellation.


In June 2011, the Air Force successfully completed a GPS constellation expansion known as the "Expandable 24" configuration.
In June 2011, the US Air Force successfully completed an expansion of the GPS constellation, known as the "Extendable 24" configuration.

Three of the 24 slots were expanded, and six satellites were repositioned, so that three of the extra satellites became part of the
constellation
n baseline.
Three of the 24 slots have been expanded.
Then the positions of the 6 satellites were rearranged.
As a result, 3 of the extra satellites became part of the constellation baseline.


As a result, GPS now effectively operates as a 27-slot constellation with improved coverage in most parts of the world.
most of the world
GPS now works effectively with the 27-slot constellation, with improved coverage in the area of .




Learn more at AF.mil



Technical details about the orbits, coverage, and performance of the GPS satellite constellation are documented in the GPS
Performance Standards.
View

arrowReturn to top of page



(Learn more... )



Current and Future Satellite Generations


The GPS constellation is a mix of old and new satellites.
generations of GPS
atellites, including Block IIA (2nd generation, "Advanced"), Block IIR ("Replenishment"), Block IIR(M) ("Modernized"), Block IIF
("Follow-on"),
and GPS III.

As of June 15, 2016, there were 31 operational satellites in the GPS constellation.
As of June 15, 2016, there are 31 operational satellites in the GPS constellation.

This does not include the decommissioned GPS satellites
("residuals") kept in orbit in case there is a need to reactivate them.

This does not include all decommissioned GPS satellites (known as residual "residuals") waiting in orbit in case they need to be reactivated.
do not have.

The operational satellite count is broken down by type in the table below.

This number of operational satellites is categorized by type, as shown in the table below.

For more up-to-date constellation status information, visit the NAVCEN website.
See the NAVCEN website for more up-to-date constellation status information.


Control Segment
(AF flight control officer)

The control segment
consists of
worldwide monitors and control stations
that maintain the satellites
in their proper orbits
through occasional command maneuvers,
and adjust the satellite clocks.

The control segment is
Surveillance and control stations around the world
consists of
Through occasional command maneuvers, they
keeping all satellites in their proper orbits, and
Adjusting the satellite clock.


It tracks the GPS satellites, uploads updated navigational data, and maintains health and status of the satellite constellation.
The control segment tracks all GPS satellites, uploads updated navigation data, and
satellite system
It also contributes to the maintenance of the soundness and integrity of the overall arrangement of


(Learn more... )


User Segment
(receiver)
The user segment consists of the GPS receiver equipment, which receives the signals from the GPS satellites and uses the transmitted
information
to calculate the user's three-dimensional position and time.

User segment
The user segment is
It consists of a GPS receiver.
A GPS receiver receives all signals from all GPS satellites.
Then, using the transmitted information, the three-dimensional position and time of the user are calculated.



(Learn how GPS is used...)




http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/


GPS Accuracy
About GPS accuracy

The US government is committed to providing GPS to the civilian community at the performance levels specified in the GPS Standard
Positioning
Service (SPS) Performance Standard.
The United States Government is obligated to provide GPS to the non-governmental community at the performance levels specified in the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Performance Standards.

For example, the GPS signal in space will provide a "worst case" pseudorange accuracy of 7.8 meters at a 95% confidence level.

For example, a GPS signal in space must provide a worst-case pseudorange accuracy of 7.8 meters with a 95% confidence level.


(This is not the same as user accuracy; pseudorange is the distance from a GPS satellite to a receiver.)
(This is not the same as accuracy for the user. A pseudorange is the distance from one GPS satellite to one receiver.)

(View document)















http://www.gps.gov/applications/


GPS Applications

Mosaic of GPS applications

Examples

Agriculture

Aviation

Environment

Marine

Public Safety & Disaster Relief


rails


recreation


Roads & Highways


Space


Surveying & Mapping

Timing



Like the Internet, GPS is an essential element of the global information infrastructure.
GPS has led to
the development of hundreds of applications affecting every aspect of modern life.
phones and wri
stwatches to bulldozers, shipping containers, and ATM's.

Like the Internet, GPS is one important component of the global information infrastructure.

Free to use, open to everyone, and trustworthy, the characteristics of GPS have led to the development of hundreds of applications that affect every aspect of modern life.
come connect
there is

GPS technology is now embedded in everything from cell phones and watches to bulldozers, shipping containers and ATMs.


GPS boosts productivity across a wide swath of the economy, to include farming, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery,
and logistics
l supply chain management.
GPS can increase productivity across a wide range of economic activities, including agriculture, construction, mining, surveying, package delivery, and logistical supply chain management.
and helpful
there is


Major communications networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids depend heavily on GPS for precise time
synchronization.
Major communication networks, banking systems, financial markets, and power grids rely heavily on GPS for accurate time synchronization.

Some wireless services cannot operate without it.
Some wireless services cannot function without GPS.


GPS saves lives
by preventing transportation accidents, aiding search and rescue efforts, and speeding the delivery of emergency services and
disaster relief.

By preventing transport accidents, by assisting search and rescue operations, by increasing the speed of delivery of services in emergency situations,
GPS is
saving many lives.

GPS is vital to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) that will enhance flight safety while increasing airspace
capacity.

Increase flight safety while increasing airspace capacity
GPS is indispensable for the next generation air transportation system (NextGen).


*ir・s７７p*ce, *ir sp*ce[name]
1 [Military] Operational airspace <<airspace where aircraft operate in formation>>.
2 airspace over (a country), territorial airspace (particularly the area of jurisdiction).
3 [Law] Territorial airspace (over private land).
4 [Anatomy] Air sacs (end of lung).
5 ((mainly English)) specific frequency band allocation space.
6 (program) broadcast time (airtime).
7 Space (for heat insulation), Gap.

GPS also advances scientific aims such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection.

GPS also helps advance scientific purposes such as weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring, and environmental protection.

Finally, GPS remains critical to US national security, and its applications are integrated into virtually every facet of US
military opera
ons.

Finally, GPS continues to be important to the national security of the United States, and its application is
It is incorporated into virtually every aspect of US military operations.

Nearly all new military assets -- from vehicles to munitions -- come equipped with GPS.
Nearly all new military assets, from various vehicles (transportation) to various munitions, are now equipped with GPS.

This website describes just a tiny sample of existing GPS applications.

This website merely describes a small sample of existing GPS applications.

New uses of GPS are invented every day and are limited only by the human imagination.

New uses for GPS are invented every day, and their limits are the same as those of human imagination.




























I.Introduction


The Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer
Space (UNISPACE III) adopted a strategy to address global challenges in the future
through space activities.

The Third United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses and Exploration of Outer Space (UNISPACE III),
Adopted a strategy to orient future global challenges through activities in outer space.


The strategy, contained in “The Space Millennium: Vienna Declaration on Space and Human Development”[1],
included
key actions to use space applications for human security, development and welfare.


Included in "The New Millennium of Outer Space: The Vienna Declaration on the Development of the Universe and Humanity",
The strategy is
Some key actions for using space applications for human security, development and welfare,
included.

[1] Report of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Vienna, 19-30 July 1999
(United Nations
publication, Sales No. E.00.I.3), chap.I, resolution 1.


One such action was to improve
the efficiency and security of transport, search and rescue, geodesy and other activities
by
promotion
the enhancement of
,
universal access to
and
compatibility of
space-based navigation and positioning systems.

One such action is
space-based navigation and positioning systems
Promote utilization,
Promote universal access,
By enhancing compatibility,
transport, search and rescue, geodetic and other activities;
efficiency and safety
was to improve.


The use of the signal from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
constitutes
one of the most promising space applications
that can be used
to implement this action.

Utilization of signals from global navigation support satellite systems
teeth,
One of the most promising space applications that could be used to carry out this action
of
forms part of

In 2001, Member States
according to
high priority
to
a limited number of selected recommendations of UNISPACE III.

In 2001, Member States:
From the UNISPACE III recommendations, a limited number was chosen and they included
given high priority.


The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
established
action teams
under the voluntary leadership of member States
to implement those priority recommendations.

The Commission on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,
Under the voluntary leadership of Member States,
An action team has been established to implement these priority recommendations.


The Action Team on GNSS was established
under the leadership of the United States of America
and
Italy
to carry out the recommendation relating to GNSS.

To implement the GNSS recommendations
under the leadership of the United States and Italy,
A GNSS action team was created.


The work of the Action Team on GNSS
included
comprehensive reviews of existing and planned GNSS and augmentations
,
their applications by system providers
and
user communities,
as well as activities carried out by various entities to promote GNSS.

The Action Team's work on GNSS will:
It contained: in short,
1) GNSS and augmentations (both existing and planned)
Comprehensive review (examination) about
2) their application by the system provider;
and,
3) User community
contains
Also
4) Activities carried out by various entities that promote GNSS.



The Action Team
also examined
the requirements of developing countries and gaps in meeting those requirements, as well as existing education and training opportunities in the field of GNSS.

This action team also:
As well as existing education and training opportunities in the field of GNSS,
the requirements of developing countries and
Regarding the various gaps in trying to meet these requirements,
verified.

The Action Team on GNSS,
consisting of 38 member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations,
recommended,
inter alia,
that
an international committee on GNSS
should be established
to promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global basis and to facilitate exchange of information.


38 Member States and 15 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations
This action team on GNSS:
Promote the use of GNSS infrastructure on a global scale.
To activate information exchange
It recommended that an international committee on GNSS be established.


The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
included
this recommendation
in the Plan of Action
proposed in its report [2] to the General Assembly
on the review of the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPACE III.

[2] A/59/174

The Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)
Proposed in the report of the Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to the United Nations General Assembly [2] ([2] A/59/174),
On reviewing the implementation of the recommendations of UNISPCE III
in the action plan,
Including this (above) recommendation.



In resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, the Assembly endorsed the Plan of Action.
The General Assembly, in resolution 59/2 of 20 October 2004, endorsed that action plan.


In the same resolution, the Assembly invited GNSS and augmentation
system providers to consider establishing an international committee on GNSS (ICG)
in order to maximize the benefits of the use and applications of GNSS
to support sustainable development.

Aiming to support sustainable development,
To maximize the benefits of GNSS usage and applications,
In order to consider the establishment of the ICG (GNSS International Committee),
In that resolution the General Assembly,
GNSS and Augmentation System Providers
invited.



The work of the Action Team on GNSS serves as a model for how the United Nations can
undertake action to follow up on global conferences and yield tangible results within a
fixed time frame.

To follow up on international conferences and produce tagible results within a defined time frame
about how the United Nations can undertake actions,
as a model
The performance of this GNSS action team is as follows:
It is functioning.



In resolution 61/111 of 14 December 2006,
the General Assembly
noted
with appreciation
that
the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)
had been established
on a voluntary basis
as an informal body
to promote cooperation,
as appropriate,
on matters of mutual interest
related to
civil satellite-based
positioning, navigation, timing and value-added services,
as well as the compatibility and interoperability of GNSS,
while increasing their use to support sustainable development,
particularly in developing countries.

In resolution 61/111 of 14 November 2006,
The United Nations General Assembly
With gratitude,
I made the following statement.

Next is
To support sustainable development, especially in developing countries,
while increasing their use
Not only GNSS interoperability (mutual information exchange possible, mutual information available, compatibility),
relating to civil satellite-based positioning, navigation, timekeeping and value-added services;
On matters of mutual interest,
If necessary,
promote cooperation
As an informal organization,
on a voluntary basis,
ICG (GNSS International Committee) was founded
thing
is.




Globally there is growing interest
in better understanding solar-terrestrial interactions, particularly patterns and trends
in space weather.

In (the field of) space weather,
Overview: Interactions between planets (terrestrial),
Especially regarding patterns and trends,
about better understanding
Interest is growing on a global scale.


This is
not only
for scientific reasons,
but also
because the reliable operation of ground-based and space-based assets and infrastructures
is increasingly dependent on
their robustness against the detrimental effects of space weather.

This is not only for scientific reasons,
Reliable operation of ground-based and space-based assets and infrastructure
Donkeys of them (assets and infrastructure? or their reliable operation?) to the decisive effects of space weather
For strength
Increasingly dependent
It's also for.




Consequently, in 2009, COPUOS proposed the International Space Weather
Initiative (ISWI) as a new agenda item to be dealt with in the Scientific and Technical
Subcommittee of COPUOS under a three-year workplan[3] from 2010 to 2012.

As a result, in 2009, COPUOS
International Space Weather Research Organization
As a new agenda item to be addressed in the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of COPUOS under the work program 2010-2012 [3]
Proposed.




iii

Preface

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
include
constellations
of Earth-orbiting satellites that broadcast their locations in space and time,
networks of ground control stations, and
of receivers that calculate ground positions by trilateration.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are
an earth orbiting satellite constellation that broadcasts its position in outer space and the current time;
Ground control station network group, and
receivers that compute positions on the ground by triangulation
Constellation
contains.




GNSS
are used
in all forms of transportation:
space stations, aviation, maritime, rail, road and mass transit

GNSS is
Names of space stations, aviation, navigation, railroads, roads and mass transit [public transport] institutions, etc.
It is used in all forms of transportation.


Positioning, navigation and timing
play
a critical role
in telecommunications, land surveying, law enforcement, emergency response, precision agriculture,
mining, finance, scientific research and so on.

In areas such as telecommunications, ground surveying, law enforcement, emergency response, precision agriculture, mining, finance, and scientific research,
play an important role
Positioning, navigation and time acquisition are working.



They are used to control
computer networks, air traffic, power grids and more.

They (positioning, navigation, and time acquisition) are
It is used to control computer networks, air traffic, power grids, and so on.


Thus
the specific objectives
of
the implementation of the GNSS education curriculum
are
the demonstration and
understanding
of GNSS signals, codes, biases and practical applications,
and
the implications of
prospective modernization.

in short,
The specific objectives of implementing the GNSS education curriculum are:
With different signals, different codes, different biases and different practical applications of GNSS,
What does the expected future of modernization mean?
It is important to have a correct understanding with examples.









At present GNSS includes two fully operational global systems,
the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS)
and
the Russian Federation's GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS),
as well as
the developing global and regional systems,
Namely Europe's European Satellite Navigation System (GALILEO)
and
China's COMPASS/Bei-Dou,
India's Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)
and
Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS).

The current GNSS includes two fully functioning global systems.
GPS (Global Positioning System) in the United States and GLONAS (Global Navigation Satellite System) in the Russian Federation.
is.
As well,
developing global and regional systems;
In particular, the European GALILEO (European Satellite Navigation System),
and,
Chinese COMPASS/Bei-Dou,
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and
Japan's QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System).


Once all these global and regional systems
become
fully operational,
the user will have access to positioning, navigation and timing signals from more than 100
satellites.

Once all global and regional systems are fully operational,
The user is
■ Access to signals from more than 100 satellites for positioning, navigation and time acquisition. ■


In addition to these, there are satellite-based augmentation systems, such as the United
States' Wide-area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation
Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Russian System of Differential Correction and Monitoring
(SDCM), the Indian GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) and Japanese
Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Satellite-based Augmentation Systems
(MSAS).

In addition to these, there are also satellite-based augmentation systems such as: US Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), European Geostationary Overlay Service (EGNOS),
Russia's Differential Correction Monitoring System (SDCM), India's GPS-Aided Earth Augmented Navigation (GAGAN),
and Japan's Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) Satellite-Based Augmentation System (MSAS).


Combining them with proven terrestrial technologies such as inertial navigation,
will open the door to new applications for socio-economic benefits.

Combining them with proven ground-based technologies such as inertial navigation,
It will open the door to new applications for socio-economic benefits.

The latter are applications that require not just accuracy, but in particular reliability or integrity.

The latter are applications that demand not only accuracy, but above all reliability or integrity.

Safety-critical transportation applications, such as the landing of civilian aircraft, have stringent accuracy and integrity
requirements.

Safety-critical transportation applications, such as commercial aircraft landings,
Strict precision and integrity are requirements.

For developing countries, GNSS applications offer a cost-effective way of pursuing
sustainable economic growth while protecting the environment.

For developing countries
GNSS applications are
while protecting the environment
It offers a cost-effective way to pursue sustained economic growth.


Satellite navigation and
positioning data are now used in a wide range of areas that include mapping and surveying,
monitoring of the environment, precision agriculture and natural resources management,
disaster warning and emergency response, aviation, maritime and land transportation and
Research areas such as climate change and ionospheric studies.

Satellite navigation (data) and positioning data are now

Mapping and surveying, environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, natural resource management, disaster warning
and emergency immediate response (initial response) (crisis management), aviation, navigation, land transportation, and survey research areas such as climate change and ionospheric observation.

Used in a wide range of fields.




The successful completion of the work of
the International Committee on Global Navigation Systems (ICG),
particularly in establishing interoperability among the global systems,
will allow a GNSS user to utilize one instrument to receive signals from multiple systems
of satellites.

The GNS International Committee will
In particular, regarding the robustness of interoperability within the global system,
of
If successfully completed,
Even when receiving signals from multiple satellite systems,
GNSS users will be able to enjoy the benefits of being able to use only one device.


This will provide additional data,
particularly in urban and mountainous regions,
and greater accuracy
in timing or position measurements.

This is equivalent to adding (increasing) data (satellite signals), especially in rural and mountainous areas.
It should provide higher accuracy in time acquisition or position measurement. ■


To benefit from these achievements,
GNSS users
need to stay
abreast of the latest developments in GNSS-related areas and
build
the capacity to use the GNSS signals.

To benefit from these achievements
GNSS users
Need to keep up with the latest developments in GNSS-related areas,
We need to build the ability to leverage GNSS signals.


In conclusion, as we move forward in the 21st century, governments and business in developing
and industrialized countries are exploring potential growth areas for their national
economies.

In conclusion, as we move forward in the 21st century, the governments and industries of developing and industrialized nations are exploring potential economic areas for their national economies.
one place
is.

Almost without exception, the most promising option seems to be outer space, and in particular satellite positioning, navigation and
timing, and
its potential and future almost universal applications.

With few exceptions, what appears to be the most promising option is outer space,
Among others, satellite positioning, satellite navigation, time acquisition from satellites,
And there are various applications that have almost universality in the future that have the potential to develop (time acquisition timing?).



Annex 1. Glossary of GNSS terms



GLOBal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)

The global navigation satellite system provided by the Russian Federation.
The nominal baseline constellation of GLONASS comprises 24 Glonass-M satellites that are uniformly distributed in three roughly
circular orbital pl
anes at an inclination of 64.8° to the equator.

The altitude of the orbit is 19,100 km. The orbit period of each satellite is 11 hours, 15 minutes, 45 seconds.

The orbital planes are separated by 120° right ascension of the ascending node. Eight satellites are equally spaced in each plane
with 45° arg
ument of latitude.

Moreover, the orbital planes have an argument of latitude displacement of 15° relative to each other.



Global Positioning System (GPS)

The global navigation satellite system provided by the United States of America.
The GPS baseline constellation consists of 24 slots in six orbital planes, with four slots per plane.

Three of the slots are expandable and can hold no more than two satellites.

Satellites that are not occupying a defined slot in the GPS constellation occupy other locations in the six orbital planes.

Constellation reference orbit parameters and slot assignments as of the defined epoch are described in the fourth edition of the GPS
Standard Po
Positioning Service Performance Specification, dated September 2008.

As of that date, the GPS constellation had 30 operational satellites broadcasting healthy navigation signals: 11 in Block IIA, 12 in
Block IIR a
nd 7 in Block IIR-M.




Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

A regional space-based Positioning Navigation and Timing (PNT) system advanced by the Japanese government, which covers the East
Asia and Oceania
a region.

It transmits four GPS interoperable signals and two augmentation ones in order to improve current GPS availability and performance.






GPS-aided GEO-Augmented Navigation System (GAGAN)

A planned implementation of a regional Satellite-based Augmentation System (SBAS) by India.

It is a system to improve the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing reference signals.

As an operational system, it is planned that the space segment will consist of two geostationary satellites, located at 82° E and
55° E spec
tively, each of which will carry a bent pipe transponder.

An additional on-orbit spare (located at 83° E) will also be added.




Compass/BeiDou navigation satellite system

The global navigation system of China.

The system consists of five geostationary satellites and 30 non-geostationary satellites.

The geostationary satellites are located at 58.75° E, 80° E, 110.5° E, 140° E and 160° E.



Compatibility Refers to the ability of global and regional navigation satellite systems and
augmentations to be used separately or together without causing unacceptable interference
and/or other harm to an individual system and/or service:
* The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) provides a framework for discussions
on radiofrequency compatibility.
Radiofrequency compatibility should
involve thorough consideration of detailed technical factors, including effects on
receiver noise floor and cross-correlation between interfering and desired signals;
* Compatibility should also respect spectral separation between each system's authorized
service signals and other systems' signals.
Recognizing that some signal overlap
may be unavoidable, discussions among provideh the
framework for determining a mutually acceptable
*Any additional solutions to improve compatibility.




European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS)

EGNOS provides an augmentation signal to the GPS standard positioning service.

The EGNOS signal is transmitted on the same signal frequency band and modulation as the GPS L1 (1575.42 MHz) C/A civilian signal
function.

While the GPS consists of positioning and timing signals generated from spacecraft orbiting the Earth, thus providing a global
service, EGNOS
provides correction and integrity information intended to improve positioning navigation services over Europe.








European Satellite Navigation System (Galileo)

An initiative launched by the European Commission and the European Space Agency, is a global navigation satellite system, owned
by the European Union, providing highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning services under civilian control.

The nominal Galileo constellation comprises a total of 27 satellites, which are evenly distributed among three orbital planes
inclined at 56 degrees
lative to the equator.

There are nine operational satellites per orbital plane, occupying evenly distributed orbital slots.

Three additional spare satellites (one per orbital plane) complement the nominal constellation configuration.

The Galileo satellites are placed in circular Earth orbits with a nominal semi-major axis of about 30,000 km and an approximate
revolution
period of 14 hours.






Accuracy

A measure of how close an estimate of a satellite position is to the true value of the quantity.

Radionavigation system accuracy is usually presented as a statistical measure of system error and is specified as:

* Predictable: The accuracy of a radionavigation system's position solution with respect to the charted solution.
solution an
d the chart must be based upon the same geodetic datum.

* Repeatable: The accuracy with which a user can return to a position whose coordinates have been measured at a previous time with
the same navi
gate system.

* Relative: The accuracy with which a user can measure position relative to that of another user of the same navigation system at
the same time.




Atomic clock

A clock that uses an electronic transition frequency of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element.

Common elements used are cesium or rubidium.




Compass/BeiDou navigation satellite system

The global navigation system of China.

The system consists of five geostationary satellites and 30 non-geostationary satellites.

The geostationary satellites are located at 58.75° E, 80° E, 110.5° E, 140° E and 160° E.













Recognition of the importance of research in the polar region by the government of Japan or the governments of other countries, etc., which is one of the important fields where the application of the present invention is strongly expected.
the following resources:
Please refer to the fees, etc. for reference.
==================

・Even in human brain research, the function of the Orientation Associated Area (OAA) in the cerebral cortex is important for higher cognitive functions.
Brain research scientists in the United States have obtained research results one after another, and are attracting attention. (Why the god wont go. Dr. Newburg and Dr. D'agiri)
Le Volt Te
iller brain)

==================
・For biodiversity, the trends and materials of the following subcommittees of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology are helpful. In the Planning Subcommittee on Man and the Biosphere (MAB),
Orientation is important.

Japanese National Commission for UNESCO

Holding of the 36th Man and Biosphere (MAB) Program Subcommittee

We are pleased to inform you that the Japanese National Commission for UNESCO will hold the 36th Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Project Subcommittee.
The proceedings are partly closed to the public.

date and time

Friday, August 12, 2016, from 14:00 to 16:00

venue

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 3F 3F3 Special Conference Room

Agenda (draft)

1. Activity Report of the Subcommittee on Natural Sciences, Japanese National Commission for UNESCO, MAB Planning Subcommittee (May 2015-July 2016)
2. About the 28th UNESCO MAB Program International Coordinating Board and the 4th World Conference on Biosphere Reserves
3. Japan's Response to the MAB Strategy (2015-2025) and the Lima Action Plan
4. Regarding the 2016 UNESCO Eco-park application <Not open to the public>
5. Miscellaneous



==================

・About Arctic environmental research,

"Japan's Arctic Policy, October 16, 2015, Headquarters for Ocean Policy" is posted on the Prime Minister's official website, and the government attaches great importance to Arctic policy.
be. Observation system
promotion of scientific data collection, development of young researchers,
State-of-the-art satellites, in which Japan has strengths, in order to acquire and analyze scientific data in the Arctic for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment.
and observation base
and the observation ship "etc."
It also states that it will promote the strengthening of international cooperation, such as by working on field observations and international joint research in the Arctic region.
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
promote participation in the existing framework, and
● As human resource development,
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
It also states that it will work to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward a resolution.
● Strengthen the observation and analysis system and develop cutting-edge observation equipment.
● It is also emphasizing the development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries.
We are now in an era where directional information acquisition methods that support safe and secure reconnaissance by researchers and surveys in the polar regions and polar regions are important.
This is because compass needles and digital compasses that use geomagnetism do not function in the polar regions.
In addition, various techniques other than this proposal are practically useless. These problems of the prior art have always been asserted in the author's papers (for example,
in 2011
See Masato Takahashi's paper accepted for IEICE Transactions on Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Basic A).

In short, the background and significance of the formulation of "Japan's Arctic Policy" is to ensure Japan's presence by expressing its national will to contribute to addressing various issues in the Arctic.
and look at the North Pole
It is to lead the efforts of the international community around the world. (Overview of "Japan's Arctic Policy", see Prime Minister's Office HP
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/arcticpolicy/Outline_Japans_Arctic_Policy[JPN].pdf
In that sense as well, Japan is required to make a useful contribution, and the present invention is completely in line with that purport.

For example, “By expressing the national will to engage in Arctic policy, Japan will become a major player in the Arctic issue.
We will make it clear both domestically and internationally that our policy is to actively participate in and contribute to international efforts,” proving this.

sosite,「■ Appeal the approach policy based on science and technology, which is Japan's strength, such as observation, research, and environmental measures.
By doing so, it will play a leading role in the creation of international rules and promote close multilateral and bilateral international cooperation.
As you can see from the phrase "building a relationship of power", "appealing the initiative policy based on science and technology, which is Japan's strength, such as observation, research, and environmental measures.
It is an invention aimed at exactly that goal and should be promoted as a national policy.

As for the history of the study, the “April 2013 Cabinet Decision on the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy” was made,
“In July 2013, the ``Relevant Ministries and Agencies Liaison Conference on various issues related to the Arctic Ocean'' was held.
is installed,
[Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Office, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Ministry of the Environment, and Ministry of Defense]
As a national effort,
A total of 10 meetings have been held to share information, and the fact that "Japan's Arctic Policy (Draft)" has been considered shows the importance of this as a national policy.








Quoted below.
^------------"
● Reinforcement of observation and analysis system and development of cutting-edge observation equipment
▼ Arctic scientific data for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment
In order to acquire and analyze the
and work to continuously strengthen observations using observation ships, etc. In addition, a more advanced view
4 According to the U.S. Geological Survey (2008), 90 billion barrels of oil (13% of the world total)
Gas resources are estimated at 1,670 trillion cubic feet (30% of the world total).
-6-
In order to make observation possible, we are developing observation equipment that can withstand the harsh environment of the Arctic.
work on.
● Development of domestic research bases (research bases formed by forming a network of multiple institutions)
▼ Develop a network-type research base with multiple domestic universities and research institutes,
Encouraging cross-sectoral efforts and shared use of research infrastructure such as satellites, research ships, and computer resources
, and promote efforts to resolve issues in the Arctic.
● Development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries
▼ Develop research and observation bases in countries such as the United States and Russia, which are located in the Arctic Circle, and
We will promote strengthening of international cooperation, such as working on field observations and international joint research in the region.
● Data sharing and management
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
Promote participation in the existing framework.
● Human resource development
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
Efforts will be made to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward resolution.


http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/arcticpolicy/index.html
・Prime Minister's Office > List of Meetings > Headquarters for Ocean Policy >"Japan's Arctic Policy"
About "Japan's Arctic Policy"
○ Japan's Arctic Policy (decided by the Headquarters for Ocean Policy on October 16, 2015) [PDF]
○ Overview of Japan's Arctic Policy [PDF]
○ Japan's Arctic Policy [English] [PDF]
○ Outline of Japan's Arctic Policy [English] [PDF]

^------------"


Japan's Arctic Policy
October 16, 2015
Headquarters for Ocean Policy
table of contents
1 Introduction -Rapidly changing Arctic environment and increasing interest- 1
2 Background and purpose of formulating the basic policy 2
3 Necessity of Efforts to Address Arctic Issues 2
○ Global environmental issues 2
○ Arctic Indigenous people 3
○Science and Technology 3
○ Ensuring the “rule of law” and promoting international cooperation 4
○ North Pole sea route 4
○ Resource development 5
○Security 5
4 Specific efforts 5
(1) Research and development 5
(2) International cooperation 6
(3) Sustainable use 7
- 1 -
1 Introduction -Rapidly changing Arctic environment and increasing interest-
In 2012, when a European cargo ship using the Arctic sea route entered a Japanese port for the first time, Japanese research
A research institute announced that the extent of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean that year was the lowest in recorded history. Since the 1980s,
Against the backdrop of rapid changes in the Arctic environment, which is symbolized by the declining trend in Arctic sea ice, etc., international efforts to
interest is growing.
The Arctic environment is responding extremely sensitively to global warming, at a pace that exceeds scientific predictions.
Arctic sea ice is declining. In the past 35 years, the extent of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has decreased by about two-thirds.
If global warming accelerates to the maximum without taking effective measures against
By then, it is predicted that the sea ice in the summer Arctic Ocean is likely to disappear. In the North Pole ■,
Although the effects of global warming are amplified more than anywhere else on the planet1,
The mechanism of environmental change has not yet been fully elucidated.
The rapid environmental changes in the Arctic are causing serious and irreversible damage to the livelihoods of the people living in the Arctic, including the indigenous peoples living in this harsh environment, and to the ecosystem under the fragile environment of the Arctic.
It may have repercussions and the international community needs to respond responsibly. In addition,
Environmental changes include acceleration of global warming, rising sea levels on a global scale, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and ecological changes.
It is feared that it will cause an impact on
On the other hand, as the amount of sea ice decreases, the usable sea area expands, and new routes such as the establishment of sea routes in the Arctic Ocean are emerging.
economical use has become a reality. In the Arctic, the development of mineral and biological resources2 and Arctic navigation
Amid growing interest in economic activities such as the utilization of roads, the fragile and low-resilience ring of the Arctic
Under the current environment, it is important to consider appropriate economic activities that enable sustainable development while preserving the environment, and national
Various discussions on international rule-making, including the Arctic Council (AC) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
It is done on the spot. It should be noted that some Arctic countries have a security policy for the purpose of securing their interests and defending their territories.
There are moves to invigorate security-related activities, and such moves to expand the military presence have contributed to the international
could affect the overall security environment.
In this way, environmental changes in the Arctic ■ have political, economic and
to social impacts and both the opportunities and challenges they pose, Arctic countries,
It is attracting the attention of the international community, regardless of the non-Arctic countries.
Japan should properly recognize the latent potential of the Arctic and its vulnerability to environmental change, and promote sustainable development.
In order to secure the exhibition, based on Japan's strength in science and technology, in the international community, foresight
It is required to actively demonstrate initiative with nature.
1 Polar temperature amplification means that temperature changes in the Arctic in response to changes in carbon dioxide concentration are greater than the global average.
(Polar amplification). It has been predicted by computers since the 1970s (Manabe and Wetherald
1975, Manabe and Stouffer 1979), scientifically confirmed by recent observations (Screen and Simmonds 2010,
Serreze and Francis 2006, Serreze et al. 2009).
2 However, the sovereignty of territorial states extends to the land area of the Arctic Circle, and the territorial waters and exclusive economic waters of coastal states occupying most of the Arctic Ocean.
It should be noted that the coastal state has sovereignty and sovereign rights over the EEZ or continental shelf.
be.
-2-
2 Background and purpose of formulating the basic policy
Based on the growing interest of the international community in the Arctic, the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy approved by the Cabinet in 2013 positioned the Arctic Ocean as an issue that should be prioritized. <1>
Observation and research of the Arctic from a global perspective, <2> Global international cooperation related to the Arctic, and
Beauty <3> It was decided to focus on the feasibility study of the Arctic sea route and work on it comprehensively and strategically.
Based on the concept of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy, we have clarified the policy of more specific initiatives.
From the standpoint of “Proactive Contribution to Peace” based on the principle of international cooperation, the
Industry, academia, and government should take a cross-sectoral perspective and strategically pursue initiatives in a wide range of fields, including resource development, information and communications, and science and technology.
This basic policy is formulated with the aim of contributing to the international community as a major player in addressing issues.
Against this background and purpose, Japan:
- Making the most of Japan's strengths in science and technology from a global perspective,
- Give due consideration to the Arctic environment and ecosystems, which are fragile and have low resilience,
- Ensuring the "rule of law" and promoting international cooperation in a peaceful and orderly manner;
- Respect the sustainability of the traditional economic and social infrastructure of indigenous peoples;
- pay close attention to security developments in the Arctic;
- Aiming for economic and social adaptation to the impacts of climate and environmental change,
- In order to explore the economic possibilities of the Arctic Sea Route and resource development,
We will promote the following initiatives.
3 Necessity of Efforts to Address Arctic Issues
○Global environmental issues
Rapid environmental changes in the Arctic are amplified by global environmental changes,
Because of the potential for global impacts such as global warming, it should be viewed as one of the global issues that go beyond regional issues. The main reason for this is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
Accelerating warming in the Arctic is primarily due to the reduction of sea ice.
The expansion of the open water surface in the Arctic Ocean will increase the absorption of sunlight, strongly amplifying global warming.
As a result of a complex process involving various elements such as the atmosphere and ocean currents,
is occurring. Environmental changes in the Arctic also affect the frequency of extreme weather events in mid- and high-latitude regions such as Japan.
It is feared that it will cause an increase. In the future, there will be no expansion of economic activities in the Arctic.
Even in the case of
-3-
Elucidate the mechanism of global warming in the Arctic region and its potential impact on the entire planet, and study countermeasures.
It has become a new issue for the international community to deal with. Furthermore, due to the expansion of economic activities,
The increase in outflow and discharge of pollutants in the Arctic Ocean, the impact of pollutants on the atmosphere, and the pollution caused by development are affecting the Arctic Ocean.
It has been pointed out that
Japan has played a leading role in the international community in dealing with global environmental problems such as global warming and loss of biodiversity, including the establishment of the Kyoto Protocol and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
Also, while strengthening international cooperation, including with Asia-Pacific countries, we will promote mitigation and adaptation measures.
We have taken advanced measures on both sides,
Japan's experience and knowledge should be used to make a significant contribution to addressing these global environmental problems.
○ Arctic Indigenous people
Approximately 4 million people, including indigenous peoples, live in the Arctic Circle, and they live in a variety of languages, cultures,
A wide variety of identities that are alive with tradition have been formed. Environmental changes in the Arctic ■
Indigenous peoples in the Arctic, who are susceptible to the effects of economic expansion and economic activity, maintain their traditional lifestyles and
It is necessary to consider how Japan can contribute to the enjoyment of sustainable development while maintaining a sustainable society.
○Science and technology
Japan has been engaged in observation and research of the Arctic region since the 1950s, and has been working on the Arctic ring for more than half a century.
I have continued to have a strong scientific interest in environmental change from a global perspective. Japan is 20 years old.
Prior to this, in 1991, as a non-Arctic country, it was one of the first countries to set up an observation station in the Arctic Circle, and in 1990,
Japan became the first non-Arctic country to join the International Arctic Science Commission (IASC),
Data and scientific knowledge have greatly contributed to the understanding of environmental changes in the Arctic. our country is safe
Continuing high-level astronomical, oceanographic, terrestrial observations and simulations
There are high evaluations and expectations of Japan from the community.
In addition, as interest in the Arctic increases internationally, in 2015 Japan announced the
The Arctic Science Summit Week (ASSW), which is positioned as the most important conference, was held.
not only the importance of a scientific understanding of
The importance of industry-academia-government collaboration, including non-Arctic countries, was reconfirmed.
In recent years, environmental problems in the Arctic have become a common issue for the international community.
The elucidation of the social aspect is still insufficient. While making the most of our strengths, Japan will continue to
Further enhance the aspects of active international cooperation, comprehensive cross-sectoral research, and collaboration with stakeholders.
should be strengthened. Including the impact of human activities, a wide range of issues such as climate, material circulation, biodiversity, etc.
A comprehensive and comprehensive view of changes in the Arctic and their impacts on the entire planet
It is necessary to elucidate the causes and mechanisms of change, make precise future predictions, and clarify social and economic impacts.
- Four -
It is important to strengthen comprehensive research to clarify these issues, and to appropriately communicate the information based on these research results as well as methods and options for problem solving to internal and external stakeholders.
At the same time, we will strategically establish observation and research bases in Arctic countries, lead international efforts,
We should strive to foster young researchers who can play an active role in international discussions.
○ Ensuring the “rule of law” and promoting international cooperation
So far, Arctic countries have
Japan is responding peacefully based on international law, and it is certain that it will continue to respond based on the “rule of law.”
It is important that
Relevant international laws, including the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, apply to the oceans, including the Arctic Ocean.
International legal principles, including the In particular, the “ice-covered waters 3” of the Arctic Ocean
, the validity of international legal notions of freedom and safety of navigation and protection and conservation of the marine environment;
It is necessary for the coastal states and related countries to work together to ensure a proper balance.
In recent years, it has become clear that the climate and weather in Japan are affected by environmental changes in the Arctic.
In addition, given that Japan is interested in global environmental issues, shipping routes, resource development, etc.,
It is necessary to be appropriately involved in international decision-making and rule-making regarding the Arctic. this point of view
From this point of view, Japan's scientific knowledge and advanced science and technology, etc., will contribute to the activities of the Arctic Council (AC).
and actively participate in international discussions outside the AC.
It is important to provoke constructive discussions based on scientific knowledge as necessary.
In addition, in parallel with multilateral efforts, bilateral dialogues and cooperative relationships with relevant countries, including Arctic countries.
We need to develop relationships.
○ North Pole sea route
The extent of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean will continue to decrease in the future, and the Arctic Sea Route, especially the coastal routes of Russia and other countries, will continue to decline.
If this route is established, the navigation distance between Asia and Europe will be reduced by about 40% compared to the route via the Suez Canal. Currently, sea ice
situation, development status of infrastructure such as ports on the route, and the status of regulations and services in coastal countries.
For example, although the Arctic Sea Route is not in a state where it can be used stably, the diversification of transportation routes is important.
In light of the importance of this route, the public and private sectors should work together to proactively consider its utilization in light of the future potential of the route.
With the increase in navigation opportunities, there is a growing debate about the impact of ships on the marine environment and ensuring navigational safety.
It is active and should actively participate in international discussions on new rule-making. devil
In addition, utilizing the science and technology that Japan is proud of, we will develop useful technologies for ensuring the safety of navigation in the Arctic Ocean.
3 Article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulates,
However, particularly severe weather conditions and the presence of ice that covers the waters for most of the year may impede navigation or pose a particular danger.
and where pollution of the marine environment could cause significant harm or irreversible damage to the ecological balance.
It refers to the sea area defined as "water area where
- Five -
is also important.
○ Resource development
● Mineral resources
While it is estimated that there is a certain potential for undiscovered resources around the Arctic Ocean4,
The development of cold and ice waters is fraught with difficulties, such as the need for advanced development technology. Given these circumstances
As for resource development, advances in resource development technology in ice-bound waters, cooperative relationships with coastal countries,
While taking into account the needs of companies, we will continue to take steady measures in the medium- to long-term in view of the diversification of supply sources.
should work.
● Biological resources
Concerning the development of unused biological resources in the Arctic Ocean, cooperate with coastal countries and work on scientific grounds.
While ensuring the sustainability of resources, it is necessary to proceed while maintaining a balance with the needs for ensuring food security.
○Security
The expansion of various possibilities such as the opening of sea routes and resource development in the Arctic is creating new friction between nations.
In the Arctic, moves to strengthen the military presence in the region may also cause
It is important not to let this turn into tension and conflict. At the same time, these movements are not confined to the Arctic.
Bearing in mind the possibility that it will become a factor for changes in the international security environment, including those surrounding Japan, it is necessary to pay due attention to the movements of the countries concerned and to promote cooperation with the Arctic countries.
4 Specific efforts
(1) Research and development
● Promotion of Arctic research that contributes to policy decisions and problem solving
▼ The Arctic Research Promotion Project (ArCS Project) newly started in 2015
project), etc., to comprehensively examine environmental changes in the Arctic and their impact on the entire planet.
In addition to grasping in detail, clarifying the social and economic impact, making appropriate judgments and solving problems
Strengthen research aimed at informing stakeholders of information for
● Reinforcement of observation and analysis system and development of cutting-edge observation equipment
▼ Arctic scientific data for further elucidation of the mechanism of changes in the Arctic environment
In order to acquire and analyze the
and work to continuously strengthen observations using observation ships, etc. In addition, a more advanced view
4 According to the U.S. Geological Survey (2008), 90 billion barrels of oil (13% of the world total)
Gas resources are estimated at 1,670 trillion cubic feet (30% of the world total).
-6-
In order to make observation possible, we are developing observation equipment that can withstand the harsh environment of the Arctic.
work on.
● Development of domestic research bases (research bases formed by forming a network of multiple institutions)
▼ Develop a network-type research base with multiple domestic universities and research institutes,
Encouraging cross-sectoral efforts and shared use of research infrastructure such as satellites, research ships, and computer resources
, and promote efforts to resolve issues in the Arctic.
● Development of research and observation bases in Arctic countries
▼ Develop research and observation bases in countries such as the United States and Russia, which are located in the Arctic Circle, and
We will promote strengthening of international cooperation, such as working on field observations and international joint research in the region.
● Data sharing and management
▼ In order to efficiently proceed with research in the Arctic region, where scientific data are lacking,
Form a framework for sharing data owned by institutions and researchers, and promote international data sharing.
Promote participation in the existing framework.
● Human resource development
▼ Educate young researchers for the continuous development of Arctic research in Japan
At the same time, we will dispatch young human resources to overseas universities and research institutes to help solve various issues facing the Arctic.
Efforts will be made to develop human resources who can lead international discussions toward resolution.
● Arctic Research Vessel
▼ Participation in international Arctic observation projects using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), etc.
As a new Arctic international research platform with the functions and performance to
A study will be conducted toward the construction of an Arctic research vessel.
(2) International cooperation
● Respond to global issues related to the Arctic and actively participate in international rule-making
▼ Global environment including global warming, climate change, etc. caused by environmental changes in the Arctic
Scientific research based on observation and research in Japan regarding various issues that affect the body
Actively disseminate knowledge and work towards realizing responses based on wide-ranging international cooperation.
and consider the possibility of further efforts, including new agenda setting.
▼ Standards for ship safety in polar waters, protection of the marine environment, crew manning, qualifications, training, etc.
The Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS Article
), and amendments to existing relevant conventions such as the Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Marine (MARPOL).
In the discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for better implementation, Japanese related industries
Based on the opinions of ■, continue to actively participate.
▼ Toward the sustainable use of fishery resources in the Arctic and high seas based on scientific evidence,
Actively participate in making rules for conservation and management of marine resources with related countries, including coastal countries.
be.
-7-
● Further contribution to the activities of the Arctic Council (AC)
▼ Based on the approval of the Arctic Council (AC) observer status in May 2013
Prior to this, Japanese experts for related meetings of the AC (working groups, task forces, etc.)
Japan will further strengthen its contribution to the activities of the AC, such as by increasing opportunities to dispatch government officials and government officials.
In addition, we will promote policy dialogue with the AC chair country and member countries, etc., and make further contributions.
Consider the possibility.
▼ Furthermore, from the perspective of enabling Japan to further contribute to the AC,
I would like to keep an eye on the trend of discussions within the AC on the role of observers and the role of observers.
We will also actively participate in discussions on expanding the role of observers.
● Expansion of bilateral and multilateral cooperation with Arctic countries, etc.
▼ Further promote the exchange of views on the Arctic bilaterally with Arctic countries,
Consider including the possibility of launching bilateral consultations on extremes.
▼ Polar research institutes based on bilateral science and technology cooperation agreements with countries of interest, including Arctic countries
promote science and technology cooperation in related fields such as research. In addition, research in Arctic countries
Strengthen international joint research on the Arctic by developing research and observation bases and dispatching researchers
do.
▼ Participate in international forums on the Arctic such as the Arctic Circle and Arctic Frontier.
Extensive attendance to widely disseminate and present Japan's thinking and observation/research achievements
to improve customer service.
(3) Sustainable use
● Efforts to increase the involvement of Japanese companies in economic activities in the Arctic
▼ The Arctic Economic Council (Arctic Economic Council), which was established in September 2014, was dispatched
business opportunities in the Arctic, including realization of involvement of Japanese companies in the Economic Council.
We will expand our knowledge of the Arctic region and build personal connections with the business communities of Arctic countries.
will consider efforts to support the national business community.
● Arctic sea route
▼ Clarifying the natural, technical, institutional, and economic issues of Arctic sea routes
Construction of navigation support systems such as sea ice distribution prediction system and weather prediction system
We will promote the development of an environment for the utilization of Arctic sea routes by Japanese shipping companies.
● Mineral resources
▼ Participating in an exploration project in the waters northeast of the Danish territory of Greenland
Japan Petroleum Natural Gas Co., Ltd.
We will continue to support investment through the Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC).
● Biological resources
▼ In the future, when developing marine biological resources, we will consider the environment of the Arctic and
-8-
Investigate a conservation and management framework for sustainable use based on
avenge ▼

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・Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Council for Science and Technology Marine Development Subcommittee Arctic Research Strategy Committee Arctic Research Strategy Committee
sea bream. our country
Internationally, based on a medium- to long-term perspective with a view to the future of more than 10 years, the polar region, the polar region, the Antarctic region, forest research, the ocean, the seabed, and the humanities and social sciences of each region.
Science/Society/Department
I can understand well that they are trying to actively promote and support research such as academic research, and on top of that, I can understand the importance of direction information. international cooperation and
and international competition
It can also be understood the importance of the orientation information of the present invention in
(3rd) June 13, 2016 (Monday) 16:00-18:00 Handouts


・"Arctic Environmental Research Long-Term Plan" (JCAR)
・"Arctic Environmental Research Efforts in Japan" Hiroyuki Enomoto, National Institute of Polar Research, June 13, 2016, 3rd (June 13, 2016)
■Arctic ■Research Strategy Committee - Document 3, etc. reflect recent efforts.



■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee (3rd meeting) handout

1. date and time

Monday, June 13, 2016 16:00-18:00

2. place

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 17th Floor, Conference Room 1

3-2-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo

3. agenda
1. About future Arctic research
2.Others

Four. Handout
## Document 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)
## Document 2 ■Arctic ■Strategy Council （PDF:260KB） PDF
## Document 3 Status of ■Arctic■ research efforts in Japan (PDF:840KB) PDF
## Reference 4 Research data (PDF:816KB) PDF
## Material 5 Main Opinions (1st + 2nd)
## Document 6 Issues for Deliberation
## Document 7 Bird's eye view （PDF:108KB） PDF
## Reference Material 1 ■ North Pole ■ Strategy Committee List
## Reference Material 2 ■North Pole ■Research Strategy Committee Operating Regulations
## Reference Material 3-1 ■ Arctic ■ Outline of Policy （PDF:276KB） PDF
## Reference Material 3-2 Japan's Arctic Policy (link to the Headquarters for Ocean Policy (Prime Minister's Office) website)

Contact information


Ocean Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau

Email address: kaiyou@mext.go.jp





Status of Arctic Environmental Research Efforts in Japan
Hiroyuki Enomoto National Institute of Polar Research
June 13, 2016
Document 3
3rd (June 13, 2016)
■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee
■ Arctic ■ System
atmosphere
geo space
Thermosphere/Ionosphere
mesosphere
stratosphere
troposphere
Land Ocean
Ecology
frozen ground
sea ice
seabed
Mid-latitude/Global
Atlantic/Pacific
snow cover
Human/Society
ecology
Glaciers, ice lakes, rivers
surface
middle class
deep
Sun
1
Document 3
3rd (June 13, 2016)
■ North Pole ■ Research Strategy Committee
Issues in Japan's Arctic Environmental Research
Extraction of issues based on the "Long-term Plan for Arctic Environmental Research" (JCAR)
1. rapid environmental change
1.1 ■ Arctic ■ Global warming amplification
1.2 ■Arctic■-Mid-latitude chain, ■Arctic■-interaction with the global
1.3 Material cycle and ecosystem
1.4 Ocean and sea ice changes
1.5 Cryosphere and water cycle
1.6 Current environmental changes explored from the paleoenvironment
1.7 Impact of environmental change on society
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
2.1 Geospace/upper upper atmosphere/middle atmosphere
2.2 Biodiversity
2.3 Frozen soil
2.4 Solid Earth
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
3.1 Monitoring
3.2 Modeling and data assimilation
4. infrastructure development
4.1 Observation platform
4.2 Research equipment
4.3 Data
4.4 System
4.5 Human resource development
2
■ Arctic ■ Global Warming and Major Factors and Impacts
3
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Role of feedback
1 Seasonal change process
2 Evaluation of radiative forcing of BC, aerosols, clouds, etc.
3 Interactions between the atmosphere and land/sea surfaces. Conducted as a model study at GRENE
<2> Stratosphere-troposphere coupling
4 Horizontal and vertical heat transport between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere
<3> Role of the terrestrial cryosphere
5 Snow Cover, Frozen Ground, Vegetation, Ice Sheet
<4> Future prediction
6 Improving the model, confirming the important processes of atmosphere-sea-ice-ocean interaction, and collaborating with international programs
1.1 ■ Arctic ■ Global warming amplification
－Guidelines for understanding, forecasting, and responding to rapid warming mechanisms in the Arctic region
1 to 6 1,2,6 2,4 to 6 6
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Four
1. rapid environmental change
<1> The role of the atmosphere
1 ■ Arctic ■ Effects of shrinking sea ice on mid-latitude climate
2 Predictability of extreme weather
3 Understanding of atmospheric teleconnection patterns (AO, PDO, NAO, PNA, etc.) and their variations: ■ North Pole ■ Oscillation is strong
Maru? sea ice variation and atmospheric general circulation, polar vortex and Rossby wave response, relationship with ENSO, etc.
<2> The role of the ocean
4 Changes in ocean circulation associated with sea ice changes
5 North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in the Greenland Sea
6 Changes in Pacific Water Inflows Associated with Global Warming: Their Causes and Impacts
7 Feedback to the Arctic via the mid-latitude atmosphere-ocean general circulation
<3> Role of land area
8 Influence of land processes on Arctic-global interaction: land-atmospheric energy
Changes in energy transport and water balance, wide-area understanding of non-uniform land surface conditions
<4> Role of the upper atmosphere
9 Polar and mid-latitude atmospheric variability chains through the northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation field and stratospheric atmosphere
10 Effects of the polar upper atmosphere on the global upper atmosphere
<5> Multi-sphere interaction
11 Elucidation of multi-sphere interactions such as atmosphere-ocean coupled system and air-land coupled system
1.2 ■ Arctic ■ - Mid-latitude weather chain, interaction with the global
－Effects of global warming in the Arctic on mid-latitude and global climates, their social impacts, and countermeasures
1,4,9 2,3,5,7,8,11 9～11 10,11
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Five
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Concentration change of atmospheric trace elements
1 Spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric minor constituents such as BC, greenhouse gases, short-lived gases, and aerosols
2 Fixed point observation, aircraft observation, inversion calculation of satellite data, comparison with ground observation
3 Observation method development, examination of evaluation indicators, multi-regional sampling
<2> Effects of terrestrial ecosystems
4 Generation and absorption of carbon dioxide by terrestrial ecosystems
5 Grasping atmospheric trace constituents generated by forest fires
6 Methane emissions from lakes
7 Emission/absorption evaluation of vegetation/soil and greenhouse gases
<3>Material cycle related to marine ecosystem
8 Greenhouse Gases and Ocean Effects on Absorption and Emissions
9 Changes in Atmospheric Trace Element Circulation Associated with Sea Ice and Ocean Changes
<4> Material transport from land to sea
10 Transport of materials from land to sea
11 ■Freshwater Balance Mechanism in the Arctic■
<5> Ecosystem change
12 Global warming and changes in ring, arctic, and terrestrial ecosystems
13 Surface wetting and vegetation change: In GRENE, we studied the growth and decline of forests due to wetting in Siberia.
Conducted a ■survey■ all over the country. Investigation of carbon balance in forest areas due to global warming
14 Circumpolar Arctic Forest Survey: Forest Growth Situation in Scandinavia, Canada, and Siberia Survey Implementation
15 Tundra Ecosystem: Implemented in Svalbard, expanding the observation area of the Arctic Rim such as Canada
1.3 Material cycle and ecosystem
- Generation and transportation of greenhouse gases in the Arctic region, generation and transportation of impurities such as BC, social impact and countermeasures
- forest areas, tundra vegetation, land animals
1,2,4,6,7,13,14 1～3,7,9,12,15 5,10,11,15
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
6
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Elucidation of the mechanism of sea ice reduction: Conducted at GRENE/ArCS, conducted as model use research,
Role of ice albedo feedback of sea ice and snow cover and the process of seasonal change through the ocean and clouds
<2> Thermal reduction process of sea ice
<3> Effects on the atmosphere (clouds, low pressure, etc.)
- Atmosphere-Sea Ice/Ocean Interaction: Conducted as a model study. Observed data used as validation
<4> Effects on the ocean (stratification, deep circulation, material circulation, ecosystem, etc.)
1 ■ Arctic ■ Ocean circulation and sea ice variation and their physical process modeling
2 ■ Arctic ■ Fluctuations in the freshwater balance of the ocean
3 Mapping of sea ice production and coastal observation
4 Arctic Sea Acidification: Operation of New Evaluation Method
6 ■ Quantitative understanding of material cycles and ecosystem changes in the Arctic Ocean
7 Arctic Sea primary productivity and ocean circulation
8 ■ Arctic ■ Methane release from the ocean ・Methane release due to melting of seafloor permafrost
9 Effects of terrestrial freshwater and material supplies on marine ecosystems
<5> Sea ice change prediction
-Short-term, medium-term, and long-term climate projection research: Collaboration with the International Climate Change Program
1.4 Ocean and sea ice changes
－Arctic Ocean Observation and Model Calculations, Climate Change and Future Forecasts of the Arctic Ocean
<1>~ <3>,4,6,7 <3>～ <5><4><5><4><5>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
7
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Glacier ice sheet
1 ■Ascertaining and predicting shrinking trends of glaciers in the Arctic■: Prediction of wide-area glacier movement, snow and ice microbes
2 Mechanisms and future projections of the Greenland ice sheet: Elucidation of processes such as ice loss quantification and ice darkening,
Ice sheet-ocean interaction, glacier earthquakes, long-term ice sheet movement prediction, ice sheet-climate-ocean coupling
3 Climate and ice flow and destabilization: Long-term environmental restoration and reproduction of ice flow field changes using ice cores
<2> Permafrost
4 Quantitative elucidation of material cycles (ice and carbon) in permafrost regions: Methane release accompanying melting, organic carbon accumulation
Improving the accuracy of volume estimation, grasping the temperature of frozen soil and depth distribution of the active layer, impact on vegetation and water circulation, Edma ice
5 Elucidation of the role and feedback of permafrost in the climate system: improvement of land surface model, future prediction
6 Seafloor permafrost and its thawing effects on the ocean (methane emissions)
<3> Snow fall
7 Reproduction and prediction by terrestrial variation model: Model comparison of ground surface processes including vegetation and snow and frozen soil GTMIP
implementation
8 Global warming and land-related variability: land snow and ice cover and global warming amplification
<4> Hydrological process
9 Changes in the water cycle due to global warming: changes in precipitation and evaporation, changes in river runoff in the Arctic ocean, satellite observations
Estimation of permafrost thaw water storage and runoff
1.5 Cryosphere and water cycle
－Mountain glaciers have been shrinking rapidly since the latter half of the 20th century. The Greenland ice sheet has been shrinking rapidly since the beginning of the 21st century. next 100 years
impacts of ice melt on sea-level rise, resulting environmental changes and social impacts
－ Arctic ■ Role in global warming amplification, impact on terrestrial environment, impact of freshwater runoff and changes in water circulation on land and sea environments and life
1,2,7,8 2,3,5 5,6,9 3,6,7,9
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
8
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Elucidation of ice sheet surface mass balance changes and ice sheet flow mechanisms associated with global warming
-Comparison of proxy data with earth system model results
<2>Differences in the past ■Arctic■global warming amplification from the present and their factors
-Elucidation of dominant period of ice sheet variability
-Sea level change and ice sheet change
-Large iceberg spill
-Atmospheric composition during warming, especially greenhouse gas concentrations
<3>Past variability of the Greenland ice sheet and its factors
-Mechanism of past Greenland ice sheet deformation
1.6 Environmental changes in the present and future explored from the paleoenvironment
－Elucidation of factors causing rapid climate change and impact assessment
<1><2><3><3><4><3><4>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
9
1. rapid environmental change
<1> Impacts of climate change: abnormal weather, forest fires, agricultural production, etc.
-BC occurrence inventory
<2> Effects of land changes
-Thaw of permafrost, resulting carbon release, vegetation change
-Impact on wildlife and livestock
-Impacts of glacier change on surrounding sea areas and residents: Changes in ice sheets, oceans, and ecosystems along the coast of Greenland, and
Investigation and analysis of the impact on local communities
<3> Impacts of ocean changes: impacts on primary production, expansion of the fishery industry, ecosystem degradation, pollution from development
<4> Effects of solar activity and changes in the upper atmosphere: power outage countermeasures, avoidance of impacts on satellite operations, etc.
<5>Response of human society
- impact on indigenous peoples, impact on policy-making,
-development and pollution, health problems, water problems,
-Conservation of indigenous cultures, response to urbanization
-Economic development and evaluation of the Arctic■: short-term, medium-term, and long-term sea ice predictions, development of a navigation support model, ■Arctic■ sea routes
Economic evaluation, prediction of winter sea ice growth: satellite observation and information disclosure, sea in coastal and navigational areas after sea ice shrinkage
Situation understanding: Prediction and countermeasures for increasing waves, coastal erosion, etc.
-Economic development and conservation of the environment, social culture of residents
-Examination of rule-making (policy-making) in economic development
-Activities to support BC and formulate international rules
- Assessment of fishery resources in the Arctic and surrounding waters
1.7 Impact of environmental change on society
<1>～ <3><5><4><5><4><5>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
Ten
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
<1> Atmospheric vertical connection process from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere
- Conducting modeling studies on stratosphere-troposphere coupling
<2> Cooling of the middle and upper atmosphere due to an increase in greenhouse gases
- EISCAT (European Incoherent Scattering) radar observations detected -40°C/30 years (300km altitude) cooling <3>Thermal and dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere due to atmospheric waves excited in the lower atmosphere
Structural impact
<4> Effective and reliable detection and prediction of ionospheric disturbances
<5> Electromagnetic/particle energy penetration process from the solar wind/magnetosphere to the Arctic region
- Evaluate and predict the effects of geospace on the upper atmosphere and lower atmosphere, and their interactions
Promotion of the EISCAT_3D plan to compose
<6> Energy and material circulation process from the Arctic region to the mid-low latitude middle and upper atmosphere
<7> Downward Propagation of Variation of Minor Elements in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere and Effects on Ozone Concentration
2.1 Geospace/upper upper atmosphere/middle atmosphere
－Contribution to global environmental change research by elucidating processes of atmospheric up-down coupling and inter-latitudinal coupling－
<1><2>～<7><2>～<7>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
11
〇Land area
<1> Impact of human activities on Arctic and terrestrial ecosystems
<2> Impact on biodiversity
- biodiversity change, peat swamps, response diversity
<3> Effects of changes in biodiversity on higher animals and climate
〇Ocean
<4> Effects of terrestrial and atmospheric substances on marine ecosystems and diversity
<5> Roles played in material circulation in lower-level ecosystems
<6> Relationship between food chain and ecosystem change/diversity in the Arctic Ocean
<7> To the ecosystem and diversity of marine stratification, devaginalization, and acidification associated with climate change
influence
2.2 Biodiversity
<5><6><4>～<7><7><4>～<7>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
12
<1> Understanding the current state of permafrost
-Distribution and depth
-Development of estimation method
-Utilization of satellite data and climate models
<2> Heterogeneity of constituents of permafrost
-Distribution of underground ice
- carbon content
<3> Mode and scale of warming and thawing of permafrost
- Change in active layer
- Thermokarst
-Temperature distribution, change
-Use of frozen cores for paleoenvironmental reconstruction
<3> Behavioral characteristics of permafrost-atmosphere-snow-vegetation subsystem
-The role of vegetation and forest fires
-Effects of the Little Ice Age
-Changes since the last ice age
2.3 Frozen soil
－Establishment and transition process of permafrost
<1>~ <3><1>~<3>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
13
<1> Interaction with the marine environment of Arctic ridge hydrothermal systems
<2>Ice sheet deformation and crustal deformation
<3> ■Arctic ■Atmosphere-Ice sheet-Ocean interaction in the ocean formation process
<4> Earth surface environmental changes on the scale of tens of millions to billions of years and the Arctic Ocean and its surroundings
Continental development process
2.4 Solid Earth
－Interaction between Surface Environmental Changes and Solid Earth
<2><1><1>~<4>
Year: 2011 2015 2019 +5yrs &beyond
GRENE ArCS Next 5 years 5 years
2. Relatively long fields on variable time scales
14
<1>Ocean: Monitoring year-round sea ice changes, marine ecosystems, and material cycles using satellites and domestic icebreakers
<2> Cryosphere: Greenland ice sheet, mass balance of mountain glaciers in the Arctic ring and related territories, drilling management of frozen soil, thawing
Thermokarst and coastal erosion
<3> Atmosphere: High-precision long-term observation of atmospheric trace elements, clouds and precipitation related to climate, and understanding of spatio-temporal variations based on these observations
<4> Terrestrial sphere: Comprehensive super for monitoring vegetation changes, terrestrial ecosystems, and meteorological and hydrological observations including heat, water, and carbon fluxes
Site maintenance and maintenance
3.1 Monitoring
- Seamless monitoring
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
Elements necessary for future monitoring of marine ecology Elements necessary for future monitoring of atmospheric trace elements15
<1> Improvement of earth system model: detailed regional model, stable long-term reproduction model
<2> Improved atmospheric model: Representation and verification of clouds
<3> Improving ocean and sea ice models: ■ Arctic
Improvement of parameterization, reputation scale processes and mixed layer processes under sea ice
<4> Improvement of land surface and snow ice model: introduction of assimilation technology using paleoenvironmental indices, improvement of reproducibility of interactions, etc.
<5> Data assimilation "Atmospheric Reanalysis": Year-round sea ice variation, marine ecosystem, monitoring of material cycle, oceanic and
Sea ice data assimilation system: Ocean model - Arctic ■ Improvement of processes such as freshwater inflow into the sea and vertical mixing, parameters of ecosystem processes
climate change, sea ice season prediction, atmospheric chemical composition estimation, ice sheet condition estimation
3.2 Modeling and data assimilation
－Earth system modeling that connects multiple fields, data assimilation that connects models
3. Techniques that enable breakthroughs
time
10 Scale [s] 2 104 106 108 1010
Minute Hour Day Month Year Decade Century Millennium
Models less than a few years old
Model over 100 years old
unable to express/
Parameterization
expressible
can express /
main target
It does not change/
boundary condition
turbulent mixing
sea ice (surface process)
Sea ice (glace dynamics)
cloud
Ocean (vortex/ice edge bloom)
Marine (biological pump)
sea ice (distribution)
Ground surface physics (snow cover)
Ground surface physics (frozen ground)
soil organic carbon
vegetation dynamics
ice sheet
glacier
ocean (deep circulation)
10-100 years model
Timescales of representative models (top) and timescales of major elementary processes involved in the Arctic
16
4. infrastructure development
<1> Icebreaker Observation Vessel: Role of Various Defeedbacks and Seasonal Change Process. moon pool
<2> Satellite remote sensing: Seamless satellite observation planning
<3> Airplane: Intermediate between ground and satellite
<4>Overseas research and observation bases
4.1 Observation platform
4.2 Research equipment
<1> Atmosphere: radiometer, Doppler radar, multi-wavelength polarized lidar, highly accurate rain and snow gauge
<2>Geospace/upper/middle atmosphere: EISCAT_3D radar project, multi-point network observation
<3> Snow and ice: ice sheet glacier drilling equipment, core analysis equipment, frozen soil temperature and thaw depth gauge, snowfall gauge, evapotranspiration, hydrological process
<4> Terrestrial ecosystem/material circulation: lidar, hyperspectral camera, boundary layer tower, means of transportation
<5>Ocean: shipboard observation equipment, underwater robot, mooring system, coring, sea ice thickness measuring instrument
<6> Numerical modeling: basic organizational structure (specialized laboratories, division of labor), original supercomputer
4.3 Data
<1> Long-term stable archive
<2> Convenience
<3> Data rescue
<4> Public distribution
<5> International cooperation
<6> Archiving Specimens (Samples)
17
4. infrastructure development
4.4 System
<1> Strengthening core institutions: top-down and bottom-up coordination
<2>Establishment and maintenance of research infrastructure
<3> Strengthen PR
<4> Supporting communities (researchers/stakeholders): Strengthening bottom-up functions
<5> Promotion of international cooperation: Strengthening and increasing transparency of contact organizations
4.5 Human resource development
<1> Fostering researchers: Intern system, summer school, career path development, fieldwork support system
<2> International cooperation
<3> Inheritance and development of expertise
<4> Establishment of literacy and outreach
18





















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Current Location Top > Policy/Council > Council Information > Council for Science and Technology > Ocean Development Subcommittee > Arctic Research Strategy Committee > Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Meeting (3rd)
Handouts > Material 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)




Document 1 Minutes of the 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Meeting (Draft)


Council for Science and Technology Ocean Development Subcommittee 2nd Arctic Research Strategy Committee Minutes (Draft)
Date: Monday, April 11, 2016, 14:00-16:00
Venue: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology 17th Floor Research Promotion Bureau meeting room
Attendees:
(Committee)
Daisaku Ikeshima Professor, Faculty of International Studies, Waseda University
Tetsuro Urabe Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Advisor, International Resource Development Training Center
Hiroyuki Enomoto Professor and Deputy Director, National Institute of Polar Research
Nobuko Saegusa Deputy Director, Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Yoshihisa Shirayama Director, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Makoto Sugiyama Associate Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
Shin Tani Chairman of the GEBCO Guidance Committee
Yoshihiro Fujii Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Sophia University
Ryoichi Fujii Professor, Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University
Hajime Yamaguchi Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
(Secretariat)
Masao Tanaka Director General, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ryuichiro Shiroma, Deputy Director-General, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Research and Development Bureau)
Takahiro Hayashi Director, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Katsuya Kozakai Director for Polar Science Planning, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Shigeru Yamaguchi Deputy Director, Marine and Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Agenda:
(1) The secretariat confirms the agenda and handouts for the day.
(2) Explanations and reports were given by each person in charge on the following agenda items.
1. About future Arctic research
2.Others


[Chairman Fujii] From now on, we will hold the 2nd Ocean Development Subcommittee Arctic Research Strategy Committee. Thank you for your attendance today despite your busy schedule.
thank you
is.
Please ask the secretariat to confirm today's attendance and handouts.
[Deputy Director Yamaguchi] We have 10 out of 13 people scheduled to attend today, so we have a quorum for the meeting.
Also, Mr. Takakura, Mr. Takizawa, and Mr. Yokoyama are absent today.
Regarding today's handouts, I have handed out materials 1 to 4, which are in the proceedings of the meeting. there is a shortage
Secretariat
Please submit your application to

(About Agenda Item 1)
[Chairman Fujii] Now let's move on to the agenda.
First, regarding the record of the proceedings of the previous meeting, due to time constraints, I would like you to take a look at it and let me know if there are any corrections, etc., by April 18, one week later.
is.
[Chairman Fujii] First, based on materials 2 and 3, I would like to ask the secretariat about the main opinions that were presented at the previous committee meeting, and the points of contention in this deliberation.
Please explain from
increase.
[Mr. Kozakai Polar Science Planning Officer] Please see document 2. At the first meeting, the secretariat was asked to summarize the statements made by members of the committee.
roughly
Thank you.
First, the main opinions on international joint research and observation.
centered on tea
Since it is being advanced, it is necessary to clarify what kind of stance we have regarding the use of research and observation results.
I don't know
opinion. Next, what are the mid- to long-term challenges in Arctic research, what are you currently working on, and what are you missing?
or international movement
I wonder if there are some pillars such as direction. Also, what the GRENE project has done in it, and how far ArCS has been done in response to it,
missing part
If you can see where it is, it will be easier to make a research plan in the future.
Thirdly, observations and other activities are being carried out under a medium- to long-term plan.
need to go
Opinion that we think that hint such as the point comes out. Also, at the end, it is unclear where the position of Japan's Arctic research is.
I have the impression
In addition, regarding international joint research, the position of Japan on a large map, the areas covered by observations, the areas lacking, and Japan's leadership
There are many
If we do so, we may be able to see Japan's standing position. Also, sort out what the issues are and who is doing what for them.
need to go
There was an opinion that there might be.
Next, I would like to talk about international collaboration and international cooperation. The three circles on the first page are mainly related to data.
Is it standardization?
I think that a system for data sharing in each country will be necessary.
go ahead with the group
Opinion such as In addition, when standardizing data, we will hold discussions, including who will take the initiative to proceed.
on the committee of
Opinion that it would be good to be able to make recommendations to the extent possible. Also, regarding the third point, it is said that only Japan possesses observation data, etc.
can be
Since there is talk of connecting various data with metadata and unifying them for ease of use, it is an accumulation of the results obtained with ArCS.
Pole and local research institutes
Opinion that it would be better to make some proposals on how far to go while clarifying the positional relationship of the unique data accumulation function.
As for the topmost circle on the reverse side, I think there is room for Japan to bring together Asian countries from the perspective of the user country and provide opinions to the Arctic Council.
squid. from now on,
What kind of strategy should be taken from the perspective of utilization of the Arctic rather than research and observation?
consciously ask
Opinion that it may be necessary to raise subject.
Next, regarding the collaboration between humanities/social sciences and natural sciences, in the second paragraph, the transition from GRENE to ArCS is self-sufficient.
Natural science only
I believe that the priority should be given to the humanities and social sciences, so that the country should be able to strategically implement a more comprehensive approach.
Things to do. sea route
With regard to the use of , Japan will be involved in the development of laws and regulations of coastal countries, and a considerable strategy will be required if we include measures to deal with it.
the balance between
There is an opinion that it is necessary to discuss with that in mind.
Regarding the dissemination of information to stakeholders, this is also the second paragraph.
which rule form
I think there are two sides to this: the development side, and the clarification of the issues that are occurring in close contact with the local area. Also, ArCS incorporates both
I'm sorry, but
Contributing to the formation of international rules may lead to issues such as Japan's interests. In the social sciences, laws and rules
through formation, etc.
On the other hand, ArCS considers how to cover various issues occurring in human society.
I wish I could
I just received an opinion that it is not.
In addition to that, in Document 3, the underlined parts are the revisions based on the first discussion. First of all, it's just the second paragraph of the basic direction of the one-pot argument.
However,
At that time, since it is believed that there are medium- to long-term and short-term challenges regarding Arctic research,
Japan's standing
After clarifying the position, we will organize each issue and proceed with a focused study."
Next, on the back side, it is the relationship with stakeholders at the bottom. As for the second point, I would like to talk about the strategy for using research and development and observation results.
proceeded on purpose
Therefore, it may be necessary to clarify the respective roles of industry, academia, and government.”
That's all for the documentation.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you. There are many extracts from the previous discussion, but if you have any opinions, please.
[Member Urabe] It is quite difficult to determine Japan's position in this area, and I think that this is always a problem.
in China already
We have already invested in various ports, and according to the British Arctic research document, we are an insurance company like Lloyd.
some time ago
I think there are a lot of countries that are showing up. However, in Japan's science and technology policy, there are not many corporate activities, and companies want assistance from the government.
I can't groan
I don't think it's possible, so I think that's a big difference from other observer countries or AC countries.
The way is
I think that it is to draw a line a little and focus on the research side a little. In that context, could you please tell us a little bit about where Japan stands in terms of research?
thank you
I thought
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you. I feel that there is a difficult aspect when it comes to standing position, but it is like industry, academia, and government, and policies of various countries.
In terms of surfaces, the ratio
I think that the position is relatively clear, but personally, I am concerned about what kind of cooperation should be built in the position of international cooperation and international competition.
after all
It seems to be said whether standing position is necessary and thinks. Part of it is relatively policy-related, but the members of the committee asked me, what is Japan's position in science and technology?
or
I have a question for you.
[Mr. Tani] This standing position clearly shows that we first establish our standing position and then publicize the established standing position to the world.
to be sure
I think it's in the words, but to clarify is that the position is not necessarily clear even in Japan, so let's decide first.
That's what I'm talking about
Or which side are you thinking of, deciding and making it clear what to advertise to the world?
[Chairman Fujii] Intuitively, first of all, it is not always clearly recognized in Japan, including the parties involved, so we should discuss it thoroughly and create it.
or
I think there are two sides to this: whether it is properly constructed in the theory.
How do you like it
Uka
[Mr. Shirayama] Last year, Japan clearly defined a strategy for ■Arctic■ policy. In it, the position of research and development is clearly stated.
is said to be
is my understanding.
[Chairman Fujii] It's page 3 of the summary of document 3-1. On the third page, this is probably the standing position, after all. Something like the basis of the policy
think of
is it right?
[Member Yamaguchi] The position is clear, and I think that Japan's superior scientific capabilities will make a commitment to policy. In the end, the ■North Pole■ will be sustainable.
for future use
Japan will think about what is necessary for that. It is not bound by territorial or national interests, but on the contrary, Japan has direct rights.
to the North Pole
I believe that it is precisely because we do not have it that we should take advantage of the position that we can say that we should protect it and use it in the world.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Tani] It's very easy to understand, and I think you're right.
following the trend of
There is a description of what to do, and it says to decide while looking around a little. What the committee members just said is that the position of Japan is decided,
what are you doing
I think it's true that this is the right way to do this, but what does it mean to be based on trends?
just to study
I think that it is necessary to consider policies and diplomacy, rather than the situation, so in that sense, the position is really clear.
Kana to
I don't know where it is.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] I have always been troubled, and I can't see the connection between research strategy and national strategy.
will it be discussed?
What Mr. Yamaguchi said is probably correct and correct, but when it comes to national or regional strategies, there are still interests and for what.
do you research
In addition to the research-oriented part, various things such as diplomacy are involved, so I wonder if we will expand to that extent here. not to spread
also the research strategy
Whether or not we will do it based on that kind of thing in the. With regard to the Arctic■, further policy and strategic
how is things
It seems that it is also sought. In the discussion between Committee Member Enomoto and Ambassador Shiraishi that appeared in the Nikkei yesterday, Ambassador Shiraishi had exactly that point in mind.
discuss until
I am a little worried about whether I should continue.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that the main aspect is science and technology, but in order to advance it, such an aspect will be necessary.
There are sides.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] It is clearly stated that science and technology will be used for diplomacy, so it is an extremely necessary aspect, and other countries
running in
There is no doubt that Japan will not be able to take this into account. Rather, when taking into consideration, the strength of scientific and technological research capabilities and strengths should also be considered.
Japan in advance
As a country, we are positioning ourselves to take advantage of our diplomatic strengths, and I think that is the right thing to do.
[Chairman Fujii] I think there is also the question of whether to start with science and technology as motivation.
was there
I think it's a way of thinking that there will be various developments as you go along, but is it a little more proactive?
[Committee member Yamaguchi] I'm going to add a little personal opinion, but when I look at other materials, everyone says science and technology, but the technology part is not included.
is. engineering and
You can paraphrase it. After all, there is science, there is technology, and there is industry.
see where
I want you to Then, I think that the story will come into view. For example, Material 4 also jumps from science to humanities and social sciences.
I'm listening.
In that case, it becomes a matter of something for the sake of a very small group of indigenous people, and it is difficult to see what Japan should do. actually
Japan is cold zone
In fact, we have a very high level of technology, and all the pipes of the Alaska Pipeline are made in Japan. People from general contractors are doing construction,
Japan in recent times
This is the first time that a cargo ship for the Arctic Sea Route, built by Canada, crossed the Northwest Passage alone. Therefore, we connect these areas well and visualize them.
and exactly
I think we will see stable usage. I think Japan has the power to show such a system.
Last month, we had the ■Arctic■ Science Research Committee, and it's ■Arctic■ Science Summit Week. So I spoke with the AC task force people,
Tenable de
It's all about development, and they want to use it. But I don't want it to get dirty. Therefore, it should be used safely and economically.
both sides
I think Japan is probably the most powerful country.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Sugiyama] From the standpoint of the field, I think that what Mr. Yamaguchi explained about Japan's current position is very clear.
is. There
Up to this point, we also come to mind.
what to do
It immediately comes to mind when I say this, but what connects them, what kind of position Japan stands in, is decided, and what kind of things are we doing in the field?
I have to do
If you are worried about what to do or what to do first, and if you can give guidelines that connect the two at this kind of place, researchers in the field will be able to move easily.
not good
I think.
I think that what Mr. Yamaguchi said is one of them.
year, decade, don
Researchers put together a medium-term plan of what to do. However, as expected, the researcher's point of view is the center
Because I put it away,
Ultimately, it is difficult to think about how it can contribute to Japan's position. Therefore, I would like to give guidelines and suggestions to connect them.
If you can
Thank you for those who are thinking about the next.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Committee Urabe] In Japan, where there is no policy for the ■Arctic■, for example, at the bottom of page 3 of Document 3-1, the economic potential of ■Arctic■ sea routes and resource development
to explore
That's what it says. This is always included in the ■Arctic■ policies of all countries. So, in doing that,
environmental change,
I think that climate change is a very common thing that we have to do our best. However, at the moment Japan is trying to develop routes.
positive attitude
Although there is no such movement, I feel that there are many places where we may be involved in the future when it comes to resources.
However, even in resource development, petroleum and metals are the story below the seabed.
finally there
Sovereign rights arise according to how they are distributed. Then among its sovereign rights, for example, if it comes from Russia,
talk to russia
It means that we will work together to develop resources.
Norway has finished applying for the extension of the continental shelf, but the one that is currently being submitted is Russia. The United States is not a member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
get out of here
There is no way, but Canada once went out and stopped. What is the current situation?
reapply to the formula
That's the situation in Canada. Denmark or Greenland. Greenland has already submitted an application. Russia and Greenland leave
being
Russia is already under review. So, I think Denmark will be next, and after a few years, Canada will be in shape.
Together, the sea
Nearly 100% of the bottom resources will disappear, or rather, there will be no seafloor resources in the public sea except for a part of the Gackel Ridge.
how do you think
So I think the chances of remaining public sea resources are extremely low.
In the midst of this, when it comes to resource development, there are technical developments there, technological developments for resource development, ■ surveys under the ice sea, ■ surveys including ■ exploration ■.
technology
On the other hand, I think that Japan can contribute to these two things in terms of the sea. Then its development and then the environment will not be affected.
technology, etc.
Whether or not Japan will be able to do it on its own initiative is impossible unless it is partnered with an Arctic country, but such technology in ice-bound waters is sufficient.
not
I think that, using such technology, Japan can have the ability and goals to contribute to the sustainable development of the Arctic.
Isn't it
I think
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Member Yamaguchi] Japan is actually the first country in the world to conduct research on Arctic sea routes. It's a big international joint research project in the 90's. present
Currently in the North Pole
There is no major national project that puts sea routes in the forefront, so it is not very noticeable, but I am doing it myself, and the industrial world is finally moving.
Nice to meet you
Mitsui O.S.K. Lines ordered and recently launched a very strong ice-breaking LNG tanker. This is 3 ships. Nippon Yusen also builds ice-resistant car carriers.
and more energy efficient
The basic technology for the Ne-class ice-strengthened ship has been completed. Japan is like this
sow seeds
I think I can show it well to the outside world. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry may be difficult to say, but the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
so beautiful
I can say that from my standpoint. I believe that Japan's status will rise if information is collected and released in this way.
[Chairman Fujii] As you just said, I think that science and technology is the position, but there are parts where various pieces are already in place.
how to enter
I think that it is possible to show from the beginning to the exit, and to comprehensively present it in such a way.
[Mr. Shirayama] I would like to point out two things. First, regarding seafloor resources, although there is certainly talk of the extension of the continental shelf,
about public
Naturally, there is a perception that there are a lot of seas in the Arctic sea, and the seawater in the high seas is also said to have a lot of biological resources.
forget about
One thing you shouldn't do. Another thing is that we must not forget that the significance of research on the ``North Pole'' is not limited to the ``North Pole''. ground
to the entire sphere environment
No doubt it has a huge impact. The ``North Pole'' is the first to have a large impact, and we have already produced research results.
Therefore,
All very important case studies when considering future mitigation and adaptation to global environmental changes in the world or in Japan.
it's the place to be
Of course, I think that positioning is also very important.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Committee Enomoto] Regarding the fact that it is not clear what kind of information pieces exist and where they exist,
A few years ago
In such a state, even though many people go to the ``North Pole'', they cannot see the whole picture.
how it works
I started making For example, more than half of the meeting place for Mr. Yamaguchi's presentation of scientific research on the ■North Pole■ route was attended by business people, who enthusiastically took notes.
Also, Mr. Hakusan
With regard to the global perspective that the member mentioned, during the Arctic Science Summit Week held in Alaska, mid-latitude countries, the United Kingdom, Doy
tsu, Japan, Korea
There was a scene in which non-Arctic countries such as ``Arctic'' were called and their thoughts on the ``Arctic'' were asked.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] As the number one point of contention for this deliberation, it states that the position should be clarified.
position is clear
I feel like I'm going to explore various directions, but in the first place, the researcher has been doing research after clarifying the standing position.
not
There is a current situation. Researchers are not necessarily aware of national policies or Arctic policies. Each field has its own characteristics.
I'm sure
vinegar. However, depending on the field, last year's Arctic policy came out, but at last the national policy came out. However, unlike the Nordic countries and Russia,
and north to Japan
There is no such thing as polar science in the first place. Therefore, in the fields of glaciology, snow, and science, there are things like resources and ships, and the entire Arctic.
determined as
There was nothing related to policy, and there was almost no awareness of such things. Therefore, when we created this Strategy Committee,
stepping on the
Are you telling me to reconfigure it once more in advance, or is it okay not to think about that kind of thing?
I wonder
I think. If you don't do that, you'll see it as "based on trends in other countries," and the basic way of thinking is quite comprehensive, and your inner heart is Arctic Sea routes and resource development.
economical from
It is also wrong to think that we are only looking at the possibilities. However,
at a good opportunity
I think there is, but I think it is a very big idea to what extent there is a view that summarizes the whole.
[Chairman Fujii] I feel that this committee will be able to look at everything from a bird's-eye view and grasp the overall situation.

[Committee Urabe] One very important thing is that the United Nations Law of the Sea stipulates that up to 200 nautical miles is the EEZ of each country, but beyond 200 nautical miles,
no longer
As a result, the sea surface naturally remains. Therefore, I think that scientific research in this area will continue to be very important in the future. is it
Somewhere
Freedom of scientific research in the ■Arctic■ high seas must be protected before the ocean floor and its subsoil belong to the nation. place
but that kind of
There are various movements around the world, such as banning things for reasons such as research purposes, or not giving permission. That's why it's an Arctic country even in the Arctic ocean.
alone on the high seas
As for the region, I think there will naturally be a move to prevent surveys from being conducted. So, I had been doing proper research before that, and I used that kind of framework.
in the research
As a country, I think it is necessary to strongly advocate the proper rule of law and the strict application of the law of the sea, separate from industry.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] In that respect, what the member said from the perspective of international law is extremely important.
now covered in ice
However, it may melt in the future, so the AC presidency will discuss what to do about regulations and future efforts regarding fisheries in the high seas.
of America
We are taking the lead in research and surveys, and negotiations with foreign countries have begun. There was also a symposium in South Korea, where, for example, Japan
books and Korea
As mentioned above, I must tell you what kind of position I will be involved in the maintenance and utilization of high seas fisheries resources in the future. At that time, Japan's fishery policy
what to do
It is a matter of how much is decided in the fisheries industry, so we have to go into that and think about it.
I mean,
I think there is going to go.
[Chairman Fujii] I think it is very easy to say that it should be guaranteed because it has been done freely so far in science and technology, but the law of the sea, etc.
when discussing
In addition, I think that it is possible to say what kind of conditions are necessary internationally, but I think that the main discussion will be at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for example.
is specifically
What's going on.
[Committee Urabe] There is an ambassador in charge of the ■North Pole■, and basically I think that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will take the lead. There are also experts in the law of the sea
question because it is
It's not a problem, but it's not my specialty, so I don't know if Japanese industry wants it to be protected.
so-called
and discuss what Japan should protect. Scientifically, of course, it is the environment, fishery resources, and various other things.
this is something weird
If something happens, it will affect Japan, so I think there are things that I can't compromise on, so I'm collecting that kind of information.
stop it possible
I think it is necessary to mention it as a gender.
[Committee member Yoshihiro Fujii] Here, too, we are focusing on the strategic aspects of research and science and technology research.
When you come. And,
Japan's position here is that it is not an Arctic country. Based on the basic scientific and technological superiority in the country,
how about we
Can you keep working? At this point, it will become diplomacy, but I think it is possible to raise such issues, and I think it would be better to do so.
increase.
As for companies, if there is no marketability, they will end up with only research and surveys. The marketability part is the result of this research and development.
various
If we can see the prospect of working on it, we will start moving tomorrow, so we don't have to think about it too much. However, one recent trend is that the ring
related to border issues
So, there is a lot of movement in areas such as soft law, accounting and governance, without going as far as environmental laws.
from here too
One problem I would like to raise is that if they start to move instead of analyzing it, of course it would be most desirable to have a legal framework, but it is not possible.
But more and more
Western companies are also active, so it is not enough to say that Japanese companies and our legal system need to prepare for such things.
because it's okay
I don't think so.
[Chairman Fujii] We will continue to hold discussions while maintaining the current perspective.
what is now
There was also talk about connecting it to the end in the process and whether the information could be properly organized, so while always keeping that in mind,
fic department
I think it would be good if we could make a final proposal by not only looking at academic targets but also recording them in the minutes of each meeting. do everything from the beginning
is a little
It seems difficult, so how about starting with such an arrangement this time? Well, this time there is also a time constraint.
and all
I couldn't do it, but the secretariat consulted with various teachers and put it together. That is document 4 and desk distribution, but first to document 4
explain about
After that, I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto to show me his thoughts, and to discuss how to revise from the next time onwards.
Mr. Kozakai, Planning Officer, please refer to Document 4.
[Dr. Kozakai, Director of Polar Science Planning] Now, I will explain material 4.
After sorting out the issues that were pointed out last time, we sorted out the current situation in Japan while taking international trends into consideration. First of all, although it is the first one, various problems
Nice to meet you,
After citing issues such as 1 global warming amplification, 13 black carbon, changes and effects of clouds and aerosols, trends and efforts so far, etc.
the leftmost column
The world trends in Arctic research, the trends in Arctic research in other countries, and the status of Arctic research in Japan, etc.
after that
Research infrastructure, development of domestic research bases in Japan, development of international collaboration bases, community formation and information dissemination, and human resource development.
I understand.
The horizontal column shows trends from around 1990 to around 2010, before the GRENE project started, and then from 2011 to 2015, when the GRENE project was running.
year, next to
The research period of the ongoing ArCS project from 2016 to 2020 and the period after 2021 are summarized.
At the top is the global trend of ■Arctic■ research. From 2011 to 2015
means that Japan is AC
, observer participation, etc.
Next, regarding trends in Arctic research in other countries, I have included participation in the EISCAT project, research trends at GRIP, NEEM, and IABP.
vinegar.
If you look vertically at the column for 2011 to 2015, first there are black and yellow circled numbers. This circled number corresponds to the research topic number above.
increase. black number
Letters indicate research at the researcher group or individual researcher level, with colored numbers in yellow, green, and red.
there is a thing
It is sorted out in the form that it is budgeted as a national project to some extent.
The research infrastructure on the second page includes observations by Mirai, the development of autonomous unmanned submersibles, remote-controlled unmanned probes, etc., and the water cycle change observation satellite Shizu
Ku” and land observation
This article describes the satellite DAICHI. In addition, the status of the EISCAT project enclosed in yellow, the cloud radar, the small aircraft, the Earth simulator,
Development of ADS, etc.
I am writing about an item.
As for the development of research bases under it, centers have been set up at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and the National Institute of Polar Research, but in 2016, Hokkaido
including university
The three institutions have been approved by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology as joint usage/research centers. In addition, in the development of international cooperation bases, we have been developing the Ny-Alesund base and so on.
came, but 2
After 2016, we plan to build CHARS in Canada. In addition, in the ■Arctic■ community formation and information dissemination, information provision using ADS, etc.
Arctic Environmental Research Institute
Research consortium, establishment of JCAR, etc. are described.
In terms of human resource development, the overseas dispatch of young researchers in the GRENE project or the ArCS project is summarized in Document 4.
[Chairman Fujii] Do you have any questions about the explanation? In the first place, the 13 divisions of various issues themselves include very large issues and specific issues.
let alone this
I think it is necessary to organize relatively.
[Member Yamaguchi] I can't see the exit because I summarized the described issues as a phenomenon. What kind of paradigm can we build after doing this for 10 or 20 years?
not at all
can not see. I am very grateful to be able to get a bird's-eye view like this, but I need another ingenuity.
[Chairman Fujii] Today, I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto, a member of the committee, to make a presentation as a summary.
so, etc.
After looking over the whole picture, I would like you to discuss what is being done and what is necessary in the future.
[Committee Enomoto] In Document 4, I feel about the period from 1990 to 2011 onwards.
related
On the horizontal axis, my materials focus on efforts from GRENE in 2011 to ArCS, which was newly started in 2016.
vinegar.
Before GRENE started in 2011, there was a great lack of mutual communication between researchers, and since 2011 it has become closer.
is. 2016
Since then, it has been called ArCS, and although it used to be said that it was close, it was only in the natural sciences.
mean
The horizontal axis of the time axis from 2016 is a project that we are aware of.
On the vertical axis, my original focus was on science, but in terms of global trends, the IASC was established before the Arctic Council.
science leads
The background is that later, a council was established to decide and discuss policies. From 2011 to 2015 in Document 4, Japan's AC
Server nation participation
However, in addition to Japan, South Korea, India, China, Singapore, etc. have also been approved at the same time.
Participation of many countries
With the approval of the ``Arctic'', the Council has indicated that the ``Arctic'' is no longer a closed world within the ``Arctic'', but should be viewed from a global perspective.
it was done
In response to this question, GRENE also worked on research themes that corresponded to this. At the bottom of the first page of Document 4, research subjects, from geospace to humans and society, are included.
For experts
You can see what they are doing, but just by looking at the numbers in the circles, you can tell how much you have achieved, what you are missing, and what you are doing.
I think it's difficult
So, I briefly summarized the basic policy and progress. However, in terms of geospace and human beings and society, GRENE has ended this time.
By the way, G
Since there was not enough information to build on the results of RENE, I have touched on the ocean/sea ice, atmosphere, land area, and glaciers/snow ice that GRENE mainly dealt with. ancestor
other than
I would like to have an expert discuss it, and since I scanned it in a hurry from the personal information range, there are many things missing. yeah
the place is the throne
I would like to discuss this with you.
Then, there are 4 pages of materials on the current status of Arctic research in Japan. The large vertically long one on the far left is an international
When it comes to guidelines
Kororo is something that I would like to discuss at this study group, so it is not a proposal from me.
The first page summarizes glaciers, ice sheets, frozen soil, and snow cover.
As for glaciers and ice sheets, when the IPCC report comes out, the first thing that comes out is that the Greenland ice sheet is melting and the sea level is rising. snow and ice on land
melt into the sea
As the sea level rises, the shrinkage of snow and ice on land has become a hot topic.
Nari, mountain ice
There are quite a few rivers, and they have already started to change, and after a while the rivers will melt away. pull it
so as to inherit
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Greenland ice sheet has begun to melt. ■Antarctica■ hasn't changed yet, but if I were to start next, it would be ■Antarctica■.
Uno will happen in the future
I think it might happen. So, the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and then the Greenland ice sheet, which is starting to make a start, how it will affect sea levels.
can you get it
When it comes to global issues, Japan has strengths in model research, so we have included observations and models in those areas.
I'm here.
When it comes to research themes related to Greenland, the topic of melting ice or decreasing volume comes up.
ice block
It was not fully understood that half of the seawater was falling into the sea untouched.
rice field. yeah
Research has begun. In recent years, there has been news that the entire surface of the Greenland ice sheet has melted in 2012.
became the lowest
It was a month before the news. When the surface was said to have melted, the international community wondered how much it had melted in a presentation at an international conference that year.
Taka, that departure
filled with tables. The next year, however, it became clear where the meltwater had permeated and how much it had destabilized the ice sheet.
it sounds
By the way. In addition to monitoring surface melt, we are currently investigating how melt water affects the instability of the ice itself, or over the past thousands or millions of years.
in the scale
So, whether such a thing has happened and whether there are any traces of it is the subject of research. Both Japanese groups
firmly involved
I'm here.
Another point, the resulting environmental changes and social implications, is that natural scientists imagine the Greenland Ice Sheet as ice on rock.
but actually around
There are many people who live there. There are also fisheries, there are indigenous people, and it is a transportation route, and it collapses from Greenland.
there is a block of ice
Societal interest is in what kind of impact the large amount of fresh water that is being discharged will have on that area. Japan should also seek such support.
is included.
In this regard, GRENE has started the first research on melting, but in terms of the impact on society, the involvement in ArCS is included.
where you are
vinegar.
As for the snow cover, we know that the Arctic sea ice is shrinking and the glaciers are melting.
It's been a while
rice field. Over the past 30 years, it has been found that the snow cover period has shortened by nearly one month in the western part of the Eurasian Continent. Is that the sphere of human life?
are plants, soil,
Yukikaku is interested in what kind of influence is being given to such places, what will happen in the future, and what will happen in the future.
It is
Regarding this, the satellite data that Japan has has contributed greatly here, and cross-border monitoring of the entire northern hemisphere, and so on.
increase.
Also, the snow contains black carbon, which has become a hot topic, but only in some areas, a Japanese research group
come in
We have also started sampling.
As for the third, permafrost and permafrost, the process of permafrost transition has not been implemented. Previous IPCC Reports
remainder in
It is said that it was not handled properly, so it is being proposed that it will be handled properly in the next report, but the Japanese community is actually
there is power
However, we are in a situation where we are only able to carry out fragmentary activities. There are high expectations for this internationally, but we have not yet been able to meet it.
Next, with regard to the atmosphere, there is great diversity in the atmosphere. Are you looking at ingredients, or weather forecasts, like greenhouse gas?
long-term climate
There is a point that we are looking at changes and global warming.
As for global warming amplification, we are working to elucidate the point where the ■Arctic■ is changing remarkably and quickly in the global warming as a whole. Greenhouse gases/impurities
about,
Emission of carbon dioxide, or methane, as a greenhouse gas. Japan has been monitoring this since 1991, when the IASC was established.
did. rather
There is an accumulation that has continued for a long time. It has also led to interest in methane and other greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide.
vinegar. black
Carbon is also important for the Arctic climate, but there are those that spread globally and those that are transported over long distances.
from each country
It is a situation where submission of inventory is requested. How much carbon dioxide or black carbon is emitted by each country? it submitted
Lemasu and Lou
There is a possibility that we will enter into agreements on rules, etc., and following the project activities at GRENE, we have also entered into activities at ArCS.
to event
In terms of how international rules will be decided after the submission of the report, I would like to ask people involved in international law to get involved and start a new initiative at ArCS.
It's a dead stage.
With regard to the Arctic-Mid-latitude meteorological chain, Japan, South Korea, mid-latitude countries in Europe, and countries other than Alaska, such as the United States, are affected by cold waves from the Arctic.
to be influenced
As a result, there has been a growing awareness in recent years that changes in the Arctic and land surface conditions associated with the reduction of sea ice pose a threat to mid-latitude countries. ■ Arctic
■ changes in ■
It is like a symbol that it is not closed to the North Pole, but Japan is also putting considerable effort into this, and it is producing results.
vinegar. Especially Arctic
In terms of the route of the westerly wind that connects Japan and Japan, and the route through which abnormalities have been reported, there are activities that have progressed worldwide.
Extreme climate change
A program to improve dynamic forecasting is underway, but Japan is being praised as a model case because Japan has taken the lead and is producing good results.
is included.
ArCS is going to go to these places as well. In this last weather forecast, there is also an impact on the mid-latitudes, but of course the Arctic Ocean
direction of prediction at
There is also the above, and this is useful as information for safe navigation of ships passing through the ■North Pole■ route.
Regarding the ocean, sea ice, and ecosystems, why is sea ice decreasing, and how is the structure changing in the ocean? the ice is gone
spread after
What kind of changes are taking place in the sea surface, where the water is spreading? The area of contact between the atmosphere and the sea also increased there, and the exchange of gases,
waves
Children are increasing. Of course, human industrial activities will also be included in it, but future predictions of such places. For the previous weather forecaster
in a shorter time
However, when it comes to forecasting including the ocean, there is a point where we have to look at it over a long period of time.
Satellite observations clearly show the state of sea ice decline.
No pole Darkness of the night
We are providing the world's most advanced sea ice observation information, as it is possible to observe even when it is cloudy or when it is covered with fog or clouds in summer. Not only the area, but also the current
interest in ice
It's getting thicker. Moreover, it is not only the summer minimum, but how quickly it fades in the spring, or how quickly it returns in the fall.
Or rather
It has become a matter of great interest even now, and year-round observations and observations such as what is happening under the ice require observation systems and observation technology.
■Arctic■Russia has maintained a drifting station on the sea ice since 1931, but recently the ice has been cracking, so we have given up on observation.
I was. this
As a result, the information on the ice regions has suddenly become blank, and it is a situation where some country will go there and do some research.
situation. However,
Since it is difficult to do it regularly, the fourth line from the bottom of the sea ice section, MOSAiC, is currently being proposed.
I wonder if you can give it to me.
Germany decided to put an icebreaker there. Place a German icebreaker in the middle of the Arctic Sea for a year as a drift. International research, international network
to work
Researchers go there and observe for only one year. As for how much results can be obtained, such a campaign
something is expected
ArCS and others are also planning to board and observe from Japan.
Also, acidification has become a very important issue in terms of ecosystems.
a matter of concern
I have. This is also being worked on by GRENE and ArCS.
As for the terrestrial environment and terrestrial ecosystems, when the word ecosystem is included, the time scale suddenly becomes longer. It is difficult to obtain results with just one observation.
long-term monitor
Taring will be required. Also, in terms of how things will change in the future, we need highly accurate information that can be integrated over a long period of time.
but very difficult
By the way.
■Arctic■ The surface of the Arctic region has a wide variety of surfaces.
are each
There are areas where one country covers the area it is responsible for, but if that is the case, there is a bias, so the land observation network, INTERACT, has been launched.
There is
The EU has made an international call to map the range to be covered and see if there are any missing areas.
vinegar. finally
Whether or not to work here depends on the activities of each country.
if you can go in
It's been a while, but efforts are being made to set up important observation sites as supersites and monitor them. GREN DESO
I said
Roha was partly done.
The terrestrial hydrological cycle has actually not been explored much so far, and connecting the land, sea, and atmosphere is a very difficult theme. especially land and sea
to connect
In terms of where water and materials circulate through rivers, this is an important point.
or the sea
There are places where the community and the land community are not yet firmly connected, and there are advanced analysis results by some researchers.
link to
I know that it is, but it is said that this is not yet started.
Ecosystems, forest areas, tundra vegetation, and so on, within GRENE, we set various observation lines and looked at them.
ma
Ping's information is pretty dubious, don't believe what's already done and have to recreate it, or climate change will make it this way
rewritten from
It was pointed out that it is becoming a situation where Such a monitoring system is also desired.
[Chairman Fujii] I would like to hear your opinions and discussions about the explanation just now.
[Member Saegusa] I have heard that the research that had been conducted relatively separately since the start of GRENE has largely been consolidated, and I agree with you.
but from now on
If you would like to talk about the
For example ■ North Pole ■
It provides slightly larger-scale findings, such as whether greenhouse gases are being absorbed somewhere on the continental scale of the entire region, or whether they are shifting to emissions.
where to bring
However, I think that GRENE has probably already started, so I will emphasize that area and talk about further accelerating such areas in the next five years.
so that you can see
How would you like to do it? For example, using bottom-up data and top-down data such as inversion, model ratio
compare, multiple
I think that they should be able to detect long-term trends in continental-scale generation and absorption while reducing uncertainties using the method.
from now on
If we want to strengthen it further, for example, where sea ice will accelerate further from now on, where positive feedback will progress further, etc.
one step ahead
I feel that it is connected to seeing, so I thought it would be good if you could emphasize that.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Member Enomoto] We have conducted various trials in terms of information sharing and model calculations, and we have experienced both failures and successes, and there are areas where we can make progress.
is coming
I think. In this material of mine, I only wrote about the present and ArCS, which has just started, and I have not touched on the future, so
important in the future
I think it will be one of the points.
[Chairman Fujii] After all, there were things that GRENE knew and things that we didn't know, so we changed the shape a little and further developed it with ArCS, and so on.
so-called
Also, as you just said, this is written in the form of so-called cause and effect and its effect,
what
Are they connected in some way? I would like you to summarize how each of these pieces are connected at some level and scale.
is.
Since this is the first time, we will continue to revise what we have received in this form.
Literature/Social Science
As for the next time, I would like to have you make it in the same way in the same way, and I hope that you can make something like a rough draft by the summer.
also like this
There is also the point of view that if we clarify what kind of things further, we will be able to understand the overall picture and create a better plan, so please feel free to give us your opinions.
I would like to receive
think.
[Committee Sugiyama] I think that what you have lined up is exactly the pieces that are currently being conducted at the research site and are being elucidated.
increase. this is
Rather, it is a bottom-up approach. One thing about GRENE is that Mr. Enomoto has compiled a lot of information from the field.
I think it's a success
However, I believe that GRENE is already underway, and as Mr. Saegusa just said, these will work together to achieve one slightly larger goal.
mu
That's what GRENE is actually doing, and I think that's what ArCS is aiming for. Beyond that lies our country, like the first
standing position
I see, the ultimate goal is to make use of Japan's strengths, what part it should play in the international community, and what part it should demonstrate its strengths in.
The piece is
I think it would be good if we could have a discussion on whether we can make such a contribution or not.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you.
[Tani member] There is a description of GRENE, ArCS, and beyond. A five-year program or project has progressed, and in those five years, when it was planned,
I think
However, there is no commitment to continue observation five years from now. Then, for example, where did you hire someone or where did you go to install the observation equipment?
in that country
Even if we do so, it becomes a matter of leaving it for five years and then withdrawing it after five years.
Looking at the current budgeting method, there is always a review, and after five years, a new idea will be successfully created, launched, and each time the project will be renewed.
hire because it changes
I think that it will happen that we will change the relationship of use and buy new machines, but that is long-term, long-range monitoring.
and more desirable
I don't think so.
GRENE, ArCS, and so on, and after 5 years, I came up with the next name, and the one I got was good, I can continue, and I couldn't.
oh no
I think it's going to be something like a rip-off, but I don't think that's the case. how to cover it
think about what to say
It seems to be said whether it is not possible and thinks.
(So far) It's very well summarized.
But in my eyes
I feel like I'm on the right track, so that's the first thing, and although it's not written, I'm doing an international project to create bathymetric maps. ■ North
polar sea bottom
There are rough topographic maps, and although everyone is using them, they are still rough. Countries making efforts to create detailed bathymetric maps
there is
The answer comes as a surprise. For example, if you look at the topography of the seafloor where the ice sheet rushed to the seafloor and disappeared leaving traces on the seafloor,
what happened here
You can see how far the ice sheet stretched and how it moved.
is it something
So, although it doesn't appear in this item as a whole, there are things that are being done in the world that are not in Japan. It may not be necessary to do that, but
I happen to
I am also involved in a project to create a bathymetric map of the Arctic ocean, so I feel a little lonely.
Another thing is the management of information, and the results of observations and research that have been obtained can become one-stop internationally.
to make a
As for the point of contention, it is written that Japan will also participate in such international data sharing, but this is not the case.
and Japan
I think it's safe to say that Japan will do it, but Japan is not necessarily strong, so we have to decide what to do.
Also strong Lee
When we say that we integrate information management with leadership, we send the message that we, as a country outside the Arctic, will organize all data on a global scale.
is strong
I think there is
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Member Yamaguchi] At the time of GRENE, it was an organization called the Polar Research Institute, where individuals gathered and worked hard on research, producing many good scientific results. Largest in ArCS
is still
I believe it was created as an organization. If we continue to perpetuate this, even five years from now, even after the post-ArCS, Japan will play a central role in this.
■ North Pole ■ Research
I think it would be good if we could have a discussion about moving forward. I think what Mr. Tani just said is one of them. This kind of thing happens, so let's cut it in 5 years
It's no good
I think that such a discussion should be held here.
[Chairman Fujii] For that reason, I think it is necessary to discuss the long-term importance, not just this term. still in the future
also vaguely
However, it is a matter of course that there is such an important thing, and at least it does not end here.
and go out
mosquito. There is also progress in science and technology, so I thought it would be very important to be able to properly present it here, so I made this proposal.
vinegar.
Sugiyama: I am researching ice sheets.
see the ice above
I was there. As it has been five years at GRENE, even I have seen that the ice sheets are flowing into the ocean and interacting with the seafloor, and my understanding has progressed.
I was. ocean
I think research is one of Japan's strengths, so I had that in mind.
surface, boundary
It naturally occurred to me that I should.
The fact that Mr. Tani was able to come up with such a thing is because it is making use of one of Japan's strengths and making its presence felt in several areas of Arctic research.
go, suggestive
I think it's only one, but I think there are still many such examples, so I would appreciate it if you could provide information.
[Mr. Shirayama] There are about three. First of all, although this is of course a review of the current efforts, it is fine if the Strategy Committee discusses it in the future.
if so
In the Arctic science, as Mr. Tani said, the important point in the future is that it cannot be done by any one country.
research is solid
I think it is clear that it is necessary to be able to
I want to put it out
I think that one thing is important. This will not come out as long as you are talking about each individual, but it will definitely come out as a more overall policy.
you can
I thought it would be good.
The other is that the area of technological development, etc., is extremely weak.
clear by saying
It is necessary to think about such things as making a list of certain essential technologies, or discussing them.
Isn't it
When. Of course there may be platforms, but I suspect there are many.
Lastly, from the perspective of using tax money for Arctic research, I think that public support or something like that is also necessary.
think like this
increase. For example, there is a famous French apparel maker called agnès b.
See you next year
There is a plan to conduct observations where the ■Arctic■ is enclosed in ice over a period of about a year to a year or more. Such a strong private sector commitment is
then
I think we need to be aware of that as well. In other words, how can we obtain the commitment of the private sector?
If you have a
The concerns of Mr. Tani, who was mentioned earlier, should be greatly reduced, and I feel that we need to think about that as part of our strategy.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] Indeed, as a research strategy, it is not necessary to limit it to the national budget, just like China and other countries.
unattractive
I think it's about building a framework. ■ Japan, which is not an Arctic ■ country, will cooperate with other countries, not only Japanese companies, but also Apple and Microsoft.
will you
Maybe. However, it is still a proposal based on the common task of developing the common asset of Arctic research in a safe and sustainable manner.
framework
is whether the country can show With this amount of materials, I think I can do it, but I would like you to put it together in that direction.
[Deputy Chief Ikeshima] Concerning Antarctica, as a national policy, Japan has been conducting observations and surveys of the Antarctic since the beginning, and Japan has also made significant contributions.
Up to Antarctica
Observations and surveys continue to be a kind of national policy.
Regarding the ``Arctic'', at least a ``Arctic'' policy has been established, but in the future, such a national policy, or rather, some kind of major national policy
project
I think that it will be questioned whether it will be a measure. That is the position that indicates the standing position, and so
don't make it bigger
There are people in the position that it is okay, and it is necessary to do everything with all Japan.
and the whole country
However, in the end, the question is whether or not it means creating a broader, more solid scientific framework or paradigm. for that reason
is 5 years or 1
0 years, we will continue further ahead. In fact, once we became an observer, we were unable to quit.
well, here
My impression is that it is necessary to put it out as a strategy.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that it is a very difficult problem, including the comparison with the current Antarctic.
Is not it.
[Mr. Hayashi, Marine and Global Affairs Division] The problem with the ■North Pole■ is that it stands in a slightly different position compared to the ■Antarctica■.
■ Antarctic ■ Treaty
There was a framework for global cooperation, and research and development began. ■North Pole■ was originally the territorial waters of each country or the EEZ.
little political situation
In the midst of this change, I became able to conduct a little research, and research progressed from around the 1990s.
wrong
I think there is.
Originally, I think that such long-term observations should be carried out over the long term by universities and research institutes with operating subsidies.
There is also a history
So, in the past few years, it's been getting quite exciting, so it's been launched as a project later.
After all, when it comes to doing it as a project, we set a certain deadline, evaluate it firmly, check the good and bad, and move on to the next.
to go with
I believe that this will become the normal way of doing things, but recently, both policies and the situation have changed considerably, and the Ocean Policy Headquarters formulated the Arctic Policy last year.
Although
In such a forum as a whole, the position of the policy has changed little by little, and when it comes to the fact that it must be done over the long term,
anyway
In advance, I think that it will be said that we do not think properly about how to put out a little money.
Currently, it is being done as a project from the perspective of the rapid increase in its importance in recent years, but this is the place to consider
Also based on
It won't suddenly become long-term from next year, but by the time ArCS ends, we have to think about what to do.
I'm saying that
I think.
[Director of Research and Development Bureau Tanaka] Basically, it is necessary to think about it as a big strategy without setting too many conditions at this strategy review meeting.
yes it is
I would like you to think about it. By chance, the government sets up projects in a cycle of about five years like this, but it is a kind of
a matter of method
Therefore, I understand that the strategy is essentially a different story. Therefore, as a strategy, for example, 10 years, in some cases 20 years, etc.
I received it,
Conversely, I think that it is the responsibility imposed on us administrative staff to decide how to do it for the next five years.
On top of that, GRENE introduced that the system was established in the process of moving to ArCS, and in that sense, the system has already been established.
so
I believe that we have established a permanent foundation for this fundamental system. Therefore, after that, the project is a matter of how to get the budget.
then this
We would like you to understand that if a bigger issue than just the budget comes up, we will of course consider a framework that matches it.
I think.
[Chairman Fujii] In that sense as well, I feel that it is extremely important to create long-term importance for Arctic research and technology development.
I will
From that point of view, although there is one more important issue that came up earlier, there was a discussion that it may not have been included.
I think.
This was a very strong opinion from everyone last time as well.
There is also a need,
Though we think that there is difficulty, it is such an assortment. Also, internationally, Japan shares this responsibility, but is there a stronger country?
so that one
I feel that there is a need for such an overall sorting.
This is the first step, so I think it is very important, for example, acidification.
I don't know
That's right. So, although Japan is doing this now, experts may know that there may be something more important.
However, this
If you can discuss whether it is necessary and sufficient if you do this, or whether it is necessary but not yet sufficient, I think you can come up with a very strong proposal. still the limit
very much to know
Since it is important to the future, I wonder if it is possible to polish it up from that point of view.
Committee Enomoto: This kind of community has already been done by GRENE, so while looking at the results of that, I will make an overall review.
from inside
As Mr. Yamaguchi mentioned earlier, we can't do what we can't because of technological progress. so general
Coming like this
I think that there is also a desire to do things.
There are various foundations for technical issues, but is it okay if we make them more specific? For example, autonomous unmanned diving under the sea surface
develop a machine
I think there are various things, such as developing it a little more, but is it okay to strengthen this part?
[Yamaguchi committee member] It is a way of saying that this kind of observation is necessary, so this kind of technology is necessary. In addition, from another technological perspective,
connected
There is such a thing as technology. I think that goes beyond this framework, but I would like you to summarize the stance of other ministries.
that kind of information
I think that it will be easier to discuss here when comes out.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] At the same time, I would like to ask what other countries' systems are like, and how the Arctic countries and non-Arctic countries are doing.
Uno also have information
I would be very grateful if there was.
[Member Enomoto] It is not possible to compare Japan and the EU.
vinegar. for example
There is the European Prediction Center, ECMWF, which collectively forecasts weather information for the Arctic. ESA
roga satellite
I've been making plans to raise it. Also, there were data archives, common data, open science, etc.
one country in charge
There is a framework for multiple such institutions to work together to create a large system.
[Chairman Fujii] Earlier, it was said that companies were not very proactive, but I think other ministries and agencies have relationships with such companies.
but the general atmosphere
Can you tell me even if you don't mind?
[Mr. Hayashi, Director of Marine and Global Affairs Division] The Marine Headquarters is holding a liaison conference with related ministries and agencies. ■ North Pole ■ What is most moving in relation to the industrial world regarding sea routes?
At the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,
Two years ago, we launched a study group, and there are places where people from related companies can participate and exchange various information. Of course the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Arctic Ambassador
I have also created a post, and I have been participating in various international forums to discuss various matters from the perspective of how to present Japan's position in relation to the North Pole.
describe one's position
It is a situation that is being clarified.
In that sense, under the coordination of the Marine Headquarters, especially in policy, science and technology will be used to contribute.
that kind of meaning
So, we have been conducting research and development so far, and we will proceed while informing each ministry a little more about what we are doing.
Isn't it
That's what it feels like.
[Chairman Fujii] In terms of equipment development, I think there are things that must be done in the current large-scale research project. So the long-term outlook
if there is
I think it would be good if we could make proposals in the mid- to long-term on this occasion, including the development of
[Mr. Shirayama] I think that the image of long-term is somewhat different depending on the person,
Because
If anything, the rate of change in the medium term is much faster than on land.
Even if I live
In the case of plants in particular, it takes several months, so you need to be aware that the cycle is rather fast. the rest
long term
I'm a little worried that it's just a discussion, so I would like to ask you to be a little more firm about the order for about five years.
If we can see the targets for the next five years, I think that we will be able to see some definite issues in the next one to three years as well.
[Chairman Fujii] If there is no medium term, there is no short term.
The task itself is small.
At least it won't end in five years, so I think it would be good if this committee could create a long-term perspective at the same time.
increase.
[Member Yamaguchi] It takes 10 years to reach industry, and the lifespan of structures is 20 to 30 years.
economic deci
It's John, so I think you should put it in.
[Chairman Fujii] I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto, but if there is a big change in one or two years from now, we have a system that can handle things like the budget with ArCS.
I'm here
How about
[Committee Enomoto] ArCS covers a wide range of areas, but there are some that are not covered, and the world is progressing rapidly.
but Japan is behind
I think there are areas where
[Chairman Fujii] Please show us the overall picture, including that part. It is not necessary to do everything, so
look at that part
I want to.
[Member Saegusa] In terms of the time scale, as you mentioned earlier, it changes quickly in one or two years, and the detection of global warming impacts and long-term
Trend detection
Climatologically speaking, it takes about 30 years. Year-to-year fluctuations are too large for 10 years, and it is difficult to show long-term trends in the impact of global warming.
so what
30 years at most. However, there are very basic meteorological factors, the extent of sea ice, the amount of heat exchange between the sea surface and the atmosphere, and so on.
go periodically
Strategic, multi-agency, long-term, multi-agency assessments of key items, with a shared consensus that the major agencies will continue to monitor them.
period. That
Above, for example, in research themes that occur every five years, we will focus on areas and processes that should be monitored intensively through long-term monitoring.
Then force here
I think it would be good to do it in such a way as to transform it. To that end, we need to spread the knowledge we have obtained so far over a continental scale and a time span of about 10 years as soon as possible.
kale
I think it is necessary to make it possible to see the whole picture as soon as possible to find out where such changes are occurring. For example, methane is finally
occur a lot
If it seems that it has started to do so, it will be a very easy-to-understand strategy if you can see it, such as intensively investing in it for the next five years or developing technology for that purpose.
I thought
rice field.
[Tani] You just talked about methane. For example, in Siberia.
guys, that's
Just one or two places in the vast Siberia.
As for what Russia is doing, in fact, it is not doing much.
who knows the statue
No one knows. Japan is not out of the network, but the world is out of the network. soi
problem awareness and
We will present to the world what we want to do, and we will cooperate with each country to observe what should be prioritized and what should really be controlled, and in addition, we will conduct long-term monitoring.
persuade
I think this group has to think about things like that.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much. Well, that's exactly what we need. Can't be monitored by satellite
mosquito.
[Mr. Tani] It seems that ground truth is available, but the places are limited.
[Saegusa member] Also, the number of observation points for atmospheric CO2 and methane concentrations has been increasing little by little, and there are also aircraft observations and satellite observations of greenhouse gases.
increasing
Therefore, so-called inversion analysis, a method of inversely estimating emission sources and sinks from atmospheric transport models and concentrations in the atmosphere, has been widely used over the past five years.
better resolution
Since the resolution was very poor five years ago, the resolution has improved little by little.
vinegar. that's the book
When it comes out, it seems that we are at the stage where it will be possible to show long-term trends with what resolution in East Siberia and West Siberia.
I am thinking.
[Mr. Tani] As a scientist, what I should offer to policy makers is a reliable fact. If you do not explain by inversion, policy makers
does not move.
We need to raise the resolution and accuracy to the extent that they move, but it's scary that we haven't reached that level yet.
[Chairman Fujii] I think that today's document itself needs further revision, as you have just discussed.
do you have.
[Mr. Urabe] I don't think it is necessary to do all the things Mr. Saegusa said in Japan. I think that various efforts are already being made, so basically
as far as
I think it is necessary to summarize the above points and clarify what Japan can do among the things that will be necessary in the future. Among them, for example
make an observation
It is hard to understand because no one can see that Japan can make a very large contribution to the world. So, even if it is an AUV, Canada
AUV under the ice sheet
, and conduct surveys to obtain data on the extension of the continental shelf. In short, there are no topographic maps. Russia has it but does not publish it,
who owns the data
It's happening that you have it and who doesn't. The data that Japan can obtain becomes a policy in a scientific sense, which
don't ask the book
If there is something that should be done, I feel that it will have a greater say in matters that are ruled by law. Next time, by all means, what is enough?
I wonder if it's not
I would be very grateful if you could teach me how to do it.
[Chairman Fujii] If you ask people in the community, they think that we are absolutely strong in this area, so it's okay to have a little bias, so let's make it.
if possible
I think.
[Member Yoshihiro Fujii] In order to create a persuasive bird's-eye view, I think it is necessary to indicate the priority to the outside world.
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] Lastly, there is one last point in the main points of discussion in Material 3.
field collaboration
Research is progressing with some kind of cooperative relationship and whether this can be done well. That is the big difference from GRENE and the development. then
to this Arctic
■As the research strategy committee, we consider how far the humanities and social sciences should be involved in research in the fields of natural sciences and technology, and what aspects are important.
I think it's a story
is.
The reason is that the issue of global warming, various legal frameworks, and international legal frameworks are all based on such natural science data, etc.
country
The creation of a framework for international society has begun. Ultimately, what kind of contribution Japan can make in this regard will ultimately depend on the creation of a legal system.
the biggest seki
It is given. Whether it's the issue of the continental shelf, deep-sea resources, or anything else, it's going to be related to diplomacy and other things.
I'm coming
However, I feel that it is necessary for us to consider to some extent whether we should act as a bridge between them.
did.
[Chairman Fujii] This time, we asked Mr. Enomoto to prepare the report, focusing on the parts that can be under his control. As a proposal, I would like to have a specialist make what I couldn't do this time.
I can't
I think so, but also about geospace, this time especially the very important humanities and social sciences related to human beings and society were created.
not
So, I would like to decide the person in charge and choose the most appropriate person, but I would like to have various opinions about what you created this time.
etc. was
So, I would like you to take that into consideration when making it. I think it would be better if you could raise more specific issues while maintaining flexibility.
I think
Do you know anyone who is qualified?
[Deputy Chair Ikeshima] In terms of the humanities and social sciences, Mr. Takakura is a committee member.
I think.
[Chairman Fujii] Of course, one person can't cover everything, so we'll form a group with someone who knows, and we'll do something rough in about a month.
first make
How about giving it away?
[Committee Enomoto] I think that the mechanism itself to call out from GRENE to ArCS is already in place, so please look for it.
[Chairman Fujii] And I would like to ask Mr. Enomoto to act as a liaison.
[Committee Enomoto] Also, regarding the natural environment, we have been monitoring for many years, and we are going to spend a lot of time investigating.
even things that change
There are things that happen suddenly, but things that are controlled by the natural world.
decide something hard
I think there is such a thing as being able to read that a considerably different time scale will come out.
[Chairman Fujii] As I mentioned earlier, there is the problem of legal development, but there are also two aspects, such as the needs of local people.
[Member Enomoto] For example, the United States is currently chairing the Arctic Council.
when I'm doing it
Or Finland next time, I think there are various time scales like that.
[Chairman Fujii] Then, although it is a little difficult, I would like to ask Mr. Takakura in the way I am doing now, and Mr. Enomoto will support it.
tee's opinion
Is it all right if I incorporate it into my work?
Also, how about geospace?
[Tani] I have a map in my head to some extent about what is going on in the world of seafloor topography, but Japan is almost zero. JAMSTEC
of the seafloor topography
■It is being investigated, but it has not yet reached the point where it can be used to do something. However, that JAMSTEC is being done, and it is being done in the "North Pole"
■ Topography of the sea
Data is very much appreciated because it measures where there is the least amount of data.
[Chairman Fujii] Could you summarize that part as well?
[Member Enomoto] Geospace is for the upper atmosphere.
[Chairman Fujii] There is also the upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere is being researched by Mr.
generally
I would like you to start.
[Committee Enomoto] In order to receive this information, my research institute also approached various people, so I have an idea of who to contact.
vinegar.
[Chairman Fujii] I understand. Please reach out to the community and let us know what you think. Come thank you.
I would like to ask you to make it as comprehensive as possible first, and then ask from the viewpoint of what you will do in it.
After that, next time, I will ask you to create rough data for the humanities/social sciences and geosciences.
want to
increase.

(About Agenda 2)
[Chairman Fujii] In addition, is there anything else from the secretariat?
[Mr. Yamaguchi, Deputy Director, Marine & Global Affairs Division] I would like to introduce a personnel change.
On April 1st, Mr. Shiroma took up his post as Deputy Director-General of the Minister's Secretariat in charge of the Research and Development Bureau.
[Mr. Shirama] I apologize for being late today. My name is Shiroma, and I was appointed as a councilor on April 1st. Nice to meet you
please
increase.
[Chairman Fujii] Thank you very much. Thank you again.

-- done --





Contact information


Ocean Earth Division, Research and Development Bureau

Email address: kaiyou@mext.go.jp
.

(Research and Development Bureau Marine Earth Division)
Return to top of page
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology homepage top
.

-- Registration: August 2016 --



















□ As for dealing with drifting debris on the ocean caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake, it is an important initiative on the Prime Minister's official website.
Here, when conducting surveys, exploration, searches, etc., it is not necessarily the case that those who are familiar with the area will do it.
Because of the scars and elderly people, volunteers and young people from distant prefectures, police officers from distant places, Self-Defense Forces from distant places, civil servants from distant places, etc.
with the help of
In many cases, there is no familiarity with the area, and it is often possible to confirm the current location by obtaining the direction.
Visual information cannot be used when a landmark is swept away by a tsunami, but macroscopic information such as which direction the sea opens up and a cape can be seen on the left.
information
It is possible that the
Those who often take a walk along the coastline such as Sydney (mostly Westerners and Japanese living along the coastline) know this from experience.
In other words, GPS location information often contains errors, and in places with many intricate coastlines, it is rather confusing.
In many cases, direction information may be more useful for quickly and accurately identifying the current location on a map or electronic map.
It is because there are many.
In this case, there is a need for a simple, compact, and lightweight azimuth acquisition method using GPS, which is already incorporated in mobile phones, smartphones, etc.
The present invention has great effects in such applications.




INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can be localized as a marine-related technology in remote isolated islands, including Minamitorishima, and has a great effect in this area.
It is essential for anyone who visits a place and conducts research, exploration, data collection, research, construction, observation equipment installation, equipment adjustment work, etc. to obtain a bearing.
but in that case
However, other conventional technologies other than the present invention, for example, geomagnetism utilization technology of compass
Remotely isolated islands are affected by magnetic disturbances such as the effects of lava formation, and these effects are invisible.
Because it is extremely scarce, blind belief in the detection results of the magnetic system will expose workers, investigators, engineers, researchers, supervisors, self-defense force personnel, etc., to extremely dangerous situations.
be. sickness there
Since there are no hospitals, medical facilities, or relief organizations, it is clear that recovery will be extremely difficult once problems arise. This technology is very useful in this regard.
have an effect
It is.

Prime Minister's Office Home > Meeting List > Headquarters for Ocean Policy > Holding of the 5th "Committee for Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Marine-Related Technology Development on Remote Islands"
hand


Holding of the 5th "Committee for the Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Ocean-Related Technology Development on Remotely Isolated Islands"
On March 2, 2016 (Wednesday), the 5th meeting of the "Committee for Promotion of Industry-Academia-Government Collaborative Marine-Related Technology Development on Remotely Isolated Islands" will be held.
At this meeting, the committee deliberated on the progress of marine-related technology development being carried out on Minamitorishima and the promotion of technology development utilizing remote isolated islands in the future.
to hold.
The “Committee for the Promotion of Development of Ocean-Related Technology on Remotely Isolated Islands through Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration” has established the following:
preservation and support of
Based on the Basic Plan Concerning the Development of Pollution Facilities (decided by the Cabinet on July 13, 2010), deliberations will be held on measures to promote the development of ocean-related technology on remote isolated islands.
We are here.
We would like to inform you that the 5th Committee Meeting will be held as follows.

Record

1. Date: Wednesday, March 2, 2016 10:00-11:30
2. Venue: Joint Government Building No. 2 Common Meeting Room 3A
3. agenda:
Status of coordination among stakeholders, including researchers
Progress status of ocean-related technology development in Minamitorishima
Toward the promotion of technological development utilizing remote islands
Details and schedule of the committee, etc.
4. List of committee members: See attachment
5. others:
・The committee is not open to the public, but you can take a camera at the beginning. Those who wish, March 1 (Tue) 17:00
Register your name, contact information, etc. with the camera registration below, and hold the meeting at least 15 minutes before the start of the meeting.
Please come directly to the place.
・The materials and summary of proceedings will be posted on the website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism at a later date.

Contact information
(Low-Tide Preservation Law Basic Plan, purpose of this committee, etc.)
Cabinet Secretariat Headquarters for Ocean Policy Secretariat
TEL: 03-6257-1959 (direct)

(Technical development issues, the current situation of Minamitorishima, etc., where to register camera shots at the beginning)
Technology Policy Division, Policy Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
TEL: 03-5253-8111 (Representative) Extension: 25615, 25625
03-5253-8308 (direct)
Fax: 03-5253-1560





















http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/kaiyou/mich/mich.html
policy meeting
Top > Meeting List > Headquarters for Ocean Policy

About the Marine Information Clearinghouse

- Information search service for people active in the ocean (Marine Page) -

On March 19, 2010, it was announced where and what kind of information about the ocean held by government agencies, universities, local governments, etc., and what to do about it.
can i get
We have started operation of the "Ocean Information Clearinghouse", which allows you to centrally search for information on the Internet.

Marine Information Clearinghouse Website: http://www.mich.go.jp/

As a first step toward developing a system for centralized management and provision of maritime information, which is one of the main measures of the Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (approved by the Cabinet in March 2008), each organization should
maritime affairs like
Marine information clear, which allows you to centrally search on the Internet for location information that describes how information and data are held and provided by what means
ring house
was constructed and operated by the Japan Coast Guard in cooperation with related organizations under the comprehensive coordination of the Secretariat of the Headquarters for Ocean Policy, Cabinet Secretariat.

The Marine Information Clearinghouse is a collection of marine information distributed among various organizations in Japan.
For research institutes, etc.
It is an information search service for those who need information on the ocean, aiming to provide it in an easy-to-use manner. In addition to those offered online,
offline
It also covers a wide range of provided information, from natural information such as water temperature and ocean currents to social information such as disaster prevention and legal systems.


By using the clearinghouse, it is possible to know where and how to obtain the desired information, so the time and effort required to obtain the information can be reduced.
is reduced
is expected.

Above: Image of obtaining information using the Marine Information Clearinghouse

As a first step to make information retrieval simple and easy, we created a link collection of marine information related to the Great East Japan Earthquake in order to promote the sharing and use of marine information related to the Great East Japan Earthquake.
done.
Utilizing the functions of the marine page, the posted information is related to the earthquake disaster, such as drifting ships, navigational warnings, ocean currents, radiation monitoring values, fisheries, etc., with the cooperation of related organizations.
various information
Enhanced and strengthened.

○ Main screens of the Marine Information Clearinghouse
● Top page
● Search screen
● Search results
● Map display

(reference)
○ Regulations related to efforts to unify maritime information
○ Task Force for Operation of Marine Information Clearinghouse

>> Go to the top of this page


In addition, as mentioned above, against the background of the emergence of demand
A marine information clearing house has been set up, and it is officially introduced on the Prime Minister's official website.
Demand for marine information will increase more than ever in the future
This is expected, and in that sense as well, the usefulness of the present invention has a great effect.


=========================





Humanities and social sciences related to the Arctic in Japan
Humanities 3 fields (Economy, Environment, Governance)
Hiroki Takakura
Tohoku University Center for Northeast Asian Studies
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
? Discipline-based, such as economics, anthropology, law, and political science
? Conventionally, national-based analysis lacks a comprehensive regional research perspective.
? The biggest difference from Western Arctic research: Exploration, history of science, history of our own country
Positioning of the Arctic: Why is it necessary to treat the Arctic as a "region"?
continue with home country research
Economy
human environment
(indigenous and non-indigenous)
governance
(Law and Politics)
institutional
Approach
blood
substantive
Approach
blood
Fieldwork
statistical survey
legal system
International organization
National/local government
1
Human environment 1 Economy
1 Main research items
Current Status and Issues of Oil and Gas Development in the Russian Arctic (Collaboration with Researchers of Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC))
force)
Current status and issues of the Northern Sea Route (in cooperation with engineering researchers)
Current Status and Problems of Economic Development (Including Population Issues) in the Russian Arctic Region
Current Status and Problems of Environmental Protection Measures in the Russian Arctic
Current Status and Problems of Policies for Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Arctic
Examination of Arctic regional development policies promoted by the Russian government and local governments
Resource development and economic development, regional development
2 Main project name
Project name: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Bilateral Exchange Program Joint Research (Finland) "Russia's Last Energy Frontier:
Challenges for Sustainable Development in the Far North (2014-2016) Far North Russia (Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Yamalo
Field survey on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
3 International research cooperation:
Finnish researchers (University of Helsinki, University of Lapland, University of Turku, University of Tampere)
Russian researchers (St. Petersburg University, Northern (Arctic) Federal University (Arkhangelsk)), local government officials
2
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Human environment 2 Culture and society
1 Current status of cultural research on Arctic human societies?
After the collapse of Ren
2 Main research items
・Emergency research on endangered languages in the North Pacific Rim (Base A: Hirohito Miyaoka et al.; continued from 1990s)
・Analysis of impacts of global warming on indigenous communities in the Arctic region by reconstructing micro-environmental history (Publication B: Hiroki Takakura; 2010-2013)
・Environmental adaptation of culture in the Russian Far East forest area (Foundation A: Shiro Sasaki, 2009-2012)
・Indigenous Subsistence Whaling and Indigenous Rights in North America (Base B: Nobuhiro Kishigami, 2009-2014)
・Comparative Study of Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Science: An Ethnographic Analysis of the Sharing Process of Knowledge and Technology (Publication A: Keiichi Omura, 2013-2018)
3 Main themes
・Endangered Languages: Indigenous Languages of the North Pacific Rim
・Anthropology and area studies related to adaptation of local residents to climate change
4 Features
・Russian Arctic (Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia), countries related to the languages, cultures, societies, and indigenous rights of indigenous peoples in the North American Arctic
Basic research at the international level
・Enhancement of research support organizations: Regional research centers such as the National Museum of Ethnology, Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples, Hokkaido University Sura Research Institute, and Tohoku University Research Institute for Northeast Asian Studies
establishment of a medium-term research cooperation system with research institutes in Russia and North America
・Slow applied research (resource development, environmental problems, health and public health, etc.): Capacity building - human development
- Arctic residence
・International collaboration: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Cambridge University Scott Polar Institute, Smithsonian Museum Arctic Center 3
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Governance 1 Politics
1 Main research themes <1> Emergence of Arctic Ocean Governance Research
? The Arctic as a place of conflicting national interests (eg Ostreng 1999, Borgerson 2008)
? Governance Formation of Pan-Arctic Regional Cooperation (eg Oshrenko & Young 1989)
? Regime Analysis: Analysis of Stability Factors (eg Onishi) - Japan
<2> The Arctic as a subject of area studies
? Regional contexts and political processes in each country
? Studies on Political Social Movements and Indigenous Governance from the Perspective of Consumers (eg Nuttall 2008, 2009)
? The right to control the social situation of the residents = the reality of the right to self-determination (eg Takahashi) - Japan
2 Major projects
? Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) "International Politics of the Arctic Ocean" (2014.4-2017.3) Fujio Onishi (Representative)
? Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A) “Autonomy and Climate Change” (2014.4-2030.3) Minori Takahashi (representative)
3 Research trends and issues ( <1>＋ <2>)
? Deviation of target area: Russia and other “great powers” centered, North Atlantic waters (globally) blank area
? Biased target audience: Since it is premised on "how Japan is involved in the Arctic (Japan's diplomatic strategy)," the Arctic Council (AC)
(*The 2008 Arctic Ocean Conference was held outside the framework of the AC)
Insufficient research on the factors that change the security environment
Although it has been pointed out that attention will be paid to strengthening the military presence in the Arctic region, the ArCS also has specific research groups and studies.
It is a missing link in understanding international relations in the Arctic region.)
How to respond to criticism from anthropology that "political science looks at society but not people" 4
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
Governance 2: Arctic International Legal System/Arctic Law
Year Research trends in Japan Research trends overseas
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010
2015
* The North Pole as an Accompaniment to Antarctic Treaty System Studies: Special Issue No. 353 of International Affairs (1989)
*Research on Arctic routes: INSROP (1993-) → No legal research follow-up
"Polar Region" (100th anniversary of the Society of International Law) (2001)
"Blank 10 Years"
Publication of Arctic Quarterly (2009?)
Start of Arctic international law and institutional research triggered by AC observer application
International Law Society Special Issue "Law and Politics in the Arctic" (2011)
Okuwaki Naoya et al., Arctic Ocean Governance (2013); Institute of International Affairs, Arctic Governor
Foreign Affairs and Japan's Diplomatic Strategy” Report (2013);
(2013); "International Issues" No. 627 Special Feature: "Focus: What is the Arctic Ocean Issue?" (2013)
Hokkaido University Arctic Research Center, Humanities and Social Science Research Group established
Initiation of research to envision an Arctic international legal order, Arctic Council (AC) institutional research book
classification
Kobe University Polar Cooperation Research Center (PCRC) established as an ArCS participating organization (2015), UArctic
The first Asian research institute to join the Polar Law Thematic Network
Establishment of the Polar International Institutional Research Forum, aiming at the fusion of humanities and sciences, "Prospects for the Arctic International Legal Order"
Published (2016)
Scientific Research Platform B "Concept of the Arctic International Legal Order" (Kobe University, Representative Shibata, 2016-2020)
The perspective of order-making is attracting attention from around the world
Dawn of Arctic Governance Research
Establishment of the Arctic Center of the University of Lapland
(1989)
AEP (1991)
◆ Advocating the Arctic Treaty (Donat Pharand)
◆ Spitsbergen Treaty Research (G.
Ulfstein)
Arctic
Council (1996)
◆ Arctic International Law and Institutions Centered on AC
full-scale research, research on the Arctic Ocean and the law of the sea
(T. Koivurova, D. VanderZwaag, etc.)
◆Research on domestic laws related to Arctic countries
◆ Development of research forums:
Polar Law Symposiums (2008?)
Yearbook of Polar Law published (2009?)
◆ Building an international network for Arctic law research
U-Arctic Polar Law Thematic
Network (2011)
◆ Social scientific knowledge and natural scientific knowledge
development of “holistic” research aiming at the fusion of
Start: Arctic Future Initiative (IIASA)
(2014-) Belmont Forum Pan-Arctic
Options (2015?)
Created by Kobe University PCRC 5
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee
International Priority Research on Arctic Human Societies
Area and Future
1 International trends
? Arctic Human Development Report (Arctic Council, I-2004, II-2015)
? International Conference on Arctic Research Planning III (2015) - Integrating Arctic Research - A
roadmap of the future
? Sustainable development of natural resources, human security related to food and water, social differences such as age, gender, and ethnicity
different
→Adaptation of Arctic society to environmental change (climate/society) and its support, system design related to collaboration between Arctic and non-Arctic
2 Research area
? Governance - security, international order, economic exchange, human rights, indigenous peoples
?Human Environment - Economic Development and Local Communities, Human Development, Indigenous Peoples
3 Future
? From current situation analysis research to future design research
? Necessity of interdisciplinary research between humanities and social sciences
? Necessity of interdisciplinary research and social collaboration research (trans-science)
? Cooperation between scholars/stakeholders in non-Arctic countries and the Arctic region
humanities and social sciences
Field collaboration
the need for
natural Science
of the knowledge of
fusion
interest
stake holder,
right holder) and
collaboration of
6
Document 2
3rd (June 13, 2016)
Arctic Research Strategy Committee

=======================


“Humanities and social sciences related to the Arctic in Japan
3 fields of Humanities (Economy, Environment, Governance), Hiroki Takakura, Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University Document 2
At the 3rd (June 13, 2016) Arctic Research Strategy Committee
as can be seen,
in the polar regions,
substantive
Approach
Statistical survey based on fieldwork as Chi, and
institutional
Approach
as Chi
legal system,
International organization,
Based on consideration of national and local autonomy,
The trinity of human environment (indigenous and non-indigenous), governance (law and politics) and economics is about to be explored.
this is,
Security, international order, economic exchange, human rights, governance such as indigenous people,
Research subjects include human environment fields such as economic development and local communities, human development, and indigenous peoples.In the future, we will move from current situation analysis research to future design research, and the need for interdisciplinary research and social collaboration research (trans-science). sex, and
Collaboration between academics and stakeholders in non-Arctic countries and the Arctic region, etc.
humanities and social sciences
Field collaboration
and the importance of fusing the knowledge of natural sciences,
In the future, we will continue to actively collect and analyze information through field surveys, field surveys, etc., after ensuring the safety of researchers based on this invention.
It is expected that academic data will be accumulated, and the present invention will have a great effect at that time.


Against the backdrop of trends in Japan's emphasis on policies concerning the Arctic Circle, the Arctic, and the Arctic Ocean, trends in policies that emphasize international Shakyamuni, and trends in policies focused on by the United States, Russia, China, European countries, etc., the present invention focuses on the Arctic only. It is effectively used as an effective direction information acquisition method in exploration, reconnaissance, investigation, research, etc. of the polar region and the polar region, including the Antarctic. This is because the application of a compass is not appropriate in those areas. In other words, compass needles, which point to magnetic north and south, have become extremely unreliable tools near the north and south poles, in or near the polar regions, and careless use can lead to great danger. This is because In that respect, the present invention has the advantage of being extremely reliable even in those regions. Furthermore, with the increase in GNSS systems, the number of satellites is expected to increase, and receivers that can receive them in a unified manner are being developed with the support of the United Nations mentioned above. It has the advantage of increasing its accuracy and effectiveness as it progresses. It is also a great advantage that it is equipped with a device that can also know the time, position, latitude and longitude, and altitude as GNSS.








innovator theory






Text


Talk


view source


history





Contents [hidden]
1 Overview
2 Proponents, etc.
3 Commentary 3.1 Five Groups in Innovator Theory 3.1.1 Innovators
3.1.2 Early Adopters
3.1.3 Early Majority
3.1.4 Late Majority
3.1.5 Laggards

3.2 Logic and chasm of 16% penetration rate

4 Reference URL
5 Reference books
6 See also
7 Related marketing


Overview

Innovator theory is a theory on the spread of innovation proposed by sociologist Everett M. Rogers. It classifies the members of society into five groups according to their attitudes towards product purchases.

proponents, etc.

Stanford University professor Everett M. Rogers advocated in 1962 in "Diffusion of Innovations."

Commentary





innovator theory
In the innovator theory, Rogers categorized consumers into five types based on their attitudes toward product purchases, in descending order of purchase of new products. The proportions of these five types are shown in a bell curve graph like the one on the right.

Five Groups in Innovator Theory

Innovators

A group of innovative adopters willing to adopt new things. They consider society's values to be in conflict with their own. It constitutes 2.5% of the total.

Early Adopters

A group of early adopters who share values with society, but are sensitive to trends and collect information and make decisions on their own. As an "opinion leader", you can exert a great influence on other members. It constitutes 13.5% of the total.

Early Majority (early follower)

Also called "bridge people". A group of early majority adopters who are relatively cautious about adopting new styles. It constitutes 34.0% of the total.

Late Majority

A group of late majority hires, also known as "followers". He is skeptical about adopting new styles, and sees the majority of people around him trying them out before making the same choice. It constitutes 34.0% of the total.

Laggards (Lagards)

The most conservative traditionalist, or laggard group. There is little interest in the movement of the world, and it is not adopted until the fashion becomes popular. It constitutes 16.0% of the total. Among them, there are those who persist in rejecting the trend until the very end.

Logic and chasm with a penetration rate of 16%

Rogers points out that the 16% line, which is the sum of the percentages of innovators and early adopters, is the point of product penetration, and advocates this as the "16% penetration rate logic."

Whether the product is practical or not, innovators buy in favor of novelty, so it may or may not resonate with many people. On the other hand, since early adopters pay attention to the new value and practicality that the product offers, it can be said that the product was accepted by the market only after it was supported by the so-called opinion leaders. In general, early adopters are said to have a strong influence on other consumers in society. Therefore, it is important to respond to early adopters.

In addition, Geoffrey A. Moore responds to this "16% penetration rate logic" from an analysis of the high-tech industry. Chasm: indicates that there is a chasm). Therefore, he preaches the "chasm theory" that it is not enough to catch early adopters, and that marketing to the early majority is also necessary.

Reference URL
Innovator Theory (1) | Marketing Concept | Mitsue-Links

reference books
Innovation Dissemination ISBN 978-4382050518
Diffusion of Innovation ISBN 978-4798113333

Related item
chasm theory
product life cycle

Related marketing


In order to promote the diffusion of such innovation theory to early adopters, etc., it is extremely effective to design as follows.

I will describe it next.

In other words, for example, the design should be such that calculations are made on the premise that the direction information acquisition method of the present invention is reversed every 00 seconds every minute.

This will give you the following advantages:
In the event of a disaster, etc., we already have such a function in case of emergency.
There is even information that the portable GPS receiver/antenna integrated unit has a built-in
If you get word of mouth, Twitter, etc., then
If you install it vertically in contact with your body and flip it every 00 seconds every minute,
In fact, direction information can be obtained.
If you do this, you can dare to add a mode switch to increase the development cost.
Nor do I let you. There is no need to increase the development factor and increase the name factor.
Since the GPS receiver is essentially a digital processing unit, it is only necessary to add the burning software, and the development elements are extremely small. physically
No additional hardware is required. The benefits of this are immeasurable.
Do not increase the naming factor. It does not cause degradation of radio characteristics due to additional hardware. In the first place, since it is a digital semiconductor, it is only necessary to add software to the memory. In other words, it is enough to rewrite the firmware.
This is because the present invention can be implemented with a regular firmware rewrite service.
It means.
This is an epoch-making method.
and to inform the above-mentioned early adopters of the advantages of the present invention and to the general public.
You can experience the convenience of the present invention in GPS in the event of a real disaster.
It will also help the international community to help refugees and voluntarily evacuate.
Do so to great effect for you to take advantage of. At that time, in Japan
It is clear that entitlement is very important as it brings strong political validity as an international contribution.
Naturally.



Claim 21//Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By disposing the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 22 // Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

A positioning satellite system antenna built into a wristwatch or worn on the arm by a wristwatch-shaped or wristwatch-shaped belt.

By deploying the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body for each arm,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 23 // Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

A positioning satellite system antenna deployed in a so-called one-shoulder bag

By deploying the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body together with the so-called shoulder bag,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



Claim 24

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

At 00 seconds every minute,

The state of deployment of the antenna on the ventral side of the human body and the state of deployment on the dorsal side of the human body are reversed, that is, switched.
By doing so, both of the above states are realized.
Assuming that
Calculate direction information

thing

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



The essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Comparative method between one-half sky sphere and one-fourth sky sphere)

That is, for example
Reception state in the state of horizontal installation, targeting the whole sky, ... (1)
When,
Receiving state in a state of being vertically installed adjacent to a shielding object, for example, the body (2)
When,
, compared to
in (2),
Whether each satellite signal is received as a direct wave or as a diffracted wave
After making the judgment of

Of course, it would be fine to obtain the azimuth information.



- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Antenna upside down method)

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
We will call it the "antenna inside out method".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 7-10.
7 to 10, although they are self-explanatory without any particular explanation, they are added in detail just in case.



As with any antenna, for example, on the front and back sides of a planar patch antenna, the spatial characteristics of the antenna's susceptibility are
Totally different. In other words, for example, the front side (generally the main beam side) of a planar patch antenna
and the back side (generally the sub-beam side), the antenna patterns are significantly different.
For example, using this in relation to the body as follows,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
We also devised a method to determine

That is, [for example, if it is the dorsal side, on the dorsal side], if it is the ventral side, it is on the ventral side (examples of placement on the ventral side are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8).
The surface or main beam side of the planar patch antenna is aligned vertically, adjacent to the body, for example in the dorsal direction or, for example, in the ventral direction. (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 are examples of deployment so as to match the ventral direction)

(However, Fig. 7 is a diagram showing, for example, a flat patch antenna so that the whole picture of the antenna pattern of the flat patch antenna can be seen well, and it was mainly intended to clarify the relationship of the directionality with the body. On the other hand, in Fig. 8, after understanding the directionality of the body and the directionality of the antenna pattern, which are clearly and understood in Fig. 7, they are further arranged adjacent to each other (that is, When the antenna pattern is deployed close to the body, or close enough to touch the body, the sensitivity of the antenna on the side of the body that is close to the body naturally Since it is hidden by the body, this figure is mainly intended to clearly show that fact as well.These are the differences in the display intentions of Figs. Because the idea of is completely new, if you explain the purpose with one diagram at once, it will be difficult to visually understand. I thought it would be easier to understand visually, so I deliberately intended to explain step by step with two diagrams. , the same applies to FIGS. 9 and 10.)

Receiving is performed in this state, and the state is first recorded in the memory.
(In this case, since the GPS receiver itself is a digital device, it generally has a memory, so it is only necessary to write to it, and generally there is no need to add HW. of course).

Then flip the antenna upside down. That is, the planar patch antenna is
[If, for example, the dorsal side was measured first, the antenna remains on the dorsal side.] If the ventral side was measured first, the antenna remains on the ventral side, and the antenna is turned over. (For example, if the previous measurement was on the ventral side, the antenna placed on the ventral side is turned over as it is in that position, and FIGS. 9 and 10 are examples.)

At this time, for example, the antenna is turned upside down.
In other words, around an axis parallel to the body plane and parallel to the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the plumb line)
Rotate 180 degrees (flip over).

The sub-beam side of the planar patch antenna would then be mounted vertically, adjacent to the body, for example coinciding with the dorsal direction or, for example, coinciding with the ventral direction.
(FIGS. 9 and 10 show examples in which the secondary beam side of this planar patch antenna is aligned with the antinode direction.)

Reception is performed in this state, and the reception state is recorded in the memory.

From these comparisons of reception conditions before and after turning the antenna over,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

Diffraction of the signal occurs at the perimeter and edge of the body, resulting in
If the signal is received as a diffracted wave,
Basically, there should be no change in the stability of the reception state before and after turning the antenna over, and
Or, if there is, it should be very few or small.


(For example, the antenna sensitivity with respect to the traveling direction (intrusion direction) of the diffracted waves that are diffracted at the left and right ends of the body and enter the antenna is obtained by comparing the antenna pattern of FIG. 8 and that of the antenna pattern of FIG. As you can see, there is no difference.Actually, the antenna sensitivity regarding the direction of the diffracted wave that enters the antenna after being diffracted at the left and right ends of the body is about -10 dB even if it is read from the antenna pattern in Fig. 8, and in Fig. 10 Even if you read from the antenna pattern of , there is no difference of about -10 dB.
Moreover,
"At this time, for example, let's turn the antenna upside down.
In other words, around an axis parallel to the body plane and parallel to the horizontal plane (perpendicular to the plumb line)
Rotate 180 degrees (flip over). because it accurately states,
It is self-evident from geometrical considerations that as long as the antenna is turned over in this way, it is logically guaranteed that the sensitivity of the antenna to the diffracted waves diffracted from the left end point of the body is the same.
It is self-evident from geometrical considerations that as long as the antenna is turned over in this way, it is logically guaranteed that the sensitivity of the antenna to the diffracted waves diffracted from the left and right end points of the body is the same.


This is because the sensitivity to signals coming from directions that go around and enter the body is almost the same before and after turning over (this geometrical situation is explained, for example, in the famous blue book of GPS). In the book known as the AIAA press book, in the chapter on multipath consideration in the second volume, the antenna pattern diagram of the planar patch antenna shows radio wave shielding objects such as the body on one side, either up or down. If you consider the situation, you can understand it immediately, so please see the blue book for the figure, and refrain from reprinting it in this article.)

Citation
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I (AIAA)
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume II (AIAA)
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I
James J. Spilker Jr.; Penina Axelrad; Bradford W. Parkinson;
eISBN: 978-1-60086-638-8
print ISBN: 978-1-56347-106-3
http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/4.866388
http://arc-test.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.866388
1996 Published by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
chapter 14 Multipath Effects
Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications, Volume I: pp. 547-568
Multipath Effects
(doi: 10.2514/5.9781600866388.0547.0568)


On the other hand, regarding the direct wave, it is completely different from what I just said, "The stability (uneasiness) of the diffracted wave is almost unchanged before and after turning it over." It is self-evident that the signal strength is reduced by the amount corresponding to the difference in sensitivity of the antenna patterns compared to when receiving signals on the (multi-beam side), and the stability is also reduced under the influence of this.

This is because the synchronization mechanism of GPS (GNSS) is
Synchronization becomes more difficult as the antenna sensitivity deteriorates.

To put it more bluntly,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will suddenly contribute to the difficulty of maintaining synchronization.
In other words,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will suddenly make it easier to get out of sync.
Using yet another expression,
If the antenna sensitivity deteriorates, the deterioration will rapidly make it easier to lose synchronization.
It depends on the characteristics.

In a more direct way, this is an expression that can only be said by those who have repeatedly conducted experiments related to this research.
Behavior that seems to have the effect of amplifying and notifying that the antenna sensitivity has deteriorated,
The GPS (GNSS) receiver synchronization acquisition and maintenance mechanism does
can be said.
It should be noted that this is an expression that can only be said by those who have repeatedly conducted experiments related to this research.
In terms of textbooks and doctrines, this is the GPS (GNSS) receiver
The synchronization acquisition/maintenance mechanism has been described as vulnerable to noise and multipath.
Taking this as an advantage, this research is vulnerable to noise and multipath.
Further progressing, deterioration of the signal, deterioration of the reception sensitivity of the antenna, deterioration of the resin stability
When deterioration occurs, it is a phenomenon called out-of-synchronization, and it actively informs it.
I am proposing it as a research result by redefining it as a positive and forward-looking meaning.
It can be said that there is an important point here, which is an excellent idea and an advanced invention that could not have been easily conceived by people in the same industry.

From these comparisons of reception conditions before and after turning the antenna over,
Based on this perceived difference,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
can be discriminated.


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(Sandwich method A)

In addition, among the inventions and devises, this paper
What we call Sandwich Method A is introduced here.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
Let's call it "sandwich method A".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 11-13.
11 to 13, although it is self-explanatory without any particular explanation, we will dare to add a detailed explanation just in case.


This is a method that utilizes the bodies of two people. For example, face stomach to stomach. (Figures 11 and 12 show this)
For example, leave a gap of about 10 cm or 25 cm between them (depending on the performance of the GPS (GNSS) antenna/receiver integrated unit, for example, the optimum gap for the device should be selected through preliminary experiments). of course)
Any GPS (GNSS) antenna can be placed between them, but for example, a flat patch antenna for GPS (GNSS) (or, of course, a GPS (GNSS) antenna/receiver integrated unit, etc., is also acceptable). .

Taking advantage of this situation,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
as follows
to discriminate.

In other words, in this state (states shown in FIGS. 11 and 12), satellite signals that can be received as direct waves are
It was located in a direction where it was possible to achieve a state that could be called "peeking in" through the gap between the two.
Should be satellite only. First, the signal reception status is recorded in this state.

Next, only one person releases the situation in which they are shielded,
In that state (state shown in FIG. 13), the signal reception state is recorded.

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.


In other words, whether only one person has released the shield (Fig. 13) or not (Figs. 11 and 12),
The satellite signal received by diffracting the end point of the other person's body is
Whether only one person has released the shielding (FIG. 13) or not (FIGS. 11 and 12), it should continue to be received as a diffracted wave signal.

Therefore, the characteristic of these signals is that the instability as diffracted waves remains unchanged,
before or after a change of circumstances
It should continue to show instability as a constant diffracted wave.

And, conversely, only one person released the shield (Fig. 13),
Until then,
The signal that entered the receiver as a diffracted wave was
Only one person released the shield (Fig. 13),
Now, as a direct wave,
The situation has changed completely,
The situation changes completely when it is received as a stable direct wave signal
should be.

moreover,
From the gap between both sandwiches (Fig. 11, Fig. 12)
It was located in a spatial position that could be seen
The signal from the satellite is also
Only one person has no effect by releasing the shield (Fig. 13),
as a direct wave,
It should continue to show stable signal strength.

thus,
By comparing how the reception status of those signals changed due to changes in the situation,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

Here, in the sandwich method A, the direction of the main beam of the antenna,
Regarding the relationship between the body direction of the remaining body after the shielding of the body of the second person is released,
As shown in FIG. 11, the relationship between the direction of the body and the main beam direction of the antenna (including the direction of the antenna pattern as information) is emphasized and deformed.
As shown.





Now, let's move on to the next discussion.

(Sandwich method B)

In addition, among the inventions and devises, this paper
What we call Sandwich Method B is introduced here.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
Let's call it "sandwich method A".
This is illustrated in FIGS. 14-16.
14 to 16, although it is self-explanatory without any particular explanation, it will be added in detail just in case.

The difference between sandwich method A and sandwich method B is
The geometry of the main beam direction (antenna pattern direction as information including) of the antenna placed between the two bodies and the direction of the body left after the body shielding of the second person is released. It is the relationship, the difference.

(This can be easily understood by comparing FIGS. 11 and 14. This can also be easily understood by comparing FIGS. 12 and 15. This can also be understood by comparing FIGS. , which is easily understood by comparing FIG. 16). (Note that the distance between the bodies in Figures 11 and 14 is drawn with greater emphasis than it actually is. This is for the purpose of drawing the antenna pattern of the antennas deployed in between. Since it is a figure drawn on , I would appreciate it if you could understand it as an expedient for drawing because I had to take a space wider than the distance between the gaps between the bodies.)

Although this will be described later, a flat antenna is installed perpendicular to the ground,
It utilizes the advantage that is created by installing perpendicularly to both body planes.

In this case, the satellite that can be seen through the gap between the sandwiches is
It is possible to use a feature that makes it easier to discriminate from which gap the object can be seen.

After all, the satellite signal in the direction that can be seen through the gap on one side is
Since it is captured on the surface of the planar patch antenna, it can also be used as a direct wave.
should have been received at a higher intensity, and
(This describes the signal from the satellite (or signal source) that can be seen through the gap on the left side of the paper, among the gaps that occur on both sides of the two bodies in FIGS. 14 and 15.)

Conversely, the satellite signal that was in the direction that could be seen through the other gap was
Although it is a direct wave because it is captured on the back side of the planar patch antenna,
Since it is received by the weaker antenna sensitivity, it can also be used as a direct wave.
It should have been received at a weaker intensity than the signal captured on the surface.
(This describes the signal from the satellite (or signal source) that can be seen through the gap on the right side of the paper, among the gaps that occur on both sides of the two bodies in FIGS. 14 and 15.)

Using these differences, even satellites that can be seen through gaps
It has the great advantage of being able to take advantage of clearer discriminative information,
Because it is excellent in convenience as a direction information acquisition method,
This is sandwich method B, and sandwich method A is
It should be distinguished.



Now let's move on to the next discussion.


(Sandwich method C)

Furthermore, I will introduce what I call the sandwich method C in this paper.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
We will call it "sandwich method C".
This is illustrated in FIG.
Although it is self-explanatory from the schematic diagram of FIG. 17 without any particular explanation, it will be added in detail just in case.

The main difference between sandwich method B and sandwich method C is
The points are different: ``The two bodies are parallel'' or ``The angle between the two bodies is not parallel and both ends of the two bodies are in contact and closed.'' ing.


In other words, the sandwich method C is
This method can be called a diagonal sandwich.

In this method, the body of the two people
Contact with each other at a certain angle, and the base of the triangle is
It can also be expressed as being open.

At the closed vertex of the triangle,
Deploy the antenna. (Fig. 17)

In this case, the base of the triangle is open, but from this open base of the triangle
The signal from the satellite (signal source) that can be seen is
Even if one person's body is removed,
It should continue to show highly stable reception as a direct wave.

Conversely, when the body of either person is removed,
What used to be diffracted waves can suddenly be received as direct waves.
Signals from satellites in position would show reception conditions exhibiting such characteristics.

Furthermore, even when one person's body is removed,
The signal from the satellite received as a diffracted wave from the other body is
Without change, continue
The instability that should have been received as a diffracted wave from the other body
will continue to show

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

In this case, as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 17,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 13 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second body may naturally be arranged in a positional relationship (relative to the first body) as shown in FIG.

While the antenna may be deployed in the main beam direction and the antenna position as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 17,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 16 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second body may naturally be arranged in the positional relationship (with respect to the first body) as shown in FIG.






Now let's move on to the next discussion.


(U-shaped method)

Furthermore, among the inventions and ideas, this paper introduces what is called the U-shaped method.

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
I will call it the "U-shaped method".
This is illustrated in FIG.
Although it is self-explanatory from the schematic diagram of FIG. 18 without any particular explanation, it will be explained in detail just in case.

The main difference between the sandwich method C and the U-shaped method is
``Does shielding consist of the bodies of two people and only signals from some signal sources can be seen?'' There is a difference in the point of whether a state in which only the signal can be seen is realized.


Simply recapturing the characteristics and rephrasing, the U-shaped method is
(Two-person version) It is a method that can be said to be a three-person version of the diagonal sandwich.

In this method, the bodies of the three people are
When looking down from the sky, try to touch each other with a U-shape,
It can also be expressed that the left side of the U-shape is open.

At the right inner line segment of the U-shaped
Deploy the antenna. (Fig. 18)

In this case, the left side of the U-shape is open, but from this open area
The signal from the satellite (signal source) that can be seen is
Even if the bodies of the upper and lower figures in the figure are removed,
It should continue to show highly stable reception as a direct wave.

Conversely, when the body of either person is removed,
What used to be diffracted waves can suddenly be received as direct waves.
Signals from positioned satellites (signal sources) are subject to sudden changes in reception conditions reflecting such characteristics (generally, SS [Spread Spectrum] communication system receivers used in GPS (GNSS) receive The fact that it can be said that it has a characteristic of extremely amplifying a sudden change in sensitivity and a sudden change in received signal strength is the point of the present invention already discussed in this paper, and is the essence of the present invention that cannot be easily conceived by those skilled in the art. It has already been mentioned that it forms a corner of ).

Moreover, even when the bodies of the two objects were removed,
The signal from the satellite received as a diffracted wave from the other body is
Without change, continue
The instability that should have been received as a diffracted wave from the other body
will continue to show

And by comparing the reception status of those signals,
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
to discriminate.

In this case, as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 18,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 13 may be adopted.
In that case, the second and third bodies may of course be arranged in the final positional relationship (with respect to the first body) as shown in FIG.

While the antenna may be deployed in the main beam direction and the antenna position as shown in FIG.
Depending on the performance of the receiver,
If necessary,
Instead of the arrangement method as shown in FIG. 18,
An arrangement method as shown in FIG. 16 may be adopted.
In that case, only the second and third bodies may be arranged in the arrangement method shown in FIG. 16 so that the final positional relationship (with respect to the first body) is as shown in FIG. is.

Also, of course, the second
While you can compare with the third body removed at once,
Remove only the second body, record and compare the reception status, distinguish between direct waves and diffracted waves, and then,
Remove only the third body, record and compare the reception situation, discriminate between direct waves and diffracted waves,
Of course, it is also possible to obtain azimuth information by superimposing these results.

Of course, this is the same even if there are more people, but I will add it just in case.
Naturally, this will improve the accuracy. Since it is too obvious, the details are omitted, but it is natural that it is possible to do so.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

In more detail, the essence of the present invention is
Reception of a certain satellite signal
Reception as a direct wave or
Whether it is received as a diffracted wave
By determining

As a derivative form, as seen in the case of using a receiver with good performance,
Naturally, the following is also acceptable.

(left-right position shift method)

Furthermore, among the inventions and devised
Introducing what we call

In order to capture and describe the essence of its excellent features,
This method will be referred to as the "left and right position shift method".
This is explained because it is easy to understand based on the schematic diagram explained in FIG.

(However, in terms of ease of use, rather than Fig. 20,
Wearing a watch-shaped device on the left arm with the main beam side facing the palm of the left arm [a state in which a so-called woman wears a watch on the left arm with the dial facing the palm side],
It was found that it is easier to perform the exercise if the left thumb is up and the hand is placed behind the back.
We know the results of preliminary experiments. )

Although it is clear at a glance from the schematic diagram of FIG. 20 and the above explanation without adding any new explanation, it will be explained in detail just in case.

The inversion method already described, which is the basis of the present invention
When,
Left-right shift method
The main difference between
In the inversion method, the comparison is the reception state measured on the dorsal side and the ventral side,
In the left-right shift method, for example, if the dorsal side is compared, only the dorsal side is compared.
The reception state measured at the center of the back and the left side of the back (for example, not the center)
Compare the measured reception status
It is a point.

Alternatively, depending on the performance of the receiver, the following may be used. ie:
The inversion method already described, which is the basis of the present invention
When,
Left-right shift method
The main difference between
In the inversion method, the comparison is the reception state measured on the dorsal side and the ventral side,
In the left-right shift method, for example, if the dorsal side is compared, only the dorsal side is compared.
The reception state measured at the right side of the back (for example, not the center) and the left side of the back (for example, not the center)
Compare the measured reception status
is a point
And of course it's fine.


This is a derivative of the use of a person's body as a shield.
First, the reception situation when the antenna is deployed in the center of the body is recorded.

Next, dare to shift the position of the antenna in the direction of the end point on either side of the body,
Deploy and record reception status.

Doing it this way,
What was originally received as a diffracted wave is changed by the state of the shifted antenna.
The diffracted wave farther from the end point should have more diffraction loss as a diffracted wave and more instability.
A diffracted wave closer to the end point should have less diffraction loss as a diffracted wave and less instability.

Using these properties, even if we say the same diffracted wave,
Determine which side of the body is the dominant diffracted wave
It can be determined, and can be used to obtain more detailed azimuth information.







Various modifications are also included in the present invention within the scope of those skilled in the art without departing from the description of the claims.

The contents of the papers, published patent publications, etc. specified in this specification are incorporated by reference in their entirety.


The contents of the papers, published patent publications, etc. specified in this specification are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

This application is a continuation of the application

Ser. No. 09/603,917 filed Jun. 26, 2000,
now US Pat. No. 6,775,238 and claims
the benefit of priority from prior
Japanese Patent Applications No. 11-187123,
filed on Jul. 1, 1999, and No. 2000-174345,
filed on Jun. 9, 2000,
the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.


"Various modifications are also included in the present invention within the range that can be easily conceived by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of claims."

The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.


The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and it is a matter of course that many modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention by those skilled in the art.


It goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above.


The present invention does not exclude configurations other than those described above, and naturally includes other configurations as necessary.


It should be understood from the above description that the present invention is a true pioneering invention.


The description is also written so that the action and effect of each constituent element of the claimed invention can be grasped.

For example, not only physical structures but also man-made objects, such as buildings and
It points out that it includes everything, including natural cliffs.

(In the case of natural cliffs, etc., reversing may be included.)
[In this case, to reverse
If you can walk to the cliff on the other side, you should do so.
This is the same as walking to the opposite side of a building or structure, for example.
Needless to say. This makes it possible to measure the reversed side. ])

(In the case of natural cliffs, etc., it goes without saying that it is not necessary to intentionally include reversed measurements when it is possible to cut off the influence of diffracted waves.
This is the case, for example, in buildings and structures,
Clearly, if it is possible to cut off the influence of diffracted waves,
Even if you don't bother to move to the opposite side on foot and measure the reverse side
It goes without saying that good is the same. )

In this way, when drafting the specification, a different configuration that achieves the same effect was also described.



In addition to the actions and effects of the basic embodiment, another configuration that produces different actions and effects has also been considered and described.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and many modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention by those skilled in the art.
The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and many modifications are possible within the technical concept of the present invention by those skilled in the art.

In addition, the following statements
Good
devil
new.
"The present invention can be
example
To
exclusive
with what will be
flower
nine
，
many
of
deformation
is the technical
thought
At the inner
this
minutes
field
in
generally
of
knowledge
allowed by those who have
Noh
is
Statements like
enter
Leo
nine

Previous
The first metal film is
aluminum
or
aluminum
Umm
from the alloy
shape
characterized by being composed of
Na，
Simple
na internal
addition
dependent claims of
enter
Leo
nine


"of
remove
not something to remove
nine
", "including things", "
Must
required
To
respond
hand"
etc
，
in the statement
well
Used "
routine
means"
expression
enter
Leo
nine




can invent
is
hair
"
swelling
and others
devil
let',
Claims and the description of "problem, action, effect"
charge
bring to fruition
Must
There is a point.




concerned
Externally impermissible configuration (structure) to also solve issue 2
2)
e
Tech
Les
ー
mup
Then
same
sometimes a statement
Among the
concerned
Strengthen the action and effect of configuration 2
tone
do and be done
palce
，
"Configuration 2 is implemented
example
of
Concrete example
To
limit
and others
figure
，
concerned
Action/effect
whatever plays
palce
good. ”
etc
the description of
In addition
thing
But
Desire
devil
new.
Next
In addition, such issue 2 is considered.
e
If not,
the inventor
Submission
plan
can invent
is
hair
"
swelling
and others
devil
let',
Claims and the description of "problem, action, effect"
charge
bring to fruition
Must
There is a point.
concrete
In general, the following methods
one
example
considered as
e
Rare
Yo.
(
a
) from the inventor
Submission
plan
Actions and effects of the claimed invention
When
similar
has the action and effect of
another
Consider the configuration of
e
，
concerned
another
Based on the action and effect of the configuration,
similar
made by
Use and effect,
another
Consider the configuration of
e
...
that
induction
target
method.
(
b
) from the inventor
Submission
plan
Actions and effects of the claimed invention
Based on
Altitude
actions and effects” (above “
Ha
hmm
Moth
ー
case
subject
” Judgment
decision
reference
),"Than
low
action and effect” (above “Construction
surface
floor
setting
bu
Rock
nine
incident
” Judgment
reference
), “heterogeneous actions and effects”
of
reached
Consider a configuration that
e
method. (also in this case
Record"
induction
“target” method available
Noh
)
(
c
) from now
General
Emergence of future technology
exhibition
the direction
Preliminary
measurement
and invention
from someone
Submission
plan
the invention that was
General
coming technology
movement
towards
tsu
door
did
shape
To
Osamu
positive
method of doing. (In this case also,
concerned
Osamu
Positive
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a
), (
b
)
method can be used
Noh
)
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d
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, manufacturing method
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etc
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of,
another
of
power
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go
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of
deformation
consider
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method. equipment
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then
progress
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according to the law
palce
progress
sex
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even when issued
existing
exists
. (Na
Oh, the author
Simple
method
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ー
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of
worth
doubt about
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of
Have
one
(11)
)
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e
)rock
hot water
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ー
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hmm,
sub
con
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Considering the invention of
e
method.
thought
e
be done.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree. Ready
palce
，
"To solve the problem
means of
column
to the structure of the claim
agreement
made
shape
, the action and
Describe the effect.





incorporates (such “incorporation” is realized in the dependent claim)
even if
good
stomach)
6. Problems and considerations of the above proposal
Now, in this section, the above "
small
bracket
described in
case
term
About
nine
consider for a while
In addition
be.
6.1 Conflict between Infringement Doctrine and Invalidity Doctrine
Infringement
approval
to the extent that
Every time
a wide circle
Les
ー
Mu
or
one, effectiveness
recognition
to the extent that
Every time
A cluster with feature points at
Les
ー
Mu
It makes sense to draft
idea
de
reactor
cormorant.
However, for all inventions, such guidelines should be followed.
Therefore
Les
ー
Mu
・Draft
limit
not.
devil
In addition, if the above guidelines are followed, two or more stages of heterogeneous
Since it is a configuration that solves the problem, it can be invalidated.
Noh
sex
teeth
ratio
Comparing
target
low
cousin
thought
may be non-infringing
Noh
sex is
be.
to the conflict guidelines above
Along
I got it
Les
ー
Mu
create
(or such
Tsutomu
Power
of
payment
after
,infringement
Aim
stomach
No Ku
Les
ー
Mu
,invalid
times
avoidance
Inoku
Les
ー
Mu
, and those
of
support
Consider drafting specification guidelines
Guess
vinegar
be.
6.2 Infringement Theory
(1) Strengthen issues, functions, and effects
tone
By doing so, the scope of rights becomes
exclusive
won't you
many
Documents relating to the patent specification of
domicile
etc
in the specification
to highlight issues, actions, and effects
tone
Then the scope of rights is
exclusive
difference
because it will
Avoid
hair
Ru
Be
come and
of
Teaching
The indication
You see
be done. this is,
ten
in a minute
Lean
listening
To
value
do
opinion
is. In an infringement action:
Claim text
words
Solution
interpretation
in the specification
“Tasks, Actions, Effects”
reference
and its range is
exclusive
practical solution
interpretation
was done
example
and
little
na
nine
do not have(
for example
, May 2007
Moon
twenty two
Day
Tokyo area
Judgment (1999)
7
Year(
Wa
)2
7
193)
, May 2008
Moon
8
Nihon University
Osaka
ground
Judgment 2006(
Wa
)12
77
3
etc
)
However, such judgments
example
Then
Les
ー
Mu
and the width of
"Tasks, actions and effects" described in the specification
ratio
Comparing
did
case,
Les
ー
Mu
is clearly wide
example
But
almost
degree
is.
the author
recommendation
recommendation
I want to
Les
ー
Mu
in the size of
Suitable
rank
To
You see
Clearly describe the appropriate "problems, actions, and effects" in the specification,
positive
straight
is to be described in
like this,
Appropriate
Description
By stating in

single
The conductor that becomes "
times
road
as
Certification
is
pointing to the claim
fixed
It has not been
case
For the term, the problem is solved
to be decided
limit
wide solution in
interpretation
is made,
at the application stage
opinion
the scope of rights by written
exclusive
or
hey
against claims that are not
relaxed
Capacity
judgment is made
Such an effect is
"Tasks, functions, and effects"
itself
to become
to be
by not stating it in the specification
Deme
Li
tsu
To
surpass
then think
e
be done.
now
times
random
for
of the winning judgments extracted from
almost
degree
“Tasks/Actions/Effects” are non-
always
heavy
vision
being
It is from.
In light of the above judgment in favor of
e
the court may decide to prevail over the right holder.
In the case of making a lawsuit, the "problem, action, and effect" of the invention should be stated.
recognition
fixed
and the nature of the invention to which the subject rights are subject.
grasp
death,
Self
Faith
Have
so, claim
acceptance
It is clear that you are trying to make a judgment.
Clearly
inquiry
e
be.
people
case
In litigation, the accused infringing goods are
Judgment on the conviction that it belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
official
To
embrace
mosquito
let
Must
This is because there is a need.
"Litigation
cause
relationship
proof
is one point of doubt
righteousness
also allowed
can't
self
Yes
department
study
target
proof
not clear
nine
，
Sutra
rule of thumb
To
light
Like
all
proof
base
of
Total
After consideration,
fixed
of
case
fruits are special
fixed
result of
departure
Raw
of
invitation
the relationship that came
Yes
approval
Can
Altitude
of
lid
Yes
sex
proof
It is to clarify and the judgment
fixed
teeth,
generally
Man
is suspicious
difference
death
Sandwich
devil
not so much
Every time
confidence in the truth of
holding
what you can get
That is
Must
and so
leg
thing to live
is” (maximum
two
small
Judgment
Akira
50/10/24
people
collection
29
roll
No. 9
141
7
page
)
The essence of the invention (problem, action, effect)
hidden
did
Mama
Wide in
rights
enjoy
receive
Trying to
insect
nice
Talk
”.
rice field
is
death
, as described above,
Les
ー
Mu
in the size of
ratio
do,
high
vinegar
Gi
Ru
level
to describe the "tasks, actions, and effects" of
teeth
Avoid
hair
Ru
Be
It is
The author
eye
for the target
improvement
many
term
system
take advantage of
Be
tree
is
e
be.
one
devil
the law of nature,
seed
of each
level
No Ku
Les
ー
Mu
against
agreement
do phase
agreement
new
level
, "Problems, Actions, and Effects" are described in the specification.
It means to post. floor like this
layer
essentially, it
Comparing each configuration, problem, action, and effect
agreement
let me
nine
thing
Therefore, even in invalidity theory,
Defense
control
be able to
can
(
7
)
.
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3,
77

Regarding this point,
Communicating
and called a draft of the specification.
From the extraction stage of the invention
Talk
In Although,
Or
Ru
defeat
lawsuit infringement
from litigation
Lesson
stated
Be
sea bream.
"Construction
surface
floor
setting
bu
Rock
nine"
incident
(
knowledge
wealth
high
Judge Heisei 1
7
year 12
Moon
28
Day
Judgment (Heisei 1
7
(
Ne
)th
No. 10103))
Patent No. 199
7
“Construction” pertaining to claim No. 204
surface
floor
setting
bu
Rock
(2) to "
self
original stone
” contains
devil
It became a point of contention whether
rice field.
of the statement

Based on the winning judgment in the patent infringement lawsuit, the draft of the patent specification
I tried to extract guidelines for rafting.
As conclusion:
In the doctrine of infringement, patented inventions (
(Invention) is divided from broad claims to narrow claims.
clearly stated in the specification for each of the claims
The point was made that it was important to
In the doctrine of invalidity, the function and effect of the invention according to the independent claim
has a different action or effect (external impossibility
(1)
typical)
The point is that it is important to draft dependent claims.
was killed
Furthermore, the
conflict between infringement doctrine and invalidity doctrine
invalidity by assertion of validity, or non-infringement by assertion of validity
harm) as a solution, two or more
, there is little interrelationship (when writing ⇔ when reading (described later)
(such as), it is important to include a characteristic configuration in the claim.
It was pointed out that
1. Introduction
Patent infringement litigation is the ultimate means of settling patent disputes.
be.
Currently, in patent infringement litigation, patent
(Patent Act Article 104-3
1), the patent specification, prior art, and all of the allegedly infringing products
is considered, the patent is valid, and the allegedly infringing product is
Plaintiff (right holder) wins only if it is included in the scope of rights
Judgment is rendered.
In 2008 and 2009, in patent infringement litigation
However, the number of judgments in favor of the plaintiff is more than 30%.
(2)
Body
As can be seen, it is a narrow gate to obtain a favorable judgment.
In this paper, we will discuss how to overcome such a severe ``barrier''.
By reviewing the litigated patent specification,
Extraction of guidelines for drafting patent specifications at the time of patent application
It is an attempt to
(In addition, in the text, in the judgment text or in the cited part of the specification,
may have been underlined and/or marked by
be. )
2. theory of infringement
Below are the judgments in which the theory of infringement was the main point of contention.
(3)
Based on the
Explain.
2.1 Tokyo District Court 1989
March 6, 1 (2008)
(W) No. 14858)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 3625598 “Liquid crystal display device
Production method"
It can improve the reliability of the device by omitting the step of the photo process.
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thin film transistor.
(2) Major Issues and Judgments of the Court
<Issue 1>
In claim 1, "the first metal film on the substrate (implementation
example
Then
7
2
[
Less than
same]
) and the second metal film (
7
4)
order
To
lamination
"When
Have been described. Defendants
layer
To
other
of
layer
of
In addition
claim that the object does not belong to the scope of rights.
The court held the following rationale:
reason
from the defendant's allegations
Exhaust
do,
other
of
layer
of
In addition
above
exclusive
belong within
I decided.
[1]
such in the specification
exclusive
there is no
[2]
In the specification, "the present invention
example
To
exclusive
difference
it's not something that can be done
nine
，
many
of
deformation
is the technical
thought
At the inner
this
minutes
field
in
generally
of
knowledge
allowed by those who have
Noh
There is a statement that it is
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
61
Member
Shogo Nakamura
Learning from Successful Decisions in Patent Infringement Lawsuits
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
note
: The author is
[2]
The utility of statements such as
bosom
be suspicious
However, the judgment
official
of
conviction
But
mediocre
ancestor
solidified
If the
"
back
Inside
push
"su" has utility
thought
will be
[3]
The above "First metal film on the substrate (implementation
example
then
7
2
[
Less than
same
looks]
) and the second metal film (
7
4)
order
To
lamination
reason to do
reason
When
do"
aluminum
film(
7
2) of
Hilo
Kusei
long
of
Suppression
vinegar
” point is stated in the specification,
aluminum
film(
7
2) of
top or bottom
fire resistance
metal(
7
4)
set up
even
Hilo
Kusei
long
of
Suppression
It is also stated in the specification that it can be done. obey
hand,
aluminum
film(
7
2) upper and lower
Twin
Towards
endurance
fire
metal(
7
4)
set up
even
good
stomach.
note
:
aluminum
film(
7
2) above or below
fire resistance
Money
genus (
7
4)
set up
The actions and effects of
vision
do
be.
(Author
note
:
Hilo
is
aluminum
the result
long
component
But
bu
Excitement by interacting
Born
Teshi
devil
cormorant
It is a phenomenon. )
〔Four〕
Claim 2 of the dependent claim states "
Previous
The first metal film is
aluminum
Mu
or
aluminum
from the alloy
shape
special to be made
and claim 3 "
Previous
Second metal film
teeth
fire resistance
from metal
shape
It is characterized by being made
It is
note
:
usa
to
hair
Ru
claim differentiation
the doctrine of
(
Four
)
(German
The technical scope of the clause is wider than that of the dependent claim).
Similar
.
The author
Simple
na internal
addition
(1)
dependent claims of
Also
bosom
doubtful, but especially
material
minutes
field
is it valid
Maybe.
<Issue 2>
In claim 1 "
Previous
Record
half
lead
body
film
PA
of the turn
shape
formed group
whole board
surface
to the third metal film (82
b
)of
shape
is described as
there is The defendant has claimed that the third metal film (82
b
)for
aluminum
contains
devil
claimed not to.
The court ruled that the third metal film (82
b
)But
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
and that this
subject
patent
of
priority date
After
Previous
of
publicly known
Sentence
dedication
from
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
of
aluminum
By configuring with
resistivity
But
small
I understand that there is an advantage that
reason
, "Book
subject
invention
One
"
Third metal film
』
for,
aluminum
contains
devil
I have to
I can't figure it out. ” he decided.
note
:
So
the source
electrode
and de
Les
in
electrode
of
aluminum
and
The actions and effects of composing are emphasized.
vision
is doing.
<
dispute
Point 3>
In claim 1 "
Previous
Record
protection
membrane and
insulation
4 membranes
Next
Photo
etching
do
Previous
Kikido
Les
in
electrode
the table of
surface
When,
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
de's
table
surface
of
Dew
contact to be issued
Ho
ー
Le
of
shape
formed,
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
to be selected
Previous
Record
keep
Mamoru
membrane and
insulation
the membrane
etching
', but the defendant
"
Previous
Record
protection
membrane and
insulation
of the membrane
Twin
is better
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
do
inside
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
to be
Must
Argued that there is a need.
From the specification, the court
protection
film,
insulation
the membrane
"
Previous
Record
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
o
ー
pu
the work of being
The use and effects were determined as follows.

game
tote
patch
do
PA
out of turn
the side
and
etching
Then,
game
ー
door
patch
do
PA
compose a turn
aluminum
Membrane
side
But
Dew
Exit
difference
This
aluminum
membrane and
ITO
Membrane and
contact
vinegar
This is because
prevention
I tried
can be
open
with what is shown
recognition
to be ordered

ITO
membrane and
game
tote
patch
configure the
aluminum
film
of
side
with
contact
of
prevention
In order to
game
tote
patch
de's
table
surface
of
Dew
coming out
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
shape
made up
can be
Must
is important,
protection
membrane and
insulation
of the membrane
Twin
direction"
But
game
tote
patch
within
~ side
To
Oh
ー
pu
to be
surely
servant
Must
not necessary
note
: A range that can solve the problem to be solved described in the specification
In the box, the “most
Big
the forgiveness of
Capacity
range"
of
recognition
I'm holding
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
"implementation
example
To
exclusive
it won't
etc
the decision
devil
Literature
clause
is also valid
can become
internal affairs
addition
dependent claims of
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2.2 Tokyo District Court 1990
February 18, 2007 (2007)
(W) No. 28506)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 3055054 “Concrete structure
construction
object
of
machine
Construction method and equipment
road
To
set up
to be
Gutters and protective fences
，
side wall
,During
center
minutes
detached body
etc
the presence of
logic
concrete structure
object
of
machine
method of construction and
Regarding the device.
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
<Issue 1>
Defendant
foundation
(Conventional
example
of the above
figure
In
7
) available
case
is a book
subject
Alleging that it does not fall within the technical scope of the patented invention.
The court has
decision
view
From the point "
rebar
of
Fixed
in order to
Be
squonk
REIT (
7
)of
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
What we can do
Namely
"Base
foundation
Yes
Reconstruction
case
, is not a book
subject
patented invention
invitation
to come
deputy
Next
effect
Gi
no
Certification
.
"So
blood
, in the conventional method,
Preliminary
eye
Be
squonk
REIT
Casting
and there
ah
hmm
power
ー
rebar
，
difference
death
logic
or
ah
hmm
power
- gold
tool
of
buried
and to these
rebar
of
fixed
then
nine
Must
need and do it
Be
handmade
worker
handmade by
industry
by
and others
sticky
Because it did not work,
case
of the cost
up
, engineering
term
of
lengthening
, Concrete
bu
Rifu
leg
such as
Question
the subject is
Born
I had it
reactor
,Book
subject
A patented invention may
Question
subject
to resolve
mo
ー
Le
de's
route of movement
To
Along
What,
Preliminary
eye
rebar
of
set
stand up
floating installation
put
Reinforcing bar
of,
mo
ー
Le
do
of
move
When
Both
To
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
lead to
enter
let
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
do
within
surface
or
contact
Department
material
When
contact
By letting
of
shaking
the
prevention
Concrete
supply
be done
relieved
PA
part
devil
and
move
to let
How it works
only
picking
I used
be. ”
note
: conventional technology, problem
Certification
and book
subject
Invention problem solving
of
thought
of
Certification
is doing.
"Then the book
subject
In a patented invention:
rebar
of
fixed
make it unnecessary
contact
Department
material etc.
When
contact
while letting
Hopper
part
devil
and
move
The above-mentioned
Question
to solve the problem
straight
Tie
Ru，
Must
not required
Lack
elements
e
，
rebar
of
Fixed
do
for
Be
base concrete
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
what you can do
is the book
subject
patented invention
invitation
to come
Secondary
effect
Gi
do not have
I understand
Be
and
Be
base concrete
Casting
Ministry of
abbreviation
is the above
Question
for problem solving
Required
consists of
It is clear that there is no
e
be. ”
note
: for solving the above problems
view
From the point "
rebar
of
fixed
to do
of
Be
base concrete
Casting
the ministry
abbreviation
what you can do
”
Namely
"Base
foundation
existing work
case
, is not a book
subject
patent
of the invention
invitation
to come
Secondary
effect
Gi
na
"I"
recognition
fixed
.
"Such an understanding is
each
In the description:
"
The present invention
Be
composition of ground concrete
remove
not something to remove
nine
，
Be
ground concrete
setting
including those that
』
and
devil
rice field,
"Must
in short
respond
hand
Be
Eliminates the construction of ground concrete
abbreviation
can
』
It is said that
adjustment
it fits
be. ”
note
:"of
remove
not something to remove
nine
", "including things", "
Must
in short
respond
hand"
etc
, in the specification
well
Used "
always
cloak
The expression of "means" is
useless
effect
Have
What
there is
<Issue 2>
The defendant stated in the claim that "
contact
Department
material
"But,
"
rebar
within
shape
", that is
blood
，
rebar
inside of
shape
fit for
match
do,
rebar
strong
system
in general
Restraint
above and below
left and right
of
shaking
the
prevention
do
and to this
exclusive
is
same
"
contact
"and,
single
Become
object
rational
contact
then
nine
，
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
within the
rebar
of
shaking
force it
system
in general
prevention
do
function
confirm
keep
do
mode
of
claim to refer to
The court has decided to resolve the matter as set forth in the specification as follows:
understanding the subject
through
the defendant's allegations
seal
rice field.
"
hare
Book
subject
in the statement
hair
above B
each
according to description
palce
,Book
subject
In a patented invention:
"Rebar
within
shape
of
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
de's
inside
set up
was taken
contact
Department
material
When
contact
while letting
Hopper
ー
Department
devil
and
move
let
』
things (components)
subject
Method
F.
) and
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or,
"Rebar
within
shape
When
contact
do
contact
Department
material
of
Previous
Record
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
inside the do
set up
(components)
subject
Device
E.
)
It is said that
figure
Also,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
in the de
plan
within
was done
rebar
but up and down
left and right
To
shaking
be
rank
place
change
in particular
Than,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
behind the
Hopper
part and composition
shape model
ー
Le
lead in
enter
been
Raw
Concrete construction
shape
be done
edge
in the place
fixed
of
rank
Placement
figure
let's
devil
a concrete structure
construction
object
the table of
surface
To
Dew
put it out
devil
to say
situation
of
prevention
Suruta
It is understood that ”
note
: Claim text
words
and related to it
Communicating
statement in the specification
Solve the problem of the invention from
Certification
is doing.
"Moreover, the above B (
hare
) in the book
subject
method patent invention
and book
subject
Implementation of device patented invention
example
As
words
Referenced book
subject
figure
Four(
D.
)
In
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
de's
bottom
on the board
rebar
within
~ side
partly
rebar
of
high
Sano
about
two-thirds
high
have
trapezoid
of
contact
Department
material
But
set up
be
the contact
Department
material
outside of
~ side
When
rebar
within
shape
Toga
contact
do,
rebar
of
shaking
the
prevention
do
mode
is listed
reactor
, this implementation
example
teeth,
rebar
within
shape
of
contact
Department
material
and
support
By doing
the rebar itself
of
self
by weight
That
shaking
the
prevention
and especially upward
What
of
move
of
suppress
things
and strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
Things to do
otherwise
approval
be ordered (
Instep
2). ”
note
:fruit
Done
example
(
figure
Four(
D.
) )But,
the rebar itself
of
Self
heavy
shaking
the
prevention
and "strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
, which does not
Certification
.
other
of
figure
Four(
A.
)

(
C.
) is “strong
system
vertical direction
to etc.
of
move
of
Restraint
bundle
and
thought
will be Therefore,
figure
Four(
A.
)

(
C.
) related to
example
only is
open
when indicated
such as this decision
positive
Was it a meaningful conclusion?
no
mosquito
i doubt it.
similar
have the action and effect of
another
Draft the configuration of
understand the importance of
"Then the book
subject
patented invention
hair
Ru
"contact
Department
Material』
When
teeth,
rebar
within
shape
To
contact
death,
rebar
But
Hopper
part and composition
shape
mo
ー
Le
to the de
move
at the time
fixed
of
rank
Placement
figure
so much as not
Every time
to,
Destination
lead
mo
ー
Le
in the do
rebar
of
shaking
the
prevention
get
whatever
feet
the law of nature,
The same "contact"
also such
function
to the extent that
Every time
with
leg
understand
Be
and
iron
logic
strong
system
in general
Restraint
above and below
left and right
of
shaking
the
prevention
vinegar
to things
exclusive
been
figure
,And,
shaking
Re's
prevention
To
rebar
of
Self
Heavy
even when using
package
including
Be
It is ”
note
: "up and down
left and right
To
shaking
"Can't be done" action and effect
attention
do,
Basic implementation that only realizes it
example
What is
another
the implementation of
example
figure
Four(
D.
) was effective.
<Issue 3>
Defendant argues that the Defendant's method and the Defendant's device do
Since it is to be implemented, this
subject
does not infringe patent rights,
Claimed.
The court held the defendant's allegations as follows:
seal
rice field.
"however,
tentative
In addition, the Defendant's method and Defendant's device
Even if it implements a patented invention, it
But
Immediately
to the book
subject
It is related to not working the patented invention.
I don't want to
Be
It is In the first place, the technology of patented inventions
The technical scope is based on the description of the claims
Zu
stay
fixed
Mena
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hair
Re
palce
(Patent Law
7
Article 0, paragraph 1)
，
this
the
Claimed in the patented invention
Pieces
of each
concrete
basic configuration
subject
of
sufficiency
consider
away
be,
other
patented invention of
understand what you are doing
reason
As
concerned
Technical of the patented invention
Any claim not to fall within the scope
lost
this
is said to be
seat
Ru
do not get ”
note
: The patent right is
Dedicated
not a license (
tentative
To
Self
patent right
Even if the implementation is within the scope of profit,
anti
valve
do not become)
(
Five
)
.
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
"of
remove
not something to remove
nine
", "including things", "
Must
required
To
respond
hand"
etc
can also be valid

me
implementation of the Inn
example
When
similar
have the action and effect of
another
Constitution
the implementation of
example
It is valid to describe
As an alleged infringer,
self
myself
of patented inventions
"
anti
valve
teeth
approval
can't be called
2.3 Tokyo District Court Heisei 2
Judgment dated January 30, 2008 (Heisei 20
Year (Wa) No. 14530)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 38
7
2
7
No. 98 "Liquid Crystal Display Device"
liquid crystal displays, especially
V.
A-type LCD
and
Distribution
direction split (one
of
picture
in the middle of nowhere
reversal
of liquid crystal molecules
Distribution
direction
situation
of
shape
make it happen
It is related to the technology that realizes
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
<Issue>
The defendant stated in the claim that the
me
in
rules
system
means"
is on the board, "
directly
”
set up
to be
Be
Kimono,
devil
``Do
me
in
rules
system
hand
step
"But"
Oblique
surface
is
Must
there is a point
Claimed.
note
: "Do
me
"in" means liquid crystal
Distribution
the direction of
matching
ing
unit
region
It's about.
"Do
me
in
rules
system
means” means that the liquid crystal
Oblique
for
Distribution
Facing
to be
Distribution
direction is 1
picture
In element,
multiple
number direction
to be
rules
system
means to
figure
reference
).
The court held the defendant's allegations as follows:
seal
character
rice field.
"
[1] Before
Record(
hare
), the book
subject
in invention 2
hair
Ru
electric
coining
addition
time liquid crystal
Distribution
in the direction of
rules
system
teeth,
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
by
Born
Ru
Oblique
eye
electric
realm
is due to the effect of
note
:
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
to the effect of
attention
is doing.
"
[2]
Book
subject
Ming
thin
book 2 column
drop
0024
》
(
Previous
Notes (b)
f
)as well as
figure
12 (1) (above)
~ side
substrate and bottom
~ side
of the board
Both
on the substrate
electrode
To
set up
picked pickpocket
tsu
To is
figure
shown) include:
electric
coining
addition
Sometimes "
electrode
pickpocket
tsu
G part (
electrode
workman
tsu
part)
to
Born
Ru
Oblique
eye
electric
realm
LCD using
Distribution
The principle of directing
thing,"
note
: "Do
me
in
rules
system
Means" is "
Oblique
surface
at
nine
even
similar
implemented by the means to achieve the effect of
example
To
open
shown. statement de
When rafting,
similar
different structures to achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the
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12
...CF
side electrode
13
...picture
elementary
electrode
20, 20
A.
, 20
B...
do
me
in
rules
system
means (thrust
start
)
twenty one
...
do
me
in
rules
system
means (pickpocket
tsu
door)
"
[3]
Book
subject
Paragraph 2 of the description
drop
0028
》
(
Previous
Notes (b)
h
)for,
"
Distribution
more
cheap
fixed
in general
line
allow
Noh
structure
As a result,
start
or
hollow
mior pickpocket
tsu
3 of "to"
seed
kind
But
open
What is shown,”
note
: "Do
me
in
rules
system
Means" is "
Oblique
surface
at
nine
even
similar
implemented by the means to achieve the effect of
example
To
open
shown. statement de
When rafting,
similar
different structures to achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the
"
[4] Before
Record(
ah
), the book
subject
Claims of the Invention
In the description of (Claim 1),
"
first do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
and
Beauty
"
second do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
Noi
figure
Either
Oblique
surface
of
have
form
it's not from
hair
Re
palce
not to
rules
fixed
do
Sentence
words
flower
nine
，
devil
rice field
，
Claim 8, which relies on claim 1,
"Previous
the first and second
me
in
rules
system
means
electrode
To
setting
hair
picked pickpocket
tsu
door
』
It is an invention of a liquid crystal display device
thing(
Previous
Notes (b)
a
)”
note
: Resolution of the technical scope of the invention according to the independent claim
interpretation
smell
and the statement of the dependent claim is
reference
and the technique of the invention of the independent claim
The technical scope is
little
na
nine
that of both dependent claims (this
subject
then
"
Oblique
surface
have
form
"is not
form
，
Namely
"Pickpocket
tsu
).
usa
to
hair
Ru
claim differentiation
the doctrine of
(
Four
)
What is
Slightly
different, but
Independent term solution
interpretation
For this purpose, the dependent claim is
reference
in terms of
teeth
Similar
do.
Plaintiff sues on independent claims only
addition
did. However, the court
is a dependent claim (Claim 8) "
Previous
the first and second
me
in
rules
system
means
electrode
To
set up
picked pickpocket
tsu
at
be
...
” expression
reference
and substantially infringes claim 8.
determined the harm
pattern
looks
. (If the allegedly infringing goods are
belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
palce
，
this
Yes
on the independent term
It is said that it belongs to the technical scope of the patented invention
thought
thought
of
line
and
Guess
be done. ), therefore,
concerned
(Claim 8)
Simple
na, internal
addition
dependent claims of
role
may stand.
"More than
[1]
not
〔Four〕
according to
palce
，
electrode
the pickpocket
tsu
the g part is the book
subject
invention 2
"
do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
To
this
it is clear that
Therefore, No. A liquid crystal
mo
The
yu
ー
Le
on the opposite substrate of
PA
turn
addition
engineered
shape
made opposite
electrode
the pickpocket
tsu
and
Same T
F.
T.
on the substrate
PA
turn
addition
engineered
shape
made
picture
elementary
electric
very
the pickpocket
tsu
is
Oblique
surface
have
form
mosquito
degree
to consider
Ru
devil
But
nine
, as plaintiffs allege, respectively
"Previous
on the first substrate
set up
be
Previous
on the LCD
electric
pressure
of
mark
addition
did
sometimes
Previous
The LCD
Distribution
direction to
rules
system
do, first
1
the de
me
in
rules
system
means
』
(component
subject
B.
)as well as
"Previous
on the second substrate
set up
be
Previous
on the LCD
electric
pressure
of
mark
addition
when I did
Previous
The LCD
Distribution
direction to
rules
system
the second do
me
in
rules
system
means
』
(component
Case C
) to
this
Barrel and
recognition
be ordered. ”
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of
grasp
describe the specification so that
Be
tree
When drafting the specification,
similar
achieve the effect of
It is important to describe the configuration that changed

Simple
na internal
addition
dependent claims of
role
may stand on
2.4 Decision of the Tokyo District Court on December 25, 2007 (2006
Year (Wa) No. 1702, No. 27110)
(1) Subject patent: Patent No. 359
77
No. 89 "
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structure,
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structural
stop
water
Flexible
Inheritance
hand and
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
Construction method of structure
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
structure
1
in
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
2 and below
water
road
tube
etc
of
tube
with 3
Contact
joint
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
Le
for
stop
water
Flexible
Inheritance
hand
7
by
softness
structure,
earthquake
etc
according to
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
2 and
tube
with 3
Contact
broken joint
loss
of
Defense
ingredient
.
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
The defendant
cylinder
body
(
6
) within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Yes
tower
body
(
7
)”,
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
(
7
) "of
“
all
body
”
But"
Previous
Record
cylinder
body
(
6
)
~ side
"It is in
Must
I need
claim that
The court ruled as follows and supported the defendant's allegations
exclusion
did.
"
b
)Book
subject
Considering these statements in the patent specification:
Book
subject
patented invention
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"teeth,
cylinder
body
When
tube
with
while
of
Communicating
These
while
of
load
as well as
strange
rank
of
absorption
and with
pose
hmm
Ho
ー
le wall
When
tube
with
Contact
Aibu's
broken
loss
of
prevention
to be
recognition
be ordered. ”
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note
: claim component "
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
” action and effect
result from the description of the specification
Reading
fruit
taking
ing.
"
devil
book
subject
patented invention
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"teeth,
load
and
Beauty
displacement
of
absorption
do
bullet
sex
body
be
palce
,That
shape
To
limit
teeth
na
nine
(the above
<<
0031
"reference
)，
little
na
nine
friend
one
The part is
cylinder
body
as well as
tube
To
Fixed
(
<<
0034
"reference
)When
recognition
be ordered. ”
note
: claim component "
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"of
shape
To
limit
fixed
The lack of
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
”
Judging by the effect.
"Then,
subject
B.
of"
cylinder
body
within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Yes
tower
body
” means
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
But
cylinder
body
When
tube
with
while
of
negative
load
as well as
displacement
of
absorption
so that it can act as
To
cylinder
body
within
~ side
To
rank
whatever you put
feet
It's called Riru
Be
and more than that,
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
Nosu
Be
Teno
part is
cylinder
body
within
~ side
Only
rank
to put
exclusive
be done
When
devil
Solve with
interpretation
phase
this
is not. ”
note
: important component (
for example
"Possible
body
”)
by mentioning it in the specification so that it can be seen
"
Previous
Record
cylinder
body
within
~ side
of
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"within
~ side
to
about,"
cylinder
letter
Flexible
body
"of
“
all
body
”
But"
Previous
Record
cylinder
letter
body
"within
~ side
to
nine
even
good
It leads to the judgment that
I got
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
of the claimed invention
each
configuration
subject
The action and effect of, and
Invention problem solving
What
Seki
giving
the principle
grasp
so that the details
write down
Be
tree
2.5 Tokyo District Court 2009
Judgment dated September 15, 2006 (2006)
Year No. 21405)
(1) Target patent: Patent No. 1
7
06534 "
rotary
addition
pressure mold
Palais
data
e
rice field
pulverization
machine
”
rotate
Tee
bu
Le
(2) Above, follow
movement
rotate
do
pulverization
B
has a roller (3)
pulverization
machine
to,
rotary
addition
pressure
Palais
Data
(12)
addition
addition
equipment.
rotary center
Palais
data (12)
Negative pressure type
and
pulverization
machine
(1
Surrounded by
devil
broken part) inside
addition
pressure atmosphere
enclosure
air
Since
fixed
of
SE
center
Shu
(13) and its
times
Rino
rotating center
PA
Les
data (12)
while
To
another
powder
is invading
enter
by doing
Question
the subject is
existing
existed.
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
6
7

Book
subject
The invention
Question
To solve the problem,
"
air
"But
"
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
jet
It is configured to "out".
(2) Major Issues and Judgments of the Court
<Issue 1>
Defendant
subject
The invention is
pulverization
directly above the part
Noboru
come
rice field
Moth
vinegar
flow
But
rotary cylinder
under
end
To
directly
by catching
hand,
SE
Center
Shu
with
rotary cylinder
with
gap
To
Fine powder
is invading
enter
It claims that it is an invention whose subject is only the phenomenon of doing.
The court ruled as follows and supported the defendant's allegations
Exhaust
death
rice field.
"
...
The book solved this problem.
subject
an invention,
"
powder
crush
directly above the part
Noboru
have been
Moth
vinegar
flow
But
rotary cylinder
under
end
To
directly
By getting
SE
Center
Shu
with
times
cylinder
with
gap
To
Fine powder
is invading
enter
The problem is only the phenomenon of
It is not an invention that ”
note
: From the description of the specification, the problem to be solved by the invention
Certification
death,
this
the
think from the task
e
hand,"
directly
to something that can be used
exclusive
difference
I decided that I could not.
<Issue 21>
Defendant
subject
The composition of the invention is
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
take advantage of
By
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
let out
to "things"
exclusive
claimed to have been
The court ruled as follows and supported the defendant's allegations
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"Described in (b)
Be
As you can see,
rotary cylinder
under
end
kara place
fixed
Distance
Separation
Re
above
rank
from the
ring
letter
gap
To
addition
pressure atmosphere
enclosure
air
than
high
stomach
addition
compressed air
of
supply
pass
palce
，
ring
letter
gap
But
Communication
Since
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
air
But
jet
to put out
generally
and
times
cylinder
under
end
from
air
But
jet
be served
palce
,Book
subject
the effect of the invention
Therefore, the above description is
subject
composition of the invention
"
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
by using
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
to "things to let out"
exclusive
is what was done
is not understood. ”
note
: The effect of the invention from the description of the specification
Certification
death,
concerned
effect
In relation to the results, “total
lap
from
air
of
jet
What to bring out
To
exclusive
determined not to.
<Issue 22>
Defendant
examination
in stages
Submission
issued
opinion
in writing
hair
Ru
Citing the claim,
concerned
thinking from the point of view
e
book
subject
The invention is
lap
from
air
of
jet
to "things to let out"
exclusive
claim to be
rice field.
The court ruled as follows and rejected the defendant's allegations
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"(
workman
)Book
subject
patent application
excess
application in process
Man
from
Submission
Exit
was done
opinion
book(
Instep
1 of 5,
B
One
7
) in which the defendant pointed
pick up
so that
"
devil
ta, to
e
，This quote
example
is like the claimed invention
To
fixed
was done
SE
center
Shu
of the port
lap
Rini
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
Yes
Noh
To
set up
even if
Next
also explained in section
like,
rotary cylinder
under
end
kara place
fixed
Distance
away
intervals
above
rank
Placement
the
ring
letter
of
gap
To
air
of
supply
and
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
by using
ring
letter
of
gap
internal affairs
body
To
air
of
line
tree
delivery
let
gap
under
end
all of
lap
from
average
etc
To
air
of
jet
The effect of making it come out is
a lot
is.
"(Five
page
11
line
or 19
line
)，
"On the other hand, in the present invention,
dust
invasion of
entry prevention
of
line
cormorant
Part
SE
center
Shu
13 and
rotary cylinder
of 22
while
of
gap
of
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
part, but the whole
lap
from
air
But
jet
because it is issued
dust
invasion of
enter
to ensure
prevention
be able to
can.
Namely
, place
fixed
pressure
of
air
But
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
mosquito
La place
fixed
Distance
Separation
above
rank
Placement
ring
letter
gap
within
supply to
difference
be, and
ring
letter
gap
of
picture
form
one
one part
material
is
rotate
cylinder
out of 22
lap
surface
But
rotate
Since
Previous
of
Supply position
place
from
supply
was done
air
But
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
To
To
Ru
while
and
times
cylinder
out of 22
lap
surface
of
rotate
along with
ring
shaped passage
the inside
Spiral
letter
To
Turning
down while
fall
In order to
Supply position
Placement
resistance
of
little
no special
fixed
Part of
rank
Only
flow
be, place
so-called
，
Show
tote
PA
Sushi
Tari
drift
or
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
partial of
rank
Placement
Mikara
Exhaust
not be issued
nine
，
the
air
teeth
ring
letter
gap
Inside
all
body
To
line
tree
delivery
What
rotary cylinder
under 22
end
all of
lap
from
jet
put out
be. "(
7
page
20
line
or 8
page
16
line
).
However, the above statement
open
Akira
Five
7

7
5156
public
report
(
B
4) and
open
Akira
5592145
public
report
(
Instep
2) of 5
application
prior notice
cited as technology
refuse
Absolute
Reason
notification
was done
of
receive
hair
hand(
B
6 of 1) ，
pulverization
above the part
rank
place
SE
hmm
Tar
Shu
with
rotary cylinder
with
while
of
ring
letter
gap
To
addition
compressed air
of
supply
configuration to
open
do not indicate
Both
Quote
example
For the above configuration
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
68
of
picking
It claims the action and effect by using
the law of nature,
rotary cylinder
under
end
all of
lap
from
air
of
jet
to get it out
rotary cylinder
of
rotate
The point of using
Both
Quote
example
with
difference
as a different point
strong
tone
not something to do.
Therefore, the above application
Sutra
excess
of
reference
and configuration elements
subject
H.
to
hair
"
rotary cylinder
under
end
from
jet
configured to issue
other
meaning
of
exclusive
Solution
interpretation
vinegar
Be
yes
e
do not have. ”
note
: Based on the issues, actions, and effects described above,
Zuku
judgment
by
Already
To
conviction
I got
thought
will be referee
examination
in stages
opinion
description of the book (
package
bag prohibition
words
)
vision
height
figure
,Right holder
To
relaxation
Capacity
a judgment
for
It is
(
3
)
Lesson
below
Lesson
is guided.
Problems to be solved, actions, and effects of patented inventions
grasp
Be able to
describe the statement in
Be
tree
Clarify the problem to be solved, actions, and effects
grasp
Ready
palce
,case
Depending on
examination
in stages
opinion
description of the book (
package
bag prohibition
words
)
heavy
vision
height
figure
, to the right holder
relaxed
Capacity
a judgment
for
can be
3. Invalidity theory
The following is a solution based on judgments in which the argument of invalidity was the main point of contention.
explain.
3.1 Osaka District Court 1989
Judgment dated June 21, 1996 (2006)
Year (Wa) No. 2810)
(1) Subject patent: patent
turn
No. 3306043 "
impact type
broken
crush
machine
to
hair
Ru
Ha
hmm
pose
”
original
fee
(
crushed stone
etc
) in more detail
nine
broken
crush
used to
Ru
impact type
broken
crush
machine
in the original
fee
of
hit
hit
as a child
B
Data
outside of
lap
to the department
taking
Attached
hair
to be
Ha
hmm
pose
(
7
) on the structure of
be.
Up
figure
is one of the implementation
form
is different from
other
of the implementation of
form
it takes
Ha
hmm
pose
Nodaira
map
is.
"Implementation 1
form
, the above
figure
of
vertical
groove
(81, 91) is
existing
present
do not do.
(2) Issues and judgment of the court
Defendant based on prior art
Zu
book
subject
patent is invalid
to be
Be
tree
is
Claimed.
The court held the defendant's allegations as follows:
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"So
blood
，
Ha
hmm
pose
with
hair
replacement
e
To
edge
do,
Ha
hmm
pose
7
of
Ha
hmm
insertion
enter
to part 20
insertion
enter
did
Mama
in, after
face side
thrust
start
Part 9
Up
through
like
Wa
stomach
Ya
B
ー
pu
W.
of
Hanging
hair
times
Sunoga
difficulty
and
There is
devil
rice field,
thrust
start
Part 8, 9 above
through
like
Wa
stomach
Ya
B
ー
pu
W.
of
Hanging
hair
times
Even if
Wa
stomach
Ya
B
ー
pu
W.
butt
start
Department
8,9 from above
Smooth
What
Z
lever movement
tree,
Ba
Lance is
collapse
let's
devil
cormorant
called
Question
the subject is
Born
was Therefore, the book
subject
A patented invention is
configuration
Case C
configuration of
picking
was used. ”
note
:Book
subject
above in the invention
vertical
groove
(81, 91) to
picking
Use
Tari
reason
as
Certification
.
"On the contrary,
lap
knowledge
The technology
sling
hair
for
Wa
stomach
Ya
B
ー
pu
of
Hanging
hair
times
to the part
Wa
stomach
Ya
ー
B
ー
pu
to engage
groove
of
shape
form
to make
Gizu
，
groove
of
shape
form
item
place and
groove
of
mode
day
stay,
Ha
hmm
pose
of
"
thrust
start
Department's
top
surface
To
』
，
"
thrust
start
above the club
surface
mosquito
under
surface
To
To
Ru
devil
and
extension
long
do
vertical
groove"
of
shape
to form
For example,
what
and others
open
Since it is not shown, the cited invention
lap
knowledge
technology
set
Even if combined,
Case C
The configuration of
Immediately
To get
It is not something that can be done. and the book
subject
The patented invention is
By configuration,
lap
knowledge
Unlike technology, the above-mentioned peculiar
It is intended to exhibit the action and effect of.
Therefore, the cited invention and
lap
Knowledge
book from technology
subject
Patent invention
configuration of
idea
arrive
be able to
Capacity
Easy
to be
approval
unpredictable
stomach. ”
note
:
lap
knowledge
Functions and effects of technology and books
subject
the effects of the invention
ratio
Comparing
and the book
subject
Invention above
vertical
groove
(81, 91) to
picking
for
of the action and effect of
superiority
sex
approval
Generally
be.
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3
69
(
3
)
Lesson
Next
like
Lesson
is guided.
basic implementation
example
Actions and effects played by (this
subject
in the invention
Ha
hmm
pose
the thrust of
start
Department
What
of
agreement
power collection
Inside
prevention
) is
another
of the heterogeneous
Action/effect (book
subject
in the invention
Ha
hmm
pose
with
hair
replacement
e
of
Capacity
Easy
To
death
Wa
stomach
Ya
B
ー
pu
of
Z
Les
of
prevention
play)
another
Configuration of
(Book
subject
in the invention
vertical
groove
81, 91).
e
Ru
the above
another
The configuration of
Must
Hara that became the cornerstone
cause
Solution Division
Clearly explain the title, and the above actions and effects in the specification
Ru
3.2 Tokyo District Court Heisei 2
Judgment on March 28, 2007 (Heisei 19
Year (Wa) No. 12631)
(1) Target practical use
new
plan
Rights: Practical
new
plan
register
No. 2598506
"Manuscript
pressure
wearing
board
open
closed
Device"
multiple
copy
machine
printing
machine etc.
used for
suitable
a lift
function
with
Manuscript
pressure
wearing
board
open
closed
Regarding the device.
in lawsuit
hair
Invalidity theory is the key to victory
cause
Characteristic part that became
teeth,
"
support
Department
material
(
5
) to
printing
Automatic
at present
Detention
be
, "
taking
attachment
material
(
4
) to
Fixation
did
cam
Department
material
(
8
)
Abutting
let me sly
Da
- (14).
With this configuration, even if the document is thin, it can be printed like a book.
thickness
object
Even if it is a manuscript,
pressure
wearing
plate (2)
cheap
fixed
in general
stop
stop holding
can be
Noh
becomes.
(2) Major Issues and Judgments of the Court
Defendant claims that the prior art (
B
No. 2
proof
: Filed by the patentee
Man
and
a patent application
public
warning
public
report
) by
subject
the patent is invalid
claim.
the court as follows
Certification
and the defendant's allegations
withdraw
hair
rice field.
"however,
B
2 thoughts
plan
of
"
Moth
Id part
material
12
』
teeth,
"
nine
Rank part
material
of 8
branch
the point
Super
e
rice field
~ side
To
taking
Attached
hair
rice field
Pressure receiving pin
hmm
10, 10
When,
taking
attachment
material
One
~ side
To
set up
rice field
fixed
Pi
with 11
while
To
...suspension
be done
』
It is a thing and the constituent elements
Case D
1
"support
Department
material
To
printing
Automatic
at present
Detention
be done
』
thing or component
Case D
2
"
taking
attachment
material
To
Fixation
did
cam
Department
Abuts on material
difference
Seta
』
It cannot be called a thing.
note
:
B
2 thoughts
plan
about below
figure
reference
"
"
Moth
Id part
material
12
』
teeth,
"
crank
material
of 8
branch
the point
Super
e
rice field
~ side
To
taking
Attached
hair
rice field
Pressure receiving pin
10, 10 and
taking
attachment
material
One
~ side
To
set up
rice field
fixed
Pi
with 11
while
To
...suspension
be done
』
thing"
of
meaning
is the book
subject
thought
plan
a slice of
Da
- (14) is
printing
Automatic
present
whereas
B
2 thoughts
plan
of
Moth
Id part
material
(12) is
Fixed
fixed
typically "
Suspension
”, the book
subject
thought
plan
a slice of
Da
- (14) is
cam
Department
material
(
8
) to
abutment
whereas
B
2 thoughts
plan
of
Moth
Id part
material
(12) is
Fixed
Pi
on (11)
abutment
do
is
hair
and
that there is
meaning
do. (in the first place
B
2 thoughts
plan
then
cam
Department
the wood itself
But
existing
does not exist)
(2) Therefore, the defendant's book
subject
thought
plan
1 of (2)
New
sex
From the judgment in favor of the patent infringement lawsuit
learn
Guidelines for Drafting Patent Specifications
Patent 2011
Vol.
64
No.
3

7
0

August 2009 "without wishing to be bound by any theory"

This month, I would like to talk about the above phrases that I often encounter when translating statements into Japanese.

Japanese specifications do not have a well-established "common phrase" equivalent to this expression, so when translators see "without wishing to be bound by any theory" in English specifications, they are confused about how to translate it into Japanese, It seems that there are times when I wonder what the intention is.

Take a look at the example below.

While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that pre-straining a polymer in one direction may increase the stiffness of the polymer in the pre-strain direction.

(USP 7567681)

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that as the concentration of EC increases, the concentration of sodium can be increased without substantially affecting cell 10 adversely.

(USP 7566350)

Although not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the addition of titanium causes a reaction with the surface of the boron carbide particles to form a stable titanium-containing compound on the surface that does not disperse in the matrix and prevents further Attack by the aluminum alloy in the matrix.

(USP 7562692)

While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, applicants believe that this is due to the oxidation of N-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfopropyl)-3-methylaniline and 4-aminoantipyrine by peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide.

(USP 7560271)

All of these are expressions that appear in the description of the embodiment of the invention, but the translations delivered by freelance translators vary as follows (only the part in bold above).

Group A (Cases in which the intention of the original text was not understood, so the author tried to translate it faithfully, or the intention of the original text could be imagined to some extent, but the impression of "word translation" could not be overcome due to lack of Japanese sense. ):
A-1:
"Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that..."
A-2:
"Without wishing to be bound by theory, . . . can be considered."

Group B (I omitted the translation of wishing, probably because I didn't understand the original intent):
B-1:
"Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that . . . "
B-2:
"Without being bound by theory, it is believed that..."
B-3:
"Without being bound by any particular theory, think . . . "

Group C (wishing not translated, but mostly acceptable translation):
C-1:
"While not bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-2:
"While not bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-3:
"While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "
C-4:
"Without being bound by theory, it is believed that . . . "

Group D (Translations that do not correctly understand the intention of the original text):
D-1:
"Unless bound by theory, it is believed that..."
D-2:
"If you don't want to be bound by theory, you can think of . . . "
D-3:
"Without being bound by theory, it can be thought that . . . "

I don't think Group A's translation poses any real harm as a translation of a patent specification, but it's not recommended from the point of view of Japanese grammar.

There is no equivalent to wishing in the B group translation.
It seems that they decided that they didn't need to translate it, but the Japanese expression is not good enough for that. Among them, B-3 seems to have devised the Japanese expression more or less, but although it looks good at first glance, it is the reader who is "not bound by a specific theory" in this Japanese sentence, I am not the applicant/inventor (ie, the author of this specification).
Rather, it is the applicant/inventor who "wants not to be bound by any particular theory."

Group C also does not translate wishing, but it is mostly acceptable from two points of view of Japanese usage and how well the original intention is conveyed. In addition, it is better to say "can be considered" rather than "is considered".

The D group translation clearly shows that the translator did not understand the original intent correctly.

So what does "without wishing to be bound by any theory" mean and when is it used?

When applying for a patent, it is not legally required at all to state the scientific basis or academic principle that supports the effect of the invention in the specification. In other words, even if the inventor himself/herself does not know the principle or mechanism by which the "effect of the present invention" is obtained, it is sufficient if the configuration that exhibits the special effect is clearly specified in the specification. . This is what distinguishes them from academic papers. This is why university professors often say, "Patent specifications are sloppy."

That said, as inventors, we want examiners to be able to somehow assess the merits of our inventions, and we want examiners to understand that the effects of their inventions are not mere fancy or speculation. To that end, the inventors attempt to state the rationale behind the effects of the invention.

However, the scary part of the specification is that later, a third party finds a theory or principle different from the theoretical basis disclosed there, and claims that ``I made a different invention,'' or ``There is a reason for invalidation.'' There is a possibility of claiming that In order to prevent this, while persuading the examiner by stating that "the effects of the present invention are considered to be obtained by such scientific grounds and theories," There are other theories as well.”

Thus, "While not wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that ....." or "While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, A translation such as "It is considered to be



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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-372576 (P2002-372576A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2002 (2002.12.26)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
// G01C 17/32
21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G01C 17/32
21/00A
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 3
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》12
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2002-93386 (P2002-93386)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2002 (2002.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2001-93966 (P2001-93966)
(32) <Priority date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
2F029
5J062
《F term (reference)》
2F029 AA01 AB07 AC03 AC16
5J062 AA01 AA13 CC07 DD22 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information by receiving a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite with only one antenna.
<<Solution>> One GPS flat patch antenna 1 for L1 wave with a hemispherical beam is placed horizontally with the beam center, and the flat patch antenna 1 is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it faces. is formed, and the GPS receiver 2 connected to the planar patch antenna 1 attempts to acquire the signals transmitted from the GPS satellites. determining the GPS satellites, and aligning each GPS satellite determined to be in said air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of said air coverage area, and the satellite corresponding to the last term; is the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the GPS satellite azimuth angle corresponding to the first term is extracted as the ending azimuth angle.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One GPS flat antenna having a hemispherical antenna pattern is arranged horizontally with its beam center, and with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary, the GPS flat antenna is directed to four directions above the sky. A sky coverage area is formed in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to one half of the celestial sphere, and the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna is made to try to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper half celestial sphere, and the GPS receiver to determine the GPS satellites existing in the above air coverage area by processing the signals received in and using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation, each determined to exist in the above air coverage area The GPS satellites are arranged in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth of the sky coverage area, and the azimuth of the GPS satellite corresponding to the last in the aligned order is taken as the starting azimuth, and the first corresponding wherein the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing is limited to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise, with the opposite direction of the azimuth angle of the GPS satellite being the terminal azimuth angle. Method.
<<Claim 2>> In the azimuth information acquisition method according to Claim 1, the GPS flat antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees and arranged to provide a sky coverage area where the sensitivity of the antenna extends to the remaining one-fourth of the celestial sphere. and making the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna try to acquire the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere in the same process as above and defining one azimuth by taking a common product set of the azimuth obtained in the first attitude of the GPS planar antenna and the azimuth obtained in the second attitude of the GPS planar antenna A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the GPS planar antenna is mounted on the head.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>> According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each flat patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. retrieving the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna having sensitivity and air coverage; It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the transmitted GPS satellite was in, the determination result of the existence area of this satellite is circularly arranged, and the measurement is performed based on the information included in the circular determination result sequence. Limited or specified the orientation of the direction.
<<0005>> In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method in a commercially available GPS receiver, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (patent application 2000-364605).
<<0006>> As a result, when a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other, one The GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the two data can be processed by the data processing unit to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>> Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
<<Problems to be Solved by the Invention>> However, in the method of obtaining azimuth information proposed above, two planar antennas are installed in parallel, and data from one GPS receiver is transmitted to the other GPS receiver. As such, it is necessary to provide at least two antennas and data transmission means between the two GPS receivers.
<<0009>> The present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a direction information acquisition method that can extremely easily acquire direction information with only one flat antenna and one GPS receiver.
<<0010>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention comprises one GPS planar antenna having a hemispherical antenna pattern, the beam center of which is horizontally arranged, and one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. , the GPS flat antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing, and a GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna is provided with a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere. An attempt is made to acquire a transmitted signal, the signal received by the GPS receiver is processed to determine the GPS satellites present in the air coverage area, and the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation is used. and each GPS satellite determined to be within said air coverage area is aligned in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth of said air coverage area, and corresponds to the last in the aligned order. The direction in which one side of the semicircle is directed in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise, with the azimuth angle of the GPS satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle of the first corresponding GPS satellite as the ending azimuth angle. is characterized by limiting the orientation of
<<0011>> In addition, according to the present invention, the GPS flat antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees to form a sky coverage area where the sensitivity of the antenna extends to the remaining one-fourth of the celestial sphere. making the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna attempt to acquire a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere, limiting the azimuth in the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing; Defining one orientation by taking a common intersection of the orientation obtained in the first pose and the orientation obtained in the second pose of the GPS planar antenna.
<<0012>> Furthermore, the present invention includes mounting the GPS planar antenna on the head, and makes the GPS planar antenna in a horizontal state or a vertical state according to the information to be acquired.
<<0013>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> Next, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0014>> and subsequent descriptions use degrees (deg) as the unit of angle, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0015>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. A planar antenna 1 is installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction in which the beam of the planar antenna 1 faces is on the left side, the direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is looking down is Hereinafter, this direction will be referred to as measurement direction 5.
<<0016>> As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is rarely referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore, of course, the term omnidirectional will not be used below to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams face the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0017>> When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG. corresponds to one side of the state divided in two. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the planar antenna 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B exists in Do not cover.
<<0018>> Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. Synchronization is possible with the signal from GPS satellite A located within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for GPS, but synchronization with the signal from GPS satellite B not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 is not possible. Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0019>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. Right-handed circularly polarized beamwidths with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of designing the planar patch antenna. The planar antenna that constitutes the This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《0020》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100《0021》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722<0022> Making slight modifications to obtain the desired antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
《0023》In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, it can be easily done by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part. A hemispherical beam antenna can be constructed.
<<0024>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus embodying the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0025>> The functions and specifications that the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 2 should have may be equivalent to the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, the miniaturization and mass productivity that have been cultivated for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer GPS positioning devices are inherited and used. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer-use GPS positioning devices, there are already many GPS receivers of a size suitable for planar patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand already exists at a low price, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since the accumulation of these existing miniaturization techniques can be utilized, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be configured economically and in a small size.
<<0026>> The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at a cycle of every second or less, that is, the one with standard specifications is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite elevation for the satellite assigned to channel 1; satellite azimuth for the satellite assigned to channel 1; channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1; satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2, satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2, channel state for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 2, . , the satellite number assigned to channel n, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel n, the channel for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n state. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1-wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0027>> Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals, and attempts positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is expected to exist in the sky as if it were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere in the sky, just like the GPS receiver of an ordinary portable satellite positioning device. It causes a signal search to be performed for all GPS satellites that are present.
<<0028>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked by the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other synchronized GPS satellites via antennas. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0029>>Although all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used due to the use of a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. That is, regarding all the GPS satellites existing at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites. In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0030>> In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state, which are data of each satellite, are periodically output from the GPS receiver. In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data at a rate of about every second are currently in widespread use. Also good.
<<0031>> Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing unit 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0032>> Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0033>> If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0034>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0035>> If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0036>> If there are two or more satellites extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0037>> The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0038>> That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the final satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0039>> The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0040>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0041>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0042>> The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0043>> Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0044>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in the azimuth limitation is (α, β) can be given to the observer, but not limited to that, the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as θ) and the one-sided error (hereinafter referred to as δ) can be expressed in the form of (θ, δ). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 1》
000003

However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0045>> The two output forms, shown in the (α, β) form and the (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and either form is presented to the observer. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0046>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is worn on the back, the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body. Since limited results are obtained, usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0047>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. There are small black circle marks and white small circle marks.
<<0048>> Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and whose elevation angles were 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0049>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. A planar antenna 1 was randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. 3 by an observer who had no information about the orientation. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as previously described. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0050>> When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 1 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 . It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<Table 1>>
000004

<<0051>> Of the satellite data, only the satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less are extracted. Satellite numbers 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, and 20 were extracted. <<0052>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0053>> Since there are two or more extracted satellites, the following is done. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0054>> Now, the satellite 20 is selected as the final term and the satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0055>> The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0056>> That is, the direction of measurement is the direction (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle, defined clockwise.
<<0057>> The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0058>> The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle. inform.
<<0059>> Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction. The output format of the azimuth angle of measurement direction 5 in <<0060>> azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as a general azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 2》
000005

<<0061>> That is, the approximate azimuth angle is 276 degrees and the one-sided error is 14 degrees.
<<0062>> Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0063>> The physical entity of a modern GPS receiver is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, current portable GPS receivers are available at low cost that are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the parts used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that it can be configured small by suppressing the For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . The result output unit 4 can output sound through a speaker or an earphone. <<0064>> Since direction information acquisition according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, it can be easily attached to the head or body and direction information can be obtained while moving.
<<0065>> FIG. 4 shows a case where the head is worn via a cap or a helmet. FIG. 4(a) shows a state in which the planar antenna 1 is arranged horizontally on the top of the head, FIG. 4(b) shows a state in which the planar antenna 1 is arranged vertically on the back of the head, and FIG. 1 shows a state in which the flat antenna 1 is arranged vertically, and convenience is improved if the mutual mounting positions can be easily changed. <0066> Furthermore, the receiver integrally formed with the antenna 1 was incorporated with a mercury switch 8 as shown in FIG. When the mercury of the mercury switch 8 is positioned at the contact that activates the measurement function (Fig. 5(a)), and the antenna 1 is positioned at the back of the head as shown in Fig. 4(b) and becomes vertical. , the mercury in the mercury switch 8 is arranged to move to one of the contacts activating the azimuth limiting function (FIG. 5(b)) and the antenna 1 is arranged in the forehead as shown in FIG. 4(c). When positioned vertically, the mercury of the mercury switch 8 moves to the other of the contacts that activate the azimuth limiting function (FIG. 5(c)). You can get any information just by changing the .
<<0067>> As described above, if the antenna 1 is placed perpendicular to the back of the head, the measurement direction will be leftward if left as it is. By setting in advance, the obtained result matches the front direction of the face, which improves convenience. Similarly, if the antenna 1 is placed perpendicular to the forehead, the measurement direction will turn to the right, so the data processing unit 3 should be set in advance to always subtract 90 degrees from the result and output it. Thus, the obtained result matches the front direction of the face, improving convenience.
<<0068>> As can be seen from the configuration of FIG. 2, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on one side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As for the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 may be output from the result output unit 4 as it is.
<<0069>> As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites required for positioning can often be secured even in the vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in the constant vertical arrangement. However, the advantage of using only the positioning function horizontally is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases, so the DOP (Dilution of Precision: accuracy deterioration index) value is good. It is highly probable that you can select a set of satellites that In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy can be expected.
<<0070>> Furthermore, when the observer does not change his posture and manually switches between the states of FIG. 4B and FIG. Orientation information acquisition can be realized as if
<<0071>> That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in the memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, whether the measurement was performed in the state of the flat antenna 1 in FIG. 4(b) or in the state of the flat antenna 1 in FIG. 4(c). possible). The third is the time when the azimuth limitation is achieved (the time of the built-in clock of the GPS receiver 2 can be used for this). These are stored in memory on the microprocessor.
<<0072>> In the bi-vertical arrangement of the planar antenna 1 (FIGS. 4(b) and 4(c)), if only the latest azimuth information acquisition information is stored in the memory (older information overwriting) can save memory efficiently.
<<0073>> Then, when azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state (for example, the state of FIG. 4(c)), the azimuth information is not only output, but also azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions is stored in the memory. Check whether
<<0074>> In other words, it is obtained within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds) from the time when the orientation information was obtained in the current vertical arrangement, and the orientation information obtained in the other vertical arrangement Check if the result exists.
<<0075>> If there is a corresponding record, it is judged that the observer is trying to use the information on both sides of the sky by simply changing the arrangement of the planar antenna 1 on the head without changing the posture. Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated, and the intersection is also output.
<<0076>> In this operation, it is possible to calculate more accurate azimuth information values by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere. can.
<<0077>> In fact, in FIG. 3, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison, the resulting azimuth information obtained from both using the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (from 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuthal definition of 5 degrees wide would be obtained in this case. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0078>> At this time, the result output unit 4 determines that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement, the orientation of the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The intersection of the results of information acquisition is .
<<0079>> Below, a specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information by both vertical arrangements will be shown. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 1 and Figure 3, a procedure similar to that was carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0080>> FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 3 at this time. It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. The azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small black circles indicate GPS satellites that are determined to exist in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and have an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 3, the satellite that was out of coverage is now in coverage.
<<0081>> Table 2 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<Table 2>>
000006

<<0082>> Of the satellite data, only the satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less are extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3 is synchronous, but is excluded because it has an elevation value greater than 85 degrees. High elevation satellites are not suitable for use because their actual elongation is extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth. because there is no
<<0083>> For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0084>> Follow the rule when there are two or more extracted satellites. In other words, a circular permutation is created with respect to the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more. Then, let the above satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0085>> Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0086>> According to the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately limited as follows.
<<0087>> According to the original definition of the measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. ) is the starting azimuth (64 degrees), and the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth, clockwise. , should be limited.
<<0088>> However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-described memory, the previous azimuth limitation It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 6) while maintaining the same direction as the measurement direction (5 in FIG. 3). This is the case when the user attempts to obtain a more accurate azimuth limit value and changes the antenna placement to the opposite vertical position. In this case, the data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which is automatically limited as described above, plus 180 degrees, to be the current azimuth-limited measurement direction, and (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees as the starting azimuth. Let the azimuth angle range defined by the angle (105+180=) 285 degrees be the ending azimuth angle, clockwise, as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0089>> Here, the results in Table 1 and FIG. 3 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(b), and the results in Table 2 and FIG. 6 are based on the antenna arrangement in FIG. 4(c). It is assumed that the time difference between the two azimuth limitations is within the specified time. It is also assumed that the user has not changed his attitude at all during the change of antenna arrangement. The accuracy of the results can then be summarized as follows: Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle A, the ending azimuth angle B, clockwise, in the notation A<X<B. express that
<<0090>> The result of the first azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement of FIG. On the other hand, as shown in Table 2 and FIG. 6, the result of azimuth limitation by the antenna arrangement in FIG.
<<0091>> Taking the product set of these two azimuth limitation results obtained only on one side, 262<X<285, it is possible to be determined in a width of 23 degrees. The results for the final azimuth constraint show narrower values than the results for either vertical position alone (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees). That is, by taking the intersection, we were able to produce a result that was better than the results on either side. In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0092>> In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both of them at the same time rather than using only one quarter of the celestial sphere as a target. According to the present invention, it can be realized with a simpler device. In other words, a simple configuration can be realized by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers and two planar antennas.
<<0093>> Even if you do not use your hands as upper limbs and just perform an action such as aligning the facial direction with the zenith direction or aligning the facial direction with the nadir (virtual symmetry point of the zenith) direction, the above-mentioned is possible. In other words, it is possible to realize switching of functions by a mercury switch and proper placement of the antenna with respect to the sky. With the equipment configuration shown in Fig. 4(a), the facial direction is first aligned with the zenith direction, and after setting the azimuth by making the equipment take one vertical position (equivalent to Fig. 4(b)), immediately, the nadir If the device is made to take another vertical position (equivalent to FIG. 4(c)) so as to match the facial direction with the direction of the face and the device is allowed to perform orientation limitation, the result of orientation limitation as the intersection of the two can be easily obtained as Obtainable. This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0094>> According to the present invention, high-level results equivalent to those obtained from satellite data of a quarter of the celestial sphere on both sides can be realized with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Moreover, it can be realized by a simple operation and is practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding an extremely small modification to an inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning device that is widely used for civilian use.
<<0095>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0096>>
<Effect of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method of claim 1, a GPS flat antenna having a single hemispherical antenna pattern is arranged vertically to receive signals from GPS satellites. By doing so, the azimuth can be quickly limited, in other words, the azimuth angle values can be narrowed down to a fan-shaped range of azimuth angle values.
<<0097>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquisition method according to claim 2, the GPS planar antenna is further inverted by 180 degrees, and the azimuth in the direction in which the other side of the semicircle faces is limited by the same process. , a more limited azimuth angle value can be obtained by taking the common intersection of the two resulting azimuths.
<<0098>> Furthermore, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar antenna, it can be easily attached to the head, and by positioning the antenna on the front of the head, the direction in which one side of the semicircle is facing By limiting the orientation and moving the antenna to the back of the head, we can limit the orientation of the direction in which the other side of the semicircle is facing, and furthermore by taking the common intersection of the two orientations obtained. Limited azimuth angle values can be obtained.
<<0099>> Moreover, in its realization, priority can be given to the azimuth limiting function or the positioning function by simply switching between the vertical arrangement and the horizontal arrangement, providing high convenience to the observer. be able to.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device capable of embodying an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic arrangement diagram showing the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the orientation is limited by the orientation information acquisition device.
<<Fig. 4>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is an antenna layout diagram when the positioning function is prioritized, (b) is an antenna layout diagram at the back of the head when the azimuth information acquisition function is prioritized, (c) is an antenna arrangement diagram for the forehead when the azimuth information acquisition function is prioritized.
<<Fig. 5>> A conceptual diagram showing the switching state of the mercury switch of the direction information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the positioning information acquisition function is prioritized, and (b) is direction information FIG. 7C is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the acquisition function is given priority, and FIG. 4C is a contact state diagram of the mercury switch when the azimuth information acquisition function is given priority.
<<FIG. 6>> FIG. 3 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when azimuth limitation is performed by the azimuth information acquisition device when the antenna is placed in the opposite direction.
<<Description of symbols>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area
<<Figure 1>>
000007

<<Figure 2>>
000008

<<Figure 3>>
000009

<<Fig. 5>>
000011

<<Fig. 4>>
000010

<<Fig. 6>>
000012

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(19) <<Issuing Country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2007-248205 (P2007-248205A)
(43) "Published date" September 27, 2007 (2007.9.27)
(54) <<Title of the Invention>> Method and apparatus for acquiring direction or direction of magnetic force line information
(51) <<International Patent Classification>>
G01C 17/28 (2006.01)
G01R 33/02 (2006.01)
《FI》
G01C 17/28D
G01R 33/02L
《Request for Examination》Unclaimed
《Number of claims》38
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》26
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2006-70889 (P2006-70889)
(22) <Filing date> March 15, 2006 (2006.3.15)
(71) Applicant
《Identification number》301022471
<<Name>>National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100095337
"patent attorney"
<Name> Shinichi Fukuda
(74) Agent
《Identification number》100061642
"patent attorney"
<Name>Takemichi Fukuda
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
2G017
《F term (reference)》
2G017AA00
2G017AA03
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To obtain azimuth information inexpensively and simply without relying on satellites or radio wave sources, and with high reliability even on land.
<<Solution>> A conductor 12 is provided on a rotating throwing body 11 that rotates when thrown. A detection unit 13 is provided to generate a detection output when an induced electromotive force is generated in a predetermined direction in the conductor 12, and a notification unit 14 notifies that the detection output has been generated.
<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 1
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>>
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Acquiring predetermined azimuth information by detecting an induced electromotive force generated in the conductor when the conductor traverses the magnetic field due to rotation;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>>
A direction information obtaining method according to claim 1, wherein:
providing a notification unit for notifying that the predetermined direction information has been acquired;
Arranging the notification part at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 3>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
disposing the notification unit at or near the outer periphery of the rotary thrower;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 4>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The notification unit changes its state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 5>>
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 4;
When the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before that, and the luminous body that emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light with a different emission color, and the optical property variable that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies emitting sounds or changing timbres from silence;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 6>>
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Acquiring magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force that can be generated in the conductor when the conductor crosses the magnetic field due to rotation;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 7>>
The magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 6;
providing a notification unit for notifying the acquired magnetic force line direction information;
Arranging the notification part at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 8>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 7;
disposing the notification unit at or near the outer periphery of the rotary thrower;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 9>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 7;
The notification unit changes its state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 10>>
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method according to claim 9;
When the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before that, and the luminous body that emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light with a different emission color, and the optical property variable that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies emitting sounds or changing timbres from silence;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 11>>
a rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that emits a detection output when an induced electromotive force is generated in the conductor in a predetermined direction;
a notification unit that notifies that the detection output has been issued;
An azimuth information acquisition device comprising:
<<Claim 12>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit is arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 13>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit is arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary thrower;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 14>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The annunciator comprises visual or audible, or visual and audible annunciation means;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 15>>
15. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 14;
The notification unit, as the notification means, changes the previous state at the time of notification, emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, and has a variable optical characteristic that varies the value of light reflectance or light absorption. having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies that emit sounds or change timbre from silence:
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 16>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source and a drive control section for driving the notification section;
enabling the drive control unit to supply power from the power supply to the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 17>>
17. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 16;
The drive control unit is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 18>>
17. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 16;
further comprising a rotation detection device for detecting whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section for enabling power supply from the power source when the rotation detection device detects the rotation;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 19>>
19. The azimuth information acquisition device according to claim 18;
The rotation detection device has a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary thrower to the outer circumference, and are spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction;
The mercury switch is configured to close the electrical contact when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing comes to the radially outer end side due to centrifugal force accompanying rotation;
The rotation detection device detects rotation of the rotary thrower when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 20>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
Two or more of the notification units are provided at mutually different positions of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 21>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 22>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged in a straight line in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a portion of the outer peripheral edge thereof at appropriate intervals;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 23>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The notification unit includes a radio transmitter and is configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by a user when the detection unit emits the detection output;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 24>>
The direction information acquisition device according to claim 11;
The rotating throwing body is a return-type gliding body that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 25>>
a rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that detects an induced electromotive force that can occur in the conductor and emits a detection output;
a reporting unit that reports magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor obtained through the detection output of the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device comprising:
<<Claim 26>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit is arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 27>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit is arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary thrower;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 28>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The annunciator comprises visual or audible, or visual and audible annunciation means;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 29>>
29. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 28;
The notification unit, as the notification means, changes the previous state at the time of notification, emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, and has a variable optical characteristic that varies the value of light reflectance or light absorption. having any one or some or all of the bodies, sounding bodies that emit sounds or change timbre from silence:
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 30>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source and a drive control section for driving the notification section;
enabling the drive control unit to supply power from the power source to the notification unit by the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 31>>
31. A magnetic force line direction information acquiring device according to claim 30;
The drive control unit is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 32>>
31. A magnetic force line direction information acquiring device according to claim 30;
further comprising a rotation detection device for detecting whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section for enabling power supply from the power source when the rotation detection device detects the rotation;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 33>>
33. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 32;
The rotation detection device has a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary thrower to the outer circumference, and are spaced apart from each other in the circumferential direction;
The mercury switch is configured to close the electrical contact when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing reaches the radially outer end side due to the centrifugal force associated with rotation;
The rotation detection device detects rotation of the rotary thrower when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 34>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
Two or more of the notification units are provided at mutually different positions of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 35>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 36>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
A plurality of the notification units are arranged in a straight line in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a portion of the outer peripheral edge thereof at appropriate intervals;
A magnetic force line direction information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 37>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The notification unit includes a radio transmitter and is configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by a user when the detection unit emits the detection output;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Claim 38>>
26. The magnetic force line direction information acquisition device according to claim 25;
The rotating throwing body is a return-type gliding body that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown;
An azimuth information acquisition device characterized by:
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for obtaining azimuth or magnetic field line direction information, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for obtaining azimuth or magnetic field line direction information based on geomagnetism detection.
《Background technology》
<<0002>>
With the rapid development of geographic information systems and the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology in recent years, the demand for directional information acquisition methods that can be used reliably even on land is rapidly increasing. In particular, there is an increasing demand for a method based on geomagnetic detection that does not need to rely on satellites or radio sources, as well as a method that is inexpensive, simple, and highly reliable.
<<0003>>
Conventionally, when it comes to obtaining a direction by detecting geomagnetism without relying on a satellite or radio wave source, there is the application of a traditional compass. Acquisition of direction information using a compass certainly has had a certain degree of effectiveness over the ocean and in the sky. Over the ocean or in the air, correction of deviation (the error caused by the magnetic north direction indicated by the compass needle against the true magnetic north direction due to the influence of the magnetism of the hull or aircraft itself) and declination is complicated, but for the time being, This is because it is practically possible.
<<Disclosure of Invention>>
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0004>>
On land, however, things were different. The use of a compass on land was surprisingly problematic and should only be seen as a stopgap measure of convenience.
<<0005>>
In other words, the mixing ratio of geomagnetism and disturbance magnetism in the direction of the compass needle at each point is unknown, and this mixing ratio sometimes reaches 1:1 or more, which means that the error may be larger. . In other words, the error can be up to 360 degrees. Therefore, there is a great risk that the user will be given unreliable results without knowing the degree of error at individual points, and the user will act on the false information. Disturbance magnetism is caused by the geological characteristics inherent to the site, the presence of buried objects such as iron, the presence of automobiles, the presence of steel-framed buildings, and the effects of various magnetic metals possessed by users. These changes when the user's position changes, or when the user's clothing changes, so individual evaluation is very difficult. This is the fundamental difference from the deviation of ships and aircraft. The deviation of ships and aircraft can be corrected even if the procedure is complicated, but it cannot be evaluated on land because there are too many individual influences.
<<0006>>
In fact, the use of compasses, etc. on land was not used for important decision-making. This is because there is no evidence to deny that it is the result of contamination by disturbance magnetism originating from the geological features at the measurement point. This is because there was no way to quickly confirm on the spot whether or not the results were obtained. In order to confirm this, it is necessary to take the trouble of moving by walking or the like and confirming whether the orientation at each point is the same as the orientation at the original point.
<<0007>>
However, such movement by walking or the like has the drawback of rapidly depleting physical strength and time, which are extremely valuable resources for outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, and is not practical in terms of ensuring safety. In other words, there is a risk that trial walking to obtain a direction may lead to slipping down the ridgeline in fog, or a fall accident without stepping on the snow cornice. Also, even if it doesn't lead to an accident, it wastes precious time until sunset, and instead leads to danger such as being forced to do a dangerous bivouac at night. As a result, there was also the problem of increasing the risk of fatigue and freezing death.
<<0008>>
In view of such conventional circumstances, the present invention is capable of obtaining azimuth information or the direction of magnetic lines of force with high reliability even on land by means of an inexpensive and simple method or device without relying on satellites or radio wave sources. It is intended to provide a method or apparatus for obtaining
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0009>>
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention first has the following basic configuration:
providing a conductor on a rotating thrower that rotates when thrown;
Obtaining predetermined azimuth information by detecting the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor as it crosses the magnetic field due to rotation;
We propose a direction information acquisition method characterized by
<<0010>>
Furthermore, the present invention also proposes a method of obtaining magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force that can be generated in a conductor when the conductor traverses the magnetic field due to rotation.
<<0011>>
As a preferred sub-structure of these, the present invention provides a notification unit for notifying that predetermined azimuth information has been acquired or for notifying the acquired magnetic force line direction information, and this notification unit is positioned at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body. , preferably at or near the outer periphery.
<<0012>>
Furthermore, it is also proposed that the notification unit changes the state visually or audibly, or both visually and audibly when making the notification. In other words, when the notification is given, the notification unit changes the state from before and changes the value of the luminous body that emits light from the non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, the light reflectance or the light absorption rate. It can be configured to have any one, some, or all of an optical property variable body, a sounding body that emits sound from a silent state or changes timbre.
<<0013>>
The present invention can of course also be defined as an apparatus. i.e.
a rotating throwing body that rotates when thrown;
a conductor provided on the rotary thrower;
a detection unit that emits a detection output when an electromotive force induced in a predetermined direction occurs in the conductor;
a notification unit that notifies that the detection output is issued;
We propose an azimuth information acquisition device comprising:
<<0014>>
As in the method invention, the apparatus invention also provides magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor obtained through the detection output of the detection unit. A direction information acquisition device is also proposed.
<<0015>>
In any of the inventions, as a subordinate structure, for example, the notification unit is preferably arranged at a position other than the center of the rotary throwing body, and is particularly preferably arranged at or near the outer peripheral edge. In the device configuration as well, the reporting section can be configured to have visual or audible reporting means, or visible and audible reporting means.
<<0016>>
Specific notification means include a luminous body that changes its previous state at the time of notification and emits light from a non-luminous state or emits light in a different color, an optical property variable body that changes the value of light reflectance or light absorption, Examples include a sounding body that emits sound from a silent state or changes tone. One of these may be used, or some or all of them may be used in combination.
<<0017>>
The rotary throwing body is further provided with a power source for driving the notification unit and a drive control unit, and the above detection output from the detection unit enables the drive control unit to supply power from the power supply to the notification unit. Can also be configured.
<<0018>>
Instead of simply supplying operating power, the drive control section may be configured to change the notification mode of the notification section based on the detection output from the detection section. That is, for example, the luminous color of the light emitter, which is the notification means provided in the notification unit, can be changed, the light reflectance or light absorption rate of the optical characteristic variable body can be changed, or the tone color of the sounding body can be changed. It can be configured to change from before.
<<0019>>
Furthermore, by further providing a rotation detection device that detects whether or not the rotary throwing body is rotating, and a power switch section that enables power supply from the power supply when the rotation detection device detects rotation, Power can also be conserved when the rotary thrower is not in use.
<<0020>>
The rotation detection device can be configured to have a plurality of mercury switches arranged along the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body to the outer periphery, and arranged at appropriate intervals in the circumferential direction. The switch is constructed such that the electrical contact is closed when the mercury ball enclosed in the casing comes to the radially outer end side due to centrifugal force due to rotation. In this way, when the electrical contacts are closed in all of the mercury switches, the rotation detector can reliably detect rotation of the rotary throwing body.
<<0021>>
Two or more notification units may be provided at mutually different positions on the rotary throwing body, or a plurality of reporting units may be arranged at appropriate intervals along the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body. It is also a good arrangement to provide a plurality of linear throwers at suitable intervals in the radial direction from the center of the rotary throwing body or its vicinity toward a part of the outer peripheral edge.
<<0022>>
The notification unit may include a radio transmitter, and may be configured to transmit a notification signal to a radio receiver owned by the user when the detection unit emits a detection output. Of course, the receiver side activates one or both of the visual notification means and the audible notification means that the user can perceive based on the reception of the notification signal.
<<0023>>
In many cases, it is desirable that the rotary throwing object is a return-type gliding object that returns approximately to the throwing start position after being thrown.
"Effect of the invention"
<<0024>>
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide an azimuth information acquisition method or apparatus that is inexpensive and simple without relying on satellites or radio wave sources, and that exhibits high reliability by being free from the influence of disturbance magnetism. Moreover, it can present orientation information in the form of a generally useful body-centered, body-fixed coordinate system representation. It eliminates the need for complex deviation correction procedures, which are generally associated with magnetic detection, and solves the problem of the unknown magnetic disturbance effect, which was a serious drawback of using a compass on land. It can be realized, security and safety can be ensured, and the user can be protected from the danger of acting based on false information.
<<0025>>
In addition, since bearings and the like, which are weak points of compass needles, are not required, and mechanical moving parts are not required, the failure rate is low. It is relatively easy to recreate on site, and since it is lightweight, you can carry multiple pieces with you.
<<0026>>
Furthermore, according to certain aspects of the present invention, not only the azimuth but also the direction of the magnetic lines of force can be detected, which also has many very effective uses.
<<Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0027>>
1(A) and 1(B) show a preferred embodiment of an azimuth or magnetic force line direction information acquisition device configured according to the present invention. start. As shown in FIG. 1(A), there is a rotary thrower 11 as one of the main components of this device. The "rotary throwing object" referred to in the present invention refers to an object that can fly while rotating by being thrown directly by a person or by throwing with the aid of a tool that assists throwing. does not matter. In addition to frisbees and boomerangs with high gliding performance, baseballs and dodgeballs with low gliding performance or no gliding performance, as an intermediate existence between these, the interplay between Frisbee shape and ball shape during flight. A playground equipment that flips (flat ball), a playground equipment that looks like a PET bottle with the top and bottom cut off (X gyro), an ancient Japanese bamboo dragonfly, or a bamboo dragonfly-like object that rotates more to stabilize the rise. Throwable items, toys, etc., including those equipped with auxiliary equipment that can rotate the main body at high speed by pulling the towline at high speed, or similar rotating ascending bodies, etc. .
<<0028>>
By the way, in FIG. 1(A), the outer peripheral edge of the rotary projectile 11 shown in the shape of a disk is drawn obliquely, but the outer peripheral edge of the disk is also configured vertically (Dodgebee) at present. It is widely distributed, and of course that shape is also acceptable. If you throw a frisbee like a boomerang (a little more laid down than a boomerang), give it an angle of about 30 to 40 degrees from the horizontal and throw it forward and upward, it will rise forward and then turn around and come back. . Even throwing bodies with high gliding performance can be called "return type gliding bodies" because the above-mentioned Frisbee, boomerang, etc. return to a position close to the throwing start position.
<<0029>>
As is well known, the flying distance of a Frisbee ranges from 100m to 200m, and the flying distance of a donut-shaped ball called an aerobie, which completely hollows out the center part, can reach a flying distance of 300m. Boomerangs are also known to have various shapes, such as a dogleg shape, a shape with arms on three sides, a shape with arms on four sides, and so on. Of course, these can also be used as the rotary throwing body 11 in the present invention. There is also a foldable type that is convenient to carry, and such a type can also be conveniently used as the rotary throwing body 11 of the present invention.
<<0030>>
In this embodiment, for convenience of explanation, the rotating throwing body 11 is assumed to be a Frisbee, but the rotating throwing body 11 is provided with a conductor 12 . In the case of this embodiment, the conductor 12 is composed of a conductor wire 12 wound around the diameter passing through the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 . For the sake of clarity, the number of turns of the conductor 12 is shown as one, but in practice it is desirable to have multiple turns, which can increase the induced electromotive force described later.
<<0031>>
A detector 13 for detecting an induced electromotive force generated in the conductor 12 faces the conductor 12 . A commercially available semiconductor-based minute voltage detector or the like can be arbitrarily used to detect the minute induced electromotive force.
<<0032>>
The detector 13 can limit the detection induced electromotive force direction by simply using a rectifier diode or the like, for example, so as to detect only when the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor 12 is in a predetermined direction. You can leave it as is. In addition, since the induced electromotive force is not simply turned on and off, it is often preferable to detect when the conductor 12 faces the predetermined direction when the maximum induced electromotive force is generated.
<<0033>>
The rotary throwing body 11 is also provided with a notification unit 14 that operates when the detection unit 13 detects that an induced electromotive force is generated in the conductor 12 in a predetermined direction. It is sufficient if it is configured so that a state different from the above can be visibly or audibly embodied, or visibly and audibly. For example, in order to display visually, the notification means may typically be composed of light-emitting bodies such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are light, small, and low in power consumption. Typically, the means may be composed of a sounding body such as a low power consumption, light weight and small size film speaker or the like, or both may be used in combination. Also, an optical property variable body such as a liquid crystal whose light reflectance or light absorption rate can be controlled by an electrical signal can be used alone or in combination with the light emitter or sound generator.
<<0034>>
When the detection output of the detection unit 13 is sufficiently high and the operating power of the notification unit 14 is extremely small, the output of the detection unit 13 can drive the notification unit 14 as it is. Fourteen drive control units 15 can be configured. For example, if a light-emitting diode or the like that can emit light with an extremely small amount of power is provided in the future, simply inserting this light-emitting diode in series with the conductor 12 will also serve as the rectifying diode described above. However, in general, there are many cases in which separate power is required to drive current light-emitting diodes and speakers. , so that the notification unit 14 can be selectively driven via the drive control unit 15. As shown in FIG. In FIG. 1(A), the power source 16 is shown at a position slightly off the center of the rotary thrower 11 for the convenience of notation, but if it is near the center, in the case of the disk-shaped rotary thrower 11, the rotation balance is good. Become.
<<0035>>
If the number of turns of the conductor wire 12 is sufficiently large, the induced electromotive force itself can be used as the power supply for the main body, or an appropriate power storage device (not shown) such as a built-in rechargeable battery or an electric double layer capacitor can be used. They can also be used as the power source 16 if stored.
<<0036>>
Examples of correlation circuit blocks of the detector 13, notification unit 14, drive control unit 15, and power source 16 are shown in FIG. 1(B), for example. The drive control unit 15 can be assembled as a power supply line switching unit using, for example, a field effect transistor or other semiconductor switching element, and emits a detection output indicating that the detection unit 13 has detected an induced electromotive force in a predetermined direction. The power supply line opening/closing unit may sometimes respond to close the power supply line, and the power supplied from the power supply 16 may be used to drive the notification unit 14 . Such a circuit configuration itself can be assembled in various ways by those skilled in the art very easily, and can be made considerably smaller and lighter with the use of recent integrated circuit technology.
<<0037>>
The geometric arrangement position of the notification unit 14 should be a position that avoids the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11, at least when visually reporting, and is preferably at or near the outer peripheral edge of the rotary throwing body 11. . In the case of this embodiment, it is provided on one surface of the rotary throwing body 11 in the vicinity of the outer peripheral edge, and is positioned to ride on the conductor 12 as well.
<<0038>>
As already described, when a semiconductor-based minute voltage detection device is used as the detection unit 13, for example, an integrated circuit distributed as "ultra-high-performance AD converter IHM-A-1500" may be used. Since this is a small, lightweight, and thin integrated circuit (10 mm long, 10 mm wide, and 5 mm thin) that can be placed on a fingertip, it is lightweight and suitable for aircraft. It is a 16-pin integrated circuit chip with 8 leads for external input/output arranged on both long sides of a flat rectangular package. It uses a SOP (Small Outline Package) method, which is a flat type, which is popular as a package method, and is easy to handle and low in cost. It can detect minute voltages on the order of μV at a maximum period of 16 kHz, and can output highly accurate 16-bit digital signals. It is a product manufactured by ISABELLENHUTTE in Germany and is available at a very low price. However, there is white noise even at 0V input, and the lower 1 and 2 bits may not be completely 0, but this is rather normal for this kind of integrated circuit with high detection sensitivity. This can be dealt with by ignoring the bit or by appropriately setting the threshold in the drive control unit 15. In addition, since it is a simple AD converter without an internal controller, its conversion method can be controlled by register contents. The main unit operates on a 5V power supply. It weighs only a few grams and is distributed at a price comparable to or lower than that of the main Frisbee, so it is highly applicable to the device of the present invention.
<<0039>>
When the induced electromotive force is detected by the integrated circuit of such a minute voltage detection device, the microcomputer (abbreviated as microcomputer: for example, PIC microcomputer: EPROM can hold the program) used as one form of the drive control unit 15 is notified. I wish I could. Of course, the above-mentioned button battery is sufficient as the power supply 16 because it can operate sufficiently with a 5V power supply.
<<0040>>
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the principle of operation of the azimuth information acquiring apparatus of the present invention shown in FIG. 1. First, basically, the present invention utilizes Fleming's right-hand rule. In other words, when a conductor placed perpendicular to the lines of magnetic force in a magnetic field is moved perpendicular to the magnetic field, the induced electromotive force is induced by the middle finger occurs in the direction of
<<0041>>
Therefore, when the rotary thrower 11 with the coil 12 wound around the conductor 12 is thrown in the throwing direction Dg in the magnetic field Mf, the rotational direction of the rotary thrower 11 indicated by the arrow Ro in FIG. The induced electromotive force vector is generated from the tangential motion vector and the geomagnetic direction vector. As a result, the detection unit 13 detects the generation of the induced electromotive force generated in the conductor (lead wire) 12 in a predetermined direction. Then, at the moment when the detection unit 13 detects the induced electromotive force, the notification unit 14 is driven by the operating power from the power supply 16 via the drive control unit 15, and the light emitting body such as a light emitting diode provided as the notification unit 14 emits light as indicated by symbol Le.
<<0042>>
The reference of this light emission may be a design in which a threshold is set for the induced electromotive force and a notification is given when the threshold is exceeded. Alternatively, when the induced electromotive force begins to be observed, focus on its fluctuation cycle, which should be basically a sine curve accompanying rotation, and find the induced electromotive force that is 80% of the maximum value in the sine curve of the previous induced electromotive force. The power may be a threshold value of the current induced electromotive force, and may be designed to notify when the threshold value is exceeded. With the latter method, it is possible to avoid the situation where the threshold is set too high and no notification is given at all. In addition, it is convenient because it can handle changes in the induced electromotive force depending on the throwing direction and angle. Alternatively, both may be switched by a switch.
<<0043>>
In the former case, that is, when a predetermined threshold value is set, the azimuth in which light continues to be emitted may become too wide. However, since it can be recognized as the central position by the observer, there is little problem. The threshold may be set externally using a jog dial or the like (not shown). Also, if it is possible to carefully detect the sine curve variation for one wavelength, it is of course preferable to control the light emission appropriately before and after the maximum value of the induced electromotive force. This in itself is not very difficult.
<<0044>>
Here, reference is made to the magnitude of the induced electromotive force induced by Fleming's right-hand rule. Magnetic field measurement by electromagnetic induction with a rotating-coil flux meter can measure the absolute value of the magnetic field. A sensing coil (constituted by conductor 12 in the present invention) in a steady magnetic field is rotated at a constant speed and the electromotive force induced in the coil is measured.
<<0045>>
For example, when a detection coil having a cross-sectional area of S and the number of turns of N is rotated at a constant speed perpendicular to the magnetic field H at an angular velocity ω, the total magnetic flux Φ penetrating the coil is
Φ＝μo・H・S・N・cos(ωt)
Therefore, the induced electromotive force V becomes
V = δΦ/δt = μo・ω・H・S・N sin(ωt)
<<0046>>
Substituting specific numerical values into the above formula yields the following.
Angular velocity ω = 2 x 3.14 (rad/circle) x 10 (circle/sec) = 62.8 (rad/sec) (assuming 10 rotations per second), Magnetic field µoH = 0.35 (G) = 0.35 x 10-4 (T) ( horizontal magnetic force in the mid-latitude region),
Cross-sectional area S = 0.015 (m-2) (assuming a rectangular coil cross-sectional area with a diameter of 30 cm and a height of 5 cm),
Number of turns N = 10 (times)
given that,
Maximum induced electromotive force V = 3.30 x 10-4 (V)
becomes.
<<0047>>
Therefore, considering that the detection sensitivity of the micro-voltage detection device using a low-cost fingertip-sized semiconductor integrated circuit is 10-6V, it is already 330 times the detection sensitivity under the above-mentioned realistic conditions. Power is obtained, and the small voltage range of interest can be detected sufficiently. Of course, as described above, increasing the number of turns N of the conductor 12 substantially improves the detection sensitivity of the detector 13 .
<<0048>>
The term "horizontal magnetic intensity" as used above refers to the horizontal component when the magnetic field of the earth's magnetism is divided into two components, the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. It is the largest at the geomagnetic equator, about 0.4G (0.4×10-4T), and about 0.3G near Tokyo.
<<0049>>
Here, for example, according to Non-Patent Document 1 below, it is shown that the results are disturbed by disturbance magnetism. In the present invention, the rotation that must be given to the induced electromotive force detection is used interchangeably with the rotation that accompanies the spatial movement aimed at minimizing the influence of the local magnetic disturbance. produced sexuality.
<<Non-Patent Document 1>> Nagasaki University/Course Education Research Report/7, "Measurement of Geomagnetism by Rotating Coil Method and Disturbance of Geomagnetism in Laboratory", Tetsuyuki Tomiyama et al., NCID AN00178258, VOL.7, March 30, 1984 Day
<<0050>>
As described above, in the device of the present invention, the luminous body 14 can emit light only when the rotary throwing body 11 assumes a specific posture with respect to the geomagnetic direction vector. That is, the projectile 11 that glides or flies while rotating can be configured so that the luminous body as the notification unit 14 provided therein emits light only when it takes a certain attitude with respect to the geomagnetic vector. It can be configured to emit light only when the position of the reporting unit 14 coincides with the direction of magnetic north. It allows the thrower to ascertain magnetic north. At this time, if necessary, if a flashing device or a colored mark is provided in a different color at the center Oc of the rotating projectile 11, as shown by the phantom line in FIG. It becomes easier to confirm the position of the notification unit 14 at that time, and eventually it becomes easier to confirm the magnetic north direction.
<<0051>>
However, various forms other than the above are conceivable as the form of expression of direction information in the direction information acquiring apparatus according to the present invention. For example, in the above description, the luminous body 14 is made to emit light when the direction in which the luminous body 14 as the notification unit 14 is viewed from the center Oc becomes magnetic north. , and the sounding body 14 may be driven instead of the light emitting body 14 when magnetic north is detected. This may be useful for use in direct sunlight where the emission may be difficult to perceive. In this case, the sound is emitted and audible at the moment when the colored sign faces a certain direction, so that the direction is known to be north.
<<0052>>
Since the speed of sound in the atmosphere at 1 atmospheric pressure and 20 degrees is 343m/sec, if we assume that the distance is 5m and the rotation speed is 10 rpm, the delay in sound transmission is 5/343=0.01458sec. occurs, and the rotation advances by about 5 degrees during that time. However, both historically and today, 8 directions (such as southeast) or at most 12 directions (such as northeast) are expected for directions, and more accuracy is meaningless. In fact, the 8-direction and 12-direction have error ranges of 30 degrees and 45 degrees, respectively, but considering that they are allowed without any problems, the above 5 degrees is not only within the expected accuracy, but also Furthermore, even if the error is about 10 times, it is definitely within the practical range of life.
<<0053>>
Even when using acoustic output, if you practice several times, you can easily expect a correction of about 5 degrees at any time, taking into account that the acoustic transmission speed delay is included according to the visual distance. If these factors are taken into consideration comprehensively, it is easy to understand that appropriate information can be obtained simply, quickly, and inexpensively.
<<0054>>
Of course, the luminous body 14 and the sounding body 14 may be driven together, and even in this case, the thrower can recognize the magnetic north by the position of the colored marker, the sound emitted, or even the light superimposed on the colored marker. A colored sign and a light emitter may be provided side by side, and a separately provided switch means (not shown) may open a power supply line to the light emitter when the light emitter is not required.
<<0055>>
Further, the driving control unit 15 does not simply selectively supply the operating power from the power supply 16 to the notification unit 14, but is configured to change the notification form of the notification unit 14 according to the detection output emitted by the detection unit 13. It is extremely easy with existing technology. Furthermore, if the induced electromotive force generated in the conducting wire 12 can be separately detected in both directions, a wider variety of notification expressions can be adopted. For example, when the light emitter 14 faces north, the drive control unit 15 causes the light emitter to emit light in a first emission color, such as green, and when it faces south, emits light in a second emission color different from that, such as red. can also be configured to These days, there are products that incorporate three diodes with different emission wavelengths so that the three primary colors of light can be selectively emitted in the lens housing of one light-emitting diode, so such products can be used conveniently.
<<0056>>
As indicated by the phantom lines in FIG. 1(A), when a second reporting unit 14' is also provided at a position diametrically opposed to the reporting unit 14, each of these two reporting units 14, 14' It can also be made to emit red light when facing , and green light when facing south. Of course, a sounding body can also be used together, and the drive control section 15 can be assembled so as to cause a change in tone as a change in state.
<<0057>>
By doing so, the device of the present invention can be used by, for example, a visually handicapped person. Even if a visually impaired person hears the sound, he or she cannot visually confirm the direction of the colored sign or the like at that time. Therefore, for example, when the detection unit 13 detects the induced electromotive force, the drive control unit 15 emits a certain sound from the first notification unit 14 facing north, and the second notification facing 180 degrees opposite to it. A different sound is emitted from the part 14'. Due to the presence of the left and right ears, human hearing can perceive spatial perception with a three-dimensional depth from the acoustic field. Stereo sound is an example of this, and the direction from the listener of the first violinist in an orchestra, the approximate position is, for example, the left direction, front, and the direction from the listener, the approximate position of the clarinetist, for example, is the right direction and the back. You can distinguish between the directionality and the depth, such as . Therefore, with the above configuration, even a visually handicapped person will be able to identify the azimuth by getting a sense of it through a little practice.
<<0058>>
In such a case, only the directions in which two sounds with different timbres, intervals, lengths, timings, continuity, forms, and structures are emitted are important to the discriminator, so these two sound sources The larger the diameter of the rotary projectile so that the difference in direction is equal to or greater than the resolution for discriminating the direction of arrival of the sound from the user, the faster the decision can be made, and the closer to the discriminating person the faster the decision. is. Furthermore, in this case, rather than moving in parallel, a rotary throwing object like a bamboo dragonfly that rises vertically, floats stably for a certain period of time and then descends, or, as mentioned above, gives more stable rotation by pulling a tow rope. Those with auxiliary tools are more suitable for such uses. The sound comes from overhead, and it can be determined that the direction of a certain tone is north and the opposite direction is south. If there is only one sound, it is difficult to determine its direction, but it is relatively easy to determine the positional relationship between two different sounds in space.
<<0059>>
Furthermore, although not shown, a plurality of luminous bodies are arranged at suitable intervals along the outer peripheral edge including both sides of the winding conductor 12 of the rotary throwing body 11, and when one of them faces, for example, north, The driving control unit 15 is configured to control to emit red light, control to emit green light when facing south, and control to emit white light in other cases, for example. etc. can be easily performed with recent circuit technology.
<<0060>>
A plurality of light emitters 14 may be arranged in a straight line at suitable intervals in the radial direction from the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 or its vicinity toward the outer periphery, and may emit light at the same time. This can significantly improve visual comprehension. When the direction from the center Oc of the rotating and flying rotary throwing body 11 to a part of the outer periphery of the rotating throwing body 11 coincides with a certain azimuth, this linear light emission is very clearly perceived by the observer. will be obtained. In order to make the direction from the center Oc to the outer periphery clearer, the color or brightness of the light emitter at the center Oc or its vicinity may be made different from the color or brightness of the light emitter at the outer edge. In any case, an appropriate one may be designed and selected from among various forms according to the surrounding lighting environment and cost.
<<0061>>
As mentioned above, when the emphasis is placed on use under direct sunlight, mirror materials with a different reflectance from the main body surface should be used instead of luminous bodies or the above-mentioned colored signs. It may be devised to improve the distinguishability of the direction under direct sunlight by embedding on the radial line. The dominant direct sunlight can also be used in reverse, and for example, an optical characteristic variable body such as a liquid crystal that can control the light reflectance and light absorption rate by an electric signal can be used as the notification unit 14 instead of the light emitter. Alternatively, such a liquid crystal notification unit 11 may be embedded on the radial line of the rotary throwing body 11 in an elongated shape.
<<0062>>
The device can also be equipped with a radio transmitter. A lightweight and compact radio transmitter can be mounted on a rotary projectile such as a Frisbee without any problems given the current state of technology. For example, when the annunciation unit facing north, a notification signal is transmitted from the wireless transmitter to a wireless receiver on the user side, such as an earphone-type receiver, and the audible notification unit on the receiving side emits sound / voice ( It can also be controlled to output a voice such as "North"), or to remotely notify the user by LED light emission of the visible notification unit within the field of view of the wireless receiver combined with glasses. The distance from the rotary throwing body 11 should be assumed to be at most about 100m, and weak wireless power, which is being deregulated in the Radio Law, can be sufficiently satisfied.
<<0063>>
FIGS. 3 to 6 show exclusively examples of possible forms of the rotary thrower 11, which differ from those shown in FIG. The same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 denote the same or similar components, and the descriptions of them can be used as they have been made so far, so there are cases where re-descriptions are omitted. .
<<0064>>
First, unlike the rotary throwing body 11 shown in FIG. 1, the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. It's becoming In other words, as mentioned above, the outer periphery of the disc is a vertical wall surface. Recently, such a shape has come to be seen well. Of course, the configuration of the present invention can also be applied to the rotary throwing body 11 having such a shape. Components indicated by reference numerals 12 to 16 and 14' shown in the figure are the same as those explained above, and the explanation thereof can be cited.
<<0065>>
FIG. 4 shows a rotary thrower 11 whose back side is recessed like an inverted tray. Although the wall surface of the outer peripheral edge is vertical, it may of course be inclined as shown in FIG. Since the description here focuses only on the positional relationship between the rotary throwing body 11 and the conductors or coils 12 provided therewith, for the purpose of simplifying the drawings, the detection section 13 and the notification section shown in FIGS. 14, more preferably provided drive control unit 15, power source 16, etc. are not shown in the drawing, but are naturally provided in accordance with the gist of the present invention.
<<0066>>
In the case of the rotary thrower 11 whose back side is recessed in this way, the conductor wire is laid along the inner surface of the side wall forming the outer peripheral edge on the back side and also along the surface of the tray-shaped recess. It is good to arrange 12. The cross section of the conducting wire or coil 12 has a shape in which the letter "concave" is turned upside down. This has the advantage of not compromising the freedom of movement for throwing or catching. In throwing, there is no problem if you can hang your fingers in one place and use the snap, and in catching it, it is standard to pinch it with both palms from above and below, so the hollow part above the bowl shape is the conductor wire. Even if 12 is crossed, standard capture is sufficiently possible, but if the conducting wire 12 is not crossed in the hollow part, the degree of freedom of throwing and capturing operations is further improved.
<<0067>>
As already mentioned, the induced emf is proportional to the coil cross-sectional area across the magnetic field and proportional to the number of coil turns. Compared to a configuration with a rectangular cross-sectional area, this inverted U-shaped configuration reduces the cross-sectional area. No problem at all. Conversely, the number of turns can be increased dramatically without interfering with catching and throwing, so the induced electromotive force can be increased.
<<0068>>
Even if the number of turns is not increased, no problem arises. Since the previous trial calculation had already obtained a value 330 times the detectable power, it is intuitively expected, but let's show a tentative calculation. For example, the rotary throwing body 11 has an outer diameter of 30 cm, an inner diameter of 25 cm at the lower surface, and a height of 5 cm. In this case, an induced electromotive force can be expected by subtracting the induced electromotive force based on the inner diameter cross-sectional area S' from the induced electromotive force based on the outer diameter cross-sectional area S according to the above-described induced electromotive force equation.
<<0069>>
Since the outer diameter cross-sectional area S = 0.3mx0.05m = 0.015 (m-2), the inner diameter cross-sectional area S' = 0.25mx0.05m = 0.0125 (m-2), the cross-sectional area difference ΔS = 0.0025 (m-2) is. Therefore, the induced electromotive force maximum value V = 52 × 10 -6 (V) is obtained from the induced electromotive force calculation formula given above. Considering the fact that the detection sensitivity of the micro-voltage detection device using an inexpensive fingertip-sized semiconductor integrated circuit is 10-6 (V), an electromotive force exceeding 50 times the sensitivity can be obtained with this simple configuration. However, voltage detection is sufficient. Moreover, by increasing the number of turns N of the conductor 12, the detection sensitivity of the detector 13 is substantially improved. With this wire configuration, the wire 12 can be embedded inside the body, and it is quite possible to increase the number of turns by 10 or more. Naturally, it is possible to obtain an induced electromotive force several hundred times as high as the low-cost, minute and lightweight minute voltage detection sensitivity of 10-6 (V) described above.
<<0070>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 4 is particularly suitable for the aforementioned Dodgebee, etc., which have gained popularity in recent years. By the way, the material of this is composed only of extremely soft materials, and it is suitable for capturing, but it is safe even if it is stopped by hitting it against the body without capturing it, and an unspecified number of groups can hit each other like a dodgeball. It is actively expected to be applied to playing group games. Of course, since the back surface is substantially hollowed out like a tray, the thickness of the rotary throwing body 11 is reduced in various places. 13-16 can also be constructed to be very thin, so that together with the conductor 12 can be embedded inside the rotary thrower. When a button battery is used as the power supply 16, it goes without saying that it can be embedded replaceably without showing a structural example.
<<0071>>
FIG. 5 also shows another devised embodiment of the routing of the conductors 12. As shown in FIG. 1 and 3, the drive control unit 15, the power source 16, and the like, which are preferably provided, are omitted from the drawing for the sake of simplicity. there is The rotary throwing body 11 has a bowl-shaped gouged back surface, similar to the one shown in FIG. However, in the case of this embodiment, the dashed line indicating the conductor 12 on the back side overlaps with the dashed contour line on the back of the projectile and is difficult to see, so only the wiring pattern of the conductor 12 is taken out and displayed in a reduced size at the bottom left of the figure.
<<0072>>
When the conductor 12 wraps around to the back side, instead of crossing over the diameter along the surface of the tray-shaped depression as shown in FIG. drawn and run to the opposite end. It can be seen that this is also an arrangement that does not reduce the degree of freedom of throwing, and can produce a sufficiently detectable induced electromotive force. It is also similar to the discussion above that the induced electromotive force can be further increased by dramatically increasing the number of turns without reducing the degrees of freedom for catching and throwing.
<<0073>>
FIG. 6 shows yet another embodiment. 1 and 3 as well as the drive control unit 15, the power source 16, and the like, which are also shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, are omitted from the figure. These are naturally provided. In this embodiment, the rotary projectile 11 has a completely hollow cylindrical or ring shape and can rotate around the rotation axis Oa. etc. correspond to this shape.
<<0074>>
In this embodiment, as shown in the drawing, the conductor 12 to be provided on such a rotary throwing body 11 is formed along the inner circumference of the hollow cylindrical opening edge on the back side, as in the previous embodiment shown in FIG. While the arc is drawn in a semicircular shape, the arc is also drawn in a semicircular shape along the outer periphery of the opening edge of the hollow cylindrical shape in a geometrically symmetrical relationship on the surface side. Also in this drawing, for the sake of clarity, only the wiring pattern of the conductor 12 is extracted and shown in the lower left of the drawing.
<<0075>>
However, with such a hollow cylindrical rotary throwing body 11, the front and back portions in the axial direction are dimensionally narrow, and it is difficult to provide various circuit sections 13 to 16 (FIGS. 1 and 3) necessary for the present invention. It is conceivable that there may not be a sufficient area portion. However, as described above, they can be made light and small enough to fit on a fingertip, so it is sufficiently possible to embed them in a portion corresponding to a side surface corresponding to a hollow cylindrical frame.
<<0076>>
When throwing such a hollow cylindrical X gyro, it is known that aerodynamically stable flight is achieved by giving rotation around a rotation axis Oa that coincides with the horizontal direction of travel. When the rotation axis Oa is made to fly horizontally in the direction orthogonal to the north-south axis (that is, the direction of the magnetic force line in this case: hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the expression of north, south, east, and west is based on magnetic north), it will not fly in any other direction. Since the maximum induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force can be generated compared to the case where the horizontal magnetic force is detected, in this case, along with such detection via the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14 can easily and directly detect magnetic north. can be notified.
<<0077>>
In this case, more interestingly, even the magnetic dip or inclination can be detected if desired. The dip is the angle between the direction of the earth's magnetic field and the horizontal plane. The dip is small at low latitudes and large at high latitudes. The direction indicated by the device as north (from the center to the direction indicated by "north" or from the direction indicated by "south" to the direction indicated by "north") corresponds in this case to the direction of the magnetic field lines of the geomagnetic field. . In other words, it does not simply indicate "north", but indicates a direction with an angle of about 48 degrees toward the ground assuming use in a mid-latitude area such as Tokyo, for example. By the way, for the area connecting Boso and Tokai to Setouchi and Kitakyushu, the angle of dip is about 48 degrees. The rotary projectile can detect the induced electromotive force of the magnetic force line vector component perpendicular to its own rotation axis among the magnetic force line vectors existing around itself. When the east-west axis coincides with the rotation axis, as in the present case, the magnetic force line vector component perpendicular to the rotation axis is the magnetic force vector existing around itself. Exact match. In other words, when the east-west axis coincides with its own rotation axis, the missing component that cannot be detected is zero.
<<0078>>
In other words, when the east-west axis and its own rotation axis match, the induced electromotive force obtained completely reflects the direction of the magnetic field line, and the complete magnetic field line direction information is restored, including the azimuth information and the inclination information. It is possible. The present invention is also suitable for making use of this fact in reverse and flying in the east-west direction as a teaching material for learning that magnetic lines of force have an inclination unique to the land. When implemented in Tokyo, when implemented in Sapporo, and when implemented in Sydney, the values are different. By exchanging information in real time on the Internet, etc., it is possible to easily compare the magnetic depression of the earth, which is useful for international cooperative learning and increases the learning effect of students. It goes without saying that such features as low cost, light weight, simplicity, and rapidity are also utilized in this case.
<<0079>>
By the way, when thrown horizontally in the east direction, the line of magnetic force is detected as a line of magnetic force from the upper right to the lower left as seen from the thrower. When thrown horizontally in the west direction, the line of magnetic force is detected from the top left to the bottom right as seen from the thrower. If this fact is known, it is possible to know the direction of throwing from the direction of the detected magnetic field line of inclination, and usefulness is maintained.
<<0080>>
On the other hand, when the rotation axis Oa is horizontally flown in the direction parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic force line), the conducting wire does not cross the horizontal magnetic force, so no induced electromotive force is generated due to the horizontal magnetic force. indicates that vertically downwards is "North" under the influence of the vertical component. That is, it does not point "north" in the horizontal direction, but only senses the vertical component. If we know this fact, we can determine that the direction of flight itself is north or south when pointing vertically downwards instead of pointing horizontally to north. To confirm, look from above the thrower's head, rotate the thrower 90 degrees clockwise, for example, and throw again. At that time, since it returns to the above-mentioned east or west, it is easy to judge whether the first throw was north or south.
<<0081>>
Even if it is thrown in a horizontal direction that does not exactly match the directions of east, west, south, and north, using this method will always provide a direction at least at the level of the 8-direction range, ensuring high usability. drip. Normally, the angle of inclination is measured from the horizontal plane, but let's assume that the vertical upward direction is 0 degrees and the angle of inclination is displayed up to 360 degrees clockwise from the thrower's point of view. This is convenient because the same reasoning as here will hold even south of the geomagnetic equator. It should be noted that "southern of the geomagnetic equator" can be thought of as being approximately the same as the southern hemisphere, but depending on the location, there will be a difference of about 15 degrees in terms of latitude. But this is of little concern for the discussion here.
<<0082>>
However, the direction of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw is 180 <F1 If <360, the direction of the eastern region (clockwise with respect to magnetic north, if the throwing direction is θ1, 0 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) and 0 <F1 If <180, the west area direction (180 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), so the throw direction can be determined almost immediately. In addition, after the thrower turns his or her body 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from the top of the thrower's head, the angle of inclination F2 obtained by throwing the second time under the condition of θ2 = θ1 + 90 Note first and then the change in magnitude of F2 compared to the angle of inclination F1.
<<0083>>
The orientation of the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw θ2 changes over the vertical axis compared to the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw θ1. If a change including 0 degrees is observed south of the geomagnetic equator from F1 to F2 clockwise, it means that the north-south axis has been crossed by rotating 90 degrees clockwise as seen from overhead. Therefore, the first throwing direction θ1 is the northwest area (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees) or Southeast area (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees). It is possible to identify which of these cases corresponds to the orientation of the inclination angle F2 at the time of the second throwing θ2. If 0 <F2 If <180, that is, if the thrower is north of the geomagnetic equator, it is from top left to bottom right, and if it is south of the geomagnetic equator, it is from bottom left to top right. <θ1 <180 degrees).
<<0084>>
180 on the contrary <F2 If <360, that is, from the thrower's point of view north of the geomagnetic equator, from the upper right to the lower left, and from the point of view south of the geomagnetic equator, from the lower right to the upper left, the direction of the first throw is the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees). Up to this point, one has already been determined from the four directions that are highly practical in daily life, and the next consideration further and immediately narrows it down to eight directions without any additional action.
<<0085>>
The direction of the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from above is 180 degrees if north of the geomagnetic equator, and 0 if south of the geomagnetic equator compared to the angle of inclination F1 of the first throw. degree, and if it were closer to vertical, the direction θ1 of the first throw would be in the southeast area (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) in the east-southeast region (90 degrees) <θ1 <135 degrees) and the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), the west-northwest area (270 degrees) <θ1 <315 degrees). If the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise as viewed from above and the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw are symmetrical about 180 degrees, then it is in the southeast area. (90 degree <θ1 <180 degrees), the southeast region (θ1 = 135 degrees) is narrowed down to the northwest region (270 degrees). <θ <360 degrees), it is further narrowed down to the northwest (θ1=315 degrees).
<<0086>>
If the orientation of the inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after a 90 degree clockwise rotation as seen from overhead is more horizontal than the inclination F1 of the first throw, then the direction of the first throw. θ1 is the southeastern region (90 degrees <θ1 <180 degrees) in the south-southeast region (135 degrees) <θ1 <180 degrees) and the northwest region (270 degrees <θ1 <360 degrees), the north-northwest region (315 degrees) <θ1 <360 degrees). So far we have shown that it is possible to immediately narrow down to 8 directions without any additional action.
<<0087>>
As can be easily guessed, contrary to the above, the direction of the inclination angle F2 obtained in the second throw θ2 after rotating 90 degrees clockwise when viewed from the top of the thrower's head is the inclination angle F1 of the first throw θ1. Compared to , when it did not show any change beyond the vertical axis, it means that it did not cross the north-south axis by rotating 90 degrees clockwise as viewed from overhead, so the first throwing direction θ1 is the northeast area (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) or Southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees). Furthermore, the angle of inclination F2 at the time of the second throw θ2 is 0 <F2 If <180, that is, from the perspective of the thrower north of the geomagnetic equator, from the upper left to the lower right, and from the perspective of the thrower south of the geomagnetic equator, from the lower left to the upper right, the first throwing direction θ1 is the southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees). Conversely, 180 <F2 If <360, that is, if the thrower is north of the geomagnetic equator from the upper right to the lower left, and south of the geomagnetic equator from the lower right to the upper left, then the direction of the first throw is the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees).
<<0088>>
If the orientation of the inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after a 90 degree clockwise rotation as viewed from above is more vertical than the inclination F1 of the first throw, then the direction of the first throw. θ1 is the southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees), and the west-southwest region (225 degrees) <θ1 <270 degrees) and the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) and the east-northeast region (45 degrees) <θ1 <90 degrees).
<<0089>>
In exactly the same way, if the angle of inclination F2 obtained by the second throw after rotating 90 degrees clockwise viewed from above and the angle of inclination F1 obtained by the first throw are symmetrical with respect to the axis of 180 degrees, Southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 < 270 degrees), especially the southwest (θ1 = 225 degrees), and the northeast region (0 degrees) <θ < 90 degrees), it is narrowed down to the northwest (θ1 = 45 degrees), and if the direction of the angle of inclination F2 is closer to the horizontal than the direction of the angle of inclination F1, the direction of the first throw θ1 is the southwest region (180 degrees <θ1 <270 degrees), the south-southwest region (180 degrees) <θ1 <225 degrees) and the northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <90 degrees) and further north-northeast region (0 degrees <θ1 <45 degrees).
<<0090>>
As described above, when the device of the present invention is used, if the device of the present invention is lucky, it can be uniquely narrowed down to clear directions such as east, west, south, north, northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest. Even in the normal case, with just two throws, you can quickly narrow it down to 8 directions without any additional action. In other words, we clarified the fact that if this device is used, the azimuth can be immediately narrowed down to a range of 45 degrees or less, which is sufficient for practical azimuth, with only two throws and no additional movement.
<<0091>>
To recapitulate here, when the rotating projectile 11 is made to fly horizontally with its rotation axis aligned in the north-south direction, the influence of the horizontal magnetic force is zero, but the vertical magnetic force (components other than the horizontal magnetic force) (if you call it that way). When flying horizontally with the axis of rotation aligned in the east-west direction, both the influence of the horizontal magnetic force and the vertical magnetic force are completely received.
<<0092>>
Therefore, when the rotation axis Oa is horizontally flown in a direction that is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic force line), the combination described above is obtained. For example, when flying horizontally to the east, the magnetic lines of force can be observed as if they were vectors with an inclination of 48 degrees (for example, in the case of Tokyo) toward the north (assuming that this magnitude is 1). When flying horizontally in the north direction, only the vertical downward vector of the magnetic field lines can be observed, but its magnitude corresponds to the orthogonal projection to the vertical axis of the magnitude of 1 above. That is, the size becomes smaller. If you change the direction from the east to the north and fly horizontally, the direction of the detected magnetic lines of force will be a vector with an inclination angle of 48 degrees to the north, which will gradually decrease in size and move downward. is a vector pointing downward with the magnitude of the orthogonal projection of the first magnitude, so it is simple and easy to understand. Flying in other directions can be easily understood accordingly.
<<0093>>
For example, if the rotating projectile 11 is caused to fly horizontally by changing the direction from east to south, the direction of the detected magnetic lines of force will be a vector with an inclination angle of 48 degrees toward the north, which will gradually decrease in magnitude and move downward. It is simple and easy to understand because it goes forward and ends up with a vector that has the magnitude of the orthographic projection of the initial magnitude and points straight down. The same is true when moving from west to north, and the same is true when moving from west to south. With this in mind, no matter how you fly in any direction, at most two throws with a 90 degree change of direction will throw at least 8 azimuth zones (North-Northeast, It is possible to determine useful azimuth information such as the fan-shaped areas with central angles of 45 degrees in the west-northwest, south-southwest, and west-southwest directions. Occasionally, even eight directions (north, south, east, west, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest facing directions) can be uniquely determined. Therefore, it is very convenient when you want to quickly obtain an approximate value even if it is fan-shaped.
<<0094>>
In other words, when flying in the east-west direction, sufficient electromotive force can be obtained to detect the true horizontal north, but as the aircraft is flown in the north-south direction, the electromotive force gradually decreases. If you fly in the north-south direction, the electromotive force in the horizontal direction becomes 0. Therefore, if the horizontal direction does not point to the north, it can be inferred that the flight coincided with the north-south axis. However, the effect of the vertical magnetic force will result in an electromotive force in horizontal flight in any direction, and by noting it, even if not pointing horizontally north, the present moment after the thrower's 90 degree turn. With a single throw, it's easy to determine which direction, north or south, it's flying. In view of this, it can be seen that the present invention can be defined as a method or apparatus for acquiring magnetic force line direction information based on the presence or absence or magnitude of an induced electromotive force generated in a conductor.
<<0095>>
To put it from a slightly different point of view, according to the present invention, it is possible to enjoy playing by throwing the rotary throwing body 11, sometimes like playing catch, while moving the axis of rotation in the vertical direction beyond the dimension of play. If you have a rotating projectile, you can immediately get the north direction straight away with just one throw, and even if you have a rotating projectile with a horizontal axis of rotation, you can easily throw it twice. , the azimuth can be quickly, inexpensively, simply, and pleasantly narrowed down to 8 azimuths, and the magnetic dip component of the geomagnetism can also be detected. Furthermore, it is possible to detect magnetic direction information by observing the disappearance of the induced electromotive force in flight with the rotation axis aligned with the magnetic force line direction and the maximization of the induced electromotive force in flight in which the rotation axis is perpendicular to the magnetic force line direction. Surprise and unexpected experiences using rotating projectiles outdoors are a synthesis of geomagnetic characteristics including dips, Fleming's right-hand rule, geophysics, electromagnetism, and aeronautical engineering that are difficult to understand from desk-based learning. It makes learning possible. In particular, because it is an experiential learning that moves the body, it leaves an impression, surpasses short-term memory, becomes experiential memory and episodic memory that can be considered as long-term memory, and is extremely effective in mastering the concept of three-dimensional electromagnetism. big. Through the experience of actually moving the body outdoors, the magnetic lines of force, which are normally invisible, can be visualized one by one by throwing the magnetic field over a wide range. The significance of being able to share is also great. Magnetic field is a translation of magnetic field, but there are various theories as to why the word field was chosen. One theory is that he got the idea from the scenery in which the wind blows the wheat all at once in the wheat field of a farming village in Western Europe, that is, the vector brought by the invisible wind is instantly represented in the field. The present invention is a rare device that visualizes magnetic phenomena, which are invisible and difficult to understand, in the field, and enables physical observation of magnetic fields. There is an advantage that close empirical understanding can be easily realized. After understanding the basic principles through experience through this device, discussion provides opportunities for various discoveries. In addition, it can be visually shared by a larger number of people, making it ideal for large-scale learning. It is also well suited for use in comprehensive learning materials. Since each of these devices can be constructed at a low cost, they are not valuable, and many learning materials can be created and provided at the same time. If necessary, inexpensive and simple electronic work can be performed in advance, which prevents the student from leaving science and increases the learning effect. At an outdoor event venue such as twilight, by throwing a large number of inexpensive and lightweight rotating throwing objects distributed to an unspecified number of participants all at once, participants can share a fantastic visual space, It also has a great effect as an illumination. Conventional holding-type penlights and the like require participants to match the operating cycles, and if the cycles do not match, only the sense of inconsistency becomes noticeable. On the other hand, in the case of a rotating throwing object, the objects are thrown almost all at once, and all the light emission directions are always aligned regardless of the direction of throwing or the direction of the rotation axis. The unexpected spectacle of unpredictable coincidence of the direction of light emitted by throwing without any prior arrangement gave the participants a chance to learn about science and technology as a common language on a global scale, and the only earth as a shared ground (which brings about geomagnetism). It arouses the senses and serves as an opportunity to recall the fact that there are naturally many shared parts between beings with different native languages and cultures. This common experience in the space of twilight is an emotional experience when non-verbally permeating messages for problem solving in the age of global society, such as global environmental conservation, emphasis on science and technology education, and rational overcoming of ethnic conflicts. It can be used for sharing the base and has a great effect. At international political conferences, it is rather natural that art appreciation of classical music is scheduled. The fact that it has contributed to sophistication has long been known. Besides art, the modern age also expects the fusion of science and art to bear the blame. After a panel discussion at an outdoor forum by an international organization such as the United Nations, many twilight throws can be enjoyed as an event illumination that transcends differences in wealth and language. However, the sight of an unspecified number of projectiles pointing in the same direction (as if they were pointing toward universal values shared by all humankind overcoming cultural differences) is a sight that is refreshing to the eye, and a humanistic experience as a global citizen. The synergistic effect of these two common values, namely, shared awareness and shared mathematical language of science and technology, is induced, and has a great effect on the direction toward sympathetic understanding and high-level consensus building. <<0096>>
In the above explanation, for the sake of convenience, when the throwing body is thrown in a direction in which the axis of rotation radiates from the thrower, unless otherwise specified, it is assumed that the thrower throws clockwise around the axis of rotation. In principle. Similarly, unless otherwise specified, unless the throwing object is thrown in a direction in which the rotation axis of the throwing object radiates from the thrower, the rotation axis when viewed from the top of the top and bottom surfaces of the throwing object itself The principle is to throw clockwise around the center.
<<0097>>
Considering the rotation axis of the rotary throwing body 11 in general terms, the description has basically been made on the assumption that the rotation axis is vertical according to the embodiments shown in FIGS. . If the rotation axis is vertical in this way, there is an advantage that only the electromotive force due to the horizontal magnetic force needs to be considered, and the vertical geomagnetic component does not need to be considered. However, the rotation axis of the rotary thrower 11 may be horizontal. Consider, for example, the intentional throwing of a Frisbee upright (or near vertical) for a return trip, or by accident.
<<0098>>
First, if the horizontal axis of rotation coincides with the east-west axis (that is, throwing the Frisbee upright in the north-south direction), the maximum induced electromotive force occurs when the conductor 12 crosses the north-south axis. At this time, as described above, the induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force can be detected, the magnetic north can be detected, and an appropriate notification can be made. As mentioned above, it has the advantage of being able to detect even the dip of the magnetic lines of force. Naturally, it can be used for science experience outdoor activities such as demonstrating inclination.
<<0099>>
On the other hand, if the axis of rotation is horizontal and parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of the magnetic field line) (that is, it corresponds to the case of throwing it in the east-west direction while standing), the induced electromotive force derived from the horizontal magnetic force will occur. do not have. However, as described above, an induced electromotive force originating from the perpendicular magnetic force is generated. For example, if it is thrown in the east direction, it will point vertically downward as the direction of the vertical magnetic force, but knowing these facts will enable direction detection. In other words, given the fact that no azimuth is reported in the horizontal direction, it can be reasonably assumed that the rotation axis coincided with the north-south axis (towards east or west) and was flown by chance. Afterwards, if the angle of inclination is observed from the upper part of the distance to the lower part of the vicinity as seen from the thrower by re-throwing after the thrower changes direction by 90 degrees, it is assumed that the previous throw was directed to the east. I can judge. Conversely, if the re-throwing after the thrower's direction change of 90 degrees causes the angle of inclination to be observed from near-up to far-down as viewed from the thrower, then the previous throw was directed westward. I can judge. These can be confirmed by a simple thought experiment, and if they are known, they can always be used as azimuth information.
<<0100>>
When the axis of rotation is horizontal, and when the axis of rotation is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the north-south axis (the direction of magnetic lines of force) (that is, it corresponds to the case where the axis is thrown in a direction other than the east-west direction or the north-south direction while standing), the horizontal magnetic force Since a corresponding induced electromotive force is generated according to the inner product orthogonal projection component from to the horizontal axis perpendicular to the rotation axis, if the induced electromotive force is not as large as when it is projected toward the north itself, but it is not zero, By obtaining information on the direction and magnitude of the induced electromotive force generated via the detection unit, it is possible to quickly grasp general information such as which direction, east or west, the projectile was thrown. is easily possible. Then, by performing a similar throw after the thrower's 90-degree rotation, it is possible to narrow down to an 8-direction area or 8-direction. Once the 8-orientation region is obtained, it is also easy to carry out further information acquisition in order to obtain exactly one of the 8 orientations. <<0101>>
FIG. 7 shows an embodiment obtained by further modifying each of the above-described embodiments. As a modification of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 to 5, it is schematically shown by a plan view in accordance with those shapes, but of course, the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 will also be described below. Configuration is applicable.
<<0102>>
In this embodiment, the power supply line from the power supply 16 is closed only when the rotation is being thrown, and power is supplied to the drive control unit 15, and if necessary, the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14, and other circuits that require power. In order to save the power supply 16 by allowing this, a rotation detection device 19 and a power switch section 18 that enables power supply when the rotation detection device 19 detects the rotation of the rotary throwing body 11 are provided. In the figure, for simplification, the detection unit 13, the notification unit 14, the drive control unit 15, and the power supply 16 are shown only in block diagrams, and the pattern mounted on the rotary throwing body 11 is not shown. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, or as described above, they are mounted at appropriate locations on the rotary thrower 11 together with the circuit devices 17 and 18 newly provided in this embodiment.
<<0103>>
Various existing technologies can be considered for the rotation detection device 19 capable of detecting whether or not the mounted object is rotating, and any of them can be used. In particular, it has a simple, inexpensive, and rational configuration that cleverly utilizes the fact that rotation accompanies centrifugal force.
<<0104>>
That is, in this embodiment, the rotation detection device 19 is composed of a plurality of small and light mercury switches 19, and each mercury switch 19 is arranged along the radial direction from the center Oc of the rotary throwing body 11 to the outer circumference, and are arranged at an appropriate angular separation in the circumferential direction. For example, in the illustrated case, a total of six mercury switches 19 are used at an angular separation of 60 degrees in the circumferential direction. These are of course preferably embedded within the body of the rotary thrower 11 as appropriate.
<<0105>>
The mercury switch 19 is configured to close an electrical contact when a mercury ball 19b enclosed in a casing 19a such as a glass tube or the like comes to the radially outer peripheral end side, and when it leaves the outer peripheral end, the electrode closes. The contacts are open. Therefore, when the rotary throwing body 11 is thrown and rotated, all the mercury balls 19b are moved to the outer peripheral end side by the centrifugal force generated at that time, and the electric contacts of all the mercury switches 19 are closed. Instead, it is rather unthinkable that all the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19 are closed together when they are simply placed somewhere or carried, and at least one or more , the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19 should be open.
<<0106>>
Therefore, in the figure, the rotation detection circuit 17 is schematically indicated by an AND circuit diagram symbol. This rotation detection circuit 17 monitors the closed state of the electrical contacts of the mercury switch 19, and when all are closed Only then, the power switch unit 18 is closed via the circuit 17 so that the power from the power supply 16 is supplied to the drive control unit 15, the detection unit 13, and the notification unit . In this way, the power supply is not turned on in any posture during carrying, and can be turned on only when the ball is thrown by rotation.
<<0107>>
The configuration of the rotation detection circuit 17 shown as the AND circuit 17 is also such that the contacts of the mercury switch 19 are all inserted in series between the power line from the power supply 16 to the load circuit, for example, the drive control unit 15. In many cases, it is sufficient to have only a circuit configuration, or conversely, an AND circuit device including an active element that operates with an extremely small amount of standby power together with the power switch section 18 may be used.
<<0108>>
Preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be described below. First, for example, it is useful in escaping from a distressed environment in mountains. In addition, even if it had to be left uncollected and left as it was, rather, there would rather be some kind of throwing subject (often victims and injured people) in the vicinity of the rescue team that reached the vicinity. It shows existence and becomes a mark of one's survival. Assuming that you are sliding down into a valley, if you throw the rotary throwing body 11 in the direction of the ridgeline and leave it there, and especially if the color is made conspicuous, it will be possible to notify that there is a victim even in the snow. It's doubly useful because it connects. Since it is lightweight, there is also a feature that there is no problem in having multiple possessions. In addition, since the absolute direction can be notified by light emission, there is an advantage that the direction information can be shared instantaneously by all the people who can see it from a distance. In the mountains, even at a distance of, for example, 30 meters, voices may not reach you sufficiently, and communicating information by voice wastes already exhausted physical strength. Even at the rescue mountain party, everyone can instantly confirm and share their orientation in the body-centered coordinate system even at night.
<<0109>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as an inverse usage, if the return-type glide body described above is used as the rotating projectile 11, a target such as a strong magnetic body carefully embedded in advance is aimed at generating a local singularity of the magnetic field. It is possible to realize new sports and entertainment, such as a new competition to search for natural resources outdoors, a so-called treasure hunting competition. In this case, if there is a glide area that shows a magnetic field with a specific difference from the surroundings, it can be estimated that a target (treasure) is buried in the ground directly under or near it, and sports and entertainment within the group・It can be used for games. It is a well-known fact in modern times that play is extremely significant for human beings, without waiting for Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out. Mobilizing the knowledge and skills of electromagnetism, geophysics, aerodynamics, and electronic engineering, this hands-on learning competition that can be held outdoors while demonstrating spatiality, substance, and self-participation at the same time: It has a non-negligible educational potential.
<<0110>>
The present invention also finds potential relevance to the dog-frisbee cultural area. That is, the rotary throwing body has been used as a playground equipment for deepening communication with a pet dog, and the present invention further promotes its use. For example, when climbing a snowy mountain with a pet dog, the dog, which is relatively lightweight compared to humans (their masters), does not become so-called tsubo-ashi (a state in which the feet are buried in the fresh snow and the progress speed slows down) like humans do. can be hastened. On the other hand, while waiting for a slow-moving person (master) in the snow, they enjoy playing by throwing a frisbee as a rotary throwing object of the present invention and happily retrieving it. It seems that the human (master) is just playing with his pet dog, but in fact, in environments where it is easy to fail to identify the mountain seat, such as in snowy mountains where all directions are white, it is easy to lose sight of the direction. You'll be able to check it each time you play. Walking in the wrong direction, unexpectedly, without realizing it, continues for several hours in the wrong direction, and does not arrive at the destination even after the time and physical strength of walking in the snow, and does not arrive even after sunset. Only then can it easily lead to a situation in which it becomes clear that the ship has fallen into a distress due to misdirection. Preventing such a situation can be realized in play and can contribute to safety. At the same time, the pet dog can have a good time without wasting time, and such an influence also affects the emotional tension of the human (owner), thereby avoiding the danger of being lost. The present invention is no doubt just a single device, but since it is realized by rotating projectiles with cultural backgrounds such as dogs and frisbees, it will deepen communication between humans and animals and make appropriate use of time and space. It is worth noting that it can also have a great effect in terms of improving the quality of life by
<<0111>>
Furthermore, rotary projectiles have played a leading role in the current prosperity of flying disc competitions in Japan and overseas, in which both visually impaired and able-bodied people participate, and the long history that supports them. Even if you don't have much physical strength, you can easily fly with just a snap of your wrist, so anyone can participate. Skills improve quickly with mastery, and it is easy to have a sense of pleasure that cannot be obtained from monotonous rehabilitation training. It can be used as a valuable outdoor recreation with able-bodied people. For visually impaired people, careless walking is dangerous, and the image of flying is directly linked to a fun experience. Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with able-bodied people in this way, the flying disc has played a certain role as rehabilitation with medical effects that lead to recovery of physical function and self-confidence. There are competitions for distance, accuracy for throwing, etc., and each year we count a large number of visually impaired participants. First of all, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that flying discs are already very popular all over the world.
<<0112>>
At the same time, it is surprisingly unknown that direction information acquisition is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people. Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because it is impossible to estimate direction using visual information, and the risks associated with walking, for which visual feedback plays an important role (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are higher than those of healthy people. is also overwhelmingly high. For this reason, it has been extremely difficult for a healthy person to acquire the orientation by the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy. Conversely, since there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information, we had no choice but to ask a busy healthy person to accompany us. There was a reality that some improvement was expected for visually impaired people, such as the fact that the burden on them became larger, and in some cases it led to the gradual estrangement of mutual relationships.
<<0113>>
In light of this current situation, it is especially important to work with able-bodied people to master the skill of azimuth information acquisition during recreation and competition training using flying discs, etc., which are close to people with disabilities. it makes sense. Communication with able-bodied people through the present invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals such as participation in competitions, and autonomous walking practice using the present invention in a vast lawn-like place in the future and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately. Play. Considering the affinity of visually impaired people for flying disc technology through competitions, etc., and the potential demand for azimuth information acquisition by visually impaired people, we used throwing rotating bodies such as flying discs. It is easy to understand that the value of the direction information acquisition method exceeds the level initially expected by able-bodied people, and that there is latent value there. It will also deepen our understanding of how strong the needs for azimuth information acquisition are.
<<0114>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. On the contrary, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the various difficulties that nature brings. However, azimuth information acquisition is also important in this case. For example, even though the ship approaches a good natural anchorage site composed of rocky reefs, it is nighttime and the weather is stormy, cloudy, or rainy, and there are many situations where astronomical navigation is impossible. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, the failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground, and the inability to navigate under one's own power, flooding of the hull, overturning in waves, and sinking. It also leads to the distress of Since the compass needle can have an error of 0 to 360 degrees due to the deviation of the ship and the disturbance of the local reef magnetic field, the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable. Reliability is low in such situations where the cost of trial moves that are free from the influence of . Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. It was realistic to drop anchor offshore and wait for dawn while hoping to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0115>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. That is, if the reporting unit 14 is equipped with a light-emitting body using the rotary throwing body 11, it can be clearly seen even at night, so magnetic north can be detected appropriately. If a feedback type is used as the rotary throwing body 11, the measurement can be used any number of times. Even if it fails to return and falls into the water, it is easy to construct it so that it floats, and if it is coated with fluorescent paint, it can be visually recognized. Once a rough azimuth is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to cascading information that supports the azimuth. It also has a great effect in providing the user with a first step at a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention can provide effective azimuth information acquisition means for selecting a route to berthing while preventing grounding even in an environment in which time has been wasted by mooring offshore.
<<0116>>
Finally, going back to the basic effect, according to the device of the present invention, the measurement point can be easily changed by about 100m in the horizontal direction every moment, and in a space where the distance from the ground surface is also about 10m in the vertical direction. It can be like doing magnetic field detection moment by moment. By doing so, it is possible to easily eliminate the influence of disturbance magnetism peculiar to each measurement point, and it is possible to effectively provide the user with data useful for decision making.
<<0117>>
For example, if the magnetic north direction indicated by the rotating projectile 11 changes greatly one after another during gliding, it indicates that the influence of disturbance magnetism is scattered on the ground surface near the gliding (in the case of the sea, rocks under the water surface). ing. Conversely, if the direction of magnetic north hardly changes during gliding, it can be regarded as an area where the influence of disturbance magnetism is small. We could not deny the possibility that the value might be greatly wrong with only the compass needle due to the unlikely event of a local disturbance magnetic field. Therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the disturbance magnetism only with the compass needle, so careless movements can lead to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, rock reef due to misdirection in shallow water, ridge line sliding down due to misdirection on the ridge, etc.) It was directly connected, and the final action decision was not escaped from great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information simply, quickly, and over a wide area, and to effectively support comprehensive action decisions.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0118>>
<<FIG.1>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> It is an explanatory view of the operation of the device of the present invention shown in FIG.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic configuration diagram of another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic configuration diagram of still another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 5>> A schematic configuration diagram of another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 6>> It is a schematic block diagram of still another embodiment of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A schematic configuration diagram of another modified example of the device of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0119>>
11 Rotating Thrower
12 conductors
13 Detector
14 Notification unit
15 Drive control section
16 power supply
17 Rotation detection circuit
18 Power switch
19 Rotation detector (Mercury switch)
<<Fig. 1>> 000003

<<Fig. 2>> 000004

<<Fig. 3>> 000005

<<Fig. 4>> 000006

<<Fig. 5>> 000007

<<Fig. 6>> 000008

<<Fig. 7>> 000009


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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA08 BB01 CC07 HH05
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To provide a method for efficiently determining the line-of-sight range between space and the ground.
<<Solution>> For each navigation satellite 3 with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more that tries to capture radio waves when a land mobile uses the navigation satellite system, the above position of each satellite viewed from the location of the land mobile 4 and each satellite The signal intensity from the land mobile unit 4 is recorded along with the position and time of the land mobile unit 4. Later, it is possible to determine whether each microscopic area that subdivides the sky above each point is line-of-sight or shielded from the radio wave intensity information recorded within a certain period of time. By judging, the sky visibility range at that point within that time is determined.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One or more land mobiles equipped with a device for estimating its own current position and a device for correcting positioning errors by receiving radio waves from a plurality of navigation satellites In addition to the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time values obtained as positioning results, the elevation and azimuth angle values above each navigation satellite and the signal strength value from each satellite, which are calculated in the positioning process, are also It continues to save as one record for each fixed time or fixed distance. And extract only the record group that satisfies that the altitude value is within a certain range near a certain point, and the satellite elevation value and satellite azimuth angle value included in the record group and the signal strength from the satellite By considering multiple records of values as information to determine whether the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point is a line-of-sight channel, the A point-by-point sky line-of-sight range creation method characterized by constructing an information database regarding the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight communication path in the sky above a point and the direction of that communication path.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs> The present invention relates to a method for specifying the existence range of a line-of-sight communication channel between space and the ground.
<<0002>>
<Priorart> A surface as a set of points where the sky can be seen without being blocked by radio wave obstacles when looking up at the sky from a point on the earth specified by a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. Hereafter, it is referred to as the sky visibility range. Radio wave obstacles here include, for example, terrain such as mountains that exist relatively far from the point, and trees that have a large shielding effect in the elevation direction when relatively close to the point. and high-rise buildings. In addition, there are factors such as the growth of trees, artificial felling, construction of buildings by development, and demolition of buildings as the shape of radio wave obstacles changes over time. In other words, the sky visibility range has the property that it is determined only by the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.
<<0003>> Since the concept of the sky visibility range itself is new, there are few things that can be considered as conventional techniques for creating a sky visibility range for each point. If I were to force it, the first, the method based on the calculation from the topographical map, and the second, the method based on the optical imaging, are considered to be the conventional technologies. <<0004>> First, as the first method, a method for creating the sky visibility range for each point by calculation from a topographic map will be described below. In mountains and mountainous areas, there are few man-made structures, so the main radio wave obstacles are generally distant mountains and hills and forests that accompany them. In this case, from the altitude information read from the 1:25,000 topographic map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and the digital map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, the topography that affects the sky above a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. By calculating , it is possible to obtain a tentative estimate of the range of sky visibility.
<<0005>> Also, as a second method, there was a method of creating sky visibility ranges for each point using the results of image processing of optical imaging. It was a method of estimating the range of visibility in the sky above the point by performing image processing on the optical image of the sky at a certain point using a fisheye lens and then binarizing the image based on the contrast.
(See reference below).
Riza Akturan and Wolfhard J. Vogel, "Path Diversity for LEO Satellite-PCS in the Urban Environment", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.45, no.7, July 1997, pp.1107-1116 <<0006>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, when the sky visibility range is required for each point in an urban area, the first method, that is, estimating the sky visibility range by reading the altitude on a topographic map or digital map, is not appropriate. I didn't. This is because radio wave shielding factors for land mobiles traveling in urban areas are generally not due to distant natural topography indicated by altitude information, but to man-made structures such as buildings and elevated structures that exist relatively close to each other. This is because it is often the case that For this reason, the first method, that is, the method of reading the altitude, cannot be expected to be accurate for the sky visibility range for each point in urban areas.
<0007> Therefore, as a means of compensating for this shortcoming, elevation data that considers even man-made structures in urban areas as topography, comprehensively and complete information on a wide range of national land, if it exists, It may be possible to apply this first method based on the information. However, although such information exists in paper form, etc., in local governments, fire departments, and other administrative agencies that require information on the number of floors in a building, it is not standardized and is organized systematically at present. It has not reached Furthermore, it has yet to be digitized. For this reason, in order to achieve the purpose of creating a sky view range for each location based on such non-standardized information, it is necessary to confirm the location of the data for each local government, collect it, standardize the format, and digitize it. , and then start calculating the sky visibility range.
<<0008>> If we were to complete this enormous amount of work, we would have the following drawbacks.
(1) Since it takes time and effort to create the above-mentioned work, the sky visibility range for each point as a product to be provided is based on old information (It takes time to create the sky visibility range. Time dependency of sky visibility range not desirable from the point of view)
(2) In order to compensate for this shortcoming, if it is desired to update the sky view range for each point to the latest version, it would be necessary to start with a survey of the number of floors of buildings and houses, and then organize the data again, which would require an enormous amount of time and manpower. Expensive. (The cost of updating the sky visibility range is high.) (3) Even if the current shielding conditions caused by houses and buildings can be estimated, the sky visibility range results are one-sided because shielding by other features such as elevated structures, trees, and signboards cannot be estimated. It becomes generic and inaccurate. If you aim for accuracy, it will be necessary to identify the heights of individual features, trees, elevated highways, overpasses, large gate-type signs, utility poles, etc. that may cause radio wave shielding. (It is not possible to comprehensively evaluate the diversity of causes of sky visibility range.)
(4) Since the data is based on floor number information only, expedient methods such as multiplying the "average height per floor (generally about 3.5 meters)" are used, and individual heights are used. becomes inaccurate, and as a result the accuracy of the sky visibility range decreases (the result of the sky visibility range estimation is not accurate enough).
<<0009>> The second optical imaging method has the following drawbacks.
(1) In order to create a sky view range for each point in a wide urban area, it is necessary to sequentially take optical images at various points on many roads. occurs.
(2) There has not been established an accurate algorithm that can automatically completely separate the sky from other areas using image processing technology for individual imaging results under various shooting conditions. In reality, human intervention is required when setting the threshold for separation, which takes time and effort.
(3) The shooting time is limited during the daytime and in fine weather, because it is necessary to shoot so that the separation can be clearly seen in the subsequent image processing. Accurate separation is extremely difficult at night, when it is cloudy, or when it is raining, because the contrast decreases.
(4) Radio wave shielding of individual cases, such as the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of the sun filtering through foliage of trees, or the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of multiple electric wires. It becomes difficult to estimate the effect.
(5) Not only does the photographer possess optical imaging equipment, but at the same time, equipment that specifies the imaging position as latitude and longitude, such as a device that receives radio waves from a navigation satellite system and performs positioning, and equipment such as a gyro and a compass. must also possess In other words, the person engaged in data collection had to carry a large number of devices, and there was a drawback that the work was not easy.
<<0010>>
<<Means for Solving the Problems>> The present invention has been proposed in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art. does not apply.
(2) It does not take much time to collect and create data on sky visibility ranges for each location.
(3) It is possible to easily update the information, always reflecting the latest information, so as to cope with the time dependency of the sky view range for each location without spending time and money.
(4) Eliminate the time and effort inherent in the method of estimating and weighting features that cause shielding by type in estimating the sky visibility range for each point, and perform a batch evaluation using the signal strength from the actual satellite. You can reach your goal with
(5) By using the signal strength from the actual satellite when estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to easily evaluate the visibility under special conditions that are difficult with other methods. For example, it is possible to avoid the difficulty of judging whether or not the sunlight filtering through the trees is really visible, which is unique to image processing such as optical imaging.
(6) In the process of collecting data prior to estimating the range of sky visibility for each location, the work of the data collector is simple and less burdensome. For example, data collectors do not need to have knowledge and skills in specialized fields such as radio engineering, topography, or optical imaging, and can use land mobiles equipped with the necessary equipment to perform land mobile operations. It is possible to contribute to the creation of the sky visibility range for each location simply by
(7) For estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to develop the equipment necessary for data collection by slightly modifying the positioning equipment based on the Global Positioning System (hereafter referred to as GPS), which has been widely used in consumer products in recent years. It is a method, and a compact and high-performance device can be developed at a low cost, which is highly convenient.
(8) In recent years, it is compatible with the vehicle location management system using GPS, etc., which is spreading in the transportation industry, taxi industry, etc. In that case, the driver can concentrate on the original work using the land mobile. Since it is possible to contribute secondarily to the creation of the sky view range for each point just by using the site, it is possible to participate substantially in data collection without being conscious of being dedicated to it. high.
We provide a point-by-point sky visibility range creation method characterized by the following.
<<0011>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a state in which radio waves from a plurality of GPS satellites 3 do not reach a GPS antenna 5 installed on the roof of a land mobile unit 4 due to shielding by buildings 1, 1' and trees 2. This shows the principle of shielding the radio waves from the GPS satellite 3.
<<0012>> In other words, the radio waves for positioning transmitted from the GPS satellites 3 use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, so they are excellent in straightness like light, and the line-of-sight position from the GPS antenna 5 is There is a clear difference between the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 in the distance and the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 not in line of sight from the GPS antenna 5 . The radio waves used in space communications, including not only GPS satellites but also general navigation satellites, are often microwaves, millimeter waves, and other radio waves with excellent straightness, and the influence of diffraction can be almost ignored.
<<0013>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites contain orbital information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, and this is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, the elevation angle of the GPS satellite 3, which exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, but the signal strength from the satellite is infinitely close to 0 due to shielding, that is, the radio wave from the satellite cannot be captured and azimuth can be calculated and output by simple calculation from the data received from other GPS satellites 3 that can be seen. In fact, there are devices that output such information. In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes, there is no risk of interference even if they use the same frequency. By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the signal strength from those satellites are separately detected. It is easy in principle to do so.
<<0014>> Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the system when multiple land mobiles are used, based on the point-by-point sky visibility range creation method. It consists of a plurality of land mobiles 10, 10', 10", . . . and a data storage device 11.
<<0015>> Each land mobile has the same configuration as the land mobile 10, and holds a GPS antenna 10A, a GPS receiver 10B, a data temporary recording device 10C, and a positioning error correction device 10D. . Positioning error correction devices include currently popular differential GPS receivers, acceleration sensors, vehicle speed sensors, map match mechanisms, etc. Any suitable combination of devices may be used. In GPS, the commonly used C/A code usually contains noise that deliberately causes positioning errors in the data transmitted from satellites in order to reduce positioning accuracy (called selective availability). In that case, a positioning error of 120 meters in the horizontal direction and 180 meters in the vertical direction occurs. However, it is well known that the positioning error can be reduced to several meters or less by using the above positioning error correction device.
<<0016>> In the land mobile unit 10, while traveling, among the data output from the GPS receiver 10B, not only the latitude value, longitude value, altitude value and time value obtained as the positioning result of the current position, but also The elevation angle and azimuth angle values of each GPS satellite present at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more and the signal strength value from the satellite are continuously stored as one record in the temporary recording device 10C at regular time intervals.
<<0017>> FIG. 3 shows an example of data contents contained in one record.
<<0018>> Consider the case where N satellites exist at elevation angles of 0 degrees or more, and call them satellite 1, satellite 2, . . . , satellite N. 1 record is current time 20A, current land mobile latitude 20B, current land mobile longitude 20C, elevation of satellite 1 21A, azimuth of satellite 1 21B, signal strength from satellite 1 21C, satellite 2 22A of elevation, 22B of azimuth of satellite 2, 22C of signal strength from satellite 2, and finally 23A of elevation of satellite N, 23B of azimuth of satellite N, and 23C of signal strength from satellite N. .
<<0019>> Records are collected at many points by continuing recording once per second while the land mobile 10 is running. Even if the same land mobile 10 passes the same point at different times, the time is different and the satellite arrangement in the sky is different, so data is collected under different conditions, which is significant. Furthermore, it is efficient to collect data at many points by collecting data for multiple land mobiles, such as land mobile 10' and land mobile 10".
<<0020>> Data temporarily recorded in the data temporary recording device 10C in the land mobile unit 10 is stored in the data temporary recording device 10C when, for example, the data for several days are collected and moved to the data storage device 11. capacity can be utilized.
<<0021>> If the temporary data recording device 10C uses a PCMCIA card type ATA flash card for personal computers, which has become popular in recent years, and a personal computer with a large-capacity hard disk and a PCMCIA slot is used as the data storage device 11, an ATA flash card can be used. It is efficient because data can be transferred by simply inserting/removing the card and manipulating a simple file.
<<0022>> In this way, the data is stored in the data storage device. It is possible to collect data more efficiently by enlisting the cooperation of many land vehicles operated by the agencies of the department. In doing so, a vehicle location management system, which has become popular in recent years, is adopted, and the location information of land mobiles is transferred in real time to a control center or the like via a mobile phone, etc., and centralized management of the location of land mobiles is performed. If it is an agency, the existing GPS receiver will be slightly modified as necessary so that it will output the same output as the GPS receiver 10B. Elevation angle 21A, azimuth angle 21B of satellite 1, signal strength 21C from satellite 1, elevation angle 22A of satellite 2, azimuth angle 22B of satellite 2, signal strength 22C from satellite 2, ..., elevation angle 23A of satellite N, satellite N It is only necessary to additionally transfer the data of the azimuth angle 23B and the signal strength 23C from the satellite N, and the work of data transfer by the driver of the land mobile can be eliminated, which is more efficient. In that case, the computer in the management center corresponds to the data storage device 11 .
<<0023>> After that, among the many records saved in the data storage device 11, the time 20A is within a certain time range, e.g. Extract those that satisfy until June 30th 23:59:59 (JST). Limiting the records to a period of about half a year is too long a record because of the possibility of changes over time in factors that affect the range of sky visibility, such as the construction of new buildings, construction of houses, and the growth of trees. should not be adopted.
<<0024>> Then, from the extracted record group, only the record group that satisfies that the latitude value, longitude value, and altitude value are within a certain range is extracted. For example, if you want to estimate the sky view range at a point on the road about 20 m south of the Uchisaiwai-cho intersection in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, the latitude and longitude of that point, that is, 35 degrees 40 minutes 02.2 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes east longitude. The latitude and longitude measured by land mobiles are slightly different. Width/Longitude Only records that satisfy the latitude range and longitude range with width are extracted.
<<0025>> The total number of satellites included only in the group of records extracted so far is quite large. Information for determining whether or not the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point and its vicinity is a line-of-sight channel. be regarded as
<<0026>> That is, the sky above the point is divided into various minute areas, and the data having the corresponding azimuth and elevation angle values in each minute area is regarded as the representative value of the satellite communication path of the minute area. Even after deducting the distance through the atmosphere, which can be calculated based on the satellite elevation angle, and the signal strength attenuation margin due to weather conditions such as rain attenuation, the radio waves from the GPS satellite are expected to be -125 dBm or more. There is a high probability that a small area where there are many data below the value and exists with a high probability is shielded by radio shielding objects such as buildings, trees, and signboards. Therefore, for example, for a minute area where 95% or more of the data satisfying the signal strength (21C, 22C, 23C) is -125 dBm or more, the minute area is judged as line-of-sight, and for a minute area below 30%, The minute area is determined to be occluded, and the minute area that does not belong to either of these is assumed to be undefined and determined by further collection of records. The above values for judging line-of-sight may be changed according to the intended use of the sky line-of-sight range. The minute area can be created, for example, by creating a fan-shaped portion on the hemisphere determined by two criteria, such as 5 degree increments for each elevation angle and 5 degree increments for each azimuth angle.
<<0027>> In this way, information about the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight channel over a certain point in a certain time range and the direction of that channel can be efficiently constructed.
<<0028>> The present invention has been described above based on the embodiments shown in the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any way as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. can do.
<<0029>>
<<Effects of the Invention>> In short, according to the present invention, since there is no need for full-time labor costs, it is possible to increase the effect-price ratio of creating sky view ranges for each location. In other words, there is no need for a large-scale survey of current conditions.
<<0030>> In addition, a device that receives radio waves from navigation satellites and specifies the current position up to latitude and longitude, and a device that can be easily modified by adding a small modification to a general recording medium such as a PCMCIA type card ATA flash memory. It is feasible, and it can be realized at a relatively low cost in the present day when the above-mentioned devices are widely used in the consumer.
<0031> Furthermore, regardless of the weather, day or night, information collection is always possible and efficient when business (taxi business, postal business, truck transportation business, cleaning business, etc.) is occurring.
<<0032>> Furthermore, updating is necessary to reflect the latest situation in creating the sky view range for each point, but compared to the existing methods, it is possible to update easily.
<<0033>> In addition, since the measured signal strength of the radio wave from the satellite is used to determine the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to incorporate the effects of shielding by natural objects such as trees and topography. There is no need to include items related to radio wave shielding, such as signboards and large gate-type signs, as categories, eliminating complexity.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Fig. 1>> A conceptual diagram showing the principle of shielding in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> A conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a plurality of land mobiles and a data storage device in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 3>> A conceptual diagram showing the data content of one record in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
1,1' structures
2 trees
3 GPS satellites
4 Land mobile
5 GPS antenna
10,10',10" land mobile
10A GPS antenna
10B GPS receiver
10C data temporary recorder
10D positioning error correction device
11 Data storage device
20A time
20B Latitude
20C longitude
21A Satellite 1 elevation angle
21B Satellite 1 azimuth
21C Signal strength from satellite 1
22A Satellite 2 elevation angle
22B Satellite 2 azimuth
Signal strength from 22C satellite 2
23A Azimuth of Satellite N
23B Satellite N elevation angle
23C Signal strength from satellite N
<<Figure 1>>
000003

<<Figure 2>>
000004

<<Figure 3>>
000005

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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-365357 (P2002-365357A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 18, 2002 (2002.12.18)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 3
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》11
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2002-93385 (P2002-93385)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2002 (2002.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2001-93965 (P2001-93965)
(32) <Priority date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 CC07 DD13 DD22 DD24 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To solve the problem that it is difficult to effectively acquire azimuth information in a place where there is a mountain on the back or in a place where there is no sky coverage area for obtaining sufficient satellite information due to a forest of high-rise buildings.
<<Solution>> A pair of flat patch antennas 11a and 11b are arranged so that a common area 2 is formed in which at least a part of the respective sky coverage areas overlaps, and the sky coverage areas of the antennas are divided into a first area 1 and a third area 3. , and the azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle obtained in each area and the angle formed by the two antennas.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of planar antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground at an angle such that a portion of the respective sky coverage forms at least a common area that overlaps, and formed by the two antennas. GPS receivers connected to the above two antennas are made to try to acquire signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the upper hemisphere, and the obtained satellite signals are compared to obtain signals In each of the three regions, the satellite azimuth angle sequence is created clockwise, and the first term The azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the final term are extracted, and the azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one region and the angle formed by the two antennas. A direction information acquisition method.
<<Claim 2>> The azimuth information acquisition method according to Claim 1, characterized in that one satellite exists in the at least one region, and the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term are the same. direction information acquisition method.
<<Claim 3>> In the orientation information acquisition method according to Claim 1, the orientation information is characterized in that the orientations obtained from the plurality of regions are defined as one orientation by taking a common product set. Acquisition method.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>> According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each flat patch antenna is provided with an antenna on a quarter celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. A sky coverage area with sensitivity is formed, the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna are extracted, and each signal is determined based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the transmitted GPS satellite was in, and the result of determining the existence area of this satellite is circularly aligned, and measurement is performed based on the information contained in the circular determination result sequence. Limited or specified the orientation of the direction.
<<0005>> In order to implement the above direction information acquisition method in a commercially available GPS receiver, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (patent application 2000-364605).
<<0006>> As a result, when a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other, one The GPS satellite data received by the GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the two data can be processed by the data processing unit to easily obtain the azimuth information.
<<0007>> Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, in the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above, since two flat antennas are installed in parallel, there are high-rise buildings on the back and sides, and the whole sky is limited. Where only the azimuth portion was available, relatively small width azimuth-limited azimuth results were difficult to obtain, and antenna coverage oriented in the feature shielding direction was wasted.
<<0009>> In addition, since the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel, it is difficult to install the method on a land mobile body having a streamlined head portion.
<<0010>> The present invention has been devised in view of the above, and provides an azimuth information obtaining method capable of obtaining azimuth information if there is at least one sky coverage area that receives signals from GPS satellites. With the goal.
<<0011>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> In order to solve the above-described problems, a direction information acquiring method according to the present invention provides a pair of planar patch antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern. positioned perpendicular to the ground at an angle to form a common area, detecting the angle formed by the two antennas, and being in the respective air coverage areas with GPS receivers respectively connected to the two antennas. An attempt is made to receive a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite, and the obtained satellite signal is compared to determine in which of the three divided airspace areas the satellite that transmitted the signal was located. , in each of the three regions, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and obtain the first term azimuth angle obtained in at least one region and the azimuth angle of the final term and the angle formed by the two antennas.
<<0012>> As described above, the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention can avoid allocating antenna sensitivity to the whole sky even in situations where mountains and buildings are present and features are conspicuously blocked. Even in the above situation where the result range tends to be wide, it is now possible to obtain azimuth information with the characteristic that it is easy to obtain results limited to the near azimuth within the desired width.
<<0013>> Further, in the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention, since the pair of antennas are installed so as to form a predetermined angle, by setting the above angle as the angle of the streamline shape, A pair of planar antennas can be easily installed on the side of the vehicle, and azimuth information can be obtained even while driving.
<<0014>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> First, the principle of the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. A pair of planar patch GPS antennas 11a, 11b, each having a hemispherical beam pattern, are positioned perpendicular to the ground at an angle .delta. as shown in FIG. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that the main beams of both antennas extend in the spatial direction on the back side of the page.
<<0015>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and light, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When the first planar patch antenna 11a and the second planar patch antenna 11b are actually produced, the three-dimensional antenna is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
<<0016>> Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, "Compact/Planar Antenna" co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.
<<0017>> Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. <<0018>> Such a beam Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting the shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0019>> Alternatively, unlike the design calculation of the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0020>> The angle δ formed by the two antennas 11a and 11b is an angle that forms at least a common area in which a part of the sky coverage area of each antenna overlaps. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the sky coverage of the first planar patch antenna 11a is the first region 1 and the second region 2, and the sky coverage of the second planar patch antenna 11b is the second region 2 and the second region. 3 becomes area 3, and the second area becomes a common area for both antennas. In FIG. 2, since the sky above the user is drawn assuming a state looking down from above, the user's zenith and the user's position overlap. The arc coincides with an elevation angle of 0 degrees as seen from the user, and the central zenith coincides with an elevation angle of 90 degrees as seen from the user. The antenna is schematically represented in a large size for ease of understanding.
<<0021>> Assuming that the direction 4 pointed by one end of the first planar patch antenna 11a (closer to the second planar patch antenna 11b) is the direction X, the opposite direction of the first antenna 11a is 180 degrees to X. The direction indicated by one end of the second antenna 11b (closer to the first planar patch antenna 11a) is the direction obtained by subtracting the angle δ from X, and the opposite direction is obtained by adding 180 degrees to that direction. direction.
<<0022>> As shown in FIG. 3, a first GPS receiver 12a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 11a, and a second GPS receiver 12b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 11b.
<<0023>> The first GPS receiver 12a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to signals from satellites existing in the upper hemisphere through the first planar patch antenna 11a, and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 12b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to signals from satellites in the hemisphere through the second planar patch antenna 11b, and attempts positioning.
<<0024>> The functions and specifications of the first GPS receiver 12a and the second GPS receiver 12b in FIG. In other words, the miniaturization and mass productivity that have been cultivated for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer GPS positioning devices are inherited and used. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of consumer-use GPS positioning devices, there are already many GPS receivers of a size suitable for planar patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of the hand already exists at a low price, so there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since the accumulation of these existing miniaturization techniques can be utilized, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be configured economically and in a small size.
<<0025>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite Elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1-wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are. The output is sent to the data processing unit 13 .
<<0026>> Through the first planar patch antenna 11a, the first GPS receiver 12a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 12b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 11b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 12a and the second GPS receiver 12b are connected to an antenna covering the hemispherical sphere in the same manner as the GPS receiver of a normal portable satellite positioning device. A signal search is performed for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky.
<<0027>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked by the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0028>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. That is, regarding all GPS satellites existing at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites. In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0029>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to search for signals, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and channel state, which are data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output period is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data at a rate of about every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0030>> Further, as a countermeasure to the time when positioning is not established, the data of the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, and positioning calculation mode are output as the most recent values when the positioning calculation is established. A GPS with extremely standard specifications that utilizes the latitude, longitude, and altitude at the time of establishment of the most recent positioning calculation, and uses the current time to calculate the satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle from the satellite orbital elements. Use a receiver. Then, even in a situation where positioning is not established, as long as the most recent positioning calculation is established at a nearby point, the result of the positioning calculation establishment at the nearby point and the current time are used with extremely good accuracy. Satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle can be calculated. For example, assuming that the positioning calculation is established at a point 300 km away, even if the satellite azimuth angle and the satellite angle are calculated using that value and the current time, the deviation of the satellite elevation angle and satellite azimuth angle is very large. is small (less than 1 degree) and can be calculated with very good accuracy. the error is virtually negligible.
<<0031>> The data processing unit 13 first excludes GPS satellite data indicating that the channel conditions of both GPS receivers are not synchronized. (The existence of such satellites may be due to the shielding of features or may be in the sky area where the antenna sensitivity is low, but there is no particular need to distinguish.) Next, a high elevation angle near the zenith, such as For GPS satellites of 1 degree or more, even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, the actual elongations are extremely small, so the data for those satellites are removed.
<<0032>> The data processing unit 13 compares the remaining GPS satellite data with each other and determines in which of the first area 1, the common area 2, and the third area 3 the data exists.
<<0033>>In the first GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from a satellite indicate synchronization, and in the second GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from that satellite does not indicate synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is in the first region 1 .
<<0034>>In the second GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from a satellite indicate synchronization, and in the first GPS receiver, the channel conditions assigned to signals transmitted from that satellite does not indicate synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is present in the third region 3 .
<<0035>>In the first GPS receiver, the channel condition assigned to the signal transmitted from a satellite indicates synchronization, and in the second GPS receiver, the channel assigned to the signal transmitted from that satellite When the status indicates synchronization, it can be determined that the satellite is in common area 2 .
Using the satellite azimuth angle output from the GPS receiver indicating the positioning calculation time newer than <<0036>>, the following processing is performed for the area-determined satellites.
<<0037>> Create a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each region 1, 2, and 3 clockwise, and extract the data of the first (first term) satellite and the last (last term) satellite in the sequence. . If there is only one satellite in the region, treat the first term as the last term. If there are two or more satellites in the area, define the first and last terms as follows. Create a circular permutation in order of satellite azimuth only for those satellites that are found to be in the region. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a satellite (assumed to be A) in the circular permutation and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) in the clockwise direction is 360 degrees from the central angle of the region. When the angle is equal to or greater than the angle obtained by subtracting , the satellite A should be taken as the last term and the satellite B as the first term.
<<0038>> When this is done, in FIG. 2, satellite 5 becomes the first term satellite of the first region 1 and satellite 6 becomes the last term satellite. In common area 2, there are also four satellites, but satellite 7 is the first term satellite and satellite 8 is the last term satellite. Since there is only one satellite 9 in the third region 3, the satellite 9 is a first term and last term satellite.
<<0039>> In addition, the symbols A(S1, 1), etc. attached to the first and last satellites in FIG.
<<0040>> For example, S1 on the left side in parenthesis of A(S1, 1) of satellite 5 represents the sequence of satellites determined to exist in the first area 1, and 1 on the right side represents the number of the sequence in the sequence. Represents a term Therefore, A(S1, 1) represents the azimuth angle of the first term satellite of the sequence of satellites existing in region 1 . In the case of satellite 8, since it is in the second region 2, the left side of the parenthesis indicates S2, and the right side indicates the number in the series of clockwise azimuth angles in this region. However, since the satellite 8 is the final term, it is shown as e2 as an indication representing the final term of the sequence in the second region 2. FIG. (More specifically, it is the fourth, so e2=4.)
<<0041>> As a result, the following equation (1) is obtained from FIG.
《Number 1》
000003

In the above formula, the symbol "<" indicates the order of appearance of orientations when viewed clockwise.
<<0042>> Next, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of the region 1 from the above expression (1) will be described.
<<0043>> First, the first term and the last term of regions other than region 1 are removed from equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 2》
000004

Add (180) to equation (1-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 3》
000005

Similarly, (δ) is added to equation (1-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 4》
000006

Concatenate equations (1-2) and (1-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability.
《Number 5》
000007

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (1-4), we obtain the equation (1-5) that constrains the orientation X by the first and last terms of the region 1.
《Number 6》
000008

<<0044>> Similarly, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of region 2 from expression (1) will be described.
<<0045>> First, the first term and the last term of regions other than region 2 are eliminated from equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 7》
000009

Add (δ) to the equation (2-2) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 8》
000010

Concatenate equations (2-2) and (2-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability. 《Number 9》
000011

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (2-4), we obtain the equation (2-5) that constrains the direction X by the first and last terms of the region 2.
《Number 10》
000012

<<0046>> Finally, a method of deriving an expression for constraining the orientation X based on the first and last terms of region 3 from expression (1) will be described. First, the first and last terms of regions other than region 3 are dropped from the equation (1) based on the extractability.
《Number 11》
000013

Add (δ-180) to the equation (3-1) based on the possibility of addition and subtraction.
《Number 12》
000014

In equation (3-2), the second term (X-180) is the same as (X+180), so it is rewritten.
《Number 13》
000015

Concatenate (3-1) and (3-3) with respect to the X term and the X+180 term based on concatenability. 《Number 14》
000016

Based on the extractability, by leaving only the X term and the adjacent terms and dropping the others from (3-4), we obtain the equation (3-5) that constrains the orientation X by the first and last terms of the region 3.
《Number 15》
000017

<<0047>> Equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5) obtained as described above play an important role in obtaining azimuth information in the present invention. If only one of them is obtained, the azimuth information is obtained using that formula, and if multiple formulas are obtained, the azimuth angle range that satisfies them at the same time is obtained to obtain more accurate azimuth information. and output from the result output unit 14 such as a liquid crystal screen and a speaker.
<<0048>> The above processing is performed by the data processing unit 13, which can be constructed by a general-purpose microprocessor having a numerical calculation function and a memory holding function.
<<0049>> In the above description, “extractability” means that even if three or more elements are extracted from a circular permutation of correct orientations consisting of four or more terms and expressed as It is based on the theorem that the circular permutation of
<<0050>>"Possibility of addition and subtraction" is based on the theorem that a circular permutation of correct orientation is established even if an arbitrary angle of rotation is added (or subtracted) to all terms of the circular permutation of correct orientation.
<<0051>>"Connectability" is when there is term a and immediately following term b in a certain circular permutation of correct orientation, and term b and immediately following term a in another correct orientation circular permutation , the sequence created by cutting the circular permutation of the former orientation between a and b, and the sequence created by cutting the circular permutation of the latter orientation between b and a It is based on the theorem that even if a new circular permutation of orientation is created by concatenating with respect to b, it is correct as a circular permutation of orientation.
<<0052>> Next, a method for specifically obtaining azimuth information will be described using the above three major equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5). uses degrees (deg), and uses azimuth angles with north at 0 degrees and east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, the elevation angle is displayed with the horizontal plane being 0 degrees and the zenith being 90 degrees.
<<0053>> First, two planar patch antennas 11a and 11b are arranged perpendicularly to the ground at a predetermined angle δ. The angle δ is appropriately set in consideration of the situation of the position to be measured, the azimuth acquisition direction, and the like, and should be an angle that forms at least a common area in which at least a part of the sky coverage area of each antenna overlaps.
<<0054>> The angle formed by the two antennas is measured by a known angle detector such as a variable capacitor, a variable resistor, etc., which can take out the rotation angle as a numerical value such as voltage.
<<0055>> As shown in FIG. 4, when the angle δ formed by the two antennas 11a and 11b is set to 100 degrees, the first region 1 has a starting azimuth angle of X+180 degrees, an end azimuth angle of −100 degrees, clockwise It is a sector with a central angle of 80 degrees determined by .
<<0056>> A satellite in this region 1 corresponds to a satellite whose channel state is synchronous with the first GPS receiver 12a and not synchronous with the second GPS receiver 12b. Suppose that three satellites are determined to be in the region, with azimuth angles of 12 degrees, 6 degrees, and 351 degrees, respectively.
<<0057>> The circular permutation of these three satellite azimuth angles can be expressed as 6<12<351. The central angle of this region 1 was 80 degrees. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) clockwise is 360 degrees minus the central angle of the area (360 −80=280 degrees), satellite A is the last term and satellite B is the first term. Let A(S1, e1).
<<0058>> As described above, the initial term A (S1, 1) was found to be 351, and the final term A (S1, e1) was found to be 12. substitute.
《Number 16》
000018

By arranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 17》
000019

<<0059>> Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the common area 2 is a sector with a central angle of 100 degrees defined by a starting azimuth angle of -100 degrees and a terminal azimuth angle of X degrees clockwise.
<<0060>> Satellites in this common area 2 correspond to satellites whose channel conditions are synchronous in the first GPS receiver 12a and synchronous in the second GPS receiver 12b. Suppose that four satellites were determined to be in the region, with azimuth angles of 72 degrees, 53 degrees, 148 degrees, and 102 degrees, respectively.
The <<0061>> circular permutation is written as 53<72<102<148, or 148<52<72<102, or 102<148<53<72, or 72<102<148<53.
<<0062>> The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be B) when viewed clockwise is 360 degrees minus the central angle of the region. If the angle is greater than (360-100=260 degrees), satellite A is the last term and satellite B is the first term. be the final term A(S2, e2).
<<0063>> As described above, the initial term A (S2, 1) was found to be 53, and the final term A (S2, e2) was found to be 148. .
《Number 18》
000020

By arranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 19》
000021

<<0064>> Finally, as shown in FIG. 4, the third region 3 is a sector with a central angle of 80 degrees defined by a starting azimuth angle of X degrees and a terminal azimuth angle of X+80 degrees.
<<0065>> Satellites in this region 3 correspond to satellites whose channel state is not synchronous with the first GPS receiver 12a but synchronous with the second GPS receiver 12b. If it is determined that one satellite 9 exists in the area and the azimuth angle of the satellite 9 is 215 degrees, both the first term A(S3,1) and the final term A(S3,e3) (3-5).
《Number 20》
000022

By rearranging this, the following equation that constrains X is obtained.
《Number 21》
000023

<<0066>>148<X<153 is obtained as an azimuth angle range that simultaneously satisfies the obtained expressions (1)′, (2)′, and (3)′.
<<0067>> That is, information is obtained that the unknown direction X in FIG.
<<0068>> Next, a method of obtaining azimuth information will be described in the case where three sides of the sky coverage are blocked by extremely tall buildings and the like, and only signals from satellites in a part of the whole sky can be received. <<0069>> As shown in FIG. 5, due to shielding such as tall buildings indicated by hatching, the sky region (open sky) where satellite information may be obtained is about Consider the case where there is only a sector of 100 degrees. In this case, the two antennas 11a and 11b are arranged, for example, so that .delta.
<<0070>> Next, the GPS receivers connected to the respective antennas are activated to attempt synchronization, decoding and positioning of GPS satellite signals in the upper hemisphere.
<<0071>> Six satellites actually existed in the first region 1 and the common region 2 (together, that is, the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna), but the signals from the four satellites were Reception (synchronization) is not possible due to the shadow of buildings (observers can distinguish whether the satellite was in the sky area with no antenna sensitivity or because it was blocked by a feature). However, as a result, signals from only two satellites (satellite 18 and satellite 22) can be received, and one of them (satellite 18) can be determined to be a satellite existing in the common area 2.
<<0072>> In the figure, oblique lines indicate areas where signals cannot be received due to shadows such as buildings, gray circles indicate satellites determined to exist in area 1, and black circles indicate satellites determined to exist in area 2. , white circles with cross marks indicate satellites determined to exist in region 3, and white circles indicate satellites in which region 1, 2, or 3 could not be determined. The solid-line outermost circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and the solid-line concentric circles indicate elevation angles of 10 degrees.
<<0073>> In the third area 3 and the common area 2 (together, that is, the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna), there were also six satellites, but the signals from the four satellites were It was not possible to receive the signal due to the shadow of the building. ) can be received, and one of them (satellite 18) can be determined to be that of a satellite existing in the common area 2. FIG.
<<0074>> As described above, since there are satellites addressed to each of the three areas 1, 2, and 3, the first term equals the last term, and the following information is obtained for each region.
《Number 22》
000024

From the top, satellite azimuth angle information in the first area 1, the common area 2, and the third area 3 is shown.
<<0075>> Substitute the above information and δ=30 degrees into the following three important equations (1-5), (2-5), and (3-5).
《Number 23》
000025

<<0076>> Substituting the above information into the respective important equations yields the following equations.
《Number 24》
000026

<<0077>> Rearranging the above formula yields the following formula.
《Number 25》
000027

<<0078>> Taking the azimuth range that satisfies the above three equations at the same time, 244<X<262 is obtained. That is, the obtained azimuth X is in the range of 244 degrees to 262 degrees.
<<0079>> The angle of δ is determined by the observer while considering the following trade-offs.
<<0080>> Since the value of .delta. In this sense, the advantage of narrowing δ is that a highly accurate result can be obtained. However, if .delta.
<<0081>> Here, consider the number of available satellites in the sky, which is determined by the observer's current location and time. It is known that the actual number of GPS satellites that can be used in Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, is always 8 to 12. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume 10 as the average number of available satellites. Suppose that the available sky area looking up from the observer's current location is only a fan-shaped area with a central angle of only 36 degrees. Then, if we estimate the number of available satellites that can be expected to exist in this narrow 36-degree angle sky area above the observer, we can statistically expect 1 satellite (10 satellites x 36 degrees/360 degrees = 1 satellite). .
<<0082>> Now, suppose that the opening angle δ of the two antennas is set to 36 degrees, and the common area with the central angle of 36 degrees coincides with the above available sky area. Then, there is a high probability that the signal of one expected satellite will be acquired. In general, in the measurement according to the present invention, even if only one satellite is captured in the common area, the azimuth limitation of width δ can be achieved in a blink of an eye (Equation (2-5), that is, A(S2, e2) In <X<A(S2,1)+δ, if the first term = the final term, that is, e2=1, from A(S2,1)<X<A(S2,1)+δ, immediately even one satellite azimuth limitation of width δ). Even in such an environment where only a narrow sky area can be used, according to the present invention, it is possible to expect azimuth limitation of about 36 degrees with a high probability.
<<0083>> Usable empty areas are usually not so bad environments as 36 degrees, and are often wider. The number of satellites that can be acquired in that case is naturally higher. This means that the number of terms (e2) in equation (2-5) also increases. In this case, it is possible to limit the orientation to be smaller than δ from only the expression (2-5), and the existence of S1 and S3 in the regions 1 and 3 can be expected, and the expressions (1-5) and (3-5) can also be It can be used, and the accuracy of azimuth limitation is also improved.
<<0084>> Next, as shown in FIG. 6, an upper sky region (an open sky) where satellite information may be obtained due to shielding such as tall buildings indicated by hatching is centered on the zenith. Consider the case where there is only a sector with a central angle of about 45 degrees. Assume that the observer desires information with a width of 25 degrees or less for some reason. In this case, the two antennas 11a and 11b are arranged at δ=25 degrees, for example, so that the common area 2 is formed in the direction in which the sky coverage can be measured. of GPS satellites to attempt synchronization, decoding and positioning.
<<0085>> If it is fortunately possible to determine that a satellite exists within the common area 2, the obtained azimuth angle (244 degrees) and .delta.=25 are substituted into the area 2 important equation. In this case also, since there is one satellite, the initial term A(S2, 1) and the final term A(S2, e2) are the same, so the following is obtained.
《Number 26》
000028

That is, the azimuth X to be obtained is in the range of 244 degrees to 269 degrees.
<<0086>> Generalization is as follows. Consider a poor environment where only one satellite can be captured. If the one satellite is captured in the common area 2, the azimuth limit width is .delta. degrees. (In the formula (2-5), that is, A(S2, e2)<X<A(S2,1)+δ, if the first term = the last term, that is, e2 = 1, then A(S2, 1) < From X<A(S2, 1)+.delta., it can be seen that the azimuth limitation with a width of .delta. degrees is immediately made even with one satellite).
<<0087>> If captured in the first region, the azimuth limitation width is 180-δ degrees. (Formula (1-5), that is, A (S1, e1) + δ < X < A (S1, 1) + 180, the first term = the last term, that is, if e1 = 1, then A (S1, 1) + δ From <X<A(S1, 1)+180, it can be seen that the azimuth limitation with a width of 180-δ degrees is immediately made even for one satellite).
<<0088>> If captured in the third region, the azimuth limitation width is also 180-δ. (Formula (3-5), that is, A (S3, e3) + δ-180 < X < A (S3, 1), the first term = the last term, that is, if e3 = 1, then A (S3, 1) From +δ-180<X<A (S3, 1), it can be seen that the azimuth limitation of width 180-δ degrees is immediately made even for one satellite).
<<0089>> Comparing these results with the results of a configuration that does not have a common area, its superiority can be understood. That is, in the setting of δ=0 (no common area), the azimuth limitation width at that time is 180 degrees regardless of whether one satellite is captured in the first area or the third area ( (corresponds to the case of substituting e1=1 and δ=0 in equation (1-5)). In other words, having the common area 2 provides an excellent azimuth limiting function, especially in situations where only one satellite can be tracked.
<<0090>> As is clear from the above description, the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention can effectively obtain azimuth information even in a place where part of the sky is blocked or a place where a feature is clearly expected to be blocked. can get to
<<0091>> In particular, even in a place where most of the sky is shielded, if at least one satellite exists in the unshielded sky and the signal can be received, the azimuth information can be obtained.
<<0092>> Also, since it is not necessary to install a pair of patch antennas in parallel, for example, by arranging them on a moving object (such as a motorcycle with a streamlined cowl) that holds the streamlined part at the front, It is possible to travel while acquiring azimuth information.
<<0093>>
<<Effect of the Invention>> In the invention described in claims 1 and 2, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged at an angle such that at least a part of each sky coverage area forms a common area overlapping each other. The coverage area is divided into a first antenna coverage only area, a second antenna coverage only area, and a common area of both antenna coverage areas, and at least one area has at least one satellite for receiving signals. If it is possible, it is possible to efficiently obtain azimuth-limited information, so that azimuth-limited information can be effectively obtained even in a place where most of the sky is blocked.
<<0094>> In addition, according to the third aspect of the invention, satellites exist in a plurality of areas, and when the azimuth is obtained in each area, a common product set of the azimuths is taken to limit the azimuth to a single azimuth. more accurate azimuth information can be obtained.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of an arrangement state of a pair of planar patch antennas in the azimuth information acquisition method of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> An explanatory view of the sky coverage area formed by each antenna when a pair of antennas are arranged as shown in FIG.
<<FIG. 3>> FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an apparatus for implementing the direction information acquisition method of the present invention.
<<FIG. 4>> It is an explanatory diagram showing the positional relationship between a pair of antennas and a satellite in the sky when the pair of antennas are arranged at 100 degrees.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information when the sky region from which satellite information can be obtained is only a sector centered at the zenith and having a central angle of about 100 degrees.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information when the sky region from which satellite information can be obtained is only a sector centered at the zenith and having a central angle of about 45 degrees.
<<Description of symbols>>
1 First area
2 common areas
3 Third area
4 Azimuth to be measured
5-9 satellites
11a first planar patch antenna
11b Second planar patch antenna
12a first GPS receiver
12b second GPS receiver
13 Data processing unit
14 Result output section
<<Figure 1>>
000029

<<Figure 2>>
000030

<<Fig. 4>>
000032

<<Figure 3>>
000031

<<Fig. 5>>
000033

<<Fig. 6>>
000034

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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2002-168938 (P2002-168938A)
(43) <<Released Date>> June 14, 2002 (2002.6.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> GPS Receiver
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 6
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》8
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2000-364605 (P2000-364605)
(22) <Filing date> November 30, 2000 (2000.11.30)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA11 DD23 FF02 GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problems>> Conventional GPS receivers can obtain positioning information such as latitude, longitude, and altitude from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but cannot obtain azimuth information.
<Solution> A GPS receiver having a patch antenna section 2, a GPS receiver section 8, and a result output section 5 is provided with a data transmission section 4, a data reception section 3, and a data processing section 9 so that direction information can also be obtained. It is characterized by
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A GPS receiver consisting of a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a result output section, in which a data transmission section, a data reception section, and calculation of data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received. A GPS receiver, comprising: a data processing unit for limiting or specifying the azimuth of a measurement direction by performing a measurement, and a use mode control switch.
<<Claim 2>> The GPS receiver according to claim 1, wherein the data transmission section and the data reception section are an infrared transmission mechanism and an infrared reception mechanism.
<<Claim 3>> The GPS reception according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the data transmission unit and the data reception unit are provided at positions that are symmetrical with respect to the center point of the surface on which they are provided. machine.
<<Claim 4>> The GPS receiver according to Claim 1, wherein the control switch is a mercury switch.
<<Claim 5>> A first GPS receiver comprising a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, a data receiving section, a data processing section for calculating data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received, and a result output section; a second GPS receiver having a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a data transmission section; GPS satellite data received by the second GPS receiver is transmitted from the data transmission section to the data reception section of the first GPS receiver; to a data processing unit via a , where the data processing unit calculates data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite to limit or specify the azimuth of the measurement direction.
<<Claim 6>> The GPS receiver according to Claim 5, wherein the data receiving section of the first GPS receiver and the data transmitting section of the second GPS receiver are an infrared receiving mechanism and an infrared transmitting mechanism, respectively. .
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to an improvement of a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver, and to a GPS receiver that can obtain not only positioning information but also azimuth information when used in pairs.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> Conventional GPS receivers are equipped with an antenna section having a substantially hemispherical antenna pattern, a receiver section, and a result output section. Positioning information such as GPS time can be obtained, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>> Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of acquiring azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-91362).
<<0004>>According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of flat patch antennas are arranged perpendicularly to each other and in the back direction, and each flat patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. form an air coverage area, extract the signal strength values of all GPS satellites received from the receiver unit connected to each antenna, and transmit each signal based on the comparison of the extracted signal strength It is determined which antenna's sky coverage area the GPS satellite was located in, and the result of determining the existence area of this satellite is circularly arranged, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is the information included in the circular determination result sequence. limited or specified based on
<<0005>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> As described above, in order to obtain azimuth information, the signal strength values of a plurality of satellites received from two GPS receivers are compared to determine which antenna is in the sky coverage area. However, conventional GPS receivers do not have a function of exchanging information between GPS receivers and a function of calculating azimuth information based on the exchanged information. No GPS receiver was prepared, and the patch antenna was arranged parallel, back, and vertically, but azimuth information could not be obtained.
<<0006>> The present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object thereof is to provide a GPS receiver that can obtain positioning information as in the conventional case and can obtain azimuth information by using a pair of GPS receivers.
<<0007>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a GPS receiver comprising a patch antenna section, a GPS receiver section, and a result output section. 1. A GPS receiver comprising a data processing unit for calculating data including the signal strength of each GPS satellite received and limiting or specifying the azimuth of a measurement direction, and a use mode control switch.
<<0008>> The data transmission unit and the data reception unit use an infrared transmission mechanism and an infrared reception mechanism, and the data transmission unit and the data reception unit are provided at points symmetrical with respect to the center point of the surface on which they are provided. . As a result, when the data transmission section and the data reception section of a pair of receiver main bodies are placed facing each other and one of the receiver main bodies is placed upside down, the data transmission section and the data The receiver faces the data receiver and data transmitter of the other GPS receiver, respectively.
<<0009>> As described above, by providing a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section in the GPS receiver, the GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver is transmitted to the other GPS receiver, and the data is transmitted to the other GPS receiver. Azimuth information can also be obtained by processing both satellite data in the processing unit. In addition, by using an infrared communication system for data transmission/reception, there is no need to connect two GPS receivers with a cable, and handling is easy.
<<0010>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a GPS receiver according to the present invention. 2 is embedded. On the opposite side of the receiver main body 1, a data receiving section 3 and a data transmitting section 4 are provided at positions symmetrical with respect to the center point of the plane.
<<0011>> As a result, as shown in FIG. 3, when the surfaces of a pair of receiver main bodies 1a and 1b on which the data transmitting section and the data receiving section are provided face each other, one receiver main body 1b is turned upside down. , the data receiving section 3a and the data transmitting section 4a of one receiver main body 1a face the data transmitting section 4b and the data receiving section 3b of the other receiver main body 1b, respectively. An infrared communication system can be preferably used for transmission and reception of this data.
<<0012>> As shown in FIG. 2, the receiver main body 1 contains a GPS receiver section 8 and a data processing section 9. The output from the GPS receiver section or the data processing section is The results are output from a result output unit 5 such as a liquid crystal screen or a speaker provided on the upper surface of the receiver body 1 .
<<0013>> On the side of the receiver main body 1, a control switch 6 is further provided for switching each component to an ON state or an OFF state according to the mode of use. An arrow 7 on the upper surface of the receiver main body 1 is a mark for confirming the measurement direction.
<<0014>> When acquiring positioning information using the GPS receiver configured as described above, as shown in FIG. , an "OFF" signal is sent to the data receiving unit 3 and the data transmitting unit 4, and the GPS receiver is installed so that the planar patch antenna 2 faces the zenith direction.
<<0015>> As a result, the signals transmitted from the GPS satellites existing in the hemisphere are received by the GPS receiver unit 8 via the patch antenna 2, and the calculated positioning information such as latitude, longitude and altitude is After passing through the data processing unit 9, it can be output from the result output unit 5 in the same manner as the conventional GPS receiver.
<<0016>> Next, when azimuth information is acquired using the GPS receiver having the above configuration, as shown in FIG. The patch antenna 2a is arranged to be perpendicular to the ground, and the mark 7 for confirming the measurement direction is oriented in the desired direction.
<0017> On the other receiver main body 1b, the data transmitting section 4b and the data receiving section 3b are arranged in parallel so that they face the data receiving section 3a and the data transmitting section 4a of the receiver main body 1a with a predetermined distance therebetween. to be placed.
<<0018>> As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas 2a and 2b are arranged parallel to each other and facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and each planar patch antenna is located in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction it is facing. form a sky coverage area over which the sensitivity of the antenna reaches.
<<0019>> Next, as shown in FIG. 4, the control switch 6a of the receiver body 1a is operated to turn ON the GPS receiver section 8a, the data receiving section 3a, the data processing section 9a, and the result output section 5a. signal. In the other receiver body 1b, the control switch 6b is operated to send an "ON" signal only to the GPS receiver section 8b and the data transmission section 4b.
<<0020>> As a result, the GPS receiver unit 8a connected to the planar patch antenna 2a receives signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the air coverage area of the antenna, and the received signals are transmitted to the data processing unit. 9a.
<<0021>> Similarly, the GPS receiver section 8b connected to the planar patch antenna 2b receives signals transmitted from GPS satellites existing in the air coverage area of the antenna, and the received signals are transmitted to the data transmission section. From 4b, for example, it is sent to the data receiving section 3a of the receiver body 1a by infrared rays, and stored in the data processing section 9a.
<<0022>> Since the signal transmitted from each GPS satellite contains the own satellite number, the own satellite signal transmission time, and the orbital elements of all GPS satellites including the own satellite, the own satellite number can be detected at the stage of decoding. . Also, the strength of the output signal of the signal synchronization circuit can be detected in the GPS receiver units 8a and 8b. Furthermore, in the GPS receiver units 8a and 8b, the position and time of the measurer can be obtained from the signals received from three or more satellites, and accordingly the satellite azimuth and elevation of each satellite can be obtained.
<<0023>> Based on the satellite number, satellite elevation angle, satellite azimuth angle, and satellite signal strength among the information output from the two GPS receiver sections 8a and 8b, the data processing section 9a performs the following processing to acquire azimuth information.
<<0024>> First, an "exclusion determination" process consisting of two exclusion situations is performed. The first exclusion situation is "High Elevation Angle Exclusion". For example, satellites near the zenith have a very small actual elongation, even though their azimuth angles differ numerically. Therefore, if these pieces of information are used in subsequent processes for obtaining azimuth information, errors included in the results will increase. Therefore, for example, information on satellites existing at an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more is processed to be excluded.
<<0025>> The next exclusion status is "feature occluded exclusion". Even if the satellite is in the coverage area of one antenna, if the channel is blocked by terrain, buildings, trees, etc., the signal strength from the satellite will be weak even in the receiver connected to that antenna. Therefore, satellite signals below a predetermined threshold value, eg, -125 dBm, in both antenna coverage areas, ie, in both receivers, are considered to be blocked by features and are excluded from subsequent processing.
<<0026>> Secondly, an "existence area determination" process is performed to determine, based on the strength of the received signal, in which antenna the satellite was located. That is, if one GPS receiver exhibits a sufficient signal strength (above the threshold) and the other does not, it can be determined that the GPS receiver exists in the former's airspace coverage area. Also, if both GPS receivers show sufficient signal strength, it can be determined that they happen to be on the boundary between their airspace coverage areas. Such judgment is represented by a symbol.
<<0027>> Thirdly, "rearrangement into an annular array in order of azimuth angles" is performed. In this method, the azimuth angles are sorted in ascending order, and the characteristic of the azimuth angles that 360 degrees and 0 degrees match is used to connect the tail and head to create a circular array. is.
<<0028>> Fourthly, azimuth information is obtained from this annular array of satellites. The azimuth information includes both concepts of ``specific azimuth'' meaning a azimuth angle value for a specific direction and ``limited azimuth'' meaning a range of azimuth angle values for a specific direction, Although the GPS receiver of the present invention can obtain azimuth information from any direction, general azimuth-only acquisition will be described here.
<<0029>> In the circular array of the obtained satellite existence area determination results, observe the portion where the existence area determination result transitions from one value to another.
<<0030>> For example, as shown in FIG. 5, there are six satellites 3, 6, 11, 14, 18, and 20 in the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a, and similarly 6 satellites in the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b. Assuming that there are three satellites 2, 7, 9, 15, 21, and 22, the data processing unit 9a outputs signals transmitted from these satellites as shown in Table 1, assuming that the direction is clockwise with north as the base point. Satellite data is created. The signal strength of the satellite 21 is below the threshold -125 dBm in any coverage area, and the elevation angle of the satellite 3 is 85 degrees or more. be processed accordingly.
<<0031>>
<<Table1>>
000003

<<0032>> Subsequently, the data processing unit 9a constructs a directional circular array R from the data in Table 1. FIG. In Table 1, R looks like "1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 (back to top)". In the table, "1" means the air coverage area of the antenna 2a, and "2" means the air coverage area of the antenna 2b. Table 2 shows this circular array arrangement R.
<<0033>>
<<Table2>>
000004

<<0034>> Table 2 shows that the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a encompasses "the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 244 degrees clockwise and the ending azimuth angle of 6 degrees". Also, from Table 2, it can be seen that the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b includes "the azimuth angle range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 56 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 218 degrees clockwise."
<<0035>> By the way, as is clear from FIG. 5, the geometric relationship between the measurement direction and the air coverage area of both antennas is clockwise: the air coverage area of antenna 2a, the measurement direction 7, and the air coverage area of antenna 2b. , appearing in the order of .
<<0036>> In order for this order and the above-mentioned subsumption relation not to contradict each other, the azimuth angle value of the measurement direction 7 must be "defined by the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees clockwise. must be in the azimuth range. As can be seen from Table 2, the data processing unit 9a can make such a determination instantaneously. This range is shown in FIG. 5 as the first azimuth information.
<<0037>> Furthermore, as is apparent from FIG. There was an order in which they appeared in the order of the sky coverage area of 2b, the opposite measurement direction, and the sky coverage area of antenna 2a.
<<0038>> In order for this order and the above-mentioned subsumption relation not to contradict each other, the azimuth angle value in the anti-measurement direction must be "defined by the starting azimuth angle of 218 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 244 degrees clockwise. must be in the azimuth range As can be seen from Table 2, the data processing unit 9a can make such a determination instantaneously. This range is shown as the second orientation information in FIG.
<<0039>> From the logical product of the two azimuth information obtained as described above, the data processing unit 9a determines that the measurement direction 7 is the azimuth defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees and the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees clockwise. It is determined that the data exists within the "angle range", and is output by voice from the result output unit 5a or displayed on the liquid crystal screen.
<<0040>> When it is determined that a satellite exists at the boundary between the two air coverage areas, the azimuth in the measurement direction is specified as follows instead of limiting the azimuth in the measurement direction.
<<0041>> In this case, it is important to identify whether the corresponding satellite exists in the direction of measurement or in the direction opposite to the direction of measurement. This determination can be easily performed as follows.
<<0042>> In other words, as a geometrical relationship between the azimuth of the corresponding satellite and the sky coverage of both antennas, the clockwise order of the sky coverage of the antenna 2a, the corresponding satellite, and the sky coverage of the antenna 2b was confirmed. In this case, the data processing unit 9a can immediately regard the azimuth angle value of this corresponding satellite as the measurement direction.
<<0043>> Conversely, when the clockwise order of the sky coverage area of the antenna 2b, the corresponding satellite, and the sky coverage area of the antenna 2a is confirmed, the azimuth angle of this corresponding satellite can be regarded as the opposite measurement direction. The data processing unit 9 can also determine the value obtained by subtracting 180 degrees from the value as the measurement direction. <<0044>> The data processing unit can be configured by a general-purpose microprocessor having a numerical calculation function and a memory holding function.
<<0045>> Furthermore, if a mercury switch utilizing the property of mercury falling in the direction of gravity and the electrical conductivity of mercury is used as the control switch, complicated switch operations can be eliminated.
<<0046>> That is, as shown in FIG. 6(a), when the triangular sealed container 12 containing the mercury 11 of the mercury switch 10 is placed in the receiver main body 1 and the antenna 2 faces upward, the apex is downward. set so that it faces The contact 13a at the top of the container 12 is wired so that the GPS receiver section, the data processing section, and the result output section are in the "ON" state, and the contact 13b on one side is connected to the GPS receiver section and the data reception section. , the data processing unit, and the result processing unit are in the "ON" state, and the contact 13c on the other side is wired so that the GPS receiver unit and the data transmission unit are in the "ON" state.
<<0047>> In order to acquire positioning information with this GPS receiver, as shown in FIG. 11 is positioned at the contact 13a, the GPS receiver section, the data processing section, and the result output section are turned on to obtain positioning information.
<<0048>> Also, in order to obtain azimuth information, when a pair of receiver main bodies 1a and 1b are arranged so that the data transmitting section and the data receiving section face each other as shown in FIG. The mercury 11 of the mercury switch 1a is positioned at the contact 13b, the GPS receiver section, the data receiving section 3a, the data processing section, and the result output section are in the "ON" state, and the mercury 11 of the mercury switch 10b of the receiver body 1b is turned on. Positioned at the contact 13c, the GPS receiver section and the data transmission section are in the "ON" state, and the signal received by the receiver main body 1b is sent from the data transmission section to the data reception section of the receiver main body 1a. Together with the signal received by the GPS receiver section of the main body 1a, the signal is arithmetically processed by the data processing section, and direction information is output.
<<0049>>
<Effect of the Invention> As is clear from the above explanation, the GPS receiver according to the present invention can obtain positioning information as in the conventional case by itself, and by using two units, it is possible to obtain azimuth information which could not be obtained so far. can also be obtained.
<<0050>> Therefore, if a mountaineer gets lost in a dense fog and loses his bearing, the two GPS receivers of the present invention can immediately obtain bearing information. If data is transmitted and received between the two GPS receivers by infrared rays, the trouble of wire connection can be saved and handling becomes easy. Furthermore, since the GPS receiver has the same design specifications, it is excellent in mass production.
<<0051>> Moreover, when obtaining the azimuth acquisition information, as already explained, the first receiver body 1a does not require a data transmission section, and the second receiver body 1b does not require a data reception section. , and data processing units are not used, and by removing these parts, the positioning information and the direction information can be obtained with a simpler and less expensive GPS receiver.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> A perspective view showing an embodiment of a GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A perspective view showing the arrangement of the GPS receiver according to the present invention when positioning information is acquired.
<<FIG. 4>> FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram when positioning information is acquired using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 5>> FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the positional relationship between a satellite in the sky and a pair of antennas when positioning information is acquired using the GPS receiver according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 6>> It is an explanatory diagram when a mercury switch is used as an operation switch, (a) is an explanatory diagram for obtaining positioning information, and (b) is an explanatory diagram for obtaining azimuth information.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a, 1b Receiver body
2a, 2b planar patch antenna
3a, 3b data receiver
4a, 4b data transmitter
5a, 5b Result output section
6a, 6b control switch
7 measurement direction
8, 8a, 8b GPS receiver section
9, 9a, 9b data processing unit
10, 10a, 10b Mercury switch
<<Figure 1>>
000005

<<Figure 2>>
000006

<<Figure 3>>
000007

<<Fig. 4>>
000008

<<Fig. 5>>
000009

<<Fig. 6>>
000010

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<<Title of Document>> Procedural Amendment
<Address> Commissioner of the Patent Office
《Show Incident》
<Application number> Patent application 2012-171536
《Correcter》
《Identification number》 711005330
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Procedural Amendment 1》
《Name of document to be amended》 Description
《Name of item to be corrected》 Full text
《Correction method》 Change
<<Details of correction>>
《Document name》Description
<Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
"Technical field"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites.
《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers.
<<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the Invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is shown.
<<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.

<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.

<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.

<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> Configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging water in a hollow cylindrical shape in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of .
<<Fig. 3>> Hollow cylindrical container that can be used for disposing water in the device of the present invention and that can also be used as tableware
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of FIG.
<<Fig. 4>> Ship life-saving equipment of Japan that can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention
One external shape and size that can be said to be a de facto international standard for fresh water packages stipulated in the regulations, etc.
Legal information.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the parallel two rectangular plate-shaped water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
.
<<FIG. 6>> Some substances such as water or alcohol used in the apparatus of the present invention
It is a graph which shows the small power half-life depth of a microwave (2450 MHz).
<<FIG. 7>> Some substances such as water or alcohol used in the apparatus of the present invention
It is a graph which shows the small power half-life depth of a microwave (915 MHz).
<<FIG. 8>> Region with microwaves (50 MHZ) in water used in the device of the present invention
3000 MHz from z) is a graph showing the attenuation per unit distance.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
.
<<Fig.
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig.
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 12>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
A water distribution structure is embodied by a hinge, which is perpendicular to the body when carrying out the method of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram when deploying;
<<Fig. 13>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied with a hinge and the method of the present invention is not carried out, the protrusion of the water-containing object
, is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<<Fig. 14>> A plate-like device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
A water placement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders to contain water when the method of the present invention is not practiced.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram when the number of protrusions of an object is reduced.
<<Fig. 15>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out,
FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram showing how the projections of the musculature spread left and right from both sides of the body.
<<Fig. 16>> A plate-shaped device of the present invention for a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc.
When the water arrangement structure is embodied by hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out,
Fig. 10 is a conceptual diagram when the protrusions of the musculature are arranged perpendicular to the body;
.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> Proposed method G on the back of which is arranged in a straight line using only the body as a shield.
Placing a PS receiver can be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that you don't want to receive
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining that.
<<Fig. 19>> Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter),
Arranging them in a U-shape, including the body, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom of the
Conceptual diagram explaining that it is effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
is.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> An embodiment of an azimuth information acquisition device that can embody the azimuth information acquisition method according to the present invention.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing a state; FIG.
<<Fig. 22>> Relation between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the direction is limited by the direction information acquisition device
Fig. 2 is a schematic layout diagram showing a connection;
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<Fig. 25>> Fig. 22 shows the azimuth information acquisition device when the antenna is placed in the opposite direction.
FIG. 2 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when azimuth limitation is performed based on the position of the antenna;
.
<<Fig. 26>> Implementation time of azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude)
It is a graph of the simulation result of the dependence and orientation frequency dependence.
<<Fig. 27>> About the relationship between the expected value of the daily azimuth limit width for one fixed star in Tokyo and the number of orientations
and a graph of its exponential approximation curve.
<<Fig. 28>> A configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
is an explanatory photograph.
<<Fig. 29>> GPS satellite arrangement suitable for elevation angle conditions (place with a good view, 6 train line crossing overpasses)
Above, a sky map of a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> Occurrence probabilities of the four categories of output results for azimuth limitation in actual prototype experiments
Relationship between received signal strength thresholds (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks, 5 times in total)
Rotation experiment) is a graph.
<<Fig. 31>> Average value of azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at the time of correct answer in actual machine prototype experiment
Degree threshold relationship (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments)
is a graph of
<<Fig. 32>> Each box showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the correct answer in the actual prototype experiment
-and-whisker plot and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold (see
It is a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments on a sunny place, on an overpass crossing 6 train tracks.
<<Fig. 33>> Histogram of limited azimuth width when answer (correct answer h) (place with good view, 6
It is a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments on the overpass crossing the train tracks).
<<Fig. 34>> A magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was performed at the actual prototype test site.
Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observation value when applied (place with good view, 6 train line crossing land
It is a graph of Hashigami, simultaneous measurement at the time of rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 35>> GPS satellite layout map conforming to elevation angle conditions (place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. Takao Biwa Falls,
A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 36>> Occurrence probabilities of four categories of result output of azimuth limitation in actual machine prototype experiment and
Relationship of received signal strength threshold (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
Rotation experiment) is a graph.
<<Fig. 37>> Average azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at correct answers in the actual prototype experiment
The relationship between the degree threshold (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. Takao Biwadaki, a total of 5 rotation experiments)
graph.
<<Fig. 38>> Rotation test with magnetic sensors placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site
Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observation value when conducting (place surrounded by mountains, Mt.
It is a graph of the vicinity of the waterfall and the measurement at the time of the rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 39>> GPS satellite layout map conforming to elevation angle conditions (place surrounded by buildings, etc., within 23 wards of Tokyo)
Elementary school, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> Occurrence probabilities of the four categories of output results for azimuth limitation in actual prototype experiments
Relationship between received signal strength thresholds (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school compound school building in Tokyo's 23 wards)
, a graph of a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 41>> Average azimuth limitation width and received signal strength at correct answers in the actual prototype experiment
Degree threshold relationship (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school compound school building in Tokyo's 23 wards, total 5
It is a graph of one rotation experiment)).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Rotation test with magnetic sensors placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site
Example of time fluctuation of magnetic sensor observation value when implemented (place surrounded by buildings, etc., in Tokyo 23 wards
It is a graph of the vicinity of the elementary school compound school building, and the measurement at the time of the rotation experiment).
<<Fig. 44>> One implementation of a container configuration for arranging water, etc., in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention
It is a schematic block diagram of a form.
<<Fig. 45>> One implementation of a container configuration for arranging water, etc., in a cylindrical shape utilizing the side surface of the hemisphere of the device of the present invention
It is a schematic block diagram of a form.
<<Fig. 46>> One embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of FIG.
<<Fig. 47>> An example of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the apparatus of the present invention.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment; FIG.
<<Fig. 48>> An embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a state; FIG.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter structure of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
An embodiment with fittings on the right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration with a central angle of 90 degrees
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for arranging the water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is fitted vertically.
The GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves by stacking them in two layers while fitting them together to increase the height.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for disposing water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is shaped like a cylinder using the side surface of a hemisphere.
In addition to narrowing the opening of the container configuration for placing water etc., the wall other than the opening is also
Used when deploying a similar thickness of water to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to diffracted waves.
1 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration in which
<<FIG. 52>> As a container used in forming the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention, a closed
A transparent hose with a flexible mechanism at both ends is arranged like a coiled snake.
In addition, the hose becomes a pure transport container for water, and in an emergency
of construction in demonstrating the advantage of producing an advantage in mountaineering that can be properly utilized as a rope
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 53>> The configuration of a container for placing water, etc., in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment; FIG.
<<Fig. 54>> In the device of the present invention, a container in which water, etc.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a device configuration; FIG.
<<Fig. 55>> In the device of the present invention, the parabolic body of revolution is cut at two points on the horizontal plane to form a base shape.
1 is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration for arranging water or the like.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, the
By arranging the water in a shape that gradually spreads, or close to two flat plates but gradually to the left and right sides
By arranging the water in a shape that spreads out, the GPS receiver is less susceptible to diffracted waves.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for realizing combing.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, a cylindrical or nearly cylindrical shape but rounded towards the inside
By arranging the water in a shape that gradually increases, or two plates that are close to each other but gradually move toward the center.
By arranging the water in a shape that curls up, the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the diffracted waves.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram for realizing combing.
<<Fig.
By squeezing it tightly, it becomes a flat circular layer that can be stored without being bulky.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the shape of the cup made of cone material when not in use.
<<Fig.
By pulling out, it is shaped as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material.
Although it is a conceptual diagram explaining the shape of the cup when in use, it is not the main proposal.
When applied to the proposed method, instead of containing water inside the cup,
Usefulness of a new pop-up cup with a new feature that has a space for water
, which itself can be used as a cup as a matter of course, and in an emergency, the half of the device of the present invention
An overview explaining the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to deployment on the wall of a ball table.
It is a concept.
<<FIG. 60>> Water can be contained from the inlet, and modules of adjacent dimensions are uneven with respect to each other.
have mating portions (e.g., the next smaller sized ring segment may
Up to 1/4 of the height of the bed, there is a step like a road shoulder so that you can easily fit yourself in.
It can be easily realized if it is engraved on the inside, and in this case, the thickness of the water in the fitting part is constant
), and the concentric layered multi-layered
The present system is capable of deploying water in a shape composed of a number of interlocking ring segments.
An example of a proposal.
<<Fig.
Or the pentagonal part has a zip so that it can be filled with water, or a screw
When formed as a flexible plastic (vinyl) water bottle with a cap, it can also be used as a whole water bottle
It is a conceptual diagram showing that it can be folded back at an appropriate place and stored in a rucksack or the like. (Ash
The color corresponds to the margin of overlap. The part is Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro
It is advisable to use a tape or the like to facilitate joining and separation. When not in use and without water
It's also easy to flatten it into Zack. )
<<Fig. 62>> A hexagonal
Or the pentagonal part has a zip so that it can be filled with water, or a screw
It is formed as a flexible plastic (vinyl) water bottle with a cap.
, Make it a crimped or zipped part so that the filling of water stops at the part that hits the equator, and others
[The part of the northern hemisphere, excluding the Arctic region, is filled with water so that it will spread
In case of emergency, the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, can be taken immediately.
When not in use, fold it back at the appropriate place and use it as a flat water bottle in a rucksack or the like.
It is possible to form a practical water bottle that can be folded into several layers and stored, and that it contains water when not in use.
A conceptual diagram showing that it is easy to flatten it into a rucksack when it is not there.
<<Fig. 63>> When the previous figure was actually constructed three-dimensionally, the water-filled layer was shown in gray.
Three-dimensional finished drawing. Just fill with water outdoors, join with Velcro tape and assemble
A water structure close to a hemisphere is completed in
A water bottle that can be opened and folded simply by removing the Velcro tape
It can also be used as a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
Conceptual diagram showing that.
<<Fig. 64>> Dependence of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency and
and a graph showing the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<Fig. 65>> Penetration depth of electromagnetic wave in medium with high water content
depth. e is the base of natural logarithms), and is a graph showing frequency characteristics.
<<Fig. 66>> Represents a molecular structural model of water showing that water molecules have a dipole moment
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<Fig. 67>> Orientational polarization is induced by microwaves, ion polarization is induced by infrared rays, and ultraviolet
Conceptual graph of polarization and absorption vs. frequency showing the induced electronic polarization at the line.
is.
<<Fig. 68>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., which has a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
concept of a tent mat or shelf mat with voids capable of holding
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 69>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., which has a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
Tent mats or shelf mats with voids capable of holding
As an embodiment of the device of the present invention, it is used to weaken the diffracted waves by placing it on the left and right sides of the body.
FIG. 11 is a schematic configuration diagram in the case of FIG.
<<Fig. 70>> Composed of chloroprene rubber, etc., with a small power half-life depth, and water, etc. (
Liquid or gel type with large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and small power half-life
Tent mats or shelf mats with voids capable of holding
As an embodiment of the device of the present invention, the device is arranged on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body and rotated.
It is a schematic block diagram in the case of using for folded wave weakening.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, the oxygen atom in the water molecule has two electrons in the 2s orbital,
It is supposed to have 4 electrons in the 2p orbital and a total of 6 outer shell electrons.
, the covalent separation angle based on bonds using p-orbitals is the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms
Therefore, the angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals is widened by about 14 degrees from the original angle.
extended and extended to 104 degrees, the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment
In demonstrating that this can actually be explained on the basis of the latest theories of quantum mechanics,
It is a frequently cited conceptual diagram.
<<Figure 72>> Water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0
. Actual frequency characteristics of dielectric constant and dielectric loss at 5 molal (mass molal concentration)
Measured values are shown.
<<Fig. 73>> Barium titanate and ratio of barium titanate to strontium titanate
Measured values of frequency characteristics of dielectric constant and dielectric loss are shown.
Figure 74 Short height, folded compactly and stored in the back when not in use
A (thin plate-shaped) fan-shaped column-shaped water bottle compartment with a
By moving the connected arms in an arc from the side of the body to the top of the head through the horizontal direction,
It slides along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in
It is easy to spread out so that the fans are deployed on both sides of the body, and if necessary,
By intentionally turning both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, the body and the fan-shaped structure spread
However, when viewed from above, draw a U-shape (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case).
), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed on the front of the body is positioned at the zenith
existed outside the sky coverage area intended to be formed by a single semicircle passing through
Since it can effectively attenuate the signal strength originating from GPS satellites, GPS receivers
can more easily identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage area; and
During activities that involve the transportation of water, medical infusions, etc. that must be carried for disaster relief activities, etc.
It is possible to effectively utilize the potential functions of these transported items, and at the same time, as a result,
Prompt access to victims is important for increasing the survival rate of emergency rescue and reducing the incidence of aftereffects.
A simple and convenient context-appropriate method for obtaining orientation information that supports more accurate
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing what is obtained;
<<Fig. 75>> The internal structure of the thoracoabdominal portion of the jacket of the device of the present invention can form a layer of water.
It shows that it can be a highly airtight, so to speak, thin water bottle.
By opening the front body, which includes the body and the water layer when viewed from above,
(forehead) forms a U-shape (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case,
(assuming that the signal is deployed vertically in the front of the body), the originally intended
Efficiently attenuates signal strength originating from GPS satellites that existed outside the airspace
Support more reliable implementation of the proposed method of obtaining orientation information in a way that is suitable for the context of use.
and effectively combines an oral hydration system during land activities
In the sea, it effectively doubles as a jacket-type buoyancy control device.
It is an example of implementation showing that it is possible to prepare
<<Fig. 76>> A diagram showing one embodiment of this proposal, in which a reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) is
, Normally, as shown in Fig. 77, a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (longitudinal
(Combined with a tube that is a mouth-watering device) can be easily attached to the body.
・While it is also suitable for running, it is difficult to get lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost.
In order to prevent the
has a central angle by unfolding individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments
A wider fan-shaped layered structure of water can be developed, in which case the basic part
, which authorizes the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information by GPS receivers.
Fig. 2 shows what is possible;
<<Fig. 77>> A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, showing a wide medium as shown in Fig. 76.
The vertical installation structure of the fan-shaped water layer on the left and right of the body can be used for other work.
One (without hogging the arm, without bothering the arm), while being able to take this water-containing reservoir
The ba (portable water bottle) is a compact multi-layered con
Easy return to compartment structure (combined with tubing, which is an oral water intake device)
It is a figure which shows the shape at that time.
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, GPS satellite A in the sky
and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body.
A cylinder that has been specially devised such that the radio waves emitted from star A make a part of the water layer thinner.
In the model water bottle, the special positional relationship between the part that is specially devised and the sky
As a result of the orientation, the received strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver is significantly reduced.
It is possible to send out such transmission waves when it is recognized that the
indicating that the positions of the GPS satellites can be geometrically constrained in their position in the sky;
At that time, in order to identify the position of the satellite that emitted the signal, as an important variable in the text of the specification
φ (φ is derived from the determination of B by the sliding result) and θ (θ is the rotation
(determined by the results of
and a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram of the mutual arrangement positional relationship in the mutual geometric relationship
It is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding by first showing the overall picture as.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, which is drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
Re-grasping around, GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the body
However, in Fig. 78 showing the geometric relationship, a cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations
In addition to showing various variables near
Regarding the relationship, it is a diagram of the overall picture shown, and the radio waves emitted from GPS satellite A are partly
For cylindrical water bottles that have been specially devised such as thinning the water layer,
As a result of orienting the elaborated part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the GPS receiver
When it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite in the
Furthermore, the positions of GPS satellites capable of sending out such transmissions are
indicating that a geometrical constraint on the position can be made, where the satellite that emitted the signal
φ (φ is a sliding operation
) and θ (where θ is the result in the rotational operation
), the interaction between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the canteen
A bird's-eye view conceptual diagram of the positional relationship of mutual arrangement in the geometric relationship
Schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the body image.
It is a diagram that first intends to
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
At the same time, although it is self-evident, the user also draws just in case, but
For that reason, in order to avoid making the diagram overly complicated and to ensure the visibility of the comprehension
, hypothetically, θ=0 and φ can take any value freely.
, In the case of a cylindrical water bottle, a cross-sectional view on a plane containing its central axis is shown, and
Edge diffracted waves and waves diffracted after passing through the thinned portion of the water layer are reflected at the bottom of the cylindrical water bottle.
Propagation distances that produce mutually opposite phases when reaching the L1 C/A GPS receiver located in the center of the plane
In the case of separation, to derive what geometric conditions make
By changing the length of B, the operation proposed by this proposal can freely change a, b, r, and A.
Since it is a constant value,
satellite signal to the GPS antenna due to the nearly anti-phase difference of the diffracted waves of the two paths
By detecting the characteristic drop in received power due to cancellation due to arrivals, the GP is effectively
It is possible to grasp the existence of the S satellite and support the method of obtaining direction information.
3A and 3B are conceptual diagrams of illustrations intended to facilitate visual comprehension;
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in FIG.
A cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective, close to the user, in a situation equivalent to the situation
In FIG. 79, which has been re-grasped around
It is a diagram showing that the water layer forms a thin area along the body, and the value of length B is scaled.
The signal from one of the GPS satellites overlaps the amplitude of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases.
It is possible to identify the length B that exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of
, which leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of the GPS satellites.
It is a conceptual diagram showing that.
<<Fig. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, drawn in Fig. 78
A situation equivalent to the situation, a cylindrical water bottle near the user from a different perspective close to the user
In FIG. 79, which has been re-grasped to the center, it is a drawing focusing on the cylindrical water bottle, and one part of the circumference
This is a diagram showing that the water layer forms a thin region in the part, mainly because the value of B is already
When the identification is completed, this area with a thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle is
With rotation, signals from GPS satellites show a characteristic drop in received strength.
θ
It is a conceptual diagram showing that it can be identified as
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of this proposal, the water layer is thin on part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle.
It is used to achieve pinching by applying pressure to form a region.
It is a conceptual diagram of a clipper that can be cut, and is made of resin that is lightweight, inexpensive, small, highly elastic, and highly available.
As a result, you can easily make your own using a 3D printer, which has become very popular recently.
It is a diagram for illustration of what also has the advantage of being
The fixed central angle is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees.
It is easy to create a 360-degree object in addition to a 360-degree object.
It is a diagram for the purpose of
Realize 360 degrees, then remove one 180 degrees worth of central angle, or 90 degrees
It is an external view for simply showing that the same thing can be done even if four degrees are used.
<<Fig. 84>> The structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81 is simulated
While remembering that it can be approximated by forming it with a polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism),
From the request to reduce the weight and volume of outdoor activities when forming with square poles like
, is a conceptual diagram when two of the four sides are removed for further simplification, and comparison
While the figure omits appropriate points that can be easily understood, even in that situation,
The edge diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, are mutually at the position of the GPS antenna.
Conceptually illustrates that mutual cancellation occurs if the phases are opposite due to the difference in propagation distance in
It is a diagram intended to
<<Fig. 85>> The outer shape of the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 is
It is assumed that it can be approximated by forming a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism).
When it is formed with square poles in this way, it is possible to reduce the weight and volume of outdoor activities.
Conceptual diagram when two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the design
The figure omits as appropriate points that can be easily understood by comparison.
, the edge diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are mutually GPS-announced.
In general, if the phases are opposite to each other due to the difference in the propagation distance at the position of the tenor, they cancel each other out.
Although the figure is intended to illustrate just in case, the positional relationship with the user's back is conceptually illustrated.
1 is a schematic diagram intended to illustrate to FIG.
<<FIG. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG.
For example, dealing only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites in the vicinity of the body side direction
Although it is usually thought that it is possible in reality that it is enough
In such a case, only small values of φ should be considered, and only limited values of θ should be considered.
Since it suffices to consider, the diffracted signal of the signal from the satellite from the vicinity of both body sides for the user
When it is sufficient to consider only the offset of
Since the parameters are determined almost uniquely, it is implemented as a block with the simplest outline.
With this device, the far edge diffracted wave and the near edge diffracted wave will coincide at the GPS antenna.
Considering that it is easy to design to increase the frequency of offsetting
It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the
As a result, it is easy to carry around, and visually it is even more convenient as a container for water.
FIG. 10 is an external view for enhancing understanding;
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder.
Whilst it is relatively easy, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such regions parallel to the central axis of the cylinder.
In view of the fact that the
It is a conceptual drawing, and for the thin part of the water layer, that part is used for simple notation.
It is a diagram that is expressed as if it does not exist, and even if such a structure
In other words, if the water is filled by the distance B from the bottom and does not permeate, it is the same as the above structure
is intended to enhance the visual understanding of showing that the effect of
Although it is simplified as φ=0, if A=20 cm, B=6 cm, etc., the
to show that it is easy to recall that signals from
It is an external view intended to do so, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a guide
.
<<Fig. 88>> In Fig. 87, θ was simplified to be 0.
It is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what happens when it is not
87, the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ=60 degrees in the figure is also
and the difference in propagation distance corresponding to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave.
, is a diagram intended to easily remind us that the canceling effect of the diffracted waves is also animated.
.
<<Fig.
, in both the lower part and the upper part
In addition, by configuring it, when the lower connecting tube is attached, the
Oral water retention can be easily performed using a branched oral water retention tube.
If water is injected before, if one chamber contains some air and the plug is closed,
By simply loosening the other wire while climbing, after climbing, and when descending, Pascal's principle
A meaningful difference in the water level is generated by the difference in the current atmospheric pressure from the atmospheric pressure trapped before climbing.
Therefore, both water bottles were kept transparent and the current air pressure in the one-sided chamber, which was sealed before the climbing activity,
If you have a scale to read the current air pressure difference on the side where you loosen the tap, you can handle heavy water.
In addition to simply carrying it, it can effectively detect changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude or sudden changes in climate.
A head designed to visually promote understanding that effective use such as knowing is possible
is.
<<Fig.90>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides, diffracted waves are directed to the GPS installed vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion, it is usually said to be a layer of water, which corresponds to a film of water in substance.
It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle, etc., to the back with Velcro tape, etc.
Also, in cold regions, it prevents freezing and easily maintains a molten state that is drinkable at any time.
There are also points, and in addition to being convenient because it can be expected to have a cooling effect on body temperature in intense heat, direction information
Place your hands on your hips and stretch your elbows back or in any direction as needed during acquisition.
By putting it out, the water film is appropriately stretched in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape etc.
It can be easily attached, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of direction information by GPS
It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of what can be done.
<<FIG. 91>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in FIG.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
Unfold around any connection part such as, and attach the belt to the arm like the furisode part of the kimono of the furisode.
By sticking the arm in any direction by sticking it like Lucro tape, the arm and
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
It is possible to visually confirm that the acquisition of direction information by GPS can be performed more reliably.
A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate understanding of the
If you can connect with Velcro tape, etc., it can be used to create a circle even with various fine movements of the human body.
A, B, C,
This is exemplified in D.
<<Fig. 92>> As in Fig. 90, by forming water layers on the left and right sides, the diffracted wave is set vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked by GPS.
It was intended to promote a visual understanding that the acquisition of azimuth information can be carried out more reliably.
It is a conceptual diagram, which is an external view as seen from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shaded.
is shown. .
<Fig. 93> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in Fig. 90, the diffracted wave is set vertically on the back.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves in partial spaces such as A, B, C, and D can be easily
In this case, if the GPS is installed around the navel, it will be quite deep
, crossing the knees, demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical obscuration with a wide aperture.
It is also a concept that it is possible to ensure the shielding of the hip joint by inserting it regardless of the body shape.
, thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby
Intended to promote visual understanding that direction information can be obtained more reliably and easily
It is a conceptual diagram.
<<FIG. 94>> By forming water layers on the left and right sides in the same manner as in FIG.
In order to prevent intrusion into the GPS placed on the akuma
But for example, if it's a Zack that's pretty close to a cube, the Zack on its back
It is convenient to stick it on the side of the rack with Velcro tape, etc.
If necessary when acquiring information, attach it to a piece of cloth or Velcro tape that has a hinge function.
With any connection part as the axis, unfold and wear a bell on the arm like the furisode part of a kimono.
By sticking your arms out in any direction, such as by sticking them like cro-tape, you can stretch your arms and body
It is easy to properly form a film of water in the gap between the bodies with Velcro tape etc.
and, in some cases, unfolds a film of water that had existed compactly.
This allows the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins to be divided into, for example, triangular areas.
While baring, use Velcro tape, etc. to connect with the body, and also connect the water layers to each other.
diffracted waves in partial spaces such as A, B, C, and D can be easily
In this case, if the GPS is installed around the navel, it will be quite deep
, illustrates that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a cone obscuration with a wide aperture, crossed knees.
It is also conceptually possible to ensure that the hip joints are shielded by placing the
This indicates that the azimuth
Aimed at promoting visual understanding that information acquisition can be carried out more reliably and easily
It is a conceptual diagram, which is an external view as seen from the side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shaded.
is shown.
<<Fig. 95>> A container made of silicon, for example, with several compartments.
In the case of a combination of plates, when forming a water layer with a water plate, part of it is directly
For a linear area, peel off a part of the area to thin the water layer.
You can easily reach the purpose by doing, and at that time, Velcro
We saw that such a function could easily be achieved even with a cylinder by joining with tape or the like.
It is a diagram intended to enhance understanding visually, and shows the initial state before part is peeled off.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example;
<<Fig. 96>> A container made of silicon, for example, with several compartments.
In the case of a combination of plates, when forming a water layer with a water plate, part of it is directly
For a linear area, peel off a part of the area to thin the water layer.
You can easily reach the purpose by doing, and at that time, Velcro
We saw that such a function could easily be achieved even with a cylinder by joining with tape or the like.
It is a diagram intended to enhance understanding, and the initial state before a part is peeled off.
It is a figure which illustrates.
<<Fig. 97>> For example, in the direction-independent magnetic connection structure by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, the magnets
The polygonal water layer compartment
Incorporating such a coupling mechanism in the compartment receptacle so that the components can be coupled to each other.
The convenience is improved if the
Helpful in maintaining faecality and enhances visual understanding of compatibility with such mechanisms
It is a photograph intended to do.
<<Fig.
Along with the machine, pour water into the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket, for example made of polycarbonate.
It has a so-called double structure closed space that can seal the layers, and has multiple plugs there.
It is convenient to equip with a bucket combination device that has a structure that can easily realize this proposal.
It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of what is hard, and
safe water is particularly profitable if, fortunately, the lifeboat lands on some island.
It is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket even when it is small.
It would be more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water, even if only a little.
, the convenience will increase if the function is provided so that it can be used in such cases.
For better visual comprehension, the side when the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on.
Steam rises from the part where the upper stopper of the is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid.
A structure is conceivable in which distilled water is obtained by condensing and dripping into the center.
The top may have depressions to facilitate cooling with chilled seawater, while it may be without it.
However, it can also serve as a device that can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun.
Fig. 3 is a view intended to facilitate visual understanding and is grasped with the lid;
<<Fig.
Along with the machine, pour water into the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket, for example made of polycarbonate.
It has a so-called double structure closed space that can seal the layers, and has multiple plugs there.
It is convenient to equip with a bucket combination device that has a structure that can easily realize this proposal.
It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of what is hard, and
safe water is particularly profitable if, fortunately, the lifeboat lands on some island.
It is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket even when it is small.
It would be more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water, even if only a little.
, the convenience will increase if the function is provided so that it can be used in such cases.
For better visual comprehension, the side when the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on.
Steam rises from the part where the upper stopper of the is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid.
A structure is conceivable in which distilled water is obtained by condensing and dripping into the center.
The top may have depressions to facilitate cooling with chilled seawater, while it may be without it.
However, it can also serve as a device that can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun.
This is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding, and is grasped with the lid removed.
It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 100>>
Along with a GPS receiver with direction information acquisition function, for example made of polycarbonate
The side of the transparent, lightweight bucket has a double-structure sealed space that can seal the water layer.
, and there is a bucket that has a structure with multiple stoppers and can easily realize this proposal
To develop a visual understanding of the convenience of having a brace together with a dual-use device.
In addition, in such a case, in overseas countries where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water,
While it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket, it is also possible to use unsafe water locally.
It is more convenient to have a device such as a filter for safe water, so in such a case, knowledge
The name of the locally sourced filter media required (Gravel
, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) are indicated by each language and icon.
It would be more convenient if it were shown along with the location, and it would be more convenient
The view that convenience is enhanced by providing a diameter of about 4 mm and a screw cap etc. on the bottom
It is a diagram for promoting visual understanding.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (use your body to keep your body active).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
If the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. ancestor
The central axis of the cylindrical shape of is aligned with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed in a relatively flat shape on the back of the vest.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disc.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the quadrangular frame structure used for the prismatic wall as an upright/storage variable structure has an excellent effect of attenuating the diffracted wave of the microwave as shown separately.
Plastic springs or plastic frameworks can be used, which are not particularly influential other than the results, thereby reducing the transparency of the water and vinyl.
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. It can be used for various purposes by coloring it as an external part.
I can. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no practical problems.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling in, by combining with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be instantly transformed so that it can be used for weakening diffracted waves, and for distress prevention etc.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer having an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain.Nylon
6,66,610,7,11,
12, etc. It is used as a synthetic fiber due to its moderate hygroscopicity and ease of dyeing.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
α (amplitude attenuation constant, Amplitude
the attenuation co-efficient),
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic wave
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: permittivity of vacuum
As
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is about 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length
Power half-life depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2
dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2
dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymers, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene-based materials such as neoprene)
rubber, etc.).
These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material that has not been paid attention to at all in this field for purposes other than beverages. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the straight line until the microwave power density on the dielectric surface is halved to 1/2, that is, the power halving depth D [m] is
《Number 2》

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating.
<<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating." In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of heavy ration (food) is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is possible to change the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, and that long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has a rare function that is very meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics, that it can safely provide long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-37,
December 1995)
(source:
Edited by Tetsuo Koshijima, "Compilation of Microwave Heating Techniques", ISBN 4-86043-07
0-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr・tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably, the depth of power is reduced by half.
D takes a small value. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in unprocessed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of oneself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc., which have a large loss factor εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, must be
Naturally, a material with a small power half-life depth D is likely to be heated by microwaves, and cannot be used as, for example, a structural material for a microwave heating device.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) of Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, the leaves of plants rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (which is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965 Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Fresh water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided airtight packing continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the closed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without being attenuated from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding; b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation line portions has an initial diameter 2a and starts to be wound in multiple layers (without requiring special awareness of other things at the site). ``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The angle of rotation of the (n+1)th cutting line can be conveniently expressed in a simple expression form of θ(n=n+1)=2πg(n+1) [rad].
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent cut lines of the packaging) is simply the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b / 2 π, and the order of the cut lines n (the rest is π, based on the golden ratio
It can be calculated in a short time from the constant g defined by
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [
] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision and sealed packaging of drinking water having a thickness of b (cm), the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg(a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
Designing a hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package may minimize overlap when wrapped and be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified specifically how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured, and the length of the vinyl scrap of the package should be specified. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in case of emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the breaks in the drinking water subdivided sealed-packaging continuous vinyl package are:
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it is clear from the above equation developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what number of cm it should be made.
Let's become
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing it from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. A format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》

there is and also
《Number 6》

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. of FIG. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is.
Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body.
<<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it is naturally an oral water supply (water drinking) tube.
Of course, they may be connected and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become diversified, and QOL (Quality of Life) in daily use has improved.
With the expectation of improving the quality of life, wheelchairs are very popular because they are all made of wood and other materials with a good texture, even the wheel spokes, without metal.
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, depending on the location with many mountains, with many buildings, and with an open sky. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
-Proposal of a small, lightweight, inexpensive new method-, Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Transactions A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol. J94-A, No. 2, pp. 95-111, February. 2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Occasionally, water dissolved
The magnitude of the conductivity σ provided by the electrolyte also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (the body is 70% water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received, and microwave diffraction waves generated at the left and right end points of the U-shape are diffracted from the GPS placed in the center of the back of the body. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest that I have proposed. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can support the life-saving mission in a favorable manner.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; chemical solution for
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without the need for assistance such as checking, etc., and it is also easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a suitable small and compact shape, in fact, as you can see from not a few athletes who participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima and Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. Oral Rehydration
Solution). The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the Base of
The importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Pyramid (BOP) has been widely talked about. It is a method that can contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of its functions only with the body and body by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time. This proposal is considered to be of deep significance.
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so it is preferable to add citric acid as its precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, is sold as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink aimed at efficiently replenishing the water and minerals that have been lost from the body through perspiration and the like due to exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heatstroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was shown. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
This comparison is between water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, and water at 25°C, which has an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal.
Since we are comparing liquids, comparing a pure solution at 25°C and an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C makes the electrolyte capacity more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] is a candy born in the Netherlands
Lyca physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. For high temperature processing
It loses oxygen more gradually, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures below 4K. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. Low softening point, excellent electrical properties, thermal fluidity, thermal stability
It is an excellent thermoplastic resin that has good qualitative properties and can be colored beautifully. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is convenient. high. In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 intuitively illustrates the orientation-limited operation.
This sky map is drawn as if the receiving unit, etc. were looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you were to stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction of the beam of the planar antenna 1 would be on the left side, you would be looking down.
The direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is there is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
At the very least, there are already low-cost models that can fit comfortably in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem with manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly.
<<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
Therefore, even if the antenna exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal may be blocked due to the shielding of features or topography, or the antenna may not exist within the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are widespread.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is urged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, since the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric circle drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, white small
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, divide by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. The positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is directly output from the result output unit 4.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, more accurate azimuth information values can be calculated by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The resulting azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because satellites with high elevation angles are not suitable for use because their actual elongations are extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth angles.
be. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint results
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Only rotations such as 180 degrees or 90 degrees, which are performed one-shot with a clear intention of rotation between a stationary state and a fixed period of stationary state, as if it were a machine, rate
If you plan to rely on the gyro only to detect its rotation, even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work effectively, so even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011)
Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of New Compact, Lightweight and Inexpensive Method Masato Takahashi・・・・・ a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving body
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, and the characteristics that can be easily made at low cost, are almost the same.
It can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the background of the times that further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure are expected, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include a method of detecting a carrier wave phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is indispensable. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are severed, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims, etc., in as short a time as possible after a disaster, for those who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph of FIG. 26 is a graph showing the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each broken line divided by color).
It is a thing. Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis.
is shown in . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reasons. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, they cannot be used for azimuth limitation.
As Takahashi (2004), it is decided not to use it for calculation of direction limitation because there is concern that the result of direction limitation may be contaminated [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold.
<<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. Severe environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams
It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in borders.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) August 29, 2010 20:
It was 10 minutes from 39:37 JST. Elevation angle of sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare as a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the output record at each second instant, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there was no result determined to be satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "answered" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the cases in which no azimuth limitation results were obtained because there was no result determined as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, three satellite signals exhibiting signal strength equal to or greater than the threshold
Star) Although the above is obtained, there is a contradiction (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam) during the azimuth limitation calculation, so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. The number of answers/total number of trials is
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new compact compass with superior portability that maintains usability that surpasses that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples are reanalyzed as follows: 2130 samples with answers
, the average number of captured satellites was 1.33, the variance was 0.25, the standard deviation was 0.50, and the standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize a new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing it with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate of 0% is obtained as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is re-analyzed, the average number of satellite acquisitions with 437 samples
The value is 1, the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0. at 0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, the proposed method can be used in this environment.
When the above threshold is used, the result is likely to be reliable when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when the answer is given) (the disappearance of the error rate has already been seen at the threshold M threshold
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. It was shown that this proposed method also has a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, the wrong answer this time was only for a few seconds when the user was almost directly facing the north side school building at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an azimuth angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees.
I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly a reflected wave, not a direct one, because it was happening. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. Due to the recent enactment of the Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and the Space Basic Law, local governments and governments are developing geospatial information.
It is expected to be widely used effectively in the future, with a view to further improving the usability of the communication social infrastructure. In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be mentioned once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or actually be able to do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired.
Also note that This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery -Suggestions for Mathematics Education-”, Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M., “Analysis of Satellite
Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , “Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies-Case
Studies of Japan and the United Nations-”, Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol.5 No.3, pp.300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology
and Applications, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , “Method for acquiring
azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest"
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create the necessary structure for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used, at low cost (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Of course, the three-story type can also be freely constructed. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. The shape shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tan δ, it must have the attribute of power half-life depth below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less).
It is characterized by the skillful utilization of only one thing for electromagnetic subwave absorption.
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chloroprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte. In case of emergency, even when there is no water in combination, choose the one with the lowest power half-life among these items on hand.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Even if you make it possible to put water in other parts,
All right, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite.
<<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .

<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, is It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.


<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.







<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. Since there are several layers of aqueous compartments, it is assumed that removing, stripping, or stripping just one layer does not necessarily eliminate the aqueous layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Figures 95 and 96 show schematic diagrams of the stripping aspect. However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a stripping has occurred in the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

Waves that reached the GPS receiver while being diffracted from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and the above-mentioned wave and the wave that was emitted from the satellite and came parallel to the above-mentioned wave. Since the waves that enter from and attenuate and diffract after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, the amplitudes of each other are almost canceled, and generally , the received intensity can be controlled to be less than the threshold.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Strip off the water layer in some areas as previously described. Partial removal of the water layer naturally means that shielding components and electromagnetic wave absorbing components are reduced. At least, it is generally not conceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, is reduced by such stripping. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if it is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is temporarily determined to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned stripping results in a decrease in signal intensity. is seen, the original signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite that was in the place to be shielded. As a result, it is reasonably reasonable to presume that the cancellation of the amplitudes is caused. If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in FIGS. 81 and 82, the compartment (including water) located closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .

<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.

<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 83 will be described.
Figure 83 shows, as with the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 83 shows a shape that allows pressure to be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference rather than the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.



<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip of the shape shown in Fig. 83, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 83, which has a center angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of the clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, "a wave that reaches the GPS antenna after being diffracted by the outer edge of the cylinder" and "a wave that passes through the portion where the thickness of the water in the cylinder is reduced (it does not matter if the thickness is zero). , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a - b + C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite's azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the frontal direction of your body that you are currently facing is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellite that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the range of possible existence when viewed from the front of one's body is determined immediately, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a - b + C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c)－b = (2n+1) ・λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the parallel waves from the satellite are received and the thickness of the water is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in FIG. 78 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.

<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to

<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0419>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.





<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 87 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.

<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)





<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.


<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 86 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things.
<<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.

Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters, for example, only in the circumferential portion (or only the left and right half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Figures 95 and 96 show the stripping aspect.

Then, what happens will be described with reference to FIG. 79 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.
GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, peel off another step, and examine it, when you peel off some step, there is a certain A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

Note that this method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the half circumference is peeled off, irrespective of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the direction can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to



<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes a challenge to a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.



<<0436>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
When R=λ=19cm, θ=90 degrees
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.

<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 88 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.

<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)



<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.

<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.

<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.

<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.


<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0454>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.


<<0455>>
FIG. 85 is a suitable configuration when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the body side direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.

<<0457>>
Figure 100 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is engraved or shown in a picture (Fig. 100). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).



<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.

<<0460>>

·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) Large volumes of water (for larger populations) can be easily treated using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filtration system is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).


<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.

<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books.
Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.



<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connection portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.


<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)



<<0470>>
Figure 97 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right hip, and D is the left hip. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.






<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, which involves carving out rocks to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some places) climbing as it is, and climbing as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.








<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.

<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black














<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar. There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.





<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. Install the screw
It has a cap mouth. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.


<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.



<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.



<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance are further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.

<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in being able to appropriately and quickly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for behavior when it is necessary to move forward without wasting a moment, and consequently to be able to continue behavior smoothly and efficiently. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book)
<<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that can be preserved in the event of a disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 radiation.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.

<<0487>>

Next, diffraction will be described.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.



<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous,
The straight-ahead phenomenon is remarkably observed,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this),

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),

<<0491>>

Therefore, diffraction phenomena can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed, and as a result, the particle theory of light was believed for a long time. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction image.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura







<<0495>>

To put it briefly, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting rarefied gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain weather conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits dilute gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. effective dose
dose).
Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
Ads by Google

The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be avoided. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.

<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.

<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation

<<0501>>

Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.

<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs, one line on each side of the left and right body, and one line on each upper side of each thigh.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.

This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square cylinder, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smoothly rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.




<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.

Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.


<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
\3,413 (tax included)
We provide drawings of this product in PDF format. Please click here to view.

Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1L) B-1 No middle/stopcock (stop cock, 2-way cock 2-way cock, 3-way cock 3-way cock 4-way cock four way cock) / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

Vat/Tray Product List

SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/tyakkubukuro-sanpuringubukuro/SAN4627.phtml
Baron Box Kontena only 10L
mighty back
PP transparent from bottom left, 2LWEB2303, 1L2208E

, 500ml 2300E 0.5 48×167×115

Sampler Book Bottle 1L Transparent 2208E (291-7025)
￥488 new from 4 sellers
Add to Shopping List
166g (L):
1.0
Dimensions (width W x depth D x height H) (mm): 48 x 230 x 166


. It saves space compared to cylindrical bottles and can be neatly organized.

Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
WEB2303
\605
\635 (tax included)

500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
0.5 48×167×115 None 85 291-7017
￥308
￥293
2208E 1.0
48×230×166 None 166 291-7025 ￥495
￥470
SUNPLATEC, BOOKBOTTLE




<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) frustum, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. put in there
(a) Specifically, there are no ready-made products. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have separate chambers and separate plugs, a barometer can be made using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious vessel or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distilling apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complicated structures and high manufacturing costs, and none of them are portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Use sea water as cooling water to take away (condense) heat""Use sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater when the water drops fall, and even if it falls, it will remain in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. The dimensions of 0.5L are 0.5L 48×167×115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Add powder of SAP Super Absorbent Polymer to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.

<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


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Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.

<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
There are 1,800cc, 600cc, 360cc and so on for the bill bag. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)




<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which electrolytes dissociate in solution (dissociation degree) is greater when the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or true electrolyte
true electron>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. Solubilization of a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolved in a micelle solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution.
Or it is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by the solubility of the Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are calculated and measured from <Raoul's law> (the law for vapor pressure drop) and the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression related to the law. It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state These are properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electrical conduction, and so on. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electric conduction are also studied experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is prepared to the same extent as body fluids and is completely sterilized so as not to damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids and fat emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron generally has holes.
In a polyhedron with p spaces, a0-a1+a2=2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause losses.
FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals based on quantum theory, due to the bonding of the p orbitals.
Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between covalent bonds is extended by 14 degrees to 104 degrees from the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their
In theory, the two electrons involved in one covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable electronic structure of the rare gas type. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which electron pairs form stable bonds was first explained by Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics.
clarified. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device.
<<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the power half-life is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem with water, etc., is now said to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the age of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011
NHK comprehensive disaster prevention crisis--who will save the victims at that time--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, overall weight reduction and dual use of equipment are effective and important for carrying out rescue or survival.
The purpose was to make it possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the necessary equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to obtaining judgment information that contributes to action decisions. South America, Africa, etc., so-called Base of
Also highly qualified for Pyramid (BOP) target assistive technology.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low- and mid-latitude regions, it is also highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys because it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions.
and have a great effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area







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(19) <<Issuing Country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP2013-50447(P2013-50447A)
(43) "Published date" March 14, 2013 (2013.3.14)
(54) <Title of the Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method
(51) <<International Patent Classification>>
G01S 19/53 (2010.01)
G01C 17/32 (2006.01)
G01C 21/00 (2006.01)
G01S 19/36 (2010.01)
《FI》
G01S 19/53
G01C 17/32
G01C 21/00 Z
G01S 19/36
《Request for Examination》Unclaimed
《Number of claims》1
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》452
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2012-171536 (P2012-171536)
(22) <Filing date> August 1, 2012 (August 1, 2012)
(31) <<Priority claim number>> Patent application 2011-168130 (P2011-168130)
(32) <<Priority Date>> August 1, 2011 (2011.8.1)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
<<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty>> Application for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law is filed February 1, 2011 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Fundamental and Boundary Society, "The Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, VOL.J94A" No. 2 FEBRUARY 2011” published on pages 95-111
(71) Applicant
《Identification number》711005330
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
2F129
5J062
《F term (reference)》
2F129AA02
2F129BB03
2F129BB22
2F129BB37
2F129EE43
2F129EE86
2F129HH12
2F129HH31
2F129HH35
5J062AA07
5J062AA11
5J062CC07
5J062EE01
5J062GG02
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain accurate information by weakening the influence of diffracted waves in a low-cost and efficient method suitable for the usage context of the device, regarding a method for obtaining azimuth information by a GPS receiver from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. enable
<Solution> Using the body to shield the satellite signals from the GPS satellites existing on one side of the upper hemisphere, at the same time, the GPS receiver installed perpendicular to the ground along the body
While searching for satellite signals of GPS satellites existing on the other side, in the process of obtaining a limited direction using the captured satellite signals, the diffracted waves from both sides of the body as a shield are Diffraction that attempts to affect the use of an inexpensive GPS receiver by placing water or a substance with a dielectric loss coefficient close to that filled in a structural container around the GPS receiver. To efficiently and inevitably weaken waves while making effective use of materials possessed, and to help a GPS receiver eliminate the influence of diffracted waves and limit the orientation.
<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 1
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. 《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers. <<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the Invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. <<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; any two of the originally adjacent separation cut lines;
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
Place the center of the beam horizontally, bordering on one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000003

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) A device containing water is attached so as to (5) protrude from the orientation information acquisition device, and (6) thereby,
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is an on-site carry-on item, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning, fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as emergency relief medical teams, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment. It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
by (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
by (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
A direction information acquisition method characterized in that it can be expressed as:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details about ropework, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical ropework by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Ropework that is immediately useful for outdoor activities by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Ropework Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water also functions as a jacket-type buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving) can do
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It has two or more liquid-connectable closed spaces equipped with two or more openable and closable plugs, and based on Pascal's principle, changes in air pressure in both chambers can be detected.
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container that can be used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention and that can also be used as tableware.
<<FIG. 4>> Information on the outer shape and size of a fresh water package which can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention and which can be said to be a de facto international standard as defined in the Japanese Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which two parallel rectangular plate water arrangements are arranged.
<<FIG. 6>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (2450 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (915 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 8>> It is a graph showing the attenuation rate per unit distance of a microwave region (50 MHz to 3000 MHz) in water used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
<<FIG. 10>> A conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a cylindrically hollowed area.
<<Fig. 11>> It is a conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a place cut into a rectangular shape.
<<Fig. 12>> The plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied by hinges in a life jacket for falling in water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., and is arranged perpendicular to the body when the method of the present invention is carried out. It is a conceptual diagram when doing so.
<<Fig. 13>> A life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which embodies the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention with a hinge and contains water when the method of the present invention is not carried out, It is a conceptual diagram when making it less.
<<Fig. 14>> Projection of a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which contains water when the plate-like water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is not carried out. is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<Fig. 15> Projection of a water-containing life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when spreading from both sides of the body to the left and right.
<<Fig. 16>> Projection of water-containing life jacket for falling into water or bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when it is arranged perpendicularly to the body.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> It will be explained that using only the body as a shield and arranging them in a straight line shape and arranging the GPS receiver of the proposed method behind it may be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that are not required to be received. It is a conceptual diagram for.
(Fig. 19) Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter) that they are carrying, arranging them in a U-shape, including their bodies, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom. is a conceptual diagram for explaining that it is more effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram showing an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus capable of embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 22>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<FIG. 25>> FIG. 22 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation when the antennas are placed in opposite directions.
<<FIG. 26>> A graph of simulation results of execution time dependence and orientation frequency dependence of the azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude).
<<FIG. 27>> A graph of simulation results and an exponential approximation curve for the relationship between the expected value of the intraday azimuth width of one sidereal in Tokyo and the number of orientations.
<<FIG. 28>> A photograph for explaining a configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
<<FIG. 29>> A sky map of a GPS satellite arrangement conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> A graph of the relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth limitation result output and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments). .
<<FIG. 31>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 32>> Each box-and-whisker plot showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer in the actual prototype experiment, and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 33>> A graph of a histogram of the azimuth limitation width when there is an answer (h when the answer is correct) (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 34>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when magnetic sensor is placed on the abdomen of the body at the actual prototype test site and rotation experiment is performed (place with good view, on overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, measured simultaneously during rotation experiment) ) is a graph.
<<FIG. 35>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
<<Fig. 36>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited result outputs and the received signal strength threshold in an actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. graph.
<<Fig. 37>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. be.
<<Fig. 38>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed values when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. It is a graph of (simultaneous measurement at the time of experiment).
<<FIG. 39>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by buildings, an elementary school in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited output results and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotations) experiment).
<<Fig. 41>> Relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width and the received signal strength threshold at the time of correct answer in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments) ).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when a magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was conducted at the actual prototype test site (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school complex in Tokyo 23 wards) , and measurement during the rotation experiment).
<<FIG. 44>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 45>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the hemispherical side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 46>> It is a schematic view of one embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 47>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 48>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter configuration of the container used for arranging the hollow cylindrical water of the device of the present invention, one embodiment having fitting portions on the left and right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration diagram with a center angle of 90 degrees. is.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for the hollow prismatic water arrangement of the device of the present invention is stacked in two layers while engaging the concave-convex fitting in the vertical direction to increase the height, and the GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for arranging water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is formed in a tubular shape utilizing the side surface of a hemisphere. is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when a thickness of water is deployed to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to the effects of diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 52>> The container used to form the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention is substantially realized by arranging a transparent hose having closable mechanisms at both ends like a coiled snake. It is a schematic diagram of a configuration showing the advantage that a hose can be used as a pure transport container for water and that it can be properly used as a rope in case of emergency.
<<FIG. 53>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 54>> A schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of the tip of a wind instrument at the end of the straight pipe shape in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 55>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of a table obtained by cutting a parabolic rotating body at two points on a horizontal plane in the apparatus of the present invention.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but opening toward the outside, or by arranging water in a shape close to two flat plates but gradually spreading toward the left and right sides. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a shape that gradually increases.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but curling toward the inside, or by disposing water in a shape similar to two flat plates but gradually curling toward the center, FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a certain shape.
<Fig. 58> Non-use shape of a cup made of flexible silicone material, known as a so-called pop-up cup, which can be compactly stored as a flat circular layer when not in use by lightly squeezing it by hand. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
<<FIG. 59>> Describes the in-use shape of the cup, known as the so-called pop-up cup, which is formed as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material when in use is lightly pulled out by hand. At the same time, when it is applied to the proposed method, it is a new pop with a new feature that has a space for putting water in the side wall instead of putting water inside the cup・Proposing the usefulness of the up cup, which itself can be used as a cup naturally, and in an emergency, the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to the deployment of the device of the present invention on the wall surface of the hemisphere. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
FIG. 60 Water can be contained from an inlet, and modules of adjacent sizes have a bumpy fit to each other (e.g., the next smallest sized ring segment is the height of its own ring). Up to 1/4 height, it can be easily realized if a step is carved inside like a road shoulder so that it can easily fit into itself.In this case, the thickness of the water is constant at the fitting part) An embodiment of the present proposal in which water can be arranged in a shape formed by fitting a large number of concentric layered ring segments, which can be filled while water flows smoothly.
<<Fig. 61>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps so that the hexagonal or pentagonal part can be filled with water, based on the graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure that is close to a sphere. A conceptual diagram showing that when formed as a water bottle, it becomes a water bottle as a whole, and can be folded back at an appropriate location and stored in a rucksack or the like. (The gray area corresponds to the glue margin. It is recommended to use Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) on that part to make it easy to join and separate. When not in use and there is no water in It is also easy to turn it into
<<Fig. 62>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps to allow water to be filled in the hexagonal or pentagonal parts, based on a graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure close to a sphere. It is formed as a water bottle, but at that time, the part corresponding to the equator is crimped or zipped so that the filling of water stops, and the other parts [the parts in the northern hemisphere except for the Arctic region] are filled with water. If you spread it around, you can immediately take the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, in an emergency, and when not in use, you can fold it back at an appropriate point and put it in a rucksack or the like. A conceptual diagram showing that a practical water bottle that can be folded and stored in several layers can be formed and that it can be easily flattened in a rucksack when it is not in use and does not contain water.
<<Fig. 63>> A three-dimensional finished drawing in which the layer filled with water is illustrated in gray when the previous drawing was actually constructed three-dimensionally. A water structure close to a hemisphere can be completed just by filling it with water outdoors, joining it with Velcro tape, and assembling it. Conceptual diagram showing that it can be used as a water bottle that can be folded when it is open, and can also be a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
<<FIG. 64>> A graph showing the dependence of the magnitude of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency on electromagnetic wave frequency and the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<FIG. 65>> A graph showing the frequency characteristics of the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves (the depth at which the power density becomes 1/e, where e is the base of natural logarithm) in a medium with a high water content in a living body.
<<FIG. 66>> A conceptual diagram showing a molecular structure model of water showing that the water molecule has a dipole moment.
<<FIG. 67>> A conceptual graph showing frequency characteristics of polarization and absorption, showing that microwaves induce orientational polarization, infrared rays induce ion polarization, and ultraviolet rays induce electronic polarization. <<Fig. 68>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tent or shelf mat with voids that can be accommodated. FIG.
<<Fig. 69>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a tent mat or shelf mat having voids that can be rolled up, which is arranged on the left and right sides of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 70>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and water or the like (a liquid or gel with a large specific heat, an appropriate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) is held in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram in which tent mats or sheruff mats having voids that can be rolled up are placed on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule is supposed to have two electrons in the 2s orbital, four electrons in the 2p orbital, and a total of six outer-shell electrons. The separation angle between covalent bonds based on bonding using orbitals is pushed about 14 degrees wider than the original angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals due to the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms. Extended to 104 degrees, the concept is often cited to illustrate that the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment that can actually be explained on the basis of modern theories of quantum mechanics. It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 72>> Measured values of relative permittivity and frequency characteristics of dielectric loss in water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0.5 molal (mass molarity)) is.
<Fig. 73> Shows measured values of the frequency characteristics of relative permittivity and dielectric loss of barium titanate, barium titanate and strontium titanate.
<<Fig. 74>> When not in use, a fan-shaped columnar water bottle compartment with a short height (a thin plate) is folded compactly and stored in the back. , making it easier to slide along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in fanning out on both sides of the body, Also, if necessary, dare to point both arms in the direction of the front half of the body so that the body and the fan-shaped structure that is spread out form a U-shape when viewed from above (the opening of the U is In this case, it will be in front of the body), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body does not exist outside the sky coverage area, which is intended to be formed with a semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. Since it is possible to effectively attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites that have been used, it becomes easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that existed in the above-mentioned sky coverage area, which is useful for disaster relief activities, etc. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are essential to carry around, it is possible to make effective use of those transports to demonstrate their potential functions, and at the same time, as a result, increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the aftereffects. FIG. 10 shows that orientation information acquisition can be made more accurate by a simple and convenient method suitable for the context of use, which aids in rapid access to victims, which is important for reducing incidence.
<<Fig. 75>> Shows that the internal structure of the chest and abdominal portion of the jacket of the present invention can form a layer of water, a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle, and opens the chest collar or front body. By doing so, when viewed from above, the front body (mae migoro), which includes the body and water layers, forms a U-shape (the opening of the U is in this case the front of the body, and the GPS receiver is located in front of the body). In order to efficiently attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the originally intended air coverage area, the proposed orientation information acquisition It can support more reliable performance in a way that is suitable for the context of use of the method, and can effectively combine an oral hydration system during land activities, which is jacket-type buoyancy in the sea. This is an example showing that the function of the control device can also be efficiently combined.
<<Fig. 76>> Fig. 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption), as shown in Fig. 77 . It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running. In order to implement it more reliably, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying an individual fan-shaped structure with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use, In doing so, it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information with a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the proposal. <<Fig. 77>> This is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. While it can be used for business (without using your arm or bothering your arm), the reservoir (portable water bottle) containing this water can be stored in a compact fan-shaped column during activities such as walking and running. FIG. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to a multi-compartment structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device).
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation similar to that depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<FIG. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<Fig. 84>> Recalling that the cylindrical structure containing water in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (such as a regular octagonal prism), It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<Fig. 85>> Recalling that the outer shape of the structure containing water, which is realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.), This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<Fig. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, it is sufficient to deal only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites existing in a limited direction, for example, in the vicinity of the lateral direction of the body. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, while a region with a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such a region parallel to the central axis of the cylinder. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is also simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc., signals from satellites with φ = 0 will be canceled at the GPS receiver. It is an external view intended to show that it can be easily imagined, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a measure of size.
<Fig. 88> In Fig. 87, θ is simplified and assumed to be 0. This is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value were not 0, and FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<Fig. 89>> If a water bottle forming a flat layer of water on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs should be constructed at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with water channels at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<Fig. 90>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right sides, a water layer, which usually corresponds to a water film, is formed. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<Fig. 91>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<Fig.92>> Similar to Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading. .
<<Fig.93>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<Fig.94>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<Fig. 95>> In the case of a container made of silicon, for example, which consists of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be easily realized even with a cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<Fig. 96> For example, in the case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be realized even with a simple cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off. <<Fig. 97>> For example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-independent Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the magnets rotate with respect to each other and the SN orientation can be aligned, allowing the compartments of the polygonal water layers to be interconnected. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.
<<Fig. 100>> For example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (use your body to keep your body active).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
When the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. The central axis of the cylindrical shape is arranged so as to coincide with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed on the back of the vest in a relatively flat shape.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disk.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the rectangular frame structure used as a variable standing/storage structure for the prismatic wall, and the plastic spring which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as shown separately. Alternatively, a plastic framing structure can be used so that the transparency of the water and vinyl
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. By coloring it as an exterior part, it can be used for various purposes. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no practical problems.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling in, by combining with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be instantly transformed so that it can be used for weakening diffracted waves, and for distress prevention etc.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
It can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer with an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain. Nylon 6, 66, 610, 7, 11, 12, etc. are commonly used conventionally, and have moderate hygroscopicity and dyeing properties. It is used as a synthetic fiber because it is easy to wear, and it is also used for films, gears, and belts because of its excellent mechanical strength and abrasion resistance.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is due to the fact that lifeboats are required to be equipped with 3 liters of drinking water per person. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
The absorption characteristics of electromagnetic waves by water were measured by Schwan et al. using ε' (relative dielectric constant) and ε " (relative dielectric loss) values of water (25 degrees) α (amplitude attenuation coefficient) of,
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic waves
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: as the permittivity of vacuum,
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is about 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length Power half-power depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2 dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene, etc.) ). These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material that has not been paid attention to at all in this field for purposes other than beverages. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the straight line until the microwave power density on the dielectric surface is halved to 1/2, that is, the power halving depth D [m] is
《Number 2》
000004

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating. <<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating." In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of ration (food), which is a heavy item, is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is also possible to convert it from the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, such as long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has the rare function of being able to safely impart long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food, which is extremely meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>
000005

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-39)
(Source: Tetsuo Koshijima, "Microwave Heating Technique Compilation", ISBN 4-86043-070-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably take a small value of the power half reduction depth D. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in unprocessed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of oneself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. in microwave band electromagnetic waves with a large loss coefficient εr · tan δ and inevitably with a small power half-life depth D are heated by microwaves. It becomes difficult to use it as a structural material for a microwave heating device, for example.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) in Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, the leaves of plants rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (which is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965 Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Fresh water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided airtight packing continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the sealed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without attenuation from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation lines has an initial diameter 2a and is layered many times (without the need to be particularly conscious of other things at the site).
``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The rotation angle of the (n+1)-th cutting line is expressed in a simple expression format as θ (n = n + 1) = 2πg (n + 1) [rad]
It is convenient because you can
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》
000006

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent perforated lines of the packaging) is simply defined based on the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b/2π, and the order of the perforated lines n (the rest is pi and the golden ratio. Since it is a constant g, it can be calculated in a short time from the known number).
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [ ] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding; b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle. In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
: r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n=1, 2, 3, . . . ),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision of drinking water with a thickness of b (cm) and closed packaging, the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (however, n = 1, 2, 3, etc.), so that the break in the packaging of the water comes to the water subdivision Sealed packaging continuous vinyl The package design may be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves with minimal overlap even when wrapped.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified in detail how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in an emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the break in the drinking water subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it will be clear from the above-mentioned formula developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what cm order it should be made. .
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. It is a format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》
000007

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》
000008

there is and also
《Number 6》
000009

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, it is possible to make effective use of materials such as urethane that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. of FIG. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is. Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body. <<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it may of course be connected to an oral water supply (drinker) tube and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become more diverse, and in anticipation of an improvement in quality of life (QOL) in daily use, all wheels, including spokes, are made of wood and other materials with a good texture, eliminating metal. wheelchairs are very popular
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9,000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, in places with many mountains, places with many buildings, and places with open skies. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new method that is compact, lightweight and inexpensive -, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Border area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February.Quoted from 2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Sometimes, the magnitude of conductivity σ brought about by the electrolyte in which water or the like is dissolved also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (70% of the body is water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest, as proposed by the author. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can suitably support the life-saving mission in question.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the liquid is a chemical solution, a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith, the GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by a semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it protrudes toward the direction information acquisition device side of the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the direction information acquisition device side of the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which also serve as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, so that the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, divided, and recombined (by having the characteristics, it depends on the characteristics of the signals derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned air coverage area, the characteristics of the GPS antenna, the GPS receiver, and the surrounding environment). Therefore, it is possible to actively enable local users to utilize various shapes.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
A direction information acquisition method characterized in that it can be expressed as:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above azimuth information acquisition methods, (6) includes the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are each a development of a regular dodecahedron or a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple layers of compartments and developing them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle, a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle is developed. By creating it, (without having to keep the shape of the layered structure with hands and arms, you can free your hands and arms, check maps and check items, etc., without needing assistance, and heatstroke or While making it possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the armpits to prevent hypothermia, it is also easy to equip with an oral intake tube, and it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape suitable for trail running, etc. In fact, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to their mouth, such a shape makes it more effective.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima and Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. When dissolved in water, it is called Oral Rehydration Solution. The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Base of Pyramid (BOP) has been widely spoken. In addition, by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time, the accuracy of the function can be improved by using only the physical structure. This proposal, which is a method that can contribute to
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so it is preferable to add citric acid as its precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, is sold as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink aimed at efficiently replenishing the water and minerals that have been lost from the body through perspiration and the like due to exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heatstroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》
000010

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was demonstrated. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
Since this comparison compares water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, to an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C, Comparing an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C with a pure at 25°C makes the capacity of the electrolyte more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] was a Dutch-born American physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. It gradually loses oxygen by high-temperature treatment, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures of 4K or less. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. It is a thermoplastic resin with a low softening point, excellent electrical properties, good thermal fluidity and thermal stability, and the ability to be beautifully colored. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is highly convenient. . In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 is a sky map intuitively showing the azimuth limiting calculation, and is drawn as if the receiving unit and the like are looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction in which the beam of the planar antenna 1 faces is on the left side, the direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is looking down is Hereinafter, this direction will be referred to as measurement direction 5.
<<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
At the very least, there are already low-cost models that can fit comfortably in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem with manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly. <<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
Therefore, even if the antenna exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal may be blocked due to the shielding of features or topography, or the antenna may not exist within the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are widespread.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》
000011

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, since the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric circle drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, white small
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>
000012

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》
000013

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, divide by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. The positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is directly output from the result output unit 4.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, more accurate azimuth information values can be calculated by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The resulting azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>
000014

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because a satellite with a high elevation angle is not suitable for use because its actual elongation angle is extremely small compared to the numerical azimuth angle. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint result
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Let's rely on the rate gyro only to detect rotations, such as 180-degree or 90-degree rotations that are made by a single machine, with a clear intention to rotate between when it's stationary and when it's stationary for a certain period of time. In this case, even a low-priced, small rate gyro can work effectively, so even a low-priced, small rate gyro would work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of Small, Lightweight, and Inexpensive New Method -", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Fundamentals and Boundaries (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February. 2011)
Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new compact, lightweight and inexpensive method Takahashi
Masato... a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving object
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, as well as the characteristics of low cost and simplicity, can be inherited almost as they are. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the background of the times that further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure are expected, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include a method of detecting a carrier wave phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>
000015

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are severed, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims, etc., in as short a time as possible after a disaster, for those who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. <<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph in Fig. 26 shows the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each colored line). Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis. . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reason. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, using them for azimuth limitation results in azimuth limitation. As Takahashi (2004), it is not used for azimuth-limited calculations because of the possibility of contamination [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold. <<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in harsh environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) It was 10 minutes from 20:39:37 JST on Aug. 29, 2010. Elevation angle of sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare as a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there were no results determined as satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "answered" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the case where we could not obtain the azimuth limitation result because there was no result that was judged as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, there are three satellite signals (three satellites
Stars) Although the above is obtained, a contradiction occurred during the azimuth limitation calculation (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam), so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
is 600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. The number of answers/total number of trials is
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new portable compass at a low price that maintains usability that exceeds that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>
000016

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples is analyzed again as follows: The average value of the number of satellite acquisitions when 2130 samples are answered. was 1.33, its variance was 0.25, its standard deviation was 0.50 and its standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize a new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing it with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate is 0% as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold value (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is analyzed again, the average value of the number of satellite acquisitions when the answer is given for 437 samples is 1, and the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, the standard error is 0.0, the azimuth limitation width at the time of answer is 180.0 degrees on average, the variance and standard deviation is 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, when the proposed method is used under this environment with the above-mentioned threshold, when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when an answer is given), the result is highly likely to be reliable (wrong answer Disappearance of the rate is already seen at the threshold M and
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. It was shown that this proposed method also has a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, this time, the wrong answer occurred only for a few seconds when the user was facing the school building on the north side at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees. I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly not a direct wave but a reflected wave. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. With the enactment of the Basic Act on the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Act on Space in recent years, progress is being made in developing geospatial information by local governments and governments, and in view of further improvements in the utilization of telecommunications infrastructure, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. there is In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be touched upon once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or if they can actually do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired. pay attention to. This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery -Suggestions for Mathematics Education-”, Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M, “Analysis of Satellite Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , "Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies -Case Studies of Japan and the United Nations-", Journal of Health Technology and Applications, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , "Method for obtaining azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading -Proposal of Small, Lightweight, and Inexpensive New Method-", Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Transactions on Basics and Boundaries Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A,No.2,pp.95-111,February.2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create the necessary structure for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used, at low cost (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Naturally, the three-story type can also be freely configured. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. The shape shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tanδ, so it has the attribute of power half-life below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less). characterized by
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chlorprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte.
use it. By doing so, in an emergency, even when there is no water in combination, from among these items on hand, those with a small power half-life depth can be selected.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Of course, the other parts can be filled with water, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely adjusted by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, like the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, for example divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and also to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be easily realized even with a cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, it is possible to easily achieve the purpose by making a part of the layer look like a square. It is a diagram intended to visually promote understanding that such a function can be realized even with a simple cylinder, and is a diagram illustrating the initial state before part of it is peeled off. <<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.

<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.






<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing or removing one layer will not completely eliminate the water layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Fig. 8002 and Fig. 8003 show schematic diagrams of the aspect of the &#21085; However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a "grip" is formed on the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

A wave that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and a wave that was emitted from the satellite and the wave that came parallel to the above wave. Since the waves that enter from the area of the part where it is attenuated and diffracted after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, their mutual amplitudes are almost Therefore, it can be expected that the reception strength can be controlled to be below the threshold as a whole.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Remove the water layer in a certain area as described above. Removing part of the water layer naturally reduces the shielding and electromagnetic wave absorbing components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but they may become weaker. I don't get it. At least, it is generally inconceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, would be reduced by such interference. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if there is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is judged to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned result of &#21085; , when a decrease in signal strength was observed, the first signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite, which was located in a location that should have been shielded. It is reasonably reasonable to presume that amplitude cancellation occurred as a result of interference with the diffracted wave after passing through the .
If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in Figures 8002 and 8003, the compartment (including water) at the position closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .
<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.
<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 8004 will be described.
Fig. 8004 shows, like the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 8004 shows a shape in which pressure can be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference instead of the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.


<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip having the shape of Fig. 8004, which has a center angle of about 180 degrees, and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 8004, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of the clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, "a wave that reaches the GPS antenna after being diffracted by the outer edge of the cylinder" and "a wave that passes through the portion where the thickness of the water in the cylinder is reduced (it does not matter if the thickness is zero). , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a+b+C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite's azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the frontal direction of your body that you are currently facing is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellite that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the range of possible existence when viewed from the front of one's body is determined immediately, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a+b+C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c) &#8211; b = (2n+1) λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the parallel waves from the satellite are received and the thickness of the water is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in diagram 8050 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.
<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to
<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c) &#8211; b (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 8004), the entire circumference or a portion of the circumference (e.g. an arc, e.g. By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.

<<0419>>
Diagrams 8005-8006 are intended to illustrate the following;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In diagram 8005, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
When R=λ=19cm, θ=90 degrees When R=2λ=38cm, θ=60 degrees
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified.
r=1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.




<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 8005 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle
(Then naturally A>B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal
A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm
With n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
b=a-(c/f)/2 =17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm
=7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)




<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the mutual diffracted waves are less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 8010 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or recess is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things. <<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.
Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters, for example, only in the circumferential portion (or only the left and right half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Fig. 8002 and Fig. 8003 show the peeling aspect.

Then, what happens will be explained using 8001 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.

GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, and peel off another step in the configuration shown in FIGS. A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to


<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c) &#8211; b (n=0,1,2,…)
…(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 8004), the entire circumference or a portion of the circumference (e.g. an arc, e.g. By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0436>>
Diagrams 8005-8006 are intended to illustrate the following;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In diagram 8005, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified.
r=1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),
2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 8005 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle
(Then naturally A>B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm
When n=0: Substitute the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
b=a-(c/f)/2 =17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm
=7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a+b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from 8003, a straight line at an angle of φ from the frontal direction of the body, and rotating the straight line around the axis in the frontal direction of the body. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)


<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; any two of the originally adjacent separation cut lines;
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS planar antenna is placed horizontally with the beam center,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000017

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where θ=2・π・g・n (rad) (where n=1,2,3...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter sky sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above azimuth information acquisition methods, (6) includes the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"On that occasion,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) bases each of which is a development of an n-hedron or a plurality of geometric figures corresponding to a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
Alternatively, it is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, which frequently occurs during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and has a very high tendency to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be attached and detached and placed on another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent the latter from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation occurs as a load. The distance difference becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 wavelength and cancels each other out. Since it is sufficient that the signal falls below the threshold, it is not necessary to set excessively strict numerical values, and it may be set appropriately to the extent that moderate transmission occurs (even if there is no thinned part in this part, it is not necessary. If no diffraction signal is detected, there is no need to set it in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0454>>
FIG. 8010 is a diagram showing just in case what kind of positional relationship the diagram 8009 has with the human body.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0455>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 8010 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.
<<0457>>
Diagram 9002 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is stamped or shown in a picture (Fig. 9001). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).


<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.
<<0460>>
·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) can easily handle large volumes of water (for larger populations) by using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filter is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).

<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.
<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books. Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.

<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connection portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.

<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)


<<0470>>
Figure 9003 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right waist, and D is the left waist. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.





<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, where rocks were carved to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some areas) climbs as they are, and climbs as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.







<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.
<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black













<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar.
There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.




<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. There is also a screw cap mouth in the center of the left and right connecting tube. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.

<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.


<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.


<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance will be further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.
<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in being able to appropriately and quickly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for behavior when it is necessary to move forward without wasting a moment, and consequently to be able to continue behavior smoothly and efficiently. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book) <<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0487>>

Diffraction will be described next.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.


<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous, rectilinear phenomenon is conspicuous,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Next, diffraction will be described.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this),

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),
<<0491>>

Therefore, diffraction phenomena can be easily observed in water waves and sounds with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed, and as a result, the particle theory of light was believed for a long time. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction pattern.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura






<<0495>>

To put it briefly, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting rarefied gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain weather conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits dilute gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. is the effective dose. Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
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The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be avoided. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.
<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.
<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation
<<0501>>
Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.
<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs between the groins.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.
This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square cylinder, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smoothly rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.



<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.
Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.

<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
\3,413 (tax included)
We provide drawings of this product in PDF format.
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Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1 L) B-1 Stop cock, 2-way cock, 2-way cock, 3-way cock, 3-way cock, 4-way cock, 4 way cock
without cock / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

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SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/tyakkubukuro-sanpuringubukuro/SAN4627.phtml
Baron Box Kontena only 10L
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PP transparent from bottom left, 2LWEB2303, 1L2208E

, 500ml 2300E 0.5 48×167×115

Sampler Book Bottle 1L Transparent 2208E
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. It saves space compared to cylindrical bottles and can be neatly organized.

Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
WEB2303
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500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
0.5 48×167×115 None 85
291-7017
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￥293
2208E 1.0
48×230×166 None 166
291-7025 ￥495
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SUNPLATEC, BOOKBOTTLE



<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) cone, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. Put it there (a) Specifically, there is no ready-made product. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have individual chambers and individual plugs, a barometer can be made by using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious vessel or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distilling apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complicated structures and high manufacturing costs, and none of them are portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Use sea water as cooling water to take away (condense) heat""Use sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater when the water drops fall, and even if it falls, it will remain in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. 0.5L dimension is 0.5L
48 x 167 x 115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. SAP Super
Add Absorbent Polymer powder to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.
<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


Security measures
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Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.
<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
Bill bag is 1,800cc,
600cc, 360cc, etc. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)



<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which an electrolyte dissociates in solution (dissociation degree) is greater if the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or <true electrolyte>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. A phenomenon in which a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolves in a micellar solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by the solubility of the Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are calculated and measured from <Raoul's law> (the law for vapor pressure drop) and the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression related to the law. It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state These are properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electrical conduction, and so on. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electric conduction are also studied experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is prepared to the same extent as body fluids and is completely sterilized so as not to damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids and fat emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron with p holes generally has a0-a1+a2 = 2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause loss.
Based on quantum theory, FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer-shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals. Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between bonds is 14 degrees larger than the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal, and represents 104 degrees.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their theory is that the two electrons involved in a single covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable noble-gas-type electronic structure. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which stable bonds are formed by the formation of electron pairs was first explained by Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device. <<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the power half-life is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem with water, etc., is now said to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the age of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011 NHK General Disaster Prevention Crisis--Who will save the victims--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight of the equipment and make it compatible for use in rescue or survival.
The objective was to make it possible to more reliably acquire azimuth information with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the essential equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to the acquisition of judgment information that contributes to action decisions. It is also highly qualified for so-called Base of Pyramid (BOP) assistive technologies such as South America and Africa.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low-latitude and mid-latitude regions, it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions, and is highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys. effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area
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《Written Amendment》
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《Written Amendment》
<Date of Submission> October 31, 2012 (October 31, 2012)
《Procedural Amendment 1》
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<<Detailed description of the invention>>
"Technicalfield"
<<0001>>
The present invention relates to a method of obtaining azimuth information from signals transmitted from GPS satellites. 《Background technology》
<<0002>>
Conventionally, positioning information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites, but azimuth information cannot be obtained.
<<0003>>
Therefore, the present inventor proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information using a pair of planar patch antennas (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161).
<<0004>>
According to this azimuth information acquisition method, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to each other, and each planar patch antenna has an antenna sensitivity that extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. The GPS which formed the sky coverage area, extracted the signal strength values of all the GPS satellites received from the receiver units connected to the respective antennas, and transmitted the respective signals based on the comparison of the extracted signal strengths. Which antenna is the satellite on?
It is determined whether the satellite existed in the air coverage area, the results of determining the presence area of this satellite are arranged in a circle, and the azimuth of the measurement direction is limited based on the information contained in the above-mentioned circular determination result sequence.
or identified.
<<0005>>
In order to allow a commercially available GPS receiver to carry out the above direction information acquisition method, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a GPS receiver provided with a data transmission section, a data reception section, and a data processing section (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-168938 issue).
<<0006>>
As a result, a pair of planar patch antennas are arranged parallel, back-to-back, and perpendicular to each other, and a pair of GPS receivers are positioned such that the data transmitter and data receiver face each other.
When arranged in this way, GPS satellite data received by one GPS receiver can be transmitted to the other GPS receiver.
It is now possible to easily obtain azimuth information.
<<0007>>
Direction information from GPS satellite signals is more reliable than direction information from a compass that is affected by magnetic fields.
<<0008>>
However, the proposed method for acquiring azimuth information requires two planar antennas to be installed in parallel and the data of one GPS receiver to be transmitted to the other GPS receiver. And it is necessary to provide data transmission means between the two GPS receivers. <<0009>>
Therefore, the inventor of the present invention further proposed a method of obtaining azimuth information very easily using only one planar antenna and one GPS receiver (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-372576).
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
<<0010>>
<<Patent Document 1>> JP-A-2001-356161
<<Patent Document 2>> JP-A-2002-168938
<<Patent Document 3>> JP-A-2002-372576
《Outline of the Invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
<<0011>>
However, the azimuth information acquisition method proposed above is rarely affected by diffracted waves from body extremities, etc., depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences. that time
It is a low-cost and efficient solution to the problem of being rarely affected by folding waves, and it makes the international community's emergency relief team activities in response to large-scale natural disasters more affordable by measures suitable for the context of use.
The problem to be solved is to enable smooth support.
<<0012>>
In order to stably eliminate the influence of the diffracted waves, it is inexpensive and effective to set the threshold value of the received signal strength slightly higher in anticipation of a margin. simultaneous
In addition, this method has the advantages of being simple and requiring little modification, and has the excellent advantage of being easy to inherit the low cost and high performance of existing GPS receivers. For this reason,
As the first measure to be taken, it was truly appropriate.
<<0013>>
The above measures have the advantage that they can be achieved only by conventional GPS antennas and body shielding, and require almost no physical additions or physical modifications.
In the past, some of the signals sent from the GPS satellites that were in the antenna coverage area, which could have been judged to be reception, were excluded as below the reception strength threshold.
It was premised on the position that it could be realized by In such a case, there is a problem that the azimuth limiting width becomes wider.
<<0014>>
Therefore, the first solution is to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing material, which is generally distributed, in the direction in which the diffracted waves are generated. deer
However, this approach faces the following problem. In other words, microwave absorbing materials using magnetic wave absorbing materials that absorb radio waves due to the magnetic loss of magnetic materials include iron, nickel,
Kel and ferrite can be used to absorb radio waves, but it has the disadvantage of being heavy. Therefore, currently, it is generally distributed to those who continuously move for a long time mainly by walking.
It is suggested to field personnel that microwave absorbing material, which is currently being used, could be temporarily added as a new addition for such purposes, even if it is heavy and bulky.
I must accept your request.
Even if this is accepted, increasing both the carrying volume and weight during walking will result in the main movement on foot, including uphill and downhill inclement weather.
In mountainous areas with heavy rainfall, or in areas affected by large-scale natural disasters where it is necessary to concentrate attention when moving over rubble, it means that a considerable amount of fatigue accumulates quickly, and it is very difficult to carry out the mission.
You will face problems that will hinder you.
In other words, most of the magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials at present are mainly fixed installation types to artificial structures, etc., and are generally bulky.
not yet recognized as a problem. Magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials and microwave absorbing materials, which have many limitations in terms of weight and volume, are ideal for the equipment for those who move mainly by walking.
did not fit well.
<<0015>>
Therefore, as a second measure, the next idea was to dispose a microwave absorbing material made of a conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. That is, by conductive radio wave absorbing material
A microwave absorbing material absorbs the electric current generated by radio waves due to the internal resistance of the material, and in some cases, the electromagnetic wave absorber is realized to some extent by fabrics of conductive fibers. However, this measure also faces the following problem.
In other words, it is sufficient for the conductive material to simply absorb electromagnetic waves. There is a possibility that
In this case, there arises a problem that the azimuth limitation causes a great trouble as a device that contributes to action determination.
<<0016>>
Therefore, as a third solution, it was conceived to arrange a microwave absorbing material made of a dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing material in the direction in which diffracted waves are generated. This solution has not been examined for application to the use of the present invention, and is proposed for the first time in the present invention, and its effectiveness is shown. <<0017>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
In addition, (during distress relief), there are also risky movements such as walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility.
Therefore, (during large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are cut off, it is possible to quickly make decisions on each action while ensuring one's own safety.
necessary. Even in such a case, it is possible to attenuate the diffracted waves without increasing the weight and volume due to an increase in the amount of cargo that is originally unnecessary.
We propose a method that enables rapid approach to the evacuation site and enables accurate confirmation of the direction of evacuation.
<<0018>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
is used for shielding, and the structure shown in FIG. 1 or 5 is proposed, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from numerous preliminary experiments conducted by the author. back of body
The L1 C/A GPS receiver unit is installed vertically on the waist, and the following structure is proposed for the main purpose of diffracted wave attenuation from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver.
In that case, it is sufficient if the walls of mountains, the walls of buildings, the structures of large ships, and the fuselage of aircraft can be used as shields when they are regarded as walls when viewed from the outside. If not, the following method can be used to obtain azimuth information more simply and reliably.
《Means to solve the problem》
<<0019>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0020>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000141

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning, fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized shringe can be crossed across the shoulders and hung in the same manner.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details about ropework, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical ropework by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Ropework that is immediately useful for outdoor activities by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Ropework Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0021>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0022>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0023>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0024>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0025>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0026>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0027>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0028>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0029>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0030>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

《Brief description of the drawing》
<<0031>>
<<FIG.1>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment in the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a flexible container having a bellows structure used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container that can be used for disposing hollow cylindrical water in the apparatus of the present invention and that can also serve as tableware.
<<FIG. 4>> Information on the outer shape and dimensions of a fresh water package which can be used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention and which can be said to be a de facto international standard as defined in Japan's ship lifesaving equipment regulations.
<<FIG. 5>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in which two parallel rectangular plate water arrangements are arranged.
<<FIG. 6>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (2450 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 7>> A graph showing the small power half-life depth of a certain microwave (915 MHz) in substances such as water or alcohol used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 8>> It is a graph showing the attenuation rate per unit distance of a range of microwaves (50 MHz to 3000 MHz) in water used in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 9>> A conceptual diagram showing the fact that the adjacent binomial ratio of the Fibonacci sequence converges to a constant value.
<<FIG. 10>> A conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a cylindrically hollowed area.
<<Fig. 11>> It is a conceptual diagram of a proposed method in which a rucksack can be stored in a place cut into a rectangular shape.
<<Fig. 12>> The plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied by hinges in a life jacket for falling in water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., and is arranged perpendicular to the body when the method of the present invention is carried out. It is a conceptual diagram when doing so.
<<Fig. 13>> A life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which embodies the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention with a hinge and contains water when the method of the present invention is not carried out, It is a conceptual diagram when making it less.
<<Fig. 14>> Projection of a life jacket for falling into the water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., which contains water when the plate-like water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is not performed. is a conceptual diagram when making it smaller.
<Fig. 15> Projection of a water-containing life jacket for falling into water or a bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when spreading from both sides of the body to the left and right.
<Fig. 16> Projection of water-containing life jacket for falling into water or bulletproof, blade-proof, cold-proof vest, etc., in which the plate-shaped water arrangement structure of the device of the present invention is embodied with hinges and sliders and the method of the present invention is carried out. is a conceptual diagram when it is arranged perpendicularly to the body.
<<FIG. 17>> A conceptual diagram for explaining the implementation of the proposed method in a wheelchair.
<<Fig. 18>> It will be explained that using only the body as a shield and arranging them in a straight line shape and arranging the GPS receiver of the proposed method behind it may be affected by attenuated diffracted waves that are not required to be received. It is a conceptual diagram for.
(Fig. 19) Making effective use of things that contain water (other people's bodies do not matter) that they are carrying, arranging them in a U-shape, including their bodies, and placing the proposed GPS receiver at the bottom. is a conceptual diagram for explaining that it is more effective in attenuating diffracted waves that are not required to be received compared to the case of only the body.
<<FIG. 20>> FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 21>> FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram showing an embodiment of an azimuth information acquiring apparatus capable of embodying an azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 22>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 23>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a voice recognition sensor.
<<FIG. 24>> A block diagram of an example of a system incorporating a vibration discrimination sensor.
<<FIG. 25>> FIG. 22 is a schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the satellite layout in the sky and the antenna when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation when the antennas are placed in opposite directions.
<<FIG. 26>> A graph of simulation results of execution time dependence and orientation frequency dependence of the azimuth limited width expected value in Tokyo (139 degrees east longitude, 35 degrees north latitude).
<<FIG. 27>> A graph of simulation results and an exponential approximation curve for the relationship between the expected value of the intraday azimuth width of one sidereal in Tokyo and the number of orientations.
<<FIG. 28>> A photograph for explaining a configuration in which the human body is used for shielding and water is used to attenuate diffracted waves.
<<FIG. 29>> A sky map of a GPS satellite arrangement conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 30>> A graph of the relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth limitation result output and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments). .
<<FIG. 31>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train lines, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 32>> Each box-and-whisker plot showing the distribution of the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer in the actual prototype experiment, and its dependence on the reception judgment signal strength threshold A total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 33>> A graph of a histogram of the azimuth limitation width when there is an answer (h when the answer is correct) (a place with a good view, on an overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 34>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when magnetic sensor is placed on the abdomen of the body at the actual prototype test site and rotation experiment is performed (place with good view, on overpass crossing 6 electric train tracks, measured simultaneously during rotation experiment) ) is a graph.
<<FIG. 35>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt.
<<Fig. 36>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited result outputs and the received signal strength threshold in an actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. graph.
<<Fig. 37>> A graph of the relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. be.
<<Fig. 38>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed values when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor placed on the abdomen of the actual machine prototype test site (a place surrounded by mountains, near Mt. It is a graph of (simultaneous measurement at the time of experiment).
<<FIG. 39>> A sky map of a GPS satellite layout map conforming to the elevation angle condition (a place surrounded by buildings, an elementary school in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments).
<<Fig. 40>> The relationship between the probability of occurrence of four categories of azimuth-limited output results and the received signal strength threshold in the actual prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotations) experiment).
<<Fig. 41>> Relationship between the average value of the azimuth limitation width and the received signal strength threshold at the time of correct answer in the actual machine prototype experiment (a place surrounded by buildings, near an elementary school compound school building in the 23 wards of Tokyo, a total of 5 rotation experiments) ).
<<Fig. 42>> Appearance photograph of liquid crystal screen and voice real-time prototype.
<<Fig. 43>> Example of time variation of magnetic sensor observed value when a magnetic sensor was placed on the abdomen of the body and a rotation experiment was conducted at the actual prototype test site (place surrounded by buildings, near elementary school complex in Tokyo 23 wards) , and measurement during the rotation experiment).
<<FIG. 44>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the truncated pyramid side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 45>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in a tubular shape utilizing the hemispherical side surface of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 46>> It is a schematic view of one embodiment of the integrated structure of the container used for the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 47>> It is a schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a half-divided configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 48>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a quarter configuration of a container used for arranging hollow cylindrical water in the device of the present invention.
<<Fig. 49>> A quarter configuration of the container used for arranging the hollow cylindrical water of the device of the present invention, one embodiment having fitting portions on the left and right (and top and bottom), or a schematic configuration diagram with a center angle of 90 degrees. is.
<<Fig. 50>> The container used for the hollow prismatic water arrangement of the device of the present invention is stacked in two layers while engaging the concave-convex fitting in the vertical direction to increase the height, and the GPS receiver is more affected by the diffracted waves. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when making it difficult.
<<Fig. 51>> The container used for arranging water in the hollow prismatic shape of the device of the present invention is formed in a tubular shape utilizing the side surface of a hemisphere. is a conceptual diagram of a configuration used when a thickness of water is deployed to make the GPS receiver less susceptible to the effects of diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 52>> The container used to form the hollow cylindrical water arrangement of the device of the present invention is substantially realized by arranging a transparent hose having closable mechanisms at both ends like a coiled snake. It is a schematic diagram of a configuration showing the advantage that a hose can be used as a pure transport container for water and that it can be properly used as a rope in case of emergency.
<<FIG. 53>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of the configuration of a container in which water or the like is placed in the tip shape of a swiss horn in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 54>> A schematic configuration diagram of an embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of the tip of a wind instrument at the end of the straight pipe shape in the device of the present invention.
<<FIG. 55>> A schematic configuration diagram of one embodiment of a container configuration in which water or the like is placed in the shape of a table obtained by cutting a parabolic rotating body at two points on a horizontal plane in the apparatus of the present invention.
<<Fig. 56>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but opening toward the outside, or by arranging water in a shape close to two flat plates but gradually spreading toward the left and right sides. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a shape that gradually increases.
<<Fig. 57>> In the device of the present invention, by arranging water in a cylinder or a shape close to a cylinder but curling toward the inside, or by disposing water in a shape similar to two flat plates but gradually curling toward the center, FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram for realizing that the GPS receiver is less susceptible to the influence of diffracted waves by arranging water in a certain shape.
<Fig. 58> Non-use shape of a cup made of flexible silicone material, known as a so-called pop-up cup, which can be compactly stored as a flat circular layer when not in use by lightly squeezing it by hand. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
<<FIG. 59>> Describes the in-use shape of the cup, known as the so-called pop-up cup, which is formed as a cup with continuous stepped sidewalls of silicone material when in use is lightly pulled out by hand. At the same time, when it is applied to the proposed method, it is a new pop with a new feature that has a space for putting water in the side wall instead of putting water inside the cup・Proposing the usefulness of the up cup, which itself can be used as a cup naturally, and in an emergency, the usefulness of being able to form a water deployment similar to the deployment of the device of the present invention on the wall surface of the hemisphere. It is a conceptual diagram explaining.
FIG. 60 Water can be contained from an inlet, and modules of adjacent sizes have a bumpy fit to each other (e.g., the next smallest sized ring segment is the height of its own ring). Up to 1/4 height, it can be easily realized if a step is carved inside like a road shoulder so that it can easily fit into itself.In this case, the thickness of the water is constant at the fitting part) An embodiment of the present proposal in which water can be arranged in a shape formed by fitting a large number of concentric layered ring segments, which can be filled while water flows smoothly.
<<Fig. 61>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps so that the hexagonal or pentagonal part can be filled with water, based on the graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure that is close to a sphere. A conceptual diagram showing that when formed as a water bottle, it becomes a water bottle as a whole, and can be folded back at an appropriate location and stored in a rucksack or the like. (The gray area corresponds to the glue margin. It is recommended to use Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) on that part to make it easy to join and separate. When not in use and there is no water in It is also easy to turn it into
<<Fig. 62>> Flexible plastic (vinyl) with zips or screw caps to allow water to be filled in the hexagonal or pentagonal parts, based on a graphic structure that creates a soccer ball-shaped structure close to a sphere. It is formed as a water bottle, but at that time, the part corresponding to the equator is crimped or zipped so that the filling of water stops, and the other parts [the parts in the northern hemisphere except for the Arctic region] are filled with water. If you spread it around, you can immediately take the arrangement of this proposal, which has a hemispherical shape as a whole, in an emergency, and when not in use, you can fold it back at an appropriate point and put it in a rucksack or the like. A conceptual diagram showing that a practical water bottle that can be folded and stored in several layers can be formed and that it can be easily flattened in a rucksack when it is not in use and does not contain water.
<<Fig. 63>> A three-dimensional finished drawing in which the layer filled with water is illustrated in gray when the previous drawing was actually constructed three-dimensionally. A water structure close to a hemisphere can be completed just by filling it with water outdoors, joining it with Velcro tape, and assembling it. Conceptual diagram showing that it can be used as a water bottle that can be folded when it is open, and can also be a vinyl water bottle that can be folded flat when not filled with water.
<<FIG. 64>> A graph showing the dependence of the magnitude of dielectric loss of water on electromagnetic wave frequency on electromagnetic wave frequency and the frequency characteristics of the magnitude of conductivity in the case of water containing an electrolyte.
<<FIG. 65>> A graph showing the frequency characteristics of the penetration depth of electromagnetic waves (the depth at which the power density becomes 1/e, where e is the base of natural logarithm) in a medium with a high water content in a living body.
<<FIG. 66>> A conceptual diagram showing a molecular structure model of water showing that the water molecule has a dipole moment.
<<FIG. 67>> A conceptual graph showing frequency characteristics of polarization and absorption, showing that microwaves induce orientational polarization, infrared rays induce ion polarization, and ultraviolet rays induce electronic polarization. <<Fig. 68>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. 1 is a schematic diagram of a tent or shelf mat with voids that can be accommodated. FIG.
<<Fig. 69>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and holds water or the like (liquid or gel with a large specific heat, moderate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram of a tent mat or shelf mat having voids that can be rolled up, which is arranged on the left and right sides of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 70>> It is composed of chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-life depth, and water or the like (a liquid or gel with a large specific heat, an appropriate pressure dispersion effect, and a small power half-life depth) is held in the center. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram in which tent mats or sheruff mats having voids that can be rolled up are placed on the left and right sides of the body and on the upper part of the body as an embodiment of the device of the present invention and used for weakening diffracted waves.
<<Fig. 71>> Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule is supposed to have two electrons in the 2s orbital, four electrons in the 2p orbital, and a total of six outer-shell electrons. The separation angle between covalent bonds based on bonding using orbitals is pushed about 14 degrees wider than the original angle between the orthogonal p-orbitals due to the repulsion between the positive charges of the two hydrogen atoms. Extended to 104 degrees, the concept is often cited to illustrate that the water molecule has a permanent dipole moment that can actually be explained on the basis of modern theories of quantum mechanics. It is a diagram.
<<Fig. 72>> Measured values of relative permittivity and frequency characteristics of dielectric loss in water (1.5°C) and sodium chloride (NaCl) aqueous solution (0.1 to 0.5 molal (mass molarity)) is.
<Fig. 73> Shows measured values of the frequency characteristics of relative permittivity and dielectric loss of barium titanate, barium titanate and strontium titanate.
<<Fig. 74>> When not in use, a fan-shaped columnar water bottle compartment with a short height (a thin plate) is folded compactly and stored in the back. , making it easier to slide along the sliders interposed between the water bottle compartments, resulting in fanning out on both sides of the body, Also, if necessary, dare to point both arms in the direction of the front half of the body so that the body and the fan-shaped structure that is spread out form a U-shape when viewed from above (the opening of the U is In this case, it will be in front of the body), the GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body does not exist outside the sky coverage area, which is intended to be formed with a semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. Since it is possible to effectively attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites that have been used, it becomes easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that existed in the above-mentioned sky coverage area, which is useful for disaster relief activities, etc. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are essential to carry around, it is possible to make effective use of those transports to demonstrate their potential functions, and at the same time, as a result, increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the aftereffects. FIG. 10 shows that orientation information acquisition can be made more accurate by a simple and convenient method suitable for the context of use, which aids in rapid access to victims, which is important for reducing incidence.
<<Fig. 75>> Shows that the internal structure of the chest and abdominal portion of the jacket of the present invention can form a layer of water, a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle, and opens the chest collar or front body. By doing so, when viewed from above, the front body (mae migoro), which includes the body and water layers, forms a U-shape (the opening of the U is in this case the front of the body, and the GPS receiver is located in front of the body). In order to efficiently attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the originally intended air coverage area, the proposed orientation information acquisition It can support more reliable performance in a way that is suitable for the context of use of the method, and can effectively combine an oral hydration system during land activities, which is jacket-type buoyancy in the sea. This is an example showing that the function of the control device can also be efficiently combined.
<<Fig. 76>> Fig. 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption), as shown in Fig. 77 . It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running. In order to implement it more reliably, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying an individual fan-shaped structure with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use, In doing so, it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in obtaining orientation information with a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the proposal. <<Fig. 77>> This is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. While it can be used for business (without using your arm or bothering your arm), the reservoir (portable water bottle) containing this water can be stored in a compact fan-shaped column during activities such as walking and running. FIG. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to a multi-compartment structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device).
<<Fig. 78>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<FIG. 79>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation similar to that depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<FIG. 80>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<FIG. 81>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<FIG. 82>> A conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<Fig. 83>> In one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<Fig. 84>> Recalling that the cylindrical structure containing water in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (such as a regular octagonal prism), It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<Fig. 85>> Recalling that the outer shape of the structure containing water, which is realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, can be approximated by forming it with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.), This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<Fig. 86>> Regarding the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in Fig. 81, it is sufficient to deal only with diffraction signals of signals from satellites existing in a limited direction, for example, in the vicinity of the lateral direction of the body. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<Fig. 87>> In Fig. 81, while a region with a thin water layer is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder, a similar effect can be obtained by forming such a region parallel to the central axis of the cylinder. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is also simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc., signals from satellites with φ = 0 will be canceled at the GPS receiver. It is an external view intended to show that it can be easily imagined, and the cube of the outer frame is drawn as a measure of size.
<Fig. 88> In Fig. 87, θ is simplified and assumed to be 0. This is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value were not 0, and FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<Fig. 89>> If a water bottle forming a flat layer of water on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs should be constructed at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with water channels at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<Fig. 90>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right sides, a water layer, which usually corresponds to a water film, is formed. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<Fig. 91>> In order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<Fig.92>> Similar to Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading. .
<<Fig.93>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<Fig.94>> As in Fig.90, water layers are formed on the left and right sides to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<Fig. 95>> In the case of a container made of silicon, for example, which consists of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<Fig. 96> For example, in the case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, when the water layer is formed by a water plate, a portion of the water In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<Fig. 97>> For example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-independent Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the magnets rotate with respect to each other and the SN orientation can be aligned, allowing the compartments of the polygonal water layers to be interconnected. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
《Fig. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.
<<Fig. 100>> For example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that uses the filter media, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
<<0032>>
The above problems to be solved can be expressed in slightly different terms as follows.
<<0033>>
Consider a case where direction information is obtained by using an L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver conventionally proposed by the present inventor and capable of obtaining not only position and time but also direction information.
<<0034>>
At this time, it is relatively easy to prevent the reception of reflected waves (by using it facing a place with a good view), and at the same time, it is also possible to prevent the reception of straight waves (strengthening the body).
was relatively easy. However, in this case, depending on the type of receiver used and individual differences, it is rarely affected by diffracted waves from the extremities of the body.
there were.
<<0035>>
Although it can be solved by deploying microwave absorbing materials, at present, it is generally necessary to carry the material at the same time, which tends to be heavy and bulky, while continuing physical movement mainly by walking.
long periods of time will increase the physical load due to the increase in weight and volume when walking.
If the walking load is large, such as traveling mainly on foot in disaster areas, etc., serious problems such as rapid accumulation of fatigue will occur in the performance of the mission.
<<0036>>
The objective is to solve the problem reasonably and inexpensively with an appropriate measure suitable for the context of use, and to provide smoother support for disaster relief activities in the international community in response to large-scale natural disasters.
<<0037>>
Means for solving the problem are as follows.
<<0038>>
Minor improvements to potable water packages that are likely to be carried during field activities, including emergency response operations, or that are required by the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations.
Including the possibility of using objects, combining the water itself, the body, and the GPS receiver that has the ability to acquire direction information proposed by the inventor.
eliminates the influence of diffracted waves on the L1 C/A GPS (or GNSS) receiver, making it possible to obtain direction information more easily and reliably.
<<0039>>
Actual means for solving the problem will be shown in order below using FIG. 1 and the like.
<<0040>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0041>>
Prepare water packed in a hollow cylindrical shape of a certain shape. For example, a plastic container that does not affect microwaves may be used for packaging. ancestor
The central axis of the cylindrical shape of is aligned with the normal direction. At this time, the radius of the cylinder may be within the range of about 5 cm to 20 cm. final thickness
should be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0042>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
Hydration system, which is called a hydration system, and is used by cycling athletes infantryman or foot soldier.
It can be used in combination with the method used for ingestion.
A simple and safe structure in which the valve opens only when you bite into it allows you to easily supply water little by little. When the mouth is released, the valve is automatically closed again. Contains energy drinks as well as water
Since it can be configured as an object, it is used in long road races. When it is important to continue the activity without taking a break for a long time,
enable
It goes without saying that the day will soon come when people will recognize that lifesaving also falls into this category. At that time, without wasting time as much as possible, the current location and the location information of the victim,
The diffracted wave attenuation effect of a device that can obtain not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained by a satellite phone or the like, and the diffracted wave attenuation effect is also used in conjunction with the use of a GPS receiver.
Replenish fluids and nutrients in order to improve survival rates and prevent the severity of aftereffects by making appropriate choices and shortening the time from the occurrence of a disaster to the rescue of victims as much as possible.
It is highly qualified as a device for continuing to act while doing, and can constitute a useful system.
This GPS receiver is highly compatible with general outdoor activity support systems, including lifesaving in the near future outdoors, and can be configured with high compatibility, low cost, rationality, and overall lightweight. This is an advantage of the proposed usage of the cooperative use of the body and water in the field.
<<0043>>
A lightweight water bottle, etc. that is thin when not filled with water, etc., so that it can assume a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water, etc.
It can be built into the vest or attached to it, and when it is not filled with water or when it is "filled with water but not in use", it is placed in a relatively flat shape on the back of the vest.
It maintains a low profile shape and may form a truncated cone, cylinder, or similar shape similar to FIG. 1 when in use.
<<0044>>
A lightweight water bottle that is thin when not filled with water, etc., and can take a cylindrical-like structure with a certain thickness only when filled with water.
Those described as "filled with water but when not in use" maintain a relatively flat, low profile shape that retains a flexible plastic spring.
Alternatively, it can be considered as a cylindrical water bottle made of hollow vinyl or the like.
<<0045>>
Alternatively, to easily form such a shape, another suitable method is to use the following materials. It can be conveniently used as tableware (tableware) even outdoors.
"Foldable silicone resin cooking bowls (about 20 cm in diameter)", which have a reputation for being able to cook, have become cheaper in recent years.
exist.
It is a kind of tableware (tableware) made of silicon resin. Flexibility and lightness, which are one of the physicochemical properties of silicone resin, make it ideal for outdoor activities in harsh environments.
It does not crack or break, is lightweight, and has excellent plasticity and deformability. Approximately 27.times.21.5.times.11 cm (in use) can have a circular (or angular) frustoconical shape close to a hemisphere. It can be used in the form of a bowl (hemisphere) as normal tableware. Folds easily with a little force.
As a result, the size is about 27×21.5×4 cm (at the time of storage), which is close to a flat (flat) circle (more precisely, concentric circles, wavy concentric circles).
Utilizing these new physicochemical materials, when water is not injected, or when it is used even if water is added, it is close to a flat circle, and only when it is used with water, etc. A kind of water bottle with a layer of water may be formed around the .
<<0046>>
It means that a shape similar to FIG. 1 may be formed. Features Sanitary, soft, and heat-resistant silicon resin container can be folded compactly.
It can be stored in a space-saving manner. The easy-to-hold and non-slip silicone resin is suitable for microwave ovens, so it is convenient for preparing food outdoors.
Insensitive. It is also suitable for medical work in the field such as disaster areas. FIG. 1 shows a hollow columnar cylinder, and the liquid storage section inside is a single space.
Compartments (as multiple divided spaces) may also be formed, depending on. For example, a compartment divided into upper, lower, left, and right compartments
You can also form a ment. When only limited water is available, allocation to the most efficient part for diffracted wave attenuation, such as replenishing water with priority only to the left and right
etc. is possible. We note that the benefits of diffracted wave attenuation when used with hydration systems arise from the compartmentalization. Attenuation effect is reduced
However, in practice, water is first sucked and consumed from less affected areas, e.g., lower and upper areas, for use by the user in the hydration system.
But good. This method of use has the advantage of not affecting the attenuation effect of the left and right diffracted waves. After consuming the water in the bottom and top, hey, hide in the left and right parts
If you change the tube of the ration system, you will not be inadvertently consuming water in the left and right parts, and it will be better. very practical
He said that it is good to use a tube for suction from the bottom side and use the top side for suction when it is empty. After that, the left and right compartments
Said it's fine to use. Also in this case, when there are components only on the left and right sides, both spaces capable of containing water may be connected at the lower part with a thin hollow tube. To be so
Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the water level will drop only on the left and right sides, and the diffracted waves will attenuate evenly on the left and right, creating a state where they disappear unconsciously.
There is an advantage that you can easily avoid the situation that will be done. More specifically, in this case, 360 degrees/4 parts = 90 degrees for uniform angles
, the cylinder is divided into four sector-shaped compartments each having a central angle of 90 degrees. Of course, just divide the compartments evenly.
However, if necessary, left and right compartments with a central angle of 120 degrees and compartments with upper limits of 30 degrees each may be used. Although it will be a consultation with the cost,
Recent new materials such as plastics, silicones, and high-molecular polymers that have plasticity that allows for such changes in capacity and shape to some extent may be used.
Of course. In addition, if emphasis is placed on simple and convenient use during mountain climbing, low cost, and practicality, it can be said that it is lightweight, inexpensive, and disposable.
LDPE ((low-density polyethylene) low-density polyethylene), EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA
ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer). flexible and transparent
clear material. Co-polymerization of polar comonomers such as vinyl acetate with ethylene through an ultra-high pressure polymerization process. Created by manufacturing a polymer. ) as a material,
It is good also as a bellows type water tank. In this case, the thickness
A bellows structure may be provided on the side surface in order to increase or decrease the . As a result, when not in use, the bellows structure is crushed when the column is compressed in the height direction, transforming it into a less bulky structure.
become In this way, storability is also improved. If it is sealed in this state (if the screw cap of the spout is closed), the internal pressure becomes negative, so the compressed bellows structure
You can enjoy the advantage of being kept as it is and not being bulky. This is shown in FIG. FIG. 2 of the bellows structure shows the liquid spout and outlet. For liquid spouts and outlets
can be fitted with a screw cap. Also, for use as a hydration system, without stopping hydration during the user's activity
Hydrate at the same time
A mouth-operated oral suction tube can be attached. The container itself may have enough strength to maintain its structure when attached to the body, or the clothing may have such strength.
For this purpose, clothing may be used that has a support structure that conforms to the body and is folded when not in use so as not to get in the way, and that can be appropriately protruded with appropriate strength when in use.
In recent years, plastic or resin springs have been distributed at low prices, and it is possible to stably maintain the shape during use at low cost and simply by using them. plastic
Since it is made of resin or made of resin, it has the advantage of reducing the influence of diffracted waves of electromagnetic waves, and it also has the advantage of not having any other positive influence on the reception situation.
You can enjoy the benefits of Alternatively, it can be shaped like a sports bib worn from above or a life jacket, and can be fixed to the front and back with strings or Velcro tapes on both sides.
It is also possible to install the water bottle on an additional piece of clothing.
That is, a cylinder-shaped water bottle made of plastic or the like having a hollow part (outer diameter of about 30 cm, inner diameter of about 25 cm) filled with water is placed on both sides of the body on the back surface.
Set the central axis parallel to the normal of Install the L1 C/A GPS receiver vertically along the body near the center. Alternatively, plastic water bottles of about 30 cm x about 20 cm x about 2.0 cm filled with water are placed on both sides of the body almost perpendicular to the back surface. L1 near the center
C/A
Place the GPS receiver vertically along your body.
It may be reinforced with a plastic spring. When flattened, the force of the spring should be suppressed with Velcro tape or the like.
<<0047>>
Cylindrical ones have a plastic spring on the side, and when not in use, the spring is held down by the force of the spring, like a Velcro tape.
A thin, flat, low-bulk mechanism is used to keep it from slipping, or to fasten it with a strap with plastic fittings that snap together.
It can be made into a disk.
When using, remove the Velcro tape or the plastic lock part of the two male and female fittings fixed to the ends of the two strings with one-touch operation.
It is also convenient to create a cylindrical structure that pops up from a flat disk by the force of a spring, and to stand on its own by the force of a spring.
be. When not in use, it can be folded quickly and locked with a click. Compact and convenient to carry. It folds into a compact low profile shape when not in use
When it is folded up or lightly crushed and fixed with a fixture, it becomes a thin disc that is not bulky. For example, the diameter ranges from about 15 cm to about 40 cm.
In other words, they should be able to use the shape that is most suitable for the inexpensive GPS receivers of various sizes that they are using.
At this time, it can be made to stand on its own with a plastic spring, but in the case of outdoor camping, it can be removed and used as a convenient storage entity for carrying things.
It is convenient because you can also Also, regarding such a structure, it is part of the clothing that is incorporated into the clothing so that the pop-up direction is perpendicular to the body.
It should be a design that makes it possible. Secondly, if the bag is detachable from clothes, one bag can be used outdoors when needed. This bucket stores water etc.
The fact that it has a special bellows-shaped gap that allows the water bottle to be used at all times gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle.
For example, perishable foodstuffs are surrounded by water with a large amount of non-heat, so it is convenient because it can be expected to have a cold insulation effect and an antiseptic effect. As a cooling agent
Constituents of what is in circulation are high water-retaining macromolecular polymers and water, in fact most of their mass is water, and the exceptionally high specific heat attribute of water.
is recognized in society.
By actually placing a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized, and it is expected that the user's convenience will be considerably improved.
Wear. In this case, a plastic spring may be used as the spring, which has little effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, so it is cool.
It is convenient because it has the advantage of being able to confirm that the position of the GPS device inside is appropriate and that it is not misaligned.
is. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can secure its dual use, and you can use it outdoors.
Not only is it possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that it has real utility in outdoor activities.
Having a special bellows-shaped cavity in the outer wall that can store water etc. also gives the user the option of always being able to use it as a water bottle, and the hollow part is also flexible.
If you put wood in it, you can expect a cooling effect and a preservative effect in the summer, because the non-thermal water surrounds the perishable food ingredients, which is convenient.
be. The reason is that the components of refrigerants distributed in the market are high water-retaining polymers and water, and in fact most of the mass is water.
Therefore, the attribute of water's extraordinarily high specific heat is recognized in society.
Similarly, if you want to create a square prism shape, instead of using a spring, you can use the built-in square plastic frame on the left and right sides inside the square prism by the tension of the vinyl or cloth on the side.
It is also possible to make it function as a support that supports the structure of the square, and by extension, to make it pop up using the fact that it can support the square prism shape. At the time of storage, the internal organs mentioned above
When the rectangular frame structure is removed from the left and right side surfaces inside the bag, the entire bag returns to a thin flat rectangular plate of, for example, about 4 cm. Whole when used
For example, a 17.0 cm high x 24.5 cm wide x 17.0 cm deep bag can be transformed in a few seconds by modifying it. Detachable from or onto clothing
If so, it is highly expected that it will be convenient for camping in the outdoors and carrying on site. If it is made of cloth or durable vinyl, the tension of the cloth will work and
The action can maintain the stable structure of the hollow quadrangular prism. Specifically, on the two opposite sides of the rectangular cylinder, there is actually a rectangular framework with dimensions that fit the sides.
It is only necessary to construct a state in which it is fitted in with tension autonomously.
For the essential part of such structures, i.e., for some types of cylindrical or hollow prismatic structures that pop up,
In addition, while designing it as part of the clothing, such as sewing it to the clothing, incorporating it into the clothing, or making it detachable from the clothing, the side of the cylinder or hollow prism
By actually deploying a cylinder or hollow prism with a flexible bellows-type water bottle on the side, this proposal is excellent and increases the feasibility, and the user's convenience and utilization are also considerably improved.
can be expected.
In such a case, the spring used for the cylindrical wall or the quadrangular frame structure used for the prismatic wall as an upright/storage variable structure has an excellent effect of attenuating the diffracted wave of the microwave as shown separately.
Plastic springs or plastic frameworks can be used, which are not particularly influential other than the results, thereby reducing the transparency of the water and vinyl.
Since the transparency of the plastic or resin matches and the inside can be seen through, it was confirmed that it felt cool and that the position of the GPS device inside was appropriate.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of being able to check whether or not there is any deviation. Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors.
Therefore, it is possible for the user to secure its compatibility, and not only can it accurately support the addition of the direction information acquisition function to the use of the GPS outdoors, but also the water
In addition to being able to make good use of this duality, it is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities.
I mentioned that the cylindrical pop-up bag mentioned above usually has a spring built into its wall surface. The plastic spring is first incorporated into the outer shape to complement the structure.
He also said that it is okay to be strong. This structure can be deployed by sewing it into the back of the garment. It may be arranged along the inside of the container containing water, and the outside
may be placed in It does not matter if it is in the space containing water, but if it is necessary to store it as some kind of internal structure, it is possible to have a void space for the spring.
good. Here we discuss a little about plastic springs. The reason why metal springs are not used is that they do not affect radio wave propagation.
In this case, as the spring, a plastic spring can be used, which does not have any particular effect on microwaves other than the excellent effect of attenuation of diffracted waves, as described separately.
By doing so, the transparency of the plastic spring matches the transparency of the water and vinyl, and the inside can be seen through, giving a cool feeling or the GPS device inside.
It is convenient because it also has the advantage of confirming that the position is appropriate and checking if there is any deviation. Should I sew this onto my clothes?
By designing such clothing and actually deploying a cylinder with a bellows-type flexible water bottle on the side of the cylinder, this proposal can be realized and the user
It can be expected that the convenience of Of course, if you remove it, you can actually use it as a pop-up bag outdoors, so the user can ensure its dual use.
Not only can it be possible to accurately support the addition of a direction information acquisition function to the use of GPS outdoors, but it is also possible to make good use of the dual use of water.
It is reasonable to think that it is truly useful in outdoor activities because it can also be used for such functions.
Plastic springs have excellent chemical resistance and can be used under strong acid and strong base conditions. It can be used under conditions that are difficult for metal springs, such as corrosion, non-magnetism, and sorting at the time of disposal.
Furthermore, by integrally molding the plastic spring and other functional parts, the cost of parts can be reduced and the number of assembly steps can be reduced.
<<0048>>
For example, polycarbonate springs have excellent weather resistance, which is a feature of springs. Because it is non-toxic, it can be used in food containers, medical
It is suitable for medical devices and has excellent electrical properties as an insulating material. It has excellent transparency and is widely used for optical applications. The practical temperature ranges from -40°C to +120°C. Dimensional accuracy during molding and small dimensional change after molding make it a suitable material for molding precision molded parts. It is self-extinguishing and widely used in areas where there is a risk of fire. di
It can be used for disposable medical instruments, endoscopes, etc., and does not need to be separated from the plastic housing when discarded.
<<0049>>
Characteristics of polyacetal springs High elastic modulus, excellent elastic recovery, creep resistance and fatigue resistance are added to this, making it the most widely used resin for snap-fits.
be. It has good electrical properties and no magnetism, so it is used in MRI equipment. Polyacetal can be dyed. It can be used for various purposes by coloring it as an external part.
I can. It is resistant to organic solvents and has little dimensional change due to water absorption, so there are almost no practical problems.
<<0050>>
The characteristics of plastic springs are as follows. (1) Excellent strength, stiffness and dimensional stability at high temperatures and in harsh environments. (2) Hastelloy
Low cost and high productivity compared to Inconel. (3) It is lighter than steel, aluminum and titanium. (4) Low friction coefficient and high
Exhibits wear resistance and has low aggression against mounting members. (5) It has excellent chemical resistance and is insoluble in common solvents such as acids, bases and oils. (6) low out
Low dust generation and high purity reduce contamination generation and also have electrical insulation.
<<0051>>
In addition, we will make the following proposals that are ahead of the times. Until now, we have mainly assumed that the bottom is missing, but here, we will consider a container that has a bottom, a certain robustness for outdoor use, a low-cost product, and versatility. suggest. In other words, plastic, polycarbonate, or bakelite cups and vessels with a certain size for outdoor use are compatible with the proposed GPS receiver.
I propose to make it a double structure so that In other words, normally, but in an emergency, the outer part is filled with a liquid (such as water) that is a microwave-absorbing material.
By filling in, by combining with the body structure and using it with the proposed GPS receiver, it can be instantly transformed so that it can be used for weakening diffracted waves, and for distress prevention etc.
It becomes a survival item that can be used. Therefore, the spout of the space on the outer wall side is normally closed with a screw cap. Sky
Even if qi exists there, it will be active as a low-priced, lightweight container that is rich in heat retention for warm beverages in the cold outdoors. Conversely, in extreme heat outdoors, cold beverages
It will play an active role as a low-cost, lightweight container for outdoor use that is rich in cold insulation. A space similar to the space configured on the side surface may also be provided on the bottom surface. In this case, heat retention and cold retention
Contribute to improvement. The structure that does not prepare the same space on the bottom as the space configured on the side is also that.
Eliminating unnecessary weight has positive implications. It doesn't matter which. Inexpensive as a plastic product that can be sold at low-price shops that can be manufactured in these developing countries
Since it can be configured to , it has characteristics that can be rapidly spread all over the world as a value-added container, and it is also a next-generation outdoor goods that supports direction information acquisition together with the proposed GPS receiver.
can be expected to be used as
FIG. 3 shows a conceptual diagram of this. Of course, the shape may be similar to that of a normal cup, with curved sides and a wider top surface. The bottom has a structure,
It can be used as tableware for outdoors by putting coffee or beverages in the hollow structure. Developing this further, we get: In recent years silicon type pop-up type
Cups are spreading rapidly. This is seen as convenient for outdoor activities accordingly. It is possible to combine this with a proposed GPS receiver useful for outdoor activities.
We make the following suggestions. In other words, although the silicon type pop-up cup is usually single layered, it is proposed to make it a double layered one. Use same as above
Since it is possible, the same explanation can be given, but it will be omitted here because it will be repeated. A further development of FIG. 3 is as follows. Cooling from the injection port on the outer wall side
It is also possible to use it by putting an agent or a heat-retaining agent. The material of the cooling agent or heat insulating agent is a superabsorbent polymer (abbreviation
SAP) and melting point depressants and preservatives and water. Sodium polyacrylate is often used as a superabsorbent polymer. poly acrylic
Sodium polyacrylate is a kind of superabsorbent polymer, and the main unit structure is [-CH2-CH(CO2Na)-]n. high
The high water absorbency is due to the incorporation of many water molecules into the network structure to create a gel structure. Disposable diapers, ice packs, sanitary products, lotions, etc.
used for A food additive grade product is used as a thickening agent in the food field. Also, if combined with a life preserver of the dimensions shown in Figure 4, cut
Velcro tape (commonly known as magic tape (registered trademark)) is attached to the lifesaving water so that electromagnetic waves do not enter the line part, and the lifesaving water is attached to each other.
By arranging the perforated line portion and the water portion so as to overlap each other, it is possible to easily solve the problem, which can be applied to the present invention. This can be done by using subdivided bags as lifesaving water.
It is an excellent method because it does not interfere with both, and it is also an effective method for people involved in shipping and victims of disasters in Japan, where life-saving water is widely used, and in developed and developing countries around the world.
It is thought that In addition, in order to apply small bags, which have been established as lifesaving water, to weakening diffracted waves in combination with the human body in the proposed GPS receiver receiver, it is simple, inexpensive, and easy.
It is also a method that can be easily used in combination with conventional lifesaving water (without changing the manufacturing process of lifesaving water), and can also be used in rescue boats and emergency situations.
It seems to be an effective method because it only needs to provide a flexible Velcro tape. It will be a method that can be easily accepted and used as a de facto global standard for the time being. Also
It is also realistic that double-sided tape can be easily used when Velcro tape is not available. In order to have a certain structure, use a lightweight cylindrical Tupperware
can Moreover, it is also possible to achieve this by projecting several vertical rod-like structures from the clothing and hooking them there like a bamboo blind.
<<0052>>
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, the inner shape corresponding to only the water bag is 12.1cm wide x 12.1cm long.
5.9 cm x maximum thickness of about 1 cm, in which drinking water is packaged as fresh water in subdivided vinyl packages is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment (de
fact standard). marketed in Japan
The shape shown in the figure is generally a transparent package, and blue lettering and stamped by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used. Fig. 4 shows an example of a widely spread product manufactured by a Japanese lifesaving equipment company that complies with Japan's lifeboat equipment regulations.
The outline (including water-free edge portions) and dimensions are as follows. Width 13.8 cm x length 7.4 cm x maximum thickness (maximum water part) about 1.0 cm. The edges that do not contain water are 1.0 cm on the left side, 0.7 cm on the right side,
The height of the top is 0.75 cm, the length of the bottom is 0.75 cm, and it is almost an international standard.
Polyethylene ((CH2CH2)-n Polymer of ethylene. Transparent or translucent solid, resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents. Electrical insulation, water resistance, and moisture resistance.
It has good heat resistance and cold resistance. Low-density polyethylene (abbreviated as LDPE, specific gravity 0.91-0.93) is produced by radical polymerization of ethylene under high pressure.
Used for wire coating. ) or polyamide polyamide (a polymer having an amide bond -CO-NH- in the main chain.Nylon
6,66,610,7,11,
12, etc. It is used as a synthetic fiber due to its moderate hygroscopicity and ease of dyeing.
It is individually packed in transparent or blue-transparent, relatively strong and lightweight vinyl made of plastic (also used for ruts, etc.), and is connected by perforated lines.
A safe form that separates from the connecting perforations but does not easily come off is prevalent worldwide and common.
<<0053>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0054>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0055>>
According to the Ship Life-Saving Equipment Regulations, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0056>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a polygonal column instead of the hollow cylinder based on a circular column as in the previous example. Of course, it may be a hollow cylinder of a polygonal prism, for example, an octagonal prism. It may be hollow each based on a hexagonal column. Of course, a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism may also be used.
<<0057>>
It is of course possible to use a hollow cylinder based on a quadrangular prism, and for the sake of simplification, only left and right components exist as shown in FIG.
<<0058>>
In this regard, both moisture-encapsulating spaces may be connected at the bottom with a thin hollow tube. Then, even if a hydration system is installed, the left and right
This has the advantage of being able to easily avoid the situation where the water level on only one side drops, and the attenuation of the diffracted waves is even on the left and right, creating a situation where the wave disappears unknowingly.
be.
<<0059>>
The left and right plate-shaped parts have a bellows structure, and when empty without filling, the air is expelled and compressed so as not to be bulky, and the mouth is sealed with a screw cap to make it thinner become a structure. This allows the structure to remain compact and well suited for outdoor activities.
<<0060>>
In the following, materials to be used as dielectric electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are examined. Rescuing victims alone or with a small number of people, especially in outdoor natural environments or large-scale disaster environments
, search and rescue operations, or those who continue to voluntarily and continuously evacuate in harsh environments.
<<0061>>
The absorption characteristics of electromagnetic waves by water were measured by Schwan et al. using ε' (relative dielectric constant) and ε " (relative dielectric loss) values of water (25 degrees) α (amplitude attenuation coefficient) of,
α=√((1/2)・ω^2・μ・ε0・[√{(εr′)^2+(εr“)^2}−(εr′)])
α: Attenuation constant (of medium)
β；Phase constant (of medium)
ω: Each frequency of electromagnetic wave
εr': Relative permittivity (of medium)
εr“: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
ε0: permittivity of vacuum
As
or
α=√((1/2)・ω・μ・[√{(σ)^2+(ω・ε)^2}−ω・ε]) (Np/m)
ε0: Vacuum permittivity
μ0: vacuum permeability
ε': Relative permittivity (of medium)
ε”: Relative dielectric loss (of medium)
σ: electrical conductivity
f: frequency
c: speed of light (= about 3x10^8 (m))
As
Figure 8 shows the attenuation rate from 00MHz to 3GHz. The attenuation of electromagnetic waves by water (25 degrees) is about 100dB/m at 1.5GHz. 1/3.) It can also be estimated from this literature value that the power half-life depth of 1.5 GHz, in other words, the depth at which 3 dB is attenuated, is approximately 3 cm. 60% to 70% of living tissue is composed of water, and the transmission and absorption of electromagnetic waves on the longer wavelength side than the visible range are often dominated by water. In muscle, the power half-life depth is 1/3 to 1/4 of that in water.
(Microwave Heating Technology Compilation Popular Edition Representative Editor Tetsuo Koshijima, NTS, Volume II Industrial Microwave Application Technology, Chapter 5 Medical Field, P438)
<<0062>>
In combination with other data, the attenuation rate per unit length and the power half-life depth can be roughly described as follows.
Attenuation rate per unit length
Power half-life depth D
300GHz 6.0x10^2dB/m
3GHz: 3.9x10^2
dB/m
2.45GHz: 3.2x10^2
dB/m
about 1 cm
1.5GHz: 9.8x10^1dB/m about 3cm
915MHz; 3.5x10^1dB/m about 9cm
430MHz: 8.0x10^1dB/m about 36cm
<<0063>>
At 1.5 GHz, the depth in muscle where the power is (1/e: e is the lower natural logarithm) is about 2.5 cm.
<<0064>>
Dielectric loss is a type of electric heat, and is heat energy generated when an alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material because polarization occurs with a phase lag from the alternating electric field.
<<0065>>
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings. Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
For example, drinking water, liquids for drinking (ethyl alcohol, etc.), ingredients, foods, medical infusions (blood packs, raw food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available
materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymers, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.), heat-retaining clothing for seawater (chloroprene-based materials such as neoprene)
rubber, etc.).
These are materials that have hitherto received little or no attention for this type of purpose. In other words, there was some knowledge in the field of dielectric heating due to dielectric loss in an alternating electric field, more specifically in the field of microwave heating and microwave food heating. was only In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0066>>
Above, we have mainly looked at forms.
<<0067>>
In the following, we will mainly discuss what to use as the dielectric wave absorbing material.
<<0068>>
This is a method that utilizes dielectric loss.
In the context that humans use their own human body shielding as well, methods that use conductive electromagnetic wave absorbing materials or magnetic electromagnetic wave absorbing materials are said to couple because the distance between the antenna and those materials is short. It had its shortcomings.
<<0069>>
Dielectric wave-absorbing materials are far from such problems and are well suited.
<<0070>>
In addition, as shown in this paper, it would be very effective if we could use the materials that we need to bring with us.
<<0071>>
In light of the importance of technical proposals that play a role like lifeboats that promote voluntary lifesaving activities by citizens in recent nuclear power plant accidents, the fact that they are making proposals is also a feature of this research. It can be said that it is one important viewpoint that can be done.
<<0072>>
The grounds for this are as follows. As will be described later, water has the physicochemical property that the power half-life depth in the L1 waveband of 1.5 GHz is about several centimeters. In addition, there is a fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities.
<<0073>>
Combining the GPS receiver proposed by the author, which is carried by people who move mainly by walking and is capable of acquiring azimuth information, and water as a material, which has not been paid attention to at all for such uses other than beverages in this field. The advantages of using
<<0074>>
Microwaves are absorbed while penetrating through the dielectric and change to heat to attenuate. At this time, as the attenuation characteristic, in particular, the depth of the straight line until the microwave power density on the dielectric surface is halved to 1/2, that is, the power halving depth D [m] is
《Number 2》
000142

D=3.32·10̂(7)/f/{√(εr·tan δ)}
is represented by where frequency f [Hz], dielectric constant εr, and dielectric loss tan δ (dielectric loss angle δ). (Source: Masayuki Morimoto et al. Microwave heating device, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Report 31 (6) pp.396-399 1994).
<<0075>>
6 and 7 are obtained from the above equations. Water has a small power half-life depth of microwaves and is an excellent absorbing material. For the purpose of this paper, materials with such physico-chemical properties have not been paid attention to and utilized at all.
<<0076>>
Alcohols including methyl alcohol, which are used for multiple purposes such as medical cleaning and disinfection, are also known as materials that exhibit similar properties.
It has likewise hitherto only been exploited for biochemical applications and has not been considered for such applications for the purposes of this paper. It was only the position of the idea that things with a small power half-life depth, such as water, are difficult to heat homogeneously and are not suitable for homogeneous heating. <<0077>>
For example, "Generally, the limit of the degree of uniform heating by microwave power is about (2 to 2.5) · D, and if the material is thicker than this, the microwave energy will not reach the center.
The temperature difference between the surface layer and the central part becomes large because the temperature attenuates before the temperature rises. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface layer and the center of the material increases, making uniform heating difficult.”
When trying to thaw frozen food using Kuroha, it becomes a very troublesome problem. That is, if a portion of the frozen food melts first and becomes water, the loss factor increases and the micro
Waves are absorbed intensively by this water portion, and only that portion becomes hot, causing so-called "runaway heating." In order to avoid this phenomenon, the microwave
It is possible to thaw almost uniformly by adding a device such as intermittent irradiation and utilization of heat transfer due to heat conduction inside the object to be processed. ” was seen.
<<0078>>
In other words, it was treated only as a problem in a different field far different from satellite communication engineering.
<<0079>>
This article proposes to make effective use of these attributes, which have been treated as problems, in the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning. be.
Since it has remained largely unconsidered in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, the sources of the technical literature in this paper also reflect this trend.
However, once we began to seriously think about what could be of practical use in the relief of large-scale natural disasters, from the standpoint of devising practically useful technologies and desiring to return them to society, we began to make exploratory and continuous efforts rooted in extensive and deep research. , such a perspective was discovered.
<<0080>>
Water is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for sustaining the life of living organisms in the sense that it is used not only by the human body but also by rescue dogs and search dogs for disaster victims.
Information such as where to obtain them is shared among countries and regions, and their availability is higher than that of other chemical substances. Lifesaving workers must carry it. At the same time, it is reasonably priced and
It is easy to dispose of when it runs out, has little environmental impact and cost, and does not perish very quickly.
advantages.
In addition to the essential advantages of water, the depth of power half-life in the microwave band, which is unparalleled by other chemical substances, can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
If possible, it is possible to avoid causing a particular increase in the weight and volume of the carry-on, and to stably improve the accuracy of azimuth information acquisition (specifically, narrow the azimuth limitation width
It is possible to achieve seemingly contradictory values at the same time.
<<0081>>
It doesn't matter whether the rescuer or the rescued side, as well as the human body, as well as distress rescue dogs and victims' location search dogs, etc., police dogs, pets, livestock, poultry, plants, etc. Of course, it is a basic chemical substance that is indispensable for the life support of humans.
<<0082>>
The day when fuel cells will be widely used in society is near, but when that happens, water will be the only clean chemical to be emitted.
From the point of view that the product can be used in this proposal in a cyclical manner, it shows that this proposal is well suited to the very future social framework, that is, it is compatible.
be.
<<0083>>
On the other hand, in this paper, when the expression "water" is used, it also means general substances containing water. There are many substances that exhibit a small power half-life for microwave-band electromagnetic waves due to the presence of water.
Representative examples include foods such as cereals, root vegetables, and meats, and beverage substances. There is the concept of ratio planning, which is mainly used in Japan and other countries for military and mountaineering. It means to consume.
The fact that such a concept is emphasized and exists shows that how to allocate one batch of ration (food), which is a heavy item, is important for such actions. This proposal shows that it is also possible to convert it from the viewpoint of contributing to the attenuation of diffracted waves from the perspective of carrying heavy objects that increase physical strength consumption during walking, such as long-term outdoor rescue activities and It shows the possibility of being used to avoid dangers such as during bad weather during natural research and exploration activities, and is well suited for such activities.
<<0084>>
Mainly for medical use, it can be effectively diverted in emergencies as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when there is extracellular fluid deficiency or sodium deficiency, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning skin and wound surfaces. Needless to say. Suitable for use in freezers and dishwashers. With a heat resistance temperature of 190°C and a cold resistance temperature of -20°C, it is suitable for harsh use in arid regions and polar regions, so it has excellent characteristics that do not break even in cold regions or extreme heat.
<<0085>>
In this paper, when the term water is used, lower alcohols (alcohols with a small carbon skeleton) that have a high affinity for water, such as methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol, are called lower alcohols in organic chemistry. are not included.) and general substances containing them. The reason is as follows.
They, like water, exhibit a very small power half-life depth for microwave-band electromagnetic waves. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, etc. are one of important medical supplies that can be used for both disinfection of wounds and surgical operations such as incisions, which are indispensable for emergency medical care in the event of a large-scale disaster. It can be used as fuel in polar regions and cold regions (multi-purpose applications such as heating for hypothermia patients, cooking food for victims, and driving fuel for small mobile vehicles (unmanned aerial vehicles, etc.) for communication between rescuers). It can also contribute to maintenance. Ethyl alcohol can also be diverted by ingesting it as a drink as a calorie for life support when there is no food in an emergency.
Ethyl alcohol also has the rare function of being able to safely impart long-term storage (corrosion resistance) to water and food, which is extremely meaningful in outdoor activities near the tropics. When traveling to polar regions such as Antarctica, the melting point of water, which tends to freeze from a closed vehicle such as a snowmobile, is reduced to about minus 70 degrees by turning it into an aqueous solution mixed with these alcohols. It also has the rare function of falling and avoiding freezing.
It may be a heat insulating material or a cold insulating material that is useful for saving lives in outdoor activities. It is significant that these materials, which are important in human life, exhibit a small power half-life depth against microwave band electromagnetic waves, in addition to such rare multifunctionality that is expected to be exhibited when carried. deep. Therefore, these substances are also included from the viewpoint of saving lives.
In the medical field, the ITU and other organizations are discussing the importance of rapid access to disaster areas and victims, as well as telemedicine technology. Appropriate instructions can be given along with images by satellite communication, etc., without necessarily having a doctor approach. Therefore, rapid access of medical co-medical is required.
Because of ICT technology, the true experts can be centrally located. Medical collaborators who carry out the judgment are required to quickly approach the local victims and patients.
Therefore, this proposal can be effectively utilized. One is that it is possible to grasp the position anywhere in the world with GPS. One reason is that the proposed method can obtain azimuth information. A co-medical maintains certain infusion fluids, such as saline. This proposal makes it possible to combine it with GPS and use it for a quick and accurate approach even during one's own movement. It can be said that the development of infusion technology has accompanied the advancement of surgery in the 40 years after World War II. On the other hand, the 40 years of surgical progress after the Second World War were astonishing, thanks to the aseptic method, the discovery of antibiotics, the development of anesthesia, and the establishment of blood transfusion and fluid therapy. But big. Similarly, the rapid spread of satellite positioning technology has drawn attention to this proposal for the first time. The 1901 K. Discovery of Landsteiner's ABO blood type, Hustin in 2014 Discovery of anticoagulant sodium citrate by Albert Hustin et al. Runt
The discovery of the Rh blood type by Steiner et al. promoted the implementation of blood transfusions and brought about great results. With the clarification of pathological conditions related to bodily fluids, it has become possible to supplement fluid therapy with contents suitable for abnormal pathological conditions. Moreover, in the past, it was impossible to supply more than 600 kcal a day no matter how hard we tried, but in the 1960s, transcentral venous high-calorie infusion therapy (central parenteral nutrition) was developed, making it possible to supply 2000 to 3000 kcal a day. It became a great gospel for surgical treatment. For convenience, the Japanese-English comparison of terms is as follows. Electrolyte Electrolyte/Electrolyte, Electrolyte Solution Electrolyte (Quality Solution) Liquid, Loss Tangent Loss Tangent, Dielectric Loss, Dielectric Loss Angle, dielectric constant Permittivity. Since it can be regarded as a developing field, it can be seen that some translations and concepts have been assigned. These were based on the physics and chemistry dictionary 5th edition, the encyclopedia Mypedia, the world encyclopedia 2nd edition, and the genius English-Japanese-English dictionary.
Alcohols are sometimes transported as infusions as medical liquids. It is also used as fuel for mountaineering and polar expeditions. In the polar regions, water freezes. A characteristic of water is that when it becomes ice, the power half-life changes greatly, resulting in an extremely large value. Thus, effective measures can be taken to avoid coagulation by mixing with ethyl alcohol and (with caution) methyl alcohol. This is because those alcohols have a freezing point of about minus 70 degrees and dissolve in water at any ratio. Ethyl alcohol can also be ingested as a nutrient for humans, and in recent years, it is well known that it is also used as a fuel for mobile vehicles. It is hopeful that such materials can be effectively used in this proposal. From Table 1, Figures 6 and 7, it can be seen that alcohols are suitable for this proposal. This is because alcohol is a polar molecule and has a large dielectric loss coefficient and a small power half-life.
<<0086>>
For 2.450 MHz microwaves the following can be said.
For example, in the case of water, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 1 cm, so it can be seen that the thickness of the object must be determined by the water content of the object.
In the case of methyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at about 0.5 cm (5 mm), which is shorter than that.
Even with ethyl alcohol, the microwave power is halved at a depth of about 3 cm.
The microwave power is halved at about 1.8 cm for clay (20% moisture content) and about 0.28 cm for sand (17% moisture content).
These materials can of course be diverted.
According to Hippel and Koshishima, it can be summarized as Table 1 for microwaves (2.450 MHz only). Table 1 summarizes the values by Hippel and Koshishima from the viewpoint of the inventor.
<<0087>>
<<Table1>>
000143

<<0088>>
(Source: Arthur R. Von Hippel and Alexander S. Labounsky, "Dielectric Materials and Applications", Arttech House; illustrated edition, ISBN 978-1580531238, pp. 300-39)
(source:
Edited by Tetsuo Koshijima, "Compilation of Microwave Heating Techniques", ISBN 4-86043-07
0-0, NTS press, November 2004)
<<0089>>
Some liquids other than water are also valid. It includes, for example, drinking water, drinking liquids (ethyl alcohol, etc.), foodstuffs, foods, medical infusions
Food packs, methyl alcohol for disinfection), locally available materials (sand <moisture content 17%>, etc.), cold and heat insulating materials (superabsorbent polymer, water, preservatives, melting point depressants, etc.).
be. Separately, heat-retaining clothing such as in seawater (chloroprene rubber such as neoprene) is also appropriate. These have received little attention in the past for this kind of purpose.
won. In other words, there was only some knowledge in the field of microwave food heating. In this paper, we make a completely new proposal that utilizes them heuristically.
<<0090>>
Water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc. have a large loss coefficient εr・tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, and inevitably, the depth of power is reduced by half.
D takes a small value. Therefore, it is effective to weaken the diffracted waves from the body side when using the proposed GPS receiver using the human body. Context of use of high cup GPS receiver with human body
(Nuclear disaster evacuation, outdoor rescue activities, support for activities similar to distress, nature exploration, research investigation, large-scale natural disaster emergency rescue activities, large-scale man-made disaster emergency rescue activities, etc.)
Suitable fit. Water (including water contained in non-processed food or processed food), medical infusions (raw food, medicine, alcohol for disinfection), and beverages for life support regardless of yourself or others
This is because it is assumed that the person is in possession of liquids (ethyl alcohol, sports drinks, seasonings (soy sauce), etc.).
<<0091>>
Conventionally, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, chloroprene, etc., which have a large loss factor εr·tan δ in electromagnetic waves in the microwave band, must be
Naturally, a material with a small power half-life depth D is likely to be heated by microwaves, and cannot be used as, for example, a structural material for a microwave heating device.
A fact that has often been considered exclusively in such a negative context must be given special attention in this proposal. In this proposal, from such a field-specific fixed point of view,
Once we are free, we can effectively utilize such seemingly disadvantageous phenomena to find new positive industrial value, and contribute to humankind's common public service, including lifesaving.
This is an attempt to make technical proposals that contribute to the development of communal welfare. In recent years, it has served as a kind of lifeboat that promotes citizens' voluntary lifesaving activities in nuclear power plant accidents.
Considering the importance of technical proposals, it can be said that making proposals is one of the important perspectives that can also be called the feature of this research.
<<0092>>
In the following, I will describe my idea of introducing the Fibonacci sequence for the case of using life-saving water. A little trick is needed to make it cylindrical. If you use it in a plate shape, you can do without such ingenuity.
When preparing water packed in a cylindrical shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, fresh water in a general shape that is often installed in lifeboats
It is also possible to divert the package in a vinyl bag. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a subdivided vinyl of about 5 cm wide x 3 cm long x 1 cm thick
It has become the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment to have potable water packaged as fresh water in a single package. city in our country
Packages of this shape on the market are mostly transparent packages, and those in blue letters and stamped with the approval of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are generally distributed and actually used.
<<0093>>
It is common to see items with similar dimensions and similar local language notations overseas. This is defined as lifeboat equipment to equip 3 liters of drinking water per person.
due to being mandated. Also, it is said that it is subdivided from the perspective of not opening and consuming all at once when it is damaged, but the reason is stated clearly.
not converted.
<<0094>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. While assuming a circle with a radius of about 5 cm to 20 cm at the bottom,
In an emergency, the person who obtained the lifeboat equipment by wrapping it around the proposed GPS device will naturally attach the proposed GPS device to its own body and the cylindrical shape (originally a water bag) formed by wrapping it.
With water, diffracted waves can be effectively and efficiently eliminated with just the equipment at hand while obtaining the bearing.
<<0095>>
The Regulations on Ship Lifesaving Equipment states, "(Lifeboat Equipment) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the equipment specified in the table below. Shimizu.”
<<0096>>
The dimension (length) of each small bag of drinking water subdivided and closed-packed continuous vinyl package separated by the cut is based on the following application proposal of the Fibonacci sequence proposed by the author in this paper. A devised vinyl package may also be used.
<<0097>>
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci (around 1170-1250) of Italy. The Fibonacci sequence is 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233 . The method of creating the Fibonacci sequence is to prepare only 1 and 1 first, then the previous two items
It is as simple as adding to make the next term. Taking the ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers, the limit converges to (1/2)(√(5)−1). FIG. 9 shows that the ratio of consecutive dyadic terms in the Fibonacci sequence converges to this value.
<<0098>>
This (1/2)·√(5)·1}=(0.618) is known as a number that often appears in nature such as plants. It is called Golden ratio (Golden ratio, sometimes written as φ).
The limit of the adjacent binomial ratio in the Fibonacci sequence also converges to this value. In the natural world, it is well known that the golden ratio is deeply related to phyllotaxis and the like.
<<0099>>
The shape of the leaves of a plant that protrude at a certain angle around the stem when viewed from directly above is called phyllotaxis. Assuming that one turn is 1, the phyllotaxis with a rotation rate of 1/2 comes out.
, the third leaf overlaps the first leaf, although the second leaf does not overlap. With a 1/3 turnover phyllotaxis, up to the 3rd leaf may not overlap, but the 4th leaf overlaps the 2nd leaf.
be. In a phyllotactic with a turnover rate of 2/5, up to the fifth leaf may not overlap, but the sixth leaf overlaps the first leaf. In the 3/8 turnover phyllotaxis, up to 8th phyllotaxis may not overlap, but 9th is 1
Overlaps with the second leaf.
<<0100>>
These are known to be ratios of adjacent two terms in the Fibonacci sequence. In the natural world, plant leaves rotate to attach the next leaf in order to efficiently receive sunlight. -ing
<<0101>>
In pursuit of the most efficient rate of rotation, it turns out to be the limit of two adjacent terms in the Fibonacci sequence (this is also the most beautiful ratio, or the golden ratio). It is (√(5)−1)/2=0.618034. This will be discussed next.
<<0102>>
There is a problem that the efficiency of receiving sunlight decreases when the leaves overlap when viewed from directly above. By analogy, drinking water subdivided airtight packaging continuous vinyl packaging
, there is no water in the vicinity of the break. There is a part that looks like a margin for glueing the sealed part of the vinyl. As it wraps around, it unexpectedly overlaps, and the outside
When viewed from above, the wall of water may not exist. If this happens, it becomes difficult to attenuate the diffracted waves with water. Therefore, by analogy of phyllotaxis, beverage
Water subdivided hermetically sealed continuous vinyl package, even if you don't think about it, you can wrap it well, and the cuts don't overlap, so it's almost guaranteed success when you apply diffracted wave attenuation with water.
I would like to provide a way to
<<0103>>
In addition, the Ship Lifesaving Equipment Regulations (May 19, 1965, Ministry of Transport Ordinance No. 36, final revision: December 22, 2009, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance No. 69) includes the following clauses: be. (Relief
Lifeboat Fittings) Article 14 Lifeboats shall be equipped with the fittings specified in the following table. 3 liters of drinking water per person:. Fresh water in a watertight container. ”. Drinking water subdivided airtight packing continuous vinyl
Packages are used as a de facto standard on this basis. However, at present, there is no particular rational basis for the dimensions, and they are practically standardized.
<<0104>>
The most efficient rotation rate is G=(√(5)-1)/2=0.618034, where G is the golden ratio. That is, G=0.618.
Then, the most efficient rotation angle is 360.0 degrees×golden ratio (0.618034...)=222.49... degrees.
Since this exceeds 180 degrees, the same is true for a rotation number of 360.0-222.49 degrees=137.51 degrees.
The rotation rate that gives this is g=1-G=0.38197.
Expressing this in units of radians, v=2πg(rad).
<<0105>>
In other words,
About 137.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1}-180 degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
or,
about 222.5 degrees (=360(1/2) √(5) 1} degrees) or a natural number multiple thereof,
In order to naturally form the mutual elongation of
The interval between adjacent separation cut lines is calculated from the paper cylinder radius, the thickness of the continuum with separation cut lines, and the order number of the cut lines from the top of the sealed vinyl packing package for drinking water
It is designed based on the interval value that is set, and the entire structure in which each separation cut line is distributed in different directions when viewed from the central axis and does not overlap no matter how many times it is wound is naturally formed.
and
It is possible to completely attenuate the signal strength derived from the GPS satellites existing outside the above air coverage area.
<<0106>>
In this way, the thin vinyl portion where water does not exist is unevenly distributed in one direction, and there is a possibility that the diffracted wave may enter without attenuation from such a thin portion where water exists.
can be reduced to At this time, a piece of vinyl that is long enough to use as a guideline for the initial diameter may be included or attached, or an inexpensive paper cylinder may be included.
You can pack it up and use it.
<<0107>>
In the following, to make the line of thought more clear, I will describe the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral. Archimedes lived around 600 B.C.E., and also established the mathematics of spirals. Archimedes' proposed spiral water pump is It is still used as an irrigation pump.It should be noted that Archimedes was not the inventor of the spiral.When was the spiral discovered?
don't know. ) (it is the simplest spiral among the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ.
<<0108>>
r is the radius of the vortex (assuming that a, b, and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle.
In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) in the case of winding exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0109>>
θ_0 at the start of winding is always 0.
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0110>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b・θ_1=a+b・1g (∵θ_1=2π・1g) r_2=a+b・θ_2 =a+b・2g (∵θ_2=2π・2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0111>>
First of all, if you want to calculate with exact values, it is better to do as follows. If it is not possible to calculate with approximate values, it will be described later, but calculation is first performed with exact values. Considering the features of simplicity and reality, it is better to select a calculation method that is well suited to the actual situation.
<<0112>>
First, the formula for obtaining the exact value is shown below.
<<0113>>
Archimedes spiral formula
r=aθ+b (a>0) (101)
If we want to find the length of the vortex of , we divide it into each minute part of the curve and integrate it, just like a normal curve.
<<0114>>
In the present invention, a flexible plate having a plurality of perforation line portions has an initial diameter 2a and starts to be wound in multiple layers (without requiring special awareness of other things at the site). ``The rotation angle (between the cut lines) that minimizes the probability that the cut line parts overlap (accidentally between layers)
The repetition of (137.51 [deg] = 2πg [rad]) is originally designed
Therefore, it is possible to realize such a dimensional structure from the design stage, which can also be realized at the site, even if you roll it unconsciously.
<<0115>>
For convenience, "If the rotation angle of the 0th cutting line is θ (n = 0) = 2πgn = 2πg 0 = 0 [rad], the rotation angle of the nth cutting line is θ (n = n) = 2πgn [rad], The angle of rotation of the (n+1)th cutting line can be conveniently expressed in a simple expression form of θ(n=n+1)=2πg(n+1) [rad].
<<0116>>
The distance between the n-th cut line and the (n+1)th cut-off line (assuming that the spiral is straightened by squeezing) is now
L(n)
Then, all the above preparations are fully utilized, and:
《Number 3》
000144

The exact solution is obtained as For the great advantage of obtaining an exact solution, the result is reduced by the relatively simple square root of the quadratic formula and the simple logarithm of the degree formula.
was found to be obtained. Note that the logarithm contains an absolute value sign. For a formula this simple, it is easy to use this formula at design time, and this formula is
In the future, with the advent of the GNSS era, we will develop a closed packaging container for continuously subdivided drinking water that can function effectively when attempting to attenuate diffracted waves in combination with the GPS receiver of the proposed method.
The length of the interval between adjacent cut lines of the packaging) is simply the initial winding radius a, the thickness of the subdivided drinking water b / 2 π, and the order of the cut lines n (the rest is π, based on the golden ratio
It can be calculated in a short time from the constant g defined by
Since GNSS can be internalized, in an era when GNSS is taken as a social infrastructure and its receivers are commonly used and carried, it shows high utility with great effects.
It becomes a thing. [
] indicates the result of indefinite integration, ] the lower right value is the start value, and the ] right shoulder value is the end value.
<<0117>>
It is the inventor of the present invention who derived the above logic. On the other hand, only in part of the process in the process, only for the technical aspect of solving a certain type of indefinite integral, only a part of the description in the following document is given as a method for solving a certain type of indefinite integral I used it as a reference. However, I would like to point out again that the proposal of the basic problem of this proposal, the idea proposal for the solution, the mathematical problem setting, the policy and the solution are all due to the author's creativity. In addition, "Iwanami Mathematical Formula I, - Calculus/Plane Curve -, Shigekazu Moriguchi, Kanehisa Udagawa, Shin Hitomatsu, Iwanami Shoten, 2010, Chapter 3, Indefinite Integral of Quadratic Irrational Functions, Section 26 ""2 See Indefinite Integral p.121", including the square root of the general formula
<<0118>>
The above formula shows:
The length L(n) between the n-th cut and the n+1-th cut is determined only by a constant, which should have already been determined at the time of manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging. Notice what you can do. If anything, the radius a at the start of winding, drinking water
Average thickness of subdivided packaging (b/(2π)), constant π, constant g (= 1 - G = 1 - golden ratio), integer n = 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. are all known numbers. expressible
be.
<<0119>>
This is because when manufacturing or designing the drinking water subdivision packaging, the length L (n) between the n-th cut lines is set to the winding start radius a, the average thickness of the drinking water subdivision packaging (b / ( 2π)) can be determined.
<<0120>>
Next is liberation by approximation.
<<0121>>
It assumes the Archimedes spiral (sometimes also known as the Archimedes spiral) (which is the simplest of the six known spirals). It is expressed as r=a+bθ. r is the radius of the vortex (where a, b and θ are defined as follows). a is the radius at the start of winding. b is the length by which the spiral radius increases per 1 radian of rotation angle. In other words, "thickness of water subdivided bag/(2π)".
In other words, "the length of the radius that increases with each turn/(2π)". θ is the cumulative rotation angle (radian).
For example, θ=2π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly one turn.
For example, θ=4π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly two times.
For example, θ=5π (radian) when the wire is wound exactly 2.5 times. The radius of the spiral increases by b/(2π) each time it is wound one round (θ=2π (radian)).
<<0122>>
θ_0 at the start is always 0 .
θ_1
θ_2
θ_3
<<0123>>
θ_n
and so on. Then
r_0=a+b·θ_0=a (∵θ_0=2π·0g)
r_1=a+b·θ_1=a+b·1g (∵θ_1=2π·1g)
r_2=a+b·θ_2=a+b·2g (∵θ_2=2π·2g)
r_3=a+b·θ_3=a+b·3g (∵θ_3=2π·3g)
:
r_n=a+b・θ_n=a+b・n・g (∵θ_n=2π・ng)
is.
<<0124>>
Here, if n = 1, 2, 3 ..., the radius at that time is the average of the previous radius and the current radius r_(n, n-1) = (1/ 2)・[r_(n)+r(n−1)]=(1/2)[(a+bng)+(a+b(n−1)g)]=1/2(2a+2bng・bg)=(a+bng)・It is approximated by (1/2)bg.
<<0125>>
So its circumference is approximately obtained by
2π・r_(n,n−1)=2π[(a+bng)・(1/2)bg]=2π[(a−0.5bg)+bgn] (n=1,2,3,...)
<<0126>>
As part of it, the arc length corresponding to g as a ratio is obtained approximately by
2π・r_(n,n−1)・g=2πg[(a−0.5bg)+bgn]
=2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
<<0127>>
This has important implications, namely
Using a drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package in which the radius increases by b each time it is wrapped around,
When winding outward with the radius at the start of winding as a,
Corresponding the mutual interval of the positions of the cuts to the order of appearance of the cuts, n (n = 1, 2, 3, ...),
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
, the overlap is minimized even with winding.
<<0128>>
The radius at the start of winding is a (cm),
Using a continuous vinyl package for subdivision of drinking water with a thickness of b (cm) and closed packaging, the radius at the start of winding is assumed to be a and is wound outward to form a cylinder of water.
2πg(a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
A hermetically-sealed continuous vinyl package design may minimize overlap when wrapped and be efficient in attenuation of diffracted waves.
<<0129>>
At that time, it should be specified specifically how many cm the radius a at the start of winding was based on, and the continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided and sealed was manufactured, and the length of the vinyl scrap of the package should be specified. As you can see, it is better to make it so that it hangs down with a diameter of 2a.
<<0130>>
For example, assuming a radius of a = 7.5 cm, a vinyl package with a scale of 2 a = 15 cm printed on it is used as a break for a continuous vinyl package for drinking water subdivided sealed packaging.
If it is specified that the only part is the diameter at the start of wrapping, it will be easy for the victim to understand in case of emergency. The diameter of a circle shape is the diameter of a circle or square.
As a visual aid, non-verbal paintings are also used to help intuitive understanding, so that passengers from different countries, sailors and navigators from different countries can understand immediately in an emergency.
It would be even better if it was printed out so that it would be easier to understand.
<<0131>>
In addition, in the case of a design in which the thickness of the beverage subdivided closed-packaging continuous vinyl package is b=0.7 cm, the breaks in the drinking water subdivided sealed-packaging continuous vinyl package are:
According to n = 1, 2, 3, etc., it is clear from the above equation developed for the first time by the inventor that it should be made as follows when it comes to what number of cm it should be made.
Let's become
<<0132>>
When n=1, 2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
=2π0.381966(7.5・0.5・0.7・0.381966) +2π0.7・0.381966・0.381966・n
= 17.6788772 + 0.6416930 n
≈17.68 +0.64n So initially (n=1), 18.96 cm long, configure.
<<0133>>
After that, by extending the length by 0.64 cm and manufacturing it from the beginning, the user can provide a continuous vinyl package for drinking water with a thickness of b = 0.7 cm.
When trying to improve accuracy (further narrowing of the azimuth limitation width) by simultaneously using the proposed method's diffracted wave attenuation of a GPS receiver equipped with a function that allows azimuth acquisition when stationary and the body's body
Also, as long as you start winding at a = 7.5 cm radius (2a = 15 cm diameter), without thinking too much, the cuts do not overlap, and at maximum efficiency, naturally
As a result, a cylindrical water structure can be instantly and easily formed in which it is extremely difficult for special cuts that allow the entrance of diffracted waves to overlap.
be.
<<0134>>
In the past, it seems that the length of each of the continuous vinyl packages for drinking water subdivided and hermetically sealed was simply a stable shape due to historical circumstances, without any particular rational reason.
<<0135>>
In the future, in view of the importance of saving lives, each thing will be able to have multiple functions in the event of a crisis.
Based on the idea of enhancing each other's functions in a comprehensive manner, we have created a continuous vinyl package for drinking water that is commonly called a life-saving water package.
If you decide the length of the eye, GPS (
Or GNSS) is suitable for the era when social infrastructure becomes important. This not only provides azimuth information that gives victims a basis for making decisions on their own initiative, but also makes it possible for people heading to rescue victims to use such equipment as a standard, making training easier. .
<<0136>>
In fact, even when n = 21 cuts are wound in the 7th round of continuous winding, as can be seen from the fact that the cuts are not clearly overlapped yet, there is a great effect.
<<0137>>
The Fibonacci sequence may also be defined as follows. It's almost the same thing, but I'll make a note of it just in case. It is a format that does not specify an initial value.
That is, the sequence . In other words
《Number 4》
000145

In particular, when a(0)=1 and a(1)=1, Binet's formula
《Number 5》
000146

there is and also
《Number 6》
000147

can also be written as
where [ ] is the Gaussian symbol
Even if it is described in this way, there is no essential difference between the basic idea and its nature, and the same argument holds.
<<0138>>
When arranging the cylindrical water so that its center axis coincides with the normal line of the antenna and is almost perpendicular to the vertical axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body, Velcro (registered trademark), harness, Adhesive tape may be used for fixing.
<<0139>>
In the following, we will discuss the form of applying this proposal to those engaged in mountaineering, security, security, lifesaving, disaster relief, international disaster relief, and so on.
As shown in FIG. 10, it is also effective to previously form such a structure in the lower part of the rucksack or the like so as to be hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the drinking water package described above, which is rolled to form a cylindrical shape, is well rolled.
A cylindrical gap made of cloth may be formed in advance so that it can be stored while being attached. At the center of the circle on the bottom that corresponds to the back of the rucksack, which is the bottom
is applied with Velcro (registered trademark) and interacts with the Velcro (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor.
It is also good to make it easy to remove. Instead of urethane, a material such as chloroprene having high absorption characteristics in the 1.5 GHz band may be used.
<<0140>>
When not used for the intended purpose of the present invention, it can be used as a pocket in which light items that are frequently taken out can be placed. cylindrical in shape
A long sheet of paper such as a map can be stored in the part without creases, and the space is not wasted. In addition, there is a tent called a tent mat that spreads on the floor.
A resin material or the like may also be stored in this cylindrical portion. When not in use, the part connecting the cylindrical part and the bottom circle is covered with a cloth lid with a zipper to prevent dust from entering.
Even if you leave it as it is, it will look better, so it is of course good.
<<0141>>
An example of an actual usage method is shown below with reference to FIG.
<<0142>>
The L1 C/A GPS receiver already proposed by the inventor is placed on the back of the waist of the body, and the normal direction of the antenna main beam is perpendicular to the center axis of the body and perpendicular to the left and right plane of the body. Arrange along the direction of going away.
<<0143>>
Prepare water packed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness. In a container such as plastic that does not affect microwaves, water is placed in a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness.
You may prepare the thing packed so that it may be made. The main plane of the shape is arranged so that it is perpendicular to the left and right sides of the body and perpendicular to the ground on both sides. rectangle at this time
The thickness of the surface may be about several centimeters. It depends on the susceptibility to the diffracted waves of the GPS receiver to be used.
<<0144>>
Alternatively, a lightweight water bottle that is flat and thin when not filled with water, such as a lightweight water bottle that becomes a rectangular plate structure with a certain thickness for the first time when it is filled with water.
It is built into the vest or can be attached, and when not filled with water or "when water is filled but not used", it can be folded left and right on the back of the vest to make it bulky.
It maintains a low profile shape, and when used, it can be opened to the left and right by about 90 degrees like a door that opens with a hinge to form the shape of FIG.
stomach.
<<0145>>
The container, such as plastic, may be connected by a tube to the user's mouth and designed to help the user rehydrate. so-called hydra
It is called a hydration system and can combine the usage used for hydration during action such as infantry, cycling and athletes. Water is replenished by chewing
be It can be composed not only of water but also of nutritional drinks, etc., and enables it when it is important to continue to act without taking a break for a long time. of course,
The use of a GPS receiver is also useful because not only positioning but also azimuth can be obtained. It is compatible with such a near-future outdoor activity support system, and has a high compatibility.
The fact that it is possible to do so is one of the excellent advantages of proposing a method of using this GPS receiver in the field in cooperation with the human body and water.
<<0146>>
Life-saving water is revisited here from a slightly different point of view. The de facto standard articulated vinyl package embodying potable water as set forth in the Lifeboat Equipment Regulations is, in some sense, a plate-like structure of water. This may be stacked several times in a slightly flattened rectangular parallelepiped framework made of plastic to form the aforementioned thick rectangular surface. In that case, you can hang it from your shoulder with a climbing sling or the like.
<<0147>>
When preparing water packed in a thin, flat rectangular shape of a certain shape, in accordance with the lifeboat equipment regulations, general lifeboats are often equipped with
It is also possible to use a Shimizu plastic bag package. Some shapes have become de facto standard. For example, a small vinyl package of about 12 cm in width, about 6 cm in height, and 1 cm in thickness, in which potable water is packaged as fresh water, is the de facto standard for lifeboat equipment.
The package of this shape that is commercially available in Japan is generally a transparent package, written in blue, and stamped with the certification of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Overseas, the same size and the same local language notation
I often see things. This is because lifeboats are required to carry 3 liters of drinking water per person. all at once
It is subdivided so that it will not be opened and consumed.
<<0148>>
In a sense, the water-connected vinyl package described above is a water plate-like structure. Cut this into a rectangle with a thickness of several centimeters, a length of about 20 cm and a width of about 10 cm.
While assuming, by hanging from the eaves constructed on the side of the vest, in an emergency, the material obtained from the lifeboat equipment will automatically attach the proposed GPS device to your body,
With water in the shape of a flat plate (originally a water bag), it is possible to obtain the direction while effectively and efficiently eliminating diffracted waves with only the equipment at hand. For this reason, the vest
You may form it using a hinge so that it may protrude perpendicular|vertically to the upper-lower-left-right-left surface of a body. You can hang it there. Therefore, drink
The water package may be provided with holes for hanging. The vest may be provided with hinged posts for this purpose.
<<0149>>
An application involving rucksacks is discussed here.
As shown in FIG. 11, it is also effective to form such a structure in advance in the lower part of the rucksack or the like in such a manner that the structure is hollowed out so as to be insertable. In that case, such as urethane
It is possible to make effective use of materials that are lightweight but can maintain their shape. In doing so, the previously mentioned drinking water package forming a thin rectangular shape can be conveniently stored.
Such gaps made of cloth may be formed in advance. Velcro (registered trademark)
Marks) are arranged, and the interaction with the magic tape (registered trademark) applied to the bottom surface of the GPS receiver proposed by the inventor makes it possible to attach and detach easily.
Also good.
<<0150>>
Here, we discuss the application of this proposal to vests worn by professionals such as police officers, coast guard workers, and security workers. 12 or 13
As such, the lifejacket or vest can and may be configured to increase convenience. Figure 13 has no gap when closed, but
Even if it is closed with a gap, the antenna of the GPS receiver may of course be constructed so that the face can be seen outside. It may be configured as shown in FIGS. 14(d) and (e).
Of course. In this case, there is a horizontal rod-shaped object, but by using resin rods, resin spacers, resin rotating screws, etc. as these materials, it is possible to absorb electromagnetic waves.
In addition to having the advantage of being able to expect higher yields, there is also the possibility of having some kind of electromagnetic influence, or at least a negative influence, on the azimuth limitation.
It fits well because there is no sense of urgency.
<<0151>>
FIG. 12 or FIG. 13 is used to explain the following aspects of the jacket/vest/lifejacket format and its format.
First, when actually using a container mechanism imparted with a water structure retention function to a chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit or life jacket, or to a specialized clothing vest for professional use, it is necessary to open the door. Describe structural evolution. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, naval personnel, aqualung enthusiasts, and police officers. is. Next, it is possible to explain the structural arrangement in a double-door shape when using the exposed part of the chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) wet suit to weaken the diffracted waves.
can. Examples of users include: coast guard personnel, ToQ personnel, Maritime Self-Defense Force personnel, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), coast guard volunteers, Dai
Bing Aqualung enthusiast and police officer.
Alternatively, the hinge is used when the cooling agent or heat storage agent, which is initially incorporated in the vest, which is a special clothing, in a shape that conforms to the body, is also used to weaken the diffracted waves.
It is also possible to explain the shape when used for double doors. Examples of users include: people who benefit from the use of ice packs and phonographs for outdoor security in hot weather or cold climates;
Police officers, members of the Self-Defense Forces, military personnel (infantry, special forces personnel, paratroopers), and coast guard personnel who have a certain degree of necessity to obtain directions in an emergency.
Alternatively, it can be explained that the chest front part of the chloroprene (CR rubber) vest is deployed backward when not in use and utilized to weaken the diffracted waves. Examples of users include: triathlon runners/athletes/trainers, cross-country athletes, coast guard personnel.
<<0152>>
In addition, when adopting the configuration of FIG. 14, a plate-like object may be sandwiched between the sides for use. At that time, if the resin has some flexibility, it is suitable because it has good adhesion to the side surface of the body. <<0153>>
Next, we discuss application to wheelchairs. FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram of an embodiment in which this proposal is applied to a wheelchair. In the figure, the part shown with a mesh is an electromagnetic wave absorber.
It corresponds to the arrangement place of the thing containing moisture discussed above. If this is a water bottle [including a drug supply function, etc.], it is naturally an oral water supply (water drinking) tube.
Of course, they may be connected and provided to the user. Medical pharmacological infusion solutions (e.g. clear plastic medical pouch packaging for intravenous drips)
) but it's good as well. In the figure, the water bottle is attached to the back like a square placed horizontally, and the GPS receiver is placed at the bottom of the bottle. Of course, it is not limited to this figure.
However, it is specifically noted that such square figures may be made with a narrower opening. In other words, if the masu-shaped mouth seems to be wider than necessary,
is a flat plate water bottle with a hollow center opening that has only a smaller opening.
Therefore, it is very convenient to strengthen the attenuation effect of microwave diffracted waves. The amount of water increases slightly, but if you are in a wheelchair, the wheels will hold it.
Since it has a feature that it hardly places a burden on the user, it is suitable for use.
<<0154>>
Next, we discuss the application to electric wheelchairs. In recent years, when using electric wheelchairs, which are becoming more popular due to the reduction of the burden on users and the improvement of convenience, the motor drive and power unit
may be surrounded as separately as possible by a water bottle containing water. This is a GPS receiver that has already been processed to attenuate diffracted waves with a square on the back.
In order to prevent noise-type electromagnetic waves or inductive unnecessary electromagnetic waves from being emitted in the unlikely event that they have an effect, we have doubled the proximity of potential sources such as motors. Of course, it is also possible to devise ways to attenuate the effect of an emergency in advance. (It is not shown, but there is often a motorized drive under the seat.
Therefore, it is easy to separately arrange a water bottle surrounding it. In addition, when traveling outdoors for a long time, it is convenient because it is easy to replenish because it has plenty of water.
be.
<<0155>>
With the increase in the number of electric wheelchairs, the use of batteries in electric wheelchairs has become the norm. If it is a normal battery, copper sulfate liquid is loaded and the liquid can be used. Recently, a lithium-ion polymer battery has been installed, and even in that case, it can be used because it contains a polymer component and moisture.
<<0156>>
Recently, wheelchairs have become more diverse, and in anticipation of an improvement in quality of life (QOL) in daily use, all wheels, including spokes, are made of wood and other materials with a good texture, eliminating metal. wheelchairs are very popular
stomach. These wooden wheelchairs are said to be very popular among users because of their pleasant texture and their psychological effects, such as the fact that even sitting in a wheelchair every day makes them happy. It should be noted that these popular wood member wheelchairs are also expected to have minimal impact on GPS receivers and are still well suited with this device for upcoming social welfare use. Needless to say, it is suitable for a single-seat mobile unit such as a Segway. Such single-seater vehicles are showing signs of explosive popularity in recent years and are an important application field. The reason is that there is no area that can be used as shielding, so it is compatible with this method that utilizes the human body and water. This phenomenon of individual empowerment is characteristic of the present age, and it can be said that we live in an age in which individuals have the ability to use science and technology rarely seen in history. If the individual possesses a mobile phone connected to satellite communication and can receive signals from positioning satellites and know their current position, the error factor (difference, deviation, local It is a problem to have only unreliable measures that the magnetism) is large and basically impossible to eliminate local epochs. Therefore, the highly reliable method proposed by the present invention will be a valuable measure as a method that can be implemented as reliably as possible if there is no obstruction. Takahashi (2011) describes the feasibility of this method as 9000 trials, 5 times in total, 15 times, 600 times each time, depending on the location with many mountains, with many buildings, and with an open sky. was shown by field experiments. (Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring direction at rest - Proposal of new method that is compact, lightweight and inexpensive -, The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Border area (ISSN: 1881-0195), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111, February.2011)
<<0157>>
Various specific application forms have been discussed above. What they have in common are: First, with the proposed GPS receiver, in order to obtain the direction, the person's back (body) is used to prevent the increase of personal belongings, and the electromagnetic wave absorber that exists nearby is utilized. Since direction acquisition is realized in this way, there is no pointless increase in the number of items to be carried, and complexity can be avoided. In particular, there is an excellent feature that this method is possible even when there is no mountain shielding, building shielding, large ships, large aircraft bodies, or huge wall surfaces. In addition, it has an irreplaceable feature that the purpose can be achieved even if a low-cost GPS receiver is used and it does not have fine signal strength discriminating power.
<<0158>>
So far, I have discussed in detail that there are various kinds of familiar things that should be at hand at that time. The following are shown.
<<0159>>
The first is water. The essence is that the magnitude of the dielectric loss (√εr)·(tan δ) of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole contributes to the smallness of the power half-life depth D. Occasionally, water dissolved
The magnitude of the conductivity σ provided by the electrolyte also contributes to the small power half-life depth D. He also argued that many things fit into this genre. Water (drinking, cooking, sanitary
Use (toothpaste cleaning, etc.), tea, yogurt, grains, root vegetables, plants, animals, food ingredients Bath water, toilet water, refrigerant, heat preservation agent, mayonnaise, sauce, soy sauce, milk, juice, etc.
is quite possible.
<<0160>>
Next is the salt dissolved in water. Its essence is the conductivity σ of the electrolytic chamber, which contributes to the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole. Seasoned food, preservative miso, salt solution, muscle skin tissue, nutritional gel food (a product name such as weider in jelly), preservable sausage (fish meat, pork, etc.), preservable salami, salt water, etc. Shelf life ham
Preservable bacon/sports drinks (product names such as Pocari Sweat, Gatorade, etc.).
<<0161>>
In addition to them, there are alcohols (the essence of which is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole), and medical disinfectants, saline solutions, infusion solutions, and drug solutions fall into this category.
<<0162>>
Furthermore, super absorbent polymer (SAP: Super Absorbent Polymer) (its essence is also the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the conductivity of the electrolytic chamber
rate). In this field, the sodium polyacrylate system can be mentioned. Among the water-absorbing resins, the water-absorbing performance is particularly high, and when pressure is applied,
A resin that retains water even in a state is called a highly absorbent resin. Diapers
, sanitary products, cold packs, warm packs, fragrances, deodorants, cosmetics, sealants, etc. As for the state, it is initially in the form of powder, and when it comes into contact with water, it absorbs water and turns into a gel. This is also available.
<<0163>>
A feature of the proposed method is that it has a wide range of advantages in that it can be used not only for the above, but also for the following. That is, mechanical lubrication system, power supply function system, antifreeze liquid
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze), battery fluid (electrolyte + water), lithium ion polymer battery (polymer gel), etc. can also be used. These absorbent essences
is the dielectric loss of the dielectric polarization of the permanent dipole + the electric
It can be thought of as the electrical conductivity of the open chamber.
<<0164>>
Fig. 18 shows that the configuration in which the human body is arranged in a straight line shape as a microwave absorber and the GPS receiver is placed in the center of the microwave absorber can receive microphones from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
Fig. 3 is a conceptual diagram showing that although somewhat effective at attenuating radio frequency diffracted waves, GPS receivers can sometimes be affected by the diffracted waves. if the body
As a schematic view of the body when looking down from above, it can be regarded as a water bag of almost constant thickness with a horizontal line. In this way, only the body is covered with shielding material.
Alternatively, the case of using it as an absorbent material will be considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper surface. Body back direction is above the paper surface
A GPS receiver is attached to the back of its body. Microwaves arriving from the front of the body are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended for reception.
It has been shown that microwave diffracted waves generated at the left and right end points of the body can sometimes be received by a GPS receiver placed in the middle of the back of the body.
<<0165>>
In Fig. 19, in addition to the human body, a familiar microwave absorbing material that can be used in the context of use is placed near the human body and integrated into a U-shaped shape as a whole, and a GPS receiver is placed in the center.
1 is a conceptual diagram showing that the configuration is considerably effective in attenuating microwave diffracted waves from directions not primarily intended for reception. As a schematic diagram of the body when looking down from above, it may be possible to regard it as a water bag with a horizontal line and an almost constant thickness. In this way, the case where the body is also used as a shielding material or an absorbing material is considered in the schematic diagram of this figure. In the figure, the frontal direction of the body is assumed to face downward on the paper, as in the previous figure. The direction of the back of the body is assumed to face upward on the paper, and the GPS receiver is attached to the back of the body. It is intended to be used as a visual aid for understanding that diffracted wave effects are less likely to affect GPS receivers, especially when compared to FIG. Mountain Rescue Team members, International Disaster Relief Teams, and others who always carry a certain amount of drinking water (several liters) in order to sustain their own lives and to save the lives of people in distress or disaster. If you are trying to hold, carry, and carry heavy water while walking, when you acquire the direction, you can hold the water as shown in Fig. 19 (70% of the body is water). Therefore, this is also considered to be water). Body Microwaves coming from the front direction are microwaves from directions that are not primarily intended to be received. It is shown that the receiver is less affected than in the previous figure. In this way, the water carried by the team members can be used to attenuate the diffracted waves in order to reduce the influence of the diffracted waves on the GPS device that can acquire the bearing at rest, as proposed by the author. The water, the body, and the GPS receiver that you are carrying with you all work together in a harmonious way, so that you can suitably support the life-saving mission in question.
In short, what is discussed in this article includes the following.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is attached to the front side or the rear side of the body and contains water on at least one of the left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device. Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude obliquely rearward, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the body are orthogonal to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the antenna main beam of the GPS receiver A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions are substantially the same.
In the above method for obtaining direction information; the shape of the one containing water is cylindrical; the interval between any two of the initially adjacent separating cut lines is about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof in terms of the directional angle in the plane perpendicular to the central axis of the paper cylinder, etc., or , about 222.5 degrees (which is the difference of 137.5 degrees from 180 degrees) or a natural multiple thereof, the spacing of adjacent separation cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water subdivision. Designed based on the spacing value calculated from the thickness of the closed vinyl packaging package continuum with separation perforation lines and the sequence number of the perforation lines from the top;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side or the left or right side of the above-mentioned orientation information acquisition device, contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 5 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals. , mounted so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains a substance with a power half-life depth of 20 cm or less for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of GPS satellite transmission signals at least on either the left or right or the left or right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device. is attached so as to protrude forward, rearward, or laterally from the azimuth information acquisition device, and attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites existing outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area. Information acquisition method.
The azimuth information acquisition method described above; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. or to be ingested as food containing water or alcohol, or to use miso or miso, or sausage, salami, ham, or smoked products or a nutritional supplement liquid or gel, or a part of an animal or plant, or meat or grains or legumes or root vegetables; High water content tissue such as muscle or skin, seasoning, heat/cold insulation, superabsorbent polymer, gel or liquid cosmetics or household products Daily necessities such as commodities (detergents, liquid soaps), or industrial products such as liquid or gel polymers containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries, or chloroprene rubber, polychloroprene rubber, or chloroprene A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as 1.5 GHz band equivalent to or greater than rubber (CR rubber), or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself, or in polar regions or cold regions. or high altitude antifreeze, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or wet soil or moisture such as those available in the field in an emergency during a large-scale natural or large-scale man-made disaster. The use of sand or seawater or lake water or river water or rainwater or sometimes excreted by living organisms or livestock may prove useful in harsh environments where such is the case; A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the liquid is a chemical solution, a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution. Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the modulus (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength originating from GPS satellites existing outside the sky coverage area by mounting the antenna so as to protrude sideways. The azimuth information acquisition method, which contains water, is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel. A direction information acquisition method, characterized in that the container is a container containing alcohol of
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder or a part thereof; the central axis, the vertical axis of the body, and the left and right A GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the direction of the main antenna beam of the GPS receiver are: and having a structure that can be incorporated and removed as an internal structure of a rucksack.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
2πg (a-0.5bg) + 2πbggn (where n = 1, 2, 3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding, so that water does not exist. A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and easily formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of cut portions.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm). (cm) and assuming that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π is the circumference constant
[(aθ+b)/2√{θ^2+2bθ/a+1+(b/a)^2}+(a/2)log|2θ+(2b/a)+2√{θ^2+2bθ/a + 1 + (b/a)^2}| ] from (2πgn) to (2πg(n+1))
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] from a to z is the symbol for the definite integral from a to z.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect to the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without the need for assistance such as checking, etc., and it is also easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a suitable small and compact shape, in fact, as you can see from not a few athletes who participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work, by Maejima and Kazuyoshi. Rope work immediately useful in the outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0166>>
Next, I will briefly mention the interdisciplinarity of research that has practicality in the field of disaster relief. At disaster relief sites, the introduction of various technologies in the fields of medicine and outdoor sports science is routinely carried out to contribute to actual lifesaving actions. From such a point of view, it should be pointed out that the following materials are also suitable for this proposal.
<<0167>>
First, I will describe what should be used from the viewpoint of medicine and medical systems. Physiological saline is an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, ie, saline, having a concentration that is approximately isotonic with human body fluids. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia and prescription drugs define a saline solution containing 0.9% by weight of sodium chloride as a "physiological saline solution". With the revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law on April 1, 2005, saline was treated as a prescription drug. Mainly for medical use, it is used as a base for electrolyte solutions for infusions when extracellular fluid is deficient or sodium is depleted, for diluting anesthetic solutions and injections, and for cleaning the skin and wound surfaces. It is also used for nasal irrigation and the saline bag method of surgery. In some cases, Ringer's solution with further adjusted components is used so as not to damage the living body tissue. In the category of infusions, this
There are various types other than these, and among them, various types such as 5% glucose solution, No. 1 to No. 4 solution, high calorie solution, etc. exist for different purposes. A high-calorie liquid is a preparation that can administer the necessary amount of calories per day. It contains a high concentration of glucose and amino acids in addition to the maintenance solution. Due to its high osmotic pressure, it is administered via the central venous route. These are often packaged in clear, flexible, lightweight pouches that allow for infusion. In that sense, similar handling as described above is possible. There is also a high probability that medical workers who go to the disaster site on foot to save lives will have it.
<<0168>>
Moreover, in recent years, oral rehydration salt (Oral Rehydration Salt) has also attracted attention. It is mainly used to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, fever, etc. It is a mixture of salt and glucose that is dissolved in water and taken to absorb water in the small intestine. When dissolved in water, it is called Oral Rehydration Solution. The abbreviation ORS is used to mean either Salt or Solution. Symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, if prolonged or frequent, can lead to dehydration, which can be fatal in children and the elderly.
<<0169>>
On the other hand, in hospitals, rehydration is mainly performed by drip infusion, but treatment with oral rehydration salt is becoming popular due to the simplicity of the procedure. Especially in developing countries, there is a high risk of developing dehydration caused by infectious diseases, etc., and in some cases, it is difficult to administer IV treatment due to the lack of sufficient medical facilities. For this reason, WHO and UNICEF are distributing oral rehydration salts and promoting awareness-raising activities regarding rehydration treatment at the early stage of disease onset. Even in developed countries, it is difficult to administer intravenous drips for a long time, especially to infants, and rehydration with oral rehydration salts is considered desirable. Oral rehydration solution pouch packaging can also be used effectively.
<<0170>>
Water is also absorbed when sodium ions and glucose are absorbed in the small intestine. target. Shigeyu, which has long been considered food for sick people, is a food made by boiling rice containing a large amount of starch (a polymer of glucose) and adding a small amount of salt. As a result of research, water absorption efficiency is maximized when the glucose concentration is about 2-2.5% and the molar ratio of glucose to sodium is 1:1. The osmotic pressure is preferably 200-250 mOSm/L, which is slightly lower than the osmotic pressure of blood (270 mOsm/L).
<<0171>>
As a simple way to make ORS for emergencies such as heatstroke, you can make 1 liter of water with 4 and 1/2 tablespoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt. Such a product is called LGS, and in some developing countries, it is common in some areas to add a pinch of salt and a handful of sugar to a glass of boiling water. These can also be used. In recent years, the importance of support activities using economic activities and science and technology targeting the Base of Pyramid (BOP) has been widely spoken. In addition, by carrying water, beverages, and food, which are basic elements for daily life, at the same time, the accuracy of the function can be improved by using only the physical structure. This proposal, which is a method that can contribute to
<<0172>>
By adding bicarbonate to such a simple LGS, the absorption efficiency of water is further increased, so it is preferable to add citric acid as its precursor. This is similar to the content of commercial sports drinks, but the ORS has a higher sodium composition. In fact, it is known that giving sports drinks to dehydrated infants causes water intoxication due to hyponatremia. Currently, in Japan, OS-1, a drink for ORS, is sold as a food for individualized evaluation type patients approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, and is sold at dispensing pharmacies and hospital shops. These can also be used.
<<0173>>
Sports drinks are also well suited. This is a functional drink aimed at efficiently replenishing the water and minerals that have been lost from the body through perspiration and the like due to exercise. It is said to be effective in relieving dehydration and preventing heat stroke during sports under the scorching sun. It has an osmotic pressure almost equal to that of body fluids. It is sometimes called an isotonic drink or a sports drink. Sports drinks are sometimes recommended as a countermeasure against heat stroke in daily life. These can also be suitably utilized.
The dielectric constant of water depends not only on frequency (ω is each frequency of microwave), but also on temperature because water is a polar molecule. Thrane theoretically and experimentally obtained the salinity and temperature dependence of seawater, and calculated the dielectric constant of water below 40 degrees according to Debye's It was shown that the coefficients in the relational expression can be obtained by giving the second and subsequent lines of Equation 7.
《Number 7》
000148

where s is the weight percent of salinity and t is the temperature (°C). The weight percent of salinity, temperature, and frequency determine the dielectric constant of water, and it is well known that as salinity increases, the absorption of microwaves by water tends to increase, ie, the power half-life depth decreases.
(Popular Edition Microwave Technology Compilation Editor-in-Chief Koshijima P667)
From the above it can be seen that conductive water with dissolved electrolytes is much better suited for attenuation of the diffracted wave than water alone. This includes not only pure water, but also sports drinks, tea, soft drinks, fruit drinks, and boiled vegetables and spinach that have already been seasoned with soy sauce or salt.
Foods such as dipped and boiled potatoes, ham, bacon, sausages, ice bars, etc. are already on the market in well-defined lightweight plastic forms.
In addition to food, water from rivers, lakes and pools, sea water that is not suitable for drinking, sewage such as domestic water, stagnant water in nature, soil and sand containing water, etc.
This means that the possibility of effective utilization will expand. I would like to point out once again that such utilization is an excellent advantage of this method.
In particular, the fact that the power half-life depth of seawater and salt water is smaller than that of ordinary pure water means that the human body can be approximated to physiological saline, and the body can be utilized.
In addition, seawater can be used to the fullest extent by people involved in ships and fishing reefs.
When it says, even after the fresh water is completely consumed, it shows that this proposal can be used in a better form with sea water, etc., and there is hope. Furthermore, human beings were born from seawater and landed on land.
Looking back on the characteristics that came up, it is easy to imagine that it is a human body with bodily fluids similar to seawater. Of course it is effective to use it.
In addition, many of the drinks and foods we ingest have flavors and shapes similar to those of seawater.
etc.) Performance can be improved depending on the usage situation. This would be one of the great advantages of this proposal. There is so much seawater. This proposal is okay even if it is not Shimizu
be. The effectiveness of seawater and saline was shown. Considering that all animals and plants, not just fish, have a long history of coming up from the ocean to the land, it is important to consider the food utilization of this proposal.
I hope you have also understood the effectiveness of this. In that sense, the essence of this proposal is certainly that of human survival and living, which is based on water, which is directly connected to human life.
It is a meaningful proposal rooted in civilization, and at the same time, it can also be used with sea water, which is abundant in the basic source of life called the ocean.
On the contrary, the point that water containing electrolytes is more effective in weakening diffracted waves also has a hidden significance and is supported.
Let's now turn to Hippel's work and show the support of concrete water and saline data.
Figure 72 shows the data obtained by Hiippel. Test results for Water and Aqueous Sodium Chloride NaCl aqueous solution (saline) are shown. Unfortunately, there is no data for 1.5 GHz due to the very wide frequency range being tested, so if we use an intermediate value between 300 MHz and 3 GHz:
It is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life depth D of several cm at f=1.5 GHz. In addition, it was clarified that in an aqueous solution (salt solution) having an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal (mass molarity) at 25°C, a power half-life that is about 21% or more shorter than that can be expected.
This comparison is between water at 1.5°C, which has a much shorter power half-life depth than water at 25°C, and water at 25°C, which has an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal.
Since we are comparing liquids, comparing a pure solution at 25°C and an aqueous solution with an electrolyte NaCl concentration of 0.5 molal at 25°C makes the electrolyte capacity more apparent.
can.
first,
II. Liquid. , A. In the Inorganic table, select Water, conductivity 1.5 ° C.,
ε0=9×10^(-12)
√(ε′/ε0)=√((86.5+80.5)/2)=√(167/2)=√83.5≈9.1
(tan δ)·(10̂4)=((320+3100)/2)·(10̂4)=1710·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 15691 · (10^-4) ≈ 15
By substituting this into the formula for the power half-life described above, it can be seen that the power half-life depth is only a few centimeters.
As a result, it is calculated from this Hippel data that water can be expected to have a power half-life of D=several cm at f=1.5 GHz.
next,
III. Liquid. , A. Inorganic
Aqueous sodium chloride 25 degrees
0.5 molal (mass molarity) solution
√(ε′/ε0)=√((69+67)/2)=√68≈8.3
tan δ=(39000+6250)/2)·(10̂4)=22625·(10̂4) tan δ·√(ε′/ε0)=187788·(10̂4)
tan δ · √ (ε'/ε0) = 187788 · (10^-4) ≈ 19
Substituting this into the power half-life equation mentioned above, it is 21% shorter than the 1.5°C water mentioned earlier (this is 25°C, a 0.5 molal concentration solution of NaCl). A power halving depth of only a few centimeters is obtained. Sports drinks such as Gatorade and Pocari Sweat are compact and lightweight when carried in powder form. In order to obtain a sufficient effect of limiting the orientation, there is a way to effectively utilize the power of the electrolyte powder as well.
proved to be open. In addition, it is possible to prove that natural seawater is highly useful, and medical teams (for example, Japan's international emergency relief team formally
A medical team is also stipulated for the support unit. A search and rescue team is also provided, of course. ) should use saline for disinfection and medical procedures when rushing to save lives.
The proposed method contributes to lifesaving during disaster relief, such as the possibility that the transparent pouch vinyl can be actively utilized in this proposal as it is because it will be carried.
I have shown that I can donate.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned Debye [Debye, Peter Joseph Wilhelm, 1884.3.24-1966.11.2. ] is a candy born in the Netherlands
Lyca physicist and chemist. Studied in Munich, Professor at the Universities of Göttingen, Zurich and Leipzig, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin
After serving as chief professor, he moved to the United States in 1940 and became a professor at Cornell University. In addition to his early work on the diffraction theory of electromagnetic waves, he also studied the specific heat of solids (Debye's specific heat formula).
(1912), X-ray diffraction (Debye-Scherrer method) (1916), theory of X-ray scattering, theory of strong electrolyte solution (1923), research on polar molecules, etc.
. Received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936.
In addition, Hippel's work contains data on many substances, and since it is a list that pursues low loss contrary to this proposal, naturally, most of it is in this proposal.
There is a lot of data on unsuitable substances. Among them, I would like to point out the following as materials that are particularly superior to water and salt water. For example, FIG.
This data is extracted from carbon alloys. barium titanate [barium titanage], or barium
There is barium strontium titanate with 79% barium and 21% strontium strontium. Both titanium alloy titanate
It is an alloy. Of course, these materials may be used for this proposal. Barium titanate has a high dielectric constant of 2900 at room temperature, and is used as a capacitor.
I can stay. In addition, since the piezoelectric coefficient is large, it becomes a piezoelectric element. It can also be used as a thermistor by adding impurities. 1 of ferroelectric substances. It exhibits a piezoelectric effect and has the peculiarity of being used in capacitors*, record-player pickups, white pigments, etc.
Strontium titanate is a composite oxide composed of strontium oxide SrO and titanium oxide TiO. The compound name is titanium strontium oxide (strontium titanium
oxide). Four species are known.
Finally, 1:1 SrTiO is called like this. Colorless cubic crystals. Perovskite structure. Melting point is about 1900°C. Extremely stable against acids and alkalis. For high temperature processing
It loses oxygen more gradually, turns black, becomes more conductive, and some become superconductors at low temperatures below 4K. There is also a theory that it is a ferroelectric under 4K. dielectric material,
In addition to being used as a raw material for thermistors, etc., it can also be used as a hybrid composition of 50% polystyrene and 50% carbon, and good electric power such as poly-2,5-dichlorostyrene 21.3% and (Mn, Fe) 304 (78.7%). It can be mentioned as having a half-life depth. polystyrene
has the composition .(CH(C6H5)CH2)n-. Also called styrene resin. A polymer of styrene. It is usually a colorless, transparent, amorphous thermoplastic resin with a specific gravity of
d=1.05-1.07, glass transition temperature 82°C. It is synthesized by radical bulk polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. Low softening point, excellent electrical properties, thermal fluidity, thermal stability
It is an excellent thermoplastic resin that has good qualitative properties and can be colored beautifully. Injection molded products are widely used as daily necessities. Widely used as expanded polystyrene
Therefore, it may be suitable for containers.
Considering the above-mentioned universal basic utility and necessity for human beings or life activities, and the inevitability and usefulness of carrying in lifesaving, it is necessary to specially prepare and transport it.
water, water containing electrolytes (such as saline), food containing them, lake water, etc., of a practically high standard
I would like to point out that usability and availability are becoming more conscious as excellent features.
<<0174>>
These beverages are designed to efficiently replenish fluids and not put a strain on the body.
It contains electrolytes such as muions and minerals such as magnesium and calcium. In addition, the osmotic pressure is close to that of physiological saline, so that it does not burden the stomach and intestines.
Contains citric acid, which is said to help break down lactic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise and promotes recovery, and glucose and sucrose, which are the most efficient energy sources for recovery from fatigue.
I'm listening.
Figure 74 shows a (thin plate-like) fan-shaped column (short height) that is folded compactly when not in use and stored in a flat, low profile from the side of the body to the back or from the side of the body to the chest and abdomen. A compartment with a pillar-shaped water bottle function is connected to it with a Velcro fastener. It shows an example of a form in which it is possible to slide along the sliders mutually installed between them, and as a result, expand the existence of the water layer as if a fan were developed on both sides of the body side. In this case, the GPS receiver may be deployed on the front or back of the body. For example, if the GPS receiver is deployed in front of the body, if necessary, intentionally direct both arms in the direction of the front half of the body, as if doing a so-called forward mime. Therefore, when viewed from above, the spread fan-shaped structure is arranged as if to draw a U-shape when combined with the presence of the body (the opening of U is in front of the body in this case). , The signal intensity derived from the GPS satellites that existed outside the sky coverage area, which was intended to be formed by a GPS flat antenna with its beam center horizontally installed in the front of the body, with a single semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. can be effectively attenuated, making it easier for the GPS receiver to identify the GPS satellites that were present in the above air coverage. During activities involving the transportation of water and medical infusions, which are indispensable for disaster relief activities in disaster areas, the potential functionality of these materials can be accurately demonstrated and rationally and effectively used during transportation. At the same time, it is important to increase the survival rate of rescue victims and reduce the incidence of aftereffects, which is important for the purpose of being able to effectively support quick approach to victims. Based on the analysis of the context of use, an example of a configuration that can be easily implemented without creating a need for transporting unnecessary heavy objects and incurring a particular burden is proposed. During work under the scorching sun, not only when in use, but also when not in use, a water bottle compartment is placed under the armpit where the aorta passes to store water or saline solution with a large specific heat, so heatstroke or body temperature that causes it. can be prevented by the cooling effect. As a result, it is also possible to effectively support those who are engaged in emergency lifesaving activities under the scorching sun in the event of a large-scale natural disaster. In such a structure, it is of course possible to provide a fulcrum under the armpit (of course, the point where the tasuki of the tasuki crosses on the back is also good) in the structure of the tasuki. One of the excellent advantages is that it is compatible with the incorporation of ideas from the traditional cultural perspective of Japan. In recent years, it is well known internationally that the Japan Disaster Relief Team contributes to the international community as part of Japanese culture, and this cultural and traditional perspective is included. It is a tradition that we should make effective use of what we have, and that it would be a waste not to do so. It also embodies the characteristics of Japan's emergency assistance in terms of being able to appeal to the world that it is contributing to the world by taking a critical perspective into satellite positioning, which is regarded as the fifth social infrastructure. In the sense that it will provide support, it is expected that in the long term, it will have a multifaceted effect that is excellent in terms of the country's soft power, as advocated by Professor Nye of the United States. It should be noted that a longer water layer than shown in the figure may be formed, for example, to reach the thighs or knees. On the other hand, it is of course possible to form a perfect circular water layer by raising the angle of the raised hand above the horizontal to the top of the head. The configuration of FIG. 74 can narrow the directivity in a sense when the direction of the arm is set to "forward", and it can be used as a futuristic scientific educational device for learning electromagnetic waves in a fun way as an educational device. can also be used. Using the electromagnetic waves of GPS (or GNSS) that can be used on the ground surface of the world, it can be realized by adding a minor modification to an inexpensive GPS receiver, and the only other necessary thing is water. Although fresh water is fine if it is available, it can be realized even if it is easily available at low cost such as sea water, lake water, river water, etc. It rather brings interesting educational results (sea water is It has already been described that it has a shorter power half-life depth due to the influence of the ionic conductivity σ due to the electrolyte compared to clear water). It has long been pointed out that such experiential learning is extremely important as a source of innovation.
FIG. 75 is an example of implementation of the present proposal showing that the internal structure of the chest and abdomen portion of the jacket can form a layer of water and can be a highly airtight, so-called thin water bottle. The jacket proposed here can also be used as a so-called jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) in self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) diving, and is convenient. high. In other words, in the sea, in this proposal, the gap as a highly airtight layer filled with water is filled with oxygen cylinders to obtain buoyancy when surfacing from the deep sea, or air to be sent to the mouth. can be configured to be blown or pumped with When you go on land, for example, if you fill the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket with fresh water, you can use it as a water bottle and move around, and you want to check your orientation with higher accuracy than usual. In some cases, by controlling the part filled with clean water in the highly airtight gap formed inside the front of the body of the jacket to be opened little by little with both hands like a double door, for example, As seen from the sky, the body and the water layer are in a U-shaped state as described above, and the signal strength derived from the satellites that existed outside the intended sky coverage area is attenuated. , in an effective form suitable for the context of use, minimizing the items to be carried in the outdoors, maximizing the authority and realizing dual functionality. Of course, you can open it until it is horizontal to your body. Of course, if it is convenient to stop in the middle and use it, you may of course do so. In addition, it may be used by opening in an oblique direction to the back beyond the horizontal state to the body. It may be possible to form a time in front of the front (so that the U-shaped opening faces forward when viewed from the sky), or sometimes (GPS is installed behind If there is, it may be formed backward (so that the opening at the time of Ko is facing when viewed from the sky), or the front body may be opened sideways, or as an intermediate state between them Of course, it may be formed obliquely forward or obliquely rearward in the form of an open U-shape. In cases such as when it is clear that sufficient shielding is formed on either the left or right side, and when it is clear that the self-forming protuberance of the forehead is sufficient on only one side. That's okay. You can choose the most suitable shape. As for the content, it has already been described that even if fresh water is difficult to obtain, even if something readily available such as seawater is used, the power half-life depth can be rather reduced because of the electrolyte solution. This can also be confirmed from the Debye relational expression. In addition, the BCD jacket used for such aqualung is often washed with a small amount of tap water, etc., in order to wash away some seawater that cannot be avoided even after being used for normal aqualung. This is a common practice among Aqualung experts, which also supports the high feasibility of the proposal. Furthermore, in the BCD jacket, when the internal pressure becomes too high when the air is sent from the cylinder, it is of course possible to provide a valve to release it in order to maintain safety. In addition, in order to balance the buoyancy generated in the sea, a special compartment is provided on the back that is not used in a water bottle, and the valve opens only when the air is filled to a certain pressure or higher. A structure filled with air may be provided in the back direction. In the example described here, the GPS receiver is assumed to be on the front of the body. This proposal can maximize potential compatibility when implementing this proposal. Not only the BCD jacket, but also the neck-to-shoulder and side-to-body buoyancy generator called the Bladder, which is sometimes used by deep-sea self-contained breathing apparatus (aqualung) divers, is also included in this book. I would like to point out that the proposal is a device that can be combined by embodying this proposal. In other words, when water is put in, water does not naturally fill in the back direction, but when oxygen or air is filled with a cylinder and a certain pressure is applied, the gap in the back direction also acts as a valve. It may be assumed that the air is filled by This increases postural stability in the sea. In addition, it is of course possible to provide a separate valve on the shoulder for releasing the pressure when the cylinder is too pressurized. In addition, such a BCD jacket is used by support personnel in underwater training of astronauts at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency for simulation training of extravehicular activities in outer space, that is, microgravity, commonly known as zero gravity space. It is used by, etc., and has characteristics that are unexpectedly close to space technology. I would like to point out that since the quality is stable, it is possible to make lightweight braces based on them, so the feasibility of low cost and short term is extremely high.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
76 and 77 will be described. Figure 76 is a diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal. The reservoir containing water (portable water bottle) normally has a multi-layered compartment structure of compact fan-shaped columns (oral water absorption device), as shown in Figure 77. It is easy to attach to the body and suitable for trail running, while at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, it is possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably in order to prevent getting lost. In order to implement it, it is possible to deploy a fan-shaped water layer structure with a wider central angle by deploying individual fan-shaped structures with individual compartments in an emergency or emergency use. Fig. 3 shows that it is possible to authorize the potential functionality of water in the orientation information acquisition by a GPS receiver, which is an essential part of the present proposal; In Figure 74, the arm is occupied, but in Figures 76 and 77, the arm can be released while the work is performed. The purpose is slightly different from that of FIG.
Figure 77 A diagram showing one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in which a fan-shaped water layer with a wide central angle as shown in Figure 76 is vertically installed on the left and right sides of the body. While being utilized (without hogging the arm, without the arm being occupied), this reservoir of water is stored in a multi-layered compartment with compact fan columns for activities such as walking and running. Fig. 10 shows the shape that can be easily reverted to the structure (combined with the tube that is the oral water intake device).
<<0175>>
The principle of a GPS receiver capable of acquiring azimuth information, which is the premise of the proposed method, will be described below.
By vertically installing the hemispherical beam antenna, a coverage area is formed that divides the upper hemisphere into two, as shown in Fig. 20. One or more antennas whose presence is detected in the coverage area from the received signal strength
21 based on the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellites (the free space of the processor and memory of the positioning calculation section of the GPS receiving unit) shown in the second block of FIG.
(1, 2, 3). FIG. 22 intuitively illustrates the orientation-limited operation.
This sky map is drawn as if the receiving unit, etc. were looked down from the zenith. The concentric circles show elevation angles every 10 degrees, the small white circles show GPS satellites that were not detected, and the small black circles show
The GPS satellites determined to be received are shown. This method has an excellent characteristic that an inexpensive, small and light L1 C/A GPS receiving unit can be used almost as it is.
<<0176>>
In more detail, it is as follows.
<<0177>>
In the following description, degrees (deg) are used as the units of angles, and azimuth angles are expressed clockwise with north at 0 degrees, east at 90 degrees, south at 180 degrees, and west at 270 degrees. In addition, elevation angle display is used in which the horizontal plane is 0 degrees and the zenith is 90 degrees.
<<0178>>
First, based on FIG. 20, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A planar antenna 1 is installed in the center of FIG. Planar antenna 1 is
Install vertically. At this time, if you were to stand on the ground and look down on the antenna 1 from above, and the direction of the beam of the planar antenna 1 would be on the left side, you would be looking down.
The direction that is the front of the body for the observer who is there is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 . <<0179>>
As the planar antenna 1, one having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system is used. Anne with a hemispherical beam
Some literature rarely describes the tena pattern as omnidirectional, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic. Therefore
In the following, however, the term omnidirectional will not be used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. The above planar antenna 1 is perpendicular to the ground.
Since it is erected, half of the beams in the hemisphere are facing the ground and are unused. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0180>>
When the planar antenna 1 is erected perpendicularly to the ground in this way, as shown in FIG.
Match one side of the halves. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6 by the planar antenna 1 and the other sky. In other words, the plane Anne
Tena 1 covers the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and does not cover the 1/4 celestial sphere where GPS satellite B in FIG. 20 exists. .
<<0181>>
Positioning radio waves (L1 waves) transmitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, and therefore have excellent straightness like light. GPS
Although it can synchronize with the signal from GPS satellite A which is within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1 for the antenna 1, it cannot synchronize with the signal from the GPS satellite B which is not within the sky coverage area 6 of the planar antenna 1.
I can't Therefore, based on whether or not this synchronization is established, the existence areas of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B can be determined.
Wear. The determination of the existence area of the GPS satellite and the azimuth angle information of the GPS satellite can be combined to limit the measurement direction 5 azimuth.
<<0182>>
It should be noted that the major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at low cost. planar patch antenna
At the time of the creation of Na, it actually constitutes a right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth with a solid angle slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the theoretically calculated right-handed circularly polarized beamwidth assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design.
In some cases, a planar antenna that This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. About this
It is specified in the following documents.
<<0183>>
Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100
<<0184>>
Ｇｌｏｂａｌ Ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ： Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ａｎｄ Ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ Ｉ Ｅｄｉｔｅｄ ｂｙＢｒａｄｆｏｒｄ Ｗ. Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ ａｎｄ Ｊａｍｅｓ Ｊ. Ｓｐｉｌｋｅｒ Ｊｒ. Ｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ ｏｆ Ａｅｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ ａｎｄ Ａｓｔｒｏｎａｕｔｉｃｓ、 Ｉｎｃ. １９９６、Ｐ３４２－Ｐ３４３、 Ｐ７２２
<<0185>>
Obtaining a desired antenna pattern by correcting such beam shape deviation while slightly changing the substrate size or patch size is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0186>>
In addition, unlike the design calculation, if the production result has a beam larger than a hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a hemispherical beam antenna can be easily created by placing a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material on the back side. can be configured.
<<0187>>
Next, based on FIG. 21, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying the orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 21, a GPS receiver 2 is connected to a planar antenna 1 .
<<0188>>
The functions and specifications to be possessed by the GPS receiver 2 in FIG. 21 may be equivalent to those of the GPS receiver included in the widely spread small portable positioning device using the L1 wave. In other words, people's livelihood
Inherit and reuse the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when making the GPS positioning device smaller and lighter. In order to reduce the size and weight of consumer GPS positioning devices, a flat patch antenna is required
There are already many IZ GPS receivers. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the planar patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing,
At the very least, there are already low-cost models that can fit comfortably in the palm of your hand, so there is no problem with manufacturing technology. It is possible to divert the accumulation of these existing miniaturization technologies.
Therefore, the GPS receiver and the like used in the present invention can be constructed economically and compactly. <<0189>>
The GPS receiver 2 outputs the following data string, for example, at intervals of every second or less, that is, standard specifications. The data contained in the output is as follows. devil
First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicating whether it is two-dimensional positioning using three satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites).
), and the satellite number assigned to channel 1, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite azimuth angle of the satellite assigned to channel 1, and the channel
the channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number assigned to channel 2, the satellite elevation angle of the satellite assigned to channel 2;
Satellite azimuth for satellite assigned to channel 2, assigned to channel 2
channel status for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n, satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation angle of satellite assigned to channel n, channel n
channel conditions for synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n. The number of channels n is usually 12.
ing. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. The present invention is compatible with these popular inexpensive portable L1 wave GPS receivers.
Planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0190>>
Through the planar antenna 1, the GPS receiver 2 attempts to synchronize and decode satellite signals and attempt positioning. The GPS receiver 2 is a GPS of a normal portable satellite positioning device.
Signal search for all GPS satellites expected to be in the sky, just as if the receiver were connected to an antenna covering the hemisphere.
It is made to do.
<<0191>>
The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also contain orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. that
Therefore, even if the antenna exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal may be blocked due to the shielding of features or topography, or the antenna may not exist within the coverage area of the antenna.
First, the elevation and azimuth angles for GPS satellites that are out of sync with the signal can be derived from data as received from other GPS satellites that are synchronized via the antenna.
It is possible to calculate and output by simple calculation. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0192>>
In addition, although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes is used.
is used, there is no risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. An array of digital codes in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly, called a pseudo-noise code,
By assigning different arrays to each GPS satellite, it is possible to identify the signals from each satellite and receive them separately.
Not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky for all existing GPS satellites, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites, that is, the reception state
It is easy in principle to separate and detect .
<<0193>>
In the process of causing the GPS receiver to search for signals, data of each satellite such as the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state are periodically sent from the GPS receiver.
output to In addition, latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output. In addition, data output
There are no particular restrictions on the frequency of the output, and currently GPS receivers with a frequency of about every second are widespread.
You can do it.
<<0194>>
Each data obtained from the GPS receiver 2 is input to the data processing section 3 . The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows.
<<0195>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted.
<<0196>>
If at least one satellite is extracted, the azimuth can be limited.
<<0197>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0198>>
If the number of satellites extracted is one, the satellite is taken as the first term and the last term.
<<0199>>
If there is more than one satellite extracted, do the following. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles clockwise, and if the difference between the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, Let the certain satellite (A) be the last term and the next satellite (B) be the first term. The other satellites (other than A and B) follow the order of satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0200>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0201>>
That is, the measurement direction can be limited to an azimuth angle range defined clockwise with the azimuth angle of the last satellite as the starting azimuth angle and the direction opposite to the azimuth angle of the first term satellite as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0202>>
The data processing unit 3 notifies the result output unit 4 of this result.
<<0203>>
The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0204>>
When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited, the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer. If the number of satellites extracted exceptionally is 0, the observer is encouraged to use it in a place where the sky is open.
<<0205>>
The result output unit 4 notifies the observer of this by voice. This is because the voice output can be appropriately used for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0206>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. They are azimuth information of the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception processing.
<<0207>>
By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is, if the rotation direction is defined, the starting azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as α) and the ending azimuth angle (hereinafter referred to as β) (α, β) It is possible to tell the observer by giving the set, but it is not limited to that, and the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be expressed in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 8》
000149

<<0208>>
However, xMODy represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0209>>
The two forms of output, shown in the (α, β) form and (θ, δ) form when the direction of rotation is defined, are readily convertible to the other form, and are presented to the observer in either form. , there is no particular difference in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in consideration of the purpose and convenience of the observer, an observer selection system may be used to enhance the convenience of the observer. or both
You can do your best.
<<0210>>
Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the flat antenna 1 is attached to the back
In this case, since the measurement direction is toward the left side of the body, if the value obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result is always displayed, the result of limiting the azimuth angle in front of the body can always be obtained for the observer.
Therefore, the usefulness and convenience are enhanced. An example will be used below.
<<0211>>
FIG. 22 shows an example of the relationship between the satellite arrangement in the sky and the planar patch antenna 1 when the orientation information acquisition apparatus according to the embodiment described above performs orientation limitation. in FIG.
The concentric circle drawing shown in FIG. The solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees.
, and each solid line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle every 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees).
It is rare. The small scattered circles represent the positions of the GPS satellites in elevation and azimuth. 12 satellites are depicted in this figure. Small black circle, white small
There is a circle mark.
<<0212>>
Small black circles are GPS satellites that were later determined to be in the coverage area of the planar antenna 1 and had satellite elevation angles of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites.
<<0213>>
Observers do not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where they are standing. A plane angle is generated by an observer who has no information about orientation.
Tenas 1 were randomly placed vertically on the ground as shown in the center of FIG. At this time, the measurement direction 5 is defined as indicated by the dotted line as shown above.
be The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of the measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees.
<<0214>>
When the device is operated, the data shown in Table 2 is sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3. It is presumed that the satellites 21 are not synchronized here because, for example, they are blocked by a feature. Such feature occlusion is normal from time to time and is a normal condition. May exist.
<<0215>>
<<Table2>>
000150

<<0216>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 2, 7, 15, 22, 9, 20 was extracted.
<<0217>>
For azimuth qualification, the extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0218>>
Since there are more than two satellites extracted, do the following. Clockwise, we make a circular permutation with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of one satellite (say A) and the next clockwise
If the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the certain satellite (A) shall be the last term and the next satellite (B) shall be the first term. For other satellites (other than A and B), the first term
When viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) of
satellite azimuth order.
<<0219>>
Then, satellite 20 is now selected as the final term and satellite 2 as the first term.
<<0220>>
The measurement direction can be limited as follows.
<<0221>>
That is, the measurement direction is set to the direction (290 degrees) opposite to the azimuth (110 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite number 2) with the azimuth (262 degrees) of the last term satellite (satellite number 20) as the starting azimuth angle. The terminal azimuth angle can be limited to a range of azimuth angles defined clockwise.
<<0222>>
The data processing section 3 notifies the result output section 4 of this result.
<<0223>>
The result output unit 4 informs the observer that the azimuth angle range is defined clockwise with the azimuth angle (262 degrees) as the starting azimuth angle and the azimuth angle (290 degrees) as the ending azimuth angle.
<<0224>>
Information to be output at this time may include the following. The current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, and last positioning time, as well as the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction.
<<0225>>
The output format of the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation can also be expressed in the form of (θ, δ) as an approximate azimuth angle (θ) and a one-sided error (δ) as follows. At this time, θ and δ are given as follows.
<<0226>>
《Number 9》
000151

<<0227>>
That is, an approximate azimuth angle of 276 degrees and a one-sided error of 14 degrees.
<<0228>>
Next, it will be described that the embodiment of the present invention can be constructed inexpensively and compactly.
<<0229>>
The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is the signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics, which are small. In fact, current handheld GPS receivers
Inexpensive ones exist that are sized to easily fit inside. From this, too, it can be seen that the component parts are considerably small. Direction information embodying the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention
As the information acquisition device, the components used in these portable GPS receivers can be used to construct the direction information acquisition device, so the volume of the direction information acquisition device can be kept small.
It has the advantage of being able to For example, the GPS receiver 2 , data processing section 3 and result output section 4 are housed behind the planar patch antenna 1 . From the result output unit 4
It is possible to output sound through a speaker or the like.
<<0230>>
Acquisition of azimuth information according to the present invention can be performed with a single GPS flat antenna as described above, so that it can be easily attached to the body and azimuth information can be obtained while moving.
<<0231>>
As is clear from the configuration of FIG. 21, the devices necessary for positioning are provided, and the azimuth information acquisition apparatus according to this embodiment can also acquire positioning information. In mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8-12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, divide by a semicircle passing through the zenith
Usually 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on either side. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites.
This indicates that half of the celestial sphere is sufficient for positioning. The positioning result sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 is directly output from the result output unit 4.
Let it be.
<<0232>>
As described above, if the sky is open, the number of satellites necessary for positioning can often be secured even in a vertical arrangement, so there is no problem in positioning even in a constant vertical arrangement. but horizontal
The advantage of using only the positioning function is that the number of available satellites increases and the number of satellite group options that can be selected increases.
There is a high possibility that a satellite set with a good DOP (Dilution of Precision) value can be selected. In other words, a slight improvement in positioning accuracy is expected.
can wait
<<0233>>
Furthermore, without changing the posture of the observer, the GPS receiver is integrated with the body structure and the water mounting part for attenuating the diffracted waves attached to the body.
By reversing the directions of the receiver, the body, and the water attachment as a unit, it is possible to obtain azimuth information as if there were two planar antennas 1 and a GPS receiver 2.
can.
<<0234>>
That is, the result output unit 4 keeps the following data in memory. The first is the result of orientation limitation. Second, the time at which the azimuth determination was made (this is the GPS reception
The time of the built-in clock of the machine 2 can be used). Third is the output of the rate gyro (which shall be provided additionally for this purpose). mike these
stored in memory on the processor.
<<0235>>
When azimuth information is obtained in a certain vertical arrangement state, it not only outputs the azimuth information but also checks the memory for azimuth information that satisfies the following conditions.
<<0236>>
That is, it is acquired within a specified time (for example, within 6 seconds, etc.) from the time of azimuth information acquisition performed in the current vertical arrangement, and the result of the rate gyro
It concludes with the recording of a rapid body rotation angle estimate (based on the integral of the angular velocity of rotation), which can be regarded as a rapid 180° reversal of the body orientation from the recording of the results.
, result of azimuth constraint, exists.
<<0237>>
If there is a corresponding record, the observer will quickly flip the whole body and use the information on both sides of the sky for the purpose of reversing the direction of the planar antenna 1 without changing the posture.
It is determined that Then, the intersection of the orientation limitation result obtained and stored in the other vertical arrangement and the orientation limitation result obtained in the current vertical arrangement is calculated.
Also output the intersection.
<<0238>>
In this operation, more accurate azimuth information values can be calculated by using not only the results of one quarter of the celestial sphere but also the results of the other quarter of the celestial sphere.
<<0239>>
In fact, in FIG. 22, the measurement direction in the case where the result of the other vertical arrangement is not used is obtained with a width of 28 degrees as described above. However, in comparison with this
The resulting azimuth information obtained from both together with the vertical position of the other is improved to 23 degrees wide (was 28 degrees wide). An improvement in azimuth confinement of 5 degrees wide can be obtained in this case.
becomes. In many cases even greater improvements are obtained.
<<0240>>
At this time, the result output unit 4 indicates that "if the observer has not changed his/her posture since the acquisition of the orientation information of the previous vertical arrangement until the present, the orientation information acquisition between the previous vertical arrangement and the current vertical arrangement The product set of the result is .
<<0241>>
A specific example of the procedure for obtaining azimuth information with both vertical arrangements is shown below. The principle is that, building on the procedure shown above with Table 2 and Figure 22, a procedure similar to that was also carried out on the opposite quadrant of the sphere and obtained for both vertical configurations. It outputs the intersection of azimuth bounds.
<<0242>>
FIG. 25 shows the relationship between the planar patch antenna 1 and the GPS satellites in the sky, which are arranged vertically on the opposite side of FIG. 22 at this time. Center the zenith direction of the observer point
It is a diagram assuming that the upper half celestial sphere as a center is looked down from above the zenith. A solid-line outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degree, and each solid-line concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth
Angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). The small black circle mark is for planar antenna 1.
A GPS satellite that is determined to be in the coverage area and has an elevation angle of 85 degrees or less. Small white circles indicate other GPS satellites. In FIG. 22, outside the coverage
The satellite that was once is now within the coverage area. Note that FIGS. 23 and 24 are useful when reversing the orientation of the body and wanting an output that combines the results.
An example of a configuration that can be used is shown. When you say "reverse 180 degrees" by voice, the speech recognition device judges it, for example, 30 seconds before the recognition,
After excluding the time required for reversal, for example, about 15 seconds, the results for the subsequent time, for example, about 30 seconds, are obtained, and the results of azimuth limitation before and after the reversal are synthesized.
be.
Alternatively, a vibration sensor is installed, and if you hit it twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds (tap twice at an interval of about 0.7 seconds), it will rotate 180 degrees, and the effect will be the same.
It may be switched on to bring about a similar effect. The circuits required for these structures are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. Also, although not shown here, it
Other sensors may be used instead of these recognition sensors. For example, a vibrating rotation sensor whose basic principle is to detect the Coriolis force can also be used effectively.
be.
<<0243>>
Table 3 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver 2 to the data processing unit 3 at this time.
<<0244>>
<<Table3>>
000152

<<0245>>
Of the satellite data, only satellite data whose channel state is synchronous and whose satellite elevation angle is 85 degrees or less is extracted. Each satellite number 14, 18, 11, 6 is extracted. (Satellite 3
are in sync, but are excluded because the elevation value is greater than 85 degrees. This is because satellites with high elevation angles are not suitable for use because their actual elongations are extremely small compared to their numerical azimuth angles.
be. )
<<0246>>
For azimuth limitation, the above extracted satellites are ordered according to the following rules.
<<0247>>
Follow the above rule when there are more than one extracted satellites. That is, clockwise, a circular permutation is made with respect to the satellite azimuth angle, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the clockwise
If the difference between the azimuth angles of the next satellite (assumed to be B) is 180 degrees or more, the satellite (A) is used as the last term, and the next satellite (B) as the first term. Others (other than A and B)
The stars follow the order of the satellite azimuths when viewed clockwise from the satellite (B) in the first term.
<<0248>>
Then, satellite 11 is selected as the first term, and satellite 18 is selected as the final term.
<<0249>>
Following the procedure, the measurement direction can be immediately defined as follows.
<<0250>>
According to the original definition of measurement direction 5 shown in FIG. 20 and the procedure for azimuth limitation described so far, the measurement direction in the original sense is automatically the direction of the last term satellite (satellite 18).
The starting azimuth angle (64 degrees), the opposite direction (285 + 180 = 105 degrees) of the azimuth angle (285 degrees) of the first term satellite (satellite 11) is the ending azimuth angle, clockwise.
The range should naturally be limited.
<<0251>>
However, if the data processing unit finds that there is an azimuth limitation result calculated with the opposite antenna arrangement within the specified time (for example, 6 seconds) in the above-mentioned memory,
It is necessary to consider the current azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 25) while maintaining the same direction as the previous azimuth-limited measurement direction (5 in FIG. 22). the user is more sensitive
This corresponds to a case in which data is obtained by changing the orientation of the antenna by rotating it 180 degrees around the vertical axis in order to obtain a value of azimuth limitation with a high degree. In this case data
The data processing unit considers the azimuth angle range, which was previously described as automatically limited, plus 180 degrees as the current azimuth limited measurement direction, and starts (64 + 180 =) 244 degrees.
The azimuth angle range defined by the azimuth angle, (105+180=) 285 degrees as the terminal azimuth angle, clockwise, is taken as the result of the azimuth limitation in FIG.
<<0252>>
Here, the results of Table 2 and FIG. 22 are obtained based on the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23, and the results of Table 2 and FIG.
It is assumed that the data is obtained by changing the direction of rotation by 180 degrees, and the time difference between the two when the azimuth limitation is performed is within the specified time. Then the precision of the result
can be summarized as follows. Here, as a notation, the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is set to X, and in the notation of A<X<B, the starting azimuth angle A, the terminal azimuth angle B, clockwise,
It is expressed that X is limited to the azimuth angle range defined by .
<<0253>>
The result of the first azimuth limitation with the antenna arrangement of FIG. 23 was obtained with 262<X<290 and a width of 28 degrees as shown in Table 2 and FIG. on the other hand, immediately after
Table 3 and FIG. 25 show the results of azimuth limitation based on data obtained by changing the antenna arrangement state shown in FIG. 23 to a direction rotated 180 degrees around the vertical axis
Thus, 244<X<285, and the range is 41 degrees.
<<0254>>
Taking the intersection of the results of these two azimuth constraints obtained on only one side, 262<X<285 can be determined with a width of 23 degrees. Final azimuth constraint result
shows a narrower value than the result (width of 28 degrees or 41 degrees) at any vertical position alone. That is, by taking the intersection, the result that is better than the result on either side
was able to produce In other words, the width of the azimuth limitation could be suppressed most.
<<0255>>
In this way, better azimuth information can be obtained by using data obtained from both sides at the same time, rather than focusing on one quarter of the celestial sphere. according to the invention
If so, it can be realized with a device with a simpler structure. That is, a simple configuration can be achieved by using one each without requiring two GPS receivers or two planar antennas.
realizable.
<<0256>>
It is possible to do the above by simply reversing the back and abdomen direction of the body 180 degrees around the vertical center axis without using the hands as upper limbs.
indicates In other words, after 6 seconds when almost no rotational acceleration is observed, a rapid change, which is assumed to be a 180-degree reversal (or a 90-degree rotation, etc.), is applied to the inexpensive and compact
By the time integration of the rotation angular rate sensor (rate gyro), when observed, intentional opposite quarter celestial direction by the user
It is determined that the antenna coverage has been switched to the plane.
<<0257>>
There are many small, light, and inexpensive products that can be used for this purpose, and there is no particular difficulty. An example is an electronic gyro 21 (HS-EG3) called a gyro (acceleration) sensor (detection angular velocity 90 degrees/sec) (output sensitivity: 25mV/degrees/sec) Dimensions: 13x11x19mm. Weight 5g, output voltage : DC 0.3-4.7V, output current: max 1mA, consumption current 7mA or less Operating temperature -40 to +80°C.
<<0258>>
Using one of these small sensors (rate gyro), (because the GPS receiver naturally has an internal clock, it is possible to easily measure "number of seconds")
Detects a situation in which the object remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds), suddenly reverses direction by 180 degrees, and then remains still for a while (for example, about 6 seconds).
can In that case, first turn the measurement direction in a certain direction and then immediately notify the device that the measurement direction has been turned in the opposite direction.
can be By performing the orientation limitation in this manner, it is possible to easily obtain the orientation limitation result as the product set of both. Of course, even if it is not always 180 degrees,
If it is determined in advance such as 90 degrees in the direction, that is fine. Alternatively, if a low-cost and high-performance rotation angle (rate gyro) sensor can be used, the angle can also be automatically adjusted.
Of course it can be detected.
This method can also be used favorably when the upper extremities are used to carry loads.
<<0259>>
In that case, it seems that the current direction can be obtained by accumulating from the initial state every moment as a small rotation angular velocity detection sensor (rate gyro).
Since the solution is wrong, this fact should be specified. It seems that the circumstances around this are well known, but just in case, I will write it down. Rotation sensor (rate gyroscope)
It is noted below that the cumulative use of technology in b) is impractical for the purpose of this paper.
That is, since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. Paraphrase
This has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information. In other words, the rate gyro relies solely on this to measure the various magnitudes of human angular velocities.
Accumulate the results of short and long (cannot respond when rotating at a rotational speed greater than the following angular velocity).
Since the integral error increases monotonically, it is almost impossible in principle to comprehensively deal with the movements of those people. However, as described above, for a certain period of time
Only rotations such as 180 degrees or 90 degrees, which are performed one-shot with a clear intention of rotation between a stationary state and a fixed period of stationary state, as if it were a machine, rate
If you plan to rely on the gyro only to detect its rotation, even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work effectively, so even an inexpensive and small rate gyro will work well.
Its use in a supportive context, such as the one described above, is useful in its own way. I made this clear here.
<<0260>>
Although the rate gyro has just been mentioned, the novelty and inventiveness of this proposal will be shown hereafter, including comparison with conventional methods.
<<0261>>
(Hereafter, Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1 band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011)
Proposal and Evaluation of L1-band C/A Code GPS Receiver Capable of Acquisition of Stationary Heading - Proposal of New Compact, Lightweight and Inexpensive Method Masato Takahashi・・・・・ a)
Proposal and Performance Evaluation for Novel GPS Receiver unit with
Azimuth Limitation Ability - Light weight, compact and economic method
for pedestrians -Masato TAKAHASHI・ ・ a)
Abstract Conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire direction when stationary. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with a single inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit. A simulator was constructed and evaluated. We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can perform both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and Space Basics
Now that the law has been enacted, it can be expected to be effectively used in a wide range of fields in the future. Internationally, there are currently several GNSS social infrastructures being revitalized, and international utilization is widely expected.
is done. It also has the feature that future performance improvement can be planned by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers. The basic part of this proposal has been granted a patent as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Australia.
It is registered as a street. This is a promising exploratory study.
Keywords GPS, GNSS, positioning, orientation, low-speed moving object
・・・・Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0022 Japan (until September 30, 2010)
・ National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kita, Koganei Tokyo, 184-8795 Japan
a) E-mail: mtakahashi@nict. go. jp
1. Foreword
Conventional L1 band C/A (Coarse and Acquisition) code GPS (Global Positioning System) receiving unit
can't get direction when it's at rest by itself. In this paper, we propose a simple method that enables a single low-cost L1-band C/A code GPS receiver unit to acquire azimuth information.
do. Construct a simulator and conduct an evaluation. In addition, we will build a prototype and conduct performance evaluations.
Unlike the conventional system, the L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone can be used for both positioning and azimuth acquisition at low cost. Mass production so far
The functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of the model L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone, and the characteristics that can be easily made at low cost, are almost the same.
It can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the development of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future.
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvement in the usability of such social infrastructure, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS reception
It is suitable for the age when the unit is always carried.
In addition, construction and construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world.
Against the backdrop of the activation of the movement to use and utilize multi-GNSS, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared reception unit will be introduced to the market and that its performance will be improved rapidly. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for GNSS shared reception units, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
It is also expected to open.
This method, which can inherit the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface.
There is a high possibility that it will become an international de facto standard technology that surpasses conventional techniques. The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent after examination by the patent offices of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc.
It can be considered to be promising as an exploratory research in the field of electronic information communication.
Therefore, the conventional method will be briefly reviewed hereafter. It is assumed that the person mainly moves at low speed such as walking. I would like to consider the azimuth information acquisition method as the primary object.
<<0262>>
First, the conventional method is reviewed.
Conventional methods that satisfy compatibility with GPS include, first, a method of detecting a carrier phase difference commonly called a GPS compass, and a method of utilizing a method of detecting a difference in positioning due to movement.
The former carrier wave phase difference detection method is mainly used in spacecraft and the like. Although it can be said to be compatible with GPS, it has the disadvantage of being expensive due to its ability to detect carrier wave phases, which exceeds the ability of ordinary portable L1 band C/A code GPS receiving units.
not suitable for people Since multiple GPS antennas are required, there is also a problem with the ease of use. It is also not suitable for pedestrians due to its weight and volume. The principle is that multiple GPS receiver units
The maximum likelihood method is used based on the carrier wave phase difference between each receiving unit obtained for multiple GPS satellite signals.
and estimate the bearing at which the GPS receiving units are pointed.
<<0263>>
In the latter positioning difference utilization method, a single positioning device is used to move, and the orientation is estimated by associating the moving direction with the positioning difference. It is a cheap method. be
For ships of similar size, the same thing can be done by using a plurality of GPS receiving units at the stern and bow. For pedestrians, etc., a baseline of that length should be placed on the body.
Of course, it cannot be held, so there was a drawback that it had to be moved. In addition to the problem of exertion, there are dangers in movement (falling, collision with medium- and high-speed moving objects, slipping, falling, etc.).
grounding), or the cost of movement is high (for example, movement on the ridgeline is limited to uphill and downhill), or chronic physical disability, acute
and high movement costs such as windstorms), and the risk of distress and injury increases due to movement (short visibility such as fog near ridges and coasts).
) environment had flaws that made it extremely difficult or dangerous to implement (perceived as a usability contradiction).
<<0264>>
Next, a method that is not compatible with GPS will be described. A new technology that gives compatibility to portable GPS receiving units, suitable for the times when portable GPS receiving units are commonly used.
From the purpose of this proposal, which is a standard proposal, a magnetic compass and a rate gyro can be considered, although they are not subject to conventional technology.
<<0265>>
The magnetic compass has the disadvantage that the error range is not known, and verification that relies on other methods of obtaining azimuth information is necessary. complication during walking, usually translated into visual matching
And there was a drawback that labor increases. In order to estimate true north from the direction obtained as geomagnetism, it is necessary to reduce deviation, deviation, and local magnetic disturbance error, but people who mainly walk on land
None of them had the drawback of having no practical method to solve in the field, especially for the third error.
<<0266>>
Since the rate gyro is a method of obtaining the rotation angle by integrating the angular velocity, there is a problem of accumulated error, and there is a disadvantage that periodic initialization is essential. In other words, it has the drawback of periodically requiring some other method of obtaining orientation information.
<<0267>>
If the above is put together as a list, it can be expressed as in Table 4.
<<0268>>
<<Table4>>
000153

<<0269>>
Activities such as climbing or rescue activities (mountain rescue team, international disaster relief team, etc.) by those who travel alone or in a similar manner and who mainly move at low speed such as walking,
First of all, there will be restrictions on the total volume and weight of luggage, and in addition, there is a risk of walking in bad weather with relatively poor visibility (in the case of distress relief).
Movement is also expected, and (in the case of large-scale disaster relief), in an environment where social infrastructure and lifelines for movement are severed, action decisions are made while ensuring one's own safety.
is required. I would like to propose an effective method in such a case. For that reason, it is cheap, lightweight, and so on.
Rather than emphasizing what appears to be effective when using
I wanted to propose a method and device that I would choose to bring next time. From that point of view, any of the conventional methods are
In those days, there was also a problem in increasing the survival rate by trying to quickly approach disaster victims, etc., in as short a time as possible after a disaster, for those who mainly moved by walking.
Table 4 shows that the proposed method does not suffer from any of these problems.
<<0270>>
The prior art has been surveyed and the superiority of the present invention has been shown. Again, returning to the main logical development, according to the present invention, it is equivalent to obtaining satellite data for both quadrants of the sky.
A high standard of results can be achieved with a simple structure using only equipment corresponding to one side. Therefore, the development cost is low and practical. Easy operation
It is possible and practical. In addition, since it is a device suitable for only one side, it is lightweight and has excellent portability. It is extremely small compared to the inexpensive L1 wave satellite positioning equipment that is widely used for consumer use.
It is highly realistic because it can be configured by adding a small modification.
<<0271>>
Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. <<0272>>
Now, regarding the usability and eligibility of the proposed method, we performed a simulation evaluation by orbit calculation. We also evaluated the prototype. Such
The fact that not only the simulation but also the actual machine evaluation was done shows that it is highly qualified for practical use. In addition, if we state the evaluation results in advance, there is also the question of reality.
High eligibility has been shown. The evaluation methods and results of these simulations and prototypes will be described in order.
<<0273>>
The purpose of the simulation evaluation is how much azimuth limitation width can be expected with the proposed L1 C/A GPS receiving unit when GPS satellites within an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees above the observation point can be used. It aims to investigate Obtain the expected value when oriented in a random orientation.
<<0274>>
Furthermore, if the user wants to further narrow down the azimuth limitation based on the obtained azimuth limitation width, it can be realized by orienting the proposed device in another direction.
This proposal has the characteristic. In consideration of such a case, when the azimuth limitation of not only one orientation but also a plurality of orientations is superimposed, the width of the azimuth limitation depends on the number of orientations.
We also aim to investigate interesting properties peculiar to this device, such as how it is narrowed down depending on the situation.
<<0275>>
This paper describes the construction of an azimuth-limited simulator based on orbital calculation. This is a simulator built for the purpose of performance evaluation. As a processing system, Borland bcc
Developed using v5.5. The GrWin graphics library was used for graph drawing in Windows (registered trademark). About satellite orbital algorithms
used the IS-GPS-200 revision D (GPS Joint Program Office 2004) algorithm and numerical values. satellite orbit
As for the debugging of the program and the correctness of the satellite placement, it was confirmed that the elevation and azimuth angles of the satellite match those of Trimble's satellite arrival prediction software. giving
A function has been added that can incorporate and implement an azimuth-limited algorithm for the satellite constellation at the time obtained. This was based on Takahashi [12].
<<0276>>
The following options are available for input to the simulator. First, the selection of which GPS satellites to select for reception (preliminarily exclude any satellites).
It is possible. This paper covers all GPS satellites, as is usually assumed. At this time, Almanac data suitable for the observation date and time is required,
For almanac data of GPS satellites, see U.S.A. S. Acquire almanac data suitable for the assumed observation date and time from the navigation center.
got.
Secondly, it is possible to specify the observation point (eg Tokyo). It can be specified by latitude, longitude, and altitude.
<<0277>>
Third, the observation start time (e.g. 00:00 on November 1, 2009), the observation end time (e.g. 23:56 on November 1, 2009, that is, about one sidereal day after the start date and time), and the direction It is possible to specify the limited width expected value calculation time interval (eg, every second).
<<0278>>
Fourthly, the number of orientations, in other words, the total number of times to perform orientation limitation by directing the normal to the antenna surface in a certain direction for the purpose of narrowing the orientation limitation width, is determined from once to how many times. You can specify whether to select up to times (eg, 8 times). In this paper, it is assumed that the number of times of orientation is n times, and the orientation is regular n-sided.
<<0279>>
Fifth, you can specify the output graph. The second is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width on the vertical axis and the time on the horizontal axis.
4 is a variation graph of the azimuth limitation width expected value at each observation time interval (for example, every second). The third is the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for the specified observation period (e.g., one sidereal day) of the observation point.
The number of orientations (e.g. 1 to 8) is shown on the vertical axis.
is a graph showing the dependence of the former on the latter.
<<0280>>
The conditions for azimuth-limited simulation by orbit calculation are described.
<<0281>>
In this paper, the observation date is assumed to be approximately one sidereal day from 00:00 to 23:56:04 on November 1, 2009. In a certain satellite configuration, at an observation point,
The average value of the azimuth limitation widths calculated when each azimuth limitation width is calculated from 0 degrees to 360 degrees when the orientation is sequentially performed from true north by an angle smaller than the display digit of the satellite azimuth angle.
"at that moment at that observation point
The expected value of the azimuth limitation width between
<<0282>>
The graph of FIG. 26 is a graph showing the per-second variation of the "expected value of the azimuth limitation width at that observation point at that moment" for each number of orientations (indicated by each broken line divided by color).
It is a thing. Each polygonal line is displayed in a different color for each number of orientations, and the number of orientations 1 to 8 are indicated by gray, red, green, yellow, blue, purple, light blue, and dark blue. Observation site
is shown as Tokyo (139 degrees 00 minutes east longitude, 35 degrees 00 minutes north latitude).
<<0283>>
The "expected value of azimuth limitation width at that moment at that observation point" is obtained for each satellite configuration for about one sidereal day of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, that is, 86164 seconds, and the average value of those 86164 is calculated, "Expected azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation site".
FIG. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the "expected value of azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day at the observation point" on the vertical axis and the number of orientations associated with it on the horizontal axis.
is shown in . FIG. 27 shows how the expected value of the azimuth limitation width for one sidereal day in Tokyo is expected to decrease depending on the number of orientations.
The horizontal axis represents the number of orientations, and the maximum value is 8. The vertical axis is the expected azimuth limit width for one sidereal day in Tokyo. The exponential approximation curve and approximation formula are also drawn.
<<0284>>
The satellite elevation angle condition that can be used for azimuth limitation is limited to the range of 5 degrees to 85 degrees for the following reason. Low elevation angle satellites of less than 5 degrees can be used by shielding
Since satellites with a high elevation angle of 85 degrees or more have a large azimuth angle difference compared to their visual elongation, they cannot be used for azimuth limitation.
As Takahashi (2004), it is decided not to use it for calculation of direction limitation because there is concern that the result of direction limitation may be contaminated [12].
<<0285>>
The results and considerations of azimuth-limited simulations based on orbital calculations are presented. Using the simulator for performance evaluation constructed according to the measures described above, the simulation results and considerations performed based on the simulation conditions described above are summarized here.
<<0286>>
5 when the antenna beam normal of the hemispherical beam antenna of the L1 waveband C/A GPS receiving unit is horizontally installed at any moment of the period of one sidereal day with Tokyo, which is a mid-latitude region, as the observation site. When GPS satellites from degrees to 85 degrees are subject to direction-limited calculation, the "expected number of captured satellites in the antenna coverage" is about 9.8, and the "expected range of direction limits for one sidereal day in Tokyo" is about 9.8. value" was found to be approximately 57.8 degrees. This corresponds to the gray polygonal line in FIG. 26 and the horizontal axis of 1 in FIG.
<<0287>>
In this proposed method, if the user wishes to further narrow down the obtained azimuth limitation results, the orientation direction can be changed to point in a different direction, thereby further narrowing the azimuth limitation.
It has characteristics that can be embedded. Considering that the limited orientation width can be further reduced due to the low number of orientations, the expected value of the limited orientation width is
At the first orientation, what was obtained was considered satisfactory performance.
As can be seen in FIG. 27, as a result of examining the effect of the number of orientations on the expected value of the azimuth limitation width of one sidereal day, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width was reduced by the power of the orientation number (k power). It turned out to be going.
<<0288>>
The exponent of the number of orientations in the exponential function approximation formula for the expected value of the limited width of orientation was -0.92. This result indicates that the author was satisfied with the azimuth limitation width initially obtained by the proposed method.
If you want to obtain a more detailed value, by setting the number of times of orientation to a plurality of times, the expected azimuth limitation width can be obtained by multiplying the number of times of orientation by a value close to the reciprocal of the number of times of orientation.
It is interesting because it suggests that the value can be reduced.
<<0289>>
Now, next, the actual machine prototype evaluation will be shown for the proposed method. Here, we built an actual prototype, attached it to the back and waist of the body, and conducted an experiment with limited orientation.
The results are shown. The actual prototype uses SONY IPS5000, which is an L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, and records the output every second on a micro SD card.
Limited arithmetic processing was performed. This actual machine prototype experiment was conducted for the purpose of searching for the optimum threshold. <<0290>>
While diverting the L1 C / A GPS receiving unit as a low-priced popular product having a general hemispherical beam, and with a configuration that is inexpensive and easy to form as a whole, the human body
The configuration shown in Fig. 5, which has been found to contribute to further stabilization of the results from the author's many preliminary experiments, was adopted when using for shielding. A photograph at that time is shown in FIG.
L1 C/A perpendicular to the back waist of the body
A GPS receiver unit is deployed, but the main purpose is to attenuate diffracted waves from both sides of the body to the L1 wave C/A GPS receiver, and the body is 30 cm x 20 cm x
A 2.0 cm plastic water bottle filled with water was placed vertically on both sides of the body on the back. Water has a characteristic that the power half-life depth of the L1 waveband 1.5 GHz is several cm.
be. In addition, we paid attention to the fact that drinking water should be carried and transported for the safety of rescuers and rescued people during mountain climbing and rescue activities. large scale nature
The author made a proposal after conducting long-term interviews with the secretary-general of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, the commander, and several mid-career members who have extensive experience in on-site emergency relief immediately after a disaster. the author himself north
He has experience in long-term traversing using tents in the Alps, winter mountaineering, climbing, and overseas mountaineering, and utilized that experience. Severe environments such as international disaster relief teams and mountain rescue teams
It is also suitable for interpersonal support activities in borders.
<<0291>>
The experimental conditions for the actual prototype are shown here. Five experiments were conducted at a place with a good view without obstacles in the sky above Tokyo. Date and time of experiment
(1) 10 minutes from 21:50:00 JST on June 29, 2010, (2) 10 minutes from 22:55:00 JST on August 28, 2010
JST, (3) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 2010 20:17:49 JST JST (4) 10 minutes from Aug 29, 20:28:59 JST
(5) August 29, 2010 20:
It was 10 minutes from 39:37 JST. Elevation angle of the sky
The number of satellites that existed between 5 degrees and 85 degrees was (1) 9 (2) 9 (3) 9 (4) 10 (5) 9. Satellite distribution that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky
The placement is shown in FIG. JST indicates Japan Standard Time, and UT in the figure indicates Universal Time. Even if there is a time difference of 9 hours, both actually point to the same time.
is now well known internationally.
<<0292>>
The L1 C/A GPS planar antenna was placed on the back and waist of the body so that the main beam normal line was horizontal. Relatively long, crossing 6 tracks including the JR East Chuo Main Line
Due to the altitude on the overpass and the surrounding unused public land such as the service line work area, it has the characteristic of being rich in the sky view, which is rare as a public facility in the city center.
<<0293>>
Clockwise as viewed from the zenith, body rotation of 6 degrees was performed every 10 seconds around the vertical axis of the center of the body. That is, it took 600 seconds (600 seconds = 360 degrees/6 degrees/10 seconds) for one round. At that time, we practiced dozens of times in advance, and we spread a sheet of paper about 1m square (with radiation every 6 degrees) prepared in advance and performed body rotation using the radial line as a guide.
ing. We built and used a support device that reads aloud to a radio-controlled clock. Preparatory experiments showed that the accuracy of body rotation was not a very essential requirement in this experiment.
confirmed. A slow body rotation of 6 degrees every 10 seconds is not intended to achieve a highly accurate angle, but when facing in one direction
It was based on the motivation of wanting to obtain a large amount of evaluation data in the future. For rotation, magnetic sensor data recording was taken, and measurement examples were shown for experiments at each location.
<<0294>>
Raw data were recorded for each second. 108 bytes of output data per second in SONY IPS format were recorded. For the data at each instant of each second, we applied the previously described orientation-limited algorithm [12].
<<0295>>
At this time, in the above-described algorithm, it is necessary to set a signal strength threshold for azimuth-limited reception determination for making coverage determination from the received signal strength. About this
In the SONY IPS format, the signal strength output can take values from A to Z respectively. Therefore, each of A to Z is used as a signal strength threshold for judgment of direction limited reception.
All of the azimuth limitation arithmetic processing in the case of premised on the above are performed, and the azimuth limitation results are calculated individually. Based on these different signal strength thresholds for determining direction-limited reception,
By comparing the results, we aimed to search for the optimum signal strength threshold for determining direction-restricted reception.
<<0296>>
Even if the azimuth-limited reception algorithm is applied to the output record at each second instant, assuming a certain azimuth-limited reception determination signal strength threshold, the number of azimuth-limited results will always be the same.
It is not always the case that it can be obtained by value. For example, even if no azimuth-limited results can be obtained because there was no result determined to be satellite signal acquisition, the azimuth-limited
It is possible, depending on the signal strength threshold for credit determination.
<<0297>>
If the azimuth-limited operation is applied to the instantaneous output record of each second, given a certain threshold, azimuth-limited results are indicated as "answered" and satellite signal acquisition.
We decided to categorize the cases in which no azimuth limitation results were obtained because there was no result determined as "no answer".
<<0298>>
For the data that falls into the category of “answered”, the next process is performed. If the output at the time of response, that is, the result of limiting the orientation of the front of the body includes the orientation of the front of the body
In this case, we decided to categorize the result of orientation limitation when there was an answer as “correct answer”. If it was not the above, it was decided to categorize it as "wrong answer".
<<0299>>
In the case of "no answer", the process proceeds to the next step. There are two types of non-response. One is a satellite signal indicating a signal strength equal to or higher than the above-mentioned signal strength threshold for determining direction-limited reception.
If no number is obtained. We decided to categorize this as "no response (no acquisition)". On the other hand, three satellite signals exhibiting signal strength equal to or greater than the threshold
Star) Although the above is obtained, there is a contradiction (contradictory with the premise of a hemispherical beam) during the azimuth limitation calculation, so an error is returned in the course of the azimuth limitation. this,
I decided to categorize it as "no answer (captured)".
The data output from the GPS receiving unit every second can be classified into the four categories of correct answer, incorrect answer, no answer (no capture), and no answer (captured), assuming the aforementioned threshold. becomes.
<<0300>>
The cumulative number of events in each of the four categories of correct answers, incorrect answers, no answers (no capture), and no answers (with capture) is called the "total number of trials." The total number of trials was always
600 at . We decided to call the cumulative number of events in only the first two categories the “number of responses”. The cumulative number of events in only the latter two categories is called the "no response number".
rice field. The number of answers/total number of trials is
", I decided to call.
Taking the total number of trials as the denominator and the number of events in each of the four categories as the numerator, the "correct answer rate", "wrong answer rate", "no answer (no capture) rate", and "no answer (capture) rate"", I decided to call.
<<0301>>
The number of correct answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called "percentage of correct answers when answered". The number of incorrect answers/the number of answered answers is specifically called the "wrong answer rate when answered".
The number of no answers (no capture) / the number of no answers is specifically called the "non-response (no capture) rate when no answer". The number of non-responses (captured)/number of non-answers is specifically called the "non-response (captured) rate during non-response".
<<0302>>
Here are the target values and design selection guidelines for the actual prototype. The concepts presented above make the goal clear. The goal is to find out if there exists a threshold that satisfies the following characteristics, and if so, to what extent.
<<0303>>
First, the first goal is to increase the "percentage of correct answers when answered" as much as possible. In other words, it is okay if you do not answer anything, but as long as you answer, there is a high probability that you are correct.
It is the goal that I want you to be. This is a new compact compass with superior portability that maintains usability that surpasses that of a magnetic compass for people who mainly walk on land.
It comes from the desire for new tools. The magnetic compass has the characteristic of returning some output (so to speak, the response rate is 100%), but it can output in the form of direction limitation.
Because there are no answers, it is not possible to categorize correct and incorrect answers. It may not be possible to confirm the magnitude of the deviation from the true value in the "field" on land. People who mainly walk on land "site"
It has to do with the fact that it can be perceived as less useful when having to make actions or decisions based solely on its output.
<<0304>>
The second goal is to ensure that the response rate is not low to some extent. The first goal is of course important, and of course the non-response rate has a positive meaning of avoiding mistakes, but it is also related to the fact that usability is considered to be poor if the response rate is too low.
<<0305>>
We search to see if there exists a threshold that satisfies the first and second goals at the same time.
For reference, the experimenter assumed a correct answer rate of about 95% or more as a first target value before conducting the experiment as one of the hurdles. Similarly, as a second target value, a response rate of about 70% or more was assumed as one hurdle before conducting the experiment.
<<0306>>
If the first and second numerical targets are almost exceeded, first of all, for those who mainly walk on land, if you want to make actions and decisions based only on the output
In addition, I felt that it could be at least a complementary technical proposal in situations where the usefulness of the magnetic compass was low. This includes GPS reception as a low-cost, compact and lightweight positioning device.
The background is that the era of carrying units on a regular basis is approaching. In today's world where GPS receivers are always carried around, compact GPS receivers can be used to determine not only the position and time, but also the direction with only minor modifications to the design.
It was expected that users would want to make such a design choice, thinking that usability would be even higher if they had the ability to acquire high-level information while stationary.
If the above two target hurdles can be cleared, then in the mid- to long-term, consideration as an international standard specification will come into view, so I decided to propose it.
rice field.
<<0307>>
The following shows the experimental results when the actual prototype was worn on the body. Verify whether there is a threshold that satisfies the above-mentioned goals 1 and 2, especially whether there is an optimal threshold.
Data analysis was performed with the aim of FIG. 30 shows the azimuth limitation for all 3000 records of 5 times x 600 seconds each in the actual machine prototype experiment under the conditions of the previous section.
It shows how the ratio of the occurrence probability of each category classified according to the trial result depends on the assumed signal strength threshold for azimuth-restricted reception determination. presupposed
The graph of FIG. 30 is drawn with the horizontal axis representing the signal strength threshold for determining the limited reception and the vertical axis representing the ratio of the probability of occurrence of each category.
<<0308>>
Regarding the received signal strength threshold on the horizontal axis, A is the minimum value and Z is the maximum value. As a result of calibration, Z is a signal strength of about -117 dBm, and when A is 0 and Z is 25, the signal strength is given by the following equation
Signal Power = 8.460 Ln (Signal level) - 144.5 (dBm)
is known to be approximately approximated by
The minimum value of the event occurrence probability ratio on the vertical axis is 0%, and the maximum value is 100%. Each color corresponds to an event in each category. The correct answer rate is blue, the wrong answer rate is dark purple, and the no answer (no
The light blue indicates the rate of responses (acquisition), and the light purple indicates the rate of non-response (acquisition). The sum of the probabilities of these four categories at some threshold is 100%.
<<0309>>
FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination and the average value of the direction-limited widths for correct answers. In FIG. 31, the
Regarding the occurrence probabilities of the four categories of the result output of the azimuth limitation, the plots drawn without stacking are also superimposed, and the threshold at which the occurrence probability disappears as 0 can be read relatively clearly.
I made it
<<0310>>
A discussion of the experimental results with the actual prototype is shown below. From this FIG. 30, a search is made for a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception that satisfies the above-mentioned targets 1 and 2. FIG.
Goal 1, that is, a correct answer rate of about 95% or more, influences usefulness when people on land "on-site" have to make actions and decisions based only on the output. can
Although it is desirable to aim for a value of 100% as much as possible, 100% is achieved with a signal strength threshold value for determining direction-limited reception of N or more (FIG. 30). Those direction conditional reception
FIG. 31 shows the average value of the azimuth limitation width at the time of correct answer when the signal strength threshold for judgment is selected. The signal strength threshold for judgment of reception is set from K, that is, about -125.0 dBm to R.
Assuming that it is about -120.5 dBm, the number of captured satellites at the time of correct answer was examined, and it was like each box-and-whisker plot in FIG. Translucent
Blue boxes are 3rd and 1st quartile ranges. The small blue square indicates the median value, and the upper whiskers indicate the maximum value. The lower whisker shows the minimum value, which is now included in the first quartile.
I can't. The distribution of the number of captured satellites does not change significantly between these thresholds.
<<0311>>
There are multiple reception determination signal strength thresholds that satisfy goals 1 and 2 at the same time. Among them, R is the highest reception determination signal strength threshold. So I chose R. Experimental diagram
30 and 31, this is because we would like to adopt a design selection that includes a margin in a direction that is less likely to be affected by an incorrect answer even in the event of an emergency.
Aspects in which the target 1 and the target 2 are satisfied with the signal strength threshold for direction-limited reception determination (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) are as follows.
<<0312>>
The correct answer rate when answering was 100.0%, and the first target was satisfactorily cleared.
The response rate itself was 71.0%, and the second target was well cleared.
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 71.0% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 29.0% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 71.0%, and the unequal rate was 29.0%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0313>>
<<Table5>>
000154

<<0314>>
When this threshold (R, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the data of 3000 samples are reanalyzed as follows: 2130 samples with answers
, the average number of captured satellites was 1.33, the variance was 0.25, the standard deviation was 0.50, and the standard error was 0.01.
Regarding the azimuth limitation width when the number of samples was 2130, the average value was 170.6 degrees, the variance was 4.27, and the standard deviation was 16.9.
The standard error was found to be 0.37.
Basic statistics other than the above are also shown in Table 4 just in case, because they are considered to be meaningful for grasping the distribution shape. Further, FIG. 33 shows a frequency distribution diagram (histogram) of the azimuth limitation width when this threshold value is set.
<<0315>>
In addition, this proposed method performs a work that can be said to be a kind of section estimation (without point estimation) regarding the direction. The resulting azimuth interval is called the azimuth constraint
called fruit. Therefore, the ``average value of the azimuth limitation width'' is defined as ``a standard for the average value of the sample values of multiple point estimations obtained as a result of performing multiple point estimations for the azimuth.
The semi-error, i.e. "sample mean
The standard error of "" is different. I don't think there is any misunderstanding, but just in case, let me clarify.
<<0316>>
Compared to the simulation described in Section 4, the number of acquired satellites is not so large, and the average value of the azimuth limitation width is wide. This is because in the actual machine prototype experiment, the correct answer rate was high when there was an answer.
This is because the number of satellites determined to be received has been substantially reduced by adopting a design selection that raises the signal strength threshold for determination of azimuth-restricted reception, etc.
Based on the technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver, which is easy to distribute and inexpensive, we have created a new device for acquiring direction information by using only drinking water, which is generally recommended for carrying around, and the person's body.
In addition to demonstrating that it is possible to achieve the ability to function, the fact that it was possible to achieve a 100.0% correct answer rate without a single incorrect answer in 3000 trials is considered to be a certain evaluation.
was At present, it is meaningful to show that it is possible to realize a simple and inexpensive device configuration while maintaining the GPS positioning function.
First of all, it can be considered. Inexpensive and/or daily necessities such as your own body, L1 C/A GPS receiver, and portable drinking water that are almost always present at the site
Since it is similar to an orthosis, it is highly likely that emergency responders carry it.
It was thought that there was a certain meaning in the fact that we were able to realize the new function of azimuth acquisition by combining only things, and that we were able to present it while maintaining a margin to keep away incorrect answers with a high threshold.
<<0317>>
Next, although it is not intended to be a positively recommended method of use, I will report on the results I have studied in an environment surrounded by mountains and buildings.
Before that, the magnetic sensor measurement results at the place where the rotation experiment was performed five times this time will be explained as briefly as possible mainly for the purpose of comparing with the proposed method.
<<0318>>
A comparison with a magnetic sensor is shown here.
<<0319>>
Fig. 34 shows an example of magnetic sensor measurement data when a rotation experiment was conducted with a magnetic sensor attached to the abdomen on the overpass with a good view.
shown in In the space under the overpass, there is a 1500 V overhead line of overhead line type DC system. Events such as acceleration and deceleration when a train approaches, in light of the behavior of compass needles observed at the same time
It is considered that the effect of the magnetic field induced along the Biot-Savart law is reflected by the large current flowing in the 1500V DC overhead line. Electric train
It is clear that the superimposition of magnetic disturbances originating from the large currents generated in the overhead lines in relation to the acceleration of the train is recorded. The experimenter independently of the approaching train
Since it rotates 6 degrees every 10 seconds, the value of the azimuth sensor increases almost linearly along with the time axis of the horizontal axis, and it is recorded that it rotates 360 degrees in 600 seconds.
It is It was an interesting result that the two were superimposed. Honewell 2-axis with resolution of 0.0 to 359.9 degrees for magnetic data acquisition
Select a compass HMC6325 sensor and write your own C language to control it with an Atmel AVR Microcontroller Atmega 328P
developed and controlled the program. Data were collected in a sampling rate mode of 20 Hz after pre-calibration.
<<0320>>
There are three types of errors in geomagnetic measurements: (1) deviation (2) deviation (3) local magnetic field
However, the magnetic field originating from the overhead wires of trains as a social infrastructure seen this time can be classified as being included in (3).
cormorant.
<<0321>>
It is conceivable that, in places with good views in urban areas, there are places other than this example that are affected by the flow of such a large current. For example,
The vicinity of the electric wire through which the electric current passes when driving the elevator to which it belongs corresponds. Also, in recent years, for security reasons, location specific information has not been actively disclosed.
The undergrounding of transmission lines (including high voltage) is progressing around the world, and it is thought that there is a possibility that the need to take such circumstances into account when using magnetic sensors will increase in the future. Japan Disaster Relief Team, etc.
Considering the fact that the sphere of activity is not confined to Japan, and that the freedom of the place of activity is sometimes restricted by the local authorities, even if the peculiarities of the magnetic field in the activity field are not affected.
There is a possibility that the present invention can be positioned as a role that complements the magnetic compass as a direction information acquisition technology that cannot be used.
<<0322>>
Regarding the deviation of (2), a similar thing can be said about the magnetic field derived from the current, and is collectively called Powered Suits or Powered Exoskeleton.
The usefulness of the proposed technology is also related to the progress in the technical field in which it is used. These are intended to mechanically support human muscular exercise. Machinery used in worn form, military, security
In recent years, social significance has rapidly begun to be recognized not only in the fields of disability and disaster relief, but also in the medical and nursing care fields. Areas with weak road networks and difficult for vehicles to pass, such as parts of the Middle East
The area relies on infantry on foot. There is a problem that soldiers suffer plastic surgery injuries such as low back pain due to long-distance marches wearing heavy equipment, and it is expected to solve this problem.
It can also be applied to reduce the burden on caregivers. Electromagnetism such as continuing to lift heavy objects
There is a possibility that this proposal can be positioned as a technique for obtaining azimuth information under the influence of an induced magnetic field with a large current required to express energy.
<<0323>>
In the method of the present invention, the reliability of the result can be calculated based only on visual information such as "whether or not the target direction is a view" without performing magnetic disturbance estimation each time derived from magnetic bodies and currents in invisible locations. The fact that it can sometimes be judged on land "on site" is also related to the advantages of the proposed method.
<<0324>>
The results of the experiment in a place surrounded by mountains are shown below.
Next, the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted at a point surrounded by mountains are shown. The experiment was carried out in the sense of searching for an answer to the question of what would happen in a natural shielding environment.
The location is a gorge-like point about 80m east of Mt. Takao's Biwa Falls, at 35 degrees 37 minutes 44.71 seconds north latitude, 139 degrees 15 minutes 41.49 seconds east longitude, and an altitude of about 260 meters.
<<0325>>
The date and time are (1) 10 minutes from 18:00:00 JST on July 24, 2010 and (2) 10 minutes from 18:30:00 JST on July 24, 2010 (3) 2010
10 minutes from 16:22:20 JST on September 4, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 16:35:04 JST on September 4, 2010 (5) September 4, 2010
It was 10 minutes from 16:46:10 JST. The number of satellites is (1) 9 (2) 11 (3) 11 (4) 11 (5) 11.
The satellite constellation that existed at 85 degrees from Each of the northeast, east, south, and west directions is a shielded environment with a high elevation angle due to mountains, etc., and the river that flows deeply between them is short.
Surrounded by terrain that rises sharply due to a sudden change in course in an S-shape at a short distance. S-shaped
A rotation experiment was carried out on land near the center point. Dense broad-leaved trees and other vegetation overlap on each slope, and only a small part of the sky can be seen. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan topographic maps, etc.
From the high line, we can read topographic elevation angle shielding of about 45 degrees northeast, 45 degrees south, 60 degrees east, and 60 degrees west. In addition to such topographical shielding, the broadleaf forest with dense foliage
Therefore, there is an impression that it is shielded in all directions up to an elevation angle of about 60 degrees.
<<0326>>
36 and 37 show the results of a total of five rotation experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains.
<<0327>>
The data from experiments conducted in this environment surrounded by mountains were subjected to the same threshold (R ie − 120.5 dBm) revealed the following results:
<<0328>>
The first target value (target of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) is well cleared (100.0% correct answer rate when answering > target 1).
The second target value (target of about 70% response rate) has not been cleared (14.6% response rate <target 2). The relationship with this second target value is different from the result at a place with a good view.
<<0329>>
At this time, the probability of occurrence of each category was 14.6% correct answer rate, 0.0% incorrect answer rate, 85.4% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 14.6%, and the unequal rate was 85.4%. The percentage of correct answers when answered was 100.0%, and the percentage of incorrect answers when answered was 0.0%. The no-response (no-capture) rate during no-response is 100.0%, and the no-response (capture) rate during no-response is 0.0%.
<<0330>>
The successful achievement of the first objective can be considered as follows. It is felt that it is important that the wrong answer rate of 0% is obtained as well as the place with a good view. tree
Since the slope is a soil system with forests, that is, it is not an exposed rock slope without forests, the absorption effect is reduced by the influence of soil and foliage such as broad-leaved forests that overlap many layers.
It was suggested that there is a possibility that there is an effect that it is difficult to lead to an increase in the incorrect answer rate in this proposed method due to the outstanding reflection effect. Mt. Takao has warm temperate broadleaf forests and cool temperate deciduous broadleaf forests.
The vegetation is abundant because it is located on the boundary between forests and intermediate temperate forests.
be. It is possible that the effects of satellite reflections in such environments are likely to be mitigated.
<<0331>>
Takao is designated as the Meiji-no-Mori Takao Quasi-National Park. It is also the starting point of the 1.697km long Tokai Nature Trail. Continuously since 2007. Michelin
In Green Guide Japan (Michelin Travel Guide Japan). Selected as the highest ranked three-star sightseeing spot
there is In such valleys of the world's popular environment rich in nature, it can be used if the threshold selected in the good view of the proposed method is used without any particular changes.
It is surprising and intriguing that even the slightest hint of potential is possible.
<<0332>>
On the other hand, we consider the second goal as follows. It was thought that the answer rate was greatly reduced compared to places with a good view due to the shielding effect of being surrounded by mountains.
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, and the data of 3000 samples is re-analyzed, the average number of satellite acquisitions with 437 samples
The value is 1, the variance and standard deviation are 0.0, and the standard error is 0.0. at 0
there were.
<<0333>>
Even if only one satellite is received, the achievement of Goal 1 is significant for the proposed method. In other words, the proposed method can be used in this environment.
When the above threshold is used, the result is likely to be reliable when the device returns a direction-limited answer (when the answer is given) (the disappearance of the error rate has already been seen at the threshold M threshold
The margin up to the value R is also large), simply change the orientation and try again to limit the orientation, and repeat several times until the answer for the orientation limitation is obtained.
Superposition of limited results is possible. For this reason, even if you are in an environment where you can acquire only one satellite at most, you can use that one satellite and the orientation of your body to narrow down your azimuth.
This suggests the possibility of making use of the feature of this proposal, which is that it can be loaded. As long as Goal 1 is well achieved, you can narrow down the information about your bearing without moving from a certain point.
The fact that it is possible to move in and out is a feature of the proposed method that is not found in magnetic compasses, and is interesting.
<<0334>>
FIG. 38 shows the values of the magnetic sensor simultaneously sampled during the rotation experiment in a place surrounded by mountains and the like. A westward deviation of about 7.1 degrees was observed as a normal anomaly for this region.
However, no particular local magnetic disturbance was observed. The metropolitan area Chuo Expressway is scheduled to pass directly below the test point this time, and the above-mentioned expressway is an accompanying transmission line directly below this point.
At the time of opening, including others, if measurements are taken again by the magnetic sensor, the comparison will be of great interest.
<<0335>>
Next, the results of an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like are shown.
Next, we show the results of 5 similar rotation experiments in a place surrounded by man-made structures such as buildings.
A schoolyard surrounded by the school building of Motomomogaoka Elementary School in Nakano Ward, Tokyo, for reasons such as being unaffected by instantaneous interruptions and shielding by people passing by, and having almost uniform height attributes of the compound school building on the premises. Five rotation experiments were carried out at one point on different days and times.
<<0336>>
One point in the schoolyard surrounded by the compound school buildings on the premises that are connected to the north, east, and west. The date and time of the rotation experiment were (1) 10 minutes from 20:03:00 JST on July 18, 2010 (2) 10 minutes from 18:45:00 JST on July 31, 2010
(3) 10 minutes from 19:36:41 JST on August 29, 2010 (4) 10 minutes from 19:47:21 JST on August 29, 2010 (5) August 2010
It was 10 minutes from 19:58:12 JST on the 29th. The number of satellites that existed at an elevation angle of 5 degrees to 85 degrees in the sky was (1) 11 (2)
11 aircraft (3) 9 aircraft (4) 8 aircraft (5) 8 aircraft.
<<0337>>
Schematic representation of the existence of the complex school building on the premises is as follows.
Assuming that the upper part of the building is north, the schoolyard is surrounded by a four-story reinforced concrete building of nearly uniform height. special
On the south side where there is no school building, there is a row of 2-3 story modern houses. The experimenter was placed 1.2m from the innermost central point of the U-shaped
It exists on the U-shaped opening side (south side) and performs a total of 5 rotation experiments. The maximum elevation angle of man-made structure shielding from the performer (vertically mounted antenna at the waist) is: North
83.5 degrees maximum on the east side, 31.8 degrees maximum on the east side, and 30.0 degrees maximum on the west side of each reinforced concrete man-made building shielding, only the south side will have a maximum of 8.8 degrees artificial construction
Object shielding.
<<0338>>
The results of a total of five rotation experiments in these environments are shown in FIGS. 40 and 41. FIG.
<<0339>>
The same threshold (R, -120. 5 dBm) revealed the following results:
Goal 1 (goal of about 95% correct answer rate when answering) was cleared. However, in the location surrounded by reinforced concrete buildings, etc., all 3,000 trials were answered.
The correct answer rate remained at 99.1%, and did not achieve 100%. The rate of correct answers when there was an answer was 100% in the experiment in the place with a good view mentioned above.
This is impressive compared to 100% even in the experiment in a remote location.
<<0340>>
Goal 2 (response rate of about 70%) has not been cleared. Whether or not the second target was cleared resulted in a result different from the experimental result at a point with a good view. By the way, the response rate of all 3000 trials at the location is 46.1%.
<<0341>>
At this time, the occurrence probability of each category was 45.7% correct answer rate, 0.4% incorrect answer rate, 53.9% no answer (no capture) rate, and 0.0% no answer (capture) rate. . The answer rate was 46.1%, and the unequal rate was 53.9%. The correct answer rate when answered is 99.1%, and the wrong answer rate when answered is 0.9%. The no answer (no capture) rate when no answer is 100.0%, and the no answer (capture) when no answer
The rate is 0.0%.
<<0342>>
When this threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, when the data with a sample size of 3000 is analyzed again, the number of satellite acquisitions when the sample size of 1384 is answered is
Among them, 1371 correct answers and 13 incorrect answers are included. Incorrect answers were given in either the above-mentioned place with a good view or the above-mentioned place surrounded by mountains.
However, it was not detected. It is impressive that it was detected for the first time in an experiment in a place surrounded by buildings and the like.
Regarding the number of captured satellites when the answer was given, the average value was 1.14, the variance was 0.12, the standard deviation was 0.35, and the standard error was 0.01. has a mean value of 175.1 degrees, a variance of 245.5, a standard deviation of 15.7,
standard error is
0.43.
<<0343>>
After excluding 13 incorrect answers out of 3000 when there was an answer, the remaining 1371 correct answers were re-analyzed, resulting in the following results.
When the above threshold (R, that is, about -120.5 dBm) is set, the number of correct answers 1371, which is included in the number of answers 1384, is the average number of satellite captures when correct answers
The average value was 1.15, the variance was 0.13, the standard deviation was 0.36, and the standard error was 0.01. 5, mark
The standard deviation was 16.4 and the standard error was 0.43.
<<0344>>
In addition, the following was found when only the satellite signals that caused the wrong answer were extracted. 13 samples out of 3000 samples have the following points in common. 0 north
From 125 degrees in azimuth clockwise from the center direction of the antenna beam when the antenna beam is pointed in a clockwise range from 0 degrees to 24 degrees in degrees.
The satellite signal, which existed at about 140 degrees and an elevation angle of about 10 degrees to 25 degrees, was received with a received signal strength exceeding the above threshold. Minimum 3 seconds to maximum 5 seconds
was the duration of receiving the reception judgment.
<<0345>>
Reflected wave reception is sometimes observed in GPS positioning in a place surrounded by buildings and the like. It was shown that this proposed method also has a probability of 0.9% when answering.
However, the wrong answer this time was only for a few seconds when the user was almost directly facing the north side school building at a close distance of 1.2 m, or at an azimuth angle of 6 degrees or 24 degrees.
I would like to add that it was rather difficult for the user to be unaware that this was clearly a reflected wave, not a direct one, because it was happening. In addition
It should also be noted that 0.9% is below 1%. Considering why the effect of the reflected wave is limited to this extent this time, we can see the good view in Section 5.4.
I would like to clarify that there is a possibility that the margin was taken as much as possible so as not to increase the number of incorrect answers when the threshold search was performed at the location.
<<0346>>
In a place with a good view, or in a place where the river in Mt. Takao bends sharply in an S shape and is surrounded by mountains, incorrect answers that were not detected even after 3,000 trials were found in places surrounded by buildings, etc. It is noteworthy that only 0.9% of the 3000 responses were observed in response. kind of
There is a possibility that it can be said that the allowable range of
I would like to continue to explore this issue.
<<0347>>
Of course, the proposed method is not primarily recommended for use in situations where the strong influence of reflected waves is expected. It is difficult to obtain azimuth information in a place surrounded by buildings, etc.
When it is unavoidable to make a trial, it may be preferable from a safety point of view to alert the user that "this is not the recommended operating environment for this device."
be.
<<0348>>
However, even in urban areas, there seems to be a method of use in districts where there is no need to worry about the effects of reflected waves. Sydney, Amsterdam, Helsinki, Washington, D.C., and many other international metropolitan cities face the sea, and bay areas are being actively developed in these cities, making them places of relaxation for citizens and tourists. Tokyo is no exception. There are many famous waterside historical sites, traditional cultural districts, and sightseeing spots such as Hamarikyu Gardens, Tsukuda District, and Odaiba.
stomach. Reflected waves can be used for walks along the waterfront in these areas, for water buses, and for observation spaces located on the upper floors of high-rise buildings in urban areas.
It is clearly stated that there are not a few spaces that can be used to enrich the quality of life where there is no concern about These locations may be used comfortably and without concern.
I would like to mention that it is expensive. We have just started research and data collection on such applications. In parallel, we are building a prototype for real-time audio presentation.
. An example is shown in FIG.
<<0349>>
Fig. 43 shows the time variation of the values of the magnetic sensors sampled simultaneously during the rotation experiment. Although a westward deviation of about 7.0 degrees was recognized as an anomaly in this region, no other particularly large local magnetic disturbance was observed.
<<0350>>
In the future, application to wheelchairs will include improvement of smooth mobility support for the elderly and handicapped. A weight load such as water is relieved by the wheels, etc., is a suitable fit.
<<0351>>
From a comprehensive point of view, it is as follows.
<<0352>>
A conventional L1-band C/A code GPS alone cannot obtain a direction when stationary. In this article, we describe how to acquire direction information with a low-cost L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone.
We proposed a simple method that enables both capabilities. A simulator was built and evaluated. In addition, we built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Reception of a single unit, unlike the conventional method
This method, which can combine both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions simply and at low cost using a unit, inherits the small size, light weight, and low cost of the L1 band GPS receiver.
It is suitable for use by people who mainly walk. Due to the recent enactment of the Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Law and the Space Basic Law, local governments and governments are developing geospatial information.
It is expected to be widely used effectively in the future, with a view to further improving the usability of the communication social infrastructure. In addition, multiple GNSS societies in many countries and regions around the world
Along with the movement of the design, construction, and operation of the infrastructure, it is expected that the multi-GNSS shared receiver will become smaller, perform
This method, which can be used by diverting the results of previous studies, is expected to be widely used internationally over the long term. This method, which can also inherit the global availability of GNSS, can cover all areas including high latitudes.
In terms of ground surface availability, errors due to deviations, deviations, and local magnetic disturbances were unavoidable.
Since it can be released, it has the potential to become an international de facto standard technology. Currently, the Japan Disaster Relief Corps and others are interested in using the prototype of this proposal.
As a developed country located in the belt area, it serves as an extremely suitable tool for basic equipment, etc. to support approach methods for the purpose of saving the lives of victims in the event of a large-scale natural disaster in the area.
We are working with related departments to aim to increase The basic part of this proposal has been registered as an international patent in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, etc. after being assessed, and is useful in the field of electronic information communication.
It can be seen as a promising exploratory research. It is expected to be widely used in the future.
<<0353>>
In the following, the preferred applications of the present invention and various benefits to be obtained from the present invention will be touched upon once again. For example, in the mountains, the
stand. If you are a victim or an injured person, you can search for clues to find the direction of survival and a way out. Severely injured assuming that he or she has fallen into a ravine
It is very important to know which direction of the ridge line you should head in with your last physical strength as a straggler. The right or wrong of that choice is the difference between life and death.
In addition, since the absolute orientation can be known in relation to the body, there is an advantage that the orientation in the body-centered coordinate system can be confirmed without requiring movement unlike the normal GPS. normal
A method such as GPS that requires movement to know the bearing for the first time consumes an extremely large amount of energy and is more dangerous in a mountainous area than in a flat area.
<<0354>>
It cannot be ignored that the present invention can potentially have the following social ripple effect. In other words, as a reverse usage, for example, a disaster victim can be placed under rubble in the field.
Trying to approach the lost position in a short time without loss, in nature as a social training in a new nature aiming for future lifesaving and international cooperation.
It can also be applied to training and education with ambiguous meanings that lead to the relaxation of tensions in the world. Johan Huizinga (Dutch historian) and Ka
It is not necessary to wait for Roger Caillois (French philosopher) to point out that the significance of play for mankind in relation to work is widely known nowadays.
It is a known fact. Mobilizing knowledge, skills and experience in positioning satellite engineering, electronic engineering, electromagnetic wave engineering, physical chemistry, molecular biology, medical engineering, and disaster prevention science as social infrastructure,
This experiential learning-type training and education, which can be carried out outdoors while demonstrating sexuality, substance, and self-participation at the same time, has a social educational value that cannot be ignored and a knowledge that should be inherent.
The potential for high-order directionality of utilization is recognized.
<<0355>>
Furthermore, for example, it can be said that it is a fun play experience that is close to being positioned as a relaxed competition or training for arriving at a destination in a field in which visually impaired people and able-bodied people participate together.
I would like to point out that it is directly linked to supporting Due to the nature of enjoying technical proficiency with this device together with healthy people, it is expected to lead to the recovery of physical function and self-confidence.
Rehabilitation with academic effect
Even so, this new orienteering game may play a role. With the skills cultivated through these kinds of games, in the event of a natural disaster, as a victim,
If visually impaired people can gain the confidence to reach an evacuation center on their own, or actually be able to do so, it will be possible to improve the QOL (quality of life) of the visually impaired.
Also note that This is also the philosophical idea of the science and technology creative nation policy, the intellectual property nation, the symbiotic society realization policy, the Space Basic Law, and the Geospatial Information Utilization Promotion Basic Law.
It can be positioned as a new and useful interdisciplinary important science and technology that embodies the idea to realize this point, and a great effect can be expected.
<<0356>>
I would like to point out that this is based on the fact that it is surprisingly not known that the acquisition of direction information is a serious bottleneck for the autonomous walking of visually impaired people.
Even if the current position can be grasped, it is difficult to obtain the orientation of the body or face. This is because orientation estimation using visual information is impossible and visual feedback plays an important role.
This is because the risks associated with "walking" (stumbling, falling, collision, falling, danger of being involved in a traffic accident, etc.) are overwhelmingly higher than for healthy people. For this reason, healthy subjects
It was extremely difficult to obtain the direction from the positioning difference by trial movement, which is easy if Conversely, there was no simple, inexpensive, and appropriate method for obtaining azimuth information.
Even if the first few times of asking a non-healthy person to accompany them are fine, the more times they are repeated, the greater the psychological burden on both parties, which eventually leads to a gradual estrangement from the mutual relationship.
There was a reality that some improvement was expected for the visually impaired, such as in some cases.
<<0357>>
In light of this current situation, it is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities to work together with able-bodied persons to master the skill of acquiring azimuth information during recreation or training for competitions.
has a different meaning. Communication with able-bodied people through this invention that applies simple science and technology, provision of positive goals, and in the future a place like a vast lawn
Practicality of autonomous walking practice using the present invention and the experience of obtaining a sense of accomplishment when it succeeds in reaching the destination accurately, etc.
It has a great effect in terms of providing ambiguous usefulness. Considering the potential demand for direction information acquisition by the visually impaired, the value of the direction information
It is easy to understand what is latent there beyond the level initially expected.
In addition, it will also help us to understand how strong the needs of the visually impaired people are for obtaining azimuth information.
<<0358>>
The following example should also be mentioned as a highly practical use case. Small sailing vessels such as yachts and dinghies generally do not have advanced measuring equipment. Ning
Indeed, there are many enthusiasts who find it interesting to manage to operate in an environment without these man-made objects and to overcome the difficulties that nature presents. However, the acquisition of direction information is
This case is also important. For example, even though we approached an anchorage site with a good natural environment consisting of rocky reefs, there were many situations where astronomical navigation was impossible due to nighttime, stormy weather, cloudy weather, or rainy weather.
stomach. There are many cases where it is difficult to determine the direction, such as when terrestrial navigation is impossible and there is no lighthouse. In this case, failure to select a route immediately leads to the first distress of running aground,
Inability to navigate on its own, flooding of the hull, rolling over by waves and sinking, etc., especially at night, can lead to serious second disasters that threaten human lives. The compass needle is determined by the deviation of the ship and the local reef magnetic field.
Since the error can range from 0 degrees to 360 degrees due to disturbance, there is a unique property that the validity of even using it as an approximate value is questionable.
Reliability is low in such a scene where the cost of trial movement to avoid impact is maximized in the above sense. Conventionally, in such a case, the navigation is reluctantly stopped. anchor offshore
It was more realistic to wait for dawn while expecting to confirm the direction visually under the sunlight.
<<0359>>
The present invention is also suitable for such cases. Able to detect direction properly. This method is, at the lowest estimate, a valuable first step, since once a bearing is obtained, detailed local observations based on that information often lead to a cascade of corroborating information. It has a great effect in terms of providing the user with a sufficiently appropriate cost and labor
be. The present invention provides an effective means of obtaining azimuth information for selecting a route to berth while preventing grounding even in an environment where there was no choice but to waste time by mooring offshore.
can give.
<<0360>>
Finally, going back to the basic effects, according to the present invention, the effects of diffracted waves can be easily eliminated, and data useful for decision-making can be effectively provided to the user.
<<0361>>
Inadvertent movement directly leads to distress (stepping through the snow cornice due to misdirection in snowy mountains, stranded rocks due to misdirection in shallow water, slipping down ridgeline due to misdirection, etc.).
As a result, the final decision to act was not without great difficulty. Even in such a situation, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain regional and global information easily, quickly, and over a wide area.
It can effectively support comprehensive action decisions. By mixing a small amount of ethyl alcohol, etc. with water even below freezing, the melting point can be lowered and freezing can be easily avoided.
be.
<<0362>>
A conventional portable L1-band C/A code GPS alone could not acquire the direction when stationary. Therefore, we proposed a simple method that can acquire azimuth information with an inexpensive L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit alone. A simulator was built and evaluated.
<<0363>>
We built a prototype and evaluated its performance. Unlike conventional systems, a single receiver unit, which is small, lightweight, and inexpensive, can have both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions. Geospatial Information Utilization Basic Act
And now that the Space Basic Law has been enacted, future effective utilization in a wide range of fields can be expected. Internationally, the activation of multiple GNSS social infrastructures is currently being seen, and international utilization is also possible.
widely expected. It also has the feature that future performance can be improved by diverting multiple GNSS shared receivers.
<<0364>>
Unlike conventional systems, the use of an L1-band C/A code GPS receiving unit alone to provide both positioning and azimuth acquisition functions can be achieved at low cost. amount so far
Functional characteristics such as small size, light weight, and high performance that have been cultivated in the development of a single industrial L1 band C/A code GPS receiver unit, as well as low cost and simple characteristics, are almost the same.
can be inherited as is. Therefore, it is suitable for use by people who mainly walk.
<<0365>>
Due to the enactment of the Basic Law for the Utilization of Geospatial Information and the Basic Law for Space in Japan, the maintenance of geospatial information by local governments and governments will progress in the future, and wireless communication
Against the backdrop of expectations for further improvements in the usability of social infrastructure related to the future, a wide range of effective utilization is expected in the future. Inexpensive, compact and lightweight L1 band C/A code GPS receiver
It is suitable for the times when the communication unit is always carried.
<<0366>>
Construction of social infrastructure for multiple GNSS (Global Navigation Positioning Systems) in multiple countries and regions around the world
Against the backdrop of active movement toward utilization and application, multi-GNSS shared reception units are expected to be launched on the market and their performance to be rapidly improved. Such multi
This proposed method can also be used for the GNSS shared reception unit, and in that case, this method, which makes it possible to further improve performance at a low cost, is expected to be used internationally in a wide range of applications over the long term.
Expected to open.
<<0367>>
This method, which can take over the global availability of GNSS, can be easily used anywhere on the global surface. There is a high possibility that it will become the de facto standard technology.
<<0368>>
A case has been considered in which azimuth information is obtained using a GPS receiver, which has been proposed by the present inventor, and which is capable of obtaining not only position and time but also azimuth information. In this paper, when we refer to GPS, or (for the sake of convenience, we also refer to it as L1 C/A GPS for the purpose of consumer use), it has the longest history of use and is free of charge throughout the world.
It is used as an easy-to-understand expression as a global positioning system that is highly compatible with human society, and has been released and utilized in recent years.
Global Positioning System or Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is rapidly increasing in number and operation in many countries and regions of the world
(Navigation Satellite System), and in addition, an implementation that utilizes a multi-GNSS system shared receiver, etc.
Of course, embodiments may also be included. Although the L1 band was described as a representative example for civilian use, the L5 band, sometimes the L2 band, and even the S band have come to be used in the actual world GNSS along with the use of many frequencies in recent years. , it goes without saying that the frequency band may also be included.
Literature
[1] Masato Takahashi, “New Proposal of GPS Capable of Limiting Stationary Orientation and Examination of Application to Education Support System Emphasizing Individual Interests,” Transactions of the Virtual Reality Society of Japan [Education/Training Special Issue] TVRSJ, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 505-514, December 2006.
[2] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal and design of a portable GPS receiver that can acquire azimuth information and study of a learning support system using it”, Transactions of the Japan Society for Information and Systems in Education (special issue on education support using new devices), Vol. .24 No. 4, pp. 1021-1030, December 2007.
[3] Masato Takahashi, “Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”, Transactions of Human Interface Society, Vol. 10 No. 1, Page 113-122, 2008.
[4] Masato Takahashi, “The Moment of Invention and Discovery -Suggestions for Mathematics Education-”, Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 1-18, 2009.
[5] Masato Takahashi, “Real inventions and discoveries and the role of mathematics education,” Tokyo Gakugei University Mathematics Education Research, vol. 20, pp. 52-81, 2009.
[6] Misra, P.; , et. aL, Global Positioning System, Second Ed. , Ganga Press, 2006.
[7] Ryosuke Shibasaki, Introduction to Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization, Nihon Kajo Publishing, 2007.
[8] Takahashi, M, “Analysis of Satellite Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural Area Using a Novel and
Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal", J. of e-Health Technology and Application, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 296-299, 2008.
[9] Takahashi, M.; , "Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies -Case Studies of Japan and the United Nations-", Journal of Health Technology and Applications, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 300-303, 2008.
[10] Takahashi, M.; , "Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response", Journal of Health Technology and Application, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 105-108, 2009f
[11] Takahashi, M.; , ≡ Method for acquiring azimuth using a single GPS planar antenna ≡, The Patent Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The United Kingdom
Patent Registered, GB2379112B, October 2003
[12] Takahashi, M.; , "Method for obtaining azimuth information", United States Patent Office, United States Registered Patent. US6774843B, August 2004.
(Received May 7, 2010)
Acknowledgments
Mr. Masayuki Kubota, Minister's Secretariat, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, will provide long-term research support beyond the creation of intellectual property for the basic technology part in the initial phase of this research.
Secondly, from the perspective of telecommunications technology, he provided a lot of truly valuable advice on the relationship between strengthening international competitiveness in the field of information and communications and actual lifesaving activities such as international mountain rescue.
We have received a great deal of support in deepening this. Once again, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks.
Masato Takahashi
1988 Graduated from the University of Tokyo, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Basic Science 1 (Bachelor of Liberal Arts). 1990 Completed the Graduate School of Science at the same university (Master of Science) and Senior Researcher at the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. Engaged in research on satellite positioning, satellite communication, and medical engineering for disaster relief. 1988 Graduated from Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Liberal Arts, University of Tokyo 1990 Completed master's program at Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo Communications Research Organization). Chief researcher. 1999 3rd United Nations Association for Peaceful Use of Outer Space
Space Generation Forum Japan representative. International team recommendation "Disaster mitigation through international cooperative utilization of satellite observation and satellite communication technology" is officially included in the United Nations Vienna Declaration. From 2000 to 2003, he was a visiting researcher at the Telecommunications Department of the Australian Government Research Organization for Science and Technology.
Concurrently served as Assistant Counselor to the Director of Technical Policy. In 2003, he led the establishment of the 1st Prime Minister's Award for Merit of Industry-Academia-Government Collaboration. 2004 Patent Office patent application technology trend survey organization selection committee.
In the same year, the Japanese delegation to the 1st Japan-US Expert Meeting on Important Information Infrastructure Protection. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications First Class Land Radio Engineer License, First Class Maritime Radio Operator License, and Aviation Radio Operator License. Land, Infrastructure and Transport
Certified Licensed Guide Interpreter (English) Licensed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Technical English Proficiency Test Level 1 holder Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry certified Type 1 information processing engineer. satellite communication, satellite positioning, disaster
Engaged in research on emergency medical engineering. Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE, etc. Received the 2000 Australian Commonwealth Academy of Science Science and Technology Award.
Masato Takahashi, "Proposal and evaluation of L1-band C/A code GPS receiver capable of acquiring bearing at rest"
－Proposal of a new method that is compact, lightweight, and inexpensive－", Transactions of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers A Basic and Boundary Area (ISSN: 1881-0195 ), Vol.J94-A, No.2, pp.95-111 ,February. 2011
<<0369>>
FIG. 44 is an example of a structure for deploying a water plate around a GPS receiver to reduce the effects of diffracted waves on the GPS receiver.
Although the shape of the truncated quadrangular pyramid is used as an example, a shape such as a truncated hexagonal pyramid may be used. In general, an n-pyramidal truncated shape may be used. Diffracted waves do not penetrate into the shape using water, etc. on the side of such a frustum.
It can be used as drinking water in areas where water is scarce or in disaster areas where safe water is scarce.
It is highly convenient in general because it uses the water that you naturally carry with you.
<<0370>>
FIG. 45 makes better use of the above characteristics, and has a structure in which diffracted waves are less likely to penetrate. This is because the surface of the sphere is diffracted many times (nearly infinite).
The opening cannot be reached unless There should have been considerable weakening of the diffracted wave upon reaching the stage. Furthermore, since a steep angle of diffraction is required from the aperture,
Since the signal is weakened, it is possible to strongly eliminate the influence of the diffracted wave on the receiver.
<<0371>>
FIG. 49 shows a structure (which should be called a fan-shaped column structure with a central angle of 90 degrees) assuming that the cylindrical structure of FIG. 46 is divided into four equal parts as shown in FIG.
It can also be called a type module. It is of course possible to prepare a module that has similar fitting structures on the left and right or on the top, bottom, left, and right, and is not a fan-shaped column. For example, cut each side of a hollow square prism
A quadrangular prism structure that looks as if it had been cut out (so to speak, a flat module), and a triangular prism-like structure that seems to have been cut out from the base of a hollow quadrangular prism at the midpoint connecting lines of corresponding sides (so to speak, a square module).
Joule), a quarter module obtained by dividing a hemisphere base into four (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees), a so-called radial module obtained by dividing a parabolic rotator base into four equal parts (with a structure with a central angle of 90 degrees)
Of course, there may be a 1/4 module of the object line turntable, and so on. Modules of different types can also be connected between any of the different types of modules at least at the left and right mating parts.
It is possible to freely create the necessary structure for attenuation of diffracted waves suitable for the reception characteristics of the inexpensive GPS receiver being used, at low cost (with familiar things such as water).
Direction information can be acquired only by slightly devising the prevailing GPS of the times, and convenience can be enjoyed.
<<0372>>
FIG. 50 shows that a hollow rectangular one-story type can be formed by fitting uneven fittings in the left, right, up and down directions with the flat plate type or square type module mentioned in the explanation of FIG.
This shows that it is possible to construct a two-story type by fitting them underneath. Naturally, the three-story type can also be freely constructed. It is also possible to combine the tile type and the flat type.
<<0373>>
In addition, it is also possible to create a module in which the shape of a base (which should also be called a hemisphere base) obtained by cutting the upper part of a hemisphere with a horizontal line is equally divided into four parts by a cross section passing through the central axis. It is possible.
Also, if you use a quadratic function (parabola) instead of a sphere, you can create both an open shape and a closed shape.
You can also combine these various blocks.
A shape in which the curved surface is arranged in an opening direction like a trumpet or a swiss horn, instead of a shape in which the curved surface is closed, is also highly useful.
For example, in the shape shown in Fig. 53, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it cannot reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
It is easy to make a peg structure. For example, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening in the shape shown in Fig. 54, the receiver must
It is easy to create structures that are difficult to reach.
For example, the shape shown in FIG. 55 is obtained by cutting a parabolic body of revolution horizontally about the axis of rotation. This structure should also be called a parabolic body of revolution, and it is considered that it can be used as a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter from the opening.
In general, with the shape shown in Fig. 56, even if the diffracted wave enters through the opening, it is easy to create a structure similar to that in which it is difficult to reach the receiver unless the diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times). .
The three-dimensional structure is similar to that of an Alpine horn or Swiss horn opening. The shape shown in FIG. 57 makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter through the aperture, and it is easy to create a structure that makes it difficult for diffracted waves to enter the aperture unless diffraction is repeated at many points (nearly infinite times).
As a three-dimensional structure, it can be said to be a structure similar to a pumpkin with an opening used in Easter festivals in the West, or a watermelon that is hemispherical and has an opening, or a mute device for a trumpet.
<<0374>>
58, 59 and 60 will be described.
1. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected by silicon (the inside filled with water is also connected) are dismantled for convenience, and this may be viewed only as a schematic diagram.
2. In the pop-up type silicon cup, the rings connected with silicon (the inside filled with water is not connected) are removed for convenience, and the silicon connecting them is removed. Also good. In this case, if it is stretched all the way, there will be five large and small concentric circles (curves) without water in the three-dimensional structure. Therefore, it is naturally good to devise a structure so that each ring extends while leaving some overlap when sliding. (if that bothers them
A separate treatment may be applied to cover the circle of water with a ring of water so that the water will come into the circle.
3. This can be thought of as five separate rings of water, each large and small. Each may have a screw cap. By gradually shifting and stacking them, you can create a three-dimensional shape of water that corresponds to the cup-shaped outer wall.
4. You can also include steps. It is designed so that it can be fitted into the part of the step. Due to the presence of that stage, almost every point or piece expected
The line has a great effect in that the water can easily maintain a certain thickness. Compared to those having a narrower fitting portion, which will be described later, (a) internal water stains, etc.
The advantage is that it is still easy to clean. (b) There is an advantage that the protruding portion of the thin fitting portion hits the inside of the rucksack and is less likely to break.
5. The purpose of the previous statement (which is very effective in that the water can easily maintain some thickness at almost any point or curve expected).
In terms of achieving , even a narrow fit is of course good. It has a thin convex portion and a concave portion for receiving it in a circular shape. Because water enters into those convex parts
be. In this case, it is difficult to clean. The advantage is that compared to the previous staged combination, the sense of stability will increase due to the mechanical connection of the fit that has a finer structure.
cormorant.
Although FIG. 60 is separated, the whole may be connected like a pop-up cup.
<<0375>>
In any case, the GPS is placed on the bottom. The GPS is placed on the back of the body or the like.
<<0376>>
Those having a molecular structure with a permanent dipole moment such as water, and those having a certain or more conductivity σ because salt content etc. are present therein, so such things, that is,
In the L1 band 1.5 GHz, etc., which is the frequency of electromagnetic waves transmitted by GPS satellites, a certain value or more (specifically, for example, about 10^1 or more) Dielectric loss = (√ relative permittivity) Dielectric loss Angle dielectric loss tangent = ( √(εr))・tan δ, it must have the attribute of power half-life depth below a certain value (specifically, for example, about 10^1 cm or less).
It is characterized by the skillful utilization of only one thing for electromagnetic subwave absorption.
<<0377>>
Such foods are characterized by the fact that when they are put in a microwave oven, the periphery gets scorched. This is because the power half-life depth is small. It can be said that they are suitable for this proposal. Similar items include salami, ham, and bacon.
<<0378>>
On the other hand, even if the power is not half-powered to that extent, it is highly useful just because it contains water. particularly useful as it is edible in possession
In some cases, or when the shape itself is suitable, there is no need to make a special effort, and commercial products can be diverted, or manufacturers of commercial products also intend to use them in combination with our proposed device.
Just by recognizing and reconsidering the size, the usability will be greatly increased, so the development cost will be low, and the idea itself will create value, and the synergistic effect will be doubled.
Increase. For example, baumkuchen that can be worn cylindrically on the back is already in circulation and is gaining popularity. Products with high preservability are also available
It is noted that Yokan (sweet bean jelly) is also gaining popularity as a result of the market introduction of newly developed products as emergency food for disaster prevention, due to its high preservability (post-earthquake newspaper article).
2011, May Asahi Online Version) This can also be hung from the back as a flat board. Equally popular in the mountains is the fact that what actually climbs is heavy.
Climbing with heavy equipment
Knowing that mountains cause the most fatigue and lead directly to distress, he prefers lightweight, high-calorie foods such as sponge cake. This is also easy to use because it has a rectangular parallelepiped that can be simply placed on the back.
<<0379>>
In terms of liquids, it has been a long time since flat type PET bottles were introduced to the market.
It already holds a certain share. In the future, thinner flat-type PET bottles will continue to be developed and regarded as useful. They are simply hung from
There is a possibility that it can be used. We may also propose a device that allows PET bottles to be hung from the side, and by standardizing PET bottles with such projections,
A rescue system will also be put in place. Citizen volunteers have been very helpful in the immediate aftermath of a major earthquake, for example, by entering disaster-stricken areas with their own water, food, sleeping bags, and other equipment similar to mountaineers.
It has been a long time since the Kobe earthquake, the Great East Japan earthquake, the tsunami damage that followed, and the nuclear accident relief efforts have been truly widely known. In such cases,
It was noted that special equipment may be useful, but when the things we use every day are very useful, they are truly useful. In that sense, what we use on a daily basis is
We will live knowing that what we drink and eat on a daily basis has the potential to change and how it will be useful in times of disaster and disaster relief.
It can be said that this is the role of highly intelligent citizens in our country in the future. Looking from the 1980s to the present, it seems that such a nationwide jump in intellectual level is necessary and correct.
History seems to prove that if a new policy is presented, it will be realized relatively quickly in Japan.
<<0380>>
Gummed tape is an essential item for outdoor activities. It is very convenient for tent climbing etc. If you crump up a newspaper and fix it with a packing tape, you can use it as a stick. Gamute is repaired
can be used for of Zack. It can be used for fixing items in a small tent. It can also be used to repair water ingress. It can also be used to break vinyl water bags. When combined with gauze, the wound
It will also be a first aid treatment for. It can also be used as a fixation device for broken bones. Emergency. If you tie it to a tree, it will also signal some kind of emergency to the successor. Write with a magic pen, etc.
If you hang it conspicuously on an artificial tree, it is obviously artificial, so like a post-it note, it can also be used as a notification of the discovery of the victim.
be. It is not uncommon for awnings to be damaged during strong winds and stormy weather. Restoration at night in that case is pitch-black darkness, the area is flooded, and it is extremely difficult, but if there is a gumte, it will be
You can easily grasp the beginning of repair. and many other useful things. Such gamute itself usually has a hollow cylindrical structure. It is also possible to use this as it is.
be In other words, chloroprene (instead of natural rubber), which has a large power loss angle and a large √permittivity, that is, a small power half-life depth, is used for the adhesive part of the gumte. In case of emergency, even when there is no water in combination, choose the one with the lowest power half-life among these items on hand.
is combined well with the body to achieve the desired diffraction weakening, and the proposed GPS realizes orientation appropriately, quickly, and inexpensively, and speeds up decision-making for actions to escape from a distress-like situation.
It has a great effect that it becomes possible to quickly decide. If there is a certain radius for the cylindrical point, it can be used as it is or in combination with a water cylinder, etc., for this proposal.
It can be used.
In this sense, if you have almost the same attributes as much as possible, the power half-life depth is small,
Sometimes it becomes a useful helper, so it has a great effect.
It tastes better. In addition, the size of the circumference of the Gamtte product (used as a hollow cylinder as it is, combined with a hollow cylinder of water, or weakened diffracted waves by pasting
1.5 GHz electromagnetic wave power absorption, etc.), the shape of commercially available PET bottles for drinking water, etc.
It can also be used for weakening diffracted waves, and it is designed to be easily reconfigured into a hollow cylindrical shape), and it can be used as an aid for the injured or for surgery in the event of a natural disaster.
The structure of the transparent pouch bag of the Cole drug also contributes to increasing the accuracy of direction-limited behavior in such an emergency.
It makes sense to have a shape or normalize to a structure that has affordances that can be easily reconfigured into shape. )
<<0381>>
61, 62 and 63 are described. Figures 61 and 62 show a hemispherical trapezoidal structure by combining water plates with a soccer ball-shaped approximation structure.
Implementation example. Viewed from directly above. When viewed from the side, it has a thickness of several centimeters. It's a water plate. Normally, it can be folded and stored compactly in a rucksack.
When used or filled with water, it is not bulky as long as it is properly folded and stretched out as a flat water bottle. In that case, you don't have to fold everything. in an appropriate flat shape
It should be folded in several places to a size that is not too big, and then reduced to a size of about A4 in a rucksack. In that case, rather than being three-dimensional as a whole
Because it is flat, it is not bulky.
It is easy to make a shape in which the whole is folded two or three times and the overall horizontal and vertical dimensions are reduced to about 1/2 or 1/3.
Now, when you are actually in a situation such as a distressed mountain climbing, you take out this water bottle that you put in the rucksack and make a hemispherical structure that is close to a hemispherical structure. person it
By arranging it in combination with the proposed GPS receiver, for example, on the back of the body, it can be effectively used to attenuate diffracted waves.
It is advisable to attach and detach Velcro (registered trademark) (Velcro tape) to the part corresponding to the margin and to the part corresponding to it.
In addition, each compartment (each chamber) may be separately attached with an injection port (screw cap). Even with a structure in which a sturdy vinyl bag with a zipper is attached, such as Ziploc (trade name), a structure that does not leak water is already easy to construct, and such a structure may be used.
Or, for the convenience of pouring, all the compartments of the part known to form the sides of what we might call the hemispherical platform are connected internally.
You can Then, when you are busy, you can fill one after another as it is by pouring water vigorously. Even if you make it possible to put water in other parts,
All right, and those parts can be kept in separate compartments.
If the gray area is filled with water, a trapezoidal hemisphere-shaped water layer can be easily formed on site, which can be used to weaken diffracted waves. You can drink the water afterwards.
<<0382>>
Fig. 52 shows a hose, but it can also be used as a container for transporting water by forming a hose-shaped device into which water is filled with strong chloroprene rubber or the like with a small power half-reduction depth.
In addition, in case of emergency, it can be used to form a cylindrical structure as it is, which contributes to the weakening of the diffracted waves in the proposed GPS.
When requested, it can be used as an auxiliary rope for luggage, etc., and can be expected to greatly improve convenience.
<<0383>>
FIG. 78 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing the geometric relationship between GPS satellite A in the sky and a cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, The radio wave emitted from GPS satellite A is a cylindrical water bottle that has been specially devised such as thinning a part of the water layer. Position of the GPS satellite from which such transmission waves can be sent when it is recognized that the reception strength of the signal from that GPS satellite at the GPS receiver has decreased significantly as a result of the orientation of the GPS satellite indicates that a geometrical constraint on the position in the sky can be made, where φ (φ is a slide ) and θ (where θ is determined by the result of rotation), in the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle, It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding by first showing an overall image as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram regarding the positional relationship of mutual arrangement.
<<0384>>
FIG. 79 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. In Figure 78, which shows the geometric relationship between the GPS satellite A in the sky and the cylindrical water bottle carried on the back of the body, the various things near the cylindrical water bottle that could not be drawn due to space limitations. In addition to showing variables, etc., it also shows an overall view of the geometrical positional relationship with GPS satellite A in the sky. In a specially devised cylindrical water bottle, such as by making it thinner, orienting the specially devised part in a particular positional relationship with the sky, the signal from the GPS satellite in the GPS receiver If it is recognized that the reception strength of the GPS satellite has decreased significantly, etc., the position of the GPS satellites that can send out such transmission waves can be geometrically limited in the position in the sky. At that time, φ (φ is derived by determining B as a result of sliding operation) and θ (θ is determined by the result of the rotational operation), the geometrical relationship between the GPS satellites in the sky and the user or the cylindrical water bottle is shown as a bird's-eye view conceptual diagram. It is a diagram intended to schematically show the aspect of radio wave propagation in the vicinity of the cylindrical water bottle in relation to the overall image of .
<<0385>>
FIG. 80 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. At the same time, the user also draws, although it is self-explanatory, just in case. = 0 and φ can take any arbitrary value. Propagation that produces mutually opposite phases when the diffracted wave and the wave diffracted after passing through the thinned water layer reach the L1 C/A GPS receiver located at the center of the bottom surface of the cylindrical water bottle. In the case of the distance difference, the manipulations proposed by the present invention, by varying the length of B for deriving what geometrical conditions are satisfied, are a, b, r, A Since is a fixed value, the satellite signal that is or results in a positional relationship that sends radio waves at an angle of φ arrives at the GPS antenna due to the almost anti-phase difference between the diffracted waves of the two paths By detecting the characteristic drop in reception intensity due to the cancellation resulting from 1 is a conceptual diagram for illustration; FIG.
<<0386>>
FIG. 81 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to the situation depicted in FIG. FIG. 79, refocused on the center, is a view with particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, showing that along the entire circumference a thin layer of water forms an area of length B. By changing the value in a sliding manner, it is possible to identify the length B at which the signal from either GPS satellite exhibits a characteristic decrease in received intensity due to the cancellation of the amplitude overlap of the two diffracted waves with opposite phases. It is a conceptual diagram showing what can be done and how it leads to the derivation of φ, an important variable as the position of a GPS satellite. <<0387>>
FIG. 82 is a conceptual diagram showing one principle of an embodiment of the present proposal, showing a situation equivalent to that depicted in FIG. In FIG. 79, which has been re-understood, it is a drawing that pays particular attention to the cylindrical water bottle, and is a drawing that shows that a region where the water layer is thin is formed in a part of the circumference. By rotating this region of thin water layer around the central axis of the cylindrical water bottle, the signal from the GPS satellites will have a characteristic drop in reception strength, once the B value has been identified. FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram showing that the geometric orientation between the area forming the area where the water layer is thin and the sky can be identified mainly as θ when showing .
<<0388>>
FIG. 83 shows one of the embodiments of the present proposal, in order to form a region where the water layer is thin in a part of the circumference of the cylindrical water bottle, in order to apply pressure and sandwich it. It is a conceptual diagram of a sandwicher that can be used, and is an example of what has the advantage that it can be easily made by yourself even with a 3D printer, which has become popular recently, due to its light weight, low cost, small size, high elasticity, and high availability of resin. The central angle assumed for the appearance of this arc-shaped pillar is about 45 degrees to 90 degrees. It is a diagram for the purpose of promoting a visual understanding that it is easy to create a 180-degree object. , is an external view for simply showing that the equivalent of one central angle of 180 degrees can be removed, or the same can be done by using four 90 degrees.
<<0389>>
FIG. 84 shows the structure containing water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram in which two out of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the structure in order to meet the demand for reducing the weight and volume of outdoor activities. While the points are omitted as appropriate, even in this situation, even if the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which provide the same effect, are in opposite phase due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs, for example.
<<0390>>
Fig. 85 shows that the cylindrical structure containing water realized in Fig. 81 can be approximated by forming its external shape with a virtual polygonal prism (for example, a regular octagonal prism, etc.). This is a conceptual diagram of a case where two of the four sides are removed in order to simplify the field activity in response to a request to reduce the weight and volume of the outdoor activity when it is formed with such a square pole, and for comparison. Although the figure omits points that can be easily understood, even in this situation, the marginal diffracted wave and the post-transmission diffracted wave, which have the same effect, differ from each other due to the difference in propagation distance at the position of the GPS antenna. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to conceptually illustrate that mutual offset occurs if the phases are opposite to each other, and is a schematic diagram intended to conceptually illustrate the positional relationship with the user's back.
<<0391>>
FIG. 86 shows a structure including water realized in a cylindrical shape in FIG. In such a case, only small values of φ and limited values of θ need to be considered. When it is only necessary to consider only the cancellation of the diffraction signals of the signals from the satellite from the vicinity of both sides of the body for the person, if it is limited to that, the various parameters in the above-mentioned figure are almost uniquely determined, so it is the simplest outline. In view of the fact that it is easy to design so that the fringe diffracted wave at a distance and the fringe diffracted wave at a short distance cancel each other exactly at the GPS antenna if it is implemented as a block of It is a conceptual diagram intended to show the general view of the water container. By combining two of these, it is possible to form an almost rectangular shape, so it is easy to carry, and it is more convenient to use as a water container. It is an external view for doing.
<<0392>>
FIG. 87 shows a state in which a thin layer of water is formed horizontally on the bottom surface of the cylinder in FIG. In view of the fact that it is possible to obtain such an effect, it is a conceptual diagram for illustrating a separate structure that can obtain such an effect. It is also a diagram that shows that even with such a structure, if water is filled with a value B, that is, a distance B from the bottom surface and does not permeate, the same effect as the above structure can be expected. In order to improve visual understanding, θ is still simplified as 0, but if A = 20 cm, B = 6 cm, etc.,
It is an external view intended to show that it is easy to imagine that signals from satellites with φ=0 are canceled in a GPS receiver. be.
<<0393>>
FIG. 88 is a diagram intended to enhance visual understanding of what would happen if the value of θ were simplified to be 0 in FIG. , the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 60 degrees in the figure also differs from the diffracted wave generated at the edge of θ = 0 degree in the figure, and the propagation distance is approximately equivalent to half the wavelength of the GPS L1 wave. This is a diagram intended to easily remind one that since there is a difference in , the canceling effect of the diffracted waves also comes to life.
<<0394>>
Fig. 89 shows that if a water bottle forming a flat water layer on the left and right sides is carried as a device, plugs are configured at the top and bottom of each so that both can be connected with a water channel at the top and bottom. By doing so, when the lower connection tube is attached, oral water retention can be easily performed using the oral water retention tube branched from the connection tube. If one chamber contains a small amount of air and the plug is closed, during, after, or when descending the mountain, simply loosening the other wire will allow the atmospheric pressure to be released before the climb, according to Pascal's principle. Since the difference in atmospheric pressure causes a meaningful difference in water level, both water bottles are transparent and the current pressure difference on the unplugged side with respect to the pressure in the chamber on one side that was sealed prior to the climbing action. Visually understand that if you have a scale that can be read, you can not only carry heavy water, but also effectively use it to know changes in atmospheric pressure, that is, changes in altitude, or sudden changes in climate. It is a head designed to promote
<<0395>>
Fig. 90 shows a layer of water, which usually corresponds to a film of water, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming a layer of water on the left and right. It is convenient to attach a vinyl water bottle to the back with Velcro tape. In addition to the convenient cooling effect, you can place your hands on your hips and extend your elbows backwards or in any direction if necessary to obtain direction information. A conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding that the film of water can be easily affixed to the gaps with Velcro tape or the like as appropriate, thereby ensuring more reliable acquisition of azimuth information by GPS. is.
<<0396>>
In Fig. 91, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be freely attached by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, such as the furisode part of a kimono. By protruding in the direction of , it is possible to easily form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, etc., so that direction information acquisition by GPS can be carried out more reliably. It is a conceptual diagram intended to facilitate a visual understanding of the human body.In terms of forming an appropriate angle between the mutually contacting sides, if connected with Velcro tape, etc., it can be smoothly applied to various fine movements of the human body A, B, C, and D illustrate examples of locations where the water film can be arranged in triangular shapes that can be handled and are easy to handle.
<<0397>>
In Fig. 92, in order to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back by forming water layers on the left and right as in Fig. 90, a vinyl water bottle, which is usually a film of water, is It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. , for example, A, B, C, D, etc., can easily block the diffracted waves of the partial sky, and the direction information acquisition by GPS can be performed more reliably. It is an external view of the apparatus viewed from the front side of the body, and an example of the arrangement of the water film is shown by shading.
<<0398>>
In Fig. 93, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. While demonstrating that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram intended to visually promote understanding that the total amount of water can be reduced, thereby making it easier to acquire azimuth information more reliably.
<<0399>>
In Fig. 94, water layers are formed on the left and right sides in the same way as in Fig. 90 to prevent diffracted waves from entering the GPS installed vertically on the back. It is just an example, but for example, if it is a rucksack that is quite close to a cube, it is convenient to attach it to the side of the rucksack on its back with Velcro tape or the like, and if necessary when obtaining direction information, attach it to the butterfly The arm can be attached to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono, by attaching it to the arm like the furisode part of a kimono. By projecting in the direction of , it was easy to form a film of water in the gap between the arm and the body with Velcro tape, and in some cases, it was folded compactly. Deploying a film of water to cover the arms and sides of the body and even the thighs and shins, e.g. divided into triangular areas, connected to the body and to each other by means of Velcro tapes, etc. So, for example, the diffracted waves of partial sky such as A, B, C, and D can be easily blocked, and by pulling back slightly, in this case, if you install the GPS around the navel, it will be quite deep and wide. Illustrate that the GPS can be placed at the bottom of a conical shield with an aperture, and demonstrate that it is conceptually easy to cross the knees to ensure hip joint shielding as well, regardless of body shape. , thereby reducing the total amount of water, thereby making it possible to obtain orientation information more reliably and easily. It is a figure, and the example of arrangement|positioning of the film|membrane of water is shown by hatching.
<<0400>>
FIG. 95 shows a case of a container made of silicon or the like, which is composed of a combination of several compartments. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. It is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding of the feasibility of such functions, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off.
<<0401>>
FIG. 96 shows a case of a container made of, for example, silicon, which is composed of a combination of several compartments, in which a water layer is formed by a water plate, and a portion of the water layer is formed by a linear region. In order to make the layer thinner, the purpose can be easily achieved by peeling off a part of the layer. FIG. 10 is a diagram intended to enhance the visual understanding that such functions are feasible, and illustrates an initial state before part of it is peeled off. FIG.
<<0402>>
Fig. 97 shows, for example, Masao Nagaoka's Orientation-Agnostic Magnetic Connection Structure, in which the polygonal water layer compartments can be interconnected by a mechanism that allows the magnets to rotate relative to each other to orient the SNs. Incorporating such a connection mechanism into the compartment container improves convenience, as well as Velcro tape, etc., and is useful for maintaining the convenience of this proposal. It is a photograph intended to enhance the visual understanding of
<<0403>>
Figure 98 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent, lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a function to acquire direction information as equipment for a lifeboat. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. and is intended to facilitate visual understanding of such structures and is grasped together with the lid.
<<0404>>
Fig. 99 shows, for example, this proposal is a dual-structured structure that can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as a lifeboat equipment. It is a diagram intended to promote visual understanding that it is convenient to equip it with a bucket-cum-equipment that has a closed space and has a structure that has a plurality of plugs that can easily realize this proposal. and, in such cases, if a lifeboat is fortunately washed ashore on some island, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as an escape even when safe water is particularly difficult to obtain. It is more convenient to have a device that can distill unsafe seawater into safe water even a little, so it will be more convenient to have such a function so that it can be used in such cases. , When the side is heated by sunlight with the lid on, steam rises from the part where the upper plug of the side is released, and it is supplied to the recessed part of the upper lid, condensed and concentrated in the center. A structure that can obtain distilled water by dripping is conceivable, but in that case, it is possible to have a depression on the lid to promote cooling with cold seawater, but even without it, the device can be expected to function properly under the scorching sun. It is a view intended to promote visual understanding of such a structure, and is a view grasped with the lid removed.

<<0405>>
Figure 100 shows, for example, this proposal can seal a layer of water on the side of a transparent and lightweight bucket made of polycarbonate, for example, along with a GPS receiver with a direction information acquisition function as equipment for expedition overseas mountaineering with a team. , so to speak, has a double-structure closed space, and has a structure with multiple plugs, which can easily realize this proposal together with a bucket-cum-equipment that can be easily implemented. In addition, in such a case, it is extremely convenient to be able to use it as a bucket overseas, where it is particularly difficult to obtain safe water. Since it is more convenient to have a device that can be used as a filter, the name of the locally procured filter media required (Gravel, Sand, Fabric, Charcoal, etc.) is listed on the side of the bucket so that knowledge can be gained in such cases. It will be more convenient if you show the approximate position of the level that should be put in with the national language and icon, and at that time it will be more convenient if the diameter is about 4 mm and a screw cap or the like is provided on the bottom. It is a figure for promotion of visual understanding to a thing.






<<0406>>
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be freely modified as long as it complies with the gist of the present invention.
<<0407>>
If (A) it can be realized without being bothered by diffracted waves, you can enjoy it as it is. In case (B), when the diffracted wave is rarely affected by the influence of the characteristics, it is lightweight, small and compact, and can be used as a completely natural carrying item such as water or a container for an outdoor tent. Support is provided by this proposed method, which is also used, and in either case, the convenience of the direction information acquisition method can be easily used in the case of A, and in the case of B, the interest and interest in natural science are deepened and proactively with interest. You can enjoy it while accumulating experience of various research. In that sense, this proposal (B), like (A), is also very effective as an educational device that is actually useful and has a practical significance, and also has a latent significance as a research tool.
<<0408>>
Converts between conical coordinates and sky (spherical) coordinates (elevation/azimuth). This is detailed in books such as Iwanami Shoten's Mathematics Formula III Special Function.
<<0409>>
First, (1) it is examined whether the local minimum value (or minimum value) of the reception intensity is found in the variation of the circumferential slit position (value B). If observed, the satellite is somewhere on the minor circle. In this case go to next step.
Next, (2) (with the value B fixed), close about 3/4 of the circumferential slit, re-form it into an arc slit, and change the position (value θ) of the arc slit (on the previous circumferential slit). Consider whether local minima (or minima) of the received intensity can be found meaningfully with domain changes. If observed, proceed to the next step. If observed, (3) the center of the arc slit is regarded as the satellite direction. Even if it is slightly diffracted by the body, it is considered to be slight and ignored.
<<0410>>
The advantage of kitchen paper is that it has a core and is made of pulp material with an embossed structure, so that even if it absorbs a lot of water, it still maintains its structure with sufficient strength. This structure is also found in general pulp products, such as toilet paper, notebooks, box-type tissues, etc., so take advantage of this property and easy availability (for example, get it at a convenience store before climbing) In the event of a disaster, you can throw it with water into a plastic bag with a zip or a zipper, such as a zip lock, and use it as a structural material that has a certain level of structural strength and absorbs the target electromagnetic wave. It can be used immediately.
And when the crisis passed, when I had time in the tent, etc., surprisingly, when I dried it, the functionality was restored again (although the appearance was a little wrinkled), and there was almost nothing. It can be used without any particular problem in situations where there is no mountain climbing level. In particular, kitchen paper has remarkable properties. It dries easily and does not lose its properties when soaked in water.
<<0411>>
Replace with slits for short sections only.
<<0412>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and viewed from the zenith direction assuming that the cylindrical flexible water bottle is a horizontal cross section. .

It is assumed that the water bottle made of flexible silicon material can be partially changed in thickness by applying pressure. For example, it consists of a method of combining separate compartments containing water, and by removing or inserting each compartment, the thickness of the water layer through which electromagnetic waves passing through a certain part can be changed. . The partial compartment can be extracted or stripped off, either assembled or built-in. Since there are several layers of aqueous compartments, it is assumed that removing, stripping, or stripping just one layer does not necessarily eliminate the aqueous layer. Only the circumference (or the semi-circumference only on the left and right sides) at a certain distance from the back configured in this way, for example, an area including a length of several millimeters to several centimeters or ten to several tens of centimeters, water thickness can be easily reduced.

Figures 95 and 96 show schematic diagrams of the stripping aspect. However, this is shown as a diagram assuming that such a stripping has occurred in the plane. It may be rolled into a cylindrical shape in such a stripped state, and the ends thereof may be joined with Velcro tape, double-sided tape, chucks, magnets, or the like.

Using FIG. 80 as an example, what happens when this is done is as follows.

Waves that reached the GPS receiver while being diffracted from the cylindrical end (periphery) and exceeded the threshold, and the above-mentioned wave and the wave that was emitted from the satellite and came parallel to the above-mentioned wave. Since the waves that enter from and attenuate and diffract after transmission and reach the GPS receiver are in opposite phases, or almost in opposite phases, the amplitudes of each other are almost canceled, and generally , the received intensity can be controlled to be less than the threshold.

As for GPS satellites, they are operated by the United States, so they sometimes transmit more power than necessary, and sometimes less power than expected. It is also believed that this is the result of some sort of satellite onboard system failure. It can be said that it can not be helped because it is not possible to repair it properly in space during the launch of the satellite, but whether it receives a diffracted wave when it is transmitted with more power than expected, or whether it is a strong signal as a direct wave. It may be difficult to discriminate at the receiving end.

Therefore, it would be highly convenient if there was a simple method that allows the user to proactively discriminate whether the received satellite signal is a diffracted wave. To do so, we propose the following method. Strip off the water layer in some areas as previously described. Partial removal of the water layer naturally means that shielding components and electromagnetic wave absorbing components are reduced. At least, it is generally not conceivable that the reception strength of the satellite signal, which should be obtained as a direct wave, is reduced by such stripping. This is because the direct wave is naturally expected to have overwhelming signal strength (amplitude) as compared with the post-transmission diffracted wave.

On the other hand, even if it is a diffracted wave at the edge that has undergone attenuation, assuming that there is a signal that is temporarily determined to be received at the receiver with an intensity just below the threshold, the above-mentioned stripping results in a decrease in signal intensity. is seen, the original signal was picking up the marginal diffracted wave of the signal from the satellite that was in the place to be shielded. As a result, it is reasonably reasonable to presume that the cancellation of the amplitudes is caused. If the diffraction phenomenon occurs at a certain frequency in relation to the characteristics of the sensitivity of the GPS receiver being diverted, the size of the body and cylinder, or the state of the unexpected transmission power of the satellite signal, , the idea is that it is better to positively acknowledge the existence of the whole situation itself and make use of that situation.

Therefore, for example, in the configuration shown in FIGS. 81 and 82, the compartment (including water) located closest to the back was peeled off, observed, and the received strength of each satellite signal was examined. Put the compartment back in place, peel off the next closest compartment when viewed from the back, i.e., the compartment on another stage, and after observing and checking the reception strength of each satellite signal, put the peeled compartment back in place, and In the same way, if you come across an observation fact that the signal strength of a certain satellite suddenly changed below the threshold when observing with one of the compartments removed, It can be considered that it originates from the following, and the direction in which the satellite exists can be limited. In this way, the influence of diffraction can effectively contribute to acquisition of azimuth information. If there is an overall situation in which the diffraction phenomenon occurs, we will try to find positive significance by utilizing the situation itself.

In conclusion, there are four kinds of contribution of diffraction to the acquisition of direction information. User understands that at least the direction of existence of the satellite that emitted the signal is in a position where it cannot directly hit the center of the GPS antenna as a direct wave, that is, in the area in the sky where absorption and shielding by water was intended. Criteria such as whether a person is a practitioner can make a highly significant contribution to each of the following:
1. First, in the simplest way, the existence area of the satellite can be limitedly known by body-fixed coordinates. Being able to know in body-fixed coordinates, albeit limitedly, has a really important meaning. In other words, it can be seen that it exists somewhere in the solid angle that is geometrically blocked by the cylinder and the body. It means that the corresponding GOLD code was run in parallel and the receiver was able to decode it. The satellite number of the satellite and the satellite orbital element of the satellite) and the current time indicated by the receiver based on the latest positioning timing (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), the GPS outputs the azimuth and elevation of the satellite. (which is sufficiently accurate for humans), we can, at least in a limited way, know the numerical information of the approximate frontal direction of the body from matching those body-fixed coordinates with the numerical information that is not. be. Needless to say, this alone will be a great help in obtaining azimuth information when azimuth information is truly sought. In addition, the following contributions can be made.
2. This satellite can then be easily eliminated. In other words, a suitable number of satellites already exist within the framework of the azimuth information acquisition method, and it does not matter if the satellites are not used in the future. If there is a conflict, the information based on this satellite number signal can be eliminated. Even when such a logical contradiction occurs, it is extremely rare that it is caused by multiple satellites. Once such satellites have been identified, they can simply be eliminated and from then on they can focus on other satellites so that they are not disturbed to maintain their concentration on the day's work. A welcome advantage arises. This is a valuable method, as it is difficult to know which satellite is actually causing the discrepancy. If there is no particular interest in the cause of such occurrences at the site and it is sufficient to eliminate them anyway, the above-mentioned phenomenon of erroneously receiving signals regardless of the reason may occur even though they are in the upper sky area that should be excluded. Having a method that allows the identification and elimination of the satellite at a given date and time with a reasonable degree of certainty is very effective in carrying out other duties, which is one's primary duty. It is conceivable that the reason why such a phenomenon occurs is that the signal is emitted with a larger signal output than usual due to an abnormality in the satellite. Like GPS satellites, there are many satellites in the sky, and when a system is formed by a mixture of the latest satellites and obsolete satellites, the possibility of such a phenomenon occurring on rare occasions cannot be denied. It can be said that this proposal has a great effect for practical measures in that case.
3. Next, for those who are interested in the position of these satellites, we need only cheap, lightweight, compact, simple and easily available materials to geometrically investigate the existence area of this satellite in the sky. I can provide the conditions to do so. In other words, while I previously mentioned only the contribution that this proposal could make to those who were not interested in the position of the satellite, this time I would like to offer those who have an interest in intellectual inquiry an opportunity to enjoy the situation. If you can draw a virtual (in your brain) arc (small circle) in the sky that has the possibility of existing positions in the sky, you can enjoy the work of further narrowing down the satellite positions. be. By simple calculation based on the principle described later, this is approximately , a small circle, the fact that the satellite exists (as will be described later) can be seen. This is a small circle formed by crossing the celestial sphere with the side surface of a certain cone having the apex at the center point of the antenna and an axis of rotation symmetry in the frontal direction of the body. When the distance between slits or the size of an obstacle is small compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes significant. However, by using this situation in reverse and looking at the fact that the diffracted waves are having an effect, it is possible to determine the azimuth of the satellite. In terms of drawing out the wisdom to overcome diffraction even if there is diffraction, in terms of increasing the degree of freedom and safety in outdoor activities, and in terms of enlightenment that shines a light on unprecedented educational aspects. great effect.
4. Next, 3. In addition to the above, the satellite positions can be further narrowed down here. 3. Until then, a thin spot of water was created in a circular fashion, and its position was moved parallel to the bottom of the cylinder to see if there was any attenuation in the satellite signal strength. I saw a change. When such a satellite was detected (was), it was almost found that it was on a small circle from the information of the location of its parallel shift. Furthermore, to find out where it is on that small circle, you can do the following.
First of all, we will create a place with thin water in a style that surrounds a circle, and then create a place with thin water in a style that targets only a part of the circle. This can be easily achieved, for example, by using clip shapes corresponding to smaller central angles.
(a) First, assuming that a straight line with an angle of φ from the body frontal direction axis is rotated around the body frontal direction axis, the circular side of the cone intersects the celestial sphere, that is, a small circle as an astronomical term. 3. First of all, it was found that satellites existed above. You can have an experience that goes beyond the experience of
It is also possible to replace the separately described clip to reduce the thickness of the water with a clip having a slightly smaller central angle. When and while held constant, this time, instead of a slide that changes the distance from the back, but rather a movement in a direction perpendicular to it, that is, about a straight line in the front of the body passing through the center of the antenna, around the axis While rotating the dial slowly, it is observed whether the signal strength of the satellite changes or not. At this time, the position of the dial or clip that minimizes the signal strength of the satellite is obtained. Then, a straight line from the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver to the center of the thin water area caused by the clip and the body front direction axis passing through the center of the antenna of the GPS receiver assume a plane, and that plane and Obtain the intersection points of the small circles on the sky above. If there is more than one, it will be one of them, but it is usually easy to identify which one. In this way the approximate position of the satellite is obtained. This is due to the fact that the intensity of the diffracted signal is also the largest, although it travels as straight as possible. The idea is that the maximum cancellation of diffraction waves also occurs in the vicinity of such things.
The experience that diffraction can thus help determine orientation behavior in field activities in a positive manner has a great effect on increasing interest in science. Inexpensive, lightweight, and compact GPS receivers that enable such valuable opportunities for hands-on outdoor learning, as well as water and other commonly available materials, as well as general-purpose materials such as vinyl, polypropylene, and polyethylene, are familiar. What can be provided has a great educational effect. At the same time, these are all things that have a certain inevitability to bring to the outdoors, and from the viewpoint of scientific investigation and engineering design according to the situation, we will develop insight into the potential of the connection of things and enlighten our interest in science. It has a great effect on
As a global positioning system, it is a next-generation social infrastructure that has availability on the entire surface of the earth. In Japan, small, lightweight, high-performance receivers that can fit into mobile phones are supplied at a low price and are easily available. If it is a level that can be done with a little work that can be done, and if it is a method that can be done with food, salt water, sea water, ice packs, heat preservation agents, etc., it can be considered as an extremely meaningful utilization method. This is because if this method is available, the same thing can be done on any land surface in the world, and it has an important characteristic that it does not require the acquisition of special additional items that must be obtained by paying high prices. .
<<0413>>
Next, the configuration, principle and operation will be described with reference to FIG.
Next, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG.
Consider a water bottle filled with water to a substantially constant thickness (for example, 5 mm or 1 cm) on the cylindrical side surface.
<<0414>>
The configuration of FIG. 83 will be described.
Figure 83 shows, as with the clothespins and barrette mentioned above,
Appropriate pressure is applied to a part of the water bottle, which has a certain degree of clamping strength and water is filled on the cylindrical side surface, and for example, a clothespin deforms the object and maintains that state by frictional force. However, if the object is removed, the thickness of the water layer can be changed in the direction of thinning in the same sense that the object returns to its original shape while relaxing for a certain period of time.
FIG. 83 shows a shape that allows pressure to be applied to an arc corresponding to a portion of the circumference rather than the entire circumference. However, any length can be easily manufactured. These days plastic shapes can be manufactured inexpensively. In particular, 3D printers have spread and gained popularity, and educational institutions have introduced printers priced at several hundred thousand yen one after another, making it extremely easy to make your own using resin materials.


<<0415>>
Next, with reference to FIG. 80, the principle of its configuration, principle, and operation will be described.
Now, in FIG. 80, in order to give priority to visual understanding, first, as an ideal state, there is no shielding feature, and the elevation angle is 0 degrees (this will be replaced with θ later for generalization, but the diagram becomes complicated, so First, let us assume a satellite at the position of θ=0 degrees. The azimuth angle of the satellite is assumed to be in a direction rotated clockwise by φ degrees from the left side of the body toward the front of the body when viewed from the zenith. The elevation angle is now set to 0 degrees for convenience. First, FIG. 80 is drawn considering the situation in which the signal from the satellite arrives.
Fig. 80 shows a clip of the shape shown in Fig. 83, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body.
Fig. 80 shows a clip in the shape of Fig. 83, which has a central angle of about 180 degrees and is used to hold the cylindrical water bottle on the left side of the body. More precisely, however, let B be the distance from the plane of the GPS antenna to the center of its clip-thinned portion along the normal perpendicular to the back.
Then, in FIG. 80, ``waves diffracted at the outer edge of the cylinder and reach the GPS antenna'' , and the wave reaching the GPS antenna after being diffracted.

a - b + C
It can be seen that it is.
Slowly slide the "clip to thin the water layer" mentioned above from the side closest to the back to the direction farthest from the back.
In the process, if there is a place where the received intensity of the target satellite signal is minimized and becomes the lowest, it is strongly presumed that the two diffracted waves are in opposite phase at that place. Because the water layer is getting thinner, even if the signal strength from one of the satellites is getting stronger, the signal strength is getting weaker. This is because it is completely inconceivable. By the way, the material used for the clip is a plastic resin or the like, which is transparent to the L1 band signal and therefore has no effect on it.
Now that you know the satellite number that gave you that particular signal strength, you can use it next time. In other words, the work efficiency can be improved by not using the satellite number in the azimuth acquisition method in the outdoor activities for the following days or several days including the day. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 1. is. (This means that such usage may be more convenient for practitioners such as geographic surveys rather than investigating satellite conditions. By the way, ordinary inexpensive GPS receivers By specifying a specific satellite number, it is possible to set a flag that excludes the use of that satellite, so if you do so, you can easily realize the intention to exclude that satellite from the calculation target and respond immediately. Even in the direction information acquisition method of the proposed method, such a thing, that is, a flag indicating that the satellite is not included in the calculation can be set. I would like to point out that we can respond immediately.)
Then, as already mentioned, the numerical representation of the satellite azimuth angle (information in the sense that it is not in body-fixed coordinates) can be quickly output by the GPS receiver. If you compare this, the direction you are facing right now, by chance, is determined by the size of the water bottle on the side of the cylinder on your back and the positional relationship between the GPS receiver and the satellites that should only be affected by diffraction. Since the geometric arrangement of the possible range of existence from where one can exist when viewed from the front of one's body is immediately determined, based on that information, it is possible to know the frontal direction of one's body in a limited manner. , can be done without delay. This is the end of 2. This is a contribution equivalent to
Next, for the position where the clip was fastened, the length of B is read from a scale or the like that may be printed on the water bottle. The difference in the propagation distances of the two diffracted waves, that is,
a - b + C
In other words, in this state, it should be an odd multiple of half wavelength (due to cancellation of diffracted waves), so r (cylinder radius), A (cylinder height for GPS antenna. Specifically, the distance between the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GS antenna and the bottom surface farther from the back of the cylinder), B (the “plane parallel to the bottom surface of the cylinder” containing the center of the GPS antenna and , the distance from the back of the cylinder to the bottom, and λ (the wavelength of the target GPS or GNSS signal) are given as known numbers. Obtaining (3) from the propagation distance difference between the two waves, obtaining the equation (4) regarding the propagation distance and the satellite direction φ,

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(a + c)－b = (2n+1) ・λ/2 (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Solving these equations for φ yields
It is immediately possible to obtain φ. Up to this point, the above-mentioned 3. is. As already mentioned, this means that the satellite exists on the circumference of a small circle in the upper hemisphere specified by the parameter φ and the orientation of the body.

Now, in the figure we have considered here, as already mentioned, we assumed θ=0. In other words, the center of the area where the thickness of the water receiving the parallel waves from the satellite is thin is "when viewed from the back of the user, the front of the body is the axis, and the left side of the user is horizontal. As a starting point, I have limited myself to that (for the sake of clarity), drawing a diagram and thinking accordingly. The clip at that time is assumed to have a central angle of about 180 degrees.
At that time, the magnitude of B was changed, and as a result, the aspect when the minimum value was obtained at the minimum value was examined.

Well, next, let's think about releasing these restrictions. That is, change the orientation of the clip with θ=0 and observe the variation in the signal strength of the satellite. That is, reduce the thickness of the water, change the orientation, and observe further changes in the received intensity of the satellite of interest. That is, by changing the value of θ, we can further observe changes in the received signal strength of the satellite of interest. Here, θ means that the center of the area where the thickness of the water is thinned is measured clockwise from the front of the body when viewed from the back of the user, with the horizontal direction on the left side of the user as the base point. angle”.
Specifically, what happens when this clip is integrated with the cylinder and is rotated about the front of the body, or when the clip is rotated about the front of the body without rotating the cylinder?
This in FIG. 78 will change θ. As mentioned above, if there is a point where the signal strength is the lowest when turning in this way, the line connecting the center of the area where the water is thinned by the pressure of the clip and the center of the GPS antenna at that time and the body frontal axis, the plane spanned by and the small circle mentioned above, the intersection point (the visible part or the reasonably possible part) is the specific direction of the satellite. strongly estimated.
In this way, the result of being able to obtain body-fixed coordinates (not numerical values), such as that direction in the sky, is valuable. Numerical information cannot always be used in this way. This is because the azimuth and elevation angles of the satellites, which the GPS receiver simply outputs as numerical values, are not body-fixed coordinates, so it is completely unknown in which direction the reference is. . Acquisition of azimuth information by matching it with the direction obtained by body-fixed coordinates like this method is valuable because it can be dramatically meaningful and can be used to support action decisions.
Up to this point, the above-mentioned 4. is.

At this point, it goes beyond the traditional expression of diffraction, such as being able to receive radio even in the shadow of a building, which is difficult to feel grateful for. Even in the proposal of a novel style of decision support, it is effective for the first time to have a rare and difficult experience that diffraction has a useful aspect, in a framework that is economically reasonable and as a fun outdoor activity. It has a great effect that it can be provided to Accumulating such valuable experiences is an enjoyable experience that is necessary in order to be interested in lifelong learning efforts, research activities, and even efforts to create innovation, and to achieve results. It has a great effect in fostering subjective interest through
In the drawing, a clip corresponding to a central angle of about 90 degrees is drawn. However, it should be noted that the specification uses a clip assuming a central angle of about 180 degrees.
<<0416>>
The propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of the half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)
<<0417>>
Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to
<<0418>>



First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.

<<0419>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0420>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0421>>

In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.
<<0422>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.




<<0423>>

By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 87 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0424>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)
<<0425>>

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so the amplitudes almost cancel each other. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it is possible to estimate the possibility that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)




<<0426>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.
<<0427>>

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0428>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0429>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.
<<0430>>

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0431>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 86 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or the depression is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.
shows a view looking down from the zenith. A GPS receiver and a cylinder of water are formed on the user's back.

cylindrical.
In order to eliminate it, the threshold can be appropriately set, but for some reason (GPS with inferior resolution has to be used), the signal strength of the attenuated wave of the diffracted wave is In some cases, it may be due to a special background such as a wave with a strong intensity that cannot be distinguished as a function of the GPS receiver in the first place.)
In that case, dimensionally, it may be affected by diffracted waves.
Especially when using inexpensive GPS as described above.
In that case, conversely, the problem can be solved by doing the following.
Since it utilizes the principle, it can also be used for educational purposes.
Surprisingly, there are not many electromagnetic waves derived from satellites with wavelengths of this level, and they are suitable for outdoor education because they attract children's interests. As mentioned above, this proposal has low cost, light weight, and compactness suitable for support of citizen-level volunteer relief activities. , The principle is easy to understand, and it is suitable for educational equipment because it has the fun and enjoyment of realizing the desired true function by combining familiar things. <<0432>>

FIG. 80 is a diagram assuming that a cylindrical flexible water bottle made of, for example, silicon material is attached to the back of the body, and the sectional view is viewed from the zenith direction.

Suppose that the water bottle made of silicon material has a part that can be changed in thickness. For example, it consists of different compartments, and the thickness of the water layer is changed by removing or inserting each compartment. Part of the compartment can be pulled out for assembly or built-in. However, since there are several layers of water layer compartments, it is not necessarily the case that removing one layer completely eliminates the water layer. By doing so, it is possible to easily reduce the thickness of the water in a region of several millimeters to several centimeters, for example, only in the circumferential portion (or only the left and right half-circumferential portions) at a certain distance from the back.

Figures 95 and 96 show the stripping aspect.

Then, what happens will be described with reference to FIG. 79 as an example. Waves that reached the GPS receiver while diffracting from the end of the cylindrical shape and reached the GPS receiver above the threshold entered from the stripped part and attenuated while being transmitted and diffracted while reaching the GPS receiver. , are canceled because of the opposite phase or almost the opposite phase, and can be controlled to be less than the threshold as a whole.
GPS satellites are known to: Sometimes it sends more power than it needs. This can also be considered as the occurrence of a kind of trouble. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish whether the signal is received as a diffracted wave because it was transmitted with more power than necessary, or whether the signal is a strong signal because it is a direct wave.

It would be useful to have a way to make such a distinction. To do so: Peel off a certain part that is sticky now. Stripping off naturally reduces the number of shielding components, so normally the received radio waves may become stronger, but never weaken. It should be. The direct wave should be completely unaffected. Even if there is a weak influence, it is unthinkable that it will weaken visibly. This is because the direct wave should be overwhelmingly stronger than the slight post-transmission diffracted wave.

However, if the diffracted wave is a signal that happens to have sufficient intensity, it is considered that interference with a slight post-transmission diffracted wave has a certain probability of occurrence.

Therefore, for example, if you peel off one step from the bottom, examine it, return it again, peel off another step, and examine it, when you peel off some step, there is a certain A sudden drop in satellite signal strength below the threshold is strongly presumed to be due to the following.
<<0433>>

That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in FIG. 79, is an odd multiple of half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)

Such an understanding works extremely well in the rare case that the diffracted waves of most satellites are normally diffracted, but the satellite signal appears to be diffraction-cancelled. Suppose, at the summit or on the ridge, identification is not possible due to reasons such as in which direction it descends, or because there is no view due to fog, or because visibility is not usable due to snow blindness, or because it is night time. In the case of overseas expeditions, visual identification is difficult, and magnets are unreliable volcanic zones. However, liquids with a much lower melting point than water, such as ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol, can also be used as suitable options, and in this case, they can also be used for beverages, medicines, fuels, etc.), Appropriate use of magnets is extremely difficult due to areas with large influences. It is also very effective in reconnaissance, research, walking, etc., where there is no moving environment to receive benefits.

This method is effective for diffracted waves, and even if φ is a negative value, it is useful as long as it is a diffracted wave. In addition, I would also like to point out that it is possible to perform actions equivalent to specifying the direction (especially if it is combined with the normal direction limitation, it is even easier to do). (Also, when only the semicircle is peeled off, regardless of whether the value of φ is positive or negative, when the value is small, an action equivalent to specifying the orientation can be performed simply).

It seems that the transmitted diffracted wave is attenuated more by the transmitted amount than the edge diffracted wave that does not experience transmission. will be compensated by the transmitted diffracted wave experiencing a small attenuation due to


<<0434>>

First, observe the state in which the whole is covered with water. Assume that signals from signal sources α, β, and γ can be observed.
Keeping one row perforated (i.e. removing the water plate or water rod) and the other rows blocked with water, observing, α, β, are observed.
In other words, the signal from the signal source γ suddenly disappeared by opening the window row at a certain location. The diffracted wave (which should be weaker than the direct wave at the time of diffraction) that has come around to a large extent, and the diffracted wave of the transmitted wave (at the time of transmission and diffraction) that partially entered through the transmission window ( It can be seen that the diffracted waves from the mouth end point of the pillar are canceled out by the mutually canceling "target" effect due to the phase shift.
In this way, the propagation distance of the radio waves that enter through the window, diffracted, and reach the GPS antenna, and the radio waves that arrive after being diffracted from the edge of the large tube or wall. should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

a^2 + r^2 = A^2 …(1)

b^2 + r^2 = B^2 …(2)

(2n+1) ・λ/2 = (a + c)－b (n=0,1,2,…) …(3)

c=(AB)・sinφ …(4)
Although it is an odd multiple, it is usually 1 (n=0). If the system is determined by GPS, Glonass, etc., λ is constant and about 19 cm.
From these principles, the above equations are established, from which φ can be estimated.
In other words, by opening the window, you can also study diffraction, and you can study and research invisible radio waves.
That is, A, B, r are known to the observer or implementer (not the designer). Therefore, it can be seen that a and b can also be considered to be known since they are immediately determined by calculation. GPS L1 C/A has λ=19 cm, and from this λ and human body dimensions of A, B, and r, it becomes clear that n=0 can be used. Then, when A, B, a, b, λ, and n are known and c is eliminated from (3) and (4), it becomes clear that only the variable φ remains as a variable. Therefore, φ can be determined. In other words, when such signal acquisition disappears, that is, when a row of windows that seem to cancel each other becomes clear, the directivity φ of the satellite with respect to the front of the body becomes clear. This is an interesting use of the generally troublesome properties of diffracted waves.
<<0435>>

By repeating this, it is possible to estimate the direction of existence of each satellite like solving a riddle.
In a sense, this is an intellectual play limited to the outdoors, and it also includes the challenge of a new genre.
The value of B may be the distance to the center of the window. Basically, if the phases are completely opposite to each other, it is better.


In addition, the method of peeling was described, but this is a U-shaped plastic (plastic does not show absorption in the L1 band, so to speak, it is transparent) that is pinched along the circumference (some kind of Just like hair clips, ordinary clothespins, and futon scissors that prevent the futon from being blown away by strong winds when drying the futon, you can push it in with an appropriate amount of pressure, not to the extent that it hurts the target, and hold it down. remains there, and as a result, the shape, especially the thickness, of any intended portion of the fluid, elastic body, or elastic-like body is formed as thin as intended, but when removed, the target thickness (Fig. 83), the whole circumference or a part By acting to pinch a point near one point) with an appropriate pressure, liquid such as water in that part is pushed out and thinned (and by the method of moving the part that gives such pressure ), can also produce any effect. In that case, you can find the place where the attenuation occurs by sliding slowly and steadily, so you can not only be passive to the radio waves from the satellites in space, but also experience the result of a kind of dynamic action. It can also be effectively used as an educational device for the part that is the fundamental property of electromagnetic waves, and has a great effect.


<<0436>>
Figures 87-88 are intended to show that;
In other words, "When the GPS is placed at the center of the bottom of a cylindrical well with a diameter R (R = 2r as the radius r), the diffracted waves cannot be completely eliminated unless the well has a radius r about twice the wavelength λ or more. It may be difficult

In FIG. 88, consider how the edge diffracted wave affects GPS.
To state the conclusion first, the minimum θ is the diffracted wave at the θ degree point that cancels out the 0 degree diffracted wave at the edge.
When R=λ/2=9.5cm θ=180 degrees (this is called diffraction or reflection)
θ=90 degrees when R=λ=19cm
θ=60 degrees when R=2λ=38cm
is. This indicates that when the aperture diameter R is less than λ, cancellation does not readily occur at the central portion. Depth is irrelevant (since all edge points are the same distance from the center of the cylinder regardless of depth).
This suggests the following. i.e.
For a cylinder much smaller than the diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are similar. Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder reinforce each other. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder therefore does not occur. Weakness due to caliber cannot be expected. There is a total of 1 in-phase point and a total of 0 anti-phase points on the entire circumference.

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the greater the diffraction angle, the greater the diffraction angle attenuation. Relative weakening can be expected with increasing depth.
<<0437>>

For a cylinder with a diameter of λ (19 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Hence, the phase at all cylinder edges is slightly diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are slightly diversified (antiphase at θ=±90 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・1λwith n=1 and r= 1λ….0=cosθ….θ=±90 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder slightly cancel each other. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder is slight. There are in-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 180 degrees (2 points in total).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is sufficiently comparable to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, when the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a large diffraction angle. Therefore, the larger the diffraction angle, the larger the diffraction angle attenuation. Relatively modest attenuation can be expected with increasing depth.


In a cylinder with a diameter of 2λ (38 cm),

1. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, the phases at all edges of the cylinder are diversified to some extent. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are diversified (antiphase at θ=±60 degrees and θ=0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)=n・λ/2 with n=1 and r=1λ….1/2, -1/2 = cos θ….θ=±60 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs. There are in-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points) on the entire circumference, and anti-phase points every 120 degrees (total 3 points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder does not have a very large diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is not so large, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, even if the depth is increased, its weakening cannot be expected so much.

For a cylinder with a diameter of 4λ (76 cm),

2. The diameter of the cylinder is large compared to the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Thus, the phase at all edges of the cylinder can be moderately diversified. Therefore, the phases of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder are fairly diversified (θ = ±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees, antiphase at θ = 0 degrees ∵r(1-cosθ)= n・λ/2 with n=1,3 and
r=4λ…7/8, 5/8=consθ….θ=±29.0 degrees, ±51.3 degrees). Therefore, the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder cancel each other to some extent. Mutual cancellation of the diffracted waves at all edges of the cylinder thus occurs to some extent. On the entire circumference, there are in-phase points (total * points) at every * degrees, and anti-phase points are at every * degrees (total * points).

2. The diameter of the cylinder is about the same as the wavelength (distance used for phase change). Therefore, even if the cylinder is deep, the diffracted wave reaching the center of the bottom of the cylinder has a small diffraction angle. Therefore, since the diffraction angle is small, the diffraction angle attenuation is not so large. Relatively, the weakening cannot be expected even if the depth is increased.






By gaining depth, those wishing to reach GPS with diffracted waves can only experience large diffraction angles, thereby causing large diffraction angle attenuation.


In order to obtain that large diffraction angle, it is necessary to make it deep.
However, doing so also reduces the solid angle in which direct waves can be received. The limit is

FIG. 88 shows a case where thin portions are formed in the vertical direction. This can be done by using a flexible material such as silicon and a different shape than the washing scissors mentioned earlier (when using scissors that create a thin portion in the vertical direction).
The figure omits the thickness of the cylinder. The notched parts are also simply drawn.
The outer cube is for reference only.
<<0438>>

When φ in the previous diagram is limited to φ=0, the following is obtained.

A: Height (from the bottom) of the canteen. Let the distance from that point to the GPS be a.
B: Height (from the bottom) of the "notched part" of the cylindrical water bottle (therefore A > B). The distance from that inner point to the GPS is b.
(With this setting, the distance from the bottom of the cylinder to the lowest point of the "notched part" provided on the cylinder is AB.)
r: inner radius of cylindrical water bottle
λ: Wavelength of GPS satellite signal

A2+ r2 = a2 (1)
B2+ r2 = b2 (2)
ab =(2n+1)*λ/2 (where n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)・・・・・・(3)

If r=10cm A=20cm n=0:
Substituting the above assumption into (1) a=√(400-100)=17.321cm
Substituting the above into (3), b=a-(c/f)/2
=17.32cm-(3x1010)[cm]/(1575.42*106)/2 =17.32cm-9.52cm =7.80cm
Substituting the above into (2) B=√{-r2 + b2} =√{-100 + 7.80^2} =√{-100+60.48} =6.2865cm ≒6.3cm
Therefore, the "cut depth (AB)" is
It becomes a notch with AB= 20cm-6.2865cm ≒ 13.7cm.

A cut of about 13.7 cm out of a height of 20 cm is appropriate.
or,
By creating a thin portion centered on that point, the phase difference between the edge diffracted wave from θ=0 and the transmitted diffracted wave becomes almost opposite at the GPS receiving point, so that amplitude cancellation almost occurs. ,
Mixing of diffracted waves can be avoided.

In other words, if there is a satellite signal for which reception determination is lost due to an action, it can be estimated that it exists in the direction of φ=0.


That is, the propagation path difference, that is, a−b+C in the figure, is an odd multiple of a half wavelength. If this is known, the position of the satellite can be determined by, as can be seen from FIG. It turns out that the straight line comes from somewhere on the side of the cone that sweeps into the sky. (If it is peeled not as a circle but as a half circle, it is strongly estimated that only the peeled side of the cone side surface is peeled, so the method of peeling as a half circle can also be used next time.)


<<0439>>
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and contains water at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, and protrudes forward, rearward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device. to attenuate the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<0440>>
The azimuth information acquisition method; containing water is water for drinking or cooking, alcohols, physiological saline for emergency medical use, alcohol for disinfection, medical chemicals, or fuel A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the container body contains alcohol.
The direction information acquisition method; the shape of the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder; the central axis and the vertical axis of the body
and the lateral axis of the body are perpendicular to each other; a GPS receiver is disposed near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the alignment of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the main beams of the antenna are substantially the same.
The method for obtaining direction information, comprising:
The shape of the thing containing water is cylindrical;
Water supply subdivided sealed vinyl packaging package When a continuous body with a separation tear line is wound around a paper cylinder, etc., any two lines of the separation tear line that are initially adjacent
, is also about 137.5 degrees or a natural number multiple thereof, or about 222.5 degrees (this is 137.5 degrees
180 degrees) or natural multiples thereof, the spacing of adjacent separating cut lines is determined by the paper cylinder radius and the drinking water aliquot sealing vinyl
It is designed based on the interval value calculated from the thickness of the continuum with separation perforation line of the packaging package and the order number of the perforation line from the beginning;
When viewed from the central axis, all the fibers are dispersed in different directions, and an overall structure that does not overlap no matter how many times the fibers are wound is formed.
Direction information characterized by the use of a continuum with a separation perforated vinyl package, characterized by attenuating the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above-mentioned sky coverage area without omission. Acquisition method.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device, the power for electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal is halved.
A substance with a depth of 5 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and existed outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
Attached to the front side or rear side of the body, at least on either the left or right side of the direction information acquisition device, the power is halved against the electromagnetic waves of the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal
A substance with a depth of 20 cm or less was attached so as to protrude forward, backward, or laterally from the direction information acquisition device, and was present outside the sky coverage area.
A direction information acquiring method characterized by attenuating signal strength derived from a GPS satellite.
The direction information acquisition method; containing water is water or alcohol for drinking or cooking, or physiological saline or disinfecting alcohol for emergency medical use.
It is a container containing liquids for medical use, drugs for medical use, or alcohols for fuel, or is ingested as food containing water or alcohols.
or miso, miso-based products, or salted preserved foods such as sausages, salami, ham, or smoked products.
or is a nutritional liquid or gel ingestion, or is part of an animal or plant, or is meat or cereals or legumes or root vegetables.
And, it is a highly water-containing tissue such as muscle or skin, or it is a seasoning, or it is a heat or cold insulation material, or it is a super absorbent polymer.
or daily necessities such as gel or liquid cosmetics or household products (detergents/liquid soaps), or liquids containing electrolytes filled in batteries or rechargeable batteries
Or industrial products such as gel-like polymers, or chloroprene rubber or polychloroprene rubber or chloroprene rubber (CR rubber) equivalent or higher
A material that has GPS electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics such as the 1.5 GHz band, or a material that uses a so-called wet suit material or a wet suit itself
or antifreeze used in polar regions, cold regions or high altitudes, or ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol, or large scale
Moist soil or moist sand or sea water or lake water or river water or rain, such as those available in the open in an emergency during natural disasters, large-scale man-made disasters
Harsh environments where the use of water or sometimes the excretion of living organisms or livestock must be found effective, or medicinal liquids
Alternatively, a direction information acquiring method characterized by using a disinfectant solution, an infusion solution, or a physiological saline solution.
Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
One GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
It is mounted on the front side or the rear side of the body, and at least one of the right and left or the left and right of the above-mentioned direction information acquisition device is labeled "relative dielectric for electromagnetic waves with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal" against the electromagnetic wave with the frequency of the GPS satellite transmission signal The square root of the coefficient (εr) and the dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) (δ is the dielectric loss angle) belong to a region of a certain numerical value or more such as “10”). Alternatively, it is mounted so as to protrude to the side, and attenuates the signal strength derived from GPS satellites that exist outside the above air coverage area.
How to get rank information. The azimuth information acquisition method;
is a container containing alcohol for disinfection, medical liquid medicine, or alcohol for fuel.
The shape of the direction information acquisition method; the one containing water is a side surface or a part of a cylindrical or rectangular cylinder;
A GPS receiver is arranged near the intersection of the central axis and the vertical axis of the body; the central axis and the main antenna of the GPS receiver
A direction information obtaining method, characterized in that the directions of the beams are substantially the same; and the structure is such that it can be incorporated as an internal structure of a rucksack and can be removed.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
2πg(a-0.5bg)+2πbggn (where n=1,2,3...)
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package characterized by being designed to keep "the length of the interval between the nth cut and the n-1th cut of the subdivided water package" in length .
In the direction information acquisition method, the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water according to claim 5 is wound outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by the fact that a cylindrical shape can be reliably and simply formed while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist.
In the continuous vinyl package for subdividing and sealing packaging of drinking water, it itself has a thickness of b (cm), and is used to easily form a cylindrical water structure.
Assuming that the radius at the start of tightening is a (cm) and that it is wound outward, if g ≈ 0.382 (= 1 - golden ratio (0.618)), π as pi
《Number 1》
000155

(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ...))
(However, [ ] is the symbol for definite integral.)
or
2πg(a−0.5bg)+2πbggn
(However, θ = 2 · π · g · n (rad) (However, n = 1, 2, 3 ...))
Designed to keep the length "from the starting point to the n-th break between packets of subdivided water"
characterized by
Drinking water subdivided sealed packaging continuous vinyl package,
To be able to reliably and simply form a cylindrical shape while efficiently avoiding the occurrence of gaps where water does not exist by winding outward with a radius of a (cm) at the start of winding;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
(1) Has a hemispherical antenna pattern
one GPS flat antenna,
With the center of the beam horizontal,
Bounded by one semicircle passing through the zenith,
The GPS planar antenna forms a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the celestial sphere in the direction it is facing,
causing the GPS receiver connected to the GPS flat antenna to attempt to capture a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite in the upper hemisphere;
processing signals received by the GPS receiver to determine GPS satellites present in the airspace;
Using the azimuth angle of each GPS satellite obtained in the process of positioning calculation,
aligning each GPS satellite determined to be within the air coverage area in clockwise order as viewed from the starting azimuth angle of the air coverage area;
The azimuth angle of the last corresponding GPS satellite in the aligned order is defined as the starting azimuth angle, and the opposite direction of the azimuth angle corresponding to the first GPS satellite is defined as the ending azimuth angle,
an azimuth information acquisition device that limits the azimuth in the direction in which one side of the semicircle faces to the azimuth angle range defined clockwise;
(2) Attached to the front side or rear side of the body,
(3) at least one of left and right or left and right of the direction information acquisition device,
(4) those containing water,
(5) mounted so as to protrude from the azimuth information acquisition device;
(6) thereby
(7) Attenuate signal strength derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the air coverage area;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. Like, put on,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. As such, the multiple compartments of the reservoir, which doubles as an oral intake tube for drinking water, are compactly stored in the reservoir, and when used, are pulled out (one after another) by spreading both arms or one arm, and the water plane is the arm. The reservoir compartment returns to its original compact shape in its stowed position by unfolding it (to form between the torso) and returning it to its original position (with both arms or one arm lying alongside the body when not in use). while ensuring active oral intake of water without interfering with activity.”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
For (5), the following (5'), namely;
"More than the direction information acquisition device, it projects toward the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or projects toward the side opposite to the side of the direction information acquisition device with respect to the body, or in the extension direction of the body. so as to constitute a spatial shape,
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Sports drinks, isotonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure almost equal to the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), hypotonic drinks (lower osmotic pressure than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid) Beverages containing electrolytes with an osmotic pressure), hypertonic drinks (drinks containing electrolytes with a concentration higher than the osmotic pressure of the human cell fluid), physiological saline, seawater, battery electrolyte, batteries The main purpose is to actively improve the compatibility and convenience of the place, etc.)
containing an electrolyte solution or a polar solvent,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is a carry-on item in the field, or for heating fuel for cooking during tent camp, for mobile fuel such as snow vehicles, for ingestion as a nutrient source, as a luxury item It is an important carry-on item for ingestion of food, cooking and seasoning, etc.)
Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol (for medical supplies and disinfectants), alcohols (for general cleaning and fuel, etc.)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (4), the following (4′), namely;
"(Important for missions such as the emergency relief team medical team, it is essential as a carry-on item in the field, such as cleaning wounds, using it as a basis for implementing intravenous fluids, and using it for oral intake during extreme fatigue.)
Physiological saline, or those containing an infusion containing certain components using it,
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of increasing the high degree of versatility of carry-on items that tend to be restricted at the site and the possibility of responding to events with only on-site items.)
Containers or reservoirs containing or containing water
It can be transformed, split, and recombined.
(By having characteristics, various characteristics of signals derived from GPS satellites that existed outside the above air coverage area, and the characteristics of the GPS antenna, GPS receiver, and surrounding environment) It is possible to actively make use of the shape.)
By (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
A reservoir that can hold a water-containing object is divided into a plurality of compartments, and the compartments can be freely combined with each other to take an arbitrary shape that is closest to the user's wishes.
by (more effectively)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
The reservoir, which can hold a water-containing material, is divided into multiple compartments, and can have any number of layers of water or electrolyte solutions of different concentrations or substances of different compositions or air,
(By doing so, we also utilize the property that electromagnetic waves partially reflect when incident on substances with different refractive indices.)
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
(The main purpose was to manage physical condition, including nutritional supplementation and reduction of dehydration.)
of the reservoir contents to the user,
oral intake
or
(subcutaneously, intravascularly, intraperitoneally, etc.)
Infusion
having means (such as a tube as
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
so that the opening narrows from the periphery toward the center or widens from the center toward the periphery,
be configured
by (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, or completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level or cross-country skiing and to achieve higher results in triathlon competitions)
A reservoir capable of holding an object containing water (etc.)
(for example) corresponding to all or part of a development of a polyhedron, manysided object, manifold object,
multiple polygons or geometric figures as bases
(First of all, it is relatively short as a univocal image, that is, in a mathematical sense, it is easy to understand that it is often expressed as a plate shape.)
pillar
(A “pillar” in the mathematical sense is a “pillar having a geometric figure on its bottom surface, such as a cylinder or prism”)
As
(In a shape that is not so bulky that it can be attached to clothing when not in use)
configured,
(With a procedure like assembling a polyhedron from a developed view, sometimes with the aid of Velcro fasteners or fittings or sliding devices,
As a three-dimensional spatial figure in the first place)
of polyhedron surfaces
All (when intended to act as a virtual opening for electromagnetic waves by making the layer of water very thin relative to the other surfaces, rather than expressing it as a clear opening)
or
(when contemplating constructing a shape that has a non-water-filled surface, i.e., a clear opening for electromagnetic waves) partly
By forming a layered structure such as water on all or part of the surface of the polyhedron
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir capable of holding a water-bearing object is
multi-layered compartments of fan-shaped columns with relatively small central angles (compact during normal activities such as walking and running)
The structure (combined with a tube that is an oral water intake device) can be taken or easily reverted (while being easy to wear on the body and suitable for trail running).
(When rushing to the site for disaster relief, etc., in order to perform the original mission accurately, to prevent getting lost at crossroads where there is a risk of getting lost, and to more reliably acquire direction information. Second, in order to increase the survival rate of victims, reduce the probability of occurrence of aftereffects, and shorten the time until rescue after a disaster, in the event of such an emergency or emergency use, it is a way to bring serious disadvantages to victims. In order to avoid time loss due to hesitation, etc.)
By individually sliding the individual fan-shaped structures with multiple compartments and unfolding them into one large fan-shaped structure with a larger central angle,
By developing and creating a fan-shaped layered structure of water with a wider central angle (without having to maintain the shape of the layered structure with your hands and arms), you can free your hands and arms and use maps and check items. It is possible to provide a cooling or warming effect on the underarms to prevent heatstroke or hypothermia without requiring assistance such as checking, etc., and it is easy to combine with an oral intake tube, making it suitable for trail running, etc. Since it is possible to maintain a small and compact shape that is suitable for both, as you can see from the fact that not a few athletes participate in trail running with a cylindrical oral water bottle attached to one mouth, such a shape , more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
At this time, the fan-shaped multi-layer structure may be hung from both shoulders with a short ring-shaped Schlinge (a short string for mountaineering). Alternatively, a ring-shaped medium-sized schringer can be crossed over both shoulders and hung in the same way.
In addition, I would like to point out that this can of course be applied to other items in this paper because it is easy to implement, convenient, and practical.
In particular, when a fulcrum for suspension is required even at the center of the body, crossing points of crossing should be used. In mountaineering and other environments where it is not easy to obtain things, it is possible to easily solve what seems to be difficult by making good use of such string-like objects. A lot of things that were developed during the same period are known, and their descriptions can be found abundantly in books. In addition, this paper can also be said to be a technology that emphasizes the spirit of overcoming difficulties by adding wisdom to what already exists in the field. For details on rope work, for example, (Encyclopedia of how to tie a string and a rope, by Ryoji Toriumi. Illustrated practical rope work by Kazuyoshi Maejima. Rope work that is immediately useful outdoors by Etsuro Shikishima. Outdoor Rope Work Handbook by Osamu Haneda.)
(For example) as a plurality of pentagonal prisms (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively a plurality of regular pentagons corresponding to a development of a regular dodecahedron or a part thereof,
(more generally) in the mathematical sense of multiple (not tall, in other words thin in thickness) whose bases are respectively multiple geometric figures corresponding to the development of the n-hedron or a part of it As a pillar (with a geometric base) of
Constructed (in a shape that is not bulky as if it were attached to clothes when not in use),
(When using, use a procedure similar to assembling a developed view, with the assistance of Velcro fasteners or fittings, etc.)
By forming (for example) a regular dodecahedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
By (more generally) forming an n-hedral structure or part thereof, (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(On-site versatility, on-site convenience, consideration for the health of users, improvement of the possibility of completing missions such as lifesaving, completion of missions such as disaster relief at a higher level, or triathlon “target "The main purpose is to achieve more advanced results in long-distance swimming and underwater work)
A reservoir that can hold something containing water
It can also be used as a jacket-style buoyancy control device (BCD jacket, abbreviation for jacket-style Buoyancy Control Device) (so-called in self-contained diving breathing apparatus (Aqualung) diving)
By (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6′), namely;
"
In doing so,
(The main purpose is to actively improve on-site versatility and convenience)
A reservoir that can hold an object containing water, etc. (including a cold insulator or heat insulator consisting of a superabsorbent polymer and water),
By making it touch a part of the human body where there is a large artery such as the armpit, the left and right sides of the neck, or the groin,
By being able to cool the blood flow of the human body, (the tendency of onset in outdoor orienteering under the hot sun, disaster relief activities, triathlons, trail races, etc. is high worldwide, and its prevention is attracting attention worldwide)
Combines the effect of preventing heat stroke,
or
It is possible to heat the blood flow of the human body, and it is very likely to occur frequently during stormy weather on mountain climbing tours for middle-aged and elderly people, and it tends to lead directly to the distress of the entire tour.
The danger that sometimes occurs in cross-country skiing etc. is pointed out worldwide.)
It has the effect of preventing hypothermia,
so that (more effectively)
”
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
In any of the above methods for obtaining direction information,
Regarding (6), the following (6) i.e.;
"
In doing so,
(Mainly for the purpose of actively improving on-site compatibility and on-site convenience) Reservoirs that can hold water-containing materials can contain seawater (or any other locally available liquid). Since it can be put in and used, it is easy to procure materials on site, and convenience is enhanced by being detachable from a life jacket.
By (more effectively on-site)
"
can be expressed as
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0441>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
By controlling the thickness or water content of the water layer through which the signal passes,
As a result of aligning with a special positional relationship with the satellites in the sky,
The reception strength of the signal from the GPS satellite at the GPS antenna is
of multiple diffracted waves with different phases or nearly opposite phases
As can be inferred from the superimposition, when it is recognized that it is characteristically significantly reduced,
The positions of GPS satellites capable of transmitting such signals are
Based on the fact that geometric limitations can be made on the position in the sky,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0442>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with structures characterized as being flexible to retain water
by applying partial pressure
by changing or reducing the water thickness or water content of that part or area
by changing or decreasing the transmission attenuation in that part or region
by causing a transmitted signal or a diffracted wave at that location
Based on the observed change or decrease in received strength,
in body-fixed coordinates above the satellite that emitted the signal
Qualify or identify a location
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

<<0443>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
For containers with flexible structures that hold water
Objects that partially apply pressure have flexibility
characterized by being made of resin such as plastic,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


<<0444>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A direction information acquisition method, wherein the flexible container for holding water is a vinyl bag with a zip.
I propose the above.
<<0445>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container that holds water
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function that can be presented in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose the above.
<<0446>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
having two or more fluidly connectable enclosed spaces with two or more closable plugs;
Based on Pascal's principle, the change in air pressure in both rooms is
Due to the difference in liquid level in both
A direction information acquisition method characterized by having a function of reading or being able to be read in addition to a function of weakening unwanted electromagnetic waves.
I propose it.
<<0447>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
A certain scale geometric shape of the material can be constructed,
Radio waves from GPS satellites in undesired positions with respect to the GPS antenna
that can be made to be able to weaken the impact
In addition to the original purpose of drinking water during action, the presence of water during transportation
It is possible to realize such a combination of functions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0448>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water is
It is usually held by sticking along the shape of the body or the thing to be carried,
When necessary, such as when obtaining azimuth information, a part of it can be detached and attached to another part of the body.
By being worn and being removable from each other, it is highly absorbent to the electromagnetic waves in cooperation with the body
In constructing a scaled geometry of a material,
mutually, Velcro tape, or fasteners, or hooks, or duct tape, or
that it is a magnet or a magnetic force coupling structure invented by Mr. Masao Nagaoka,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.

<<0449>>
The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0450>>

The method for obtaining direction information;
A container with a structure that holds water has a bucket-like portion that can hold liquid inside and
The inside of the side also comprises a sealable space with one or more plugs, inside the side of which water can be retained,
While using the existence of the water, the influence of the signal emitted from the GPS satellite located in the positional relationship where you do not want to receive
In addition to the bucket function, etc., it also has a function that can increase the accuracy or precision of the direction information acquisition method or reduce the time to acquire it by weakening it below the threshold.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
I propose the above.
<<0451>>
If the signal diffracted from the edge of the thick layer is still detectable, the difference between the propagation distance of the diffracted signal and the propagation distance corresponding to an odd number of half wavelengths at the position of the GPS receiver (antenna) is It is also possible to form a thin layer that can capture the transmitted signal, such as having a . In the latter case, the propagation distance is shorter (the intensity is stronger) and the diffraction angle is smaller (the intensity is stronger). To prevent it from becoming too large, the latter is designed so that a certain amount of transmission attenuation also occurs as a load.
If the values of A, B, r, a, and b are the same as in the previous study, the distance difference between a and b becomes an odd number multiple (basically 1 time) of 1/2 of the wavelength, and they cancel each other out. In some cases, the distance itself of the thinned part at the top of B is sufficient if the signal from the unnecessary direction falls below the threshold for the reason described above, so it is not necessary to set an excessively strict numerical value. (If there is no thinned part and no unnecessary diffraction signal is detected, it need not be set in the first place.).

The question is how to make this thin layer, but it is made of a slightly flexible transparent plastic material, for example, a thin PET (polychlorinated terephthalate) material that is highly flexible (a PET bottle called "Irohasu" is similar to that). ), and forcibly compressing only that part with a rigid plastic transparent ring frame, such a thin layer can be formed only there. The plastic shows little absorption for the L1 band and is transparent. Of course, make sure that the water pushed out from there can escape up and down. By gradually shifting the frame upwards or downwards, a thin layer of about 1 to 2 cm can be created at the desired location. All you have to do is shift it and see how it reacts. It is as salty as a headband.

In addition, the length of B in the above figure can be measured from the height of the antenna on the bottom to the center of the thickness of the water layer. As I have said many times, it is only necessary that the received strength be less than the threshold, so some difference is not important.

Of course, any other method may be used as long as it has the same effect.

A band can also be passed through this part and fixed to the body.Microwaves can pass through transparent plastics and clothing.
<<0452>>

It should be noted that the refractive index of air as a gas at 0°C and one atmospheric pressure against vacuum (reflective index) n≈1.000292 The refractive index of water as a liquid at 20°C with respect to air is n≈1.33. There is some refraction. However, it has little impact on the subject here. When entering water from air, the angle of refraction becomes slightly smaller than the angle of incidence, but when leaving water to air, the reverse is true, so it can be said that the angle of incidence returns to the initial angle of incidence. Since it diffracts as it exits the slit, we have only dealt with diffraction in the end. Rather than strictly aiming for the establishment of the interference, it is only necessary that the diffracted wave interaction is less than the threshold value of the GPS receiver, so an approximate value will suffice.
<<0453>>

In the above, we considered a cylindrical shape as the basic structure. It may be possible to have a plate of water parallel to the left and right, and in that case, as long as there is a thin part in that part, that is fine.
Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.
<<0454>>
FIG. 85 is a diagram showing the positional relationship between FIG. 84 and the human body just in case.

Cancellation is originally a mechanism to eliminate various difficulties associated with the possibility of picking up weak diffracted waves. As long as attenuation occurs, that's all there is to it.In that sense, I'll show you how such a simple, inexpensive, and simple container for water (salt water) can be very effective.

When these two shapes are combined, they become almost a rectangle. Easy to transport. When necessary, one side can be separated and placed on the left and right backs. If the difference between the distance diffracted at the far end point, the distance diffracted at the short end point, and the propagation distance is in the opposite phase, if it is placed on the back, even if the diffracted wave is mixed , mutually diffracted waves that have passed through adjacent portions cancel each other, resulting in a canceling or near-canceling effect, which is expected to be lower than the threshold of the GPS receiver, which is very effective.

<<0455>>
The configuration shown in FIG. 85 is suitable when it is clear that the diffracted waves (θ=0 in the discussion so far) should be limited to the diffracted waves only in the lateral direction and eliminated. When canceling the diffracted wave of the satellite signal near θ=0 to the target, the length of the notch of the dent or recess is about 14 cm. It is assumed that the horizontal length in the figure is about 20 cm and the vertical length is about 30 cm. The diffracted wave of the immediate neighbor is canceled by the immediate neighbor. Combining two such water bottles facing each other will form a rectangle. More convenient to carry. In addition, such a shape is just right for use as a table in the tent. The inside of the tent often gets wet due to rain or condensation, but if you place a board or the like with such a notch on the foot side and pass it as appropriate, the items placed on top will not get wet and it will not be too heavy and easy to handle. . A stopper may be attached. Mutual connections may also be provided. You may attach a scale so that atmospheric pressure measurement is possible. These are described separately.















<<0456>>

1. Add the thickness and stopper on the side. 2. You can also write the thickness and stopper on the bottom. 3. Add a stopper to the bottom. 4. Add a lid (a trapezoidal shape with two dents at the top seems to be good) and design it so that distilled water can be obtained. Kang that the water on the side should be heated and drip in the middle.
<<0457>>
Figure 100 shows
FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram of a case where the device according to the present proposal is provided with a filtering device and used as a filtering device.
To form the filter on-site, use gravel, sand, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), charcoal, cloth (optional, preferably if possible), gravel, and a drain (about 4 millimeters) as shown in the figure. placed like this. The description for that purpose is engraved or shown in a picture (Fig. 100). It is also convenient when you want to see it, teach it, and leave it to the local people from the next time. The use of icons is also useful. The drain may be fitted with a screw cap or a push-in cap.
Although not specifically drawn in detail on the sides, as repeatedly stated in this proposal, the sides (even if the continuous space is extended to the bottom if necessary) good) has another sealable space with a thickness of a few millimeters to a few centimeters. A screw cap or push-in cap is installed in the space. Water or salty water is poured (at the site). It then becomes a good absorber of the L1 GPS signal. A GPS is placed inside the bottom portion with Velcro tape, magnets, gum tape, or the like.
Then, the central axis of the container should be parallel to the frontal direction of the body or the opposite direction, and the container should be placed on the body so that the bottom of the container is in contact with the body. With the GPS receiver proposed in this way, when acquiring azimuth information, the influence of diffracted waves can be weakened simply and reliably by devising on-site.
Since the main body is made of lightweight plastic, it can be carried lightly once the heavy water inside is taken out. It is also useful as a bucket, so it is useful for camping and the like. Also, in outdoor activities, buckets are used in various ways as containers that are convenient tools for civilization. For example, it is very useful for storing precious rainwater that can be used as drinking water in the event of a disaster. If you don't have this on hand, you're specifically missing out on a whole window of opportunity. Since it is different from the civilized living sphere, the presence or absence of such a container leads to a large difference in results. Even if there is only unsafe water, it is possible to filter only with such a container and only with what is locally available. Thus, it has a great effect in high-risk domestic and overseas field activities.

A bucket-shaped GPS support device with a narrow diameter water outlet (P5) on the bottom of the base (sand, charcoal, and filtration can also be used in an emergency).


<<0458>>
Disinfection of emergency water
Traveler's diarrhea is perhaps the most common and important health problem affecting travelers. This syndrome is seen in 20-70% of people traveling to less developed regions and causes significant impairment in the behavior of affected individuals, resulting in an itinerary change in approximately 40%. Contaminated food is a more important risk factor for traveler's diarrhea than drinking water, but knowledge of whether and how to obtain safe drinking water is limited. It is a must for climbers worldwide to reduce dehydration (at altitude), support behavior and minimize risk factors (eg frostbite, life at altitude). In most cases climbers must take care of water safety themselves. This is because there are not many communities that focus on securing safe water resources. This official standard of the International Mountaineering Federation medical committee is for climbers, especially considering the situation in the mountains and high places, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of several methods, and considering the environment as little as possible. It is intended to advise how to prepare safe water.
(Omitted)
Formal Disinfection of Water
There is no disinfection method that is absolutely safe in the mountains. Knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of each usage is essential. While there are only a few areas with adequate water source protection (e.g. Europe and water taken directly from large springs), most parts of the world require some degree of disinfection procedures. If it is necessary to store sterilized water for several days due to mountaineering plans, the storage method will be according to the disinfection method (see below).
<<0459>>

・Boiling
・Principle: Although the boiling temperature of water does not reach 100° at high altitudes, boiling water kills gastrointestinal pathogens other than hepatitis A virus, so it can be said that it is safe water. (Hepatitis A infection at altitude is rare. However, travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.) (This issue may have surfaced.)
・Procedure: Even if it boils and bubbles appear, wait for a while (about 1 minute).
Advantages: Simple method, (almost) no failures.
・Disadvantages: It consumes 1 kg of fuel and time to boil 1 L of water. Fuel has to be carried up or harvested from mountains, which leads to deforestation. Therefore, it is better to choose other means even under the condition that water can be used as much as possible.
• Supplemental information: For optimum safety of the procedure, all travelers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A.
・Chemical disinfection
Principle: Chemicals kill bacteria. Among the disinfectants on the market, the most important drug for travelers is sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite. Pure iodine or substances containing iodine should not be used due to possible side effects.
• Procedure: The water should be supplemented with a sufficient amount of disinfectant. Shake well to distribute the disinfectant evenly. Follow the instructions in the manual and allow the proper sterilization time. Careful warming of the water (around 25-30°C) shortens the time required for disinfection (every 10°C rise halves the time).
Advantages: Can be done anytime, anywhere as long as you have water and a disinfectant. Since it does not need firewood, it does not contribute to deforestation.
Disadvantages: Time consuming and somewhat unreliable. Some may fail. for example
・Pure chlorine (or iodine) is not effective against Giraldia, Cyclospore, Cryptosporidium, and eggs and larvae of some parasites.
Not a sufficient disinfectant.
• When disinfecting cold water, the disinfection time must be increased. For example, water at +2-5°C takes four times as long. An alternative is to increase the concentration of fungicide, but this detracts from the taste of the water.
• If used in water containing organic material (eg algae in small lakes), the amount of fungicide must be increased (by a factor of two). Contrary to popular belief, pure silver ions do not adequately disinfect water, but keep it clean for up to six months. CAUTION: Too high a concentration causes pitting corrosion on aluminum containers.
Supplement: Taste impaired by chemical disinfection (especially if used in high concentrations to deal with cold conditions or organic matter) can be corrected by adding a pinch of vitamin C powder per liter after disinfection is complete. can be neutralized.
<<0460>>

·filtration
Principle: Pathogens can be detected by a combination of several factors, such as smaller pore filters, hydrophobic or electrostatic interactions between the surface of the bacteria and the filter material. removed. Small particles (eg viruses) are partially removed by agglutination.
• Procedure: Water passes through pores of size 0.2 μm or smaller in any material.
Advantages: Relatively simple procedure for trained personnel, but equipment must be handled with care. Ceramic materials can break. ! ) Large volumes of water (for larger populations) can be easily treated using appropriately sized filters.
• Disadvantages: Ceramic filters are high-tech products with advantages and disadvantages that depend on the product design. Detailed knowledge of the filter type being used is therefore a "must have" for any user. Viruses cannot be completely removed with a single filter disinfection method, so safe water cannot be created. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with chemical disinfection methods to cover each other's shortcomings. Clogging occurs frequently. But don't apply pressure to filter it! It pushes the pathogens out of the filter, resulting in contaminated water coming out. Instead, clean the surface of the pottery! . This should only be done by someone who is familiar with how this works. Don't forget to discard the first cup of water that comes out of the filter after the filtration system is convinced that the "safe side" of the filter system is clean.
• Side note: A simple coffee filter can remove the eggs and larvae of some parasites. Therefore, the combination of coffee filters, which do not inactivate microbes, and chlorine, which inactivates bacteria and viruses, is a very practical way to create safe water in the mountains. The cleaner the filtered water, the less cleaning the ceramic filter surface and the longer it can be used. If clear water is not available, it is helpful to "settle" the bucket to allow most of the debris to settle before filtering the water. Charcoal-free filter systems do not remove dissolved material.
(Even devices containing charcoal are questionable and no data are available). It is wise to avoid the water obtained on the way up the mountain, as it may be contaminated by industry (old mines in the mountains) or agriculture (pesticides).

<<0461>>

Radiological fallout as a plume can also be utilized where rainwater or natural fallout is a concern. A layer of mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium, may be applied.

Takeshi Morimura, a former professor at the Faculty of Engineering at Kinki University, has developed a plaster mixed with the mineral zeolite, which has the property of adsorbing cesium. When an aqueous solution of cesium was filtered through this plaster, more than 99% of the cesium could be removed. One gram of plaster can adsorb 0.03 grams of cesium. (Asahi Shimbun Digital, May 24, 2012, 0:32)
<<0462>>

Zeolite has a structure in which silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) are bonded via oxygen (O) as shown in the figure. In the framework structure, since aluminum (+3 valence) and silicon (+4 valence) share oxygen (-2 valence) with each other, silicon is electrically neutral, and aluminum has -1 valence. increase. To compensate for this negative charge, cations (eg Na+) are required in the backbone. This cation can be easily exchanged with other metal ions (H+, K+, Ca2+, etc.). Depending on the type of this cation, it becomes possible to give functionality to the zeolite.
The zeolite framework is formed by the three-dimensional combination of Si-O-Al-O-Si structures. The figure shows the skeleton structure of A-type zeolite, a typical zeolite (where the lines intersect is Si or Al). This three-dimensional combination creates various forms of skeletons, and there are hundreds of types of zeolites in the world. In addition, molecular-level holes (pores) are opened in the skeleton, and various molecules such as water and organic molecules can be taken in (adsorbed) into the skeleton.
The zeolite crystal has a shape derived from the skeletal structure. A-type zeolites form cubic crystals, similar to the framework structure. In addition, mordenite has a hexagonal prismatic skeleton structure, and crystals that reflect that shape are generated.
Zeolites are known to have properties such as cation exchange ability, catalytic ability, and adsorption ability, and are often used around us.
<<0463>>

<Example using cation exchange capacity>
・Softening of hard water
Zeolites have been added to laundry detergents to replace phosphorous compounds, which have caused problems in polluting lakes and seas. Zeolite is an aluminosilicate that is listed in the ingredient list of laundry detergents. In the washing tub, the Ca2+ contained in perspiration causes the water to become almost hard, reducing the performance of the detergent. By adding zeolite containing Na+ to the detergent, ion exchange between Na+ and Ca2+ occurs, softening the water and preventing the deterioration of detergent performance.
<<0464>>

<Example using catalytic ability>
・Synthesis of gasoline from methanol
ZSM-5, a zeolite developed by Mobil, can be used to synthesize gasoline components from methanol. In New Zealand, methane gas is abundantly produced, but oil is not available, so this zeolite is used to synthesize gasoline.

<Example using adsorption capacity>
・Indoor humidity control
Some zeolites have excellent hygroscopic properties (absorb water well). Zeolite absorbs and exhales water depending on the surrounding environment. Humidity can be kept constant by mixing this zeolite with wallpaper.

If you want to know more about zeolites, please refer to the following books. Zeolite related publications
・Zeolite - Fundamentals and Applications: Nobuyoshi Hara, Hiroshi Takahashi, Kodansha Scientific
・Science and Applications of Zeolites: Hiroo Tominaga ed., Kodansha Scientific
・Colloid Science I Chapter 14: The Chemical Society of Japan, Tokyo Kagaku Doujin
<<0465>>

ion exchange capacity
Zeolite is based on a skeleton consisting of silicon dioxide, and the entire crystal lattice is negatively charged due to partial substitution of silicon for aluminum. Therefore, the micropores contain cations such as sodium to balance the charge. When powdered zeolite is placed in an aqueous solution containing another type of cation, ion exchange/adsorption occurs in the pores and in the aqueous solution. This exchange reaction is reversible and saturates over time to an equilibrium state. Since potassium and cesium are also cations, they are ion-exchanged and adsorbed by zeolite.


<<0466>>
Fig. 9011 is a harness for rock climbing, parachuting, or high altitude rescuers. It is a device for ensuring safety by means of a rope connected to this harness via a carabiner or the like so that the body does not fall down in the event of a slip or the like. Wear such equipment when climbing rock walls (including Sawanobori) or dangerous ridge lines. The belt portion of the body of such an orthosis may be provided with the connecting portion of the water plate proposed in this paper. The joints are Velcro tape, Mr. Masao Nagaoka's magnetic joint structure (Masao Nagaoka patent registration: 3822062), adhesive tape (gummed tape, Teraoka tape), fasteners (metal / plastic), zippers (metal / plastic) , hooks, hooks, hooks with very small carabiners to very short shrimps, etc., may be used, may be sewn, may be used with thermo-compression adhesive tape, or any of the like. You can take your way.

<<0467>>
FIG. 9012 shows the harness attached to the shoulders, waist and thighs. For example, when viewed from the side, if we limit ourselves to the left, 1. A triangular-like region bounded by shoulders, elbows, and hips. 2. A triangular-like region bounded by elbows, hips, and wrists. 3 Triangular-like regions mostly identified at wrists, hips, and knees. It's easier to think about it if you think about it separately. (Although it is not necessarily limited to this, it is considered as a reference example).
In such a case, Velcro tape is deployed as follows, that is, as a linear deployment with a certain distance, the forearm (deployed linearly with a certain distance), upper arm, body side or back position (a certain distance Deployed linearly), Thigh side (Deployed linearly with a certain distance), Shoulder slightly back position (Deployed in a slightly short line), Elbow (Deployed in a slightly short line), Waist (Deployed in a slightly short line) are deployed).
Position slightly dorsal on the side of the body (arranged linearly with a certain distance), divide it in the middle (for example, around the horizontal position of the navel), and at the midpoint, position slightly dorsal on the side of the body equivalent to the navel (arranged in a slightly short line) may be provided. This may be appropriately set according to individual differences in body type. On the other hand, one with a flexible layered structure of water (for reference, here, an aqueous solution of sugar, salt near saturation, and auxiliary nutrients such as ascorbic acid is heated, agar powder is added, and the water is completely dissolved. Consider a flat agar material (about 1 cm thick for reference) that is melted, put it in a plastic bag like a ziplock with the air removed, and left on a horizontal surface for a certain period of time to cool and solidify. In order to form an appropriate size, consider a plate-like structure that is joined with double-faced tape or velcro tape at the necessary locations. , detachable.

Both the material and the package are flexible, flexible, and easy to handle. This can be a significant advantage when shielding in conjunction with the human body.
<<0468>>

This is just an example, but lower your hips, bring your knees together, make sure that there is no gap between your thighs, place your palms on your knees, and pull your hips backward (like avoiding a dead ball). Close to the final form), the body is tilted forward and the elbows are stretched out on both sides, forming a cone, truncated cone, pyramid, or truncated pyramid with the apex around the umbilical region or the lower umbilicus. (If you dare to emphasize it by noting that both elbows are stretched to the left and right, the two knees and palms are regarded as one vertex, the left and right elbows are regarded as two vertices, and the left and right shoulders are regarded as vertices. Considered as two vertices, a five-sided pyramid with each side of approximately 20-30 cm, or close to a truncated five-sided pyramid, has a recessed space in the body and a small amount (for ingestion into the human body, etc.). Also serves as a water structure, can be efficiently formed. A GPS receiver is placed near the navel of the body, either on the top if considered as a weight or on the top if considered as a frustum. At this time, it is the same that the main beam is made substantially horizontal.

As a result, even if you don't have to carry around unnecessary equipment, you can acquire direction information by simply combining all the necessary or useful equipment, and you can use your body well. efficient because Moreover, when the danger deepens, the material used for it can also be ingested as a food as an energy source. Moreover, it is possible to effectively utilize satellites based on social infrastructure in the sky. What's more, even if there is suspicion overseas, just in case, you can try it and show it, and if you give it as a souvenir, you can build a friendly relationship, so there is no special equipment to raise suspicion. Moreover, GPS is equipped with all standard functions, so this is not suspected either.
<<0469>>

In addition, it is a very natural pose for humans to take a rest for a while in such a posture of bending over. This kind of kneeling pose is suitable for taking a break in the tired body and regaining the composure necessary for correct route finding. Also, in that case, the diffracted waves are weakened by the deeply bent body and the water curtain, so the direction can be narrowed down, but it is easy to twist and turn as it is. By twisting, for example, it is possible to obtain satellite information in the completely opposite direction, or satellite information in the right direction by 90 degrees. do so. The method reminds us that we still have water and food, and prevents us from getting impatient in a confusing situation. (In the conventional method, you will be forced to walk extra to get your bearings, and your body will be tired, time will be consumed, food and water will be consumed inappropriately, which will also promote impatience. As a result, there was a troublesome problem that the situation that was not originally worsening contributed to the worsening due to the characteristics of the equipment. Then, even if the measurement is repeated, it is not very effective. This is not the case with this proposal, because the more time you spend standing still and the more time you spend measuring, the more accurate the value you get.)


<<0470>>
Figure 97 is a regular octahedron, but as one model, A is the head, C is the left elbow, B is the right elbow, F is both palms and both knees, E is the right hip, and D is the left hip. When viewed as such, the details will be abstracted away, and it will be easier to grasp the aspects and outlines of the relationships and connections between each part. Here, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the elbows are sticking out, the hips are deliberately pulled back, and the knees are closed. Also, there is no particular problem even if you are on your knees. This can be said to be a somewhat natural pose for resting in the mountains. can be done in such a situation.





<<0471>>
Free climbing has been practiced since the beginning of mountaineering in Europe, but it is said that Yosemite in the 1950s was clearly the place where free climbing was practiced for the purpose of "free climbing". Allen Steck, John Zarate, Royal Robbins, Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and many others have climbed in a clean style with as few bolts as possible, and with old equipment like a hemp rope wrapped around their waists, they are already 5.10. Routes of the 19th century and long and adventurous routes were opened up. After that, the center of free climbing in the sense of "pushing up the grade" moved to France. Blessed with high-quality limestone rocks, the French style of rappelling down from the upper part of the rocky ground to drive bolts eliminates Yosemite's ground-up principle of ``cultivating the route from the bottom.'' It was far more efficient than the Yosemite system in terms of boosting. Under such circumstances, in order to further develop as a sport, Jean-Claude Droyer advocated to stop using artificial objects such as left pitons as a hold (holding) or a stance (foothold), and it was gradually accepted. As a result, free climbing has become a generalized concept of “climbing using only natural shapes as holds and stances”. In France, chipping, where rocks were carved to develop routes, was also popular, but this trend gradually died down, and (still practiced in some areas) climbs as they are, and climbs as cleanly as possible. The principle of aiming for style has been recognized.







<<0472>>


1. 2. Draw a composition/structure that can be filled with water. Draw a picture of what you are carrying.
<<0473>>
The figure shows a cushion. In climbing, there is a practice called bouldering. This is to practice advanced movements (so-called moves) by climbing the quay and moving laterally, and is said to be a shortcut to progress because it is more effective than climbing vertically. At this time, it is often done to jump off the ground from the feet when the strength is exhausted. If this is not done well, the robot may lose its balance and fall, or slip and fall from the hand. In that case, it has become common in recent years to prepare a lightweight mat of 1 m x 2 m x 9 cm or more called an airbag (for example, those manufactured by BEAL Hair Co., Ltd., etc. are widely distributed and available). This is to practice advanced moves as climbing becomes more advanced. When you bring it to a rocky place, you fold it in two or three folds and carry it on your back. This state is shown in the figure. In this state, if a carbon fiber is placed in this, it can also be used as a support tool for effective acquisition of GPS direction information. I suggest this first. Next, independently of that or in combination with it, a vinyl bag having a certain strength near the center
be prepared. If necessary, water or salt water can be poured into it, and it is even better to make it airtight. Then, by pouring seawater or river water locally (there are many climbing walls along the coast (Odawara, Yugawara) and riversides (Futagoyama area)), an effective L1 CA coating electromagnetic wave shielding can be easily completed. In any case, since it is a thing to carry and bring, the transportation is not troublesome, and besides, it can be used on site other than the mat, which is necessary in advance to identify the climbing route, decide the climbing place, or decide the place to set up a tent. , search and rescue in the case of occurrence in the vicinity, etc., can function effectively for orientation determination, and a great effect is achieved.
Size: 100cm×132cm×9cm
・Weight: 5.2kg
・Color: Black













<<0474>>
About Yokan
# ^ Due to its high sugar content of about 70 degrees, it is resistant to spoilage, and there was a time when the expiration date was displayed as two years. However, there is a tendency in the industry to intentionally display a shorter period because there is concern that if the period is long, it is easy to misunderstand that preservatives are being used. Quoted from "Yokan Transformation New Product" ashahi.com (distributed on October 6, 2011)

Yokan is a Japanese confectionery made by pouring bean paste, which is mainly made of adzuki beans, into a mold (yokan boat) and hardening it with agar. There are two types: kneaded yokan with a large amount of agar added, which has a firm texture, and mizu-yokan, which is soft with a small amount of agar added, and when the term 'yokan' is simply used, it often refers to kneaded yokan. Since kneaded yokan has a high sugar content, many can be stored for a long period of one year or more[1]. Instead of hardening it with agar, there is also a method of adding wheat flour or kudzu powder and steaming it, which is called steamed yokan.

Today, there are other types of yokan that are kneaded with other foods, and are widely popular as souvenirs and to accompany tea. In contrast to the relatively expensive yokan, which is cut into pieces and eaten in pieces, inexpensive dagashi products that are packaged in bite-size pieces have also been developed. As a special kind of packaging, tamayokan, which is stuffed in a rubber balloon, was born in the Showa period.
<<0475>>



Ingredients for Yokan

* Adzuki beans - In addition to being made into bean paste, it is sometimes mixed with grains to enjoy the texture.
* White kidney bean - When white bean paste is used for yokan, it becomes white yokan. Red and white yokan that is partly colored with food coloring is sometimes used as a confectionery for special events such as the New Year as a lucky charm.
* Chestnuts - mixed or sprinkled with candied chestnuts.
* sweet potato - sweet potato jelly
* Persimmon - There are two ways to harden the jam made from persimmon, one is to harden it with agar, and the other is to harden it by mixing it with white bean paste.
* fig
* Mint - as a flavoring agent.
* Salt - Shio Yokan
* Some yokan uses butterbur.

Foods other than those listed here may be kneaded into yokan.
<<0476>>

Although it is only shown as a reference example, it is also suitable to embody the present invention with yokan that can be easily ingested with water, sugar, salt, and necessary nutrients during mountain climbing and can be stored for a long time. The sugar content of 70% is efficient in supplying energy, and the fact that it lasts for more than two years is also useful. Be a proper intake not only for yourself but also for those you rescue. In addition, it is highly likely that the elderly will also like it, and since it is a food and confectionery that they come into contact with on a daily basis, it has a great effect on mental stability in the case of Japanese people, such as acting calmly even in a crisis situation. I can expect it. In addition, the fact that it is surprisingly easy to make by hand will spur the spread of the product.




<<0477>>
2. The transparent thin plates on the left and right have screw cap openings on the top as well. There is also a screwcap mouth below. and
3. A left-right connecting portion that connects the left and right may be configured by a tube. Both ends of the tube are mouths of screw caps. There is also a screw cap opening in the center.
4. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool.
5. Install the screw
It has a cap mouth. The center of the connecting part is slightly lower positionally.
6 The mouth of the screwcap deployed at the point where "the center of the connecting part is slightly lower in position" and this end of the oral rehydration tube is the mouth of the screwcap, It can be connected to the center of the left and right connecting tube with a female screw cap type tool. (It can be connected directly to the left and right water bottles).
7. The left and right connecting tube and the left and right can be connected with a female-female screw cap type tool. , open and show the same height water level if it is in a state where atmospheric pressure can be taken in. (Pascal's principle).
8. For example, only screwcap 1 is closed before climbing. Loosen Screwcap2. Connect left and right. If you start climbing in this state, you can rehydrate orally, but if the altitude increases during climbing (or if low pressure or high pressure approaches), the pressure that the left and right liquids receive from each gas will change. In order to eliminate it, a difference in water level between the left and right is created. There is a scale that allows you to read the water level difference. The weight corresponding to that difference is the difference in atmospheric pressure. Since the altitude can be easily verified in this way, errors in GPS altitude information can be compensated for. You don't need to bring your altitude card. By the way, it is a well-known fact that the altitude error of GPS is larger than the horizontal error, so this device is meaningful. If you carry water on your back anyway, you can fulfill your desire to carry it in a useful form.
9. Oral rehydration tubes can be prepared for each by separating both so that the liquids do not mix, and sorting at the mouth is also possible. This is a tube for ingesting oral rehydration salt to prevent heatstroke and dehydration, and a tube for drinking pure water. Efficient and functional climbing is possible by separating the tube when ingestion is required. In recent years, trail mixes, which tend to be high in both sugar content and salt content, have been taken while exercising, and by ingesting such gel-type foods or their liquids, they have continued to maintain high levels of activity. It is often honored to complete activities such as mountain climbing. We can meet such demand.

<<0478>>
Stretching improves physical performance and prevents injury. Stretching before climbing is highly recommended. There is a saying that if a beginner tries to climb without stretching, if he has no time to stretch, he has no time to climb. It is regarded as a proverb that warns against injury. Fig. 1600 shows a stretching scene of Ichiro, who plays an active part in the Mariners, and Kazutaka always stretches. It facilitates mental concentration and focused exertion of physical energy. It should also be pointed out that this proposal may create a shielding structure using the body and water film, and in doing so, produces a stretch-like effect. I have already said that moving about aimlessly increases the danger. At the same time, calm down, check the current direction, etc., stop, and request a certain form of the body while assessing the situation. At that time, there is an advantage that you can take the form while remembering the stretch. Such things evoke calmness and restoration of judgment. Such a point is also a feature of this proposal, as information gathers over time (because new information is gathered simply by twisting and rotating the direction without moving the position at all). , can induce calm behavior.
In the first place, without waste, without thinking too much (in the case of magnets, you have to imagine current, geology, declination, deviation, and various invisible things and think with a strong imagination, and you must separate the direction from the error. No. It is useless in foreign countries where there is no prior knowledge of direction acquisition by identifying features, and acquiring knowledge at the same time consumes time and intellectual resources, increasing anxiety.Where in the world is this method available? As long as there is no reflected wave, there is almost no possibility of getting a wrong answer, so if there is a good view on at least one side, there is little to worry about). is the advantage of this method.


<<0479>>
The following is just a memo.
Next, let's talk about low cost. It is inexpensive. It also mentions lightness and compactness. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
First, GPS receivers, which are extremely low-cost and have high performance, are widespread. This is especially true in Japan. It is also included in mobile phones. Receivers are distributed at a cost of several thousand yen, less than 10,000 yen. Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is Akira because it is in the mobile phone.
Secondly, high-molecular SAPs such as sodium polyacrylyl are extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and compact as refrigerants and warming agents. Inexpensiveness is distributed in units of a few yen per gram, and most of the distribution price of ice packs is not the macromolecules, but the clothing cost for packaging and mounting, so pack two packs of ice packs and put it on your neck. It can be seen from the fact that one pack of wrapping cloth is sold at a child price equivalent to one pack of ice packs and cloth (in other words, sodium polyacrylate is almost free). Needless to say, it is lightweight and compact. It is clear from the fact that, for outdoor use, if water (not necessarily drinking water) is put in a plastic bag in a powder bag and carried, 1000 times its own weight of water will be supplied. Next, it goes without saying that vinyl bags, PP (polyethylene) bags/containers, PE (polyester) bags/containers/fibers, etc. for attachment are inexpensive. It is clear from the fact that these are standard items in 100-yen uniform shops. It has excellent thermoplasticity, can be self-welded by heat, and can be easily joined with hot-melt bond. The bonding material at that time is also extremely inexpensive]. High-performance chemical adhesives are appearing one after another at low prices. Of course, other materials may also be used.
<<0480>>

Furthermore, for connecting element parts, Velcro tape, double-sided tape, cloth tape, packing tape, cellophane tape, Teraoka tape, adhesives, self-adhesive removable tape made of natural rubber (widely used as a removable bandage, etc.) It is distributed at a low price and can be easily obtained at any pharmacy), Masao Nagaoka type magnet (In either direction, the strong magnetic force of the neodymium magnet is instantaneous, so it is highly convenient. Inside the container The magnet rotates on its own and can be connected without worrying about the direction of the S pole or N pole, so the ease of attachment and detachment that can be connected in either direction does not hinder concentration during action. It can be painful). Needless to say, they are lightweight and compact.


<<0481>>

The low cost property, ie, inexpensiveness, was described earlier. At the same time, I also mentioned the lightness and compactness earlier. These are extremely important for supporting activities at the citizen level.
Next, I will talk about the increasing importance of citizen-level activities. The government has launched the following cross-ministerial measures for disaster reconstruction support. Reconstruction through visit support.
This can be expected to have an economic effect through public transportation for connecting to the site, and it can be expected to promote understanding and spread it among the people by actually meeting face-to-face. It is also important to provide emotional support through face-to-face conversations, and it is also important to convey detailed requests. There is.
Although the dynamism of these activities is truly desirable, ordinary citizens who are not the police, firefighters, or trained infantrymen go to the site without any help, so even if some kind of support equipment, no matter how modest, It is a support that there is something that can be used at a low price, small size, and light weight. It is desirable that this is composed only of lightweight and compact materials that anyone can buy at a familiar commercial medicine store (no special permission is required) at a low price, and that can be practiced in advance. The method fits this requirement very well. It is precisely with the support of such technology that meaningful measures such as visit support for reconstruction assistance will be further promoted and have great effects.
<<0482>>

Moreover, even in the activities of the Japan Disaster Relief Corps, in reality, there are many people who actually have other occupations, such as doctors, firefighters, and police officers, taking leave and participating as citizens. In a sense, this is also an activity at the citizen participation level, and in order to support it, we need something that is inexpensive, compact, and lightweight, and that can be used by combining familiar things.
Even if we turn our attention to the international community, our activities as an NPO are maturing, and we are approaching a stage where legitimate discussions can take place.
In addition, the government arranged for the exodus of Japanese nationals due to the increasing danger caused by the outbreak of regional conflicts among trading company workers, businessmen, foreign affairs and security workers and their families who were dispatched to conflict zones in the international community. In accordance with the urgent notice of a special escape flight, you can safely walk from your local accommodation to the local international airport with only the minimum amount of luggage, and sometimes as instructed by the government or according to local information. While avoiding the obtained danger zone, it is suitable when you have to act with a low-priced, light-weight, compact thing that does not cause any particular problems, such as when you have to go through a detour. There are times when you have to think about these things, and when you do, you have to deal with them calmly and realistically without panicking. The support in such a case is very effective as an inexpensive, lightweight and compact method.
In addition, the participation of citizens in polar expeditions, reconnaissance, surveys, etc. is increasing more than in the past due to the influence of green tourism. Even in cases where such magnets cannot be used, this proposal is a rare support method that is extremely suitable for use at the citizen level without losing the important path of low cost, light weight, and compactness. As a result, it has a great effect.
<<0483>>

Earlier, I also mentioned the usefulness of utilization such as polar expeditions.
Next, we will discuss the advantages of being able to store liquids as if they were attached to the body.
In other words, keeping the hydration system warm with body temperature is the most important issue for safety of life so that it does not freeze with body temperature. This is because freezing means the impossibility of replenishing drinking water, and the impossibility of extremely heavy-duty activities is an inevitable consequence. For that reason, melting the ice leads to fuel consumption, and there is also the possibility of unplanned danger of the arrival of sunset due to wasted time in the future. For this reason, in cold climates, the more difficult the schedule is, the more you want to avoid freezing the contents of the hydration system, even if it means warming it with your body temperature. For this purpose, the proposed method, which can be stored in the body in such a way, becomes an extremely appropriate method. The spare compartment can be attached directly under the clothes with velcro tape or the like already mentioned, or it can be attached directly to the body with a so-called self-adhesive elastic bandage (for example, 3M company Nexcare, polyester base material, natural rubber adhesive) is more convenient. Since it is self-adhesive, it does not need to be bandaged, and since the bandages stick to each other, it does not easily slip off or come loose, and it does not stick to the skin or hair. It has characteristics. In this case, even when the initial contents of the hydration system are exhausted, replacement can be done quickly, and the trouble of using fuel to melt the ice is eliminated, so it can be used in harsh environments. Exceptional excellence in being able to appropriately and quickly continue oral intake of fluids, nutrients, or minerals and vitamins necessary for behavior when it is necessary to move forward without wasting a moment, and consequently to be able to continue behavior smoothly and efficiently. advantages.
More information on this matter can be found in the document below. (Mountaineering Medicine Guide Book) <<0484>>
The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as agar and yokan, which are preserved foods in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life.
(Food and Welfare in Times of Disaster, Niigata University Regional Collaboration, ed., A5, 226P, focusing on food that supports the lives of victims, 3990 yen Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.)
<<0485>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0486>>

The following can be used as a reference for food and welfare in times of disaster. It has already been mentioned that foods that last for a long time, such as cold retort foods that will be preserved in times of disaster, are suitable for shielding this device. See below for food manufacturing methods and shelf life. Packaging materials include plastic and vinyl packaging, which are non-absorbent, transparent and have no effect on L1 electromagnetic waves.
Retort pouch food, 3058 yen, process control, heat sterilization, Manufactured by Korin Publishing Co., Ltd.
<<0487>>

Diffraction will be described next.
Diffraction is a phenomenon in which a wave wraps around behind an obstacle when passing through an obstacle or hole.
It is said that the diffraction phenomenon becomes more effective when the size of obstacles and holes is less than the same as the wave wavelength. Conversely, for holes and obstacles that are much larger than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon does not occur much, and the component that goes straight becomes stronger.


<<0488>>

Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
Diffraction Diffraction

When a plane wave enters the slit,
When the width of the slit becomes almost the same as the wavelength,
The wave spreads out circularly around the slit,
Wrap around behind the slit. Also,
Even when the wave hits an obstacle,
If the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength,
Obstacle geometric
Waves wrap around the shaded areas.
in this way,
behind the slit
on the geometric shadow of the obstacle
wave
The phenomenon is called wave diffraction.
<<0489>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant is determined by
wavelength and
the slit spacing and
Obstacle size
connection of
determined by

the slit spacing and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
big
sometimes
Diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous,
The straight-ahead phenomenon is remarkably observed,

Conversely, the slit interval and
the size of the obstacle
compared to the wavelength
small
sometimes,
The diffraction phenomenon becomes significant,
At the same time, the phenomenon of straight running becomes inconspicuous.・・・




Diffraction will be described next.
The commentary in the second edition of the World Encyclopedia is as follows.
diffraction

When a plane wave enters a slit, when the width of the slit is about the same as the wavelength, the wave spreads in a circle around the slit and wraps around behind the slit.

Also, when a wave hits an obstacle, if the size of the obstacle is smaller than the wavelength, the wave will wrap around the geometrically shadowed part of the obstacle.

(The cylinder [as an obstacle] as first proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are thought to correspond to this.)

Wave diffraction is the phenomenon in which the wave wraps around behind the slit or behind the geometric shadow of the obstacle.
<<0490>>

Whether or not the diffraction phenomenon is significant depends on the relationship between the wavelength, the slit interval, and the size of the obstacle.
When the slit interval or the size of the obstacle is large compared to the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon is not so conspicuous.
Remarkable straight movement phenomenon

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave correspond to this.)

Conversely, when the slit interval and the size of the obstacle are smaller than the wavelength, the diffraction phenomenon becomes remarkable and at the same time the rectilinear phenomenon becomes inconspicuous.

(It is thought that the cylinder (slit interval and size as an obstacle) proposed in this paper and the GPS wave are not equivalent here (although this is not written in the specification) )),
<<0491>>

Therefore, it is easy to observe the diffraction phenomenon in water waves and sound with long wavelengths. Sounds of sounding bodies that do not exist can also be heard by diffraction. In the case of light, on the other hand, the wavelength is extremely small compared to the size of the objects we encounter every day, so the discovery of the diffraction phenomenon was delayed. be able to.

When a photographic plate is placed in a place where light wraps around shadows due to diffraction, light and dark stripes are formed on the photographic plate according to changes in the intensity of the diffracted light, and this is called a diffraction image.
For light diffraction,
Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction is
be.

Illuminate slits and obstacles with parallel light (therefore the light source is at infinity),
Something that captures the diffraction phenomenon at a finite distance
the former,

What catches it at infinite distance
The latter.
<<0492>>

Fresnel diffraction is
As we go infinitely farther
Fraunhofer diffraction
as it approaches
there is no essential difference between the two
However, in some cases, it shows a considerably different diffraction pattern.

The study of diffraction phenomena began with FM Grimaldi in the 17th century, and has been studied by T. Young, AJ Fresnel and many others. Theories that explain the diffraction phenomenon can be broadly divided into
Huygens-Fresnel theory and
There is Young's theory.
<<0493>>

the former is
Huygens principle
is based on
In areas where diffraction phenomena occur such as slits and obstacles
Considering a secondary wave source that emits a secondary spherical wave,
We attempt to explain the diffraction phenomenon as the interference of spherical waves from secondary wave sources.

the latter is
Principle of peripheral diffracted waves
Also called
Slits and obstacles that cause diffraction phenomena
neighborhood
from
A diffracted wave is generated,
This marginal diffracted wave and
A plane wave that uniformly passes through parts other than the periphery and
by the interference of
It explains the diffraction phenomenon.
<<0494>>

Theoretically,
Huygens-Fresnel's diffraction theory states that in the diffraction plane
Since it can be attributed to surface integrals, its evaluation is easy.
It has been developed by many people to this day.

On the other hand, Young's
The theory of peripheral diffracted waves is based on
Since it is a line integral,
If the peripheral shape becomes complicated, it becomes difficult to evaluate it.
Rapid development has been seen in recent years because the physical background is easy to understand.

Diffraction phenomena occur for all waves,
Diffraction of X-rays, electron beams, neutron beams, etc. is used for the analysis of crystal structures.
⇒X-ray diffraction∥Neutron diffraction∥Electron diffraction Toshimitsu Asakura






<<0495>>

To put it simply, this is based on the condition (or premise) that a certain amount of a substance exhibiting dilute gas-like dynamics was released from a certain point on a certain date and time (or a certain date and time period), and based on predictions of certain meteorological conditions, these It would be a system that rapidly predicts how the will spread spatially, and a system that communicates it. What is said to be a substance that exhibits rarefied gas-like behavior will actually be a gas containing radioactive particles.
At this time, the size of the calculation cell can be specified.
The output image can be contoured on a map. effective dose
dose).
Including those traveling the mountain area on business (scientific research, reconnaissance, equipment inspection) or voluntarily (of course) traveling the world. The same is true for such situations), you will try to avoid your own danger. Recently, the number of people possessing satellite phones and mobile phones is increasing, and the number of nuclear power plants is increasing all over the world.
In that case, it is not uncommon in modern times for the above-mentioned screen to be obtained as information from a satellite telephone or the like, and for numerical information to be obtained while being drawn on the screen. Therefore, if you have a GPS, you can also point your own position on the same map. And if you know the direction at rest, without waste It can be used to collect information for advanced decision making on the next step, it can save water and food, which is an energy source, which was required for unnecessary movement, and the time required for unnecessary movement can be used to determine the direction. It is effective in avoiding situations where the weather conditions change to the next one and turn out to be a hopeless situation, etc. As shown in the figure, as a conceptual diagram of dose calculation, the radioactivity of each cell Contributions from particles are taken into account in calculating the dose.

First of all, I must clarify why I am taking this position. It's not my intention to point out anything specific, but it's become clear that such things will happen anyway, but my stance is just to make a contribution that I can. In that sense, I would like to state that I have no policy or political intentions.
Anyways,

Nuclear power generation is modern, as stated at the beginning of the paper, "although it has the effectiveness of... , At that time, there is a demand that can protect itself even a little, and it is something that tries to meet such a demand.

In particular, I would like to make it clear that I have no intention of commenting on the legitimacy of the government's opinion (statement of whether the judgment is correct or incorrect) in the following articles, and that I will not intend to do so in the future. sea bream.
Non-disclosure of radiation diffusion prediction "appropriate" Ministry of Education verifies accident response

Diffusion prediction of SPEEDI by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Data as of March 15, 2011 (provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
On the 27th, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology announced the results of verification of the ministry's response after the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Concerning the initial non-disclosure of diffusion predictions for the "SPEEDI," an emergency rapid radiation impact prediction network system that was supposed to be useful in evacuating residents, he said, "It is appropriate to recognize that it is difficult to say that the calculations based on assumptions simulated reality. It was," he justified.

At a press conference, the ministry also explained, "The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is not in a position to publish the results of SPEEDI."

The government's Accident Investigation Committee pointed out in its final report released on the 23rd that ``it is possible that the announcement of the spread predictions allowed residents to choose the appropriate timing for evacuation.''


2012/07/27 18:50 Kyodo News
Ads by Google

The intention of the inventor is not on the propriety of the above judgment. Rather, it is assumed that in the future, a mature era will come when the announcement will be made correctly, and at that time, overseas individual travelers who have difficulty gathering information due to direct language conversation overseas (but using mobile satellite phones, etc.) Therefore, we aim to propose a direction information acquisition method that enables mountain travelers and the like to correctly determine and start their actions.

If you can do that,
It seems that the "possibility that residents were able to choose the timing of evacuation appropriately" and "the possibility that they were able to choose the direction and route of evacuation appropriately" also increase.
For those who place particular emphasis on group disaster prevention and evacuation, it may seem strange that each individual makes a decision on their own, but this itself is somewhat old-fashioned. It can be said that they are trapped. In today's elementary and junior high schools, the lack of education in the point of "thinking and acting for oneself" is recognized. “Tsunami Tendenko” also seems to be a lesson that accounts for the fatal consequences of delayed judgment. This brings a new culture. However, in Europe and the United States, it is a matter of course.
Also, without the original idea of valuing each individual, the awareness of disaster prevention will become empty and futile, concentrating on protecting authority and avoiding responsibility. Since it is not the purpose of this article to explain what kind of result it brings, I will omit it.
<<0496>>

Of course, if you live in the city, it does not mean that you should wait for evacuation orders from local governments or the national government. This is because it seems that risk management, not risk assessment, should respect individual decision-making. However, consider what happens in the following cases.

For example, this is the case when you are traveling in a mountainous area, either as a hobby or for business. Self-catering mountain trips carrying a tent and carrying food for the planned number of days are not uncommon in modern times. I pack all the food and shelter (sometimes clothes = cold weather) for the planned number of days + α and move. There is no longer a region in Japan that is unrelated to the nuclear power plant accident that will occur at that time. Since you probably have a portable radio or the like, information at that time will be relatively available. In addition, the time will soon come when you will own a satellite phone (satellite phone price cuts were also announced recently). In such a case, if you are climbing, so-called the most popular, if you are doing a traverse, you are often on the ridgeline at that time. It is possible to instantly envision a plan change that will allow you to return home safely even if you descend in the direction of the mountain. However, at that time, misalignment causes a fatal problem.
<<0497>>

It is also not uncommon to have a backpack traveling in Europe. In today's world of globalization, such things are even considered necessary. However, even in Europe, the damage caused by nuclear accidents cannot be ignored. It is clear from the effects drawn on the map that the effects of the atmospheric release of radioactive materials from the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident extended to England, France, Norway, etc. . Due to the delay in the response of the Soviet government at the time, these disasters caused widespread and severe damage. In modern times, as seen in the activities of NPOs in France, a system of voluntarily collecting and transmitting accurate information is being established. Anyone can get this. And what is required now is to obtain that information and expand the means for making action decisions.

This proposal is considered to provide one answer to that. Excellent low cost, possibility of diverting general-purpose products, simplicity, small size and light weight, etc. Other gadgets (diffusion and price reduction of satellite phones, etc.) are also spurring.
<<0498>>

Basically, shielding is stable when there is a shielding object with an integral multiple of the wavelength.
For example, skyscrapers (office buildings, shopping centers, lodging facilities, residential buildings) on the waterfront (Tokyo, Sydney, NY, Amsterdam, London, etc.), shadows of buildings facing the sea in the city For example, if you imagine a situation where you are looking at the sea from the ship's side deck of a huge passenger ship underway, it will be uniquely established. A similar situation may also apply.
<<0499>>

The view from a window in an office in a high-rise building (the 10th floor of the Defense Agency Ichigaya Building A) is also acceptable, or the view from a cafe window (for example, Baycourt Cafe on the 34th floor of Makuhari New Otani). The same is true when the device is pressed against the window of a passenger aircraft, or the window of a rescue/materials mailer (for example, Shikorsky) with a crew capacity of more than 10 people. It may also be possible to go by water boat on a small passenger ship.
Mountaineering and climbing are my hobbies, and I'm particularly well suited to that area. Climbing is against a huge hanging wall. However, it can be difficult to locate it. They look similar, but they take different routes. It doesn't have a name written on it. Therefore, the positions are similar, and it is troublesome whether the GPS geodesy with error is correct. It takes work. At that time, you can easily identify it unexpectedly by calculating the direction you are facing. At this time, since the rock surface is close, the credibility of the jikikon path is declining geologically. That's why we decided to use GPS. When you say it like this, you often get it. Also, in the spirit of climbing, I don't like relying on machines for everything. In a sense of unity between nature and human beings, we use machines to ensure absolute safety, even in the event of an emergency, in order to ensure the minimum level of safety. In that sense, it's kind of uninteresting to bring along an overly precise azimuth gyro. There, however, the compass is unreliable. It's a waste to just take a GPS with you. It was invented under such circumstances.
<<0500>>

Things are similar in the mountains. There is a word traverse. It is a term that means to cross. What I mean by that is that although it is basic to walk along the ridgeline that connects the summits, it is not always possible to do so. It's too windy, it's raining, and the narrow ridges can be a slip hazard. There is also a ridgeline close to a knife edge, and if you slip down, you will die. In that case, tremble with fear. Therefore, another route is developed to wrap around the hillside a little. Such a road also has its own risks, but it is still better. When I go through it, the word traverse often comes up. Note that in this case, a situation similar to that of the hanging wall described above has emerged. In that case, if the GPS is used during a break, it can be confirmed that the azimuth is facing the correct side. It may seem strange, but unexpectedly, the koru (open side) was covered in fog, and if I made a mistake when I started walking there, I would take the wrong ridge line and continue walking for more than several hours without knowing it ( However, this can lead to great distress, especially since we do not encounter any major contradictions. of. For that reason, it is difficult to say that it possesses great danger and intelligence. Although the compass is easy, it is unreliable, so there is a strong tendency not to use it after all. Because it is in the fog where visual information cannot be used, even if compass w suggests a contradiction, it will be cleared up as a magnetic error, and it will not be seen as a very basic and important proverb. In that sense, in the mountains, something to complement it was sought. (This is a mountainous area in Japan, one of the world's most volcanic countries (and therefore famous for its hot springs). However, this is also a story in the summer when the snow is not deep, and it may be different in the snowy plains of Northern Europe.)
Therefore, this proposal seems to be useful in the research field of volcanology. Kiraware volcano, Pinatubo volcano, Iceland, etc. or nearby. It is also suitable for use in the area called the fire of ring, a major volcanic zone. It is also suitable for Antarctica because there are volcanoes in Antarctica. Kilimanjaro was also a volcano. I think Aconcagua did too. I think it was McKinley's total. Of course Mt.Fuji is a volcano. Few people know that Japan is home to 10% of the world's volcanoes and that tourists visit Japan for that reason.


I think it would be good to draw in the following relation.
medicine, nursing, health,
radiation
<<0501>>

Risk avoidance behavior with time pressure (mainly walking)
1. Tsunami (as symbolized by the word tsunami tendenko), it is known that quick action decisions and immediate action execution based on individual judgment, rather than "side-by-side", which may be effective in normal times, make the difference between life and death. In such a case, if there is a local information, it should be followed, but in the case of an area that has only been visited on a business trip, etc., it seems to be effective as a support device as various information)
2. Avalanche (If it is based on predictions such as an avalanche warning due to an abnormal rise in temperature during the day. Or, in a fight against the creeping sunset, rush to a safe zone with footsteps and mountain ski equipment (current position is an avalanche If walking across (or not crossing) an avalanche-prone area under time pressure in haste, if not an avalanche-prone area),
3. Determination of actions (whether to evacuate or not) associated with rapid diffusion prediction of radioactive materials (fine particles)
4. If there is a report that there is a possibility of a steam explosion at a nuclear power plant due to loss of cooling. Although it will be an action to bet on predictive power based on self-risk assessment and risk management, such as the direction of being far away and the topographical direction that is not downwind, but if there is a land can, it will generally hit. Will.
5. Evacuation avoiding the direction of volcanic eruptions, steam explosions, and pyroclastic flows based on predictions.
7. If there is information on an area where riots have occurred overseas, etc., do not enter that area and evacuate away from that area, or walk to a designated airport if the embassy informs you that an escape plane has been arranged. Reach support while confirming not to step into a dangerous designated area in an unfamiliar geographical situation
8. Although there are not many examples in Japan, if there is a dangerous area where it is said that you should not enter (get involved in a conflict) in an area where there are many overseas conflicts, you can enter that area if you proceed in this direction. Ability to warn from the azimuth at rest that it will be lost.
9. When you see a place to reach while drifting, whether you should use your physical strength to reach it or whether you should swim, the direction is important when making such a decision. In some cases, such as when you're on the move, you'll be late along the way (and when you move, it's hard to do because you can't visually see where you started), so it's best to stop when you're still.
10. Water is also important in trail competitions, Atacama Crossing, Gobi March, Trail Running, etc.

In the case of 9, there is no cover other than the lifeboat and myself, but since there is plenty of seawater, I think it would be good to equip GPS equipment and a large bucket that can fill with seawater and create a cover. It may be possible to ■ ``distill'' it with sunlight and its bucket.

As equipment for mountaineering, especially for overseas mountaineering and expeditions, it can also serve as a filtering bucket to secure safe water for groups.
<<0502>>

Pose at 9:36, or the pose when Ichiro avoids a dead ball, put the thighs of both legs together to eliminate the gap, pull the waist tightly, and cover the upper body slightly with both hands. Place it on each knee, with your elbows sticking out, and spread a (salt) water film (including food) from your arms to your upper body/waist/thighs.
While doing this, both water films may be connected to measure atmospheric pressure changes from the reference point of Pascal's law (combined function),
You can refill your mouth with Smartubue,
You can simply use it as a water bottle,
It can be used to cool the armpits as a preventive measure against heat stroke (in this case, you can really put a cold pack),
Conversely, it can be used as a heat retaining agent (in this case, a heat retaining agent may be added).
A bellows may be used,
You can use transparent vinyl, or you can put reinforcing resin in the shape of an umbrella bone,
It may be a tapestry bellows type.
A fan-shaped deployment method may also be used.
Can be attached with Velcro tape
magnetic connection structure

Masao Nagaoka You can attach it with a magnet,
You can use paste-like food or salmon fillet,
You can also add boiled beans, beans, or grains.

Then, if you place a GPS around your crotch or navel, you can create a cylinder-like (or cone-like) object with an opening of exactly λ=19 cm and 2λ=38 cm.

If you want to spread your knees, you can also attach a rectangular water plate to your crotch area.

If you're going to do this with your left and right legs open (which also doubles as a stretch - it's effective because it's actually important to change your mood, change your mind, and relax before an accident), don't put your palms on your knees and place your forearms around. A good distance is enough to touch your knees.

When using Masao Nagaoka magnets: One line on each side of the left and right thighs between the groins.
<<0503>>

Just to use less water, just close your knees.. just then straighten your arms and the opening will be narrower. I feel that in many cases it is better to make it a circle.

If you have a gap between your thighs when you close your legs, you can put water in that space as well. Place your palms on your knees that are in front of you.

The term "water film" may refer to the agar sheet, or to other similar materials.

They may be divided into compartments and joined together.In that case, they may be joined with Velcro tape or the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.
In order to make the most effective use of your body, as shown in the figure, you should sit on the knees, pull your hips in, put your hands on your knees, close your thighs, and bend your upper body slightly. , forearms, head, thighs, and shins.

It's even better if you spread a film of water over the area surrounded by your upper arms, forearms, body, and thighs.

This means that a cylinder having a diameter of 38 cm or more (that is, 2λ or more), or a cone, a conical section, a square cylinder, a pyramid, or a truncated pyramid is constructed. equal.
<<0504>>

At this time, to join the body and the water film structure, a magnetic force connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka (an elongated cylindrical metal cylinder with N and S poles formed symmetrically with respect to the central axis direction, Insert the cylindrical magnet into a container made of plastic or the like, insert it into a smoothly rotatable pivot with a slight play space, embed the structure in the bonding surface of the material to be bonded, and apply the mutual sides. Since the magnets rotate independently in the direction in which they attract each other regardless of the direction in particular, there is no need to correct the orientation, and it is possible to easily combine without disturbing concentration (patented mmmm See township))

A polygonal water bottle with a thin water plate structure, which has a screw cap or a push-in lid, and each side of the polygon is equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka. what to do

You can use it to fill the gaps in the figure.



<<0505>>

At that time, the upper arm, forearm, thigh, side of the body, etc., which correspond to the sides of the joint, may be similarly equipped with a magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka.In that case, may be sewn onto clothing, or may be attached using Velcro tape, thermocompression tape, double-sided tape, duct tape, Teraoka tape, or adhesive tape. Thighs and torso can be wrapped with Velcro tape to surround them, and the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka can be attached there.In that case, removal will be easier. .


For example, assuming that it is sewn on, or if it is attached with Velcro tape, the water plate attached with the magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka will follow the shape of the body. If you stick it to your body, it will not interfere with your movement.
<<0506>>

It should be noted that if you make it as detailed as the development diagram, you can do it more appropriately for your body.
The magnetic connection structure magnet devised by Masao Nagaoka has sufficient bonding strength.
A development plan can be created by freely creating a three-dimensional polygon and creating a development plan for it.
For each one, it is sufficient to prepare water plates such as pentagons, squares, triangles, and hexagons as constituent elements.

It is also possible to bulge out slightly outward.

A nearly flat structure that does not bulge at all is also acceptable.

Mizukoku
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/poritanku/SAN2167.phtml List of SKY-i plastic tank products

From selling plastic tanks to providing various information
SKY-i from plastic tank https://item.tech-jam.com/items/products_img/KN3340438.jpg This reagent bottle is shaped like a book. increase.

<<0507>>

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With book bottle cock (name: 10L (with inner stopper), cock thread size (mm): 20A)
WEB2123
\3,250
\3,413 (tax included)
We provide drawings of this product in PDF format. Please click here to view.

Outer dimensions (mm) 241×171×386H
Mouth inner diameter (mm) 43φ
Name 10L (with inner plug)
cock thread size 20A
C/S (reference) 3
Material (body) PP (transparent)
Material (cap) HDPE (white)
Inner plug (LDPE) ○
Cook ○
Autoclave ×
Book bottle (1L) B-1 No middle/stopcock (stop cock, 2-way cock 2-way cock, 3-way cock 3-way cock 4-way cock four way cock) / KN3340439

Weighing pan hexagonal type (Balance tray hexagonal type) (Name: 45mm) / SAN9576

Vat/Tray Product List

SAN2275 No.15 Polystyrene 194.0mm×104.0mm×28.0Hmm 189.0mm×99.0mm×23.0Hmm ¥304

Bill bag (name: 360cc) / SAN4627 (commonly known as flat water bottle)
http://www.sky-i.jp/youki-jikkenkigu/tyakkubukuro-sanpuringubukuro/SAN4627.phtml
Baron Box Kontena only 10L
mighty back
PP transparent from bottom left, 2LWEB2303, 1L2208E

, 500ml 2300E 0.5 48×167×115

Sampler Book Bottle 1L Transparent 2208E (291-7025)
￥488 new from 4 sellers
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166g (L):
1.0
Dimensions (width W x depth D x height H) (mm): 48 x 230 x 166


. It saves space compared to cylindrical bottles and can be neatly organized.

Book bottle (name: 2L transparent PP (no inner plug))
WEB2303
\605
\635 (tax included)

500ml
2300E 0.5 48×167×115 37175336 2300E
0.5 48×167×115 None 85 291-7017
￥308
￥293
2208E 1.0
48×230×166 None 166 291-7025 ￥495
￥470
SUNPLATEC, BOOKBOTTLE



<<0508>>

How to maintain a thin structure
In a bucket shape based on a circular (square) cone, the outer wall is actually double-layered, and a separate liquid (or semi-liquid such as gel, or semi-solid) can be put in and taken out.
1. put in there
(a) Specifically, there are no ready-made products. propose. I made my own. For DIY, you can use hot glue (hot gun), hot glue, etc. Welding by heat is also possible. You can also use chemical adhesives. In recent years, chemical adhesives capable of adhering PP, PE, etc. have become available, so they can be realized. Also, with the spread of 3D printers, it has become possible to make your own.
(B) This is treated as a patent claim as a double structure bucket.
(c) The double structure bucket is also proposed and claimed as a silicon type collapsible silicon bucket.
(d) A pop-up bucket that pops up based on a physical resin spring.
(e) In addition, if the double structure bucket can have individual chambers and individual plugs, a barometer can be made by using the principle of Pasukaru.
(f) We can also create a hyfdration system,
(g) The outer shape of the filtration device can also be made.
(h) Combined with the framework of a simple device that can distill even a little seawater with a limited impact from sunlight in a harsh or limited environment with few materials, such as a drifting lifeboat in an amphibious vessel or a washed-up island. suggest something. (Origin of the SOALAS Treaty) Hitherto, many distilling apparatuses using solar heat have been proposed, but all of them have complicated structures and high manufacturing costs, and none of them are portable. The parabola also repairs the useless thing. "Use sea water as cooling water to take away (condense) heat""Use sunlight as a heat source to give (evaporate) heat" Create a part on the side where seawater is placed.” “A partition is installed so that the evaporated water does not return to the original seawater when the water drops fall, and even if it falls, it will remain in the partition. Anything that stays in the partition either accumulates in the middle partition or accumulates in the double structure.” Transparent acrylic carbonate. Lid. Rub on the lid. It flows into the aside. The watercone has no cooling function. Oh, should I go? What should I do with mine? Should I call?


How to endure with a curved structure made of robust and lightweight plastic
1. Made from polypropylene. Don't make the size of the unit too big.
2. Lay it out in one layer.
3. Double the layer.
(a) Made of thin PET (polyethylene terephthalate) such as Irohasu (Coca-Cola). There are no examples. It can be sewn onto a coat, furisode, or attached with Velcro or gumtie.

How to endure with a flat structure of robust and lightweight plastic
4. How to shape with polypropylene etc.
(a) Book bottle (Sanplatec) 0.5ml, 1L, 2L, etc. are available. It is easy because there is no structural problem. The dimensions of 0.5L are 0.5L 48×167×115 mm.
<<0509>>

A method of giving structure with flexible and lightweight plastic vinyl bags and narrow cylindrical fibers
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled and put into a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
How to give clear vinyl tubular structure
1. Fill any transparent plastic bag and put it in a net woven into a long and narrow cylindrical shape 2. Arrange it in a layer as a unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) For tube sales of candy 1. there is an example of
Method of giving structure by repeating ¥ for subdivision packaging of transparent plastic bags
1. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. .
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(Example) There is a zero of Shimizu, a life-saving equipment certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. It has become an international standard.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Add powder of SAP Super Absorbent Polymer to make an aqueous solution
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality.
3. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
4. If necessary, double the layer to close the gap.
(a) It may be explained by the increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
A method that increases the viscosity of the liquid itself and gives it a structure (semi-liquid, semi-solid, gel-like)
1. Agar or Ogo powder is added to make agar. If that is the case, the addition of an electrolyte will enhance the electromagnetic wave absorbability, so it is added. Add necessary elements (salt content), nutritional supplements, ascorbic acid, etc., if they are listed. Better.
2. An arbitrary transparent vinyl bag is filled, and it is subdivided and packaged in a rectangular shape. Subdivisions larger than water can still maintain normality. Diprok can easily maintain its shape.
2. Arrange one layer with it as one unit.
3. If necessary, the layer is made into two layers and the gap is closed.
(Law) This is two things. Can be used as food. The availability of agar is high in Japan, so there is flexibility. If you increase the electrolyte (salt), you can do something like oral rehydration. For the time being, it will replace the trail mix. Easy to handle due to its stable shape. If ascorbic acid is added, an effect of resistance to radiation can also be expected (reference: National Defense Medical College 2008, etc.). Electrolytes such as salt, ascorbic acid, and aliquots are ionized to increase electrical conductivity, so an improvement in the electromagnetic wave absorption effect can be expected. It may be explained by an increase in cluster size that contributes to the orientational dielectric due to hydration.
It is also possible to create a disaster site, a mountain hut, etc., in case of natural disasters overseas, riots, etc., such as small ships, etc. .
1. Using a paper structure such as the core of a saran wrap, the core of a paper towel, or the core of a trolley, water is added to the vinyl cloth, and the scallops are sealed with a katamusubi. , put it in the core of them, and stop it with a gum tape (even better if it is a teraoka tape) so that it does not come out.
2. Arrange them in a single layer.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
4. If necessary, the circle can be slightly squashed into an ellipse by adding pressure.
Put the folded shimbunshi in a garbage bag and pour water into it. That's all there is to it. Shimbun is water-absorbent, so it is convenient to wear thin fabrics. This is especially true in the case of buffalo saline and the like. If the child is dizzy today, you can force him to hold the folded newspaper outside the garbage bag for the purpose of picking it up today. It is also possible to cut open a gyu-new pack. Outside. It can be a cardboard box or Nakami no Danpozu. The filling may be cooking paper or the like. Crush it from the outside. make it Or toilet paper itself.
1. Form the structure of the joint. ,
2. Assuming that it is one layer, one layer is arranged to cover the necessary area.
3. If there is a need, make two layers and close the gap
Prepare a ziplock that connects. All of the zips are unzipped and filled with fresh water (or an aqueous solution or any other solution with agar and the desired medium dissolved in it). Gently close the ZIP of all compartments.
1. Make it a layer.
2. The gap is closed by making the layer into two layers.
(zero) I don't see an example like this, but Yamato is convenient. It can be used as a storage for both food and beverages, and it can also be used as a heat and cold insulator, and because it is a sheet, the structure is easy to modify, it can be placed anywhere, and it supports GPS. It is easy to use it for two, and in the first place, it is already a wide open water tank, and it is even more powerful if you close the gap by putting it together. This seems to be easy, and it's not, it's definitely a good idea to do so. Especially in disaster relief, vegetables, mountains, and seas. If you mix it up, you can actually change Atsumi, depending on the GPS system. You can gradually increase or decrease the area. Together with Velcro with double-sided tape, Yamamoto Jishaku, Teraoka Tape, Gamute, etc., it will be strong. It can be used to prevent tents and tents from being exposed to the sun. If you take two and put this sheet between them, you can create a wall like water. I can't get tired of working hard. Luggage can't be wasted space either. It will be fine when the water is set and it has been warmed up. It is flat. Moreover, it can be used even if it is cut off. There is also a famous Suinaka Miki Chohin. Kusuri s, Passport, Money, Chizu, Taoru, sagai, Karabina Geass Ringe. Kandenchi, Bungu, tools, scissors, demos, side dishes, and food items. , j phone number.
<<0510>>

Emergency seawater desalination equipment
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2008/11/27/10895.html

Simple seawater desalinator
http://www.j-tokyo.com/2007/08/30/3216.html

Selling price
(Amount including tax) 8,478 yen

standard price:
8,925 yen


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Frequently Asked Questions When Purchasing
Delivery time 2-3 days
Main features
It can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can also be made smaller when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall amount of waste.

Chucks, zippers (plastic, metal), fasteners (plastic, metal), Velcro tapes, double-sided tapes, packing tapes, Teraoka tapes, magnetic connection structure magnets devised by Mr. Masao Nagaoka, etc.
<<0511>>

Polypropylene, etc., which has a certain degree of strength, is widely used as a bag for water. (Those with screw caps called containers, matty bags, standing bags, etc. are in widespread use.
There are 1,800cc, 600cc, 360cc and so on for the bill bag. For example, products made by Sunplatec are popular, and Mighty Packs cost around 150 to 200 yen. Book bottles are priced from 4 to 500 yen for less than 1L.
<<0512>>

Bill Pack. A bill pack that can be capped and stored even if you can't use it all at once. Since it has an injection port, it can also be used as a refill pack for liquid detergent, shampoo, conditioner, etc.
1.
Since it can be folded before use,
It does not take up space and can significantly reduce distribution costs.

2. Excellent quality maintenance,
It can handle various materials.
Please use it flexibly, such as multi-layered paper, aluminum, etc., standing bag, set with outer box. In addition, it is light and durable, and can be folded before use, so distribution costs can be greatly reduced, and it is also effective for disposal.

Billback can be folded into a small size for storage when not in use, and can be reduced in size when discarded, making it possible to reduce the overall volume of waste. It can be used repeatedly. It can also be used during sampling and in emergencies. It is almost the same as what is called a petanko water bottle.
Refills have evolved further!!

Billpack is a pouch with a spout. We have a type that is placed in the center of the upper part of the bag and a type that is attached diagonally to the corners. Compared to hard bottles, this eco-friendly pouch uses less plastic and comes with a cap, so you can use it in small amounts and store it as is.
Contents can be taken out without stress. Suitable for re-openable bags for camping equipment, sports drinks, emergency drinks, etc. Taisei Lamic
<<0513>>

The Maitybag is a pack with excellent sealing performance similar to that of the bilbag. It has a two-layer film structure that uses polyethylene on the inside and vinyl on the outside, and has excellent sealing performance. 1800ml, 850ml, 600ml, 360ml, etc. article
It has excellent pressure resistance and can be used as a pack container for liquid and viscous samples. Inner surface/PE outer surface/PA (polyamide) with polyethylene sealing plug
<<0514>>

The BookBottle (1L) is a rectangular container with a handle and scale. There are 500mL 48×115×168 and 500mL 48×115×168. It is a square container with a handle and scale, and is thin for excellent storage. B-5 and B-10 have handles and scales in two places, and can be used both vertically and horizontally. B-0, B-1 and B-2 can be autoclave sterilized. Body / PP Lid / Inner Plug / PE (B-0, B-1, B-2 are all made of PP, no inner plug)



<<0515>>
Regarding the mathematical, biological, chemical, and physical terms used in this paper, although I do not think there is any particular need for further explanation, I will provide a brief explanation just in case. I decided to keep it. This is mainly based on the following documents: Rikagaku Jiten 5th Edition, World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition, Encyclopedia Mypedia 2006, Kojien 5th Edition, Modern Terms Basic Knowledge 2001-2006, etc.
A polar solvent is a solvent consisting of polar molecules with a high dielectric constant. It has a large dissolving power for electrolytes and dissolves many substances that are not soluble in non-polar solvents. This is because strong dipole-dipole forces and intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds act between the solute and the polar solvent. In addition, the solvation energy for ions is large, and the reaction rate in polar solvents is high in ionic reactions. Water and ethanol are typical hydrogen-bonding polar solvents. Also dipolar aprotic solvents without protic hydrogen, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoramide, etc. is widely used as a solvent for polymer compounds and as a characteristic reaction solvent. A solution is a mixture that forms a homogeneous liquid phase. Homogeneous mixtures may be liquid phases, gas phases, or solid phases. A solid phase is called a solid solution, and a solution in a liquid phase is called a solution. Solution is sometimes used in the same sense as solution. When one of the components of a solution is considered to dissolve the others, the dissolving component is called the solvent and the dissolved component is called the solute. Both the solvent and the solute are liquids. For example, in the case of a solution such as water and ethyl alcohol that can be mixed at an arbitrary ratio, the solvent is used as the larger amount for convenience. A visible characteristic of homogeneous liquid mixtures is that no separation occurs when a clear mixture is allowed to stand for a long period of time or is centrifuged, and that even if the mixture appears clear, it can be turned upside down. In some cases, the liquid flow cannot be seen. Even if it is transparent, if it is non-uniform, the density and refractive index of each part will be different.
Solutions include electrolyte solutions and non-electrolyte solutions. A solution in which an electrolyte is dissolved in a polar solvent and dissociated into cations and anions is called an electrolyte solution or an ionic solution, and a solution that does not contain electrolytes is called a non-electrolyte solution or molecular solution. In the former, ion-ion and ion-solvent forces mainly contribute, whereas in the latter, intermolecular forces usually dominate, so both are treated from different standpoints. Whether or not a solution contains ions can be determined by measuring the electrical conductivity (conductivity) of the solution. That is, the electrical conductivity of a solution in the presence of ions is greater than that of a solution without ions. The degree to which an electrolyte dissociates in solution (dissociation degree) is greater if the electrolyte consists of ionic bonds (strong electrolyte or <true electrolyte>). However, even substances that are not ionically bound may have the potential to become partially ionic through interaction with solvents (weak electrolytes or <potential electrolytes>).
The thermodynamic properties of solutions are characteristic. Non-electrolyte solutions exhibit different properties depending on the combination of their components, and are usually discussed from the standpoint of the following interactions.
(1) An ideal solution is a virtual solution that does not change heat or volume when mixed. All solutions behave like ideal solutions when their concentrations are sufficiently dilute. However, when the solute and solvent have the same molecular size or are chemically very similar (e.g., isotope mixtures, mixtures of chlorobenzene and bromobenzene, etc.), all This solution exhibits properties close to the ideal solution in the concentration range of . Such a solution is called a perfect solution.
(2) An athermal solution is one in which there is no heat exchange when several components are mixed into a solution (the heat of mixing is 0, that is, approximately H = 0), and the entropy change of mixing is the same as in an ideal solution. refers to a solution that differs from the value Unlike an ideal solution, an athermal solution occurs when the molecular interactions of the components are very similar but differ in size. Examples include ethylene bromide and propylene bromide solutions.
(3) In a regular solution, when several components are mixed to form a solution, heat is transferred in and out (the heat of mixing is not 0. H≠0). A solution which is the same as in the case of Hildebrand J. et al. H. Hildebrand (1929) defined a regular solution. When dealing with real solutions, solutions that do not have intermolecular interactions such as chemical interactions and associations often satisfy the conditions of this definition approximately, and a solution consisting of benzene and carbon tetrachloride satisfies this definition. For example.
(4) A polymer solution is a solution in which the solute is a polymer compound. When the solvent is water, it is called a water-soluble polymer solution. Physical properties that tend to be different from the properties of low-molecular compound solutions flow birefringence, light scattering, etc.).
(6) A surfactant solution significantly reduces the surface tension of the solution when certain substances (eg, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate) are dissolved in the liquid. Such substances are called surfactants. Surfactants also have the characteristic of forming micelles (lyophilic colloidal particles formed by association of many molecules by intermolecular forces) when the concentration exceeds a certain level (critical micelle concentration) in a solution. A phenomenon in which a water-insoluble liquid or solid dissolves in a micellar solution of a surfactant to form a stable solution is called solubilization, and such a solution is called a solubilized solution.
The properties of solutions are roughly divided into properties in equilibrium and properties in non-equilibrium. (1) Equilibrium properties In other words, thermodynamic properties. When examining the properties of a solution, the necessary conditions such as temperature and pressure are kept constant, and it is carried out in a state in which no changes occur anymore, that is, in a state in which equilibrium has been reached. Specifically, vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure, and the like. These phenomena are generally seen in solutions, but the amount of change in them, especially in dilute solutions, depends not on the type of solute, but on the amount (number of moles) of the solute per unit amount, as long as the solvent is fixed. It has been confirmed experimentally that it is determined by the solubility of the Therefore, the property of a dilute solution of a non-volatile substance that does not depend on the type of substance is called a colligative property. These colligative properties can be used to determine the molecular weight. The reason why the concentration is limited to dilute is that these colligative properties are calculated and measured from <Raoul's law> (the law for vapor pressure drop) and the formulas for boiling point elevation and freezing point depression related to the law. It is only at sparse concentrations that the values agree. As the concentration increases, it becomes difficult to explain the measured values theoretically. The vapor pressure (partial pressure) of the solute must be considered when working with solutions of substances that are gaseous or tend to become gaseous, such as gases, liquids, and solids with high vapor pressure. When a gas dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, the relationship between the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility is known as "Henry's Law." Solventextraction is one of the operations for extracting a certain component from a natural product or for separating or purifying a substance used in chemical analysis or synthesis. is. (2) Properties in non-equilibrium state These are properties related to diffusion, viscosity, electrical conduction, and so on. Diffusion of solutes and solvents in solutions, viscosity of solutions, and properties of electric conduction are also studied experimentally and theoretically.
Infusion (fluid transfusion∥infusing solution) refers to injecting a large amount of liquid into the body through a route other than the gastrointestinal tract, or the liquid used therein, and the latter is also called an infusion agent. The route of injection is primarily IV, but subcutaneous injection is also possible. Intravenous infusion is called an infusion or intravenous dripinfusion. In the past, a glass drip bottle connected to a rubber tube was used for infusion, but recently, a disposable plastic infusion set connected to the infusion bottle is used. For infusion, the infusion rate must be adjusted according to the condition of the body.
The purpose of intravenous fluids is to (1) replenish lost water and salt (electrolytes), (2) supplement nutritional deficiencies when oral intake is impossible or insufficient, and (3) treat intravascular bleeding. There are three types of supply of blood substitutes to secure volume.
For example, when it comes to water, humans dissolve metabolites that are no longer needed from the body in urine and excrete them. losing water. For this reason, an adult weighing 50 kg requires at least about 2000 cc of water per day. Therefore, when a large amount of water is lost due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, fluid and electrolyte transfusions are required to replenish body fluids. In this case, nutrient IVs are given at the same time to compensate for malnutrition due to inability to take oral intake. Also, when oral intake is inhibited for several days, such as after gastrointestinal surgery, it is first necessary to replenish necessary fluids and electrolytes. Furthermore, when intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot be expected due to digestive disorders, etc., or when it is desired to stop intestinal absorption for treatment, total parenteral nutrition is performed to supplement the total calorie needs. . If the infused fluid is blood, it is called a blood transfusion.
Infusions include the water, salt, sugars, proteins, and fats that are necessary to sustain life, as well as plasma substitutes and drugs used for various treatments. It is prepared to the same extent as body fluids and is completely sterilized so as not to damage blood cells and tissues. Infusions are broadly divided into electrolyte infusions intended to replenish only water and electrolytes, and nutritional infusions aimed at preoperative and postoperative nutritional management. Physiological saline and Ringer's solution are still widely used as electrolyte infusions because of their ease of use. A variety of infusion solutions are available commercially as required and as shown in the table. Electrolyte infusions can be roughly divided into (1) surgical sodium replacement solutions that are isotonic with blood and used for acute extracellular fluid loss and shock (physiological saline, Ringer's solution, lock solution, etc.), (2) ) Generally called by the name of No. 1, is a 1/2 to 1/3 isotonic solution that is used as an infusion starting solution that does not contain potassium ions, (3) Intracellular repair solution, called by the name of No. 2 (4) Maintenance solution, 3 As the name suggests, it is a 1/3 to 1/4 isotonic solution for the purpose of replenishing and maintaining sodium ions in a stable period after surgery, (5) Postoperative recovery solution, called No. 4, Aimed at maintaining water replenishment, it is broadly classified into those containing few sodium ions and chloride ions and either no potassium ions or those containing a small amount of potassium ions. As sugars, in addition to the glucose shown in the table, there are infusion solutions containing sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, maltose, etc. As a nutrient infusion, there is a high-calorie infusion that uses high-concentration glucose as the main heat source, which was developed in 1968, and is used for parenteral nutrition. Low-calorie infusions are not as high-calorie as high-calorie infusions, but they contain 5-10% glucose mixed with amino acids and fat emulsions and are used for drip infusion.
Explain the electrolyte. When a substance is dissolved in water, the solution may exhibit the property of conducting electricity (electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity). This is because the substance dissociates in water into charged particles (cations and anions). A substance that dissociates into ions and exhibits conductivity when dissolved in a solvent is called an electrolyte. The degree of dissociation into ions (degree of dissociation) varies depending on the substance and solvent. Since water is usually used as a solvent, a substance that dissociates highly when dissolved in water is called a strong electrolyte, and a substance that dissociates less is called a weak electrolyte. However, this classification is not necessarily accurate. Rather, the degree of dissociation depends on the nature of the binding of substances, so the following classification is also made. When examining the conductivity of substances in a liquid or molten state (under high temperature), they are divided into substances that exhibit conductivity (electrolytes) and substances that do not (nonelectrolytes). A substance that exhibits conductivity in a molten state (molten electrolyte) is composed of ionic bonds of cations and anions, and is a so-called <true electrolyte>, corresponding to a so-called strong electrolyte. Examples include sodium chloride and potassium chloride. A substance that is not electrically conductive in its liquid or molten state may become electrically conductive when dissolved in a solvent, depending on the solvent. For example, acetic acid itself is nonionic and has little conductivity. Even if acetic acid is dissolved in water, it is only weakly dissociated (about 1%). However, when acetic acid is dissolved in liquid ammonia, acetic acid becomes strongly dissociated. This is because ammonia decomposes acetic acid through a chemical reaction to produce ammonium ions NH4+ and acetate ions CH3COO-. Substances such as acetic acid are, so to speak, <potential electrolytes> and correspond to so-called weak electrolytes.
Electrolytes include a 1-1 type consisting of monovalent cations and monovalent anions such as sodium chloride NaCl, and a 2-1 type consisting of divalent cations and monovalent anions such as calcium chloride CaCl2. type, charge type such as 2-2 type consisting of divalent cations and divalent anions like magnesium sulfate MgSO4. Electrolyte solutions are being studied from a practical point of view, such as plating and batteries, from a medical and physiological point of view, as is known for physiological saline, and from a fundamental point of view, physicochemically. As a theory of electrolyte solutions, for example, the Debye-Hückel theory of dilute solutions is known.
A development will be described. Putting an appropriate cut in a solid in space and expanding it on a plane is called unfolding the solid on the plane, and the figure that appears on the plane at this time is called the development of the solid.
A polyhedron is a solid bounded by a finite number of planar polygons. Each polygon is called a face of the polyhedron, a side of the polygon common to two faces is called a side or edge of the polyhedron, and each vertex of the polygon is called a vertex of the polyhedron. A solid with n faces is called an n-hedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron when the whole is located on one side of the plane containing each face, and Euler's theorem holds between the number of faces, edges, and vertices. In other words, a polyhedron is also a solid surrounded by four or more planar polygons. Depending on the number of planes, it can be called a tetrahedron or a pentahedron. The faces of a tetrahedron, which is a polyhedron composed of four planes, are all triangular.
A more mathematical description of the polyhedron is as follows. If there are a finite number of polygons in space, and each side of each polygon must be the side of exactly one other polygon, then the figure formed by these polygons is called a polyhedron. Each polygon that constitutes a polyhedron is called a face of the polyhedron, and the vertices and edges of these polygons are called the vertices and sides (or edges) of the polyhedron, respectively. A polyhedron with n faces (≧4) is called an n-facet. Of the two parts of the space divided by the polyhedron, the one with finite extent is called the interior of the polyhedron. A figure consisting of a polyhedron and its interior is also called a polyhedron, in which case the original polyhedron is called the surface of the polyhedron. A polyhedron is called a convex polyhedron if any face of the polyhedron intersects with the plane containing this face only on this face. A polyhedron is said to be simple if its surface can be continuously deformed into a convex polyhedron. A tetrahedron and a cuboid are convex polyhedrons, and a pyramid whose base is a concave polyhedron is not a convex polyhedron but a simple polyhedron. A perforated polyhedron like that in FIG. 3 is not simple. When the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of a polyhedron are a0, a1, and a2, a simple polyhedron always has a0-a1+a2=2, and a convex polyhedron with p holes generally has a0-a1+a2 = 2(1-p). This is called Euler's polyhedron theorem. There is also a field called topology that interprets polyhedra more broadly than the above.
A pyramid is described. Given a polygon in space and a point not on the plane of this polygon, each side of the polygon and a fixed point define a triangle. The solid bounded by these triangles and the initial polygon is called a pyramid, these triangles are called the sides, and the initial polygon is called the base. Furthermore, the fixed point is called the vertex, the distance between the vertex and the base is called the height, and the line of intersection of the sides is called the side edge or side edge. A pyramid with an n-sided base is called an n-sided pyramid. A triangular pyramid is also called a tetrahedron. A pyramid with a regular n-sided base and all sides of equal length is called a regular n-sided pyramid. In a regular n-pyramid, the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from the apex to each side of the base are all equal. This length is called the oblique height of the regular n-pyramid. When a pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to its base, the cut end becomes a polygon similar to the base.
<<0516>>
Ropes play an important role in the mountains. Extremely important. The material has high strength, low strength, expensive, inexpensive, lightweight, and weight
There are, of course, various types depending on the purpose. There is a quay climb that is expected to be completed within a few hours, and there is a huge cliff between traverses.
There are times when you have to climb walls (for example, the famous large killet), and there are places where it is relatively easy but you slipped down, but there are places where you have to climb streams and many waterfalls.
There is also a steep climb, and there is also a natural giant quay wall that takes more than a few days to climb. Carrying water and food is essential. A rope is also required. The view that the rope is a kind of expendable item
There is also On such occasions, having multiple ropes is not uncommon, but rather common. Places with high difficulty, places with low difficulty, etc., can be used according to the purpose. instructor
I propose the following structure: That is, a material such as chloroprene having a power half-life depth corresponding to that of water is used to form a rope-like shape. this
as a spare rope in mountainous areas. By doing this, in an unexpected accident-like situation, you can
In addition, even if water is lost, diffracted waves can be expected to be weakened by forming a hollow cylinder with the chloroprene rope.
<<0517>>
The graph of FIG. 64 indicates that the dielectric loss of water at 1.5 GHz is on the order of several tens. It also shows that the larger the ionic conductivity σ, the more the effect is added to the dielectric loss of water and the smaller the power half-life depth, but the effect is still effective at 1.5 GHz.
<<0518>>
In the graph of FIG. 65, muscles, skin, etc. are sometimes referred to as high water content media in the medical field (fat, bones, etc. in the medical field are terms such as low water content media, and the above-mentioned
), but its 1.5 GHz penetration depth (the depth at which the power density is 1/e=1/2.718=37% in this case) is about
It shows that it is as short as 2-3 cm.
<<0519>>
FIG. 66 is a diagram showing that water molecules are permanent dipoles. The center of positive charge and the center of negative charge in the water molecule do not coincide. That is, the molecule has a permanent dipole mode
have a ment. When an electric field is applied to this, many randomly oriented water molecules are displaced by rotation due to the influence of the electric field. This is called dielectric polarization.
Bu.
A certain amount of time is required for the displacement. called relaxation time. Even if the alternating electric field is forced to make a displacement faster than this relaxation time, the water molecules cannot follow the influence of the outside world and cause loss.
FIG. 71 shows that an oxygen atom in a water molecule has six outer shell electrons (2 electrons in the 2s orbital and 4 electrons in the 2p orbital) orbitals based on quantum theory, due to the bonding of the p orbitals.
Due to the repulsion of two positive charges between two hydrogen atoms, the separation angle between covalent bonds is extended by 14 degrees to 104 degrees from the angle of the p-orbital, which should be orthogonal.
It is a conceptual diagram for explaining the state of the permanent dipole moment of water molecules.
Based on quantum theory, an oxygen atom in a water molecule has 2 electrons in the 2s orbital, 4 electrons in the 2p orbital, and 6 outer shell electrons.
The two p-orbitals are still only half-filled with electrons (top of FIG. 71).
Thus, an oxygen atom will try to bond with two hydrogen atoms using two p-bonds into one covalently bound water molecule.
Now, if so, since the p-bonds are orthogonal to each other (Figure 71, top panel), a valence angle of 90 degrees is first expected (Figure 71, bottom left panel). .
However, the measured value of bond angles in actual water molecules is about 104° (lower right figure in FIG. 71).
This could be explained on the basis that the two hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged and repel each other.
Similarly, a nitrogen atom has three p-bonds. If the bond angles between them were the same, it would have been possible to configure the ammonia molecule as a regular tetrahedral pyramidal molecule.
However, in reality, the ammonia molecule is much flatter and all bond angles are enlarged to 108 degrees.
Again, the electron repulsion of the hydrogen atoms may be brought out to interpret this fact, as the strong dipole moment (1.46 debyes) possessed by ammonia proves its polarity. be.
The covalent bond is also known as a homopolar bond or an electron-pair bond.
A chemical bond formed by an electron pair shared by two atoms. An electron pair involved in bonding is called a bonding electron pair
pair), or a shared electron pair, represented by:, a single bond C—H
A double bond C=C can be represented as C::C. The idea that electron pairs are involved in bonding was also proposed in Lewis-Langmuir's valence theory. Their
In theory, the two electrons involved in one covalent bond are shared by two atoms, and as a result, each atom assumes a stable electronic structure of the rare gas type. For example, with a hydrogen molecule
A hydrogen atom shares two electrons and has a helium-type electronic structure. From this point of view, the fact that a hydrogen atom is involved in one covalent bond, that is, the covalent valence is
1, but the mechanism by which electron pairs form stable bonds was first explained by the Heitler-London theory based on quantum mechanics.
clarified. Both this theory and the later molecular orbital method show that when the spins of two electrons are antiparallel, the energy is low and the state is stable. also share
The orientation of bonds, for example, the fact that four single bonds of carbon form a regular tetrahedral angle with each other (bond angle) can also be explained from the standpoint of quantum mechanics. Note that covalent bonds between different atoms
The bond has more or less the character of an ionic bond.
(L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.). Pauling is also a distinguished chemist who has won two Nobel Prizes.
<<0520>>
FIG. 67 is a diagram explaining that polarization includes orientation polarization mainly induced in the microwave region, ion polarization induced in the infrared region, electronic polarization induced in the ultraviolet region, and the like.
<<0521>>
Reference is made to FIG. Tent mats provide insulation between the body and the ground, which is severely cooled, while sleeping in a tent camp at night, and at the same time reduce the effects of unevenness such as gravel.
It is considered a must-have item for resting. It is usually an inexpensive polymer compound. For mountain climbing such as traversing with tent camp, roll the tent mat into a cylindrical shape and
A cylindrical shaft is tied horizontally to the ground at the top or bottom of the cussack, or a cylindrical shaft is tied vertically to the ground on the side of the rucksack to continue walking.
It is not uncommon to see Bulky but often lightweight.
<<0522>>
69 and 70 will be described.
Recently, it is used not only for climbers, but also for disaster volunteers and FIT for overseas free travelers. Volunteers for earthquake disasters also have their own personal belongings, clothing, food and shelter (water, tents, sleeping).
bag. mat. food. maps, etc.) are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare themselves. In recent years, overseas free travelers have also become FIT (Free Independent).
There is also the fact that it has become an important presence with a certain share as a Traveler), but it is also common for FIT to carry such a sleeping bag or mat and walk with a backpack.
It has been noted that they are becoming more visible. Saving money (low-priced accommodation, sometimes sleeping on night trains and station buildings) outside your home country where you can't stay for a long time
They are similar to climbers in that they are required to prepare their own minimum equipment (water, tent, sleeping bag, mat, food, map). If the matte area is half-powered, the depth is small.
Even if it is made of chloroprene and at the same time, the original purpose can be achieved even if it is possible to accommodate water with a small power half-life depth inside, and the function of the proposed GPS receiver is realized.
Of course, it is effective for the synergistic effect of
<<0523>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, it is effective and important to reduce the overall weight, volume, and dual use of the equipment.
<<0524>>
Therefore, we have proposed to acquire azimuth information using a small L1 C/A portable satellite positioning device. <<0525>>
However, it is good when shielding such as mountains and buildings can be used, but when using only body shielding, it was sometimes affected by diffracted waves. However, microwave absorbing materials are currently focused on fixing to artificial structures and stationary types, and are generally heavy and bulky. Therefore, these microwave absorbing materials are not well suited for carrying tools for people who mainly walk, which are restricted in terms of weight and volume.
<<0526>>
The characteristic that the depth of half power consumption is extremely small, which has been treated as a problem of water, etc., is now considered to be an indispensable chemical substance in fields related to lifesaving such as emergency relief teams.
In light of the facts, it is further suggested that such work could improve the survival rate and reduce the severity of aftereffects in the situation where the transportation network is disrupted immediately after the disaster, and shortening the time to arrive at the disaster site immediately after the disaster.
In the context of space technology, which has great potential for futuristic social infrastructure in the fields of satellite communications and satellite positioning, it is conversely necessary to do so.
The physico-chemical properties of the physico-chemical properties that have been proposed in the past, which are novel and highly useful, are mediated by the outstanding scientific technology of the L1 C/A GPS receiver with the function of obtaining the direction at rest, and also with gratitude.
The proposal of this paper is to make effective use of it in the age of multi-GNSS, which is rapidly becoming more and more popular. Mostly considered in the satellite communication field and satellite positioning field
It remained untouched. Once, when seriously considering only what is truly and concretely useful for large-scale natural disaster relief, there is an exploratory and continuous process rooted in broad and deep exploration.
Through efforts, such a viewpoint was found to be oriented towards a technique that is actually useful.
<<0527>>
In the Kobe earthquake, it was found that the survival rate of rescued victims depends on how many hours after the disaster they were rescued. Rescue within 24 hours was 75%, rescue within 48 hours was 25%, and rescue within 72 hours was 15%. (Broadcast at 22:00 on January 17, 2011 NHK General Disaster Prevention Crisis--Who will save the victims--). It has been suggested that quick and smooth access to victims is also important, as it is known that the survival rate decreases with the passage of time. Also, when collecting information, location, time,
The effectiveness of this proposal is suggested because it is thought that not only information about the time of day, but also information about the direction of the victims under the collapsed houses will be necessary at the same time.
be. This proposal contributes not only to public assistance but also to mutual assistance. This is due to the effective use of common items such as water, and the citizen level as a GPS receiver.
This is because it has the significant merit of being able to divert the receiver of the L1 C/A level of . Of course, when compared to those using expensive equipment, it is overwhelmingly self-help
Clearly a good fit.
<<0528>>
In the rescue and life-saving work phase at the time of a large-scale natural disaster, it is essential to carry a certain amount of drinking water for the survival of the rescuers themselves as well as for the provision of drinking water at the time of lifesaving. The invention first
Focusing on this point, it is demonstrated by effectively utilizing the attribute of excellent microwave diffraction wave attenuation characteristics as a physicochemical property of the material in conjunction with the above invention.
Concerning the effectiveness, first of all, various proposals for implementation were made. In addition to these proposals, currently all over the world based on the Safety of the Sea (SOLAS) Convention (in Japan, it also complies with domestic law)
It seems that the size of the lifeboat-equipped drinking water subdivision packaging container is de facto standard (de facto standard, de facto)
Also pay attention to the fact that it is set to standard).
<<0529>>
Combined with the inventor's own invention of a GPS receiver that can acquire the direction at rest only by providing the structure with a design guideline that accompanies fine reorganization based on mathematical analysis.
It is possible to increase the effectiveness and simplicity of the diffracted wave removal function at once, and it is possible to eliminate the influence of unnecessary diffracted waves more easily and reliably, so it is possible to save life and rescue work.
Since we found that it is possible to support the smooth execution of the main duties more accurately than before, we also proposed various designs for its realization. With this technical proposal, for the purpose of saving lives,
Aspects that enable more prompt and accurate assistance when Japan conducts relief activities for large-scale disasters in the international community, and various aspects and operations that are considered to be related to development and development
It has a great effect in
<<0530>>
Mountain rescue workers and international disaster relief workers mainly approach victims and victims quickly by walking. Rescue workers themselves are also required to survive in harsh environments such as rough weather. In this case, overall weight reduction and dual use of equipment are effective and important for carrying out rescue or survival.
The purpose was to make it possible to obtain azimuth information more reliably with a portable satellite positioning device by combining only the necessary equipment for the personnel heading to the site.
More specifically, it enables practical use of the above-described portable positioning and orientation acquisition device, especially in situations where the body and survival supplies are minimal. this
corresponds to a lifeboat, etc., while drifting, and also in the desert, etc. The same is true for plains. It is also well suited for use in polar regions and the like. Suitable for mountaineering and the like.
<<0531>>
As described above, mountain rescuers and international disaster relief workers contribute to rapid approach and rescue of victims and victims by walking, and at the same time, they help victims and victims to survive.
It also contributes to obtaining judgment information that contributes to action decisions. It is also highly qualified for so-called Base of Pyramid (BOP) assistive technologies such as South America and Africa.
At this time, it is suitable for improving agricultural efficiency, supporting the movement of refugees to safe areas, supporting the movement of UN forces, assisting medical personnel in approaching patients, and conversely, moving patients themselves to distant medical facilities.
do. In addition to its effectiveness in low- and mid-latitude regions, it is also highly qualified as a support technology for environmental conservation and nature surveys because it is not affected by magnetic fields (both deviation, deviation, and local magnetism) even in polar regions.
and has a great effect.
This proposal can be constructed in any way as long as it does not contradict the description in this paper.
<<Description of symbols>>
<<0532>>
1 Planar antenna
2 GPS receiver
3 Data processing unit
4 Result output section
5 measurement direction
6 Sky coverage by planar antenna
7 A semicircle forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar antenna and the other sky area



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JP 2001-356161
<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and the GPS antennas are above the direction in which they are facing with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. A quarter of the sky is covered by the antenna, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of the reception state of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth angle from at least one GPS receiver, and determining the satellite in each area Create a sequence of azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angles of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and determine the azimuth angle by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. A direction information acquisition method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>> A pair of GPS antennas, each having a hemispherical antenna pattern, are placed facing each other perpendicularly to the ground. Antenna sensitivities and sky coverage are formed in a quarter of the sphere, respectively, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals transmitted by all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of each GPS satellite signal in both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver, and obtaining the satellite azimuth in each area clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and limit the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. , with the angular width of the azimuth angle obtained above as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the above pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receivers connected to each GPS antenna receive signals from all the GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. ceasing horizontal rotation of the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which acquisition of the transmitted signal has been attempted and at least one satellite has been determined to be at the boundary from each GPS satellite signal obtained; determining the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extracting the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, the azimuth angle of the extracted one satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction, and the boundary A method of obtaining azimuth information, wherein the azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angles of the satellites determined to be present in the satellite.
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquiring method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are planar patch antennas.
<<Claim 4>> The azimuth information acquisition method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are mounted facing each other in parallel with the head interposed therebetween and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 5>> The method for obtaining azimuth information according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are sandwiched between the body and are mounted facing each other in parallel and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 6>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sensitive air coverage area and for acquiring by said pair of antennas signals transmitted by satellites in said respective air coverage areas; and generating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each said area in a clockwise direction. means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term; An azimuth information acquiring apparatus, comprising means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in the area.
<<Claim 7>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna has antenna sensitivity in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sky coverage area over which the satellites are present, and capturing signals transmitted from the satellites existing in the respective sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; Means for determining the existing region where the satellite azimuth angle was present, means for creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above regions in a clockwise direction, extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and at least means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in one region; means for attempting to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each pair of rotating antennas, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it is determined that at least one satellite exists at the boundary. means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction that has been determined; means for determining the presence area of at least one other GPS satellite and extracting the azimuth angle of the satellite; An azimuth information acquisition device comprising means for identifying an azimuth by comparing an azimuth angle of a satellite, an azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist at the boundary.



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Masato Takahashi Orientation information

detailed description

<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for obtaining azimuth information using GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> In this specification, the term ``specific orientation'' means uniquely associating an azimuth angle value with a specific specific direction. means to associate a fan-shaped azimuth angle value range defined by a certain start azimuth angle value, a certain end azimuth angle value, and a certain rotation direction with respect to a specific direction. It is intended to include both concepts of azimuth limitation.
<<0003>> A description of the azimuth limitation will be added below. For example, when using a display system where north is 0 degrees and degrees increase clockwise, the action of uniquely associating the specific direction in which a mountain can be seen from one's own view with an azimuth angle of 37 degrees. is azimuth-specific, and on the other hand, in the absence of such information, it is at least certain that it lies within a sector shown clockwise from azimuth 35 degrees to azimuth 49 degrees. It can be said that the action acquired by using facts as clues is limited to direction.
<<0004>> If this azimuth determination can be performed very quickly compared to the azimuth determination, it can be said that the action of azimuth determination has practical utility. It would be even more practical if both rapid azimuth determination and accurate azimuth identification were possible as required. In other words, when the accuracy is given priority, the direction can be specified, and when the speed is given priority, the direction can be limited.
<<0005>> In fact, in view of the specific circumstances described below, the need for both orientation specification and orientation limitation is recognized.
<<0006>> For example, visually impaired people walking outdoors, survey hikers and reconnaissance workers who have to walk in a state where visibility is almost ineffective due to heavy fog and snowstorms in mountainous areas. think. For those in the situations mentioned here, the fact that they have no choice but to walk in a state corresponding to blindness is common. Of course, it is said that the latter should be temporarily encamped, but predictions of danger to life in extremely low temperatures that will come after sunset, or predictions of physical and life danger due to forecasts of the arrival of snowstorms, together with accurate judgment of the situation. When it is done, there are cases where walking is made with a certain degree of action decision even in blindness. This blind walking has the following common features.
<<0007>> First, it is good that the current position is known by the latitude and longitude values of the portable satellite positioning device, and the destination is also clear by the latitude and longitude values. However, the fact that there is no visual field means that the simple visual direction information acquisition function is deprived. can hardly be used. On the other hand, depending on the place of use, the results may be greatly biased due to magnetic disturbance, and a compass that cannot output the bias, that is, the margin of error, cannot be used for important decisions such as direction determination for blind walking. Directional information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but direction information cannot be obtained. In addition, the method of re-positioning by movement and calculating the direction of movement, which is appropriate for land mobiles, requires a considerable walking distance due to the positioning error of GPS (one of the Global Positioning System satellite positioning systems), and visual walking Even so, the load is heavy, and it is extremely difficult to perform blind walking. Therefore, even if a portable satellite positioning device is carried, the device that does not provide the direction can accurately determine the walking direction for a person who is in a blind situation and cannot estimate the approximate direction based on vision. There was a lack of functions to support There is a need for an azimuth information acquisition method that can compensate for this.
<<0008>> Secondly, even if it is possible to somehow decide to go in a certain direction, humans generally rely on visually recognized directions such as specific feature directions and celestial direction. Since straightness is maintained by a feedback loop that finely corrects the direction of travel, it is difficult to maintain the correct direction of travel in the blind situation. As with walking with your eyes closed, if you do not check your bearings frequently, your course will turn into a curve against your original intentions, and there is a danger of stepping into a dangerous area such as an avalanche-prone area. . In this case, since the azimuth is checked very frequently, the work load of each confirmation work is heavy, and it is not really useful if it restricts the movement. For people who walk blind, it is essential to have a quick direction information acquisition method that can be easily operated even while walking and is suitable for frequently acquiring information.
<<0009>> Thirdly, when sight is not used, it is necessary to always search for obstacles in front of the vehicle with the hand or its extension, such as a cane, in order to avoid falling over. Therefore, even if there is a device related to the above azimuth identification / azimuth limitation, a portable device held in the hand is inappropriate. the device is suitable.
<<0010>> Based on the above, the following features are necessary to accurately support blind walking. First, it is equipped with quick and easy measurement, and retains the function of azimuth limitation that can clearly indicate the degree of error, so that it can often be confirmed that the direction of travel does not deviate from the intended direction during blind walking. is required. Secondly, when walking without visibility, when the latitude and longitude values of the current point and the destination point are obtained, it is necessary to retain a somewhat accurate azimuth identification function so that the walking direction to the destination point can be initially determined. Become. Thirdly, during blind walking, the hand is an important means for detecting objects in front and avoiding falls.
<<0011>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> In other words, the ability to acquire directions is useful not only for assisting the visually impaired in their daily outdoor activities and outdoor activity work, but also for healthy people in outdoor activity work under weather conditions with poor visibility. The requirements are as follows.
(1) It is possible to immediately limit the direction (useful for frequent confirmation of straightness in the process of blind walking).
(2) The same equipment can be used to easily identify the direction (assisting direction identification at the start of blind walking).
(3) Because it is compact and lightweight and can be configured in a plane that conforms to the body, it can be used while worn on the body (it does not block the hand, which is important in the process of blind walking). More specifically, it has the following practical characteristics.
(4) Even when visually impaired people wear it all the time and use it in social situations, it has a shape that is visually acceptable (it can support the social life of pedestrians who are blind on a daily basis).
(5) It is intuitive and easy to use because the measurement direction always matches the direction of the observer's face (the direction acquisition operation is easy enough to withstand frequent use in the process of blind walking).
(6) It can be constructed at a relatively low cost by using the elemental parts of conventional portable satellite positioning equipment and adding minor modifications (support for blind walking itself does not cost much).
(7) Since it has a satellite positioning function, it is no longer necessary to have a separate satellite positioning device (it is possible to reduce the number of items to carry during blind walking).
<<0012>> In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an azimuth information acquisition method and apparatus that can be readily carried by azimuth limitation and azimuth identification.
<<0013>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention is to arrange a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern facing each other perpendicularly to the ground so that one semicircle passing through the zenith is arranged. As a boundary, the GPS antennas each form a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the sky in the direction in which they are facing, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna has a full sky hemisphere. At least one of the GPS receivers determines the presence area of one or more GPS satellites by comparing the reception status of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers. extract the GPS satellite azimuth angle from, create a series of satellite azimuth angles in each region clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and extract the initial azimuth angle obtained in at least one extracted region The azimuth is defined by the azimuth angle of the term and the azimuth angle of the final term.
<<0014>> Also, in the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention, a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground facing each other. Antenna forms antenna sensitivity and sky coverage in one-fourth of the sky in the direction it is facing, and transmits from all GPS satellites in the sky half-sphere to the GPS receiver connected to each antenna. acquisition of the GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, determine the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from comparison of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, and extract the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver , in each region, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and obtain the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term The azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle, the angular width of the obtained azimuth angle is used as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receiver connected to each antenna is projected to the half sky the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which it has attempted to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the sphere, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it has been determined that at least one satellite is at the boundary; stop the horizontal rotation of, determine the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extract the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, and extract the azimuth angle of the one satellite and vice versa The azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angle of the direction and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to be present at the boundary.
<<0015>> Including using a planar patch antenna as the pair of GPS antennas. <<0016>> In addition, the pair of GPS antennas are mounted on the head or body in parallel with each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0017>> Further, the azimuth information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is facing means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere above the direction, and for capturing signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A sequence of satellite azimuth angles is created clockwise, a means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and the existence area where the satellite existed is determined by comparing the signals from each captured satellite. and means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the regions.
<<0018>> In addition, the direction information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel, facing each other, and arranged vertically; Means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere, and for acquiring signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A means for determining the existence area where the satellite existed from the comparison of the signals from the above, and creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above areas clockwise, and calculating the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the above regions; means for horizontally rotating the pair of antennas, and attempting to capture signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each rotating pair of antennas, and obtaining signals from each GPS satellite means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction in which at least one satellite is determined to exist on the boundary from the means for extracting an azimuth angle; and means for identifying the azimuth by comparing the extracted azimuth angle of the satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist on the boundary. It is characterized by characterized by consisting of
<<0019>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of an orientation information acquiring method and an orientation information acquiring apparatus embodying the method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0020>> In the following explanation, the unit of angle is degrees (deg), and the azimuth angle is indicated clockwise with 0 degrees for the north, 90 degrees for the east, 180 degrees for the south, and 270 degrees for the west. . Elevation angle is expressed by setting the horizontal plane to 0 degrees and the zenith to 90 degrees.
<<0021>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A first planar patch antenna 1a and a second planar patch antenna 1b are installed in the center of FIG. The first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are arranged facing each other and parallel to each other. Both of them are installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna arrangement from above, and arrange the first flat patch antenna 1a on the left side and the second flat patch antenna 1b on the right side, for the observer who is looking down, The direction that is the front of the body is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0022>> As the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, those having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system are used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is sometimes referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic, so here Omnidirectional, that is, according to the usage of isotropic, is not used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are erected perpendicular to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams are directed toward the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0023>> When two such planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other, and both of them are placed perpendicular to the ground, each of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b is substantially The upper coverage corresponds to the state in which the sky is divided into two with a semicircle as the arc of a great circle as the boundary, as shown in Fig. 1. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In other words, the first planar patch antenna 1a covers a quarter of the celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and the second planar patch antenna 1b covers GPS satellite B in FIG. The existing 1/4 celestial sphere is taken as the coverage area.
<<0024>>Positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, so they have excellent straightness like light, and the first planar patch antenna 1a for GPS A clear difference occurs between the signal strength from GPS satellite A, which is within the sky coverage area 6a, and the signal strength from GPS satellite B, which is not within the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a. Therefore, based on the difference in signal strength, the existence areas of GPS satellites A and B can be determined. can be azimuthally limited.
<<0025>> In FIG. 1, the GPS satellite C exists in a semicircle 7 that is the boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Therefore, the signal from this GPS satellite C is received by the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b. Since the orbit of the GPS satellite system is about 20,000 kilometers in the sky, the electromagnetic waves coming from the far field are incident parallel to the coverage areas 6a and 6b of both planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, and are received by both. . In the present invention, when the signals are received simultaneously in this manner, the existing direction of the GPS satellite C can be determined as the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction, which is the direction obtained by adding 180 degrees to the measurement direction 5, and Using the above-mentioned azimuth angle information of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B and the result of area determination, the azimuth of measurement direction 5 can be specified.
<<0026>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When creating the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b, the three-dimensional beam width is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《００２７》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.《００２８》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. Obtaining the desired antenna pattern by slightly modifying the antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0030>> However, if the beam has a solid angle that is slightly wider than desired, the present invention may use it as it is. As a result, the semicircle in Fig. 1 is not a line, but a band area with a slight width (with a slight viewing angle from the observer's point of view). In the azimuth limiting function, which will be described in detail later, this slight spread produces a minute width in the measurement direction 5, which has the effect of increasing the probability of accidentally capturing a satellite. On the other hand, in the azimuth identification function, although the accuracy at the time of azimuth identification is expected to drop slightly, there is no major problem in practical use, which is the purpose of the present invention, and the fact that there is some tolerance is a fact from the viewpoint of manufacturing costs. preferable.
<0031> Alternatively, unlike the design calculations for the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0032>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying an orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a first GPS receiver 2a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 1a, and a second GPS receiver 2b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 1b. As described above, the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are arranged parallel to each other, and both are erected perpendicularly to the ground.
<<0033>> The functions and specifications that the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b in FIG. 2 should have may be the same as the GPS receivers included in the widely spread L1-wave-using compact portable positioning devices. In other words, it inherits the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when miniaturizing and lightening consumer GPS positioning devices. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of GPS positioning devices for consumer use, there are already many GPS receivers with a size suitable for flat patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the flat patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, there is already a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand, and there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since these existing accumulations of miniaturization techniques can be used, the present invention can be configured economically and compactly. <<0034>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, Satellite azimuth and channel conditions. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1 wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0035>> Through the first planar patch antenna 1a, the first GPS receiver 2a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 2b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 1b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are connected to antennas covering the hemispherical sphere in the same way as the GPS receivers of ordinary portable satellite positioning devices. It makes it search for the signals of all the GPS satellites that are expected to be in the sky.
<<0036>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked due to the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0037>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0038>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to perform signal search, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state, which are the data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. . In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0039>> Each data obtained from the first GPS receiver 2a and each data obtained from the second GPS receiver 2b are input to the data processing unit 3. The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows. <<0040>> The data processing unit 3 first constructs a data table for obtaining azimuth information with respect to the data of each satellite. The positioning result data is stored in the buffer of the data processing unit 3, and after being used for the purpose of reference necessary for completing the data table, the result output unit 4 is notified. Each row in the data table for azimuth information acquisition corresponds to each GPS satellite. The maximum number of rows in the data table shall be equal to the maximum number of satellites capable of parallel signal processing by the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b. Here, it is assumed that the maximum number of satellites that each of the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b can perform parallel signal processing is 12, which is equivalent to the portable positioning device currently in practical use at the civilian level.
<<0041>> Each column of the above data table has the following items. The first column records the satellite number periodically. There are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be considered the same. If not, there are more than a dozen satellites in the sky and the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are trying to acquire different sets of satellite numbers. Or one of them is using old almanac data. Therefore, the data processing unit 3 detects the set of satellite numbers selected by the GPS receiver that has sent information on the new positioning calculation time, and commands the remaining GPS receiver to select that satellite. send. Such a function of designating a set of satellite numbers for which signal acquisition is to be performed is also a common specification in the GPS receiver of a portable satellite positioning device.
<<0042>> The second column stores the satellite azimuth and updates it periodically. The third column stores the satellite elevation angle and updates it periodically. Regarding the values in the second and third columns, there are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be regarded as the same. If they are not identical, one of the GPS receivers is acquiring the latest almanac data from the satellites and is using slightly older almanac data, so the GPS receiver sending more recent information about the positioning calculation time. is solved by adopting the input of
<<0043>> At this point, the elevation angle information is checked, and the GPS satellite data with too high an elevation angle are removed so as not to be used in subsequent processing. Satellites in the 3rd row have extremely high elevation angles (near the zenith), and even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, their actual elongations are extremely small, and are used as the basis for calculating azimuth angle information. I don't like that. Therefore, for example, it is assumed that satellites with an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more are not used for subsequent acquisition of azimuth information. In the 6th column, note that it was rejected as a high-elevation satellite as a result of the inspection. When the elevation changes and it is no longer necessary to reject due to high elevation, the symbol can be cleared.
<<0044>> The fourth column periodically stores the channel state obtained by the first GPS receiver 2a. The fifth column stores the channel conditions obtained with the second GPS receiver 2b. These values indicate whether they are synchronous or not.
<<0045>> In addition, since the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite uses a technology called a spread spectrum communication system using a pseudo-noise code, it has a code length of 1023. Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) ) code is spread-modulated. The PRN code is a unique identification code uniquely assigned to each GPS satellite. Therefore, in the channel inside each GPS receiver, the same replica pseudo-random noise as the PRN code of the satellite is generated for synchronization. When this synchronization is perfect, a weak spread signal buried in noise becomes an extremely strong signal (increase by about 40 dB when synchronization is established) and can be identified and detected. Therefore, it is common to assume that reception is established when establishment of synchronization is confirmed.
<<0046>> Here, consideration will be given to shielding by features and topography. Even if the satellite exists in the coverage area of one antenna, if the line-of-sight propagation path is blocked by features such as terrain, artificial buildings, and trees, the strength of the signal will be extremely low and the receiver will not be able to receive the signal. Synchronization cannot be detected in Therefore, if the channel conditions at the receivers of both antenna systems do not indicate synchronization, it is highly probable that the satellite is shielded by features or terrain. Such satellite information is excluded from use in calculation of azimuth information. In the 6th column, the result of exclusion judgment by this feature shielding or terrain shielding is written. This symbol can also be cleared when the condition that the channel conditions at the GPS receivers of both antenna systems do not both indicate synchronization is removed.
<<0047>> For satellites other than those excluded by the above-mentioned two exclusion judgments, that is, either high elevation angle judgment or feature/terrain shielding judgment, rearrangement is performed according to the satellite azimuth angle data in the second column. conduct. Here, since the azimuth notation method is used in which the numerical value increases in the clockwise direction with north being 0 degrees, if ascending sorting is used, the satellite azimuth angle will be in the clockwise direction with north as the base point. line up.
<<0048>> The fourth column, ie, the first signal strength, and the fifth column, ie, the second signal strength, are compared with the aforementioned threshold values to determine the satellite presence area. If the channel condition of the GPS receiver of one antenna system shows synchronization and the channel condition of the GPS receiver of the other antenna system does not show synchronization, the satellite can be determined to be in the coverage area of the former antenna. In this case, the seventh column stores the former antenna number, that is, "1" for the first GPS receiver 2a, or "2" for the second GPS receiver 2b. Next, when the channel conditions of the GPS receivers of both antenna systems are both above the threshold, the satellite exists on a semicircle (including the zenith) where the extension of the antenna back plane intersects the upper hemisphere. The 7th column stores the number "0" to represent it.
<<0049>> By the above procedure, the data processing unit 3 can construct the data table.
<<0050>> Here, the data processing unit 3 reads down the seventh column, that is, the region determination result, for the satellites other than the excluded satellites shown in the sixth column of the data table. Since the azimuth angles have already been sorted in ascending order, it is equivalent to reading out the satellite range determination results in ascending azimuth order when considering the direction clockwise from north.
<<0051>> As a result, a sequence having elements 0, 1, and 2 is created. The last term of this sequence constitutes a directed cyclic sequence (hereafter referred to as R) as following the first term. Since azimuth angles 0 degree and 360 degrees match and return to the original, they are arranged in the order of the azimuth angles in this way, and the last term of the sequence is regarded as a directional ring following the first term. By constructing the target alignment, it is possible to maintain the order based on the azimuth angle. The internal structure of this R will be important later.
<<0052>> The data processing unit 3 simply inspects the internal structure of R, and branches the processing into three based on the result.
<<0053>> Here, for the purpose of simply notating the sequence that is the substructure inherent in R, three finite sequences are defined below.
<<0054>> S0 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
<<0055>> S1 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "1"" (eg {1,...,1}).
<<0056>> S2 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "2"" (eg {2,...,2}).
<<0057>> By using these definitions, the internal state discrimination of R can be expressed concisely.
<<0058>> The sequence of terms inside R is replaced with S0, S1, S2.
<<0059>> In the unlikely event that two (or more) S0 exist in R, one of them is named S0'. However, S0' is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
As for the state of the internal structure of <<0060>>R, all cases are exhausted with state A and state B below and state C below.
<<0061>> In other words, when the state of R is state A, it means "with regard to the internal structure of R, the number of sequences S0 and S0' is 0, and the number of each of sequences S1 and S2 is 1 or less. Both are not 0 at the same time".
<<0062>> Next, when the state of R is state B, it means that "with respect to the internal structure of R, the number of the sequence S0 is 1, the number of the sequence S0' is 1 or less, and the sequence S1 and the sequence S2 is 1 or less and not 0 at the same time.
<<0063>> Then, the state of R is state C when "R's internal structure is neither state A nor state B."
<<0064>> Express the number of each sequence in R in the order of (S0, S0', S1, S2) in parentheses. Then we can express the internal state of R in detail.
<<0065>> When R is in state A, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,1,1 ).
<<0066>> When R is in state B, using the above notation, R is (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,1), (1,0,1,0 ), (1,1,1,0), (1,0,1,1), or (1,1,1,1). <<0067>> When R is in state C, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (1,1,0,0 ), or a case where any of the four digits contains a number greater than or equal to 2 (eg (1,0,2,1)).
<<0068>> Of these, only two cases in particular occur frequently in practice. The most frequent occurrence is the (0,0,1,1) case, which is contained in state A. The frequency of occurrence of this case is overwhelmingly high. Next, we can see the occurrence frequency of the (1,0,1,1) case, which is included in state B, to some extent. The former (0,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation constraints. The latter (1,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation. Normally, the sum of all occurrence frequencies of these two cases is 100%. The probability of occurrence of other cases in normal use is almost 0%. When these exceptional events appear, it is presumed that the sky is not open at all, or half of the sky is artificially occluded.
<<0069>> The first and last terms in each sequence are determined by the azimuth order that appears clockwise in the corresponding region.
<0070> Although the probability is low as an example, some cases that should be clarified in the method of determining the first term and the last term will be described.
<<0071>> Although it is rare, if there is only one S1 in R (0, 0, 1, 0), the first and last terms of S1 are determined as follows. If the number of terms of S1 is 1, the above satellite is assumed to be the first term of S1 = the last term. If the number of terms of S1 is 2 or more, create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a given satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S1, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S1. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0072>> This is also rare, but if there is nothing but one S2 in R (0, 0, 0, 1), how to decide the first and last terms of S2 is as follows. . If the number of terms of S2 is 1, the above satellite is the first term of S2 = the last term. If the number of terms of S2 is 2 or more, we create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite in the clockwise direction is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S2, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S2. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0073>> Also, in a rare case, if there is nothing but S0 in R (1, 0, 0, 0), the next processing is continued. If the number of terms of S0 is 1, let that term be the first term of S0 = the last term. If the number of terms of S0 is 2 or more, the following processing is performed. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles of the satellites belonging to S0. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) following it clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be C) If the angle formed by the azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be D) clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, then A is the last term of S0, B is the first term of S0', and C is the last term of S0', D is the first term of S0, and the other terms are defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term. Now some things that look like (1,0,0,0) but should be (1,1,0,0) are properly handled.
<<0074>> From the considerations so far, the first term and the last term could be appropriately selected in all cases.
For the purpose of simplifying the flow of azimuth limitation and azimuth specification after <<0075>>, the satellite azimuth angle will be defined below. A(S1, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S1. A(S1, e1) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S2, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S2. A(S2, e2) is defined as the azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S0, m0) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the central term of the sequence S0. However, the central term is defined as "the smallest integer not less than the value obtained by dividing the number of terms by 2".
The outline of the processing after <<0076>> will be briefly described from a broader point of view as follows. When R is in state A, orientation limitation is possible. In state B, orientation can be determined. State C indicates to the observer that the usage is not appropriate and prompts for a simple response (a 90 degree turn or use in a good view of the sky). It will be explained later that the probability of state C occurring is extremely low.
<<0077>> Now, the first case of 3-branching with the state of R as a branching condition will be described. If R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the state of R is the state A as a result, the measurement direction 5 can be regulated by two conditions, and the azimuth of the measurement direction 5 can be immediately determined. can be limited. That is, if the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is z, the data processing unit 3 determines as follows.
<<0078>> The first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle of the measurement direction (assumed to be z) exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0079>> The second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0080>> From the product set of the above two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation or the like) to the azimuth angle area. The result of this azimuth limitation is notified to the result output unit 4 .
<<0081>> When notated in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0082>>
《Number 1》
000003

<<0083>> However, a < b The notation < c shall indicate that the azimuth angles a,b,c occur in the order a,b,c, clockwise. That is, a certain azimuth angle b exists in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise by the starting azimuth angle a and the ending azimuth angle c.
<<0084>> Next, the procedure when the state of R is B will be described.
<<0085>> When R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the result is that the state of R is state B, the azimuth in the measurement direction 5 can be identified by the following procedure.
<<0086>> First, when the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0087>> An azimuth angle region defined clockwise with the satellite azimuth angle associated with any term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the above arbitrary term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle If there is a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is associated with the central term of S0. It is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle.
<<0088>> As an arbitrary term of S1, the first term of S1 may be used.
<<0089>> If the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 does not exist, the following processing is performed.
<<0090>> An azimuth defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the starting azimuth and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the ending azimuth. If the region has a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is the center of S0. It is the satellite azimuth itself associated with the term.
<<0091>> As an arbitrary term of S2, the first term of S2 may be used.
<<0092>> When written in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0093>>
《Number 2》
000004

<<0094>> Finally, if the state of result R is state C, the following is done. The data processing unit notifies the result output unit 4 of exception processing.
If <<0095>>R is in state C, the case of (0,0,0,0) indicates that the sky is completely occluded. Encourage use in open sky areas.
<<0096>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,0,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts a 90 degree clockwise rotation (0,0,1,0) or results in (0,0,0,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0097>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,1,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, resulting in (0,0,1,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0098>> It is geometrically impossible for R to have 2 or more sequences among the states C. Very unlikely to occur. If this occurs with a certain frequency, it is possible that there is interference from some communication device that uses the strong 1.5 GHz band, such as a mobile phone. For example, encourage them to change places.
<<0099>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0100>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited (state A) or azimuth-specified (state B), the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer by voice. In the exceptional case of condition C, a separate test is performed as indicated above and the observer is encouraged to turn 90 degrees or use a more open sky. The reason why the sound output prompting the observer to change direction by 90 degrees is that it has the effect of reducing the state of R to the state of A. Also, if interference from other devices using the 1.5Ghz band is suspected, please turn off your mobile phone.
<<0101>> is output by voice because it can be used appropriately for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0102>> The information to be output at this time can include the following. These are azimuth information of the measured direction (result of azimuth limitation or azimuth identification), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception handling.
<<0103>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is (α, By giving the set of β), it is possible to convey to the observer by voice or the like, but the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be indicated by voice in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 3》
000005

However, x MOD y represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0104>> The two output formats, indicated by the (α, β) format and the (θ, δ) format when the direction of rotation is defined, are immediately convertible to the other format, and either format is available to the user. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in view of the user's purpose and convenience, an observer selection system may be used to improve the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0105>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the first planar antenna 1a is attached to the chest and the second planar antenna 1b is attached to the back, the measurement direction z is the right side of the body. The azimuth angle of the front is obtained, and the convenience is enhanced.
<<0106>> The flow of processing seen from the apparatus side has been described above. In the following, the flow of more specific information acquisition processing will be described in detail, including the procedure seen from the observer's side.
<<0107>> Overall, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if the state of R is the aforementioned state A, the direction can be limited immediately without rotation. If you want to go one step further from the azimuth limitation and obtain higher accuracy, you can rotate with an upper limit and stop at a certain angle. , can be oriented. Alternatively, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if R accidentally obtains the state B described above, it is possible to immediately specify the direction. These will be explained based on an example. For convenience of explanation, orientation limitation will be explained first, and then orientation specification will be explained.
<<0108>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the above-described embodiment performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There is a small black circle, a small white circle, and a small gray circle, each of which corresponds to the following: The gray circles are the GPS satellites that have been judged to be excluded from processing for the rational reasons already mentioned in the process, and the small black circles are later judged to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In the center, two flat patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0109>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. Then, by an observer who has no information about the orientation, the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are parallel and backward, perpendicular to the ground, as shown in the center in FIG. are installed in random directions. The measuring direction 5 is indicated by a dotted line. The measurement direction indicated by the dotted line means that the orientation is not specified in this orientation limitation. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees. At this time, the observer does not yet know the satellite arrangement in the sky like this figure.
<<0110>> The process of limiting the orientation of the measurement direction 5 will be specifically described below. At this time, the observer only needs to stand while wearing the direction information acquisition device or hold the direction information acquisition device without moving it, and the observer does not need to perform actions such as rotation.
<<0111>> A 12-row, 7-column configuration created by the data processing unit 3 based on the results of individual outputs from the GPS receivers 2a and 2b connected to the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b. The data table is shown as Table 1.
<<0112>>
<<Table1>>
000006

<<0113>> The rows of the excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows. They are not used to obtain orientation information.
<<0114>> In the data processing unit 3, the 7th column of the data table of Table 1, that is, the final term of the numerical sequence obtained by reading down the area determination is continued to the head to form a directed circular array R. In the data in Table 1, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0115>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2, and checks the number of them. As a result, it becomes clear that the number of the sequence is (0,0,1,1), which is the state A.
<<0116>> The first and last terms of the sequence S1 and S2 are as follows.
《Number 4》
000007

<<0117>>
<<Table2>>
000008

<<0118>> The data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state A. In the case of state A, the first azimuth information and the second azimuth information can be acquired.
<<0119>> Shows the first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0120>> That is, as the first azimuth information, the measurement direction (z) exists in a range defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (236 degrees + 180 degrees) = 56 degrees. I judge.
<<0121>> Shows the second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0122>> That is, as the second azimuth information, the measurement direction is defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle (218 degrees + 180 degrees) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (244 degrees + 180 degrees) = 64 degrees. We judge that (z) exists.
<<0123>> In FIG. 3, as the first azimuth information, this range is indicated by an arc with a double arrow, that is, a range defined clockwise from a starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to an ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. there is
<<0124>> In FIG. 3, as the second azimuth information, this range is an arc with a double-headed arrow in the upper right direction of the outer circumference circle. 244 degrees + 180 degrees) = shown, with the range specified clockwise to 64 degrees.
<<0125>> From the product set of the above-described two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation) to the azimuth angle area. That is, the data processing unit 3 can determine that the measurement direction 5 exists within a range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees, the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees, and the clockwise direction.
<<0126>> In FIG. 3, the azimuth angle range to be the final output is an arc with a double-headed arrow on the upper right outside the outer circumference circle, that is, the starting azimuth angle (218+180) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. shown as up to
<<0127>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, the azimuth can be immediately limited without requiring rotation or the like.
<<0128>> This result is output by voice to the observer. If it is expressed in the form of a set of starting and ending azimuth angles (α, β) when the direction of rotation is determined, (starting 38 degrees, ending 56 degrees) is output. Another form of expression that can be used for azimuth limitation is a set of approximate azimuth (θ) and one-sided error (δ) (θ, δ), which is (approximate value 47 degrees, one-sided error 9 degrees). Both formats can be output.
<<0129>> A practical example of these two expressions will be described.
<<0130>> For example, if you know the azimuth angle that you should never move from your current location, and you want to quickly confirm during your action that the direction you are going to move from is not at least that direction, use the (α, β) format. convenient output. For example, a visually impaired person receives news of a nuclear power plant accident and is requested to quickly evacuate away from a point at a certain latitude and longitude. do. Waiting for a helper to arrive and taking time to pinpoint directions will increase the dose of radiation with serious health consequences. Alternatively, when crossing an avalanche-prone area, it is necessary for a mountaineering party, etc. to continue to act quickly, and to proceed while confirming that the course is not heading in a particularly dangerous direction. It is valid. The reason is that in snowy fields, even if you think you are going straight, there are almost no features to visually apply corrective feedback on the direction of travel, or if visibility is poor due to snowstorms or fog, you cannot control the course based on visual information in the first place. This is because it is impossible to feed back to the ship, and there are cases where the track becomes curved and the ship steps into a dangerous area. It is very convenient to be able to limit the direction of the body or the direction of the line of sight without instantaneously turning while acting in this way.
<<0131>> On the other hand, the latter (θ, δ) form is more intuitive and convenient when one wants to quickly know the azimuth angle value with coarse accuracy for a specific direction of some interest. When a specific landform or feature (mountain, man-made structure, etc.) is visible, there may be multiple similar ones, and it may not be possible to identify which one without azimuth information. There is not enough time to stop and identify the direction, and then to identify the topography and features, but if only the general direction information of the line-of-sight direction is obtained, the target can be selected from several possible options. This is the case when it is possible to identify a specific mountain or a specific building. Since neither requires rotation, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the direction can be immediately limited while walking.
<<0132>> If it is determined that R is in state A, the measurement direction 5 is not rotated, and a constant azimuth angle determined by the starting azimuth angle, the ending azimuth angle, and the direction of rotation such as clockwise direction The procedure for immediately deriving the measurement direction 5 as a range is shown by examples in Tables 1, 2 and 3, and two output formats are possible. Regarding the frequency of this state A, as will be described later, it occurs with a probability of over 90% when randomly installed.
<<0133>> Now, let us assume that the result of azimuth limitation is obtained for measurement direction 5 . Going one step further, when specifying the orientation, the observer horizontally rotates the orientation information acquisition device, for example, clockwise (counterclockwise or any rotational direction).
With the <<0134>> rotation, the data processing unit 3 can detect that the number 0 has occurred in the 7th column, that is, that S0 has occurred in the internal structure of R. The data processing unit 3 notifies the observer of this fact with a special beep through the result output unit 4, and stops the horizontal rotation.
<<0135>> FIG. 4 shows another example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when azimuth identification is performed by the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. The concentric drawing in FIG. 4 is a drawing assuming that the hemisphere in the sky centered on the zenith direction of the observer's point is viewed from above the zenith in the state where the rotation is stopped. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There are small circles filled in black, small white circles, small gray circles and small circles characterized by crossed lines, which correspond to the following: The small gray circles are the GPS satellites that were determined to be excluded from processing for rational reasons in the process, and the small black circles are the satellites later determined to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. The small circles characterized by the crossed line pattern are the GPS satellites later determined to exist at the boundaries of the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b; planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and vertically to the ground.
<<0136>> In the concentric diagram of FIG. It is assumed that after the azimuth is limited in the state of Fig. 3, it reaches Fig. 4 by clockwise horizontal rotation. The same figure can be used to explain the satellite above.
<<0137>> Table 3 is a data table created in the data processing unit 3 at this time. The rows of excluded satellites are shown as the bottom two rows. These are not used in subsequent processing.
<<0138>>
<<Table3>>
000009

<<0139>> In the data processing unit 3, the final term of the numerical sequence read down from the 7th column of the data table of Table 3 is followed to the head, and R, which is a directed circular sequence of numbers, is constructed. In the data in Table 3, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0140>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2. As a result, it is determined that the case is (1,0,1,1), that is, state B.
<<0141>> sequence information is as follows.
《Number 5》
000010

<<0142>>
<<Table4>>
000011

<<0143>> Therefore, the data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state B.
<<0144>> When the state of R is the state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0145>> In the azimuth angle region defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle, If the central term of S0 exists, then the measuring direction z is the central term of S0, otherwise the measuring direction z is the opposite direction of the central term of S0.
Since <<0146>>S1 exists, the following is checked first.
<<0147>> Using the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth, the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 is The middle term of S0 (A(S0,m0)=236) in the azimuth domain defined clockwise with the opposite direction (A(S1,1)+180=262+180=82) as the terminal azimuth The question is whether there exists This is equivalent to asking if there are 236 degrees between 262 degrees and 82 degrees clockwise. The answer is "does not exist". This question is used to identify whether the satellite at the boundary is captured in the measurement direction or in the anti-measurement direction. <<0148>> Therefore, the procedure for non-existence, ``the measurement direction z is the opposite direction (A(S0, m0)+180) of the central term of S0 (A(S0, m0))'' is adopted. Then we get z=A(S0,m0)+180=236+180=56.
<<0149>> Therefore, the measurement direction is specified as 56 degrees.
<<0150>> As described above, after the orientation is limited, the orientation can be identified by horizontal rotation.
<<0151>> This rotation has the following upper limit, and if the rotation is within that range, the azimuth can be specified.
<<0152>> In the following, the fact that the upper limit angle of rotation required to make the transition from the state of FIG. 3 to the state of FIG. explain.
<<0153>> For example, if the azimuth limitation has already been performed as in the cases of Tables 1, 2, and 3, twice the obtained one-sided error width angle (δ), that is, two-sided error width angle (2δ) It is enough to rotate the measurement direction 5 up to the upper limit. It is clear from FIG. 3 that the two-sided error width angle is the upper limit. In FIG. 3, one or more satellites can be captured in either the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction within a two-sided error margin (2δ). The direction of rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. When horizontally rotated clockwise in FIG. 3, the satellite 9 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ, resulting in the state shown in FIG. When horizontally rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the satellite 14 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ.
<<0154>> Since it suffices to rotate only with the angle 2δ as the upper limit without rotating to an angle larger than necessary, there are the following advantages.
<<0155>> (1) For the observer, excessive rotation can be prevented, and it is easy to achieve the target azimuth determination with the minimum necessary effort.
(2) At the time when the azimuth limitation result is obtained, it is possible to estimate the upper limit of the time required for azimuth identification. Therefore, the observer can accurately determine whether or not to go one step further and identify the direction in light of his/her spare time during the outdoor activity.
<<0156>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, in addition to being able to limit the orientation of the measurement direction 5 without rotation, the minimum rotation is required even when the azimuth is specified one step further after that. I just showed you what you can do.
<<0157>> The mounting configuration will be described below.
<<0158>> When the present invention is actually used, it is possible to enjoy the convenience of having a structure in which two planar patch antennas are used in parallel by configuring as follows. FIG. 5 is a configuration example in which the orientation information acquisition device has a shape suitable for wearing. (a) is a top view of the head mounted state. (b) is a left side view of the device mounted on the head, and (c) is a front view of the device mounted on the head. That is, it is a state in which a person's head is sandwiched between the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b in the present invention.
<<0159>> In the case of such a configuration example, that is, the ability to adopt a shape similar to a headband-like structure, a headphone shape, or a hat shape produces the following advantages.
<<0160>> (1) Since the measurement direction 5 of the device always coincides with the frontal direction of the observer's face, even when operating to obtain direction information, when using the numerical value that is the result of the direction information obtained, can be understood directly and is highly convenient.
<<0161>> (2) Wearing it on the head is effective in obtaining direction information because the vertical distance between the direction information acquisition device and the ground can be maximized, and the effects of shielding features and terrain can be minimized. target.
<<0162>> (3) There are actual cases where accessories such as headbands and functional devices such as headphones are worn on the head.
<<0163>> (4) Rotation in azimuth identification may also be a movement that naturally creates a distant view, which is simple and visually acceptable.
<<0164>> The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, today's portable GPS receivers are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand and are available at low cost. From this, too, it can be seen that the element part size is considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the components used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that the volume can be suppressed and the configuration can be made small. For example, the first GPS receiver 2a and the data processing section 3 are housed behind the first planar patch antenna 1a. The second GPS receiver 2b and the result output section 4 are housed behind the second planar patch antenna 1b. A flexible cable is housed inside the headband-like structure, and connections are made to achieve the configuration shown in FIG. The result output unit 4 can output sound through speakers or earphones.
<<0165>> Also, it may be worn on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the garment, that is, on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the jacket. As a general rule, they should be placed on the clothes on both outer sides of the upper arm so that they are perpendicular to the ground and they are parallel to each other. Moreover, if the mutual planes are installed parallel to the frontal direction of the body, the measurement direction 5 will be in the frontal direction of the body. In this case, the GPS receiver may be housed behind the planar patch antenna. In this case, the part that connects the two is configured with a flexible cable, which is passed from the outside of the upper limb through the shoulder, behind the neck and the shoulder on the opposite side, and reaches the other flat patch antenna. A pressure-release tape can be used to temporarily fix it. The data processing unit 3 and the result output processing unit 4 can be housed on the back side of either flat patch antenna, or they can be designed to come to the back of the shoulder or neck. good. In addition, planar antennas may be installed in parallel on the front and back of the body, the chest and the back. In this case, if the first planar patch antenna 1a is placed on the back and the second planar patch antenna 1b is placed on the chest, the measurement direction 5 is directed toward the left side of the body. Therefore, it is convenient for the observer if the result output unit 4 always outputs a value converted in the forward chest direction of the observer, that is, a value obtained by adding 90 degrees clockwise. Such a configuration has the following advantages.
<<0166>> (1) Convenience is high because the front of the body is matched with the measurement direction.
(2) It is easy to rotate because it requires only a slight movement of the body.
(3) There are few protrusions, etc., and they are easy to accept.
(4) It can be worn on the observer's favorite clothes. In this case, it is convenient for washing if it is made detachable with a pressure peeling tape or the like.
<<0167>> It can also be worn on the lateral sides of both lower legs or on both lateral sides of a pair of shoes. In this case as well, the antenna part and other functional parts are temporarily fixed with pressure-bonding tape or magnets, and the two antennas and each functional part are connected by a flexible cable from the outside of the leg via the waist etc. can be detachable. In this case, it is thought that the signal acquisition performance of the high-elevation-angle satellite is degraded due to the shielding effect of the arm, etc., but as described above, the present invention dares not use satellites existing at a particularly high elevation-angle, so this is not a big problem. Therefore, we don't really care about shielding for high elevation angles.
<<0168>> Processing when R is in state C will be additionally described. In this process, in the output to the observer, it was recommended to change the direction 90 degrees to the left or right and remeasure, or to recommend the use in a place with a better view of the sky. , and beep sounds indicating these meanings may be determined separately.
<<0169>> Next, a computer simulation was performed to statistically calculate to what extent the azimuth limiting value can be obtained when the azimuth information acquiring apparatus that embodies the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention immediately limits the azimuth. Show the results.
<<0170>> In this computer simulation, at 35 degrees 40 minutes 14.9 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes 33.4 seconds east longitude, i.e., in the center of Hibiya Park in Tokyo, at multiple times on February 17, 2000, the We reproduce the operation of the satellite using the satellite orbital information, and see how much width of the azimuth limitation can be obtained in the trial of setting the measurement direction at random.
《０１７１》Each fixed time from 0:00 to 11:00 (0:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) was evaluated. This is because the minimum number of satellites with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, that is, the number of usable satellites and the satellite constellation (satellite arrangement), varies with time, and this is to be reflected correctly in the evaluation.
《0172》Also, in order to obtain results close to reality, it is assumed that elevation angles of 5 degrees or less, which are susceptible to feature shielding, cannot be used, and that satellites of 85 degrees or more are not used. We used the previously mentioned constraint to exclude high elevation satellites.
<<0173>> Furthermore, in order to realize the randomness of the measurement direction 5, as in the actual use, the selection of the measurement direction 5 was set at random using random number (0 to 359 degrees) generation.
<<0174>> A random number trial under this condition was repeated 1000 times at each time, aiming to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results.
<<0175>> This result, that is, the two-sided error in total 12000 times (12 times x 1000 times) of azimuth limitation was 30.8 degrees as an average value.
《0176》North, northeast, northeast, east, southeast, southeast, south, southwest, southwest, west, northwest, and northwest. is. By using the method of the present invention, the azimuth can be limited by such a value without rotation or the like even with random measurements. This shows that the present invention is simple to operate and has a great effect.
<<0177>> The probability of accidentally locating one or more satellites in the plane containing measurement direction 5 and the zenith in the initial random orientation installation (without rotation) and directing the bearing immediately is It was 9.9%, and it was possible to identify the direction immediately at a relatively high rate.
<<0178>> A computer simulation is performed assuming that the common coverage area has a band width of 2.5 degrees in front and behind the semicircle forming the boundary.
<<0179>> In terms of the state occurrence probability, the state A occurrence probability is 90.1%, and the state B occurrence probability is 9.9%. In all the former cases, satellites exist in both the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b (the case of (0,0,1,1)). Similarly, the latter are all cases where satellites exist in both the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b (case of (1,0,1,1)). In state A, satellites are unevenly distributed only in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a (corresponding to the case of (0,0,0,1)), or satellites are only in the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Being ubiquitous (corresponding to the (0,0,1,0) case), the situation did not appear even in 12000 total trials. While in state B, the same uneven distribution situation ((1,0,0,1), (1,0,1,0), (1,1,0,1), (1,1,1,0) corresponding to the case) also did not appear.
<<0180>> The above explanation was given only for the functions of direction limitation and direction identification in the direction information acquisition device according to the present embodiment, but as is clear from the configuration of FIG. Positioning can also be realized with the direction information acquisition device according to this embodiment. In the mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8 to 12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on each side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b to the data processing unit 3 can be used as it is. Among the positioning results, the one with the latest positioning calculation time may be preferentially output from the result output unit 4 .
<<0181>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0182>>
<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method and device according to claims 1 and 6, a pair of GPS antennas having hemispherical antenna patterns are arranged vertically with their backs to each other. By receiving signals from GPS satellites for each planar patch antenna, it is possible to quickly limit the azimuth without the need for rotation. be able to.
《0183》In addition, by diverting a low-priced L1 wave GPS receiver, which is widely used in small size, and adding a small modification, a direction information acquisition device that can embody a direction information acquisition method can be realized. Can be manufactured at a cost.
<<0184>> Moreover, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar patch antenna and the characteristics of its parallel installation, it is excellent in wearability on both sides of the head. It is possible to provide the observer with high convenience due to matching with the direction.
<<0185>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquiring method and apparatus according to claims 2 and 7, based on the azimuth angle width range obtained by azimuth limitation, horizontal rotation with a clear upper limit can further specify the azimuth. can be easily performed.

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《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device that embodies an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of the satellites in the sky and the two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth identification.
<<Fig. 5>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a view of the head-mounted state from above, (b) is a view of the head-mounted state from the left side, (c) is a front view of the head-mounted state.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a 1st planar patch antenna
1b 2nd planar patch antenna
2a 1st GPS receiver
2b 2nd GPS receiver
3 Data processing section
4 Result output section
5 Measurement direction
6a Sky coverage by the first planar patch antenna
6b Sky coverage by second planar patch antenna
7 Semicircular boundary between the air coverage area of the first planar patch antenna and the air coverage area of the second planar patch antenna

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(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<<Solution>> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are installed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).


Bibliography + Abstract + Claims

(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication Number>> Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161 (P2001-356161A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2001 (2001.12.26)
(54) <Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method and Device
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00D
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 7
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》17
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2001-93964 (P2001-93964)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2000-91362 (P2000-91362)
(32) <Priority date> March 29, 2000 (2000.3.29)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<Solution> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are placed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).
000002






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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication Number>> Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-356161 (P2001-356161A)
(43) <<Released Date>> December 26, 2001 (2001.12.26)
(54) <Title of Invention> Direction Information Acquisition Method and Device
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00
《FI》
G01S 5/14
G09B 21/00D
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 7
《Application Form》OL
《Total number of pages》17
(21) <<Application number>> Patent application 2001-93964 (P2001-93964)
(22) <Filing date> March 28, 2001 (2001.3.28)
(31) <<Priority Claim Number>> Patent Application No. 2000-91362 (P2000-91362)
(32) <Priority date> March 29, 2000 (2000.3.29)
(33) <<Country claiming priority>> Japan (JP)
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 301022471
<Name> Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 500138939
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
(74) Agent
<Identification number> 100082669
"patent attorney"
<Name> Kenzo Fukuda (2 others)
(57) "Summary"
<<Problem>> To obtain azimuth information from a signal transmitted from a GPS satellite.
<<Solution>> Two GPS flat antennas (1a, 1b) are installed parallel to each other in the direction in which the signals from the GPS satellites are facing each other, and the GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to the respective antennas are made to try to capture the signals, From the comparison of the obtained signals, the area of the sky above the antenna plane (6a, 6b) where the GPS satellites are located is specified, and by referring to the azimuth angle value of each satellite, the intersection of the antenna plane and the horizontal plane is calculated. An azimuth angle value in a specific direction of a line can be immediately output as an azimuth angle range with a width. GPS antennas (1a, 1b) with two hemispherical beams that can also specify directions, GPS receivers (2a, 2b) connected to each, and a data processing unit ( 3) and a result output unit (4).
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> A pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged facing each other perpendicularly to the ground, and the GPS antennas are above the direction in which they are facing with one semicircle passing through the zenith as a boundary. A quarter of the sky is covered by the antenna, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of the reception state of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth angle from at least one GPS receiver, and determining the satellite in each area Create a sequence of azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angles of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and determine the azimuth angle by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. A direction information acquiring method characterized by:
<<Claim 2>> A pair of GPS antennas, each having a hemispherical antenna pattern, are placed facing each other perpendicularly to the ground. Antenna sensitivities and sky coverage are formed in a quarter of the sphere, respectively, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna attempts to acquire signals transmitted by all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. , determining the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from a comparison of each GPS satellite signal in both GPS receivers, extracting the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver, and obtaining the satellite azimuth in each area clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and limit the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term obtained in at least one extracted region. , with the angular width of the azimuth angle obtained above as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the above pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receivers connected to each GPS antenna receive signals from all the GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere. ceasing horizontal rotation of the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which acquisition of the transmitted signal has been attempted and at least one satellite has been determined to be at the boundary from each GPS satellite signal obtained; determining the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extracting the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, the azimuth angle of the extracted one satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction, and the boundary A method of obtaining azimuth information, wherein the azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angles of the satellites determined to be present in the satellite.
<<Claim 3>> A direction information acquiring method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are planar patch antennas.
<<Claim 4>> The azimuth information acquisition method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are mounted facing each other in parallel with the head interposed therebetween and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 5>> The method for obtaining azimuth information according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the pair of GPS antennas are sandwiched between the body and are mounted facing each other in parallel and perpendicular to the ground.
<<Claim 6>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is positioned in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sensitive air coverage area and for acquiring by said pair of antennas signals transmitted by satellites in said respective air coverage areas; and generating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each said area in a clockwise direction. means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term; An azimuth information acquiring apparatus, comprising means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in the area.
<<Claim 7>> A GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna has antenna sensitivity in a quarter of the celestial sphere above the direction in which it is facing. means for forming a sky coverage area over which the satellites are present, and capturing signals transmitted from the satellites existing in the respective sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; Means for determining the existing region where the satellite azimuth angle was present, means for creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above regions in a clockwise direction, extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term, and at least means for limiting the azimuth by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in one region; means for attempting to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each pair of rotating antennas, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it is determined that at least one satellite exists at the boundary. means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction that has been determined; means for determining the presence area of at least one other GPS satellite and extracting the azimuth angle of that satellite; An azimuth information acquiring device comprising means for identifying an azimuth by comparing an azimuth angle of a satellite, an azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist at the boundary.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs>> The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for obtaining azimuth information using GPS satellites.
<<0002>>
<<PriorArt>> In this specification, the term ``specific orientation'' means uniquely associating an azimuth angle value with a specific specific direction. means to associate a fan-shaped azimuth angle value range defined by a certain start azimuth angle value, a certain end azimuth angle value, and a certain rotation direction with respect to a specific direction. It is intended to include both concepts of azimuth limitation.
<<0003>> A description of the azimuth limitation will be added below. For example, when using a display system where north is 0 degrees and degrees increase clockwise, the action of uniquely associating the specific direction in which a mountain can be seen from one's own view with an azimuth angle of 37 degrees. is azimuth-specific, and on the other hand, in the absence of such information, it is at least certain that it lies within a sector shown clockwise from azimuth 35 degrees to azimuth 49 degrees. It can be said that the action acquired by using facts as clues is limited to direction.
<<0004>> If this azimuth determination can be performed very quickly compared to the azimuth determination, it can be said that the action of azimuth determination has practical utility. It would be even more practical if both rapid azimuth determination and accurate azimuth identification were possible as required. In other words, when the accuracy is given priority, the direction can be specified, and when the speed is given priority, the direction can be limited.
<<0005>> In fact, in view of the specific circumstances described below, the need for both orientation specification and orientation limitation is recognized.
<<0006>> For example, visually impaired people walking outdoors, survey hikers and reconnaissance workers who have to walk in a state where visibility is almost ineffective due to heavy fog and snowstorms in mountainous areas. think. For those in the situations mentioned here, the fact that they have no choice but to walk in a state corresponding to blindness is common. Of course, it is said that the latter should be temporarily encamped, but predictions of danger to life in extremely low temperatures that will come after sunset, or predictions of physical and life danger due to forecasts of the arrival of snowstorms, together with accurate judgment of the situation. When it is done, there are cases where walking is made with a certain degree of action decision even in blindness. This blind walking has the following common features.
<<0007>> First, it is good that the current position is known by the latitude and longitude values of the portable satellite positioning device, and the destination is also clear by the latitude and longitude values. However, the fact that there is no visual field means that the simple visual direction information acquisition function is deprived. can hardly be used. On the other hand, depending on the place of use, the results may be greatly biased due to magnetic disturbance, and a compass that cannot output the bias, that is, the margin of error, cannot be used for important decisions such as direction determination for blind walking. Directional information such as latitude, longitude, altitude and GPS time can be easily obtained from signals transmitted from GPS satellites, but direction information cannot be obtained. In addition, the method of re-positioning by movement and calculating the direction of movement, which is appropriate for land mobiles, requires a considerable walking distance due to the positioning error of GPS (one of the Global Positioning System satellite positioning systems), and visual walking Even so, the load is large, and it is extremely difficult to perform blind walking. Therefore, even if a portable satellite positioning device is carried, the device that does not provide the direction can accurately determine the walking direction for a person who is in a blind situation and cannot estimate the approximate direction based on vision. There was a lack of functions to support There is a need for an azimuth information acquisition method that can compensate for this.
<<0008>> Secondly, even if it is possible to somehow decide to go in a certain direction, humans generally rely on visually recognized directions such as specific feature directions and celestial direction. Since straightness is maintained by a feedback loop that finely corrects the direction of travel, it is difficult to maintain the correct direction of travel in the blind situation. As with walking with your eyes closed, if you do not check your bearings frequently, your course will turn into a curve against your original intentions, and there is a danger of stepping into a dangerous area such as an avalanche-prone area. . In this case, since the azimuth is checked very frequently, the work load of each confirmation work is heavy, and it is not really useful if it restricts the movement. For people who walk blind, it is essential to have a quick direction information acquisition method that can be easily operated even while walking and is suitable for frequently acquiring information.
<<0009>> Thirdly, when sight is not used, it is necessary to always search for obstacles in front of the vehicle with the hand or its extension, such as a cane, in order to avoid falling over. Therefore, even if there is a device related to the above azimuth identification / azimuth limitation, a portable device held in the hand is inappropriate. the device is suitable.
<<0010>> Based on the above, the following features are necessary to accurately support blind walking. First, it is equipped with quick and easy measurement, and retains the function of azimuth limitation that can clearly indicate the degree of error, so that it can often be confirmed that the direction of travel does not deviate from the intended direction during blind walking. is required. Secondly, when walking without visibility, when the latitude and longitude values of the current point and the destination point are obtained, it is necessary to retain a somewhat accurate azimuth identification function so that the walking direction to the destination point can be initially determined. Become. Thirdly, during blind walking, the hand is an important means for detecting objects in front and avoiding falls.
<<0011>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> In other words, the ability to acquire directions is useful not only for assisting the visually impaired in their daily outdoor activities and outdoor activity work, but also for healthy people in outdoor activity work under weather conditions with poor visibility. The requirements are as follows.
(1) It is possible to immediately limit the direction (useful for frequent confirmation of straightness in the process of blind walking).
(2) The same equipment can be used to easily identify the direction (assisting direction identification at the start of blind walking).
(3) Because it is compact and lightweight and can be configured in a plane that conforms to the body, it can be used while worn on the body (it does not block the hand, which is important in the process of blind walking). More specifically, it has the following practical characteristics.
(4) Even when visually impaired people wear it all the time and use it in social situations, it has a shape that is visually acceptable (it can support the social life of pedestrians who are blind on a daily basis).
(5) It is intuitive and easy to use because the measurement direction always matches the direction of the observer's face (the direction acquisition operation is easy enough to withstand frequent use in the process of blind walking).
(6) It can be constructed at a relatively low cost by using the elemental parts of conventional portable satellite positioning equipment and adding minor modifications (support for blind walking itself does not cost much).
(7) Since it has a satellite positioning function, it is no longer necessary to have a separate satellite positioning device (it is possible to reduce the number of items to carry during blind walking).
<<0012>> In view of the above circumstances, it is an object of the present invention to provide an azimuth information acquisition method and apparatus that can be readily carried by azimuth limitation and azimuth identification.
<<0013>>
<Means for Solving the Problems> The azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention is to arrange a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern facing each other perpendicularly to the ground so that one semicircle passing through the zenith is arranged. As a boundary, the GPS antennas each form a sky coverage area in which the sensitivity of the antenna extends to a quarter of the sky in the direction in which they are facing, and a GPS receiver connected to each antenna has a full sky hemisphere. At least one of the GPS receivers determines the presence area of one or more GPS satellites by comparing the reception status of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers. extract the GPS satellite azimuth angle from, create a series of satellite azimuth angles in each region clockwise, extract the first term azimuth angle and the last term azimuth angle, and extract the initial azimuth angle obtained in at least one extracted region The azimuth is defined by the azimuth angle of the term and the azimuth angle of the final term.
<<0014>> Also, in the azimuth acquisition method according to the present invention, a pair of GPS antennas each having a hemispherical antenna pattern are arranged perpendicular to the ground facing each other. Antenna forms antenna sensitivity and sky coverage in one-fourth of the sky in the direction it is facing, and transmits from all GPS satellites in the sky half-sphere to the GPS receiver connected to each antenna. acquisition of the GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, determine the presence area of one or more GPS satellites from comparison of each GPS satellite signal at both GPS receivers, and extract the GPS satellite azimuth from at least one GPS receiver , in each region, create a series of satellite azimuth angles clockwise, extract the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and obtain the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term The azimuth is limited by the azimuth angle, the angular width of the obtained azimuth angle is used as the upper limit of the rotation angle, the pair of GPS antennas are horizontally rotated, and the GPS receiver connected to each antenna is projected to the half sky the pair of GPS antennas in the direction in which it has attempted to acquire signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the sphere, and from each GPS satellite signal obtained, it has been determined that at least one satellite is at the boundary; stop the horizontal rotation of, determine the existence area of at least one other GPS satellite, extract the azimuth angle of the satellite from at least one GPS receiver, and extract the azimuth angle of the one satellite and vice versa The azimuth is identified by comparing the azimuth angle of the direction and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to be present at the boundary.
<<0015>> Including using a planar patch antenna as the pair of GPS antennas. <<0016>> In addition, the pair of GPS antennas are mounted on the head or body in parallel with each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0017>> Further, the azimuth information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of vertically arranged hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel to each other and facing each other, and each GPS antenna is facing means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere above the direction, and for capturing signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A sequence of satellite azimuth angles is created clockwise, a means for extracting the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term, and the existence area where the satellite existed is determined by comparing the signals from each captured satellite. and means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the regions.
<<0018>> In addition, the direction information acquisition device according to the present invention includes a GPS antenna having a pair of hemispherical antenna patterns that are parallel, facing each other, and arranged vertically; Means for forming a sky coverage area whose antenna sensitivity extends to one-fourth of the celestial sphere, and for acquiring signals transmitted from satellites existing in each of the above sky coverage areas by the pair of antennas; A means for determining the existence area where the satellite existed from the comparison of the signals from the above, and creating a sequence of satellite azimuth angles in each of the above areas clockwise, and calculating the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the last term means for limiting the orientation by the azimuth angle of the first term and the azimuth angle of the final term obtained in at least one of the above regions; means for horizontally rotating the pair of antennas, and attempting to capture signals transmitted from all GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere from each rotating pair of antennas, and obtaining signals from each GPS satellite means for stopping the horizontal rotation of the pair of antennas in the direction in which at least one satellite is determined to exist on the boundary from the means for extracting an azimuth angle; and means for identifying the azimuth by comparing the extracted azimuth angle of the satellite, the azimuth angle in the opposite direction thereof, and the azimuth angle of the satellite determined to exist on the boundary. It is characterized by characterized by consisting of
<<0019>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of an orientation information acquiring method and an orientation information acquiring apparatus embodying the method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
<<0020>> In the following explanation, the unit of angle is degrees (deg), and the azimuth angle is indicated clockwise with 0 degrees for the north, 90 degrees for the east, 180 degrees for the south, and 270 degrees for the west. . Elevation angle is expressed by setting the horizontal plane to 0 degrees and the zenith to 90 degrees.
<<0021>> First, based on FIG. 1, the principle of acquisition of azimuth limitation according to the present invention will be described. A first planar patch antenna 1a and a second planar patch antenna 1b are installed in the center of FIG. The first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are arranged facing each other and parallel to each other. Both of them are installed perpendicular to the ground. At this time, if you stand on the ground and look down on the antenna arrangement from above, and arrange the first flat patch antenna 1a on the left side and the second flat patch antenna 1b on the right side, for the observer who is looking down, The direction that is the front of the body is hereinafter referred to as measurement direction 5 .
<<0022>> As the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, those having a hemispherical beam pattern for right-handed circularly polarized waves used in the GPS satellite system are used. An antenna pattern with a hemispherical beam is sometimes referred to as omnidirectional in some literature, but omnidirectional exactly means isotropic, so here Omnidirectional, that is, according to the usage of isotropic, is not used to describe a hemispherical beam pattern. Since the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are erected perpendicular to the ground, half of the hemispherical beams are directed toward the ground and are not used. And the other half have sensitivity to the sky.
<<0023>> When two such planar patch antennas are arranged parallel to each other, and both of them are placed perpendicular to the ground, each of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b is substantially The upper coverage corresponds to the state in which the sky is divided into two with a semicircle as the arc of a great circle as the boundary, as shown in Fig. 1. This semicircle is a semicircle 7 that serves as a boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In other words, the first planar patch antenna 1a covers a quarter of the celestial sphere where GPS satellite A in FIG. 1 exists, and the second planar patch antenna 1b covers GPS satellite B in FIG. The existing 1/4 celestial sphere is taken as the coverage area.
<<0024>>Positioning radio waves emitted from GPS satellites use a microwave frequency band near 1.5 GHz, so they have excellent straightness like light, and the first planar patch antenna 1a for GPS A clear difference occurs between the signal strength from GPS satellite A, which is within the sky coverage area 6a, and the signal strength from GPS satellite B, which is not within the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a. Therefore, based on the difference in signal strength, the existence areas of GPS satellites A and B can be determined. can be azimuthally limited.
<<0025>> In FIG. 1, the GPS satellite C exists in a semicircle 7 that is the boundary between the sky coverage area 6a of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the sky coverage area 6b of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Therefore, the signal from this GPS satellite C is received by the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b. Since the orbit of the GPS satellite system is about 20,000 kilometers in the sky, the electromagnetic waves coming from the far field are incident parallel to the coverage areas 6a and 6b of both planar patch antennas 1a and 1b, and are received by both. . In the present invention, when the signals are received simultaneously in this manner, the existing direction of the GPS satellite C can be determined as the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction, which is the direction obtained by adding 180 degrees to the measurement direction 5, and Using the above-mentioned azimuth angle information of GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B and the result of area determination, the azimuth of measurement direction 5 can be identified.
<<0026>> The major features of the planar patch antenna used for obtaining azimuth information are that it is small and lightweight, easy to manufacture, and can be produced at a low cost. When creating the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b, the three-dimensional beam width is slightly wider than the hemisphere, which is the beam width for circularly polarized waves theoretically calculated assuming an infinite ground plane at the time of design. In some cases, a planar antenna is completed that constitutes an angular circularly polarized beamwidth. This is caused by the difference between the result of designing assuming an infinite ground plane in theory and the actual aspect. This is demonstrated in the following literature.
《００２７》Published by The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, ``Small and flat antenna'' co-authored by Misao Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa, and Yasuo Suzuki, first edition published on August 10, 1996, P100.《００２８》Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1996, P342-P343, P722. Obtaining the desired antenna pattern by slightly modifying the antenna pattern is known as antenna pattern shaping.
<<0030>> However, if the beam has a solid angle that is slightly wider than desired, the present invention may use it as it is. As a result, the semicircle in Fig. 1 is not a line, but a band area with a slight width (with a slight viewing angle from the observer's point of view). In the azimuth limiting function, which will be described in detail later, this slight spread produces a minute width in the measurement direction 5, which has the effect of increasing the probability of accidentally capturing a satellite. On the other hand, in the azimuth identification function, although the accuracy at the time of azimuth identification is expected to drop slightly, there is no major problem in practical use, which is the purpose of the present invention, and the fact that there is some tolerance is a fact from the viewpoint of manufacturing costs. preferable.
<0031> Alternatively, unlike the design calculations for the hemisphere, if the production result has a beam larger than the hemisphere, in order to remove the unnecessary sensitive part, a shielding material made of radio wave shielding material should be placed on the back side. A hemispherical beam antenna can be easily constructed.
<<0032>> Next, with reference to FIG. 2, an embodiment of an orientation information obtaining apparatus embodying an orientation information obtaining method according to the present invention will be described. In FIG. 2, a first GPS receiver 2a is connected to the first planar patch antenna 1a, and a second GPS receiver 2b is connected to the second planar patch antenna 1b. As described above, the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are arranged parallel to each other, and both are erected perpendicularly to the ground.
<<0033>> The functions and specifications that the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b in FIG. 2 should have may be the same as the GPS receivers included in the widely spread L1-wave-using compact portable positioning devices. In other words, it inherits the compactness and mass productivity cultivated when miniaturizing and lightening consumer GPS positioning devices. As for miniaturization and weight reduction of GPS positioning devices for consumer use, there are already many GPS receivers with a size suitable for flat patch antennas. Alternatively, it can be easily manufactured. In addition, the flat patch antenna and GPS receiver are integrated into the housing, and even if both are combined, there is already a small one that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand, and there is no problem in terms of manufacturing technology. . Since these existing accumulations of miniaturization techniques can be used, the present invention can be configured economically and compactly. <<0034>> A GPS receiver that outputs the following data string at a cycle of, for example, every second or less, that is, a standard specification one is used. The data contained in the output is as follows. First, the current time, and positioning data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode (indicates whether 2D positioning using 3 satellites or 3D positioning using 4 satellites), and channel 1. satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, satellite number assigned to channel 2, satellite elevation, satellite azimuth, channel status, ..., satellite number assigned to channel n, satellite elevation, Satellite azimuth and channel conditions. Twelve channels are normally used as the number of channels n. This allows parallel synchronization with the signals of 12 satellites, and can be said to be the current standard specification. In the present invention, these popular low-cost portable L1 wave GPS receivers and planar antennas can be used almost as they are.
<<0035>> Through the first planar patch antenna 1a, the first GPS receiver 2a attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals and attempts positioning. Similarly, the second GPS receiver 2b attempts synchronization and decoding with respect to satellite signals through the second planar patch antenna 1b, and further attempts positioning. That is, the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are connected to antennas covering the hemispherical sphere in the same way as the GPS receivers of ordinary portable satellite positioning devices. It makes it search for the signals of all the GPS satellites that are expected to be in the sky.
<<0036>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites also include orbit information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, which is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, even if it exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, the signal is blocked due to the shielding of the feature or terrain, or it is not in the coverage area of the antenna and is synchronized with the signal. Elevation and azimuth angles for disabled GPS satellites can be calculated and output by simple calculations from data received from other GPS satellites synchronized by either antenna. In fact, there are devices that output such information.
<<0037>> In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication method using pseudo-noise codes, there is a risk of interference even if the same frequency is used. There is no By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the establishment/non-establishment of synchronization with the signals from those satellites In other words, it is theoretically easy to separate and detect the reception state.
<<0038>> In the process of causing the GPS receivers to perform signal search, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, the satellite elevation angle, the satellite azimuth angle, and the channel state, which are the data of each satellite, are periodically output from both GPS receivers. . In addition, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning calculation mode, and current time, which are positioning result data, are also periodically output from both. The data output cycle is not particularly limited, and GPS receivers that output data every second are widely used today. Also good.
<<0039>> Each data obtained from the first GPS receiver 2a and each data obtained from the second GPS receiver 2b are input to the data processing unit 3. The data processing unit 3 processes these data as follows. <<0040>> The data processing unit 3 first constructs a data table for obtaining azimuth information with respect to the data of each satellite. The positioning result data is stored in the buffer of the data processing unit 3, and after being used for the purpose of reference necessary for completing the data table, the result output unit 4 is notified. Each row in the data table for azimuth information acquisition corresponds to each GPS satellite. The maximum number of rows in the data table shall be equal to the maximum number of satellites capable of parallel signal processing by the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b. Here, it is assumed that the maximum number of satellites that each of the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b can perform parallel signal processing is 12, which is equivalent to the portable positioning device currently in practical use at the civilian level.
<<0041>> Each column of the above data table has the following items. The first column records the satellite number periodically. There are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be considered the same. If not, there are more than a dozen satellites in the sky and the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b are trying to acquire different sets of satellite numbers. Or one of them is using old almanac data. Therefore, the data processing unit 3 detects the set of satellite numbers selected by the GPS receiver that has sent information on the new positioning calculation time, and commands the remaining GPS receiver to select that satellite. send. Such a function of designating a set of satellite numbers for which signal acquisition is to be performed is also a common specification in the GPS receiver of a portable satellite positioning device.
<<0042>> The second column stores the satellite azimuth and updates it periodically. The third column stores the satellite elevation angle and updates it periodically. Regarding the values in the second and third columns, there are inputs from the first GPS receiver 2a and inputs from the second GPS receiver 2b, and these values can be regarded as the same. If they are not identical, one of the GPS receivers is acquiring the latest almanac data from the satellites and is using slightly older almanac data, so the GPS receiver sending more recent information about the positioning calculation time. is solved by adopting the input of
<<0043>> At this point, the elevation angle information is checked, and the GPS satellite data with too high an elevation angle are removed so as not to be used in subsequent processing. Satellites in the 3rd row have extremely high elevation angles (near the zenith), and even if numerical differences in their azimuth angles are recognized, their actual elongations are extremely small, and are used as the basis for calculating azimuth angle information. I don't like that. Therefore, for example, it is assumed that satellites with an elevation angle of 85 degrees or more are not used for subsequent acquisition of azimuth information. In the 6th column, note that it was rejected as a high-elevation satellite as a result of the inspection. When the elevation changes and it is no longer necessary to reject due to high elevation, the symbol can be cleared.
<<0044>> The fourth column periodically stores the channel state obtained by the first GPS receiver 2a. The fifth column stores the channel conditions obtained with the second GPS receiver 2b. These values indicate whether they are synchronous or not.
<<0045>> In addition, since the signal transmitted from the GPS satellite uses a technology called a spread spectrum communication system using a pseudo-noise code, it has a code length of 1023. Pseudo Random Noise (PRN) ) code is spread-modulated. The PRN code is a unique identification code uniquely assigned to each GPS satellite. Therefore, in the channel inside each GPS receiver, the same replica pseudo-random noise as the PRN code of the satellite is generated for synchronization. When this synchronization is perfect, a weak spread signal buried in noise becomes an extremely strong signal (increase by about 40 dB when synchronization is established) and can be identified and detected. Therefore, it is common to assume that reception is established when establishment of synchronization is confirmed.
<<0046>> Here, consideration will be given to shielding by features and topography. Even if the satellite exists in the coverage area of one antenna, if the line-of-sight propagation path is blocked by features such as terrain, artificial buildings, and trees, the strength of the signal will be extremely low and the receiver will not be able to receive the signal. Synchronization cannot be detected in Therefore, if the channel conditions at the receivers of both antenna systems do not indicate synchronization, it is highly probable that the satellite is shielded by features or terrain. Such satellite information is excluded from use in calculation of azimuth information. In the 6th column, the result of exclusion judgment by this feature shielding or terrain shielding is written. This symbol can also be cleared when the condition that the channel conditions at the GPS receivers of both antenna systems do not both indicate synchronization is removed.
<<0047>> For satellites other than those excluded by the above-mentioned two exclusion judgments, that is, either high elevation angle judgment or feature/terrain shielding judgment, rearrangement is performed according to the satellite azimuth angle data in the second column. conduct. Here, since the azimuth notation method is used in which the numerical value increases in the clockwise direction with north being 0 degrees, if ascending sorting is used, the satellite azimuth angle will be in the clockwise direction with north as the base point. line up.
<<0048>> The fourth column, ie, the first signal strength, and the fifth column, ie, the second signal strength, are compared with the aforementioned threshold values to determine the satellite presence area. If the channel condition of the GPS receiver of one antenna system shows synchronization and the channel condition of the GPS receiver of the other antenna system does not show synchronization, the satellite can be determined to be in the coverage area of the former antenna. In this case, the seventh column stores the former antenna number, that is, "1" for the first GPS receiver 2a, or "2" for the second GPS receiver 2b. Next, when the channel conditions of the GPS receivers of both antenna systems are both above the threshold, the satellite exists on a semicircle (including the zenith) where the extension of the antenna back plane intersects the upper hemisphere. The 7th column stores the number "0" to represent it.
<<0049>> By the above procedure, the data processing unit 3 can construct the data table.
<<0050>> Here, the data processing unit 3 reads down the seventh column, that is, the region determination result, for the satellites other than the excluded satellites shown in the sixth column of the data table. Since the azimuth angles have already been sorted in ascending order, it is equivalent to reading out the satellite range determination results in ascending azimuth order when considering the direction clockwise from north.
<<0051>> As a result, a sequence having elements 0, 1, and 2 is created. The last term of this sequence constitutes a directed cyclic sequence (hereafter referred to as R) as following the first term. Since azimuth angles 0 degree and 360 degrees match and return to the original, they are arranged in the order of the azimuth angles in this way, and the last term of the sequence is regarded as a directional ring following the first term. By constructing the target alignment, it is possible to maintain the order based on the azimuth angle. The internal structure of this R will be important later.
<<0052>> The data processing unit 3 simply inspects the internal structure of R, and branches the processing into three based on the result.
<<0053>> Here, for the purpose of simply notating the sequence that is the substructure inherent in R, three finite sequences are defined below.
<<0054>> S0 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
<<0055>> S1 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "1"" (eg {1,...,1}).
<<0056>> S2 is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "2"" (eg {2,...,2}).
<<0057>> By using these definitions, the internal state discrimination of R can be expressed concisely.
<<0058>> The sequence of terms inside R is replaced with S0, S1, S2.
<<0059>> In the unlikely event that two (or more) S0 exist in R, one of them is named S0'. However, S0' is defined as "a finite number sequence with 1 or more terms and all terms being the number "0"" (eg {0,...,0}).
As for the state of the internal structure of <<0060>>R, all cases are exhausted with state A and state B below and state C below.
<<0061>> In other words, when the state of R is state A, it means "with regard to the internal structure of R, the number of sequences S0 and S0' is 0, and the number of each of sequences S1 and S2 is 1 or less. Both are not 0 at the same time".
<<0062>> Next, when the state of R is state B, it means that "with respect to the internal structure of R, the number of the sequence S0 is 1, the number of the sequence S0' is 1 or less, and the sequence S1 and the sequence S2 is 1 or less and not 0 at the same time.
<<0063>> Then, the state of R is state C when "R's internal structure is neither state A nor state B."
<<0064>> Express the number of each sequence in R in the order of (S0, S0', S1, S2) in parentheses. Then we can express the internal state of R in detail.
<<0065>> When R is in state A, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,1), (0,0,1,0), (0,0,1,1 ).
<<0066>> When R is in state B, using the above notation, R is (1,0,0,1), (1,1,0,1), (1,0,1,0 ), (1,1,1,0), (1,0,1,1), or (1,1,1,1). <<0067>> When R is in state C, using the above notation, R is (0,0,0,0), (1,0,0,0), (1,1,0,0 ), or a case where any of the four digits contains a number greater than or equal to 2 (eg (1,0,2,1)).
<<0068>> Of these, only two cases in particular occur frequently in practice. The most frequent occurrence is the (0,0,1,1) case, which is contained in state A. The frequency of occurrence of this case is overwhelmingly high. Next, we can see the occurrence frequency of the (1,0,1,1) case, which is included in state B, to some extent. The former (0,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation constraints. The latter (1,0,1,1) case is the most common case of orientation. Normally, the sum of all occurrence frequencies of these two cases is 100%. The probability of occurrence of other cases in normal use is almost 0%. When these exceptional events appear, it is presumed that the sky is not open at all, or half of the sky is artificially occluded.
<<0069>> The first and last terms in each sequence are determined by the azimuth order that appears clockwise in the corresponding region.
<0070> Although the probability is low as an example, some cases that should be clarified in the method of determining the first term and the last term will be described.
<<0071>> Although it is rare, if there is only one S1 in R (0, 0, 1, 0), the first and last terms of S1 are determined as follows. If the number of terms of S1 is 1, the above satellite is assumed to be the first term of S1 = the last term. If the number of terms of S1 is 2 or more, create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a given satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite clockwise is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S1, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S1. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0072>> This is also rare, but if there is nothing but one S2 in R (0, 0, 0, 1), how to decide the first and last terms of S2 is as follows. . If the number of terms of S2 is 1, the above satellite is the first term of S2 = the last term. If the number of terms of S2 is 2 or more, we create a circular permutation of satellite azimuth angles. If the angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite and the azimuth angle of the next satellite in the clockwise direction is 180 degrees or more, the above given satellite shall be the last term of S2, and the above one satellite after that shall be the first term of S2. , and the other terms are terms defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term.
<<0073>> Also, in a rare case, if there is nothing but S0 in R (1, 0, 0, 0), the next processing is continued. If the number of terms of S0 is 1, let that term be the first term of S0 = the last term. If the number of terms of S0 is 2 or more, the following processing is performed. Create a circular permutation of the satellite azimuth angles of the satellites belonging to S0. The angle formed by the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be A) and the azimuth angle of the satellite (assumed to be B) following it clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, and the azimuth angle of a certain satellite (assumed to be C) If the angle formed by the azimuth angle and the azimuth angle of the next satellite (assumed to be D) clockwise is 170 degrees or more and 190 degrees or less, then A is the last term of S0, B is the first term of S0', and C is the last term of S0', D is the first term of S0, and the other terms are defined in the order of the circular permutation of the above azimuth angles viewed clockwise from the first term. Now some things that look like (1,0,0,0) but should be (1,1,0,0) are properly handled.
<<0074>> From the considerations so far, the first term and the last term could be appropriately selected in all cases.
For the purpose of simplifying the flow of azimuth limitation and azimuth specification after <<0075>>, the satellite azimuth angle will be defined below. A(S1, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S1. A(S1, e1) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S2, 1) is defined as the satellite azimuth of the first term in the sequence S2. A(S2, e2) is defined as the azimuth angle of the final term of the sequence S1. A(S0, m0) is defined as the satellite azimuth angle of the central term of the sequence S0. However, the central term is defined as "the smallest integer not less than the value obtained by dividing the number of terms by 2".
The outline of the processing after <<0076>> will be briefly described from a broader point of view as follows. When R is in state A, orientation limitation is possible. In state B, orientation can be determined. State C indicates to the observer that the usage is not appropriate and prompts for a simple response (a 90 degree turn or use in a good view of the sky). It will be explained later that the probability of state C occurring is extremely low.
<<0077>> Now, the first case of 3-branching with the state of R as a branching condition will be described. If R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the state of R is the state A as a result, the measurement direction 5 can be regulated by two conditions, and the azimuth of the measurement direction 5 can be immediately determined. can be limited. That is, if the azimuth angle of the measurement direction 5 is z, the data processing unit 3 determines as follows.
<<0078>> The first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle of the measurement direction (assumed to be z) exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0079>> The second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A is as follows. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0080>> From the product set of the above two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation or the like) to the azimuth angle area. The result of this azimuth limitation is notified to the result output unit 4 .
<<0081>> When notated in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0082>>
《Number 1》
000003

<<0083>> However, a < b The notation < c shall indicate that the azimuth angles a,b,c occur in the order a,b,c, clockwise. That is, a certain azimuth angle b exists in the azimuth angle range defined clockwise by the starting azimuth angle a and the ending azimuth angle c.
<<0084>> Next, the procedure when the state of R is B will be described.
<<0085>> When R is inspected by the data processing unit 3 and the result is that the state of R is state B, the azimuth in the measurement direction 5 can be identified by the following procedure.
<<0086>> First, when the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0087>> An azimuth angle region defined clockwise with the satellite azimuth angle associated with any term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the above arbitrary term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle If there is a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is associated with the central term of S0. It is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle.
<<0088>> As an arbitrary term of S1, the first term of S1 may be used.
<<0089>> If the state of R is state B and the sequence S1 does not exist, the following processing is performed.
<<0090>> An azimuth defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the starting azimuth and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with any term of S2 as the ending azimuth. If the region has a satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, then the measured direction z is the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth associated with the central term of S0, otherwise the measured direction z is the center of S0. It is the satellite azimuth itself associated with the term.
<<0091>> As an arbitrary term of S2, the first term of S2 may be used.
<<0092>> When written in virtual code, it is as follows.
<<0093>>
《Number 2》
000004

<<0094>> Finally, if the state of result R is state C, the following is done. The data processing unit notifies the result output unit 4 of exception processing.
If <<0095>>R is in state C, the case of (0,0,0,0) indicates that the sky is completely occluded. Encourage use in open sky areas.
<<0096>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,0,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts a 90 degree clockwise rotation (0,0,1,0) or results in (0,0,0,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0097>> R is in state C, and the case of (1,1,0,0) is extremely rare. Satellites are tracked only in the scan direction or the anti-scan direction. Prompts to rotate 90 degrees clockwise, resulting in (0,0,1,1). This is state A and can be oriented.
<<0098>> It is geometrically impossible for R to have 2 or more sequences among the states C. Very unlikely to occur. If this occurs with a certain frequency, it is possible that there is interference from some communication device that uses the strong 1.5 GHz band, such as a mobile phone. For example, encourage them to change places.
<<0099>> The operation of the result output unit 4 will be described below.
<<0100>> When the measurement direction is azimuth-limited (state A) or azimuth-specified (state B), the result output unit 4 outputs it to the observer by voice. In the exceptional case of condition C, a separate test is performed as indicated above and the observer is encouraged to turn 90 degrees or use a more open sky. The reason why the sound output prompting the observer to change direction by 90 degrees is that it has the effect of reducing the state of R to the state of A. Also, if interference from other devices using the 1.5Ghz band is suspected, please turn off your mobile phone.
<<0101>> is output by voice because it can be used appropriately for action support even by the visually impaired, but it may be displayed on a liquid crystal screen or the like.
<<0102>> The information to be output at this time can include the following. These are azimuth information of the measured direction (result of azimuth limitation or azimuth identification), current time, latitude, longitude, altitude, last positioning time, and recommendations to the observer in the case of exception handling.
<<0103>> By the way, the output format of the azimuth angle in the measurement direction 5 in azimuth limitation is (α, By giving the set of β), it is possible to convey to the observer by voice or the like, but the following output format is also possible at the same time. That is, the approximate azimuth angle (hereafter referred to as .theta.) and the one-sided error (hereafter referred to as .delta.) can be indicated by voice in the form of (.theta., .delta.). θ and δ are given as follows.
《Number 3》
000005

However, x MOD y represents the remainder when x is divided by y.
<<0104>> The two output formats, indicated by the (α, β) format and the (θ, δ) format when the direction of rotation is defined, are immediately convertible to the other format, and either format is available to the user. Even if it is given, there is no particular change in its numerical meaning. Therefore, in view of the user's purpose and convenience, an observer selection system may be used to improve the convenience of the observer. Alternatively, both may be output.
<<0105>> Further, if a certain angle is always added to the output of the result, and the convenience of the observer is improved, that may be done. For example, when the first planar antenna 1a is attached to the chest and the second planar antenna 1b is attached to the back, the measurement direction z is the right side of the body. The azimuth angle of the front is obtained, and the convenience is enhanced.
<<0106>> The flow of processing seen from the apparatus side has been described above. In the following, the flow of more specific information acquisition processing will be described in detail, including the procedure seen from the observer's side.
<<0107>> Overall, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if the state of R is the aforementioned state A, the direction can be limited immediately without rotation. If you want to go one step further from the azimuth limitation and obtain higher accuracy, you can rotate with an upper limit and stop at a certain angle. , can be oriented. Alternatively, when the measurement direction is oriented in a random direction, if R accidentally obtains the state B described above, it is possible to immediately specify the direction. These will be explained based on an example. For convenience of explanation, orientation limitation will be explained first, and then orientation specification will be explained.
<<0108>> FIG. 3 shows an example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the direction information acquisition apparatus according to the above-described embodiment performs direction limitation. The concentric drawing in FIG. 3 is a drawing assuming that the upper half celestial sphere centered in the zenith direction of the observer's point is looked down from above the zenith. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There is a small black circle, a small white circle, and a small gray circle, each of which corresponds to the following: The gray circles are the GPS satellites that have been judged to be excluded from processing for the rational reasons already mentioned in the process, and the small black circles are later judged to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. In the center, two flat patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground.
<<0109>> The observer does not know the arrangement of each satellite in the sky above the position where he or she stands. Then, by an observer who has no information about the orientation, the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b are parallel and backward, perpendicular to the ground, as shown in the center in FIG. are installed in random directions. The measuring direction 5 is indicated by a dotted line. The measurement direction indicated by the dotted line means that the orientation is not specified in this orientation limitation. The anti-measurement direction is shown on the opposite side of measurement direction 5 by 180 degrees. At this time, the observer does not yet know the satellite arrangement in the sky like this figure.
<<0110>> The process of limiting the orientation of the measurement direction 5 will be specifically described below. At this time, the observer only needs to stand while wearing the direction information acquisition device or hold the direction information acquisition device without moving it, and the observer does not need to perform actions such as rotation.
<<0111>> A 12-row, 7-column configuration created by the data processing unit 3 based on the results of individual outputs from the GPS receivers 2a and 2b connected to the first and second planar patch antennas 1a and 1b. The data table is shown as Table 1.
<<0112>>
<<Table1>>
000006

<<0113>> The rows of the excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows. They are not used to obtain orientation information.
<<0114>> In the data processing unit 3, the 7th column of the data table of Table 1, that is, the final term of the numerical sequence obtained by reading down the area determination is continued to the head to form a directed circular array R. In the data in Table 1, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0115>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2, and checks the number of them. As a result, it becomes clear that the number of the sequence is (0,0,1,1), which is the state A.
<<0116>> The first and last terms of the sequence S1 and S2 are as follows.
《Number 4》
000007

<<0117>>
<<Table2>>
000008

<<0118>> The data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state A. In the case of state A, the first azimuth information and the second azimuth information can be acquired.
<<0119>> Shows the first azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. The sequence S1, if present, is defined in a clockwise direction with the starting azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S1 and the ending azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S1. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0120>> That is, as the first azimuth information, the measurement direction (z) exists in a range defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (236 degrees + 180 degrees) = 56 degrees. I judge.
<<0121>> Shows the second azimuth information that can be acquired in the case of state A. If the sequence S2 is present, it is defined in a clockwise direction, with the starting azimuth being the opposite of the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of S2 and the ending azimuth being the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the sequence S2. , the azimuth angle (assumed to be z degrees) of the measurement direction exists in the azimuth angle region.
<<0122>> That is, as the second azimuth information, the measurement direction is defined clockwise from the starting azimuth angle (218 degrees + 180 degrees) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle (244 degrees + 180 degrees) = 64 degrees. We judge that (z) exists.
<<0123>> In FIG. 3, as the first azimuth information, this range is indicated by an arc with a double arrow, that is, a range defined clockwise from a starting azimuth angle of 6 degrees to an ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. there is
<<0124>> In FIG. 3, as the second azimuth information, this range is an arc with a double-headed arrow in the upper right direction of the outer circumference circle. 244 degrees + 180 degrees) = shown, with the range specified clockwise to 64 degrees.
<<0125>> From the product set of the above-described two azimuth information, the data processing unit 3 can immediately limit the possible existence range of the measurement direction 5 (without rotation) to the azimuth angle area. That is, the data processing unit 3 can determine that the measurement direction 5 exists within a range defined by the starting azimuth angle of 38 degrees, the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees, and the clockwise direction.
<<0126>> In FIG. 3, the azimuth angle range to be the final output is an arc with a double-headed arrow on the upper right outside the outer circumference circle, that is, the starting azimuth angle (218+180) = 38 degrees to the ending azimuth angle of 56 degrees. shown as up to
<<0127>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, the azimuth can be immediately limited without requiring rotation or the like.
<<0128>> This result is output by voice to the observer. If it is expressed in the form of a set of starting and ending azimuth angles (α, β) when the direction of rotation is determined, (starting 38 degrees, ending 56 degrees) is output. Another form of expression that can be used for azimuth limitation is a set of approximate azimuth (θ) and one-sided error (δ) (θ, δ), which is (approximate value 47 degrees, one-sided error 9 degrees). Both formats can be output.
<<0129>> A practical example of these two expressions will be described.
<<0130>> For example, if you know the azimuth angle that you should never move from your current location, and you want to quickly confirm during your action that the direction you are going to move from is not at least that direction, use the (α, β) format. convenient output. For example, a visually impaired person receives news of a nuclear power plant accident and is requested to quickly evacuate away from a point at a certain latitude and longitude. do. Waiting for a helper to arrive and taking time to pinpoint directions will increase the dose of radiation with serious health consequences. Alternatively, when crossing an avalanche-prone area, it is necessary for a mountaineering party, etc. to continue to act quickly, and to proceed while confirming that the course is not heading in a particularly dangerous direction. It is valid. The reason is that in snowy fields, even if you think you are going straight, there are almost no features to visually apply corrective feedback on the direction of travel, or if visibility is poor due to snowstorms or fog, you cannot control the course based on visual information in the first place. This is because it is impossible to feed back to the ship, and there are cases where the track becomes curved and the ship steps into a dangerous area. It is very convenient to be able to limit the direction of the body or the direction of the line of sight without instantaneously turning while acting in this way.
<<0131>> On the other hand, the latter (θ, δ) form is more intuitive and convenient when one wants to quickly know the azimuth angle value with coarse accuracy for a specific direction of some interest. When a specific landform or feature (mountain, man-made structure, etc.) is visible, there may be multiple similar ones, and it may not be possible to identify which one without azimuth information. There is not enough time to stop and identify the direction, and then to identify the topography and features, but if only the general direction information of the line-of-sight direction is obtained, the target can be selected from several possible options. This is the case when it is possible to identify a specific mountain or a specific building. Since neither requires rotation, it is possible to take advantage of the fact that the direction can be immediately limited while walking.
<<0132>> If it is determined that R is in state A, the measurement direction 5 is not rotated, and a constant azimuth angle determined by the starting azimuth angle, the ending azimuth angle, and the direction of rotation such as clockwise direction The procedure for immediately deriving the measurement direction 5 as a range is shown by examples in Tables 1, 2 and 3, and two output formats are possible. Regarding the frequency of this state A, as will be described later, it occurs with a probability of over 90% when randomly installed.
<<0133>> Now, let us assume that the result of azimuth limitation is obtained for measurement direction 5 . Going one step further, when specifying the orientation, the observer horizontally rotates the orientation information acquisition device, for example, clockwise (counterclockwise or any rotational direction).
With the <<0134>> rotation, the data processing unit 3 can detect that the number 0 has occurred in the 7th column, that is, that S0 has occurred in the internal structure of R. The data processing unit 3 notifies the observer of this fact with a special beep through the result output unit 4, and stops the horizontal rotation.
<<0135>> FIG. 4 shows another example of the relationship between the arrangement of satellites in the sky and two antennas when azimuth identification is performed by the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention. The concentric drawing in FIG. 4 is a drawing assuming that the hemisphere in the sky centered on the zenith direction of the observer's point is viewed from above the zenith in the state where the rotation is stopped. The outer circle indicates an elevation angle of 0 degrees, and each concentric circle indicates an elevation angle of 10 degrees. Azimuth angles are written clockwise with north (0 degrees) at the top, east (90 degrees), south (180 degrees), and west (270 degrees). Small scattered circles represent GPS satellite positions in elevation and azimuth. This figure shows 12 satellites. There are small circles filled in black, small white circles, small gray circles and small circles characterized by crossed lines, which correspond to the following: The small gray circles are the GPS satellites that were determined to be excluded from processing for rational reasons in the process, and the small black circles are the satellites later determined to be in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a. GPS satellites, the small white circles are GPS satellites later determined to be in the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b. The small circles characterized by the crossed line pattern are the GPS satellites later determined to exist at the boundaries of the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b; planar patch antennas 1a and 1b are installed parallel to each other and vertically to the ground.
<<0136>> In the concentric diagram of FIG. It is assumed that after the azimuth is limited in the state of Fig. 3, it reaches Fig. 4 by clockwise horizontal rotation. The same figure can be used to explain the satellite above.
<<0137>> Table 3 is a data table created in the data processing unit 3 at this time. The rows of excluded satellites are shown as the bottom two rows. These are not used in subsequent processing.
<<0138>>
<<Table3>>
000009

<<0139>> In the data processing unit 3, the final term of the numerical sequence read down from the 7th column of the data table of Table 3 is followed to the head, and R, which is a directed circular sequence of numbers, is constructed. In the data in Table 3, R looks like "1,2,2,2,2,2,0,1,1,1 (back to top)".
<<0140>> The data processing unit 3 first inspects the internal structure of R as a set of finite sequences S0, S0', S1, S2. As a result, it is determined that the case is (1,0,1,1), that is, state B.
<<0141>> sequence information is as follows.
《Number 5》
000010

<<0142>>
<<Table4>>
000011

<<0143>> Therefore, the data processing unit 3 starts processing when R is in state B.
<<0144>> When the state of R is the state B and the sequence S1 exists, the following processing is performed.
<<0145>> In the azimuth angle region defined clockwise, with the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth angle and the opposite direction of the satellite azimuth angle associated with the first term of S1 as the ending azimuth angle, If the central term of S0 exists, then the measuring direction z is the central term of S0, otherwise the measuring direction z is the opposite direction of the central term of S0.
Since <<0146>>S1 exists, the following is checked first.
<<0147>> Using the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 as the starting azimuth, the satellite azimuth (A(S1,1)=262) associated with the first term of S1 is The middle term of S0 (A(S0,m0)=236) in the azimuth domain defined clockwise with the opposite direction (A(S1,1)+180=262+180=82) as the terminal azimuth The question is whether there exists This is equivalent to asking if there are 236 degrees between 262 degrees and 82 degrees clockwise. The answer is "does not exist". This question is used to identify whether the satellite at the boundary is captured in the measurement direction or in the anti-measurement direction. <<0148>> Therefore, the procedure for non-existence, ``the measurement direction z is the opposite direction (A(S0, m0)+180) of the central term of S0 (A(S0, m0))'' is adopted. Then we get z=A(S0,m0)+180=236+180=56.
<<0149>> Therefore, the measurement direction is specified as 56 degrees.
<<0150>> As described above, after the orientation is limited, the orientation can be identified by horizontal rotation.
<<0151>> This rotation has the following upper limit, and if the rotation is within that range, the azimuth can be specified.
<<0152>> In the following, the fact that the upper limit angle of rotation required to make the transition from the state of FIG. 3 to the state of FIG. explain.
<<0153>> For example, if the azimuth limitation has already been performed as in the cases of Tables 1, 2, and 3, twice the obtained one-sided error width angle (δ), that is, two-sided error width angle (2δ) It is enough to rotate the measurement direction 5 up to the upper limit. It is clear from FIG. 3 that the two-sided error width angle is the upper limit. In FIG. 3, one or more satellites can be captured in either the measurement direction 5 or the opposite measurement direction within a two-sided error margin (2δ). The direction of rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. When horizontally rotated clockwise in FIG. 3, the satellite 9 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ, resulting in the state shown in FIG. When horizontally rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the satellite 14 is captured at a rotation angle of less than 2δ.
<<0154>> Since it suffices to rotate only with the angle 2δ as the upper limit without rotating to an angle larger than necessary, there are the following advantages.
<<0155>> (1) For the observer, excessive rotation can be prevented, and it is easy to achieve the target azimuth determination with the minimum necessary effort.
(2) At the time when the azimuth limitation result is obtained, it is possible to estimate the upper limit of the time required for azimuth identification. Therefore, the observer can accurately determine whether or not to go one step further and identify the direction in light of his/her spare time during the outdoor activity.
<<0156>> As described above, according to the azimuth information acquiring apparatus according to the present embodiment, in addition to being able to limit the orientation of the measurement direction 5 without rotation, the minimum rotation is required even when the azimuth is specified one step further after that. I just showed you what you can do.
<<0157>> The mounting configuration will be described below.
<<0158>> When the present invention is actually used, it is possible to enjoy the convenience of having a structure in which two planar patch antennas are used in parallel by configuring as follows. FIG. 5 is a configuration example in which the orientation information acquisition device has a shape suitable for wearing. (a) is a top view of the head mounted state. (b) is a left side view of the device mounted on the head, and (c) is a front view of the device mounted on the head. That is, it is a state in which a person's head is sandwiched between the first planar patch antenna 1a and the second planar patch antenna 1b in the present invention.
<<0159>> In the case of such a configuration example, that is, the ability to adopt a shape similar to a headband-like structure, a headphone shape, or a hat shape produces the following advantages.
<<0160>> (1) Since the measurement direction 5 of the device always coincides with the frontal direction of the observer's face, even when operating to obtain direction information, when using the numerical value that is the result of the direction information obtained, can be understood directly and is highly convenient.
<<0161>> (2) Wearing it on the head is effective in obtaining direction information because the vertical distance between the direction information acquisition device and the ground can be maximized, and the effects of shielding features and terrain can be minimized. target.
<<0162>> (3) There are actual cases where accessories such as headbands and functional devices such as headphones are worn on the head.
<<0163>> (4) Rotation in azimuth identification may also be a movement that naturally creates a distant view, which is simple and visually acceptable.
<<0164>> The physical entity of modern GPS receivers is a signal processing microprocessor and accompanying electronics board, which is small. In fact, today's portable GPS receivers are sized to easily fit in the palm of your hand and are available at low cost. From this, too, it can be seen that the element part size is considerably small. The direction information acquisition device that embodies the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention can be configured by utilizing the components used in these portable GPS receivers. There is an advantage that the volume can be suppressed and the configuration can be made small. For example, the first GPS receiver 2a and the data processing section 3 are housed behind the first planar patch antenna 1a. The second GPS receiver 2b and the result output section 4 are housed behind the second planar patch antenna 1b. A flexible cable is housed inside the headband-like structure, and connections are made to achieve the configuration shown in FIG. The result output unit 4 can output sound through speakers or earphones.
<<0165>> Also, it may be worn on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the garment, that is, on both lateral sides of the upper leg of the jacket. As a general rule, they should be placed on the clothes on both outer sides of the upper arm so that they are perpendicular to the ground and they are parallel to each other. Moreover, if the mutual planes are installed parallel to the frontal direction of the body, the measurement direction 5 will be in the frontal direction of the body. In this case, the GPS receiver may be housed behind the planar patch antenna. In this case, the part that connects the two is configured with a flexible cable, which is passed from the outside of the upper limb through the shoulder, behind the neck and the shoulder on the opposite side, and reaches the other flat patch antenna. A pressure-release tape can be used to temporarily fix it. The data processing unit 3 and the result output processing unit 4 can be housed on the back side of either flat patch antenna, or they can be designed to come to the back of the shoulder or neck. good. In addition, planar antennas may be installed in parallel on the front and back of the body, the chest and the back. In this case, if the first planar patch antenna 1a is placed on the back and the second planar patch antenna 1b is placed on the chest, the measurement direction 5 is directed toward the left side of the body. Therefore, it is convenient for the observer if the result output unit 4 always outputs a value converted in the forward chest direction of the observer, that is, a value obtained by adding 90 degrees clockwise. Such a configuration has the following advantages.
<<0166>> (1) Convenience is high because the front of the body is matched with the measurement direction.
(2) It is easy to rotate because it requires only a slight movement of the body.
(3) There are few protrusions, etc., and they are easy to accept.
(4) It can be worn on the observer's favorite clothes. In this case, it is convenient for washing if it is made detachable with a pressure peeling tape or the like.
<<0167>> It can also be worn on the lateral sides of both lower legs or on both lateral sides of a pair of shoes. In this case as well, the antenna part and other functional parts are temporarily fixed with pressure-bonding tape or magnets, and the two antennas and each functional part are connected by a flexible cable from the outside of the leg via the waist etc. can be detachable. In this case, it is thought that the signal acquisition performance of the high-elevation-angle satellite is degraded due to the shielding effect of the arm, etc., but as described above, the present invention dares not use satellites existing at a particularly high elevation-angle, so this is not a big problem. Therefore, we don't really care about shielding for high elevation angles.
<<0168>> Processing when R is in state C will be additionally described. In this process, in the output to the observer, it was recommended to change the direction 90 degrees to the left or right and remeasure, or to recommend the use in a place with a better view of the sky. , and beep sounds indicating these meanings may be determined separately.
<<0169>> Next, a computer simulation was performed to statistically calculate to what extent the azimuth limiting value can be obtained when the azimuth information acquiring apparatus that embodies the azimuth information acquiring method according to the present invention immediately limits the azimuth. Show the results.
<<0170>> In this computer simulation, at 35 degrees 40 minutes 14.9 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes 33.4 seconds east longitude, i.e., in the center of Hibiya Park in Tokyo, at multiple times on February 17, 2000, the We reproduce the operation of the satellite using the satellite orbital information, and see how much width of the azimuth limitation can be obtained in the trial of setting the measurement direction at random.
《０１７１》Each fixed time from 0:00 to 11:00 (0:00, 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00) was evaluated. This is because the minimum number of satellites with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, that is, the number of usable satellites and the satellite constellation (satellite arrangement), varies with time, and this is to be reflected correctly in the evaluation.
《0172》Also, in order to obtain results close to reality, it is assumed that elevation angles of 5 degrees or less, which are susceptible to feature shielding, cannot be used, and that satellites of 85 degrees or more are not used. We used the previously mentioned constraint to exclude high elevation satellites.
<<0173>> Furthermore, in order to realize the randomness of the measurement direction 5, as in the actual use, the selection of the measurement direction 5 was set at random using random number (0 to 359 degrees) generation.
<<0174>> A random number trial under this condition was repeated 1000 times at each time, aiming to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results.
<<0175>> This result, that is, the two-sided error in total 12000 times (12 times x 1000 times) of azimuth limitation was 30.8 degrees as an average value.
《0176》North, northeast, northeast, east, southeast, southeast, south, southwest, southwest, west, northwest, and northwest. is. By using the method of the present invention, the azimuth can be limited by such a value without rotation or the like even with random measurements. This shows that the present invention is simple to operate and has a great effect.
<<0177>> The probability of accidentally locating one or more satellites in the plane containing measurement direction 5 and the zenith in the initial random orientation installation (without rotation) and directing the bearing immediately is It was 9.9%, and it was possible to identify the direction immediately at a relatively high rate.
<<0178>> A computer simulation is performed assuming that the common coverage area has a band width of 2.5 degrees in front and behind the semicircle forming the boundary.
<<0179>> In terms of the state occurrence probability, the state A occurrence probability is 90.1%, and the state B occurrence probability is 9.9%. In all the former cases, satellites exist in both the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b (the case of (0,0,1,1)). Similarly, the latter are all cases where satellites exist in both the coverage of the first planar patch antenna 1a and the coverage of the second planar patch antenna 1b (case of (1,0,1,1)). In state A, satellites are unevenly distributed only in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna 1a (corresponding to the case of (0,0,0,1)), or satellites are only in the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna 1b. Being ubiquitous (corresponding to the (0,0,1,0) case), the situation did not appear even in 12000 total trials. While in state B, the same uneven distribution situation ((1,0,0,1), (1,0,1,0), (1,1,0,1), (1,1,1,0) corresponding to the case) also did not appear.
<<0180>> The above explanation was given only for the functions of direction limitation and direction identification in the direction information acquisition device according to the present embodiment, but as is clear from the configuration of FIG. Positioning can also be realized with the direction information acquisition device according to this embodiment. In the mid-latitude regions, there are approximately 8 to 12 GPS satellites in the upper hemisphere at any given time. Therefore, normally 4 to 6 satellites can be expected on each side of the semicircle that passes through the zenith. In principle, two-dimensional positioning is possible with at least three satellites, and three-dimensional positioning is possible with at least four satellites. As the positioning result, the positioning result sent from the first GPS receiver 2a and the second GPS receiver 2b to the data processing unit 3 can be used as it is. Among the positioning results, the one with the latest positioning calculation time may be preferentially output from the result output unit 4 .
<<0181>> Although the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any manner as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed.
<<0182>>
<Effects of the Invention> As described above, according to the direction information acquisition method and device according to claims 1 and 6, a pair of GPS antennas having hemispherical antenna patterns are arranged vertically with their backs to each other. By receiving signals from GPS satellites for each planar patch antenna, it is possible to quickly limit the azimuth without the need for rotation. be able to.
《0183》In addition, by diverting a low-priced L1 wave GPS receiver, which is widely used in small size, and adding a small modification, a direction information acquisition device that can embody a direction information acquisition method can be realized. Can be manufactured at a cost.
<<0184>> Moreover, in its realization, due to the small size and light weight of the planar patch antenna and the characteristics of its parallel installation, it is excellent in wearability on both sides of the head. It is possible to provide the observer with high convenience due to matching with the direction.
<<0185>> Further, according to the azimuth information acquiring method and apparatus according to claims 2 and 7, based on the azimuth angle width range obtained by azimuth limitation, horizontal rotation with a clear upper limit can further specify the azimuth. can be easily performed.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<FIG. 1>> FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram showing the direction information acquisition principle of the direction information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 2>> FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an orientation information acquisition device that embodies an orientation information acquisition method according to the present invention.
<<FIG. 3>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of the satellites in the sky and the two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth limitation.
<<FIG. 4>> A schematic layout diagram showing the relationship between the layout of satellites in the sky and two antennas when the azimuth information acquisition device performs azimuth identification.
<<Fig. 5>> An external view of the azimuth information acquisition device with a head-mounted structure, (a) is a view of the head-mounted state from above, (b) is a view of the head-mounted state from the left side, (c) is a front view of the head-mounted state.
<<Description of symbols>>
1a 1st planar patch antenna
1b 2nd planar patch antenna
2a 1st GPS receiver
2b 2nd GPS receiver
3 Data processing section
4 Result output section
5 Measurement direction
6a Sky coverage by the first planar patch antenna
6b Sky coverage by second planar patch antenna
7 Semicircular boundary between the air coverage area of the first planar patch antenna and the air coverage area of the second planar patch antenna
<<Figure 1>>
000012

<<Fig. 4>>
000015

<<Figure 2>>
000013

<<Figure 3>>
000014

<<Fig. 5>>
000016

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Claim 1
Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna
In a first positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
observe the reception
next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,
preventing direct incidence of signals from signal sources located in directions within the spherical surface of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere
disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna
For the second positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
observe the reception
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed
a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

It provides two antenna/receiver pairs and assumes one or two shields, the shields being adjacent or nearly adjacent, for positioning satellites. be. Actually, since the measurement is performed by changing the geometrical positions of the two antenna/receiver pairs, the shielding object, and the signal source, it is possible to perform the measurement at the same time.


Claim 2
Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
In some positioning satellite system receivers,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
record reception status
after that
Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,
Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,
from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere
Block direct incidence of signals
disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,
Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,
connected to the positioning satellite system antenna
In the positioning satellite system receiver,
From all or some positioning satellites
cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,
record reception status
based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded
The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,
A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

This assumes one antenna/receiver, one or two obscuration objects, adjacent or nearly adjacent, intended for positioning satellites.
In practice, one would change the geometry of the antenna, shield and signal source.
Claim 3
of an antenna coupled to a receiver
of the surrounding celestial spheres,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
direct incidence on the antenna
In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;
a step of recording the reception status;
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,
a step of recording the reception status;
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,
a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This assumes one antenna/receiver and one shield, and expresses it as a state that blocks direct waves instead of adjoining, and uses the term signal source instead of the term positioning satellite. It is.
The shield and the antenna/receiver may be reversed as a unit, or the shield alone, the antenna alone, or the combination of the antenna and receiver may be reversed.
You may change arrangement|positioning in positional relationship with a signal source.


Claim 4
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of both states in claim 3,
A greater signal strength, a more stable signal strength, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

It describes the process of using the magnitude and stability of signal strength to make a qualification about the location of a signal source.


Claim 5
In the determination step of claim 3,
For a signal from a source,
In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,
Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both
Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,
On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,
Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This uses expressions such as quickness of synchronization and stable maintenance rather than the magnitude and stability of signal strength.

Claim 6
The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with a multi-positioning satellite system.

Claim 9
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
be a human body
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 10
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
contain the human body
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is included in the sense that the use on the surface of the earth may also be used.

Claim 11
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
When including a human body or a human body,
By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,
Realization of both the above conditions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


This is not limited to use on the surface of the earth, but also expresses use in outer space.

Claim 12
The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is
When including a human body or a human body,
By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,
Realization of both the above conditions
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This expression is not limited to reversing as a whole, but also includes removing and replacing.

Claim 13
Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
a step of recording the reception status;
of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,
For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,
In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,
Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,
the reception status,
concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;
a step of recording;
For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,
Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,
In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,
whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,
Judgment step to judge and
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is expressed by using two antennas, including sequential or simultaneous measurements, and the sameity of shields and the like is not questioned.

Claim 14
In claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the signal source that emitted the signal exists in which direction of the two hemispheres based on a comparison of the reception conditions in the two states. an inference step of inferring, based on the determination, that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere lies within a region limited within the spherical surface;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is expressed by the expression of inferring the central axis direction existence area from the expression of signal source existence area determination.

Claim 15
In claim 12, if there is one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
a synthesis step of direction refinement,
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.

Claim 16
In claim 12,
If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,
For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is
Overlap,
The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is
When present within a more limited area within the spherical surface,
Synthesize direction narrowing down,
Has direction refinement synthesis step
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because the knowledge obtained about one signal source can be combined with the knowledge obtained about another signal source, in other words, the knowledge obtained about two or more signal sources, that is, it can be superimposed to further narrow down the azimuth. is shown.




Claim 17
In claim 3,
Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and
With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,
Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,
direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;
of,
superposition,
a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is a set of measurements
(a set of two different measurements capable of capturing only direct waves from sources contained in one hemisphere and its complementary hemisphere of the celestial sphere, respectively). It shows that it is possible to take the product of synthesis with the findings obtained by performing another set of measurements by giving an angle of rotation.


Claim 18
In claim 17,
so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,
A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

This is because, after completing one set of measurements, when performing another set of measurements again,
It can also be expressed as a function that "proposes a convenient rotation angle like a concierge".
If there is no particular information, for example, a rotation of 90 degrees is generally considered. , it is disappointing that there is little available (information that can narrow the azimuth width substantially more about the azimuth). Therefore, including the intention to avoid such a case, the direction in which the signal sources are appropriately clustered is such that the base of the hemisphere where the beam that captures the direct wave is directed in the next measurement coincides. The rotation of the angle, along with the direction of rotation, is intended to have a proposed function. May have a function like this


Claim 19
In claim 3,
at a given time interval,
of an antenna coupled to a receiver
of the surrounding celestial spheres,
For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,
direct incidence on the antenna
In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
on the assumption that
a step of recording the reception status;
At different time intervals,
Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,
For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:
direct incidence on the antenna,
being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,
attempting to receive a signal from each source,
on the assumption that
a step of recording the reception status;
For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,
both of the above states
premised on
Based on the comparison of each reception status,
a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;
have
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


The three-dimensional GPS patent claims were as follows.
Claims
Claim 1
using one GPS antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern;
causing a GPS receiver connected to the GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites in coverage from the obtained signals;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the GPS satellites from the positioning calculation process;
limiting the GPS antenna direction by integrating the directions of the derived GPS satellites;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 2
using multiple GPS antennas with hemispherical antenna patterns at different orientations;
causing each GPS receiver connected to each GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites within the coverage of each GPS antenna from signals obtained at each GPS receiver;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the plurality of GPS satellites from a positioning calculation process;
After summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites and temporarily limiting the directions of the GPS antennas;
Information on the direction limitation of one GPS antenna selected from among the plurality of GPS antennas, and direction limitation of other GPS antennas other than the one selected GPS antenna, the mutually different known By superimposing information transformed into directional limits of the selected GPS antenna based on orientation descriptions and taking the product of the information of the directional limits, the linearly secondarily more restricting the restricted direction;
constraining the attitude from the constraining of the orientation of each of the plurality of GPS antennas;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 3
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2;
When notifying the above limited direction information to the mother spacewalker in outer space, the names of any one or more of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or directions close to it shall be indicated. include in notifications;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 4
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3;
Inform the mother spacewalker of the direction of the reference object, or the direction and the distance information to the reference object, which would be more convenient to give to the mother spacewalker;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 5
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
Using three of the GPS antennas, one on the mother spacewalker's head in space, another on one side of the wearable module carried by the mother spacewalker, and one on the mother spacewalk's back. attached to the other side of the wear module;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 6
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The GPS antenna is mounted on the head of the mother extravehicular activist in outer space so that the mounting position on the head can be changed;
When the mounting position of the head is changed within a predetermined time, it is assumed that different GPS antennas are provided in each position before and after the change, thereby providing the plurality of GPS antennas. shall be used;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3 or 4;
When visual information is included in the notification, goggles capable of double-copying any one or more of the names of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or in a direction close to it to be worn by the mother EVA;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1;
Placing the beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 9
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
locating at least one beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



The three-dimensional GPS patent claims were as follows.
Claims
Claim 1
using one GPS antenna with a hemispherical antenna pattern;
causing a GPS receiver connected to the GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites in coverage from the obtained signals;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the GPS satellites from the positioning calculation process;
limiting the GPS antenna direction by integrating the directions of the derived GPS satellites;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 2
using multiple GPS antennas with hemispherical antenna patterns at different orientations;
causing each GPS receiver connected to each GPS antenna to attempt to acquire a GPS satellite signal;
determining a plurality of GPS satellites within the coverage of each GPS antenna from signals obtained at each GPS receiver;
deriving a direction from the positioning point to each of the plurality of GPS satellites from a positioning calculation process;
After summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites and temporarily limiting the directions of the GPS antennas;
Information on the direction limitation of one GPS antenna selected from among the plurality of GPS antennas, and direction limitation of other GPS antennas other than the one selected GPS antenna, the mutually different known By superimposing information transformed into directional limits of the selected GPS antenna based on orientation descriptions and taking the product of the information of the directional limits, the linearly secondarily more restricting the restricted direction;
constraining the attitude from the constraining of the orientation of each of the plurality of GPS antennas;
includes;
The limitation of the direction of the GPS antenna by summarizing the directions of the derived GPS satellites is that the angle between the direction of each GPS satellite to be determined and the beam center direction of the GPS antenna is 90 degrees or less. superimposing each angular range limited on the basis of;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 3
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1 or 2;
When notifying the above limited direction information to the mother spacewalker in outer space, the names of any one or more of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or directions close to it shall be indicated. include in notifications;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 4
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3, wherein:
Inform the mother spacewalker of the direction of the reference object, or the direction and the distance information to the reference object, which would be more convenient to give to the mother spacewalker;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 5
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
Using three of the GPS antennas, one on the mother spacewalker's head in space, another on one side of the wearable module carried by the mother spacewalker, and one on the mother spacewalk's back. attached to the other side of the wear module;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 6
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
The GPS antenna is mounted on the head of the mother extravehicular activist in outer space so that the mounting position on the head can be changed;
When the mounting position of the head is changed within a predetermined time, it is assumed that different GPS antennas are provided in each position before and after the change, thereby providing the plurality of GPS antennas. shall be used;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 7
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 3 or 4;
When visual information is included in the notification, goggles capable of double-copying any one or more of the names of the constellations, fixed stars, and celestial bodies in the limited direction or in a direction close to it to be worn by the mother EVA;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 8
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 1;
Placing the beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

Claim 9
A direction information acquisition method according to claim 2;
locating at least one beam center of the GPS planar antenna in a direction other than horizontal;
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<Title of Document> Scope of Claims



<<Claim 1>>

Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna

In a first positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere;
Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna

For the second positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites (or signal sources)

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

Between the first reception state and the second reception state,
Observe or compare reception from the same signal source (or the same positioning satellite), and

each of the observed or compared (of the first reception state and the second reception state, respectively);
in reception, observed at the receiver machine,
■ Comparison of stability or
■ Comparison of stability over a period of time ■ or
■ Presence or absence of sudden drop in signal strength as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time ■ or
(2) In which receiving state, the first receiving state or the second receiving state, the presence or absence of a sharp drop in signal strength as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time (this can occur in either This is because it is a logical necessity.Because the shielding object such as the body is measured on one side and then reversed to measure, it is either the first measurement state or the second measurement state. This is because one receives a direct wave and as a result the receiving state is stable, while the other receives a diffracted wave and as a result the receiving state is unstable. ) or
(2) In which receiving state did the signal strength show a stable high value as a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time?
(2) As a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time, whether the signal strength was a stable high value was determined in which receiving state, and whether or not there was a sharp drop in the signal strength in the first receiving state and in the second. a combination of both events that existed in which of the reception states of
■ Alternatively,
(2) As a specific example of comparison of stability over a certain period of time, whether the signal strength was a stable high value was determined in which receiving state, and whether or not there was a sharp drop in the signal strength in the first receiving state and in the second. For both events, which of the reception states of 1 and 2 existed, a score is given to each (for example, the score reflects the average value, median value, and mode value of the signal strength given a discrete or continuous numerical value), and the weight reflecting the characteristics of the receiver may be multiplied as a coefficient reflecting the stability and the phenomenon of a sudden drop, and they are weighted and added. If it is effective to discriminate between the diffracted wave and the direct wave, judging from the characteristics of the receiver, it should be determined by the calculation result (these can be easily obtained by preliminary experiments. Or, recently, it is easier to obtain by using AI deep learning technology, so what to do here is not as essential as in the past.Or, in the present invention, a simple and inexpensive receiver can be used. Since there is an emphasis on , it is naturally assumed that the calculation formula here can change depending on the manufacturer, model, or individual, so in that sense, what to do with the formulas and discriminants here is important in that sense. It should be noted that this is not a problem, it is only a secondary issue.Incidentally, in preliminary experiments, it was found in a large number of preliminary experiments that time-moving averages can be easily discriminated. ), ■ or
■
In which receiving state, the first receiving state or the second receiving state, the presence or absence of a sharp drop in signal strength existed



Based on

a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.

■ At that time, by attaching a GNSS antenna (a receiver-integrated type may also be included) to the body and shoulder/body bag (a multi-GNSS compatible type may of course be included), ( A direction information acquisition method or direction information acquisition method characterized by simply realizing a first reception state and a second (inverted) reception state by simply pulling a strap of the shoulder/body bag. (By doing this, the user does not need to take the trouble to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily.)

Alternatively, at that time, a wristwatch-type (multi-GNSS compatible type may of course be included) GNSS antenna (a receiver-integrated type may of course be included) is used to attach the arm to the front of the body (abdomen). ), and
By placing the arm on the back of the body (back),
Characterized by simply realizing the first reception state and the second (inverted) reception state
Orientation information acquisition method or direction information acquisition method. (By doing this, the user does not need to take the trouble to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily.)

Alternatively, at that time, by doing as follows, the user does not have to bother to rotate or even flip the whole body around the vertical axis or the body axis, and it can be performed more easily. Taking this idea one step further, we will even re-deploy GNSS antennas (including those with integrated receivers) (which may of course include multi-GNSS compatible types) to the front and back of the body. In the sense of making it unnecessary, if the back of the body is dorsal (that is, on one side of the body), simply flip it over against the shield of the body, and the signal from a certain signal source (or satellite) will be Whether it was received as a diffracted wave in both the second reception state and the second reception state (in this case, it can be judged from the fact that the instability does not change even if it is turned over), or in the first reception state Also in the second reception state, was the direct wave received? In addition to judging from the fact that the intensity of the signal should be attenuated by In this case, as a matter of course, it is possible to obtain a more plausible result by using the maximum likelihood method. This is a matter of course, and for this reason, this method is also very effective in obtaining precise estimated values of azimuth information.)

As a matter of course, the maximum likelihood method is
A general term for estimation methods based on maximum likelihood estimators. When performing statistical inference using a probabilistic model, the probability density (in the case of continuous distribution) or the probability distribution (in the case of discrete distribution) used in the model is evaluated based on the actually obtained data *Likelihood is called the likelihood function when viewed as a function of the unknown parameters. The parameter value that maximizes the likelihood function is called the maximum likelihood estimator. Maximum likelihood estimators have various favorable properties as parameter estimators when the sample size is large. That is, it is asymptotically unbiased and the asymptotic variance achieves a lower bound on the variance of the unbiased estimator, and the asymptotic distribution is *normal. A test method based on the ratio of likelihoods evaluated under the null and alternative hypotheses is called the likelihood ratio test and is widely used.
In this case, as the unknown parameter, the direction (or azimuth) in which the body is facing can be used, and as the probability density or probability distribution, the antenna sensitivity pattern of the GNSS antenna (when using this table and inside out It is natural to use a different antenna sensitivity pattern than when ). In this case, the satellite signal strength may be assumed to be uniform for the time being, or it may be described in the next paragraph, or the average value, median value, or mode in the first reception may be used. may be used, or the average value, median value, or mode of the first reception and the second reception may be used.


In the first reception state and the second reception state, regarding the signal source of direct wave reception, the satellite signal strength in the state of receiving the direct wave is due to reversing the antenna sensitivity pattern ( ), the expected attenuation is observed, and corresponding identification can be readily made. Regarding the source of the diffracted waves, the satellite signal strength and its instability are related to the first reception and the second reception. Since there is almost no change between reception and reception, this is also as expected, and extremely stable discrimination between the direct wave and the diffracted wave can be achieved. After performing such discrimination in advance, it is of course possible to use the West maximum likelihood method to further corroborate it, to refine it, or to make a more detailed and precise estimation. of. ■


<<Claim 2>>

Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Place an electromagnetic wave absorbing material or electromagnetic wave shielding material (at this time, this may be the body ■)

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

after that

Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded

The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



<<Claim 3>>

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

a step of recording the reception status;

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For a signal from a signal source lying in a direction contained by another (or remaining) hemisphere that complements said hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 4>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of both states in claim 3,

Larger signal strength or more stable signal strength (■ Spread spectrum communication method (commonly used in GNSS), electromagnetic wave absorbers such as the human body, water, salt water, and dissolved electrolytes Solutions such as water and alcohol (that is, foods, foodstuffs, animals, plants, soil, sewage, seawater, and other materials, foodstuffs, and medical supplies that are necessary for human life, such as those necessary for human life), and electromagnetic waves If the direct wave is blocked by a building or moving object as a shielding material, only the diffracted wave enters the receiver via the antenna. Attenuation due to diffraction loss, mutual interference of multiple diffracted waves diffracted at various end points, etc., can cause the function of the synchronization acquisition mechanism and synchronization maintenance mechanism, which is also a feature of the spread spectrum communication system. Synchronization becomes more difficult to obtain with the diffracted wave than with the direct wave, and even if it is obtained, it is easily lost immediately. With waves, it is much more difficult to receive than direct waves, and the inventor clarified through many unique experiments that the two can be discriminated by this method, and was able to make this proposal ahead of the world. It is obvious that this point of view was not easily conceived by a person skilled in the same field, and this point of view was naturally not found in the previous inventions of the present inventors or in other inventions in the world. '' or both were obtained, i.e.,

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 5>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,

Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 6>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 7>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 8>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with multiple positioning satellite systems.
A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 9>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

be a human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

(At that time, I invented the following as an invention that has a great effect because it is possible to easily deploy only the GNSS antenna in the inverted position without bothering to invert the body. It is a one-side shoulder body.・ Equipped with a GNSS antenna in the shape of a bag,
Apply it to the body from one shoulder diagonally to one side or waist direction,
By pulling the belt (only), the front of the body and the rear of the body,
Inverting (easily) deploying the GNSS antenna in the above sense
Direction information acquisition method characterized. )

(Alternatively, I also invented the following as an invention that has a great effect because it is possible to easily deploy only the GNSS antenna in the inverted position without bothering to invert the body.
Equipped with a GNSS antenna in a wristwatch shape and attached to the arm
Put the arms on the front of the body and on the back of the body,
By deploying (only), on the front of the body and the back of the body,
Inverting (easily) deploying the GNSS antenna in the above sense
to (easily) deploy
Direction information acquisition method characterized. )


(Or even simply deploying just the GNSS antenna in an inverted position,
By omitting and just turning over the GNSS antenna without changing its position,
The following invention was also invented as an invention having a great effect for achieving the same purpose.
that is,
GNSS antenna
(on the front of the body or) on the back of the body,
Deploy and remain on (front of body or) on back of body,
Flip the GNSS antenna
deploy
Comparing its respective reception state, in the previous sense, to obtain bearing or direction
Direction information acquisition method characterized. ) is further elaborated as follows. (This is rewritten based on claim 3 above, but it is of course possible to rewrite in the same way based on other claims. Therefore, it will only become complicated, so I will omit it, but of course, how can they be derived by rewriting the claims before or after this sentence or the claims written in this article? It is clear that the

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

Reception conditions (signal strength or degree of temporal sway, ease or difficulty in acquiring synchronization, ease or difficulty in maintaining synchronization, state of sway, presence or absence of abrupt drops in signal strength, and slow recovery recording them all in detail over time, including the status of

In a state in which the antenna is blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber, in particular, the side of the antenna sensitivity pattern blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber is now blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber. Place the antenna in a geometrical arrangement that is not obstructed by electromagnetic wave absorbers Or re-deploy the posture only to some electromagnetic wave absorber (inverted),

Now, in its new state,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:




<<Claim 10>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

contain the human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 11>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



《Claim 12》 //Remove and replace is also claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 13>>

Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

a step of recording the reception status;

of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,

For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

the reception status,

concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;

a step of recording;

For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,

Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,

In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,

whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,

Judgment step to judge and

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 14>>

4. The method according to claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the ratio of reception conditions in both said states.
Based on the comparison, in which direction of the two hemispheres is the signal source emitting the signal.
Based on the determination, the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is within the area limited within the spherical surface.
inference step that infers that

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 15>>

In claim 12, when there are one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted, each
The result obtained by applying the inference step for

In addition, the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is within a more limited area within the spherical surface
a synthesis step of direction refinement, performing a synthesis of direction refinement, if present in

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 16>> // 1 signal source → 2 or more signal sources Superposition Refinement synthesis Claim //

In claim 12,

If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,

For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is

Overlap,

The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is

in the spherical surface

When present within a more confined area,

a direction narrowing synthesis step for performing direction narrowing synthesis;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 17>>.

In claim 3,

Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and

With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,

Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,

direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;

of,

superposition,

a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 18>>

so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,

A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 19>>

at a given time interval,

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

At different time intervals,

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

both of the above states

premised on
Based on the comparison of each reception status,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

























《Document title》 Abstract

"wrap up"

"Task"

A method of obtaining azimuth information by a GNSS receiver from signals transmitted from GNSS satellites.

It allows to obtain information about a device in an inexpensive and efficient manner appropriate to the usage context of the device.

《Solution》

At the same time as shielding satellite signals from GNSS satellites existing on one side of the upper hemisphere using the body,

While having the GNSS receiver installed perpendicular to the ground along the body search for the satellite signal of the GNSS satellite existing on the other side,

In the process of obtaining a limited orientation using captured satellite signals, waves from both sides of the body as a shield are

After the signal strength sampling by the GNSS receiver for a certain period of time, while maintaining the relationship between the GNSS receiver and the body,

In the direction after turning to the opposite direction, etc. by rotating around the body axis,

Similarly, the signal strength sampling by the GNSS receiver for a certain period of time was carried out,

Based on the comparison of the signal strength etc. recorded by each of those sampled GNSS receivers,

In which area of the one-fourth celestial sphere the received GNSS satellite was located,

By making the determination, it is possible to obtain the azimuth information more accurately by a simple method.

<<Selection diagram>> Fig. 5

Search result 12 items
Item number Document number Title of the invention First applicant
(Registration publications and US Japanese extracts indicate the right holder) Date of issue Application number Application date Leading IPC
1 JP2013-050447 Direction Information Acquisition Method Masato Takahashi March 14, 2013 Patent Application 2012-171536 August 1, 2012 G01S 19/53
2 JP2013-050446 Direction Information Acquisition Method Masato Takahashi March 14, 2013 Patent Application 2012-171535 August 1, 2012 G01S 19/53
3 JP 2007-248205 Azimuth or magnetic field line direction information acquisition method and device National Institute of Information and Communications Technology September 27, 2007 Patent application 2006-070889 March 15, 2006 G01C 17/28
4 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2002-372576 Direction Information Acquisition Method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
5 JP2002-365357 Method for Acquiring Orientation Information Communications Research Laboratory, etc. December 18, 2002 Patent Application 2002-093385 March 28, 2002 G01S 5/14
6 JP2002-168938 GPS receiver Independent administrative agency Communications Research Laboratory et al.
7 JP 2001-356161 Method and apparatus for acquiring azimuth information Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
8 Patent 4547563 Azimuth or magnetic field direction information acquisition device National Institute of Information and Communications Technology September 22, 2010 Patent application 2006-070889 March 15, 2006 G01C 17/28
9 Patent 3522259 Direction information acquisition method Independent administrative agency Communications Research Laboratory et al.
10 Patent 3522258 Direction information acquisition method Independent Administrative Institution Communications Research Laboratory et al.
11 Patent 3473948 GPS receiver Communications Research Laboratory, etc. December 08, 2003 Patent application 2000-364605 November 30, 2000 G01S 5/14
12 Patent 3430459 Azimuth Information Acquisition Method and Apparatus Communications Research Laboratory, etc. July 28, 2003 Patent Application 2001-093964 March 28, 2001 G01S 5/14

In this article, all of the above and below are cited.
(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062 In this paper, all of the above and the following shall be cited.


What is a statement

= Basic mindset for writing specifications =
The specification has the following legal functions by disclosing the content of the invention for which a patent is sought, and it is necessary to fully understand its meaning in order to write a good specification. be.

(1) prescribe the scope of the patent sought; (contract-like function)
(2) provide the grounds on which the invention is patentable; (application-like function)
(3) demonstrate the feasibility of the invention; (enablement requirement fulfillment function)
(4) prevent others from obtaining patents; (Late application exclusion function)

The contractual function means that the scope of claims in the specification is equivalent to entering into a contract with a third party regarding the scope of patent rights (the technical scope of the patented invention). Therefore, it must be recognized that the expression is subject to strict legal interpretation. Since parts outside the scope of claims may also affect the interpretation of rights, it is necessary to be aware of the descriptions outside the scope of claims as well.

The application-like function is achieved by appealing to the examiner that the technical content defined in the claims has a sufficient inventive step compared to the level of the prior art. It is easy to obtain rights by narrowing the scope of claims, but it is difficult to obtain patents by broadening the scope of claims. Needless to say, it is the agent's duty to do his best to obtain as broad a claim as possible, so it is desirable to write the specification so as to obtain the broadest possible scope of claims. At this time, the important role of the specification is to impress the examiner on the patentability of the invention defined in the broad scope of claims. It is the mission of those who write specifications to lead to patents, and this is what is expected of patent offices. Therefore, when writing a specification, it is important not only to explain the technical contents, but also to try to write a specification that will lead to the acquisition of a patent for an invention that is difficult to obtain a patent.

The ability to satisfy the enablement requirement means that the specification must be written to satisfy the enablement requirement required by law. The specification must be written so that a person skilled in the art can read and practice the invention. Otherwise, not only will it be impossible to confirm whether the invention has been completed during the examination, but it cannot be said that there is sufficient disclosure in light of the purpose of the patent system, which is to grant a patent in exchange for disclosure of the invention. is. Therefore, when the scope of claims is described broadly in pursuit of broad rights, the description of the working examples, etc. that sufficiently support the breadth must be provided.

The function to exclude subsequent applications means a function that prevents others from obtaining patents for similar inventions. The invention of (which can be easily invented by a person skilled in the art based on the invention) can be prevented from patenting other's applications filed after the publication of the application. Therefore, in the description of the invention, even if it seems obvious or not directly related, it is necessary to be prepared to describe the possibility of a later application.



(2) Points for drafting the scope of claims
In drafting the scope of a claim, it is essential to fully understand the essence of the invention. It is important to write down only the sufficient condition in a concise and clear expression. Since the scope of claims is a legal document (a contract with a third party) that expresses the content of the claimed invention, strict expressions are required and the content tends to be difficult to understand. It is desirable that the expression be as easy to understand as possible, as long as the expression does not have the possibility of being misread as being different from the intended invention.

Expressions to avoid

Affirmative language is required in the claims, and negative language should not be used. For example, a requirement such as "does not" or "does not have" cannot be used. This is because this does not mean that the requirements are limited, and the invention is not specified in such a way as to define everything other than certain things. In addition, selective or vague expressions are not permitted in the claims. Alternative expressions are conjunctions that express alternatives, such as “or, or, or”. In addition, the ambiguous expression is an expression whose range is unclear, such as "etc." and "about." This is because the invention is not specified. However, even if it is a selective expression or an unclear expression, it is a case where one thing is broadly expressed as a concept, and one specific term cannot be used, so such words are used to express is allowed as the case may be. For example, "according to the number or amount" and "elastic material such as rubber, plastic, etc." are examples.

When describing the constituent elements of a claim, always pay attention to whether or not the constituent elements are really necessary, whether broader conceptual words can be used to express the constituent elements, etc. Care must be taken not to impose excessive restrictions. In particular, since inventors often think narrowly about their inventions, the drafter of the specification must thoroughly examine each requirement to see if it is possible to use broader terms, or if there are no unnecessary requirements. It must be carefully examined whether For that purpose, it is necessary to separate from the embodiments presented by the inventor and grasp the essence of the invention. However, it should be noted that no matter how broad the patent is, it should not be extended to include prior art. This is because an invention claimed to include prior art is not patentable. Also, it should not be expanded to the extent that it includes unrealistic things that are far from common technical knowledge. It should be remembered that patents are intended only for things that can be used industrially.

Vague terms are not suitable for the scope of the claims, but terms that are well defined by those skilled in the art may be used without further explanation. In addition, when there is no suitable term, it can be used as a clear term if it is clearly defined in the text of the specification.

In the description of the scope of claims, the most important thing is to describe the constituent elements of the invention clearly and sufficiently broadly, and the format should be easy to express in relation to the content of the invention. should be selected. In particular, in terms of the form of expression, it is desirable to use as concise an expression as possible on the premise that the invention will be accurately expressed so as not to obscure the gist of the invention and to prevent the expression from being unnecessarily roundabout.

(3) Independent and dependent claims
The claims may be set forth in one or more claims, and the claims may, from a formal point of view, be independent or dependent. There is no difference in legal effect between the two.

Dependent claims are described in a form dependent on other claims, and the number of claims to be dependent may not be one. subordinate form.

A dependent claim is a claim that limits or specifically specifies a particular requirement stated in a dependent subject claim. add other requirements to the dependent claims, replace the requirements stated in the dependent subject claims with others, or refer to the dependent subject claims in their entirety as they are, and as a form of expression, In response to the requirement A, "X described in claim 1, characterized in that said A is ...", "Y characterized in that X described in claim 1 is used for ...", "Furthermore, B is used." It is described as "X" in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:

Two or more requirements may be specified here, and may be "characterized by the fact that the above A is... and the above B is...".
When two claims are dependent, a selective expression such as "X in claim 1 or 2, wherein said A is..." is used to selectively depend on multiple claims. Make an expression like

When selectively depending on three or more claims, "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...the X in the first, second or third claim." X described in (1) (in) any one of (1) to (3) from (1) to (3). Describe.

Arrangement of independent claims and dependent claims shall be such that the independent claim is described first, followed by the dependent claims dependent on the independent claim. Dependent claims that depend on more than one claim must appear after any of the claims on which they depend.

Claims

(1) Basic format of claims

In the scope of claims, the structures necessary and sufficient to achieve the object of the invention are written in the form of nouns. Write the structure, not the purpose or effect. However, since it is possible to express the structure more broadly by describing the structure in an active manner, it is also permitted to use the active expression when the structure is uniquely specified. Claims are written differently depending on whether the invention is a product or a method.
If the invention is a product,

"consisting of (including comprising, etc.) A, B, C and D

X characterized by: "or,

Is it a form (Combination Style) in which multiple components are connected with and like "X characterized by consisting of (including, comprising, etc.) of A, B, and C." ,or
A configuration corresponding to the prior art, which is the premise of the invention, is described before "at", such as "in ..., X characterized by doing ...", and then a novel configuration that is the feature of the invention. The format represented by the so-called German patent (Continental Style, Jepson Style) is used. The latter form is particularly easy to write when the invention is a partial improvement of the prior art, but since the improvement is emphasized, it gives the impression that the improvement is not significant and makes it difficult to appeal the patentability. is not suitable.

In addition, when it is considered that the invention cannot be fully expressed only by the constitution, or when it is considered that the features of the invention can be expressed more clearly by describing the function, the following equivalents are considered to be the effects of the invention: It is also possible to add the description to the end.
"X consisting of A, B and C and characterized by..."

"In ..., X characterized by ... and thereby ..." In principle, the above X should be the same as the title of the invention.

Although it is preferable to formally express the claims in the claims such as "X consisting of A, B, C and D" so as to clarify the constituent elements of the invention, When it is difficult to do so, or especially when it concerns an improvement over the prior art and the improvement is considered sufficiently patentable, it is characterized You may use expressions such as
In addition, it has long been used in Japan to describe the configuration as it is using "providing" such as "X characterized by providing B in A, providing C in B, and D-connecting A and C." It is possible to use the format used, but although such Japanese expressions are allowed in Japanese, direct translations often do not result in claims that are accepted in foreign countries, so there is a possibility of filing a foreign application. Not recommended for applications with high
Furthermore, as the format of the claims, the main constituent elements are first described as "consisting of A, B, C and D, wherein the A is and the C is." It may be better to list and then define further features for that feature. This is suitable when the content of the configuration requirements is too complicated and listing the configuration requirements in order makes the content difficult to understand.
In either case, the organic coupling between the constituents should be made explicit, rather than listing each constituent separately. Otherwise, the overall configuration cannot be clearly specified.
If the invention is a process,
It is preferable to connect each step (process) constituting the invention in the form of "and", such as "Method Y characterized by performing ..., ..., and ...".
In this case, it may be necessary to use words that express the order of steps (before and after) such as "after", "next", and "at the same time" after "... and". .
Alternatively, an expression such as “a method characterized by comprising a step of …, a step of …, and a step of …” may be used.




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(19) <<Issuing country>> Japan Patent Office (JP)
(12) <<Publication Type>> Unexamined Patent Publication (A)
(11) <<Publication number>> JP 2000-75010 (P2000-75010A)
(43) <<Released Date>> March 14, 2000 (2000.3.14)
(54) <Title of Invention> Method for Creating Sky Visibility Ranges by Location
(51) <<International Patent Classification 7th Edition>>
G01S 5/14
《FI》
G01S 5/14
《Request for Examination》Yes
<<Number of Claims>> 1
《Application Form》FD
《Total number of pages》6
(21) <Application number> Japanese Patent Application No. 10-264038
(22) <Filing date> September 2, 1998 (1998.9.2)
<Indication of Exception to Loss of Novelty> Applied for application of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Patent Law March 6, 1998 publication
(71) Applicant
<Identification number> 391027413
《Name》Director of Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
(72) Inventor
<Name> Masato Takahashi
《Theme code (reference)》
5J062
《F term (reference)》
5J062 AA08 BB01 CC07 HH05
(57) "Summary"
<Problem> To provide a method for efficiently determining the line-of-sight range between space and the ground.
<<Solution>> For each navigation satellite 3 with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more that tries to capture radio waves when a land mobile uses the navigation satellite system, the above position of each satellite viewed from the location of the land mobile 4 and each satellite The signal intensity from the land mobile unit 4 is recorded along with the position and time of the land mobile unit 4. Later, it is possible to determine whether each microscopic area that subdivides the sky above each point is line-of-sight or shielded from the radio wave intensity information recorded within a certain period of time. By judging, the sky visibility range at that point within that time is determined.
000002

<<Claims>>
<<Claim1>> One or more land mobiles equipped with a device for estimating its own current position and a device for correcting positioning errors by receiving radio waves from a plurality of navigation satellites In addition to the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time values obtained as positioning results, the elevation and azimuth angle values above each navigation satellite and the signal strength value from each satellite, which are calculated in the positioning process, are also It continues to save as one record for each fixed time or fixed distance. And extract only the record group that satisfies that the altitude value is within a certain range near a certain point, and the satellite elevation value and satellite azimuth angle value included in the record group and the signal strength from the satellite By considering multiple records of values as information to determine whether the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point is a line-of-sight channel, the A point-by-point sky line-of-sight range creation method characterized by constructing an information database regarding the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight communication path in the sky above a point and the direction of that communication line.
<<Detailed description of the invention>>
<<0001>>
<Technical Field to which the Invention Belongs> The present invention relates to a method for specifying the existence range of a line-of-sight communication channel between space and the ground.
<<0002>>
<Priorart> A surface as a set of points where the sky can be seen without being blocked by radio wave obstacles when looking up at the sky from a point on the earth specified by a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. Hereafter, it is referred to as the sky visibility range. Radio wave obstacles here include, for example, terrain such as mountains that exist relatively far from the point, and trees that have a large shielding effect in the elevation direction when relatively close to the point. and high-rise buildings. In addition, there are factors such as the growth of trees, artificial felling, construction of buildings by development, and demolition of buildings as the shape of radio wave obstacles changes with time. In other words, the sky visibility range has the property that it is determined only by the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time.
<<0003>> Since the concept of the sky visibility range itself is new, there are few things that can be considered as conventional techniques for creating a sky visibility range for each point. If I were to force it, the first, the method based on the calculation from the topographical map, and the second, the method based on the optical imaging, are considered to be the conventional technologies. <<0004>> First, as the first method, a method for creating the sky visibility range for each point by calculation from a topographic map will be described below. In mountains and mountainous areas, there are few man-made structures, so the main radio wave obstacles are generally distant mountains and hills and forests that accompany them. In this case, from the altitude information read from the 1:25,000 topographic map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan and the digital map published by the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, the topography that affects the sky above a certain latitude, longitude, and altitude. By calculating , it is possible to obtain a tentative estimate of the range of sky visibility.
<<0005>> Also, as a second method, there was a method of creating sky visibility ranges for each point using the results of image processing of optical imaging. It was a method of estimating the range of visibility in the sky above the point by performing image processing on the optical image of the sky at a certain point using a fisheye lens and then binarizing the image based on the contrast.
(See reference below).
Riza Akturan and Wolfhard J. Vogel, "Path Diversity for LEO Satellite-PCS in the Urban Environment", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and propagation, vol.45, no.7, July 1997, pp.1107-1116 <<0006>>
<Problems to be Solved by the Invention> However, when the sky visibility range is required for each point in an urban area, the first method, that is, estimating the sky visibility range by reading the altitude on a topographic map or digital map, is not appropriate. I didn't. This is because radio wave shielding factors for land mobiles traveling in urban areas are generally not due to distant natural topography indicated by altitude information, but to man-made structures such as buildings and elevated structures that exist relatively close to each other. This is because it is often the case that For this reason, the first method, that is, the method of reading the altitude, cannot be expected to be accurate for the sky visibility range for each point in urban areas.
<0007> Therefore, as a means of compensating for this shortcoming, elevation data that considers even man-made structures in urban areas as topography, comprehensively and complete information on a wide range of national land, if it exists, It may be possible to apply this first method based on the information. However, although such information exists in paper form, etc., in local governments, fire departments, and other administrative agencies that require information on the number of floors in a building, it is not standardized and is organized systematically at present. It has not reached Furthermore, it has yet to be digitized. For this reason, in order to achieve the purpose of creating a sky view range for each location based on such non-standardized information, it is necessary to confirm the location of the data for each local government, collect it, standardize the format, and digitize it. , and then start calculating the sky visibility range.
<<0008>> If we were to complete this enormous amount of work, we would have the following drawbacks.
(1) Since it takes time and effort to create the above-mentioned work, the sky visibility range for each point as a product to be provided is based on old information (It takes time to create the sky visibility range. Time dependency of sky visibility range not desirable from the point of view)
(2) In order to compensate for this shortcoming, if it is desired to update the sky view range for each point to the latest version, it would be necessary to start with a survey of the number of floors of buildings and houses, and then organize the data again, which would require an enormous amount of time and manpower. Expensive. (The cost of updating the sky visibility range is high.) (3) Even if the current shielding conditions caused by houses and buildings can be estimated, the sky visibility range results are one-sided because shielding by other features such as elevated structures, trees, and signboards cannot be estimated. It becomes generic and inaccurate. If you aim for accuracy, it will be necessary to identify the heights of individual features, trees, elevated highways, overpasses, large gate-type signs, utility poles, etc. that may cause radio wave shielding. (It is not possible to comprehensively evaluate the diversity of causes of sky visibility range.)
(4) Since the data is based on floor number information only, expedient methods such as multiplying the "average height per floor (generally about 3.5 meters)" are used, and individual heights are used. becomes inaccurate, and as a result the accuracy of the sky visibility range decreases (the result of the sky visibility range estimation is not accurate enough).
<<0009>> The second optical imaging method has the following drawbacks.
(1) In order to create a sky view range for each point in a wide urban area, it is necessary to sequentially take optical images at various points on many roads. occurs.
(2) There has not been established an accurate algorithm that can automatically completely separate the sky from other areas using image processing technology for individual imaging results under various shooting conditions. In reality, human intervention is required when setting the threshold for separation, which takes time and effort.
(3) The shooting time is limited during the daytime and in fine weather, because it is necessary to shoot so that the separation can be clearly seen in the subsequent image processing. Accurate separation is extremely difficult at night, when it is cloudy, or when it is raining, because the contrast decreases.
(4) Radio wave shielding of individual cases, such as the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of the sun filtering through foliage of trees, or the actual degree of radio wave shielding effect of multiple electric wires. It becomes difficult to estimate the effect.
(5) Not only does the photographer possess optical imaging equipment, but at the same time, equipment that specifies the imaging position as latitude and longitude, such as a device that receives radio waves from a navigation satellite system and performs positioning, and equipment such as a gyro and a compass. must also possess In other words, the person engaged in data collection had to carry a large number of devices, and there was a drawback that the work was not easy.
<<0010>>
<<Means for Solving the Problems>> The present invention has been proposed in view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art. does not apply.
(2) It does not take much time to collect and create data on sky visibility ranges for each location.
(3) It is possible to easily update the information, always reflecting the latest information, so as to cope with the time dependency of the sky view range for each location without spending time and money.
(4) Eliminate the time and effort inherent in the method of estimating and weighting features that cause shielding by type in estimating the sky visibility range for each point, and perform a batch evaluation using the signal strength from the actual satellite. You can reach your goal with
(5) By using the signal strength from the actual satellite when estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to easily evaluate the visibility under special conditions that are difficult with other methods. For example, it is possible to avoid the difficulty of judging whether or not the sunlight filtering through the trees is really visible, which is unique to image processing such as optical imaging.
(6) In the process of collecting data prior to estimating the range of sky visibility for each location, the work of the data collector is simple and less burdensome. For example, data collectors do not need to have knowledge and skills in specialized fields such as radio engineering, topography, or optical imaging, and can use land mobiles equipped with the necessary equipment to perform land mobile operations. It is possible to contribute to the creation of the sky visibility range for each location simply by
(7) For estimating the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to develop the equipment necessary for data collection by slightly modifying the positioning equipment based on the Global Positioning System (hereafter referred to as GPS), which has been widely used in consumer products in recent years. It is a method, and a compact and high-performance device can be developed at a low cost, which is highly convenient.
(8) In recent years, it is compatible with the vehicle location management system using GPS, etc., which is spreading in the transportation industry, taxi industry, etc. In that case, the driver can concentrate on the original work using the land mobile. Since it is possible to contribute secondarily to the creation of the sky view range for each point just by using the site, it is possible to participate substantially in data collection without being conscious of being dedicated to it. high.
We provide a point-by-point sky visibility range creation method characterized by the following.
<<0011>>
<<Embodiment of the Invention>> An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 shows a state in which radio waves from a plurality of GPS satellites 3 do not reach a GPS antenna 5 installed on the roof of a land mobile unit 4 due to shielding by buildings 1, 1' and trees 2. This shows the principle of shielding the radio waves from the GPS satellite 3.
<<0012>> In other words, the radio waves for positioning transmitted from the GPS satellites 3 use a microwave frequency band around 1.5 GHz, so they are excellent in straightness like light, and the line-of-sight position from the GPS antenna 5 is There is a clear difference between the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 in the distance and the signal strength from the GPS satellite 3 not in line of sight from the GPS antenna 5 . The radio waves used in space communications, including not only GPS satellites but also general navigation satellites, are often microwaves, millimeter waves, and other radio waves with excellent straightness, and the influence of diffraction can be almost ignored.
<<0013>> The radio waves transmitted from the GPS satellites contain orbital information (almanac data) of all the GPS satellites, and this is transmitted from all the satellites. Therefore, the elevation angle of the GPS satellite 3, which exists in the sky above the current position with an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more, but the signal strength from the satellite is infinitely close to 0 due to shielding, that is, the radio wave from the satellite cannot be captured and azimuth can be calculated and output by simple calculation from the data received from other GPS satellites 3 that can be seen. In fact, there are devices that output such information. In addition, all GPS satellites transmit signals on exactly the same frequency, but because they use a technique called a spread spectrum communication system using pseudo-noise codes, there is no risk of interference even if they use the same frequency. By assigning different arrays of digital codes, called pseudo-noise codes, in which 0s and 1s appear to alternate randomly to each GPS satellite, signals from each satellite can be identified and received separately. In other words, for all GPS satellites that exist at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more from the current position, not only the elevation angle and azimuth angle in the sky above them, but also the signal strength from those satellites are separately detected. It is easy in principle to do so.
<<0014>> Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the system when multiple land mobiles are used, based on the point-by-point sky visibility range creation method. It consists of a plurality of land mobiles 10, 10', 10", . . . and a data storage device 11.
<<0015>> Each land mobile has the same configuration as the land mobile 10, and holds a GPS antenna 10A, a GPS receiver 10B, a data temporary recording device 10C, and a positioning error correction device 10D. . Positioning error correction devices include currently popular differential GPS receivers, acceleration sensors, vehicle speed sensors, map match mechanisms, etc. Any suitable combination of devices may be used. In GPS, the commonly used C/A code usually contains noise that deliberately causes positioning errors in the data transmitted from satellites in order to reduce positioning accuracy (called selective availability). In that case, a positioning error of 120 meters in the horizontal direction and 180 meters in the vertical direction occurs. However, it is well known that the positioning error can be reduced to several meters or less by using the above positioning error correction device.
<<0016>> In the land mobile unit 10, while traveling, among the data output from the GPS receiver 10B, not only the latitude value, longitude value, altitude value and time value obtained as the positioning result of the current position, but also The elevation angle and azimuth angle values of each GPS satellite present at an elevation angle of 0 degrees or more and the signal strength value from the satellite are continuously stored as one record in the temporary recording device 10C at regular time intervals.
<<0017>> FIG. 3 shows an example of data contents contained in one record.
<<0018>> Consider the case where N satellites exist at elevation angles of 0 degrees or more, and call them satellite 1, satellite 2, . . . , satellite N. 1 record is current time 20A, current land mobile latitude 20B, current land mobile longitude 20C, elevation of satellite 1 21A, azimuth of satellite 1 21B, signal strength from satellite 1 21C, satellite 2 22A of elevation, 22B of azimuth of satellite 2, 22C of signal strength from satellite 2, and finally 23A of elevation of satellite N, 23B of azimuth of satellite N, and 23C of signal strength from satellite N. .
<<0019>> Records are collected at many points by continuing recording once per second while the land mobile 10 is running. Even if the same land mobile 10 passes the same point at different times, the time is different and the satellite arrangement in the sky is different, so data is collected under different conditions, which is significant. Furthermore, it is efficient to collect data at many points by collecting data for multiple land mobiles, such as land mobile 10' and land mobile 10".
<<0020>> Data temporarily recorded in the data temporary recording device 10C in the land mobile unit 10 is stored in the data temporary recording device 10C when, for example, the data for several days are collected and moved to the data storage device 11. capacity can be utilized.
<<0021>> If the temporary data recording device 10C uses a PCMCIA card type ATA flash card for personal computers, which has become popular in recent years, and a personal computer with a large-capacity hard disk and a PCMCIA slot is used as the data storage device 11, an ATA flash card can be used. It is efficient because data can be transferred by simply inserting/removing the card and manipulating a simple file.
<<0022>> In this way, the data is stored in the data storage device. It is possible to collect data more efficiently by enlisting the cooperation of many land vehicles operated by the agencies of the department. In doing so, a vehicle location management system, which has become popular in recent years, is adopted, and the location information of land mobiles is transferred in real time to a control center or the like via a mobile phone, etc., and centralized management of the location of land mobiles is performed. If it is an agency, the existing GPS receiver will be slightly modified as necessary so that it will output the same output as the GPS receiver 10B. Elevation angle 21A, azimuth angle 21B of satellite 1, signal strength 21C from satellite 1, elevation angle 22A of satellite 2, azimuth angle 22B of satellite 2, signal strength 22C from satellite 2, ..., elevation angle 23A of satellite N, satellite N It is only necessary to additionally transfer the data of the azimuth angle 23B and the signal strength 23C from the satellite N, and the work of data transfer by the driver of the land mobile can be eliminated, which is more efficient. In that case, the computer in the management center corresponds to the data storage device 11 .
<<0023>> After that, among the many records saved in the data storage device 11, the time 20A is within a certain time range, e.g. Extract those that satisfy until June 30th 23:59:59 (JST). Limiting the records to a period of about half a year is too long a record because of the possibility of changes over time in factors that affect the range of sky visibility, such as the construction of new buildings, construction of houses, and the growth of trees. should not be adopted.
<<0024>> Then, from the extracted record group, only the record group that satisfies that the latitude value, longitude value, and altitude value are within a certain range is extracted. For example, if you want to estimate the sky view range at a point on the road about 20 m south of the Uchisaiwai-cho intersection in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, the latitude and longitude of that point, that is, 35 degrees 40 minutes 02.2 seconds north latitude and 139 degrees 45 minutes east longitude. The latitude and longitude measured by land mobiles are slightly different. Width/Longitude Only records that satisfy the latitude range and longitude range with width are extracted.
<<0025>> The total number of satellites included only in the group of records extracted so far is quite large. Information for determining whether or not the direction identified by the azimuth and elevation values above the point and its vicinity is a line-of-sight channel. be regarded as
<<0026>> That is, the sky above the point is divided into various minute areas, and the data having the corresponding azimuth and elevation angle values in each minute area is regarded as the representative value of the satellite communication path of the minute area. Even after deducting the distance through the atmosphere, which can be calculated based on the satellite elevation angle, and the signal strength attenuation margin due to weather conditions such as rain attenuation, the radio waves from the GPS satellite are expected to be -125 dBm or more. There is a high probability that a small area where there are many data below the value and exists with a high probability is shielded by radio shielding objects such as buildings, trees, and signboards. Therefore, for example, for a minute area where 95% or more of the data satisfying the signal strength (21C, 22C, 23C) is -125 dBm or more, the minute area is judged as line-of-sight, and for a minute area below 30%, The minute area is determined to be occluded, and the minute area that does not belong to either of these is assumed to be undefined and determined by further collection of records. The above values for judging line-of-sight may be changed according to the intended use of the sky line-of-sight range. The minute area can be created, for example, by creating a fan-shaped portion on the hemisphere determined by two criteria, such as 5 degree increments for each elevation angle and 5 degree increments for each azimuth angle.
<<0027>> In this way, information about the presence or absence of a satellite line-of-sight channel over a certain point in a certain time range and the direction of that channel can be efficiently constructed.
<<0028>> The present invention has been described above based on the embodiments shown in the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and can be implemented in any way as long as the configuration described in the claims is not changed. can do.
<<0029>>
<<Effects of the Invention>> In short, according to the present invention, since there is no need for full-time labor costs, it is possible to increase the effect-price ratio of creating sky view ranges for each location. In other words, there is no need for a large-scale survey of current conditions.
<<0030>> In addition, a device that receives radio waves from navigation satellites and specifies the current position up to latitude and longitude, and a device that can be easily modified by adding a small modification to a general recording medium such as a PCMCIA type card ATA flash memory. It is feasible, and it can be realized at a relatively low cost in the present day when the above-mentioned devices are widely used in the consumer.
<0031> Furthermore, regardless of the weather, day or night, information collection is always possible and efficient when business (taxi business, postal business, truck transportation business, cleaning business, etc.) is occurring.
<<0032>> Furthermore, updating is necessary to reflect the latest situation in creating the sky view range for each point, but compared to the existing methods, it is possible to update easily.
<<0033>> In addition, since the measured signal strength of the radio wave from the satellite is used to determine the sky visibility range for each point, it is possible to incorporate the effects of shielding by natural objects such as trees and topography. There is no need to include items related to radio wave shielding, such as signboards and large gate-type signs, as categories, eliminating complexity.
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Fig. 1>> A conceptual diagram showing the principle of shielding in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 2>> A conceptual diagram showing the configuration of a plurality of land mobiles and a data storage device in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Fig. 3>> A conceptual diagram showing the data content of one record in one embodiment of the present invention.
<<Description of symbols>>
1,1' structure
2 trees
3 GPS satellites
4 Land mobile
5 GPS antenna
10,10',10" land mobile
10A GPS antenna
10B GPS receiver
10C data temporary recorder
10D positioning error correction device
11 Data storage device
20A time
20B Latitude
20C longitude
21A Satellite 1 elevation angle
21B Satellite 1 azimuth
21C Signal strength from satellite 1
22A Satellite 2 elevation angle
22B Satellite 2 azimuth
Signal strength from 22C satellite 2
23A Azimuth of Satellite N
23B Satellite N elevation angle
23C Signal strength from satellite N
<<Figure 1>>
000003

<<Figure 2>>
000004

<<Figure 3>>
000005

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How to write a patent specification

This means that patent attorneys and engineers who prepare specifications should prepare specifications, claims, abstracts, and drawings for patent applications in order to prepare high-quality specifications. It summarizes the method from a practical point of view.

What is a statement

= Basic mindset for writing specifications =
The specification has the following legal functions by disclosing the content of the invention for which a patent is sought, and it is necessary to fully understand its meaning in order to write a good specification. be.

(1) prescribe the scope of the patent sought; (contract-like function)
(2) provide the grounds on which the invention is patentable; (application-like function)
(3) demonstrate the feasibility of the invention; (enablement requirement fulfillment function)
(4) prevent others from obtaining patents; (Late application exclusion function)

The contractual function means that the scope of claims in the specification is equivalent to entering into a contract with a third party regarding the scope of patent rights (the technical scope of the patented invention). Therefore, it must be recognized that the expression is subject to strict legal interpretation. Since parts outside the scope of claims may also affect the interpretation of rights, it is necessary to be aware of the descriptions outside the scope of claims as well.

The application-like function is achieved by appealing to the examiner that the technical content defined in the claims has a sufficient inventive step compared to the level of the prior art. It is easy to obtain rights by narrowing the scope of claims, but it is difficult to obtain patents by broadening the scope of claims. Needless to say, it is the agent's duty to do his best to obtain as broad a claim as possible, so it is desirable to write the specification so as to obtain the broadest possible scope of claims. At this time, the important role of the specification is to impress the examiner on the patentability of the invention defined in the broad scope of claims. It is the mission of those who write specifications to lead to patents, and this is what is expected of patent offices. Therefore, when writing a specification, it is important not only to explain the technical contents, but also to try to write a specification that will lead to the acquisition of a patent for an invention that is difficult to obtain a patent.

The ability to satisfy the enablement requirement means that the specification must be written to satisfy the enablement requirement required by law. The specification must be written so that a person skilled in the art can read and practice the invention. Otherwise, not only will it be impossible to confirm whether the invention has been completed during the examination, but it cannot be said that there is sufficient disclosure in light of the purpose of the patent system, which is to grant a patent in exchange for disclosure of the invention. is. Therefore, when the scope of claims is described broadly in pursuit of broad rights, the description of the working examples, etc. that sufficiently support the breadth must be provided.

The function to exclude subsequent applications means a function that prevents others from obtaining patents for similar inventions. The invention of (which can be easily invented by a person skilled in the art based on the invention) can be prevented from patenting other's applications filed after the publication of the application. Therefore, in the description of the invention, even if it seems obvious or not directly related, it is necessary to be prepared to describe the possibility of a later application.

When preparing a specification, it is essential to be fully conscious of such functions of the specification and try to write a good specification.

For any function, the specification must be described accurately and in an easy-to-understand manner in order to effectively exhibit the function. Considering that the reader is reading the specification from top to bottom for the first time, you should try to explain in a sequential, coherent and coherent manner. For that purpose, it is essential for the writer to fully understand the essence of the invention.

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General format of the specification

The format of the specification attached to the request for a patent application is different from the conventional format in which the scope of claims is listed after the title of the invention. Each of them is given a document name such as "document name" specification, "document name" claims, "document name" abstract, and "document name" drawing. constitutes the specification of

The title of the invention, the detailed description of the invention, and the brief description of the drawings in the narrowly defined specification are headings determined by the Enforcement Regulations, so the titles and order must be observed. The subheadings in the detailed description of the invention are the suggested labeling and order for a sequential discussion of the invention, and are to be followed as much as possible. However, since the purpose is to make it possible for the reader to simply understand what is being explained in the detailed explanation of the invention, the following expressions are not necessarily used, and other appropriate expressions may be used. Any suitable expression may be used. For example, in a specification with a long description of the embodiments, it is advisable to add appropriate subheadings in it so that one can easily find what is written where.

《Document name》Description
《Title of Invention》
"Technical field"
《Background technology》
<<Prior Art Document>>
<<PatentLiterature>>
《Non-Patent Literature》
《Outline of the Invention》
《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
《Means to solve the problem》
"Effect of the invention"
《Brief description of the drawing》
<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>
"Example"
《Industrial applicability》
<<Description of symbols>>

<<Title of Document>> Claims
<<Claim 1>>
<<Claim2>>

《Document name》Abstract
"wrap up"
"Task"
《Solution》
《Selection》

《Document name》 Drawing

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About each item described in the specification

《Title of Invention》
The title of the invention expresses the content of the invention as a noun, such as "method", "apparatus", "system", "recording medium", "program", and the like. It is preferable that the title should not vaguely indicate the technical field of the invention, but should express the contents of the invention in some concrete manner. For example, instead of "detection device", use "sheet leading edge detection device".

Also, it is desirable that the title of the invention match the expression such as "apparatus" that appears at the end of the claims. For specifications containing two categories of process and article, use "methods and apparatus", "compounds and methods of making the same", and so on. However, it is not necessary to cover all categories. Especially when there are many categories and the title of the invention is long, the title should be appropriately simplified.

"Technical field"
In this section, the technical field to which the invention belongs is described using expressions such as "this invention relates to...". In particular, if the invention belongs to a relatively detailed field within a certain technical field, first describe the broad technical field, such as "the present invention relates to ..., especially to ...", In addition, it is desirable to describe in more detail what is involved in it.

The purpose of this section is to inform the reader of the specification of what the invention is about in a concise and clear manner, as the title of the invention alone is too broad and the object of the invention is not clear enough. . Therefore, what should be particularly noted in this section is that the specific technical field to which the invention is directed is clarified without mentioning the purpose and effects of the invention.

When the technical field is considered to be generally unfamiliar, for example, when it relates to a completely new technology, once "this invention relates to", then "here It is better to add some explanation about the words related to the title of the invention, such as "What is...".

《Background technology》

This section describes the prior art known prior to the filing of the application, which is the background of the invention. In particular, the prior art having the problem to be solved by the invention will be described, but it is better to describe the premise or background of the prior art, if there is anything that helps the understanding of the invention.

In other words, in many cases, the background of the invention is not only a simple problem, but also complicated problems of the prior art. It is necessary to explain the prior art step by step so that it can be understood.
In order to avoid detailed explanation, the name of the literature (for example, the number of the publication) may be given, but at least what is necessary to make the reader understand the problem to be solved by the invention should be explained in sentences.

<<Prior Art Documents>><<PatentDocuments>><<Non-PatentDocuments>>
In this section, publicly known documents cited in the description of the background art are divided into patent documents such as publications and non-patent documents such as books and papers. Specify by quoting the date, etc. In the background art section, references are made using expressions such as Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2, etc., without citing numbers.

《Outline of the invention》

《Problems to be Solved by the Invention》
In this section, the problems that led to the invention, that is, the problems that had to be solved or were desired to be solved in the prior art, and the purpose of the invention are explained.

In particular, if the content of the invention is not advanced, or if the inventive step is not considered to be large compared to the prior art, in order to appeal the patentability, the problems of the prior art should be explained in some detail. How technically, practically, or industrially important the object of the invention was in this technology, how difficult it was to solve it, and how big the need for a solution was, but it has not been solved until now. It is desirable to describe in detail the points such as whether or not This is because the importance of the technology will be appealed, and even if the improved part is small, the size of the technology will be evaluated.

What is particularly important in this section is that the problems of the invention listed here must necessarily be the problems to be solved by the present invention. This is because if the problem is not solved by the present invention, there is no point in citing the problem here.

The problem of the invention and the means to solve it must always be explained along a consistent line of reasoning. Without this consistency, the specification is not only meaningless, but also the invention is incomplete or unworkable. The application will be rejected as

This paragraph further includes expressions such as "The object of the present invention is to provide..." or "The object of the present invention is to provide..." , describes the object of the invention. The object of the invention here is not to solve the problem, but to provide a solution to the problem. What is provided is a device or method at the end of the scope of claims, which is preceded by a description summarizing the intended effect of the invention as a modifier, such as "the present invention is described above." In view of the problems of the prior art, the object is to provide a device that performs .

The intended content here is the problem of the prior art that is derived from the problems or demands of the prior art described in the prior art section. not. For example, rather than using general expressions for the purpose of the invention, such as an excellent device or a convenient device, or aiming at a problem unrelated to the problems described so far, , in response to the problems of the prior art described so far, it is specifically described as "an object is to provide a device (method) for . . .".

Since this purpose is often used as a reference when interpreting the right of an invention, the invention must be described after fully understanding the problems and demands of the prior art. That is, first, the effect achieved by the invention described in the broadest scope of claims is the main object (objective) of the invention, and the inventions described in the dependent claims and the scope of claims do not. It should not be aimed at any particular advantage of any particular embodiment.
In addition, since it is not necessary to describe the configuration of the provided invention in this purpose section, only the purpose should be described without mentioning the features of the configuration.

《Means to solve the problem》

This section describes the structure of the invention. The constitution of the invention is the essential constitutional requirement for solving the problems of the invention, and is the essence of the invention itself. The content must correspond.

The purpose of this section is to ensure that the specification provides support for the matters recited in the claims, to clarify the meaning of the constituent elements of esoteric expressions, and in particular to prevent narrow interpretation of the expressions and terms used in the claims. It is better to think that it is to define broadly in Therefore, the same expressions and terms as those in the claims are used here as they are, and the meanings thereof are explained so as not to be particularly narrowly interpreted. The gap between the embodiment (narrow) and the scope of the claims (broad) is filled in, and descriptions are provided to clarify which configuration of the embodiment corresponds to which component of the scope of the claims.

In other words, based on the premise that the scope of claims is a legal document that expresses the scope of rights, there are many cases in which clear premises are written redundantly or expressions are extremely difficult to understand, making it difficult to intuitively understand the meaning (gist). Therefore, we believe that the purpose of this paragraph is to explain the gist of the invention in an easy-to-understand manner, explain the meaning of the invention, and take care not to narrowly interpret the terms, etc. of the claims. It's good.

However, since the description in this section is the most important when interpreting the right, carelessly adding unnecessary description will cause a big problem later. must be careful.

Specifically, in order to be conscious of the scope of rights in claims, technically unusual or unfamiliar generic words are often used. To keep things simple, this section explains or defines the broader terms. For example, "A here means ... and is not necessarily limited to a, and may be, for example, b, c, etc." Anything can be used. Specifically, for example, a, b, c, etc. can be used." good.

In addition, in this section, it is desirable to define (explain) various terms used in the claims in addition to the generic terminology as described above. In particular, the terms used in the claims are often used broadly or narrowly depending on the meaning of the terms that are commonly understood. It is better to explain while being conscious.

"Effect of the invention"

Here, the effect achieved by the configuration of the invention (means for solving the problem) is described. The effect of this invention is likely to be a repetition of the purpose of the invention. The effect section is intended to explain in an easy-to-understand manner specific effects obtained in relation to the configuration of the invention.

That is, in the section on the effects of the invention, it is desirable to explain in an easy-to-understand manner why the effects are obtained in relation to the configuration of the invention. For example, it is desirable to write the effect with a reason, such as "according to the apparatus or method of the present invention configured as described above, . . . can be achieved."

In addition, the effect of an invention is extremely important in asserting and impressing the inventive step necessary for obtaining a patent. It is better to list as many things as possible. The most desirable advantage is the original functional effect of the object of the invention, but if there are other derivative effects that are generally considered industrially desirable, such as cost reduction and structural simplification, as many as possible It is better to describe However, the following points should be noted.

The description in this effect section is closely related to the essence of the invention. Do not state effects that are not necessarily achieved by the structures recited in the claims. If such an effect is written, a claim may be required to add a limitation to that effect because the claim lacks a component to achieve that effect. It should be noted that the effects achieved only by the inventions or preferred embodiments described in the dependent claims should never be expressed as "according to the present invention", for example, "when has the effect of". Otherwise, a preferred configuration for achieving the effect may be recognized as an essential requirement of the main invention.

The description of the effect of the invention is not necessarily required under the current law, and by writing this, the purpose of the invention is construed in a restrictive manner, i.e., it is interpreted as if the purpose is to achieve the effect. Therefore, in order to obtain a patent, it is better to write the effect, but to broaden the right, it is better not to write the effect. However, when describing the effect, it is important to consider the balance between the two.

《Brief description of the drawing》

This section contains a brief description of the drawings used and the reference numbers of important parts shown in the drawings. The explanation of the drawings is such as "Fig. 1", "Fig. 2", etc., followed by "Plan view showing...", "Partial sectional view showing...", "Perspective view showing...", etc. It should be stated what kind of diagram it is.


Examples of the types of views used herein include, for example, top view, front view, side view, perspective view, section view, vertical section, horizontal section, partial section, enlarged view, partial enlarged section , developed view, partially cutaway front view, exploded view, circuit diagram, graph, diagram, flow chart, etc.


The descriptive language of this drawing should make it clear how it relates to the structure of the invention, for example, a perspective view showing the entirety of an apparatus according to one embodiment of the invention. , an enlarged view showing the details of the main part of the device, and a horizontal sectional view showing the part of the device according to another embodiment of the present invention. It is desirable to use an expression that clarifies whether

<<Modes for Carrying Out the Invention>>

The purpose of this section is to provide a reader (person skilled in the art) with an explanation to facilitate the implementation of the invention, and to explain the specific content of the invention to another reader (examiner) (the enablement requirement is satisfaction). Here, a detailed description will be given of the configuration, operation, and, if necessary, the method of manufacturing and the method of use, etc., in the case of concretely carrying out the invention. An embodiment of the invention is an embodiment of the invention specifically shown to support the subject matter of the invention described in the claims.
If not, it may be necessary to describe multiple embodiments. In particular, when the scope of claims is described broadly in order to obtain a broader right, it is necessary to describe embodiments, working examples, etc. that sufficiently support the scope of the claims. Depending on the technical content, for example, in the case of mechanical inventions, there are cases where the structure can be expressed only in words. Examples such as experimental results, clinical data, and lens data are essential in fields such as chemical inventions, pharmaceuticals, and optical lens systems.

In the embodiment, it is not necessary to disclose numerical values such as the dimensions and weight of the concrete structure. It is sufficient if the idea of

As for the order of writing, the structure may be explained first and then the function, or the structure and function may be interwoven. Which of these two formats should be adopted should be decided on a case-by-case basis by choosing the one that is easier to explain. In general, for inventions relating to mechanical structures, the configuration is first described, followed by the operation, and for inventions in the fields of electricity and electronics, the configuration and operation are often described together.

In the description of this embodiment, the symbols for the respective members shown in the drawings are used, but the members simply indicated by numbers, such as "1 is 2". is not preferable because it does not explain the configuration, and after the name of the member with the reference number in the drawing, such as "2 is fixed on 1 ..." It is desirable to describe the configuration concretely by attaching the reference numerals.

It should be remembered that the drawings are only for the purpose of helping understanding of the invention, and that the content of the invention should be explained in writing in principle. For example, even if a quadrangle that looks like a trapezoid is drawn on the drawing, it will not be possible to correct it later to limit it to a trapezoid. This is because it is not possible to clearly distinguish whether the trapezoid is intentionally drawn or the rectangle looks like a trapezoid due to the inaccuracy of drawing.

However, in the case of an explanation of an embodiment of an electric circuit, if the circuit configuration is explained in such detail that it can be understood without looking at the drawings, the specification will become redundant, so the contents can be understood by referring to the drawings. It is desirable to explain the degree. However, in this case, it is not desirable to explain only the function without explaining the structure at all, even though the structure of the electric circuit is obvious when looking at the drawing. Since the specification must merely explain the structure of the invention, it is not permissible to try to explain only the function in the body of the specification instead of explaining the structure with drawings. In other words, when explaining an electric circuit, it is better to proceed while explaining the structure little by little as well as the operation. For example, while explaining the structure of the circuit, its function is explained as follows: "The deflection angle of the pointer of A is adjustable by means of a variable resistor C whose one end is connected to the input terminal B of meter A." As you go along, you will be able to explain the content relatively concisely and sufficiently.

In addition, since there are many cases where each embodiment has a unique effect in the section of the embodiment of the invention, it is desirable to add the effect peculiar to the embodiment after the description of the operation.

Another thing to keep in mind with respect to the description of the embodiments is that the specification has the effect of excluding later applications. In other words, it has the function of a prior art document that excludes easily invented material from the description of others' later applications filed after the publication of the application, and The application has the function of a prior application that excludes the same invention, and in order to fulfill the latter function, it is necessary to describe the same level of description as the invention that can be a later application. For example, even if the concept of the invention is described, if the description at the level of the embodiment is insufficient, a later application at the level of the embodiment may be established. It is better to keep it. Concretely, it is good to mention a wide range of specific examples, such as "may be", "can be", etc., even if it is just words.

"Example"

This section should state the fact that the invention has been embodied. That is, the results of actual implementation or experimentation are described with numerical values such as specific sizes, speeds, weights, amounts, ratios, and times. Therefore, the tense of the sentence is expressed in the past tense.


In the case of inventions related to chemistry, in general, the actual experiment data and manufacturing method must be described. The materials used in the experiments and manufacturing methods, their methods, and their results are quantitatively explained.


In particular, in the case of inventions related to pharmaceuticals, the medicinal efficacy must be fully described with clinical data from the time of filing, because only the manufacturing method and administration method will be inadequate.


In addition, it is desirable to describe comparative examples for demonstrating the effects of the invention together with the working examples, if necessary. In this case, it is necessary to carefully check whether the provided data are such that the examples fall within the scope of the claimed invention and the comparative examples do not.

《Industrial applicability》

When the industrial applicability of the invention is unclear, the method of industrial application, production method, or method of use of the invention is described. However, since the industrial applicability is usually obvious, this description is not necessary.

<<Description of symbols>>

In the description column of the reference numerals, a blank is placed next to the number to indicate the name of the member indicated by the number, such as "1: substrate, 2: support, 3: rocking lever, . . . ". When there are multiple embodiments and different reference numerals are given to corresponding members across those embodiments, multiple numbers are arranged, for example, "1, 11, 21 ... cover", and collectively may be indicated as follows.


It is necessary to describe relatively important elements related to the constitutional elements of the invention described in the claims without omission in this column of codes, and it is used for explanation of details that are not directly related to the requirements of the invention. It is not necessary to describe the symbols that are used.


It is preferable to avoid showing drawings related to the prior art in the drawings as much as possible, and it is preferable that the prior art is explained without using the drawings, and that the drawings only show the configuration of the present invention. However, if it is necessary to explain the prior art using the drawings, the prior art may be explained using the drawings. In that case, the drawing that best represents the contents of the invention should be FIG.

Claims

(1) Basic format of claims

In the scope of claims, the structures necessary and sufficient to achieve the object of the invention are written in the form of nouns. Write the structure, not the purpose or effect. However, since it is possible to express the structure more broadly by describing the structure in an active manner, it is also permitted to use the active expression when the structure is uniquely specified. Claims are written differently depending on whether the invention is a product or a method.
If the invention is a product,

"consisting of (including comprising, etc.) A, B, C and D

X characterized by: "or,

Is it a form (Combination Style) in which multiple components are connected with and like "X characterized by consisting of (including, comprising, etc.) of A, B, and C." ,or
A configuration corresponding to the prior art, which is the premise of the invention, is described before "at", such as "in ..., X characterized by doing ...", and then a novel configuration that is the feature of the invention. The format represented by the so-called German patent (Continental Style, Jepson Style) is used. The latter form is particularly easy to write when the invention is a partial improvement of the prior art, but since the improvement is emphasized, it gives the impression that the improvement is not significant and makes it difficult to appeal the patentability. is not suitable.

In addition, when it is considered that the invention cannot be fully expressed only by the constitution, or when it is considered that the features of the invention can be expressed more clearly by describing the function, the following equivalents are considered to be the effects of the invention: It is also possible to add the description to the end.
"X consisting of A, B and C and characterized by..."

"In ..., X characterized by ... and thereby ..." In principle, the above X should be the same as the title of the invention.

Although it is preferable to formally express the claims in the claims such as "X consisting of A, B, C and D" so as to clarify the constituent elements of the invention, When it is difficult to do so, or especially when it concerns an improvement over the prior art and the improvement is considered sufficiently patentable, it is characterized You may use expressions such as
In addition, it has long been used in Japan to describe the configuration as it is using "providing" such as "X characterized by providing B in A, providing C in B, and D-connecting A and C." It is possible to use the format used, but although such Japanese expressions are allowed in Japanese, direct translations often do not result in claims that are accepted in foreign countries, so there is a possibility of filing a foreign application. Not recommended for applications with high
Furthermore, as the format of the claims, the main constituent elements are first described as "consisting of A, B, C and D, wherein the A is and the C is." It may be better to list and then define further features for that feature. This is suitable when the content of the configuration requirements is too complicated and listing the configuration requirements in order makes the content difficult to understand.
In either case, the organic coupling between the constituents should be made explicit, rather than listing each constituent separately. Otherwise, the overall configuration cannot be clearly specified.
If the invention is a process,
It is preferable to connect each step (process) constituting the invention in the form of "and", such as "Method Y characterized by performing ..., ..., and ...".
In this case, it may be necessary to use words that express the order of steps (before and after) such as "after", "next", and "at the same time" after "... and". .
Alternatively, an expression such as “a method characterized by comprising a step of …, a step of …, and a step of …” may be used.

(2) Points for drafting the scope of claims
In drafting the scope of a claim, it is essential to fully understand the essence of the invention. It is important to write down only the sufficient condition in a concise and clear expression. Since the scope of claims is a legal document (a contract with a third party) that expresses the content of the claimed invention, strict expressions are required and the content tends to be difficult to understand. It is desirable that the expression be as easy to understand as possible, as long as the expression does not have the possibility of being misread as being different from the intended invention.

Expressions to avoid

Affirmative language is required in the claims, and negative language should not be used. For example, a requirement such as "does not" or "does not have" cannot be used. This is because this does not mean that the requirements are limited, and the invention is not specified in such a way as to define everything other than certain things. In addition, selective or vague expressions are not permitted in the claims. Alternative expressions are conjunctions that express alternatives, such as “or, or, or”. In addition, the ambiguous expression is an expression whose range is unclear, such as "etc." and "about." This is because the invention is not specified. However, even if it is a selective expression or an unclear expression, it is a case where one thing is broadly expressed as a concept, and one specific term cannot be used, so such words are used to express is allowed as the case may be. For example, "according to the number or amount" and "elastic material such as rubber, plastic, etc." are examples.

When describing the constituent elements of a claim, always pay attention to whether or not the constituent elements are really necessary, whether broader conceptual words can be used to express the constituent elements, etc. Care must be taken not to impose excessive restrictions. In particular, since inventors often think narrowly about their inventions, the drafter of the specification must thoroughly examine each requirement to see if it is possible to use broader terms, or if there are no unnecessary requirements. It must be carefully examined whether For that purpose, it is necessary to separate from the embodiments presented by the inventor and grasp the essence of the invention. However, it should be noted that no matter how broad the patent is, it should not be extended to include prior art. This is because an invention claimed to include prior art is not patentable. Also, it should not be expanded to the extent that it includes unrealistic things that are far from common technical knowledge. It should be remembered that patents are intended only for things that can be used industrially.

Vague terms are not suitable for the scope of the claims, but terms that are well defined by those skilled in the art may be used without further explanation. In addition, when there is no suitable term, it can be used as a clear term if it is clearly defined in the text of the specification.

In the description of the scope of claims, the most important thing is to describe the constituent elements of the invention clearly and sufficiently broadly, and the format should be easy to express in relation to the content of the invention. should be selected. In particular, in terms of the form of expression, it is desirable to use as concise an expression as possible on the premise that the invention will be accurately expressed so as not to obscure the gist of the invention and to prevent the expression from being unnecessarily roundabout.

(3) Independent and dependent claims
The claims may be set forth in one or more claims, and the claims may, from a formal point of view, be independent or dependent. There is no difference in legal effect between the two.

Dependent claims are described in a form dependent on other claims, and the number of claims to be dependent may not be one. subordinate form.

A dependent claim is a claim that limits or specifically specifies a particular requirement stated in a dependent subject claim. add other requirements to the dependent claims, replace the requirements stated in the dependent subject claims with others, or refer to the dependent subject claims in their entirety as they are, and as a form of expression, In response to the requirement A, "X described in claim 1, characterized in that said A is ...", "Y characterized in that X described in claim 1 is used for ...", "Furthermore, B is used." It is described as "X" in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:

Two or more requirements may be specified here, and may be "characterized by the fact that the above A is... and the above B is...".
When two claims are dependent, a selective expression such as "X in claim 1 or 2, wherein said A is..." is used to selectively depend on multiple claims. Make an expression like

When selectively depending on three or more claims, "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...X in the first, second or third claim", "...the X in the first, second or third claim." X described in (1) (in) any one of (1) to (3) from (1) to (3). Describe.

Arrangement of independent claims and dependent claims shall be such that the independent claim is described first, followed by the dependent claims dependent on the independent claim. Dependent claims that depend on more than one claim must appear after any of the claims on which they depend.
About the abstract

The purpose of the abstract is to provide a brief explanation of the content of the invention separately from the specification for the convenience of searches, etc., and it is not used as a subject of examination or as a material for interpreting the scope of rights. It is said that
Therefore, it is recommended to use simple technical expressions instead of using unique expressions intended to interpret the scope of rights, such as those used in the description of the claims. For example, the use of patent-specific terms such as "said", "the", and "...means" should be avoided as much as possible, and it is better to use terms that express the members themselves of the embodiments with reference numerals in the drawings.

Bad example: "The product is transported by the transport means..."

→ Good example: "Lighter 5 is conveyed by belt conveyor 8..."

The abstract should be written within 400 characters (within about 11 lines, including formulas and chemical formulas), divided into "problem" and "solution". If there are drawings, select the best one and describe the invention with reference to that drawing.

In the column of the problem, do not use expressions such as "the present invention ..." and "provide" in the specification that use unnecessary words, but directly express expressions such as "in ...". use.

Example: Improving the SN ratio in a magnetic tape playback device.

In the column of means for solving the problem, the gist of the embodiment shown in the selected drawing (only the portion that simply shows the gist of the invention will suffice) will be described using reference numerals. If there is room in the number of characters, the effects may be mentioned, but it is not necessary to mention different embodiments and modifications.
About drawings

The drawings are used as an aid to the explanation of the invention to facilitate the reader's understanding of the invention, but the drawings are only an aid and cannot be used as a substitute for the explanation of the invention. The invention must be clearly stated in writing. For example, just because a square was drawn in a drawing, it is not permissible to make a correction to limit it to an example of a square later. This is because a square is only an example of a polygon or an example of a simple figure, and it cannot be recognized that the idea of a square rather than a triangle is actively disclosed. Therefore, what is related to the idea of the invention or what is meaningful as an embodiment must be positively described not only in drawings but also in sentences.

In order to help the reader understand the invention, it is recommended to use drawings as much as possible. However, it is better to explain the prior art without using the drawings as much as possible, except in cases where the explanation cannot be done without the drawings. This is because the specification and drawings are primarily for the purpose of disclosing the invention for which a patent is sought, and should not be devoted to explaining the prior art.


For inventions involving mechanical structures with moving motion, it is desirable to use multiple drawings showing each stage of the motion so that the motion can be seen.
When describing a plurality of different embodiments, drawings should be prepared for each, and it is not preferable to show different forms in one drawing. However, when only a part of the whole is modified, the modified example may be indicated by a broken line or the like to save space.

In the case of inventions in the field of chemistry, especially inventions related to substances and compositions, it is often unnecessary, but in the case of inventions that use devices, it is also necessary in the field of chemistry.
About signs


Reference numerals are used in the drawings to indicate elements. The same reference numerals are used for the same members. Also, the same reference numeral must not be used for two or more different members. As the code, alphabets can be used in addition to numbers. Combinations of numbers and letters (2a, 3a, R1, A1, etc.) can also be used, but it is not acceptable to use combinations more frequently than necessary. This is because the characters in the drawings become small and difficult to find when reading.

Different reference numerals are used for corresponding elements in different embodiments. In the case of particularly similar embodiments, corresponding (not the same but similar, eg, 12, 22, 32) designations are used for corresponding members to facilitate understanding of the correspondence. It is common to change the digits of 100 for each different embodiment and use the same code for the corresponding members in the last two digits, but the number of digits of the code increases even though the number of members is not so large. should be avoided. This is because the drawing becomes difficult to see.

In US patent practice, there is a rule that everything in a claim must be in the drawings. Therefore, for applications that are likely to be filed in the United States, it is preferable to prepare drawings according to the rules from the time of filing in Japan. That is, all claimed variations must be shown in the drawings. The verbal content in the text may not be shown in the drawings, but the modification cannot be claimed later. However, if it is not new matter and can be added by amendment, there is no problem.








The previous series of inventions related to the conventional direction information acquisition method originated by the present inventor (the list is given and shown elsewhere in this paper)

"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
Compared to
(And whether it is receiving a direct wave or it is shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up the diffracted wave, so it will be completely shielded. Although it is difficult to say that
board"
It was something.

for that reason,
When the strength of the signals emitted by individual satellites in a constellation of satellites orbiting the earth is not uniform for some reason, in other words when the strength of the signals emitted by multiple individual signal sources is not uniform for some reason ,

"The strength of the received signal of a given satellite signal is
A fixed threshold value, i.e. a constant value.
Compared to
(And whether it is receiving a direct wave or it is shielded [However, even if the antenna is shielded, if the size of the shield is close to the wavelength, it will pick up the diffracted wave, so it will be completely shielded. Although it is difficult to say that
board"

But,
no longer,
The estimation or judgment is
It was difficult.


for example,

One satellite A is another satellite B to satellite K, and
A satellite signal that is outstandingly strong (compared to the transmission signal from other satellites B to satellite K, for example, as much as 5 dB, for example),
(It doesn't matter if it's poor maintenance, initial problems, aging deterioration, accidents due to meteorite collisions, etc., specification changes, generational differences, etc.)
If you were sending

Even if the signal from satellite A was finally received as a diffracted wave from behind the shield,

In other words, even if the diffracted wave is shielded,

Even if the diffraction loss is 2 dB, for example,

Still, compared to the outgoing signal from other satellite B to satellite K,

There is still a high possibility of showing a reception state as high as 3 dB.

Because

If you are receiving a direct wave from a signal source (satellite) that is sending out a weak signal,
When,
When receiving a diffracted wave diffracted at the edge of an obstruction from a signal source (satellite) transmitting a strong satellite
the judgment of
It was difficult.


(Here, it is an excellent feature that shielding objects with dimensions close to the wavelength of GNSS can be used, and the body method is always used.
A method that is effective and has a great effect in

According to the present invention, the reception situation is first divided into two in the sky,
In the sky on one side, for the GNSS antenna

using one's body

By creating a certain shielding situation,


After that,


(Or, of course, it can be done at the same time. In that case, two devices that can be regarded as having similar or equivalent performance can be used, and equivalent receivers can be connected to each and their reception conditions can be compared (here It is an excellent feature that shielding objects with dimensions close to the wavelength of GNSS can be used, and the body method is an extremely wonderful invention in that it can fully utilize the body that always exists with the user. It is a matter of course that it plays a role, and this is an original invention by the inventor who has repeated thought experiments and experiments, and it is possible to fuse various concepts from different fields. It was possible only with the academic background and passion of the present inventor, who had an academic background that was able to achieve this, and it is natural that it is impossible for a person skilled in the art to easily conceive of it.))
We should avoid wasting space by ranting about such obvious things.
The simultaneous measurement method of the present invention is also effective, and it is a matter of course that there is no hindrance to its realization. ) in the sky on one side, first create a reception situation by creating a certain shielding situation for the GNSS antenna,

Afterwards (or of course at the same time), in which case two antennas with similar or equivalent performance should be prepared.
Of course, it is also possible to connect equivalent receivers to each of them and compare their reception conditions.
We should avoid wasting space by ranting about such obvious things.
The simultaneous measurement method of the present invention is also effective, and it is a matter of course that there is no hindrance to its realization.

This claim is also written
■ What to do > myself ■)


Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,

For the signals emitted by the "same" one satellite,



On the other hand, the reception status data string is wonderful because it can be a shielding object (wavelength-sized body, water, electrolyte solution, or alcohol that has a frequency absorption in the 1.5 GHz band). , we are evolutionary organisms that came up from the sea on the earth to land
We can say that we have it, and we can say that 70% of it is water, and almost all objects that can be heated in a microwave oven can be used. It's great to fit in nicely
)

The diffracted wave is received,

On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so

(I'll talk more about when it happens to be on or in the border area later.)
Whether the transmitted signal strength of one satellite signal is stronger or weaker than that of another satellite,
For the same signal,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the diffracted wave,
On the other hand, the reception status data string is the one that received the direct wave, so
Which of the two reception status data strings is
In the diffracted wave reception situation,
Which
Check the direct wave reception status
It will get better just by doing some exercise,
this is,
The difficulty of the inventor's previous invention has completely disappeared,
very,
It becomes easier to distinguish
It becomes self-evident.
It has also been confirmed experimentally.

In this way
of an earlier invention
difficulty
I was able to overcome it.


again,
Because the previous invention was extremely original,
who truly understood this
there were few in the world.
Therefore,
the previous invention itself
another
This method

in short
the same signal source
Direct wave reception status and
the diffracted wave reception status
produce
which one
which one
discriminate
Even if that is the case,

and
Combining previous inventions by the inventor

The idea itself
cannot occur
it is conceivable that

Therefore, what a person skilled in the art can easily conceive is
that it's impossible to say
Make a note of it.






that kind of
As mentioned in (somewhere in) this article,
A direction information acquisition method comprising:

Alternatively, in the "claim description part" (this "part substantially corresponding to the claim description ●" is applicable to all claims described in this article and similar description parts) The direction information acquisition method shown,

In addition

Body is also used for shielding ・・・※101
characterized by


Or the direction information acquisition method shown in "Claim ●" (this "Claim ●" applies to all claims described in this article and similar or similar descriptions)


will also be asserted as a claim.


In the above *101 part, the following words can be inserted individually, in combination with each other, or by adding or removing sentences that further incorporate the gist of this article. for example:


○ Deploy GNSS antennas separately on the front and back of the body at the same time

○ Simultaneously deploy GNSS antennas separately on the front and back of the body, and also connect individual GNSS receivers to them

o Simultaneously deploying separate GNSS antennas on the front and back of the body, and also connecting them to separate GNSS receivers, and connecting them to separate recording devices,

o Deploy separate GNSS antennas simultaneously on the front and back of the body, and also connect separate GNSS receivers to them, and also connect separate recording devices to them, or , also deploying a received content comparison device connected to a separate recording device,

○ Simultaneously deploy GNSS antennas separately on the front and back of the body, and also connect separate GNSS receivers to them, and also connect separate recording devices to them, and those separately A received content comparison device connected to the recording device is also provided, and a data processing unit that produces direction information based on the result of the received content comparison device is connected to the received content comparison device.

○ Simultaneously deploy GNSS antennas separately on the front and back of the body, and also connect separate GNSS receivers to them, and also connect separate recording devices to them, and those separately A data processing unit that produces direction information based on the result of the received content comparison device is also connected to the received content comparison device, and the received content comparison device is connected to the received content comparison device. Also deploy a result output device that connects to the comparison device


(These explanations are given below:
Separate GNSS antennas on the front and back of the body [Naturally, one that supports multi-GNSS is also acceptable. As described in this paper], it is of course possible to simultaneously deploy GNSS receivers [multi-GNSS compatible] for each of them. [as also described in this paper], and to which a separate recording device is also connected, and a received content comparison device connected to those separate recording devices is also provided, and the received content comparison device A data processing unit that produces azimuth information based on the result of [the content of the calculation, that is, the method of comparison has already been described in this paper] is connected to the received content comparison device, and the received content comparison Deploy a result output device that connects to the device [The result may be presented by voice, or the orientation may be presented visually by using so-called VR glasses or AR glasses to duplicate the scenery outside. Alternatively, the skin stimulation may be applied to the forehead, arm, back of the hand, or the like, and may be presented by vibration or the like. Naturally good. As mentioned in this paper]


In the above *101 part, the following words can be inserted individually, in combination with each other, or by adding or removing sentences that further incorporate the gist of this article. for example:


○ By deploying one GNSS antenna on the front (or back) of the body and simply turning over only the GNSS antenna, the so-called "reversal" state described in this article can be embodied or realized [ In this case, there is no need to invert the body, so there is a great effect that it is not necessary to invert the body, which is more troublesome or complicated, or even the difficult body inversion is not necessary for the physically handicapped etc.]


○ And in this case, for a certain period of time
[For example, 1 minute, 30 seconds, 15 seconds, 10 seconds, etc., the optimum and shortest time length for judgment should be determined according to the performance of the GNSS receiver. It is natural that it will be short, but it is also one of the excellent features of the present invention that the user can select the optimum cost-performance ratio, and it can be used even in developing countries. There is human security in international peace operations, international peacekeeping operations (as UN activities), voluntary evacuation support for displaced people, escape support from conflict-affected countries, voluntary disaster relief, intergovernmental assistance, and international humanitarian assistance. It has a great effect that it can be used in the activities of
as one measurement state, after that, turn over only the GNSS antenna each time that time elapses,
[Or, if it is another method, it will be called reversing the antenna and the body],
Almost the same time as the other (other) measurement state
[Measurement is beautiful only at the same time, but it may be almost the same time.] This is because, when flipped over, if there is some kind of characteristic in sensitivity and it is more convenient for judgment, it is of course good to do so. Since it is an advantage of
as the other measurement state,
After that,
Their reception status was recorded (or it is natural that one of the most recent times can be saved without installing a recording device to save equipment costs and weight).
Recording of each recording device part
Compare with a comparison device
The signal from which satellite (signal source) is received as a diffracted wave
From which satellite (signal source) was the signal received as a direct wave?
determine or estimate
By
each
tied to the signal source (satellite)
Position information of the signal source (satellite)
take advantage of
the bearing or direction the user is facing
get information

○ At this time, one GNSS antenna is connected to one GNSS signal receiver, and one GNSS signal receiver is connected to one recording device.
(One reception state record and the other reception state record are recorded respectively)
are connected, and one recording device has one data processing
(Comparing the data recorded in one record of the reception state and the record of the other reception state, it is possible to determine whether the signal from a certain satellite (signal source) was received as a direct wave, or whether it was a diffracted wave. and based on the result of the determination, obtain the direction information that the user is facing))
may be connected, and furthermore, a result output device may be connected therefrom.

(It is of course possible to use the azimuth information obtained by various methods described separately in this paper (mode, modality, skin sensation such as hearing, sight, touch, temperature sensation, pain sensation, etc.) In the case of sound, multilingual However, it is not limited to language, but it can be melody, various SE sounds, natural sounds, animal voices, or cultural sounds (such as the sound of money at a temple, the sound of money at a Buddhist altar, etc.). It is good to hear the sounds of 12 different cultural spheres, such as the chirping of sparrows, the chirping of wild birds, and the sounds of the twelfth cultural sphere. It is of course possible to associate it with bow wow or meow in the language, or rather, it can be changed to a language acquisition system using them, or it can be developed further. In other words, it can be developed into a system that explains the scenery you will see in the language you want to learn, which can be developed into a story, or a storyteller system. This is of course a good thing, especially if it is a method of obtaining azimuth information that has a wide range of walking distances, but viewing, views, perspectives, and views are not the culture of our country or of Eastern philosophy. The purpose of the area is to
(Appreciation of Japanese gardens can also be positioned as one of them.) It would be nice to have explanations and explanations of such a cultural view flowing, and dare I say that is where the original value of this system lies, and where it is aimed. of. This is the world of Fifty-three Stages of the Tokaido, Hiroshige Ando, Katsushika Hokusai, and Van Gogh's world. When it is possible to estimate such scenery from the direction information when the user is looking at the scenery, it is not only possible to provide the direction information, but also if the user wishes (landscape commentary information beyond the direction information). -Cultural commentary on the scenery (such as the five-storied pagoda of ○ temple, which is designated as a national treasure by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, should be visible in or near the field of view, or ○ in the 100 cultural views, At this time, you can see the temple and make money (GNSS can also obtain the date and time), or the festival should be in the scenery in front of you in 5 minutes from today, such cultural information. , social information may also be provided, reading the scenery, waka, tanka, haiku inquiries, and if the response is correct by tapping, you may respond, in that case, vibration to obtain the tapping response As long as it has a built-in sensor, it can be claimed.Also, if you connect the weather forecast to the Internet, you should be able to see black clouds from the direction in front of you in a few minutes. It is also possible to provide information such as the arrival of heavy rain or heavy rain. Providing information that the time of sunrise will be given in several minutes, providing warnings about weather changes every moment in advance, or, if it is found to be a campsite, predicting the rise of the nearby river. , information can be provided, and commentaries tracing the historical development of waka, tanka, and haiku lyrically sang the scenery from the location and direction. Japan is a problem-oriented country and a pioneering country, Japan is also a tourism-oriented country, Japan aims to become an intellectual property-oriented country, IT-oriented country, Japan has declared itself as an IT-advanced nation, and Japan is aiming to become a science, technology and innovation-oriented nation. It is well suited to the policies of the Cabinet Secretariat, the Cabinet Secretariat, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, the Patent Office, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications.)


○ Of course, in this result output device, not only direction information but also positioning (latitude, longitude, altitude) information and time information are used for output (of course, it is good as a matter of course)

○ In this result output device, of course, not only direction information but also positioning (latitude, longitude, altitude) information and time information are used for output,
As a result, using the information database connected to the output device, information that is expected to be meaningful for the user in all fields can be displayed.
guess and offer

○ At the time of outputting the result at this time, (always or according to user's permission or request) is provided. I will reconfirm that it is the other ○ that meaning.) In this case, tourism, weather, culture, history, economy, industry, politics, literature, philosophy, poetry, crime, danger information , overseas (local) danger information (including information provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, etc.), explanations in multiple languages about the scenery in front of you that contributes to language learning and events in the humanities and social sciences related to it, or learning support by doing so (Things that contribute to language learning, scientific learning, history learning, training in composing waka, haiku, tanka, etc., training in interpreter guides and tourist guidance skills, training in multiple languages, or support for their work (for example, priming in psychology) A direction information acquisition method characterized by simultaneously providing related words and topics in the mother tongue or target language so that the language will come out smoothly with support aimed at effectiveness.

○ When outputting the result at this time, confirm that the result output device is connected to the Internet connection device (a direction information acquisition method characterized by that). recheck)

○Before outputting the results of this age, connect to the Internet, obtain and provide related information (Confirm that it is a direction information acquisition method characterized by (the following is the same as before) reconfirm that there is

○ For the result output at this age, the obtained direction information acquisition method (using the positioning result and the time result) is also used, such as a virtual character using augmented reality technology (such as Pokemon GO) A direction information acquisition method characterized by forming a double-imprinted world with a real-world image and a map, and providing the double-imprinted image and the virtual reality world to the user. (Re-confirm that the following is the same as before)


○When obtaining azimuth information by this method, in addition to shielding the body, or
The dipole moment of water, alcohols, etc., which also show specific absorption characteristics for GNSS satellite signals (already invented by the inventor) By using a liquid or gel made of molecules with check)

○It is generally not easy to distinguish between reception as a direct wave and reception as a diffracted wave. (This appears as a phenomenon in which the signal strength drops sharply, that is, the frequency of drops is high.) I have found that it is possible), so the SS communication method
(The SS communication method is originally used for distance measurement, etc.), which can be said to be a negative characteristic. We carried out epilepsy with a grand idea that no one could have thought of or could possibly do, and repeated experiments. This was made possible only through the accumulation of know-how unique to the company.)
)
It does not mean that it is limited because it is possible to use the characteristics of the body (or the like), but the body is always with the user, so it is very convenient and it is possible to actively use it. It can only be realized when combined with the idea of making positive use of the characteristics of the SS communication system mentioned earlier. The invention was made possible only because he graduated from the Department of Basic Sciences, the University of Tokyo, and has rare academic knowledge that spans a wide range of fields, such as a substance with large complex loss and tangent loss δ in the waveband, and a material with physicochemical properties. But by using them comprehensively (incorporating this novel idea),
Distinguish between reception as direct waves and reception as diffracted waves
(A direction information acquisition method characterized by confirming that both before and after are the same as ○, and confirming that the following is the same as before.)

○ However, in this case, the boundary area is excluded, and the fixed viewing angle width (for example, a band of 10 degrees or 15 degrees) should be treated differently for the boundary area.

○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) to take

○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) , and flip the body and the GNSS antenna together, and combine those results to make a judgment (by making a more accurate judgment) (in this way, various developments can be taken) It is a noodle that produces a great effect of the present invention)


○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) , and/or take the method of inverting the body and the GNSS antenna, and combine those results to make a judgment (by making a more accurate judgment) (in this way, various developments can be taken This is also a great effect of the present invention), and, alternatively, two or more people cross their shoulders and take a shape in which their sides are in close contact or a shape in which their sides are slightly overlapped to create a larger integrated shield. Place the GNSS antenna near the center etc.


○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) , and/or take the method of inverting the body and the GNSS antenna, and combine those results to make a judgment (by making a more accurate judgment) (in this way, various developments can be taken This is also a great effect of the present invention), and, alternatively, two or more people cross their shoulders and take a shape in which their sides are in close contact or a shape in which their sides are slightly overlapped to create a larger integrated shield. Place the GNSS antenna near the center, etc. In that case, if it is difficult to turn over the integrated type, only the GNSS antenna should be turned over.

○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) , and/or take the method of inverting the body and the GNSS antenna, and combine those results to make a judgment (by making a more accurate judgment) (in this way, various developments can be taken This is also a great effect of the present invention), and, alternatively, two or more people cross their shoulders and take a shape in which their sides are in close contact or a shape in which their sides are slightly overlapped to create a larger integrated shield. Place the GNSS antenna near the center, etc. Even in that case, if it is difficult to turn over the GNSS antenna as an integrated unit, take a method of turning over only the GNSS antenna, or Flip the whole GNSS antenna as it is


○At the age of using the human body, which is a small shield, or when using the human body of an even smaller child, the method of actively turning over only the GNSS antenna (not the whole body) , and/or take the method of inverting the body and the GNSS antenna, and combine those results to make a judgment (by making a more accurate judgment) (in this way, various developments can be taken This is also a great effect of the present invention), and, alternatively, two or more people cross their shoulders and take a shape in which their sides are in close contact or a shape in which their sides are slightly overlapped to create a larger integrated shield. Place the GNSS antenna near the center, etc. Even in that case, if it is difficult to turn over the GNSS antenna as an integrated unit, take a method of turning over only the GNSS antenna, or At that time, the configuration with two or more people may be a monolithic shape, a wedge-shaped shape, a U-shaped shape, or any other shape, so do it in that shape.

○






○ However, in this case, except for the boundary area, the fixed viewing angle width (for example, a belt-like width of 10 degrees or 15 degrees) should be treated differently for the boundary area, and the diffracted wave and the direct wave If it is difficult to distinguish between them, they are regarded as being in the boundary area, and if they are consistent with the discrimination information of other satellite signals, rather than contradicting them, they rather corroborate the discrimination information of other satellite signals. , as information, or rather as information corroborating the correctness of other satellite signal discrimination information




○ Information provided at the same time as the output of this year's result, estimates the user's direction and interest from the positioning result, the date and time acquisition result obtained at the same time as the positioning, and the direction information (for example, information about the direction the user is facing). and (or in addition may be exploited by knowing from analysis that the orientation is preserved), extrapolate the view, and describe the content contained in or associated with the view.


○ In this result output device, of course, not only direction information but also positioning (latitude, longitude, altitude) information and time information are used for output,
As a result, using the information database connected to the output device, information that is expected to be meaningful for the user in all fields can be displayed.
guess and offer


○ By deploying one GNSS antenna on the front (or back) of the body and simply turning over the GNSS antenna there, the so-called "reversal" state described in this article can be embodied or realized. [In this case, since the body does not need to be turned over, there is a great effect that it is not necessary to turn over the body, which is more troublesome or complicated, or even the body turn over that is difficult for the physically handicapped etc. is unnecessary.]


○ By deploying one GNSS antenna on the front (or back) of the body and simply turning over the GNSS antenna there, the so-called "reversal" state described in this article can be embodied or realized. [In this case, since the body does not need to be turned over, there is a great effect that it is not necessary to turn over the body, which is more troublesome or complicated, or even the body turn over that is difficult for the physically handicapped etc. is unnecessary.]



During the exchange of opinions on disaster-related responses
ten lessons

・Don't be too cautious in normal times. Be bold in an emergency...
・Human life is the top priority...
・The source of action is information
・Initial response determines the success or failure of disaster response.
・Organizational management in the event of an emergency is top-down.
・Logistical support and rest are the most important considerations for a commander. Do not leave things up to subordinates.
・It is important to take precautionary measures for restoration patterns. Keep your recovery plan simple and don't neglect training.
・Staff are creators and performers
・The point of public relations is promptness and provision of information on recovery prospects



http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/docs/2012082900114/
Quote from Tokushima Prefecture's disaster prevention and crisis management information

Looking at this kind of information, I realized once again the importance of valuing all aspects of initial response, self-help, mutual assistance, and public assistance, as in the present invention. It is once again recognized that being prepared by doing what you can, and responding with self-help and mutual assistance in times of emergency are very effective in dealing with modern disasters. This is an aspect that is often forgotten.


“Learn about the Nankai Earthquake – Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture” (30th) – “Ten Precepts of Tsunami”

January 8, 2010


Tsunami ten precepts

The 30th is "Tsunami 10 Lessons" in Kaifu District Kaiyo Town Kainan Office Plaza in front of Asakawa Branch Office.

Name: Ten Precepts of Tsunami

Location: Asakawa, Kaiyo-cho, Kaifu-gun, 26-4 Higashi Kawayori, Kainan government building Asakawa branch office square

Established: December 21, 1996

Earthquake: Showa Nankai Earthquake (December 21, 1946)



Next to the Nankaido Earthquake and Tsunami Monument commemorating the 50th anniversary of the earthquake, the Ten Precepts of Tsunami are engraved. It includes the following: "Some tsunamis may be higher than the highest tide level signs of the Showa Nankai Earthquake Tsunami that have been erected in the district; It does not necessarily mean that you will be towed, evacuate to a nearby high place quickly, and teach how to move ships.



"Lesson"

It is important for each and every resident to learn from the Ten Lessons, know the weaknesses of their own area, and take appropriate measures to deal with tsunami.



Next time, I will introduce the monument of Asakawa, Kaiyo Town.

The following text and photographs show the ten precepts inscribed on the stone monument.
http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/docs/2012082900114/
http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/docs/2012082900114/files/dN0weAWO.gif








There is also information on: http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/zokusei/serialization/ Looking at it this way, the importance of valuing all aspects of initial response, self-help, mutual assistance, and public assistance as in the present invention is reaffirmed. , as in the present invention, do what you can do as much as possible without leaving it to others, and in the event of an emergency, respond with self-help and mutual assistance. It is done. This is an aspect that is often forgotten.

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There is also information on:
http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/bunya/tunamihi/
Looking at it in this way, the importance of valuing all aspects of initial action, self-help, mutual assistance, and public assistance, as in the present invention, is recognized again. It is once again recognized that self-help and mutual assistance in the event of an emergency are very effective in dealing with modern disasters. This is an aspect that is often forgotten.


Earthquake/Tsunami Monument

TOP > Field > Disaster Prevention Column > Earthquake/Tsunami Monument

About the serialization of "Knowing the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture"


Earthquake/Tsunami Monument

Japan's oldest tsunami monument: Memorial monument for the 1364 Shohei Nankai earthquake tsunami "Koreki Monument" Higashiyuki, Minami-cho, Kaifu-gun, Tokushima Prefecture

As a resource to learn about the history of earthquake and tsunami damage, we have compiled "Knowing the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture". Many valuable old earthquake and tsunami monuments remain in this prefecture, and many useful lessons that should be utilized for future earthquake and tsunami disaster prevention are engraved on these monuments.

From the next time, we will introduce monuments, memorial monuments, plaques, etc. related to the past Nankai earthquake and tsunami that remain in various parts of the prefecture. (See attachment: Location of earthquake and tsunami monument in Tokushima Prefecture)

～Words at the beginning～

Professor Emeritus, Tokushima University Hitoshi Murakami

The next Nankai earthquake will occur in the first half of this century, and its energy will be more than four times that of the 1946 Showa Nankai earthquake.In Tokushima Prefecture, it is estimated that 4,300 people will die and 49,700 buildings will be completely destroyed. The citizens of Tokushima must work together to face the next Nankai earthquake and strive to minimize the damage.

This booklet summarizes the survey results of monuments, memorial monuments, plaques, etc. (hereinafter collectively referred to as monuments) related to the past Nankai earthquake and tsunami that remain in various parts of the prefecture. Along with a memorial service for the victims, the monument also contains the thoughts of our predecessors that we should never let future generations experience such tragic damage again. I have to inherit it.

In Tokushima Prefecture, there are many old and valuable earthquake and tsunami monuments that are unparalleled elsewhere. These include the 1361 Shohei Nankai Earthquake, the 1605 Keicho Nankai Earthquake, which is said to be the oldest tsunami monument in Japan, and the 1707 Hoei Earthquake, and the 1854 Ansei Nankai Earthquake, which are said to be the oldest tsunami monuments in Japan. Furthermore, in addition to the monument immediately after the 1946 Showa Nankai Earthquake shortly after the end of the war, you can also see new monuments built in recent years, such as the monument marking the tsunami height of the 1960 Chile earthquake tsunami that occurred overseas.

Many useful lessons that should be utilized for future earthquake and tsunami disaster prevention are engraved on these monuments. However, there are places where the faces of the monuments have been weathered and worn, making the inscriptions unreadable, while there are also areas where the inscriptions are revived and new monuments are erected in order to carry on the thoughts of their predecessors. In addition to the monuments featured here, it is possible that there are still earthquake and tsunami monuments in various parts of the prefecture, and it is hoped that this booklet will serve as an opportunity to discover these precious monuments.

This booklet contains 1) the name of the monument, 2) the names of past Nankai earthquakes, 3) the location and map of the monument, 4) the photograph of the monument and an outline of the inscription, and 5) the lessons learned from the monument. increase.

With this booklet in hand, we hope that you will visit the site, think about the damage at that time, make use of the lessons of the monument, and help prepare yourself for the next Nankai earthquake. In addition, I would like you to use it for disaster prevention education and disaster prevention learning in schools and communities.

Today, the original wetlands, ponds, and salt pans have been reclaimed, and the topography, land use, and social structure have changed significantly since the Nankai earthquake in the past. It is possible that Therefore, when the next Nankai earthquake strikes, I would like all of the people of the prefecture to think about a system that maximizes the functions of self-help, mutual assistance, and public assistance, minimizes damage, and enables early recovery and reconstruction.

It is my hope that you will find hints of wisdom from the cries of our predecessors and the wisdom of applying the lessons of the past to the present.


There is also information on:
http://anshin.pref.tokushima.jp/bunya/tunamihi/

Looking at it in this way, the importance of valuing all aspects of initial action, self-help, mutual assistance, and public assistance, as in the present invention, is recognized again. It is once again recognized that self-help and mutual assistance in the event of an emergency are very effective in dealing with modern disasters. This is an aspect that is often forgotten.

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"Knowing the Nankai Earthquake - Tokushima Prefecture Earthquake and Tsunami Monument" (No. 35) - Tomoura "Kaijoki" (February 12, 2010, Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
"Learn about the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture" (34th) - Oiwa "Keicho-Hoei Earthquake and Tsunami Monument" (February 5, 2010, Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
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"Knowing the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture" (32nd) - Asakawa Senkoji Temple "Great Earthquake Tsunami Chronicle" plaque (January 22, 2010, Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
"Learn about the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture" (31st) - Asakawa Misaki Shrine "Great Earthquake Tsunami Chronicles" (January 15, 2010, Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
"Learn about the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture" (30th) - "Ten Precepts of Tsunami" (January 8, 2010)
Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
"Learn about the Nankai Earthquake - Earthquake and Tsunami Monument in Tokushima Prefecture" (No. 29) - "Nankaito Earthquake and Tsunami Historical Monument 50 Years After the Earthquake" (December 25, 2009, Tokushima Zero Operation Division)
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In addition, regarding the drawings for this application, it seems that there is a problem with the online application software, but inevitably, some of the vertical and horizontal lines regarding the drawing of the body cannot be drawn in the original drawing at hand. Although there are some problems that are not clearly displayed for some reason, they can be viewed by supplementing the line segments as they should be. Thank you very much.


for example,
A horizontal line segment on the lower side of the paper surface of FIG.
The vertical line segment on the left side of the page of Figure 15,
including the vertical line segment on the left side of the page in FIG.
Regarding this application, it seems that the drawings are due to a problem with the online application software. Although it is drawn in the original drawing at hand, there are some defects that are not clearly displayed for some reason, but these are the line segments that should be there and compensate for them. We look forward to seeing you there.


A combination of the following methods may also be used.
・Maximum likelihood method
・It rotates clockwise (or counterclockwise) by a degrees/t seconds. It's okay. It means to stay still for t seconds. When changing the angle abruptly, it is shifted clockwise by a degrees (vice versa).
・Propose a device that analyzes the accumulated data like artificial intelligence.
a = 360 degrees/60 seconds = 6 degrees/second, and this is the movement of the second hand if rotated clockwise.

By imagining the screen and sound of the time signal before the regular news on NHK-TV, it is possible to easily grasp the time and the angle of rotation, and to perform the rotation accurately and unexpectedly while maintaining unexpected accuracy. It is.
・Assuming that sufficient positioning has been done in advance, even roughly, or even if it is not immediately before, if positioning has been carried out at least once in or near the land within about two months before Elevation, azimuth and current latitude, longitude and altitude of positioning satellites
holds. By using it, the current time and the elevation and azimuth angles of each satellite group in the sky can be calculated immediately.
ihyou
・It is sufficient to inform the device of a and t in advance. (Also the direction of rotation z).

・Afterwards, the results can be obtained simply by rotating along the a and t (and the rotation direction z) along the parameters of the sky (faithfully) (excellent) A direction information acquisition method.

・For example, if a = 360 degrees / 60 (seconds) = 6 degrees, t = 1 (seconds), after telling the device, the user should move the second hand on the dial of an analog clock. On the ground surface, the body should be rotated clockwise around the body axis as viewed from above. It takes one minute from the start to the end of the measurement.

・For example, if a = 360 degrees / 4 = 90 degrees, t = 15 (seconds), after telling the device, the second hand on the dial of the analog clock will move once every 15 seconds. , 90 degrees each, the user should rotate clockwise around the body axis of the body on the ground surface as viewed from above. It takes one minute from the start to the end of the measurement.

・For example, if a = 360 degrees / 4 = 45 degrees, t = (seconds), after telling the device that, the second hand on the dial of the analog clock will move once every 15 seconds. The user should rotate clockwise around the body axis of the body on the ground so that it moves by 90 degrees when viewed from above.

That's what I said.

・It is natural that a turntable on which a person rides and automatically rotates may be used as necessary.
- In the case of a wheelchair, such a function may be attached to the wheelchair. In recent years, electric wheelchairs equipped with rechargeable batteries are also widely used, so they rotate at a constant speed substantially around a vertical axis, or produce a result similar to rotation.
It is clear that an exercise wheelchair can be easily realized. (It goes without saying that in today's world where automobiles capable of automatic parking (parking) operation are widely used, it can be easily realized as a normal thing.) is)
・Rotation or substantially the same motion as rotation, which is also possible with a single-person land mobile device such as a Segway, is easily possible (either by itself or as a pre-programmed movement, or both) It goes without saying that It is clear that the same applies not only to land mobiles, but also to single-person air mobiles and similar air mobiles. Obviously, the same is true for single-person and similar maritime vehicles.


After completing one set of direct/reverse measurement, even if you set an offset angle of 90 degrees and do another new set of direct/reverse,
As mentioned above, after facing each other, do not suddenly turn over. ), and then buy another 90 degrees
, is also good.

There is no need to stick to the 180-degree rotation called reversal or the 90-degree rotation mentioned above, and the above-described rotation of 6 degrees may be used.


・In recent years, we have entered an era in which not only 1Hz output but also GPS (GNSS) receivers that output 10Hz or more are frequently seen in the low-priced consumer product market. Using such equipment, even if a = 6 degrees and t = 1 second, each second of t contains information of 10 Hz or more. stability, countermeasures against signal strength variation).


A method that combines ki and below may also be used.
・Maximum likelihood method
・It is also possible to rotate clockwise (or counterclockwise) by multiplying a degrees by t seconds.

・In other words, in a certain direction, it stands still for t seconds (more specifically, after being still for t seconds, in other words, after t seconds), and then at an angle of a degrees (from the sky It rotates clockwise if viewed clockwise), then stands still for t seconds (more specifically, after it stands still for t seconds, in other words, after t seconds), and then rotates at an angle of a degrees It is also possible to rotate only (clockwise if viewed from the sky clockwise), and then repeat the same process as many times as necessary. The same thing was repeated twice here, and the rest was omitted. It may be easier to understand and perform until a 360 degree rotation is performed.

・It means to stay still for t seconds. When changing the angle abruptly, it is shifted clockwise by a degrees (vice versa).

・Propose a device that analyzes the accumulated data like artificial intelligence.

・This can be "approximately" approximated by rotational motion at a speed per second. It is of course possible to do so, because in many cases no problem arises.

If a = 360 degrees/60 seconds = 6 degrees/second, and it rotates clockwise, this is the movement of the second hand.

By imagining the screen and sound of the time signal before the regular news on NHK-TV, it is possible to easily grasp the time and the angle of rotation, and to perform the rotation accurately and unexpectedly while maintaining unexpected accuracy. It is.
・Assuming that sufficient positioning has been done in advance, even roughly, or even if it is not immediately before, if positioning has been carried out at least once in or near the land within about two months before Elevation, azimuth and current latitude, longitude and altitude of positioning satellites
holds. By using it, the current time and the elevation and azimuth angles of each satellite group in the sky can be calculated immediately.
ihyou

・A and t should be notified to the device in advance. (Also, the rotation direction z as seen from the sky may be notified to the device in advance). An input device for that purpose should be provided in the device. A device for inputting by voice has been widely used in recent years, so it is sufficient to use it. Alternatively, a display device that displays digital numbers and a switch that increases or decreases the digital numbers may be used as input devices. In this case, for example, it is a well-known technology nowadays to input some digital numbers, similar to setting the current time on a digital clock. Since it is not essential, further description is omitted because it deviates from the essence of the product.

・Afterwards, the results can be obtained simply by rotating along the a and t (and the rotation direction z) along the parameters of the sky (faithfully) (excellent) A direction information acquisition method.

・For example, if a = 360 degrees / 60 (seconds) = 6 degrees, t = 1 (seconds), after telling the device, the user should move the second hand on the dial of an analog clock. On the ground surface, the body should be rotated clockwise around the body axis as viewed from above. It takes one minute from the start to the end of the measurement. Even in this case, for example, GNSS receivers that output data 10 times per second are available on the market in recent years. Therefore, it is possible to easily compare reception states in the positive direction and reversed direction.

By superimposing the azimuth information obtained as a result of comparing the received signal strength and received signal stability in the opposite direction and the opposite direction, it is possible to easily obtain even more precise azimuth information. be.

(Also, on a side note, it is not necessary to accumulate the azimuth information obtained as a result of comparing the received signal strength and the received signal stability in the opposite direction and the reversed direction of reception conditions individually. Just as an example, the satellite signal received as a direct wave, along with the rotation <at some rotation angle, once has both features that are the reception characteristics of the boundary area feature After that, it changes to a diffracted wave reception state, and also with rotation, <at a certain rotation angle, it has both characteristics that are the reception characteristics of the boundary area characteristics once. After reaching the receiving state, the receiving state changes again to that of the direct wave.The characteristic of this change is examined by setting various values for The model is searched for θ that fits (maximizes the suitability function or likelihood), where the suitability function or likelihood is the sum of the suitability for each satellite. It would be better if


・Also, for example, if a = 360 degrees / 4 = 90 degrees, t = 15 (seconds), that fact was communicated to the device
Above, on the dial of an analog clock, the second hand moves once every 15 seconds, 90 degrees at a time, so that the user rotates clockwise around the body axis on the ground surface as viewed from above. should be rotated to It takes one minute from the start to the end of the measurement.

・For example, if a = 360 degrees / 4 = 45 degrees, t = (seconds), after telling the device that, the second hand on the dial of the analog clock will move once every 15 seconds. The user should rotate clockwise around the body axis of the body on the ground so that it moves by 90 degrees when viewed from above.

That's what I said.

If necessary, clockwise and counterclockwise rotations may be mixed, or the rotation angles may be interwoven with each other, and the difference can be easily realized by, for example, inputting a numerical value with a negative sign for counterclockwise rotation.
If it is necessary to interweave large and small rotation angles, all that is necessary is to enter them as a sequence. At that time, it is only necessary to input the time to stand still at that angle (direction) as a part of the sequence at the same time. thing is


・It is natural that a turntable on which a person rides and automatically rotates may be used as necessary.
- In the case of a wheelchair, such a function may be attached to the wheelchair. In recent years, electric wheelchairs equipped with rechargeable batteries are also widely used, so they rotate at a constant speed substantially around a vertical axis, or produce a result similar to rotation.
It is clear that an exercise wheelchair can be easily realized. (It goes without saying that in today's world where automobiles capable of automatic parking (parking) operation are widely used, it can be easily realized as a normal thing.) is)
・Rotation or substantially the same motion as rotation, which is also possible with a single-person land mobile device such as a Segway, is easily possible (either by itself or as a pre-programmed movement, or both) It goes without saying that It is clear that the same applies not only to land mobiles, but also to single-person air mobiles and similar air mobiles. Obviously, the same is true for single-person and similar maritime vehicles.


After completing one set of direct/reverse measurement, even if you set an offset angle of 90 degrees and do another new set of direct/reverse,
As mentioned above, after facing each other, do not suddenly turn over. ), and then buy another 90 degrees
, is also good.

There is no need to stick to the 180-degree rotation called reversal or the 90-degree rotation mentioned above, and the above-described rotation of 6 degrees may be used.


・In recent years, we have entered an era in which not only 1Hz output but also GPS (GNSS) receivers that output 10Hz or more are frequently seen in the low-priced consumer product market. Using such equipment, even if a = 6 degrees and t = 1 second, each second of t contains information of 10 Hz or more. stability, countermeasures against signal strength variation).


If necessary, clockwise and counterclockwise rotations may be mixed, or the rotation angles may be interwoven with each other, and the difference can be easily realized by, for example, inputting a numerical value with a negative sign for counterclockwise rotation.
If it is necessary to interweave large and small rotation angles, all that is necessary is to enter them as a sequence. At that time, it is only necessary to input the time to stand still at that angle (direction) as a part of the sequence at the same time. It is natural.


Arbitrary numerical values may be used for the above a and t.
Of course, any direction may be used as the rotation direction.
Of course, the output of the GNSS receiver is not limited to 1 Hz, but may be any value such as 10 Hz or 50 Hz.
Of course, the above likelihood may be tuned up according to the individual characteristics of the low-cost GNSS receiver to be used so as to maximize the characteristics of obtaining direction information. It goes without saying that a GNSS receiver equipped with a self-learning function that learns and performs the tune-up by itself may be used. Such machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence learning methods are detailed in books (described elsewhere), so I will leave them to books. In recent years, the report and related documents at the Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategic Council chaired by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, and the books of committee members and members, the Cabinet Office Comprehensive Science, Technology and Innovation Council chaired by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe For example, if you search for machine learning on Amazon, etc., you will find many hits on various books, such as the books of Professor Masuo of the University of Tokyo, related reports and related documents, etc. It is actively researched and activated on google, etc., and reprinting the contents of those books here will only bother the readers, so please refrain from detailed descriptions of those books, etc. will be handed over to
Designs and Applications of Wearable
GPS Receiving Unit with Scalable
Azimuth Limitation Ability
Masato Takahashi
Supervisor Professor Ryosuke Shibasaki
April, 2009
Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
Graduate School of Engineering

1
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . 3
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver .
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver .
Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation 27
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration .
2.2 Single unit configuration .
2.3 Multiple unit configuration with arbitrary angle 642.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation
algorithm .
3.1 Expected value of azimuth limitation width with parallel back-to-back 96
3.2 Effect of scalability .
3.3 Effect of satellite constellation .
3.4 Effect of number of acquired gps satellite signals .
3.5 Effect of angle for dual unit configuration 124
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 126Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System 161
4.1 Experiments in the framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun) 214
4.2 Stepping motor system .
4.3 GPS antenna and receiver unit: SONY IPS5000 .
4.4 UART-to-USB conversion module .
4.5 Electromagnetic wave abrosption material (for specific frequency band
in far field) .
4.6 Noise suppression sheet (measurements for GHz noise or coupling suppression in near field) 235
4.7 Transparent visibility shield windows .
4.8 Conditions and parameters of prototype experiment .
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system .
4.10 software .
4.11 software: rotation.bas .
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas .
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 293
Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum
Likelihood Estimation 306
5.1 Principle of maximum likelihood estimation 306
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 307
2 Contents
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood
estimation .
5.4 Comparison of simulation, prototype and prototype with maximum
likelifood estimation .
Chapter 6 Discussion 340
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization .
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration 3926.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 401
6.4 Materials, parts and devices .
6.5 International Standardization Organization 4486.6 Domestic Standardization Organization 448
6.7 Current status .
Chapter 7 Conclusion 452
Acknowledgment 457
Bibliography 458
Related Publications by the Author 467
Other Publications by the Author 471
Appendix A Free C Compilers and Free Graphics Libraries477
Appendix B Schedule of appearance of microcomputers with USB host function478
Appendix C Appearance of text-to-speech software 479
Appendix D Contribution to Japan's policy480
Appendix E Microcomputer: My current microcomputer and development board 482
Appendix F "Michelin Green Guide Japan 2009"[33][34] 488
Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion 493
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units .
1
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background
(This section, cultural tourism) In our homes, such as hard disk recorders and personal computers,
The number of devices that store image data and music data is increasing. various digitized
It would be convenient if content data could be viewed anywhere you want, regardless of where the device is installed.
. For example, listening to an in-depth explanation of a building that is a national treasure while looking at the actual building will give people a sense of excitement.
will be even deeper. I propose such a method (in the section on cultural tourism and lifelong education). my
The broadcasting culture of the country is quite wonderful, and such cultural commentary on NHK radio, etc., and lectures by the Open University of Japan on NHK radio, etc., are useful for lifelong education. Such things, in a timely manner,
If you can supply it, you can enjoy it even more deeply even in places that you may have visited by chance. Expanding into the English-speaking world
If so, it could include BBC radio broadcasts and the like. For audio media in English
Also, this proposal has good compatibility. Because this proposal is based on GPS, it maintains global surface availability.
This is because English also has properties similar to global surface availability. Combining these features
It can also be proposed as an educational support device and a cultural tourism support device. UNESCO World Heritage Sites, etc.
Appreciation is also compatible. This is not a coincidence, but rather, in today's world where mutual understanding of cultures is required,
Shouldn't it be viewed as proposing one specific and appropriate introduction route for cut like that
From the oral point of view, this proposal can also be considered as a proposal suitable for the times. At the same time, a global country
The prosperity of mobile phones and satellite mobile phones, the prosperity of i-Pods, and the ability to view broadcast media from remote locations.
This proposal is also supported by the establishment of national judicial precedents.
Recently, not a few pedestrians bring digital devices with them.
tendency observed allmost all over the world, it is much apparent especially here in
Japan.It has become to be rather usual that a pedestrian brings several digital devices
simultaneously with him, including ones such as mobile phone, PDA (Personal Digital
Assistance), digital audio player, digital IC void (audio) recorder, digital still camera,
DVC (Digital Video Camera), portable GPS receiver, laptop computer, and so on.
expects make use of a variety of information, immediately whenever he wants, ifpossible.
Related to partly this, effectivity is highly evaluated in these days also.
scencs of our daily lifestyle, people think time must be used effectively.
if there is a portable system to assist a pedestrian to find his bearins easilyand ecologically, he will appreciate the value. Besides, if it will provide the information of
the very object on the line-of-sight which the pedestrian happens to be interested in, it
would make more meaningful his transference time on foot.
is required even in our ordinary daily life.
On the other hand, as to social structure is changing from the viewpoint of generation.
Recently, the population ratio of persons advanced in years is rapidly growing at an unprecedented
rate in the world, especially in Japan.
world's highest as the natural result of decreasing birthrate.
Chapter 1 Introduction
action, if there emerge effective information tool convenient for not only young persons but
also persons advanced in years , it will be expected to be welcomed.
Expecting to tap the latent strength of leaned people including such senior generation,
the Japan Tourism Agency has been established to take effective measures to make Japan a
Tourism Nation. As the number of visitors come from oversea increased as a consequence,
the demands for guiding and making high quality explanation based on profound cultural
values will grow much faster than ever.
neat portable information device for such pedestrians like visitors from overseas would be
preferred by them.
Moreover, Japan is famous for frequent earthquakes and active volcanoes of more than 60
which sometimes make an eruption. In addition to earthquakes, Japan has often large scale
natural disasters including typhoon, tsunami, volcano eruption and unexpected accidents
and incidents. Our society today requires preparation such kind of large scale natural
In this aspect also, require efficient information equipment for emergency rescue
teams or medical dispatch units will be required to make a fast reach the causalities on
foot often on debris and rubbles.
Such rescue activities and abilities will be used to save lives of people in their distress
during their mountaineering. Today, leisure is considered important as well.
recommended to contact to the mother nature trough outdoor activities in the fresh air,
through such sports like mountaineering. as such activity contributes to manage his heath
for himself. It is said to lead to decrease medical cost. To fulfill his life by enjoying leisure
through mountaineering or such activities is said to be especially meaningful in the stressful
society. However, as novices sometimes lose their bearings in mountains and come to
be in a distressed state at a risk of life, some effective tools to prevent their loosing bearings
will be required in this social situation.
Considering rapid prevalence of information tools, the utilization of improved one of such
information tool for education during walking seems realistic and effective.
it would help historical study of historic sites (eg houryuji-temple or the like) or place of
scenic beauty in his community.
of flower and plant on the path or constellation observation outdoors contribute to the
cultivation of aesthetic sentiments as well as educational result.
parents would tend naturally to tend their children highly educated through convenient
Information tool during walking, if any.
Japan will face the challenge of aging society sooner than any other country in the
world. The whole world is watching to see how Japan will deal with it.
not a few people live out one's natural life span in coexistence with their diseases or
with measures for persons with disabilities such as barrier free facilities,
such information on facilities like special toilet facilities for ostomates or wheel chairs
persons, should be delivered to those who need them timely fashion during their walk or
transference . If the information of facilities the government or local municipals created
or arranged in the need in transference in the daily life portable through information tool,
it would be desirable.
With these social background in these days, economical, wearable or portable, digital
GPS device to provide azimuth (and sometimes information) as well as time and position
would be considered convenient.
In our daily life, if there is such kind of tool, which provides a pedestrian those information
all at once , it would be considered widely accepted.
Azimuth information is often important for pedestrians today.
you emerge above ground from a subway, you want to find you bearings in order to reach
the destination. As the other instance, when you hope to know about the architecture
which you have an interest, you and there are two or more architectures of resemblance,
1.2 Conventional approach 1: magnetic sensor 3
Fig. 1.1. Magnetic field near an electric train starting with electric current about 1500A
([102])
you want to find your bearings in order to identify the architecture for acquiring explanation
or information. In these cases, position information is not sufficient.
An Azimuth is the angle from the plain including meridian at observation point to the
vertical plane something of interest. A meridian is a great circle including two points that
are the north and south poles for the Earth's rotation.
including two points that are the zenith and the nadir.
the celestial sphere and the direction of the plumb line (vertical line) at the observation
The nadir is the opposite point against the zenith in the celestial sphere.
Usual L1 GPS receiving unit for civil use does not provide azimuth, although it provides
time and position. In the near future society, most pedestrians bring GPS receiver unit
with them like mobile phone today.
In that situation, if only such a device like GPS receiver unit, which is always brought
by the user, has ability not only time and position but also azimuth (and sometimes
information also), it would be very convenient.
devices, it would be considered widely accepted in the world, according to the GPS's
excellent feature of global availability.
1.2 Conventional approach 1: magnetic sensor
Geo-magnetism is considered as one of useful resources for pedestrians to know the
azimuth.. In a sense, this is true. There, however, still remain several problems on the
use of pedestrians in land.
1.2.1 Source of error on geomagnetism sensing 1: local magnetic noises
Compared to magnetism free environment of air or sea outside of maritime or airborne
vehicles, the environment for a pedestrian in land is full of local magnetic noise.
magnetic noise includes: magnetic storm, ironwork in motion (land vehicle, elevator),
leak magnetism from ironwork standing still(cabinet, iron frame in reinforced concrete,
natural or artificial objects laid under the ground ), magnetism from electric current (train,
power line), leak magnetism from electric devices (motor, engine, transformer, television).
Geo-magnetism at Kakioka-city located at the center of the main island of Japan is as
follows: geo-magnetism power 46.2 micro tesla, its horizontal element 30.1 micro tesla, its
vertical element 34.9 micro tesla,, magnetic inclination 49.14 degree, magnetic declination
4 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.2. Magnetic field around power lines convey electric power of 15kVA ([102])
Distance
Leak magnetic field
Fig. 1.3. Magnetic field around a transformer for 15kVA ([102])
1.2 Conventional approach 1: magnetic sensor 5
6.50 degree. ( micro tesla= 1&pound;10&iexcl;2 Oersted). Such small geo-magnetism can be easily
Contaminated by local magnetic noise described above.
Electric trains uses electric current about 1500 A when it starts.
about 1x10&iexcl;4T is observed at a distance of five meters from running electric trains in
cities as shown in Figure 3.19.
Power lines are designed in paired style in order to cancel their magnetic fields effect each
However, such power lines that convey the electric power of as much as 15 kVA
usually generates its magnetic field such as Figure 1.2
Large transformer generate far more large leak magnetic filed. Leak magnetism is observed data near by a transformer for 15kVA. In our environment, many magneticfields are co-exist and affect many sensors' indicators.
1.2.2 Source of error on geomagnetism sensing 2: Declination
Declination is the angular deviation of a compass needle from true north.
has a declination of as much as 18 degree East.
would suffer world-wide dispatched EMTP because they have to consider the declination
problem every time.
Even within a country, declinations of one big city and the other large city can face
opposite directions of East and West and differ as much as more than 30 degrees.
occurs when Vancouver and Montreal in the same country, Canada, as follows: Vancouver,
Canada, 18 deg 1 min East Declination, Montreal, Canada, 15 deg 4 min West
Declination..
Declination is simply a manifestation of the complexity of the geomagnetic field.
field is not perfectly symmetrical and the dipole itself is not perfectly aligned with the
rotational axis of the earth.
In recent years, Antarctica base construction has been activated again by several nations
Antarctica comes to be a huge land for humanbeings.
In this sense, the effective device for azimuth information is desired in this land.
However, magnetic compass can not be reliable one due to the following graph indicating
Its large value of magnetic declination.
1.2.3 Source of error on geomagnetism sensing 3: deviation
When a magnetic compass is used in a maritime, airborne or land vehicle, its indication
is affected by the magnetism caused by the ironwork or electronic devices within the
This is called deviation. When a pedestrian has or wear some ironwork or high
power electronic devices, those can be cause of deviation.
needle from true north by the effect of magnetism from the gears of the EMTP as a
pedestrian would harness EMTP fast approach to casualties.
Geomagnetism model
``International Geomagnetic Reference Field'' (IGRF-10) from 1900 through 2010.
poles are drifting according
When the magnetic cause is located inside of a sphere, the magnetic field potential W is
described as follows:
W(r; &micro;;&Aacute;) = a§1l
=1§mm
=0(a
r
)l+1Pm
l (cos &micro;)(gm
l cosm&Aacute;
sinm&acute;)
Here, (r; &micro;;&Aacute;) is spherical coordination. a is the radius of the globe (6,371km). Pm
l
is the associated Legendre function.
l;hml
sinm&aacute;) is Gauss factors, which depends on
6 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.4. Declication around the North pole ([101])
time.
From this formula, magnetic field B is derived as
B = &iexcl;∇W
Recently, Gauss factors up to l=10 have been calculated and published as the Gauss co.
-efficiencies in the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF).
1.2.4 traditional magnetic sensors
The following sensors can not exclude the noise describe above.
(general magnetic sensors)
Humans cannot feel magnetism. The invention of the compass has made it possible to find the direction even in the vast ocean, prairie, and jungle where there are no landmarks. The first magnetic sensor in human hands
Sa is a natural magnetic azimuth compass. It was called a guide fish in China.
Today, magnetic sensors such as Hall elements and MR elements that utilize the special physical properties of semiconductors are widely used.
used.
Applications of magnetic sensors are not limited to measuring the strength of magnetic fields such as geomagnetism. magnetic sensor
Sensors can also indirectly sense the motion of objects by combining them with magnets. example
For example, if a magnet is attached to a machine that vibrates or rotates, the magnetic sensor can detect minute positional changes without contact.
It is possible to detect motion and fluctuations in motor rotation speed. They say to use things, but magnetic
1.2 Conventional approach 1: magnetic sensor 7
Fig. 1.5. Declaration on the antarctica ([101])
With a little idea, the sensor can be transformed into a position sensor or a rotation sensor.
(Hall element)
The phenomenon that when a magnetic field is applied to a certain type of semiconductor, an electromotive force is generated in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field
It was already found in the end. This "galvanomagnetic effect" was discovered by an American physicist
It is called the "Hall effect" after Hall.
As is well known, a force called the Lorentz force acts on electrons moving in a magnetic field.
to come. According to Fleming's left-hand rule, which is learned as a first step in electromagnetism, it is born in the direction of the thumb.
The force applied is due to this Lorentz force (index finger in the direction of the magnetic field, middle finger in the direction of the current).
Now, when a current is passed through a semiconductor to which an external magnetic field is applied, the electrons moving inside will also be affected by this roller.
Due to the action of magnetic forces, a potential difference is generated in the semiconductor in the direction perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. this
The Hall element is used to extract the potential difference (Hall voltage) as a signal and know the strength of the magnetic field.
magnetic sensor.
Hall elements are characterized by their ability to detect changes in the magnetic field without contact.
The Hall element has two terminals for applying current to the semiconductor and two terminals for measuring the potential difference.
need a child
Hall elements and MR elements can be used at room temperature, have a long life, are compact, and can be mass-produced. Moreover, since it covers a wide range of magnetic levels from low magnetic fields to high magnetic fields, it is now the mainstream of magnetic sensors.
As a result, I became active in various fields. VTRs for home use, audio equipment, etc.
Hall elements and MR have played a role in making electronic equipment smaller, lighter, and more functional.
Element.
8 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.6. Declaration around North America ([101])
Fig. 1.7. Declication around the equator ([101])
1.2 Conventional approach 1: magnetic sensor 9
Bank ATMs, vending machines, and other bill readers also use electromagnetic induction magnetic heads.
These magnetic sensors are used in
The strength of the earth's magnetic field is only about 1/10,000 to 1/10,000 gauss. This is very weak, about 1/1000 of a general permanent magnet. There are various types of geomagnetic sensors, but many electronic components are
The electronic compass must be small in the circuit board of mobile phones, which is highly integrated.
it won't work. In addition, excellent shock resistance, sensitivity, and responsiveness are also required.
Hall element magnetic sensors, which are widely used in industrial equipment, are inexpensive.
Not as sensitive as a compass. For this reason, MR sensors and fluxgate (FG) type sensors
sensor, and the newly invented MI sensor are mainly used. The MR sensor is electrified by the strength of the magnetic field.
It uses an MR (magnetoresistive) element whose resistance changes. Since the sensitivity is slightly insufficient as it is,
Some have been developed in combination with thin-film coils. Is mass production possible with the wafer manufacturing process?
is advantageous in terms of price.
(MR (Magneto-resistance) element)
A magnetic sensor called an MR element was developed in pursuit of ease of use and miniaturization while reducing the number of Hall element terminals. (The Hall element has two terminals for current to flow through the semiconductor.
In addition, two terminals were required to measure the potential difference. )
In a semiconductor to which a magnetic field is applied, the direction of electron movement is bent by the Lorentz force.
As mentioned above, this means that electrons travel a longer distance than in the absence of a magnetic field, which manifests itself as an increase in electrical resistance. A magnetic sensor using an MR element can detect changes in the external magnetic field from the rate of increase in electrical resistance. MR is the principle of “Electrical resistance
(magnetoresistance) effect”.
The MR element has only two terminals and is easy to incorporate into an electric circuit, but the sensitivity of the element itself is
It is quite low and cannot be used as a practical magnetic sensor as it is. Therefore, to make up for this shortcoming,
Therefore, a bias magnetic field is applied by a permanent magnet, and a large output signal can be obtained from minute fluctuations in the magnetic field.
It has been devised to be In order to increase the sensitivity, the bottom up is done with a permanent magnet.
However, with the progress of microelectronics, miniaturization of all parts is required.
As such, the permanent magnets used in MR elements are also required to be smaller.
did. Under these circumstances, rare products such as samarium-cobalt magnets appeared at just the right time.
It's an earth magnet. To obtain the same magnetic energy, the volume is smaller, and now the MR element is non-existent.
It has become a small number of chip parts. [58]
Hall elements and MR elements can be used at room temperature, have a long life, are compact, and can be mass-produced. Moreover, since it covers a wide range of magnetic levels from low magnetic fields to high magnetic fields, it is now the mainstream of magnetic sensors.
As a result, I became active in various fields. VTRs for home use, audio equipment, etc.
Hall elements and MR have played a role in making electronic equipment smaller, lighter, and more functional.
Element.
Bank ATMs, vending machines, and other bill readers also use electromagnetic induction magnetic heads.
These magnetic sensors are used in
Hall element magnetic sensors, which are widely used in industrial equipment, are inexpensive.
Not as sensitive as a compass. For this reason, MR sensors and fluxgate (FG) type sensors
sensor, and the newly invented MI sensor are mainly used. The MR sensor is electrified by the strength of the magnetic field.
It uses an MR (magnetoresistive) element whose resistance changes. Since the sensitivity is slightly insufficient as it is,
Some have been developed in combination with thin-film coils. Is mass production possible with the wafer manufacturing process?
is advantageous in terms of price.
(Fluxgate sensor)
Among various types of magnetic sensors, fluxgate sensors are particularly superior in terms of sensitivity.
vinegar. A fluxgate sensor consists of a soft magnetic core wound with an excitation coil and a detection coil.
Basic structure. In the absence of an external magnetic field, the voltage waveform sent from the exciting coil remains unchanged.
is induced into the detection coil by However, when an external magnetic field is present, the change in magnetic flux inside the core will
As a result, the non-linear portion of the hysteresis curve is used to reduce the current induced in the detection coil.
The pressure waveform will now contain harmonic content. Knowing the strength of the external magnetic field from this harmonic component
You can.
10 Chapter 1 Introduction
In order to use this fluxgate sensor as an electronic compass for mobile phones, a bar-shaped
A sensor element using a core of soft magnetic material is arranged in two perpendicular directions, or a doughnut-shaped toroidal
For example, two sets of detection coils are wound around the core in an orthogonal arrangement. Fluxgate type sensor hakiwa
It has the advantage of being extremely sensitive, but it has the problem that it is difficult to make it smaller and thinner because it requires winding.
I will. Therefore, by applying semiconductor processing technology, thin-film cores and thin-film coils are laminated and made into chips.
products are also being developed.
(MI (Magneto-impedance) sensor) Compact and highly sensitive geomagnetic sensor and
In recent years, the MI sensor has been attracting attention. MI stands for magnetoimpedance
The principle of the MI sensor was discovered in 1993 by Kaneo Mohri of Nagoya University.
O) was discovered by the professor. Sensitivity comparable to fluxgate sensors, and
Since it is also advantageous for miniaturization and mass production, it is being considered for various applications other than mobile phones.
A ferromagnetic material such as nickel may change its dimensions due to an external magnetic field (Joule effect),
The fact that magnetization changes when force is applied (Billary effect) has long been studied as a phenomenon of magnetostriction.
It's been done.
The magnetostriction phenomenon does not stop there. For example, in a ferromagnetic (magnetostrictive) round bar,
When an external magnetic field of
Twisting the rod mechanically causes the direction of magnetization to spiral and induces a voltage. belt high this
called the mu effect. Also, when a current is passed through a ferromagnetic rod, magnetization is directed in the circumferential direction of the rod.
However, when an external magnetic field is applied in the axial direction of the rod, the combination of the magnetic field generated by the current and the external magnetic field produces
direction of magnetization twists in a spiral. This is called the Wiedemann effect.
The MI sensor develops magnetostrictive phenomena in a broad sense, such as the Wertheim effect and the Wiedemann effect.
It is a practical application. For an amorphous wire with a diameter of 20 μm, which is about one-seventh the size of a human hair
When a pulse current is applied, the magnetization direction of the wire surface, which had been tilted due to the influence of the external magnetic field, is aligned in one direction.
increase. The MI sensor extracts the change in the direction of magnetization at this time as an induced current using a detection coil.
basic principle of sensor. By arranging two MI sensors on the X and Y axes, it becomes a direction sensor.
High sensitivity, high-speed response, and low power consumption are the unique features of the MI sensor. used
Morphus wires are small, only a few millimeters in length, and can be integrated with ICs to
It is a one-chip electronic compass that can be mounted on the . The MI sensor is a new type of magnetic sensor.
vinegar. The 3-axis type, which is arranged on the X, Y, and Z axes, is also expected to be used as a posture control sensor for robots.
I'm here.
(SQUID)
By the way, a skid (SQUID), which has become a hot topic in recent years, also uses a Josephson junction element.
This is an ultra-sensitive magnetic sensor that uses This is because a magnetic field is applied to a Josephson junction superconducting ring.
It utilizes the phenomenon that an electric current is generated in the ring so as to cancel out the magnetic field inside the ring.
For the first time, skids can measure minute changes in the magnetic field generated by the human brain, which is about one billionth of the earth's magnetism.
can now be set. However, since the skid uses the superconducting phenomenon, the ring
must be cooled to an extremely low temperature with liquid helium, etc., and is not suitable for general electronic equipment.
plug.
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver
1.3.1 GPS positioning
GPS positioning can be categorized into single positioning and relative positioning.
relative positioning is further categorized into differential GPS positioning and carrier phase
positioning.
Historically, GPS was designed as a maritime or airborne vehicle navigation system at
the initial phase [83].
suitable for marine or air vehicles.
compensates for deficits of GPS azimuth information.
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver 11
Fig. 1.8. GPS positioning categories
However, GPS is now being used by pedestrians.
vehicles is simply appropriated for pedestrians who want azimuth information, this has
led to usability problems.
following special characteristics.
GPS (Global Positioning System) consists of space, management and user segments [83].
1.3.2 Space Segment
The space segment of GPS includes the GPS satellites that fly in circular orbits at
an altitude of 20,200 km and with a period of 12 hours.
Earth's equator by 55 degrees to ensure coverage of the Polar Regions. Each of the 24
Satellites, positioned in 6 orbital planes, circles the Earth twice a day.
are illustrated in Figure 1.11. As of September 2007, there are 31 actively broadcasting
satellites in the GPS constellation.
Receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements.
The exterior of a GPS satellite has a variety of antennas.
radio transmitter are sent to GPS receivers via L-band antennas.
the radio transmitter, which generates the signal.
own unique code in the signal.
1.3.3 Control Segment
The Control Segment of GPS consists of the Master Control Station, Six Monitor Stations.
The master control station is responsible for overall management of the remote
monitoring and transmission sites.
position, speed, and overall health of the orbiting satellites.
measurements collected by the monitor stations to predict the behavior of each satellite's
orbit and clock. Noted variations, such as those caused by the gravity of the Moon, Sun
and the pressure of solar radiation, are passed along to the master control station.
1.3.4 User Segments
The basic equations for determining the user position is presented in this subsection.
If ii is assumed that the distance measured in accurate between the satellites and the
user, three satellites are sufficient to make a position calculation.
points at locations (x1; y1; z1), (x2; y2; z2), (x3; y3; z3) and unknown points at (xu; yu; zu).
If the distances between the three known points to the unknown point can be measured as
&frac12;1;&frac12;2;and&frac12;3;
&frac12;1 =
q
(x1 &iexcl; xu)2 + (y1 &iexcl; yu)2 + (z1 &iexcl; zu)2
&frac12;2 =
q
(x2 &iexcl; xu)2 + (y2 &iexcl; yu)2 + (z2 &iexcl; zu)2
12 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.9. GPS satellites orbits ([84])
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver 13
Fig. 1.10. Example of GPS satellites constellation viewed from Tokyo
14 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.11. Change of the number of available GPS satellites in 24 hours when viewed from
Tokyo
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver 15
Fig. 1.12.
16 Chapter 1 Introduction
&frac12;3 =
q
(x3 &iexcl; xu)2 + (y3 &iexcl; yu)2 + (z3 &iexcl; zu)2
1.3.5 Conventional approach 1: GPS pseudorange receiver
GPS pseudorange receiver provides current time and the position of the user.
If the user want to acquire the azimuth of his head or body, he has to move with the
receiver and calculate the difference of the positions.
The position calculation is described below:
Every satellite sends a signal at a certain time tsi: The receiver will receive the signal
at a later time tu. This distance between the use and the satellite i is
&frac12;iT = c(tu &iexcl; tsi)
where c is the speed of light, &frac12;iT is often referred to as the true value of pseudorange
from user to satellite i, tsi is referred to as the true time of transmission from satellite i,
tu is the true time of reception.
From a practical point of view it is difficult, if not possible, to obtain the correct time
from the satellite or the user. The actual satellite clock time t0
si and actual user clock
time t0
u are related to the true time as
t0
si = tsi + &cent;bi
t0
u = tu + but
where &cent;bi is the satellite clock error, but is the user clock bias error. Besides the clock
error, there are other factors affecting the pseudorange measurement.
pseudorange &frac12;i can be written as
&frac12;i = &frac12;iT + &cent;Di &iexcl;c(&cent;bi&iexcl; but) + c(&cent;Ti + &cent;Ii + vi + &cent;vi)
where &cent;Di is the satellite position error effect on range, &cent;Ti is the tropospheric delay
error, &cent;Ii is the ionospheric delay error, vi is the receiver measurement noise error, &cent;vi
is the relativistic time correction.
Some of these errors can be corrected using the correction terms and techniques.
the user clock error cannot be corrected through received information.
remain as unknown.
Besides the current position and the time, all satellite azimuths are acquired.
because the almanac data can be extracted from any one navigational message.
the same time as the position calculation, all the satellite azimuths are to be known.
is exploited by the proposed GPS unit for pedestrians in this paper.
1.3 Conventional approach 2: GPS single positioning receiver 17
Fig. 1.13. GPS L1 and L2 carrier waves ([83])
18 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. GPS standard positioning performacne ([93])
average over the world in the worst area
horizontal (95%) 13m 36m
Vertical (95%) 22m 77m
1.3.6 Generic GPS receiver unit
A generic GPS receiver unit consists of the GPS antenna and GSP receiver.
transmitted from the GPS satellites are received by the receiver through the antenna.
Through the radio frequency chain in the input signal is amplified to a proper amplitude
and the frequency is converted to a desired output frequency.
converter is used to digitize the output signal.
Acquisition means to find the signal of a certain satellite.
used to find the phase transition of the phase transition of the navigation data.
navigation data phase transition the subframes and navigation data can be obtained.
Ephemeris data and pseudoranges can be obtained from the navigation data.
ephemeris data are used to obtain the satellite positions.
calculated for the satellite positions and the pseudoranges.
At the position calculation phase, 4 times and locations (x1; y1; z1), (x2; y2; z2),
(x3; y3; z3), (x4; y4; z4) at 4 navigational messages from 4 satellites and light speed c are
used known values, to build as 4 elements simultaneous equations.
the current position and time of the user (x; y; z); t. Solving the 4 elements simultaneous
equations, the current position of the user and the time can be specified.
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver
Where a carrier-phase relative GPS solution is obtained between a pair of antennas
attached to the same vehicle, it can be used to obtain information about the host vehicle's
attitude. As the baseline between the antennas is much smaller than the distance to the
satellites, the line-of-sight vectors from a pair of antennas to a given satellite may be
treated as parallel. Therefore, the angle, &micro;, between the baseline and the line of sight is
given by cos &micro; = ±&frac12;01=r1, where &frac12;01 is the relative range measurement and r1 is the known
baseline length, as shown in Figure 1.14.
is known, so information about the host vehicle's or object's attitude with respect to the
Earth can be obtained.
More generally, if three carrier-phase GPS receiving units on the vehicle, the baseline
vectors, r1andr2 specifies a plane of the vehicle. Each length of ri (i = 1; 2) is called
baseline length. If r1 is x axis, the vector product, z = unit(r1 &pound;r2); y = z&pound;x represents
right hand orthogonal coordinate. In this vehicle-fixed coordinate, the elements of r1; r2
can be represented as follows:
r1 = (r1; 0; 0)T
r1 = (r2 cos &reg;; r2 sin &reg;; 0)T
Here , r1; r2 are lengths of antenna(0-1), antenna(0-2) and &reg; is the angle between r1; r2.
The carrier-phase relative GPS solution can specify the baseline vector within the order
of one centimeter. After that, r1 and &reg; is decided.
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver 19
specifies the navigation axis.
When the position of the antenna 0 is (lambda; &Aacute;; h) in geodetic coordinate, the local
horizontal (NED) coordinate with the antenna 0 being its origin can be defined as follows:
D = (&iexcl;cos &Aacute; cos &cedil;;&iexcl;cos &Aacute; sin &cedil;;&iexcl;sin &Aacute;)TE = unit(Z &pound; D)N = D &pound; E
Here, Z is Z = (0; 0; 1)T , which means the unit vector for the axis of ZWGS84 .
unit vector vertically downward. E is the unit vector for true East. N is the unit vector
for true North.
Any vector of WGS84 coordinate can be transformed into NED coordinate by the next
formula.
rNED = (ET ;NT ;DT)T rWGS84
Coordinate transformation from NED to vehicle-fixed coordinate is carried out with (1)
the rotation of roll around the D axis, &copy; (2) the rotation of pitch around the E axis, &pound;
(3) the rotation of yo around the x axis, &ordf;.
rB = R(&copy;;&pound;;&ordf;)RL = Rx(&copy;)Ry(&pound;)Rz(&ordf;)rNED
or
rNED = R(&copy;;&pound;;&ordf;)T rB
Here,
R(&copy;;&pound;;&ordf;) =
0
@
cos cos&pound;cos&pound;sin&ordf;
sin&copy;sin&pound;cos&ordf;&iexcl;cos&copy;sin&ordf;
cos&copy;sin&pound;cos&ordf; + sin&copy;sin&ordf;cos&copy;cos&pound;sin&ordf;
1
A.
is supposed.
If the GPS observation value of r1 = (r1; 0; 0)T is r1NED = (N;E;D)T , previous formulas
provides the
&pound; = &iexcl;tan&iexcl;1D
p
N2 + E2
&ordf; = tan&iexcl;1E
N.
If three antennas are available, the roll angle is provided.
Several conventional approaches to acquire azimuth information are examined.
of those conventional approaches is shown at Table 1.4.
(z) is equal to or greater than the geomagnetic intensity (approximately 0.5 Gauss (G) (1T = 10,000 G)). Lava Corps, Iron
Even if you can make decisions in a calm environment, such as roads and equipment in your backpack, when you are exhausted and your judgment deteriorates in an emergency,
Persons other than geologists (rescue teams, medical teams, Self-Defense Forces, etc.)
Geology and other missions) are often difficult to judge quickly. Radio wave reflector
However, in developing countries and disaster-stricken areas, there are surprisingly few cases where the influence of multipath should be considered.
However, in many cases it is relatively easy. Estimation of such actual usage context is also necessary.
20 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.14. Principle of carrier-phase GPS relative positioning
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver 21
Fig. 1.15. Example of maritime configuration of carrier-phase GPS relative positioning
([104])
22 Chapter 1 Introduction
Fig. 1.16. Example of maritime installation of carrier-phase GPS relative positioning
([104])
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver 23
Table. 1.2. Comparison of proposed methods and other methods
correction cost time for required to
warm-up or acquire result
devices
size
(typical)
used sense (typical)
conventional
GPS single
positioning
(y)
maintenance
free
low about 1 min for warmup,
and about 30 minutes
for about 40m walk
if on foot at plain
ground, and unknown
minutes for visuals
match of the original
point, are required
7cm&pound;
7cm&pound;
4cm
or the
smaller
cell phones for
pedestrians
carrier-wave
GPS relative
positioning
maintenance
free ([104])
high about 3 minutes ([105]) 50cm&pound;
15cm&pound;
10 cm
[105]
ariborne or maritime
vehicles
proposed
method GPS
maintenance
free
low about 1 min for warmup,
and usually less
than 0.3 min for asking
azimuth information
7cm&pound;
7cm&pound;
4cm
or the
smaller
disaster response
team members,
e-learners/culturalturists
and persons
with disabilities as
pedestrians
magnetic
sensor
required
(variation,
Declination,
local
magnetism)
([104])
very
low
&#8212;3cm&pound;
3cm&pound;
1 cm
or
smaller
cell phones for
pedestrians
visual match
to known objects
in azimuth
maintenance
free
free unkown time required &#8212; cell phones for
pedestrians
1.4.1 Suitable Areas of the Invention
A first area in which the present invention is particularly well suited is the following. (A) Primarily low-speed locomotion capability,
or with the ability to rotate about a vertical axis,
(B) Relatively close to or smaller than human size,
(C) Outdoor
(C) Moving body
This is often an unmanned, one-person, or mobile object for a small number of people.
For example, a backpack jet propulsion device, a small helicopter, a kite for one person, a wheelchair, a Segway,
Boats, motorboats, sailing ships, yachts, canoes, submersibles, etc. are the first to come.
For example, it corresponds to heavy equipment such as excavators, hydraulic equipment, cultivators, combine harvesters, bulldozers, and small war machines.
A car is included.
For example, it corresponds to a remote-controlled mobile toy, radio control plane, helicopter 24 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table. 1.3. Comparison of proposed methods and other methods
Near magnetic poles in bad weather
(strong anomaly
region)
Go to Deviation Correction
unconscious of
international use
strong (z) ground
Directional magnetic environment
( lava zone
quality structure
railroad, etc.)
conscious of
use
strong (z)
under different environment
(deployment move
body motor movement
force (passenger
Moving/Unmanned
moving body
or in the event of a disaster, etc.
rescue workers
Danger of not entering
dangerous area
to explore
Relatively small
remote control of
robot),
dorsal electron
equipment, etc.)
without being aware of
use
to wall reflection
without being aware of
use
conventional
GPS single
positioning
(y)
yes yes yes no
carrier wave
GPS
relative
positioning
yes yes yes no
proposed
method
GPS
yes yes yes no
magnetic
sensor
yes no no no no no yes
visual
match to
known
objects in
azimuth
no yes yes yes yes
Also includes ter, car, ship, etc.
It is also effective for objects with moving body power (motor). A geomagnetic sensor detects the magnetism originating from motor operation and the geomagnetic field.
Difficult to replace with a geomagnetic sensor that is in principle impossible to detect separately from magnetism
It is also effective for devices that require low weight resistance and low complication resistance, which is not enough to use devices such as gyroscopes. Gyroscopes are complicated to maintain, costly, bulky, and heavy.
In addition to decision making based on position, orientation, and time confirmation, imaging (for example, airships and unmanned ground robots)
It is also useful for inputting images of disaster areas, images of cultural heritage, etc.
1.4 Conventional approach 3: carrier-phase GPS receiver 25
The second effective area of the present invention is the following. Mountain climbing, outdoor activities, international emergency aid
There is a high possibility that the present invention is suitable for personal equipment such as a corps.
Time and effort to consider all three influences of geomagnetism (difference, deviation, local magnetism) one by one
It is suitable for work where there is little time to spare. Quick and appropriate selection/decision/related departments of bases for original work
This is the case when time adjustment and work start are important. Promptness reduces the probability of sequelae and increases survival. Suitable
Since desperation reduces problems such as difficulty in continuing medical care later, this also lowers the probability of sequelae and improves the survival rate.
increase
It is effective when it is crucial to arrive at the site quickly on foot. rescue and medical
In the case of activity, in the case of cardiac fibrillation, sequelae remain after 5 minutes, and the survival rate decreases after 10 minutes. Tokyo Ma
It is also useful for triathlon and marathon local express (EPMT), etc.
effective. It is also useful for inputting information (images and voice recordings using digital equipment) after arrival. It is suitable for environments that require light weight and multi-functional equipment. Deralumin case by itself
It can also be used as a desk or chair.
It is useful not only for action decision, but also for input (picture, recording, etc.). The value of records is also the existence of direction
increases with . Semi-systematic, semi-systematic surveys on the participation of national rescue parties.
It is also convenient for setting up.
For example, imaging information is uploaded to INSARAG and virtual OSSOC, which allocate aid teams in each country.
In this way, visual images of the disaster situation can be shared more quickly and accurately than through verbal communication, and the seriousness of the situation can be understood.
It is also useful for allocating the operation site of the troop that arrived later and allocating resources.
One. This includes software disaster information sharing tools (India's ○○ (awarded), etc.).
Helpful.
Geomagnetism utilization technology is simple, inexpensive, and compact and lightweight.
There are cases in which the adverse effects of using a device without considering its characteristics are not small. Emergencies and stressful environments
It is easy to forget that consideration below. Magnetism is an invisible phenomenon that creates magnetism underground and in the backpack.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider the target.
Geological properties (local magnetism) are invisible,
Motor as power source
difference) is also invisible.
Strong current sources (transmission lines, radios; local magnetism or deviations) are also invisible. deviation
can not see.
In each measurement, the effects of these things are checked for invisible objects (underground mineral composition, all nearby
It is tiring to think about the power source, current source, magnetic potential from the equipment in the backpack).
At the same time, it tends to result in a reduction in concentration on the original work. This occurs even if you have a geomagnetic compass.
The author even suspects that many of the shipwrecks in Japan are of this nature.
On the other hand, our proposed method for GPS has only visible constraints. In other words, the question is whether there is a clear reflection on the wall (is there no need to worry about multipath)? visible and relatively
It is a confirmation that does not tire you out. In this respect, similar to visual direction confirmation, human glances are strong even when busy.
It is thought that usefulness is maintained because it follows the force (because it does not require thinking ability like the three error factors of magnetism).
available.
26 Chapter 1 Introduction
Table. 1.4. Comparison of proposed methods and other methods
time position azimuth feature
conventional GPS single
positioning
OO &#8212; (y) need effort (physical strength)
and time of walk more than
about 30m
carrier-wave GPS relative
positioning
OOO high-cost, need rigid base line
proposed method GPS OOO low-cost, sometimes need shielding
of ground features like a cliff
or building or portable (foldable)
or wearable A4 size shielding
plane
magnetic sensor &#8212;&#8212; O need consideration to 3 types
of errors: declination, deviation
and especially local magnetism
unique to the location and the
time
visual match to known
objects in azimuth
&#8212;&#8212; O need effort (ability) and time of
recognition, search and identification
to known objects
In addition, as an advantage, the contamination of geomagnetic 2 errors seems to be impossible to remove, but the magnetic field in this proposal
Contamination of lutipus is likely to be eliminated in the future (as a result of cost reduction and mass production).
Specifically, in the single-plate type, (a) elimination by a narrow correlator, and (b) polarization difference due to odd number of reflections
There are various methods such as more strict discrimination between RHCP and LHCP (c) discrimination by signal strength of return loss (d) comparison of each received signal strength in the case of parallel two-plate type, and they can be combined. like this
Because of the current situation, this proposal has the potential to surpass geomagnetism in the future.
The third effective area of the present invention is the following. In the future ubiquitous network society, geospatial
For information utilization, everyone will use GPS regularly. It's the same as a fixed-line phone from a decade ago. Current
It is the same as the mobile phone of As with the knowledge that mobile phones cannot receive underground,
Knowledge of usage spreads as half-common knowledge. In a place with a good view, affected by multipath
In a difficult place, and so on. As long as it is protected, it can be used on the ground surface and in space all over the world. moreover
Shared receivers for multiple GNSS systems (already existing but with higher performance, lower cost and smaller size) are also on the market
will overflow. In line with the policy of utilizing geospatial information and the Space Basic Law, market
As much as the size is large, research and development will advance, and it will be faster to reduce the size and cost. At the same time, multipath
(Reflected wave) countermeasures and diffracted wave countermeasures will also flood the market early in the context of cheaper, lighter, smaller and thinner
It will come out. Herein lies the advantage that arises from meeting the direction of society. geomagnetic ana
Compared to the difficulty of eliminating mixed signals due to the nature of log signal detection, BSPK's digital
The fact that it is signal processing is also derived from the ease of removing mixed signals, which makes it possible to take countermeasures easily.
There is.
27
Chapter 2
Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit
capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration
Embodiments of the method and device for acquiring azimuth information according to this invention will now be explained with reference to the attached drawings.
following explanation, degree (deg) is used as the unit for angles, with north defined as 0
degree and, moving clockwise, east as 90 degrees, south as 180 degrees and west as 270 degrees
degrees. Angle of elevation is defined as 0 degree at horizontal and 90 degrees at zenith.
The principle of the azimuth limitation of the present invention will first be explained
with reference to Figure 2.4.
patch antenna and a second planar patch antenna.
second planar patch antenna are disposed back-to-back and parallel with each other.
antennas are perpendicular to the ground.
standing on the ground and looking down on the antennas arranged with the first planar
patch antenna on the left and the second planar patch antenna on the right is defined as
the measurement direction.
The first and second patch antennas 1a, 1b are provided with hemispherical beampatterns with respect to the Right Hand Circularly Polarized (RHCP) L-band signal
known as L1 at 1575.42 MHz used by standard positioning service of the GPS satellite
system. The antenna having a hemispherical beam has on rare occasions been referred to
in technical papers as being nondirectional.
used to describe the antenna because ``nondirectional'' means ``isotropic''.
second patch antennas 1a, 1b stand perpendicular to the ground. Half of the hemispherical
beam is therefore directed toward the ground and is unusable.
sensitivity in the direction of the sky.
When two such planar patch antennas are disposed back-to-back in parallel with both
standing perpendicular to the ground, the coverage area to which the antenna sensitivity
of each (ie, the first planar patch antenna or the second planar patch antenna ) extends
Coincides with half of the sky divided in two by a great circle , as shown in Figure 2.4.
This great circle forms the boundary between the coverage area of the first planar patch
antenna and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna .
coverage area of the first planar patch antenna is the sky quarter-sphere in which the GPS
satellite A is present and the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna is the sky
quarter-sphere in which the GPS satellite B is present.
The signal of standard positioning service transmitted by a GPS satellite has a microwave
band frequency of 1575.42 MHz and, therefore, excellent linear propaga28
Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.1.
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 29
Fig. 2.2. Black box 2
30 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.3. Black box 1
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 31
Therefore, when observed by the first planar patch antenna , a
distinct difference arises between the receiving status for signal from the GPS satellite A
in the coverage area and the receiving status for signal from the GPS satellite B not in
the coverage area.
As shown in Figure 2.5, the first planar patch antenna is connected to the first GPS
receiver and the second planar patch antenna is connected to the second GPS receiver.
Considering Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5 together, the first GPS receiver in Figure 2.5 can
receive the signal from GPS satellite A in Figure 2.4 and cannot receive the signal from
GPS satellite B in Figure 2.4, and the second GPS receiver in Figure 2.5 can receive the
signal from GPS satellite B in Figure 2.4 and cannot receive the signal from GPS satellite
A in Figure 2.4.
In other words, the synchronization mechanism in the first GPS receiver in Figure 2.5
can synchronize with the signal transmitted from Satellite A in Figure 2.4 with a corresponding
Pseudo Random Noise code (PRN code) generated by the receiver to despread
the signal and cannot synchronize with the signal from satellite B in Figure 2.4 with a
PRN code generated by the receiver to despread the signal, because the first planar patch
antenna connected to the first GPS receiver has its sensitivity to the coverage area in
the sky in which the GPS satellite A is present and does not have its sensitivity to the sky
hemisphere area in the sky in which the GPS satellite B is present.
On the other hand, the synchronization mechanism in the second GPS receiver in Figure
2.5 can synchronize with the signal from Satellite B in Figure 2.4 with a PRN code
generated by the receiver to despread the signal and cannot synchronize with the signal
from satellite A in Figure 2.4 with a PRN code generated by the receiver to despread the
signal, because the second planar patch antenna connected to the second GPS receiver
has its sensitivity to the coverage area in the sky in which the GPS satellite B is present
and does not have its sensitivity to sky hemisphere area in the sky in which the GPS
satellite A is present.
Comparing channel statuses, which is either ”scanning” or ”synchronized”, corresponding
to a certain GPS satellite in the sky hemisphere, in the first GPS receiver and the second
GPS receiver , the region in which the aforesaid GPS satellite is present can be discriminated.
As described in detail later, this discrimination result will be associated with the satellite azimuth and is used to derive an azimuth limitation on the measurement
orientation.
In Figure 2.4, a GPS satellite C is present on the great circle forming the boundary
between the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna and the coverage area of the
second planar patch antenna . The signal from the GPS satellite C is therefore received
by the first planar patch antenna and the second planar patch antenna .
Considering Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5 together, the signal from the GPS satellite C
in Figure 2.4 can be received by the first GPS receiver and the second GPS receiver in
Figure 2.5.
In other words, both the synchronization mechanisms in the first GPS receiver in Figure
2.5 and the second GPS receiver in Figure 2.5 can synchronize with the signal from Satellite
C in Figure 2.4 with a PRN code corresponding to the GPS satellite to despread the signal,
because both the first planar patch antenna connected to the first GPS receiver and the
second planar patch antenna connected to the second receiver have their sensitivities at
the great circle in which the GPS satellite C is present.
In the present invention, when signals are received simultaneously by both GPS receivers
in this manner, it becomes possible to discriminate the direction of the GPS satellite C
as the measurement direction or as the direction opposite the measurement direction,
and, by using the satellite azimuth of GPS satellite C and the aforesaid satellite azimuth
information of the GPS satellite A or the GPS satellite B and the result of the area
32 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
discrimination, to determine the azimuth of the measurement direction.
Major characteristics of a planar patch antenna used for azimuth information acquisition
include small size, light weight and ease of manufacture.
hemispherical beam pattern planar patch antenna is to block the extra sensitivity of a
planar patch antenna having wider beam pattern than hemisphere by shield material.
the actual fabrication of a planar patch antenna, the completed antenna may have a solid
angle slightly broader than the hemisphere that is the width theoretically calculated at the
time of design. This occurs because the result of the design assuming an infinite ground
plate in the theoretical calculation differs from the actual situation.
[89][84].
The technique of correcting such beam shape deviation by slightly modifying the substrate
size, patch size or the like to obtain the desired antenna pattern is known as antenna
pattern shaping.
In this invention, however, even when the beam of solid angle shape comes out somewhat
broader than desired, the antenna can still be used as it is.
in Figure 2.4 is not a line but is a band of small width (small visual angle as seen by
an observer).
and the direction opposite the measurement direction and increases the probability of
catching a satellite with these directions by chance, which enables azimuth determination
immediately fortuitously even when intending azimuth limitation.
the slight spread can be expected to lower the precision during azimuth determination
slightly but this is not a major practical problem in achieving the object of the present
invention. The fact that some degree of tolerance exists is preferable from the viewpoint
of production costs.
The first GPS receiver and second GPS receiver shown in Figure 2.5 can have the same
functional features and specifications as the GPS receivers included in widely-used compact
mobile positioning devices employing L1 signals.
positioning devices, most notably size reduction and ease of volume production.
to size and weight reduction achieved in civilian GPS positioning devices, GPS receivers
are abundantly available in sizes commensurate with planar patch antennas.
Moreover, these GPS receivers have planar patch antennas
formed integrally with the receiver case, and inexpensive palm-sized models are already
available. Production technologies are well established.
technologies available today can be utilized for economical fabrication of the
device according to this invention.
The first GPS receiver attempts to synchronize with and decode satellite signals through
the first planar patch antenna and to determine position.
receiver attempts to synchronize with and decode satellite signals through the second
planar patch antenna and to determine position.
and the second GPS receiver conduct a search for the signals from all GPS satellites
expected to be present in the sky, just as does the GPS receiver of an ordinary mobile
satellite positioning device, in exactly the same way as if connected with antennas whose
coverage areas are the sky hemisphere.
The only one difference at this point, between the GPS receivers in one embodiment
of the device for acquiring azimuth information according to this invention and the GPS
receiver of an ordinary mobile satellite positioning device, is the fact that the GPS receiver
1a cannot synchronize with the signals from GPS satellites not being in the coverage area
in the sky and the GPS receiver 1b cannot synchronize with the signals from GPS satellites
not being in the coverage area in the sky while the GPS receiver of an ordinary mobile
satellite positioning device placed horizontally can synchronize with the signals from all
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 33
GPS satellite in the sky.
The signal transmitted from every GPS satellite contains information on the orbits of all
GPS satellites (almanac data). Every satellite transmits this data.
of a satellite present in the sky at an angle of elevation of greater than 0 degree viewed
from the current location but whose signal is blocked by a building or the topography, or
of a satellite not in the antenna coverage area whose signal is not synchronized with, ie,
in the case of a GPS satellite in a state preventing reception of its radio wave, the angle of
elevation and azimuth of the satellite concerned can be computed and output by a simple
calculation from data received from another GPS satellite.
information actually exists.
Although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, owing to
the utilization of a technology called the spread spectrum communication system made
possible by Pseudo Random Noise coding, signal interference does not occur even when
using the same frequency. Each GPS satellite is assigned a unique Pseudo Random Noise
code which is a different digital signal sequence 0 and 1 appear to alternate
irregularly. This enables the signals from the satellites to be distinguished and separately
In other words, the principle of Pseudo Random Noise coding makes it easy to
Discriminate the signal from each GPS satellite present at an angle of elevation of greater
than 0 degrees as viewed from the current location.
The data of each satellite, ie, the satellite ID of the GPS satellite, satellite angle of
elevation, satellite azimuth and channel status for the satellite, are periodically output
by both GPS receivers. The positioning result data, ie, the latitude, longitude, altitude,
positioning calculation time and current time, are also periodically output by both GPS
receivers.
There is no particular restriction on the data output period.
data about on ce per second are currently in wide use.
workable when available.
The data acquired by the first GPS receiver and the data acquired by the second GPS
receivers are input to an azimuth computation section .
processes the data in the following manner.
With respect to the satellite data, the azimuth computation section first generates a data
chart for azimuth information acquisition. Positioning result data (latitude, longitude,
altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning mode and current time) are stored in
a buffer of the azimuth computation section and, after being used for the purpose of
reference if required to speed up the positioning calculation, are communicated to a result
output section . The lines of the data chart for azimuth information acquisition correspond
to the respective GPS satellites.
to the number of the channels which the GPS receiver has to synchronize with signals
from GPS satellites in parallel.
first GPS receiver and the second GPS receiver are capable of conducting parallel signals
For the purposes of this description, it will be assumed that the maximum
number of satellites for which the first GPS receiver and the second GPS receiver are each
capable of conducting parallel signal processing is 12, which is equal to the capability of
current mobile positioning devices in practical civilian-level applications.
The items assigned to the respective columns will now be explained.
are periodically registered in the first column.
GPS receiver and the second GPS receiver are assumed to represent identical values.
If they are not identical, more than 12 satellites are present in the sky or one of GPS
receivers in the course of acquiring the latest almanac data from a satellite and is using
somewhat old almanac data.
different sets of satellite IDs.
34 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
receiver that indicates more recent time regarding positioning calculation time than the
other is detected by the azimuth computation section and the other GPS receiver is
instructed to select the same satellites.
units equipped with a feature for designating the satellite IDs of satellites whose signals
are to be picked up are already on the market.
The second column stores the satellite azimuths and is updated periodically.
column stores the satellite angles of elevation and is updated periodically.
relating to the second and third columns are obtained from one GPS receiver that indicates
more recent time regarding positioning calculation time than the other.
At this point, the information regarding angle of elevation is examined and data from
any GPS satellite whose angle of elevation is very high is removed to prevent use of the
data in later processing. Even if satellites whose angles of elevation shown in the third
column are very high (near zenith) are observed to have azimuths that differ numerically,
they should not be used as the basis for azimuth information calculation because the
actual elongation among them is very small. Satellites having an angle of elevation of, for
example, 85 degrees or greater are therefore not used in the ensuing azimuth information
When the examination leads to a decision to exclude a satellite with a high
angle of elevation, this fact is entered in the sixth column.
elevation changes and the satellite no longer need be excluded for having a high angle of
elevation, the entry is cleared.
The status of channel in the first GPS receiver , attempting reception of the signal from
a GPS satellite, is periodically stored in the fourth column as channel status in the first
GPS receiver. The status of channel in the second GPS receiver, attempting reception of
the signal from a GPS satellite, is also periodically stored in the fifth column as channel
status in the second GPS receiver.
Most common GPS receivers employ a single hemispherical beam antenna. The outputof the antenna fed to a radio frequency filter/low-noise amplifier combination.
passes through serial stages of radio frequency amplification, down-conversion, and intermediate
frequency (IF) amplification and sampling/quantizing.
art, the functions of radio frequency amplification, down-conversion, IF amplification and
A/D sampling can be implemented with a single MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated
Circuit) chip. The samples are then fed to a parallel set of DLLs (Delay Lock Loop) each
of which makes an attempt to acquire and track synchronization with a different satellite
signal, which is spread by a unique PRN (Pseudo Random Noise) code with 1023 chip
length. After acquiring and tracking synchronization with the signal, the carrier phase,
which is bi-phased and modulated with the GPS navigation data, is recovered.
and associated demodulators provide estimates of the pseudo-range and navigation data
for each satellite. Typically, the number of parallel DLLs is 12. At the present state of the
art, a 12-channel receiver with 12 parallel DLLs can be implemented on one CMOS chip.
Then parallel measurement of pseudo-ranges and carrier phase along with the navigation
data for each satellite are then sent to the navigation data processor where the position
of each satellite is calculated from the navigation data in sub-frames 2 and 3 at the time
of each pseudo-range measurement.
position and current GPS time by data of four GPS satellites (for three-dimensional
positioning) or three GPS satellites (for two-dimensional positioning).
Azimuth and elevation angles of each satellite can be concomitantly calculated.
common GPS receivers can periodically output the azimuth and elevation angles, and IDs
of each satellite and each channel status that shows either ”synchronized with” or ”scanning”
corresponding to GPS signal as well as normal positioning result including latitude,
longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, current time (based on GPS time), and
positioning calculation mode.
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 35
The device for acquiring azimuth information that is an embodiment of the devicefor acquiring azimuth information according to this invention can take advantage of the
periodic output of status of the channel for each GPS satellite signal and the azimuth
angle of each GPS satellite which is concomitantly calculated on positioning in most of
common GPS receivers.
The number of available GPS satellites in sky hemisphere viewed from a middle latitude
area is usually as many as 8 to 12. Even when the GPS antenna set vertical is used, it is
expected that the number of GPS satellites is 4 to 6. The number is enough to make a
Positioning calculation in order to obtain GPS satellite azimuths.
Signal blocking by ground features, topography etc. will now be considered. Even if a given satellite is present in the coverage area of one antenna, synchronization with
the signal from the satellite will not be established if the propagation path is blocked
by the topography, an artificial structure, or other such ground features.
synchronization with the signal in a channel in the first GPS receiver nor synchronization
with the signal in a channel in the second GPS receiver is established, therefore, the
probability of the satellite being blocked by a ground feature or the topography is very
The information from such a satellite is excluded from use in the calculation of
azimuth information. When a decision is made to exclude a satellite owing to blocking
by a ground feature or the topography, this fact is entered in the sixth column.
at least one channel status indicates that synchronization with the signal from the GPS
Satellite concerned is established, the entry is cleared.
The satellite azimuth data in the second column are used to reorder the satellites other
than those excluded by the aforesaid two types of exclusion decisions, ie, decision to
exclude owing to high angle of elevation and decision to exclude owing to ground feature
or topography blocking.
the number of degrees to increase clockwise, sorting in ascending order results in the
satellite azimuths being arranged in order starting from north as the origin and moving
clockwise.
The fourth column (channel status in the first GPS receiver) and the fifth column
(channel status in the second GPS receiver) are compared and the region in which each
satellite is present is discriminated. With regard to a GPS satellite, when the channel
status in one antenna system shows ”synchronized” and the channel status in the other
antenna system does not indicate ”synchronized”, the satellite can be concluded to be
present in the coverage area of the former antenna.
antenna, ie, ”1” if it is the antenna of the first GPS receiver and ”2” if it is the antenna
of the second GPS receiver , is stored in the seventh column.
when the channel statuses in both antenna systems show "synchronized", the satellite is
present on the great circle where an extension of the back-to-back surfaces of the antennas
intersects the sky hemisphere. The number 0 representing this fact is stored in the seventh
columns.
The azimuth computation section can generate the data chart by the foregoing procedure.
The azimuth computation section then reads the seventh column of the data chart(result of region discrimination) from top to bottom for all satellites other than those
indicated for exclusion in the sixth column.
satellite azimuth in ascending order, this amounts to reading the satellite region discrimination
results in order of ascending satellite azimuth, when considered in the clockwise
direction with north defined as the origin.
The result is a sequence composed of 0, 1 and 2 as terms.
of this sequence is followed by the first term, a directional ring-like sequence (hereinafter
called ”ring-like sequence R”) is produced.
R is important in the processing that follows.
36 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
The azimuth computation section makes a simple examination of the internal structure
of the ring-like sequence R and, based on the result, directs the processing procedure along
one of three branches.
For the purpose of simply and clearly representing the internal structure of the ring-like
sequence R, finite sequences are defined below.
”S0” and ”S0' ” are defined as ”finite sequence of one or more terms, all of which are
0” (Example: 0, ..., 0).
”S1” is defined as ”finite sequence of one or more terms, all of which are 1” (Example: 1,
... 1).
”S2” is defined as ”finite sequence of one or more terms, all of which are 2” (Example: 2,
... 2).
These definitions enable clear and simple representation of the internal structure of the
ring-like sequence R.
For the purpose of clearly describing satellite azimuths associated with a term in the
finite sequences, several valuable are defined below.
terms included in the finite sequence S0”.
”m0” is defined as ”the minimum integer not falling below (e0)/2”.
”e0' ” is defined as ”the number of terms included in the finite sequence S0' ”.
”m0' ” is defined as ”the minimum integer not falling below (e0')/2”.
”e1” is defined as ”the number of terms included in the finite sequence S1”.”e2” is defined as ”the number of terms included in the finite sequence S2”.”A(S, n)” is defined as ” the satellite azimuth associated with the n-th term in finite
sequence S”.
Simple combinations with these notations can contain exact meanings as described below.
”A(S0, 1)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the first term in finite
sequence S0”.
”A(S0, m0)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the middle term in finite
sequence S0”.
”A(S0', 1)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the first term in finite
sequence S0' ”.
”A(S0', m0')” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the middle term in finite
sequence S0' ”.
”A(S1, 1)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the first term in finite
sequence S1”.
”A(S1, e1)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the last term in finite
sequence S1”.
”A(S2, 1)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the first term in finite
sequence S2”.
”A(S2, e2)” is defined as ”the satellite azimuth associated with the last term in finite
sequence S2”.
For the purpose of clearly making an operation of azimuths, it is useful that a notation
about a circular permutation which consists of azimuths a, b, c.
or unknown azimuths a, b, c that are able to be plotted on a circle according to their values
or order information obtained by some method.
direction along the circle from an arbitrary start point and the result found out was ”a, b,
c, (and return to the start)”, the notation ”a <b <c” is defined to describe this circular
permutation of the azimuths a, b, and c. With regards to this definition, it should be
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 37
noted that the last azimuth is followed by the first azimuth.
The following descriptions indicate the identical circular permutation. <b <c”
”b <c <a”
”c <a <b”
Table 3.1 is a list showing all cases on the ring-like sequence of the discrimination results
in an embodiment of a device for acquiring azimuth information according to the present
invention. In Table 3.1, the first column indicates case ID.
the combination of the numbers of finite sequences, ie, S0, S0', S1, and S2, in the ring-like
sequence R. The third column indicates the probability of occurrence of each case, which
is roughly estimated. The fourth column indicates the name of a group of resembling
cases, which is called sate.
As shown in Table 3.1 below, cases represent combinations of the number of each finite
sequence in the ring-like sequence R. Case 1 indicates a combination of (0, 0, 0, 0) as (the
number of S0, the number of S0', the number of S1, the number of S2) in the ring-like
sequence R. Case 2 indicates a combination of (1, 0, 0, 0).
Case 3 indicates a combination of (1, 1, 0, 0).
Case 4 indicates a combination of (0, 0, 0, 1).
Case 5 indicates a combination of (0, 0, 1, 0).
Case 6 indicates a combination of (0, 0, 1, 1).
Case 7 indicates a combination of (1, 0, 0, 1).
Case 8 indicates a combination of (1, 1, 0, 1).
Case 9 indicates a combination of (1, 0, 1, 0).
Case 10 indicates a combination of (1, 1, 1, 0).
Case 11 indicates a combination of (1, 0, 1, 1).
Case 12 indicates a combination of (1, 1, 1, 1).
Case 13 indicates a combination of (more than 1, any number, any number, any number).
Case 14 indicates a combination of (any number, more than 1, any number, any number).
Case 15 indicates a combination of (any number, any number, more than 1, any number).
Case 16 indicates a combination of (any number, any number, any number, more than 1).
State A consists of cases 4, 5 and 6.
State B consists of cases 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
State C consists of cases 2 and 3.
State D consists of case 1.
State E consists of cases 13, 14, 15 and 16.
The procedure of analysis on the internal structure of the ring-like sequence R is described
The terms of ring-like structure R are replaced with S0, S1, S2 and the
numbers of finite sequences S0, S1 and S2 are checked. If two S0s are found, one S0 remains
as it is and the other S0 is renamed S0'.
up to now, the internal structure of the ring-like sequence R falls into one of cases, except
cases 3, 8 and 10, listed in Table 3.1.
When the case corresponds to 2 or 7 or 9, the internal structure of S0 is discussed
In these cases, a new ring-like sequence Sr is virtually created by connecting
the last term in finite sequence S0 to the first term in finite sequence S0.
interval more than 175 degrees and less than 185 degrees between two satellite azimuths
associated with two adjacent terms in the ring-like sequence Sr, there must be another
interval more than 175 degrees and less than 185 degrees between two satellite azimuths
associated with adjacent terms in the ring-like sequence Sr.
in the ring-like sequence Sr, Sr is divided, at each point, into a new finite sequence
S0 and a new finite sequence S0'. Cases 3, 8 and 10 can be derived from cases 2, 7 and 9
38 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
respectively by this procedure.
When the ring-like sequence R is considered as case 4, the first term and the last term of
S2 are discriminated with the following procedure.
associated with clockwise adjacent terms in the ring-like sequence R is equal to or more
than 180 degrees, the two adjacent terms will be considered the last and first terms of S2.
When the ring-like sequence R is considered as case 5, the first term and the last term of
S1 are discriminated with the following procedure.
associated with clockwise adjacent terms in the ring-like sequence R is equal to or more
than 180 degrees, the two adjacent terms will be considered the last and first terms of S1.
All possible cases produced by the procedure described above are shown in Table 3.1.
When the examination by the azimuth computation section finds the ring-like sequence
R to be in state ”A”, ie, case 4, case 5 or case 6 in Table 3.1, the measurement direction
can be defined by at most two conditions and its azimuth limitation be immediately
Specifically, the azimuth computation section makes the following procedure
(wherein the azimuth of the measurement direction is defined as z).
In the case of state ”A,” the first item of azimuth information that can be acquired
is that: when there is S1, the azimuth of the measured direction (azimuth z) is present
within an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between a start azimuth that
is the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of the finite sequence S1 and an end
azimuth that is the azimuth opposite the satellite azimuth associated with the first term
of the finite sequence S1.
The second item of azimuth information that can be acquired in state ”A” is that:
when there is S2, the azimuth of the measured direction (azimuth z) is present within
an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between a start azimuth that is the
azimuth opposite the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of the finite sequence
Table. 2.1. Possible cases of observed status of GPS satellite azimuths ([188])2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 39
S2 and an end azimuth that is the satellite azimuth associated with the first term of the
finite sequence S2.
The azimuth computation section can immediately limit the azimuth range in whichthe measurement direction can be present (without need for rotation etc. of the antennas)
from the logical product of the aforesaid two items of azimuth information.
the azimuth limitation is sent to the result output section .
When the examination by the azimuth computation section finds the ring-like sequence
R to be in state ``B'', ie, case 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 in Table 3.1, azimuth determination of
the measurement direction is effected. A pseudo code description of the azimuth limitation
on the state ”A” is shown below.
If there is S1
A(S1,e1) <z <A(S1,1)+180
Endif
If there is S2
A(S2,e2)+180 <z <A(S2,1)
Endif
When the sate of the ring-like sequence R is ``B'' and it includes S1, the procedure
to be executed described.
of ”A(S1,e1) <A(S0,m0) <A(S1,1)+180” is true, z=A(S0,m0). If the result is false,
z=A(S0,m0)+180. When the sate of the ring-like sequence R is ”B” and it does not
include S1, the procedure to be executed described.
a proposition of ”A(S2,e2) <A(S0,m0) <A(S2,1)+180” is true, z=A(S0,m0)+180.
result is false, z=A(S0,m0).
way is sent to the result output section .
A pseudo code description of the azimuth determination on the state ”B” is shown
below.
If there is S1
If A(S1,e1) <A(S0,m0) <A(S1,1)+180
z=A(S0,m0)
Else
z=A(S0,m0)+180.
Endif
Else if there is S2
If A(S2,e2) <A(S0,m0) <A(S2,1)+180
z=A(S0,m0)+180
Else
z=A(S0,m0)
Endif
Endif
The minimum condition for azimuth limitation is that ”at least one satellite is present
either in one antenna's coverage area in the sky or the other antenna's coverage area in
the sky”. This corresponds to either ”e2=1 in case 4” or ”e1=1 in case 5”.On the other hand, the minimum condition for azimuth determination is that ”at least
one satellite is present either in one antenna's coverage area in the sky or the other
antenna's coverage area in the sky and at least one satellite is present at the border of the
two antennas' coverage areas”. This corresponds to either ”e2=1 and e0=1 in case 7” or
”e1=1 and e0=1 in case 9”
When the examination by azimuth computation section finds the ring-like sequence R
to be in state ”C” in Table 3.1, it shows that signal(s) from only satellite(s) present at
40 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
a great circle is obtained.
the azimuth computation section causes the result output section to advice the user to go
to spot where the sky is more open. (Strictly speaking, the user can obtain the azimuth
information even in this state as described below.
(z) is described either ”z = A(S0,m0) or A(S0,m0)+180”. Secondly, the user can also be
advised to rotate about 10 degrees in clockwise. After the action, the state will result in
state ”A” or state ”B”, where azimuth limitation or azimuth determination is possible.
Besides, if it results in state ”A”, the original measurement direction z' can be determined.
If there is S1, z'=A(S1,1). If there is not S1 but S2, z'=A(S2,1)+180.)
When the examination by azimuth computation section finds the ring-like sequence R
to be in state ”D” in Table 3.1, it shows the probability of the sky being obstructed is
very high. The azimuth computation section causes the result output section to advice
the user to go to spot where the sky is more open.
When the examination by azimuth computation section finds the ring-like sequence R to
be in state ”E” in Table 3.1, it shows that geometrically impossible situation is detected.
The azimuth computation section causes the result output section to advise the user to
wait the final result in a few moments.
impossible cases is very low.
of temporally signal interference in the 1.5-GHz band from other electrical devices.
When the result received by the result output section is azimuth limitation or azimuth
determination of the measurement direction, the result output section outputs the result
to the user as an audible message.
section outputs an audible message.
advantage of permitting even a visually impaired person to receive support regarding appropriate
action, the output can alternatively be output on a liquid crystal display.
of azimuth limitation or azimuth determination), current time (GPS time), latitude,
longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, and advice to the user in the case of
errors.
Regarding the method of outputting the azimuth of the measurement direction in azimuth
limitation, if the rotation direction has been always fixed, a message can be communicated
to the user by providing the set (&reg;, &macr;), where &reg; is the start azimuth and &macr;
the end azimuth. However, it is also possible to define a rough azimuth (hereinafter &micro;)
and a unilateral deviation (hereinafter ±), and to output an audible message or the like
in the form of (&micro;, ±). In this case, it suffices to define &micro; = &reg; + (&#8212;&macr; - &reg;&#8212; /2) MOD
360, ± = &#8212;&macr; - &reg;&#8212;.
indicating the magnitude of the angle formed in the clockwise direction where &reg; is the
start azimuth and &macr; is the end azimuth. Taking into account the fact that 0 degree and
360 degrees are the same, the remainder operator MOD is used to generate the residue
after being divided by 360.
Either of the (&reg;, &macr;) mode information where the direction of rotation has been fixed
and (&micro;, ±) mode information can be immediately converted to the other.
be supplied with information in either mode since the modes do not particularly differ in
the numerical significance of the information conveyed.
user convenience by enabling the user to select whichever mode is more suitable for the
purpose at hand.
This concludes the explanation of the processing procedure as viewed from the side of
the device. In the following, the procedure from the viewpoint of the user will also be
explained to clarify the flow of the information acquisition processing more specifically.
An overview will be given first.
selected, azimuth limitation is immediately possible without rotation if the state of the
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 41
ring-like sequence R is ”A.” A user who desires one level of precision higher than this
azimuth limitation, can achieve this purpose by turning within a limited degree of rotation
and stopping at some angle to put the state of the ring-like sequence R in the state
”B” explained earlier. Or if the arbitrarily selected measurement direction should by
chance result in the ring-like sequence R being in the state ”B,” azimuth determination
can be achieved immediately.
For convenience of explanation, azimuth limitation will be explained first and azimuth
determination thereafter.
Figure 2.6 shows an example of the relationship between an arrangement of space satellites
and two antennas when azimuth limitation is conducted using the device for acquiring
azimuth information according to the foregoing embodiment.
circles in Figure 2.6 represents an imaginary view of the sky hemisphere whose center is
zenith at the ground point of the user, taken looking downward from a point higher than
Angle of elevation is 0 degree at the outermost circle and increases inwardly in
increments of 10 degrees with each successive concentric circle.
”North (0 degree)”, followed clockwise by ”East (90 degrees),” ”South (180 degrees),”
and ”West (270 degrees).”
GPS satellites by angle of elevation and azimuth. Twelve satellites denoted by 2, 3, 6, 7,
9, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21 and 22 are shown.
to classify the satellites. A crosshatched dot designates a GPS satellite excluded from
further consideration in the course of processing for one of the reasons explained earlier.
A black dot designates a GPS satellite later discriminated to be present in the coverage
area of the first planar patch antenna . An open dot designates a GPS satellite later
discriminated to be present in the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna .
two patch antennas 1a, 1b located at the center are disposed in parallel, back-to-back and
perpendicular to the ground.
The user does not know the arrangement of the satellites in the sky viewed from his or
her location. The user, who has no information regarding direction (azimuth), places the
first planar patch antenna and the second planar patch antenna in an arbitrary direction,
as shown in Figure 2.6, with the two antennas disposed back-to-back, in parallel and
perpendicular to the ground. A dashed line indicates the measurement direction.
reason why a dashed, not solid, line represents the measurement direction is that the
Azimuth will not be determined as a value but be limited in a range.
direction and the reverse direction (diametrically opposite direction) are indicated.
this point the user is still unaware of any such satellite arrangement as illustrated in the
drawing.
The process of conducting azimuth limitation with respect to the measurement direction
will now be explained in concrete terms.
for acquiring azimuth information or hold it stationary and not rotate or otherwise move
Based on the results output by the respective GPS receivers connected to the first
and second patch antennas 1a, 1b, the azimuth computation section generates a 12-row,
7-column data chart, in the manner of Table 2.1 below.
[b]
The excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows.
used for acquiring azimuth information.
directional ring-like sequence R composed of the sequence obtained by reading down the
seventh column of Table 2.1, ie, the region discrimination, to the last item and then
returning to the start. R generated from the data in Table 2.1 becomes ”1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
1, 1, 1, 1 (return to start)”.
structure of the ring-like sequence R as a set of finite sequences S1, S2, S0 and S0'.
a result, the state of the ring-like sequence R is found to coincide with case 6 in state
42 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
”A,” ie, ”the ring-like sequence R consists of only one finite sequence S1, only one finite
sequence S2, no finite sequence S0, and no finite sequence S0'.” This is the most popular
case among 16 cases.This condition is shown in Table 2.1 below.
The azimuth computation section commences processing for the case 6 in state ”A.”
The first item of azimuth information and the second item of azimuth information can be
acquired when the state of sequence R is ”A.” The azimuth computation section discriminates
as the aforesaid first item of azimuth information that the measurement direction
is present in an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between the satellite
azimuth associated with the last term of the single finite sequence S1 (ie, 6 degrees) as
the start azimuth and the azimuth opposite the satellite azimuth associated with the first
term of the single finite sequence S1 (ie, 236+180=56 degrees) as the end azimuth.
In other words, the measurement direction (z) is concluded to be in the range defined
clockwise between a start azimuth of 6 degrees and an end azimuth of 56 degrees.
range specified by the first item of azimuth information, ie, the range defined clockwise
between the start azimuth of 6 degrees and the end azimuth of 56 degrees, is indicated in
Figure 2.6 by an arc with an arrowhead at either end.
The azimuth computation section discriminates as the aforesaid second item of azimuth
Information that can be acquired in state ”A” that the measurement direction (z degrees)
is present in an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between the azimuth
opposite the satellite azimuth associated with the last term of the single finite sequence
S2 as the start azimuth (ie, 218+180=38 degrees) and the satellite azimuth associated
with the first term of the single finite sequence S2 (ie, 64 degrees).
Specifically, the azimuth computation section discriminates that the measurement direction
(z degrees) is present in the range defined clockwise between a start azimuth of 38 degrees and an end azimuth of 64 degrees.
of azimuth information, ie, the range defined clockwise between the start azimuth of 38
2.2. Example of data table in azimuth limitation ([188])
2.1 Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 43
2.3. Example of azimuth extraction from data table in azimuth limitation ([188])
degrees and the end azimuth of 64 degrees, is indicated in Figure 2.6 by an arc with an
arrowhead at either end drawn at the upper right of the outer circle.
The azimuth computation section can immediately limit the azimuth range in whichthe measurement direction can be present (without need for rotation etc. of the antennas)
from the logical product of the aforesaid two items of azimuth information.
the azimuth computation section can determine that the measurement direction is present
within the range defined clockwise between a start azimuth of 38 degrees and an end
azimuth of 56 degrees.
The azimuth range for final output range is indicated in Figure 2.6 by an arc with an
arrowhead at either end extending between the start azimuth of 38 degrees and the end
azimuth of 56 degrees.
In this way, the device for acquiring azimuth information according to this embodiment
can immediately achieve azimuth limitation without need for rotating the device antennas.
If the ring-like sequence R shows case 4 or 5 in state ”A”, azimuth limitation can be made
using the second or first item of azimuth information.
of satellites to a half side of the sky and its occurrence is very rare.
of the result by voice/sound or a displayed image.
and the result is expressed in the form of the start-and-end azimuth set (&reg;, &macr;), the output
is (Start: 38 degrees, End: 56 degrees). When expressed in the form of the set (&micro;, ±)
composed of a rough azimuth (&micro;) and a unilateral deviation (±), which is another possible
mode of azimuth limitation expression, the output is (Rough value: 74 degrees, Unilateral
error: 9 degrees).
Practical examples of the two expression modes will be explained.
the user knows an azimuth in which one should absolutely not advance from the current
location and wishes to go about some activity while promptly ascertaining that each
considered direction of advance is not that direction. The (&reg;, &macr;) output mode is convenient
44 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
for this purpose. An example of this type of impaired situation would be where a visually
person learns of a nuclear plant accident and must rapidly move away from the site of
the accident (a certain latitude and longitude), on foot, for example, without waiting for
help to arrive. If the person should wait for help or spend time determining which way to
flee, he or she would be in danger of exposure to a level of radiation that might lead to
health problems in the future.
an area known for frequent avalanches and must move quickly while regularly confirming
that the party is not proceeding into the orientation of the particularly dangerous area.
The (&reg;, &macr;) output mode is also effective in such cases.
across a snowfield has few ground features by which to obtain visual feedback for course
correction and, moreover, if visibility should be reduced to zero by fog or snow, will have
no possibility whatsoever of obtaining feedback for course control from visual information.
Persons in such circumstances usually have the impression of walking straight but in fact
eventually start following a curved course and not infrequently stray into dangerous areas.
At such times, the convenience of being promptly able to determine the direction in which
one is facing or looking to within a certain azimuth range, without need for turning about
or the like, is tremendous.
On the other hand, when a person wants to know the azimuth of a specific direction
of interest, and is more concerned about speed than accuracy, the latter (&micro;, ±) mode is
convenient for its intuitiveness.
topographical and/or ground features are in view and the person has difficulty identifying
They individually without azimuth (direction) information.
would be where a person does not have time to stop to acquire azimuth information
and then use it to identify certain topographical or ground features, but if able to acquire
approximate azimuth information regarding the direction in which his/her face are directed,
would, by that alone, be able to identify a certain mountain or a certain building
from among a number of objects in the view.
The user can take instantaneous advantage of azimuth limitation while continuing to walk.
The procedure by which, when the ring-like sequence R is discriminated to be in state
”A,” the measurement direction is immediately (ie, without rotating the measurement
direction) derived as falling within a certain azimuth range defined by a start azimuth, an
end azimuth, and a directional property such as clockwise rotation is illustrated in Table
2.1, Table 2.1 and Figure 2.6.
azimuth limitation. As will be explained later, the probability of state ”A” occurring when
the device is arbitrarily oriented under the open sky is greater than 90%.
to case 6.
Assume that an azimuth limitation result has been obtained with respect to the measurement
direction. When it is then desired to go a step further to acquire an azimuth
determination, the user holds the device for acquiring azimuth information horizontally
and rotates it either clockwise or counterclockwise.
turns either clockwise or counterclockwise.
As the rotation proceeds, the azimuth computation section detects that the number 0
has occurred in the seventh column in Table 2.1, ie, that a ring-like sequence R having a
finite sequence S0 in its internal structure has occurred.
informs the user of this fact by issuing a special sound through the result output section
The user responds by stopping the horizontal rotation.
Figure 2.7 shows another example of the relationship between an arrangement of space
satellites and two antennas when azimuth determination is conducted using the device
for acquiring azimuth information according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The pattern of concentric circles in Figure 2.7 represents an imaginary view of the sky
hemisphere whose center is zenith at the ground point of the user when the aforesaid ro2.1
Parallel back-to-back unit configuration 45
2.4. Example of data table in azimuth identification ([188])
tation has been stopped, taken looking downward from a point higher than zenith. Angle
of elevation is 0 degree at the outermost circle and increases inwardly in increments of
10 degrees with each successive concentric circle. Azimuth is denoted as ``North (0 degree)'',
followed clockwise by ”East (90 degrees),” ”South (180 degrees),” and ”West (270 degrees)
degrees).” The small dots at scattered locations indicate the locations of GPS satellites
by angle of elevation and azimuth. Twelve satellites denoted 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15,
18, 20, 21 and 22 are shown. Solid, open, crosshatched and plus-sign (+) dots are used
to classify the satellites. A crosshatched dot designates a GPS satellite excluded from
further consideration in the course of processing. A black dot designates a GPS satellite
later discriminated to be present in the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna .
An open dot designates a GPS satellite later discriminated to be present in the coverage
area of the second planar patch antenna . A plus-sign dot designates a GPS satellite
later discriminated to be present at the boundary between the coverage areas of the first
planar patch antenna and the second planar patch antenna .
1b located at the center are disposed in parallel, back-to-back and perpendicular to the
ground.
The direction opposite the measurement direction in the concentric circle pattern of
Figure 2.7 coincides in azimuth with satellite 9. The explanation here assumes that this
coincidence would arise as a result of first effecting azimuth limitation in the state of
Figure 2.6 and then rotating the horizontally maintained device for acquiring an azimuth
information clockwise, for example, until reaching the state shown in Figure 2.7.
the explanation with respect to Figure 2.7 is also applicable to the case where the
alignment of the measurement direction with the satellite 9 occurred by chance when the
device for acquiring azimuth information was first placed in an arbitrary orientation.
The data chart generated by the azimuth computation section at this time is shown in
2.1 below. The excluded satellites are shown in the bottom two rows.
not used in the ensuing processing.
46 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
The azimuth computation section generates a directional ring-like sequence R composed
of the sequence obtained by reading down the seventh column of 2.1 to the last term and
then returning to the start. The ring-like sequence R generated from the data in 2.1
becomes ``1, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1 (return to start)''.
The azimuth computation section first examines the internal structure of the ring-like
sequence R as a set of finite sequences S1, S2, S0 and S0'.
sequence R is found to coincide with case 11 in state ”B,” ie, ”the ring-like sequence R
consists of only one finite sequence S1, only one finite sequence S2, only one finite sequence
S0, and no finite sequence S0'.” This condition is shown in 2.1 below.

The azimuth computation section therefore commences processing for the case of the
state of the ring-like sequence R being ``B.'' Because there is S1 in the ring-like sequence
R, the proposition of ”A(S1,e1) <S(S0,m0) <A(S1,1)+180” is examined as described earlier.
The proposal will be ”6 <236 <(262+180)” and this will be ”6 <236 <82”. This proposition turns out false. This implies that the A(S0,m0) is caught in the direction
opposite the measurement direction. Therefore, z=A(S0,m0)+180=236+180=56.
Cases 7, 8, 9 and 10 in state ”B” in Table 3.1 indicate GPS satellites localization to
a half of the sky. The occurrence of these cases is rare. Case 12 in state ”B” indicates
GPS satellites are caught in the measurement direction and the direction opposite the
measurement direction. Its occurrence is also rare.
can be achieved by rotating the device for acquiring azimuth information in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction after conducting azimuth limitation.
Regarding this operation, use of the device can be facilitated by the following facts.
First, there is an upper limit with respect to this rotation angle necessary to achieve
azimuth determination after conducting azimuth limitation. Secondly, the user knows the
upper limit before starting the rotation.
of the device necessary to achieve azimuth determination (Figure 2.7) after conducting
azimuth limitation (Figure 2.6).
For instance, when azimuth limitation has been carried out in the manner of Table
2.1, Table 2.1 and Figure 2.6, it suffices to rotate the measurement direction within the
upper limit of twice the unilateral deviation (±), ie, bilateral deviation (2±), which has
been described earlier. The fact that the bilateral deviation is the upper limit is clear
from Figure 2.6. In Figure 2.6, the measurement direction or the direction opposite the
measurement direction can catch one satellite within less than the bilateral deviation
(2±). The rotation can be either clockwise or counterclockwise.
horizontal rotation, the satellite 9 is caught within a rotation angle of less than 2±.
is the state shown in Figure 2.7.
Satellite 22 is caught within a rotation angle of less than 2±.
The first and second patch antennas 1a, 1b are installed back-to-back in parallel on a
turntable 9 driven by a stepping motor 10. When azimuth limitation is executed based
on the state ”A” of the ring-like sequence R, a pulse signal is sent to the stepping motor
10 to rotate the turntable 9 intermittently in prescribed angular increments until it is
found that one or more satellites have come to be positioned on the boundary between
the coverage areas of the two antennas, ie, until the state of the ring-like sequence
R becomes state ”B.” The turntable 9 is then stopped.
depends on the performance of the GPS receivers.
the GPS receiver state that up to T seconds may be necessary to ”pick up a new signal
not currently being received,” a two-second period is necessary at each angular position
for reliably discriminating whether a new signal has been captured.
to rotate the turntable 9 intermittently at the rate of 1/T degree per second. If T is 0.1
second, the rate is 10 degrees per second.
2.2 Single unit configuration 47
The cases in which azimuth limitation and azimuth determination are possible, where
R is in state ”A” and ”B” respectively, were discussed.
state of the sequence R is in state ”C”, ”D” or ”E” were also discussed earlier.
The foregoing explanation focuses solely on the azimuth limitation and azimuth determination
functions of the device for acquiring azimuth information according to the
As is clear from the configuration shown in Figure 2.5, however, the
device for acquiring azimuth information of this embodiment is equipped with the components
needed for determining location (positioning) and is therefore also readily capable
of achieving this function.
section from the first GPS receiver or second GPS receiver can be used without
modification. For example, it is possible to output to the result output section one or the
other of the positioning results from the GPS receivers, giving preference to the one with
the more recent positioning result computation time.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to a specific embodiment
illustrated in the drawings, the invention is in no way limited to the described arrangement,
and changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the
appended claims.
As explained in the foregoing, in accordance with the method and device for acquiring
azimuth information of the present invention, limitation of azimuth, ie, narrowing of
azimuth value to a sector-like azimuth value range, can be achieved rapidly and without
need for rotation by disposing in an arbitrary direction a pair of planar patch antennas
each having a hemispherical antenna pattern arranged back-to-back, parallel to each other
and vertical, and receiving signals from GPS satellites with the respective planar patch
antennas.
Moreover, a device for acquiring azimuth information embodying the azimuth information
acquisition method can be manufactured in small size and light weight at low cost by
disposing two commercially available planar patch antennas for satellite positioning vertically,
back-to-back and in parallel.
cost.
Moreover, the fact that the planar patch antennas are characterized by small size and
light weight and are placed in parallel enables the device to be implemented in an arrangement
highly suitable for wearing on the head or the body.
adopted, the user can enjoy outstanding utility and convenience because the measurement
direction remains constantly aligned with the direction in which the user is facing or with
the forward direction of the body.
In accordance with the method for acquiring azimuth information of the present invention,
once an azimuth range has been obtained by azimuth limitation, azimuth determination
can be effected based thereon by horizontal rotation within a definite upper limit,
which can be easily known to the user before starting the rotation.
2.2 Single unit configurations
An embodiment of a device for acquiring azimuth information that is a concrete implementation
of the method for acquiring azimuth information according to the present
invention will now be explained in detail with reference to the attached drawings.
following explanation, degree (deg) is used as the unit for angles, with north defined as 0
degree and, moving clockwise, east as 90 degrees, south as 180 degrees and west as 270 degrees
degrees. Angle of elevation is defined as 0 degree at horizontal and 90 degrees at zenith.
The azimuth limitation acquisition principle of the present invention will first be explained
with reference to Figure 2.8. Near the middle of Figure 2.8 is disposed a planar patch
48 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
antenna . The patch antenna is disposed perpendicular to the ground.
which an observer faces when standing on the ground and looking down on the planar
patch antenna with the antenna disposed facing leftward, is defined as the measurement
direction of the observer.
The patch antennas 1 is provided with a hemispherical beam pattern with respect to
the circularly polarized wave used by the GPS satellite system.
hemispherical beam has on rare occasions been referred to in technical papers as being
nondirectional. Since strictly speaking ``nondirectional'' in this context means ``isotropic,''
however, the term "nondirectional" will not be used as a modifier with respect to the
hemispherical beam pattern in this specification.
to the ground. Half of the hemispherical beam is therefore directed toward the ground
and is unusable. The remaining half has sensitivity in the direction of the sky.When the planar patch antenna is disposed perpendicular to the ground in this manner,
its substantial coverage area coincides with half of the sky divided in two by a semicircle
that is part of a great circle, as shown in Figure 2.8.
forming the boundary between the sky coverage area of the planar patch antenna and the
remainder of the sky. In other words, the coverage area of the planar patch antenna is
the sky quarter-sphere in which the GPS satellite A is present in Figure 2.8 and the sky
quarter-sphere in which the GPS satellite B is present is not a coverage area of the planar
patch antenna . The positioning radio wave transmitted by a GPS satellite has a microwave
band frequency in the vicinity of 1.5 GHz and, therefore, excellent exhibits linear
propagation property like light. The GPS planar patch antenna can synchronize with signals
from the GPS satellite A in the sky coverage area but cannot synchronize with signals
from the GPS satellite B that is not in the sky coverage area of the planar patch antenna
The regions in which the GPS satellite A and GPS satellite B are located can therefore
be determined based on whether or not synchronism is established.
of the measurement direction can be achieved by merging the GPS satellite region-of-presence
discrimination and the GPS satellite azimuth information. Major characteristicsof a planar patch antenna used for azimuth information acquisition include small size,
light weight, ease of manufacture and low cost.
antenna, the completed antenna may have a right-handed circularly polarized wave beam
pattern of a solid angle slightly broader than the hemisphere that is the right-handed
circularly polarized wave beam pattern theoretically calculated at the time of design assuming
This occurs because the result of the design assuming an infinite ground plane in the theoretical calculation differs from the actual situation.
This is discussed in the following literature references: Small Plane Antennas: Misao
Haneishi, Kazuhiro Hirasawa and Yasuo Suzuki Published by the Institute of Electronics,
Information and Communication Engineers, August 10, 1996, P100.
System: Theory and Applications Volume I Edited by Bradford W. Parkinson and James
J. Spilker Jr. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1996, P342-P343, P722.
The technique of correcting such beam shape deviation by slightly modifying the substrate
size, patch size or the like to obtain the desired antenna pattern is known as antenna
pattern shaping. When, differently from the sky hemisphere according to the design calculations,
the fabricated result turns out to have a beam larger than the sky hemisphere,
the desired sky hemisphere beam antenna can be easily configured by disposing a shielding
substance composed of a radio wave shielding material on the rear side to eliminate the
unwanted sensitivity portion.
A device for acquiring azimuth information that is an embodiment of the method for
Acquiring azimuth information according to this invention will now be explained with
2.2 Single unit configuration 49
reference to Figure 2.9. In Figure 2.9, the planar patch antenna is connected to a GPS
receiver unit.
The GPS receiver unit shown in Figure 2.9 can have the same functional features and
specifications as the GPS receivers included in widely-used compact mobile positioning
devices employing L1-band signals.
developed for the production of small, light-weight civilian GPS positioning devices,
most notably size reduction and ease of volume production.
reduction achieved in civilian GPS positioning devices, GPS receivers are abundantly
available in sizes commensurate with planar patch antennas.
Moreover, these GPS receivers have planar patch antennas formed integrally with the receiver case, and inexpensive palm-sized models are already available.
technologies are well established.
available today can be utilized for economical fabrication of the device according to this
invention.
The GPS receiver periodically outputs the following data string at a period of, for example,
once a second or shorter. In other words, it is built to ordinary specifications.
Data such as the following are included in the data string: first, the current time, further,
as positioning data, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time,
positioning calculation mode (indicating whether two-dimensional positioning using three
satellites or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites), the satellite number assigned
to channel 1, the satellite angle of elevation of the satellite assigned to channel 1,
the satellite azimuth of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the channel state regarding synchronization
with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 1, the satellite number
assigned to channel 2, the satellite angle of elevation of the satellite assigned to channel
2, the satellite azimuth of the satellite assigned to channel 2, the channel state regarding
synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel 2, …and the satellite
number assigned to channel n, the satellite angle of elevation of the satellite assigned to
channel n, the satellite azimuth of the satellite assigned to channel n, the channel state
regarding synchronization with the signal from the satellite assigned to channel n.
number of used channels n is ordinarily 12. As the GPS receiver can concurrently synchronize
with the signals of these 12 satellites, its specifications can be called ordinary by
The present invention can utilize such an L1-band wave GPS receiver
and planar antenna available on the general market without substantial modification.
The GPS receiver unit attempts to synchronize with and decode satellite signals through
the first planar patch antenna and to determine position.
a search for the signals from all GPS satellites expected to be present in the sky, just as
does the GPS receiver of an ordinary mobile satellite-positioning device, in exactly the
Same way as if connected with an antenna whose coverage area is the sky hemisphere.
The radio wave transmitted from a GPS satellite contains information on the orbits of
all GPS satellites (almanac data).
case of a satellite present in the sky at an angle of elevation of greater than 0 degree viewed
from the current location but whose signal is blocked by a building or the topography, or
of a satellite not in the antenna coverage area with whose signal synchronization cannot be
established, the angle of elevation and azimuth of the satellite concerned can be computed
and output by a simple calculation from data received from another GPS satellite whose
signal was established by the antenna.
exists.
Although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, owing to
the utilization of a technology called the spread spectrum communication system made
possible by pseudo random coding, signal interference does not occur even when using
50 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
In pseudo random coding, each GPS satellite is assigned a different
digital signal sequence 0 and 1 appear to alternate irregularly.
signals from the satellites to be distinguished and separately received.
principle of pseudo random coding makes it easy to discriminate the angles of elevation in
the sky and the azimuths of all GPS satellites present at an angle of elevation of greater
than 0 degrees as viewed from the current location as well as to establish or not establish
Synchronize with the signals from the individual satellites, ie, to differentiate the
reception state and receive the signals from the satellites.
In the process of conducting the signal search with the GPS receiver, the data of each
satellite, ie, the satellite number of the GPS satellite, satellite angle of elevation, satellite
azimuth and channel state, are periodically output by GPS receiver.
result data, ie, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning
calculation mode and current time, are also periodically output by GPS receiver.
is no particular restriction on the data output period.
about once per second are currently in wide use.
if available.
The data acquired by the GPS receiver unit are input to a data processing unit 3.
data processing unit 3 processes the data in the following manner.
data, only data of satellites whose channel state is synchronized and whose satellite angle
of elevation is 85 degrees or less are extracted.
angles of elevation are greater than 85 degrees is that satellites with high angles of elevation
near the zenith, while being observed to have azimuths that differ numerically, are very
small in actual elongation.
Azimuth limitation is possible if at least one satellite is extracted.
azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered by the following rule.
satellite was extracted, it is defined as the first item of the order and also as the last
item. If there are two or more extracted satellites, the procedure is as follows.
clockwise circular order with respect to the satellite azimuths.
azimuth of a certain satellite (here called A) and the azimuth of the next satellite in the
clockwise direction (B) is 180 degrees or greater, define the certain satellite (A) as the last
term and the next satellite (B) as the first term.
and B) by their satellite azimuths as viewed clockwise from the first term (B).
is limited within an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between a start
azimuth that is the azimuth of the satellite associated with the last term and an end
azimuth that is the direction opposite the azimuth of the satellite associated with the first
term.
The data processing unit 3 forwards the result of the processing to a result output unit
4. The functioning of the result output unit 4 will now be explained.
unit 4 outputs the result of the azimuth limitation of the measurement direction to the
observer. In the exceptional case where the number of extracted satellites is zero, the
result output unit 4 advises the observer to retry the measurement after moving to a
Point where the sky is unobstructed.
The result output unit 4 conveys the information to the observer as a voice message.
Although output of an audible message has the advantage of permitting even a visually
impaired person to receive support regarding appropriate action, the information can
alternatively be output on a liquid crystal display.
include: azimuth information for the measurement direction (result of azimuth limitation),
current time (GPS time), latitude, longitude, altitude, latest positioning time, and advice
to the observer in the case of exception handling.
satellite signal can be picked up, the observer is advised to retry the measurement after
2.2 Single unit configurations51
moving to a place where the sky is more open.
Regarding the method of outputting the azimuth of the measurement direction in azimuth
limitation, if the rotation direction has been established, a message can be communicated
to the observer by providing the set (&reg;, &macr;), where &reg; is the start azimuth and &macr;
is the end azimuth. However, it is also possible to define a rough azimuth (hereinafter &micro;)
and a unilateral deviation (hereinafter ±), and to output a message in the form of (&micro;, ±).
&micro; and ± are given by:
&micro; = &reg; + (±/2)
± = (360 + &macr; - &reg;) MOD 360/2
where x MOD y is the remainder of dividing x by y.
Insofar as the direction of rotation has been defined, either of the (&reg;, &macr;) mode information
and (&micro;, ±) mode information can be immediately converted to the other.
can be supplied with information in either mode since the modes do not particularly differ
in the numerical significance of the information conveyed.
enhance observer convenience by enabling the observer to select whichever mode is more
suitable for the purpose at hand.
When more convenient for the observer, a certain angle can be continually added to the
result output before passing it on to the observer.
is worn on the observer's back, the measurement direction will be directed laterally left
from the observer's body.
the observer if the result output unit 4 always outputs values converted to those for the
direction forward of the observer, ie, values obtained by adding 90 degrees to the result.
One example will be explained.
Figure 2.10 shows an example of the relationship between an arrangement of spacesatellites and the antenna when azimuth limitation is conducted using the device for
Acquiring azimuth information according to the foregoing embodiment.
concentric circles in Figure 2.10 represents an imaginary view of the sky hemisphere whose
center is zenith at the ground point of the observer, taken looking downward from a point
higher than zenith. Angle of elevation is 0 degree at the outermost circle and increases
inwardly in increments of 10 degrees with each successive concentric circle.
denoted as ``North (0 degree)'', followed clockwise by ``East (90 degrees),'' ``South (180
degrees),” and ”West (270 degrees).”
locations of GPS satellites by angle of elevation and azimuth. Twelve satellites are shown.
Some dots are solid (black) and others open (white).
A black dot designates a GPS satellite later discriminated to be present in the coverage
area of the planar patch antenna and having a satellite angle of elevation of not greater
than 85 degrees. All other GPS satellites are represented as white dots.
The observer does not know the arrangement of the satellites in the sky viewed from
his or her location. The observer, who has no information regarding direction (azimuth),
places the planar antenna in an arbitrary direction, as shown in Figure 2.10, with the
antenna perpendicular to the ground.
line. The reverse direction (diametrically opposite direction) of the measurement direction
is also indicated.
data like that shown in Table 2.2 are sent from the GPS receiver unit to the data processing
unit 3. The reason for satellite 21 not being synchronized is probably because it is blocked
by some ground features. Blocking by ground features is not uncommon and can be
Considered a normal state.The presence of ground feature blocking is tolerable.Of the data in this table, only the data for the satellites that have synchronized channel
states and satellite angle of elevation of not greater than 85 degrees are extracted. Namely,
52 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
the data for the satellites numbered 2, 7, 15, 22, 9 and 20 are extracted.
limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered by the following rule.
If there are two or more extracted satellites, the procedure is as follows.
clockwise circular order with respect to the satellite azimuths.
azimuth of a certain satellite (here called A) and the azimuth of the next satellite in the
clockwise direction (B) is 180 degrees or greater, define the certain satellite (A) as the last
term and the next satellite (B) as the first term.
and B) by their satellite azimuths as viewed clockwise from the first term (B).Here, therefore, satellite 20 is selected as the last term and satellite 2 as the first term.
The measurement direction is limited as follows.
within an azimuth range defined in the clockwise direction between a start azimuth that is
the azimuth of the satellite associated with the last term (satellite number 20; 262 degrees)
and an end azimuth that is the direction opposite the azimuth of the satellite associated
with the first term (satellite number 2; 110 degrees + 180 degrees = 290 degrees).
data processing unit 3 forwards this result to the result output unit 4. The result output
unit 4 informs the observer that the measurement direction is in the azimuth range defined
in the clockwise direction between a start azimuth of 262 degrees an end azimuth of 290
degrees.
The information output at this time includes the result of the azimuth limitation of
the measurement direction and can further include the current time, latitude, longitude,
altitude and latest positioning time.
obtained in azimuth limitation can be output in the form of (&micro;, ±), where (&micro;) is a rough
azimuth and (±) is a unilateral deviation. When &reg; = 262 and &macr; = 290, &micro; and ± are given
by:
&micro; = &reg; + (±/2) = 276
± = (360 + &macr; - &reg;) MOD 360/2 = 14.
In other words, the rough azimuth is 276 degrees and the unilateral deviation is 14
degrees.
The procedure for azimuth information acquisition using both vertical orientations will
Now be explained with respect to a concrete example.
principle of applying a procedure like that explained above with reference to FIGs.
3 to the quarter-sphere on the opposite side and outputting the product of sets of the
Azimuth limitations obtained in the two vertical orientations.
Figure 2.11 shows the relationship between the arrangement of space satellites and the
planar patch antenna when the planar patch antenna is put in vertical orientation on
the opposite side from that in Figure 2.10.
Looking downward from a point higher than zenith. Angle of elevation is 0 degree at the
outermost circle and increases inwardly in increments of 10 degrees with each successive
concentric circle. Azimuth is denoted as ”North (0 degree)”, followed clockwise by ”East
(90 degrees),” ”South (180 degrees),” and ”West (270 degrees).” The small solid (black)
dots designate GPS satellites present in the coverage area of the planar patch antenna
and having a satellite angle of elevation of not greater than 85 degrees.
satellites are represented as open (white) dots.
area in Figure 2.10 are inside the coverage area in Figure 2.11.
Table 2.2 shows the data sent from the GPS receiver unit to the data processing unit 3
at this time.
Of the data in this table, only the data for the satellites that have synchronized channels
States and satellite angles of elevation of not greater than 85 degrees are extracted.
Namely, the data for the satellites numbered 14, 18, 11 and 6 are extracted.
is synchronized but is excluded because its angle of elevation is greater than 85 degrees.)
2.2 Single unit configuration53
For azimuth limitation, the extracted satellites are ordered by the following rule.
there are two or more extracted satellites, the following rule is followed.
circular order with respect to the satellite azimuths.
of a certain satellite (here called A) and the azimuth of the next satellite in the clockwise
direction (B) is 180 degrees or greater, define the certain satellite (A) as the last term and
the next satellite (B) as the first term. Order the other satellites (other than A and B)
by their satellite azimuths as viewed clockwise from the first term (B).
satellite 11 is selected as the first term and satellite 18 as the last term.
direction is immediately limited in accordance with the procedure.
According to the definition of the measurement direction depicted in Figure 1 and the
procedure of acquiring azimuth information set out in the foregoing, the measurement
direction in its original sense is automatically limited within an azimuth range defined
in the clockwise direction between a start azimuth that is the azimuth of the satellite
associated with the last term (satellite number 18; 64 degrees) and an end azimuth that is
the direction opposite the azimuth of the satellite associated with the first term (satellite
number 11; 285 degrees + 180 degrees = 105 degrees).
54 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.4. Configuration of the antennas and the sky hemisphere
2.2 Single unit configurations55
Fig. 2.5. Block diagram of the azimuth acquisition device
56 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.6. Satellites and antennas in azimuth limitation
2.2 Single unit configurations57
Fig. 2.7. Satellites and antennas in azimuth identification
58 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.5. Example of azimuth extraction from data table in azimuth identification
([188])
2.2 Single unit configurations59
Fig. 2.8. Conceptual diagram illustrating principle of azimuth information acquisition by
method for acquiring azimuth information
60 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
MEASUREMENT DIRECTION PLANAR PATCH ANTENNA
Fig. 2.9. Schematic diagram illustrating acquiring azimuth information using single receiving
units
2.2 Single unit configuration61
Fig. 2.10. Schematic diagram illustrating relationship between satellites and antenna using
single receiving unit
2.6. Example of azimuth from the data table in azimuth limitation with single unit
[186]
62 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.11. Schematic diagram illustrating a relationship between an arrangement of satellites
and antenna when azimuth limitation is conducted using device for effecting
Azimuth limitation with antenna oriented 180 degrees opposite to that in
Figure 2.10
2.2 Single unit configurations63
2.7. Example of azimuth extraction from data table in azimuth limitation [186]
64 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.3 Multiple unit configurations with arbitrary angles
The principle of the method for acquiring azimuth information of the invention will be
First explained with reference to FIGS. 2.12 to 2.14.
For the simplified explanation, the following description is to be based on the two
planar units.
any multiple unit configurations.
Two planar patch GPS antennas 11a, 11b each having a hemispherical beam patternare placed vertically (normal to the ground) to form an angle δ.
antennas 11a, 11b as viewed in Figure 2.12 face the back of the drawing sheet.
Major characteristics of the planar patch antennas used for the azimuth information
acquisition includes small size, light weight, ease of manufacture and low cost.
actual fabrication of the first planar patch antenna and the second planar patch antenna
, the completed antenna may have a right-handed circularly polarized wave beam pattern
of a solid angle slightly broader than the hemisphere that is the circularly polarized wave
beam pattern theoretically calculated at the time of design assuming an infinite ground
plane. This occurs because the result of the design assuming an infinite ground plane in
the theoretical calculation differs from the actual situation.
The technique of correcting such beam shape deviation by slightly modifying the substrate
size, patch size or the like to obtain the desired antenna pattern, the desired hemispherical
beam in the case at hand, is known as antenna pattern shaping.
When, differently from the sky hemisphere according to the design calculations, the
fabricated result turns out to have a beam larger than the sky hemisphere, the desired sky
hemispherical beam antenna can be easily configured by disposing a shielding substance
composed of a radio wave shielding material on the rear side to eliminate the unwanted
sensitivity portion.
The angle δ formed between the two antennas 11a, 11b is an angle that causes the
Coverage areas of the antennas to overlap partially to form a common coverage area.
Specifically, as shown in Figure 2.13, angle δ is defined so that the sky coverage area of
the first planar patch antenna 11a consists of a first area and a second area , and the sky
coverage area of the second planar patch antenna consists of the second area and a third
area . The second area is therefore a common area covered by both antennas.
Defining the direction in which one end of the first planar patch antenna 11a (the end
nearer the second planar patch antenna ) points as X, the opposite direction of first planar
patch antenna becomes the direction obtained by adding 180 degrees to X, the direction
in which one end of the second planar patch antenna (the end nearer the first planar patch antenna
antenna ) points becomes the direction obtained by subtracting the angle δ from X, and
the opposite direction of the second planar patch antenna becomes the direction obtained
by adding 180 degrees to that direction.
As shown in Figure 2.14, a first GPS receiver is connected to the first planar patch
antenna and second GPS receiver is connected to the second planar patch antenna.
The first GPS receiver attempts to utilize the first planar patch antenna to synchronize
with and decode signals from satellites present in the sky, and also to determine position.
Similarly, the second GPS receiver attempts to utilize the second planar patch antenna
to synchronize with and decode signals from satellites present in the sky, and also to
Determine position.
The first and second GPS receivers shown in Figure 2.14 can have the same functional
features and specifications as the GPS receivers included in widely-used compact mobile
positioning devices employing L1 signals.
2.3 Multiple unit configuration with arbitrary angle65
Fig. 2.12. Simplified drawing of adjacent antennas with angle
66 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
technologies developed for the production of small, light-weight consumer GPS positioning
devices, most notably size reduction and ease of volume production.
and weight reduction achieved in consumer GPS positioning devices, GPS receivers are
abundantly available in sizes commensurate with planar patch antennas.
Moreover, these GPS receivers have planar patch antennas formed
integrally with the receiver case, and inexpensive palm-sized models are already available.
Production technologies are well established.
technologies available today can be utilized for economical fabrication of devices for implementation
the present invention.
The GPS receiver periodically outputs the following data string at a period of, for example,
once a second or shorter. In other words, it is built to ordinary specifications. Data
such as the following are included in the data string: first, the current time, further, as positioning
data, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning
calculation mode (indicating whether two-dimensional positioning using three satellites
or three-dimensional positioning using four satellites), the satellite number, satellite angle
of elevation, satellite azimuth and channel state of the satellite assigned to channel 1, the
satellite number, satellite angle of elevation, satellite azimuth and channel state of the
satellite assigned to channel 2 . . . , and the satellite number, satellite angle of elevation,
satellite azimuth and channel state of the satellite assigned to channel n.
of used channels n is ordinarily 12. As the GPS receiver can concurrently synchronize
with the signals of these 12 satellites, their specifications can be called ordinary by current
standards. The present invention can utilize such an L1 wave GPS receiver and planar
antenna available on the general market substantially without modification.
of the first GPS receiver 12a is forwarded to a data processing unit 13.
The first GPS receiver attempts to utilize the first planar patch antenna to synchronize
with and decode signals from satellites present in the sky, and also to determine position.
Similarly, the second GPS receiver attempts to utilize the second planar patch antenna
to synchronize with and decode signals from satellites present in the sky, and also to
determine position. In other words, the first GPS receiver and the second GPS receiver
conduct a search for the signals from all GPS satellites expected to be present in the sky,
just as does the GPS receiver of an ordinary mobile satellite positioning device, in exactly
the same way as if connected with antennas whose coverage areas are the sky hemisphere.
The radio wave transmitted from a GPS satellite contains information on the orbits of
all GPS satellites (almanac data).
case of a satellite present in the sky at an angle of elevation of greater than 0 degree viewed
from the current location but whose signal is blocked by a building or the topography, or
of a satellite not in the antenna coverage area with whose signal synchronization cannot be
established, the angle of elevation and azimuth of the satellite concerned can be computed
and output by a simple calculation from data received from another GPS satellite with
whose signal synchronization was established by one of the antennas.
outputs such information actually exists.
Although all GPS satellites transmit signals at exactly the same frequency, owing to
the utilization of a technology called the spread spectrum communication system made
possible by pseudo random coding, signal interference does not occur even when using
In pseudo random coding, each GPS satellite is assigned a different
digital signal sequence 0 and 1 appear to alternate irregularly.
signals from the satellites to be distinguished and separately received.
principle of pseudo random coding makes it easy to discriminate the angles of elevation in
the sky and the azimuths of all GPS satellites present at an angle of elevation of greater
than 0 degrees as viewed from the current location as well as to establish or not establish
Synchronize with the signals from the individual satellites, ie, to differentiate the
2.3 Multiple unit configurations with arbitrary angles67
reception state and receive the signals from the satellites.
In the process of conducting the signal search with the GPS receiver, the data of each
satellite, ie, the satellite number, satellite angle of elevation, satellite azimuth and channel
state of the GPS satellite, are periodically output by both GPS receivers.
result data, ie, the latitude, longitude, altitude, positioning calculation time, positioning
calculation mode and current time, are also periodically output by both GPS receivers.
There is no particular restriction on the data output period.
data about once per second are currently in wide use.
workable if available.
As a countermeasure when positioning cannot be established, the values at the most
recent establishment of positioning calculation can be output as the latitude, longitude,
altitude, positioning calculation time and positioning calculation mode data.
specification GPS receivers of the most ordinary type are capable of calculating satellite
angle of elevation and satellite azimuth from satellite orbit factors utilizing the latitude,
longitude and altitude at the time positioning calculation was most recently established,
together with the current time. When such a GPS receiver is adopted, even under conditions
that do not permit positioning to be established, satellite angle of elevation and
satellite azimuth can still be very accurately calculated, provided that the most recent
establishment of positioning calculation was at a nearby position, by using the results
of the positioning calculation established at the nearby location.
that positioning calculation was established at a point 300 km from the current location.
Even if the values obtained at that time are used together with the current time, it is
still possible to make the calculation with very high accuracy, provided that the satellite
azimuth and elevation were calculated, because the shift in the satellite angle of elevation
and satellite azimuth will be very small (less than one degree).
is negligible for practical purposes.
The data processing unit 13 first excludes the data of any GPS satellite for which
the channel states of both GPS receivers indicate that synchronization has not been
established. (Although the presence of such a satellite can be due to either blocking
by ground features or the fact that the satellite is in a sky area to which the antennas
are not sensitive, there is no need to distinguish between these two causes.) Next, the
data of satellites whose satellite angle of elevation is 85 degrees or less are extracted.
reason for excluding satellites whose angles of elevation are greater than 85 degrees is
that satellites with high angles of elevation near the zenith, while being observed to have
Azimuths that differ numerically, are very small in actual elongation.
The data processing unit 13 compares the remaining data of each GPS satellite and
discriminates in which of the first area , second area and third area it is present.
When the state of the channel assigned to a signal transmitted by a satellite is found
to be synchronized in the first GPS receiver and the state of the channel assigned to the
signal transmitted by the satellite is found not to be synchronized in the second GPS
receiver , the satellite is decided to be present in the first area .
When the state of the channel assigned to a signal transmitted by a satellite is found
to be synchronized in the second GPS receiver and the state of the channel assigned to
the signal transmitted by the satellite is found not to be synchronized in the first GPS
receiver , the satellite is decided to be present in the third area .
When the state of the channel assigned to a signal transmitted by a satellite is found
to be synchronized in the first GPS receiver and the state of the channel assigned to the
signal transmitted by the satellite is found to be synchronized in the second GPS receiver
, the satellite is decided to be present in the common second area .
The satellite azimuth output by the GPS receiver that indicates the more recent positioning
calculation time is used in the following manner to process a satellite whose area
68 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
has been determined.
The azimuths of the satellites present in the first, second and third areas are arranged
in a clockwise series, and the data of the leading satellite (first term) and the final satellite
(last term) of the series are extracted.
processed by defining First term=Last term.
area, the first term and last term are defined as follows.
with respect to the azimuths of only the satellites found to be present in the area.
clockwise angle between the azimuth of a certain satellite (here called A) in the circular
series and the azimuth of the next existing satellite in the greater clockwise direction (B) is
than ”the angle obtained by subtracting the central angle of the area from 360 degrees,”
define the satellite (A) as the last term and the satellite (B) as the first term.
When this is done, satellite 5 in Figure 2.13 becomes the first term satellite and satellite
6 becomes the last term satellite of the first area.
four satellites are present, satellite 7 becomes the first term satellite and satellite 8 becomes
the last term satellite. As satellite 9 is the only satellite present in third area , it becomes
both the first and last term in this area.
A symbol like A(S1, 1) appearing next to a first term or last term satellite in Figure
2.13 indicates the azimuth of the satellite in accordance with the following definition.
For example, in the symbol A(S1, 1) associated with the satellite 5, the symbol S1 on
the left within the parentheses means that satellite 5 is in the series of satellites found in
the first area and the numeral 1 on the right indicates the position (ordinal number) of
the term in the series. Thus, A(S1, 1) indicates the azimuth of the first term satellite in
the series of satellites present in the first area . In the case of satellite 8, since the satellite
is present in the second area, the symbol on the left in the parentheses is S2, while the
symbol on the right is e2, which is assigned to indicate the position of the azimuth of the
satellite in the clockwise direction in the area, ie, that satellite 8 is the last term in the
second area . (More specifically, since satellite 8 is the fourth satellite, e2=4.)
The following Equation (1) is therefore obtained from Figure 2.13:
X+180 <A(S1; 1) <A(S1; e1) < X &iexcl; δ <A(S2; 1) <A(S2; e2) <X <A(S3; 1) <
A(S3; e3) < X &iexcl; δ + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1)
The symbol” <” is used here to indicate that the order of azimuth appearance is clockwise.
The method of deriving from Eq. 1 an equation that limits the azimuth X based on the
first term and the last term of the first area will now be explained.
First, the first terms and last terms of areas other than first area are omitted from Eq.
1 based on extractability.
X+180 <A(S1; 1) <A(S1; e1) < X &iexcl; δ <X < X &iexcl; δ + 180Eq:(1 &iexcl; 1)
Based on add-subtract-ability, (180) is added to Eq. (1-1).
X <A(S1; 1)+180 <A(S1; e1)+180 <X&iexcl;δ+180< X+180 <X&iexcl;δ&cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1&iexcl;2)
Similarly, based on add-subtract-ability, (δ) is added from Eq. (1-1).
X + δ + 180 <A(S1; 1) + 6 <A(S1; e1) + 6 <X < X + δ < X + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1:3)
Based on connectivity, Eq. (1-2) and Eq. (1-3) are connected with respect to the X
term and the X+180 term.
X+180 < X + delta + 180 <A(S1; 1) + delta <A(S1; e1) + δ <X <A(S1; 1) + 180 <
A(S1; e1) + 180 < X &iexcl; δ + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1&iexcl; 4)
Based on extractability, all but the X term and adjacent terms are omitted from Eq.
(1-4) to obtain Eq. (1-5), which limits the azimuth X by the first and last terms of the
first area.
A(S1; e1) + 6 <X <A(S1; 1) + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1&iexcl; 5)
Next, the method of deriving from Eq. (1) an equation that limits the azimuth X based
on the first term and the last term of the second area will be explained.
2.3 Multiple unit configurations with arbitrary angles69
First, the first terms and last terms of areas other than the second area are omitted
from Eq. (1) based on extractability.
X+180 <X&iexcl; 6 <A(S2; 1) <A(S2; e2) <X < X &iexcl; δ + 180Eq: &cent;&cent;&cent; (2 &iexcl; 2)
Based on add-subtract-ability, (δ) is added to Eq. (2-2).
X + δ + 180 <X <A(S2; 1) + δ <A(S2; e2) + δ < X + δ < X + 180Eq: &cent;&cent;&cent; (2 &iexcl; 3)
Based on connectivity, Eq. (2-2) and Eq. (2-3) are connected with respect to the X
term and the X+180 term.
X+180 < X &iexcl; δ <A(S2; 1) <A(S2; e2) <X <A(S2; 1) + δ <A(S2; e2) + δ <
X + δ &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(2&iexcl; 4)
Based on extractability, all but the X term and adjacent terms are omitted from Eq.
(2-4) to obtain Eq. (2-5), which limits the azimuth X by the first and last terms of the
second area.
A(S2; e2) <X <A(S2; 1) + 6 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(2&iexcl; 5)
Finally, the method of deriving from Eq. (1) an equation that limits the azimuth X
based on the first term and the last term of the third area will be explained.
First, the first terms and last terms of areas other than third area are omitted from Eq.
(1) based on extractability.
X+180 < X &iexcl; δ <X <A(S3; 1) <A(S3; e3) < X &iexcl; 6 + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(3&iexcl; 1)
Based on add-subtract-ability, (δ-180) is added to Eq. (3-1).
X + δ <X&iexcl; 180 < X + δ &iexcl; 180 <A(S3; 1) + δ &iexcl; 180 <A(S3; e3) + δ &iexcl; 180 <
X &cent;&cent;&cent; Eq: (3 &iexcl; 2)
As the second term (X-180) in Eq. (3-2) is the same as (X+180), the equation is rewritten.
X + δ < X + 180 < X + δ &iexcl; 180 <A(S3; 1) + δ &iexcl; 180 <A(S3; e3) + δ &iexcl; 180 <
X &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(3&iexcl; 3)
Based on connectivity, Eq. (3-1) and Eq. (3-3) are connected with respect to the X
term and the X+180 term.
X+180 <X+δ&iexcl;180<A(S3;1)+δ&iexcl;180<A(S3;e3)+δ&iexcl;180<X<A(S3; 1) <
A(S3; e3) < X &iexcl; δ + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(3&iexcl; 4)
Based on extractability, all but the X term and adjacent terms are omitted from Eq.
(3-4) to obtain Eq. (3-5), which limits the azimuth X by the first and last terms of the
third area.
A(S3; e3) + δ&iexcl; 180 <X <A(S3; 1) &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(3&iexcl; 5)
Eqs. (1-5), (2-5) and (3-5) obtained in the foregoing manner play an important role
in the acquisition of azimuth information in the present invention.
main equations are obtained, that equations can be used to acquire azimuth information.
If two or all of the equations are obtained, still more accurate azimuth information can
be acquired by determining the azimuth range that satisfies the equations simultaneously.
The acquired azimuth information is output by a result output unit 14 by, for example,
displaying it on a liquid crystal screen and/or announcing it audibly through a speaker
or earphones.
The foregoing processing is conducted by the data processing unit 13, which is constituted
by a microprocessor with numerical computation and memory capability.
The term "extractability" used in the forgoing explanation is based on the proposition
that the circular series obtained by extracting three or more terms from a valid azimuth
circular series composed of four or more terms and expressing them with their circular
order maintained is also valid as an azimuth circular series.
The term ``add-subtract-ability'' is based on the proposition that the result obtained
by adding (or subtracting) an arbitrary angle of rotation to all terms of a valid azimuth
circular series is a valid azimuth circular series.
The term "connectivity" is based on the proposition that if a certain valid azimuth
70 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
circular series includes a term a immediately followed by a term b and another valid
azimuth circular series includes the term b immediately followed by the term a, then
when a series formed by cutting the former azimuth circular series between a and b and a
series formed by cutting the latter azimuth circular series between b and a are connected
with respect to a and a, b and b, the newly formed azimuth circular series is valid as an
Azimuth circular series.
The method of acquiring azimuth information using the Eqs. (1-5), (2-5) and (3-5) will
now be explained in detail.
angles, with north defined as 0 degree and, moving clockwise, east as 90 degrees, south as
180 degrees and west as 270 degrees. Angle of elevation is defined as 0 degree at horizontal
and 90 degrees at zenith.
First, the first and second planar patch antennas 11a, 1b are placed vertically (normal
to the ground) to from an angle δ.
placed with consideration to conditions at the measurement site the azimuth acquisition
direction and the like, they must be placed such that their sky coverage areas partially
overlap and form a common area.
The angle formed between the two antennas can be measured using a variable capacitor,
variable resistor or other such known angle measuring instrument that enables rotation
angle to be read out as a numerical value representing voltage or the like.
When the angle δ formed by the antennas 11a, 11b is set at 100 degrees as shown in
Figure 2.3, the first area is a sector with a start azimuth of X+180 degrees, end azimuth
of X-100 degrees, and central angle defined clockwise of 80 degrees.
The satellites in the first area are ones with which the channel state is synchronized
in the first GPS receiver and not synchronized in the second GPS receiver .
assumed that three satellites having azimuths of 12 degrees, 6 degrees and 351 degrees
were found to be present in this area.
The circular series of the three satellite azimuths can be expressed as 6 < 12 < 351.
The central angle of the first area is 80 degrees.
azimuth of a certain satellite (here called A) and the azimuth of the next satellite in the
clockwise direction (B) is larger than the angle obtained by subtracting the central angle
of the area rom 360 degrees (360-80=280 degrees, satellite A is defined as the last term
and satellite B as the first term and, therefore, the 351 degrees of satellite 5 is defined as
the first term A(S1, 1) and the 12 degrees of satellite 6 is defined as the last term A(S1,
e1).
As the first term A(S1, 1) was found to be 351 and the last term A(S1, e1) to be 12
degrees in the foregoing manner, these are substituted into Eq. (1-5).
A(S1; e1) + δ <X <A(S1; 1) + 180 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(1&iexcl; 5)
and therefore
120 + 100 <X < 351 + 180
which when rearranged gives the following equation limiting X.
112 <X < 171 &cent;&cent;&cent; (1)0
As shown in Figure 2.3, the second area is a sector with a start azimuth of X-100 degrees,
end azimuth of X, and central angle defined clockwise of 100 degrees.
The satellites in the second area are ones with which the channel state is synchronized
in the first GPS receiver and also synchronized in the second GPS receiver .
assumed that four satellites having azimuths of 72 degrees, 53 degrees, 148 degrees and
102 degrees were found to be present in this area.
The circular series can be expressed as 53 < 72 < 102 < 148, or 148 < 52 < 72 < 102,or
102 < 148 < 53 < 72,or 72 < 102 < 148 < 53.
If the angle formed clockwise between the azimuth of a certain satellite (here called
A) and the azimuth of the next satellite in the clockwise direction (B) is larger than
2.3 Multiple unit configurations with arbitrary angles71
the angle obtained by subtracting the central angle of the area from 360 degrees (360-
100=260 degrees, satellite A is defined as the last term and satellite B as the first term
and, therefore, the 53 degrees of satellite 7 is defined as the first term A(S2, 1) and the
148 degrees of satellite 8 is defined as the last term A(S2, e2).
As the first term A(S2, 1) was found to be 53 and the last term A(S2, e2) to be 148 in
the foregoing manner, these are substituted into Eq. (2-5).
A(S2; e2) <X <A(S2; 1) + 6 &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(2&iexcl; 5)
and therefore
148 <X < 53 + 100
which when rearranged gives the following equation limiting X.
148 <X < 153 &cent;&cent;&cent; (2)0
As shown in Figure 2.3, the third area is a sector with a start azimuth of X degrees,
end azimuth of X-100+180 degrees, and central angle defined clockwise of 80 degrees.
The satellites in the third area are ones with which the channel state is not synchronized
in the first GPS receiver and is synchronized in the second GPS receiver .
assumed that one satellite (satellite 9) having an azimuth of 215 degrees was found to be
present in this area. This value is substituted into Eq. (3-5) for both A(S3, 1) and A(S3,
e3).
A(S3; e3) + δ&iexcl; 180 <X <A(S3; 1) &cent;&cent;&cent;Eq:(3&iexcl; 5)
and therefore
215 + 100&iexcl; 180 <X < 215
which when rearranged gives the following equation limiting X.
135 <X < 215 &cent;&cent;&cent; (3)0
As the azimuth range that simultaneously satisfies Eqs. (1)', (2)' and (3)', there is
obtained 148 <X < 153.
In other words, information is obtained that the unknown azimuth X in Figure 2.3 is a
range of azimuths between not less than 148 degrees and not greater than 153 degrees.
The method for acquiring azimuth information when it is clear that satellite signals
cannot be received from satellites in some directional areas of the whole sky because three
directions are blocked by very high buildings or the like will now be explained.The case where, as shown in Figure 2.3, the sky is open only at a sector centered on the
Zenith having a central angle of 100 degrees will be considered. The antennas 11a, 11b
are, for example, placed so that δ is 30 degrees and the common second area is formed in
(It is assumed that, as shown in Figure 2.3, the area
of the hatched sectors represent the sky area in which direction satellite signals cannot be
received due to blockage of high-rise buildings or the like.)
Next, the GPS receivers connected to the antennas are operated and an attempt is made to synchronize with and decode satellite signals of the GPS satellites in the sky
hemisphere and to determine position.
Although six satellites are actually present in the first area and the common second
area (which together correspond to the coverage area of the first planar patch antenna
area), signals from four of them cannot be received (synchronized with) because they are
(However, the observer cannot distinguish whether this is because
the satellite is in a sky area in which the antenna does not have sensitivity or because it is
blocked by a ground feature.) As a result, signals can be received from only two satellites
(satellites 18 and 22), one of which is assumed to be a satellite present in the common
second area.
In the drawing, the hatching indicates regions from which signals cannot be received
because they are blocked by buildings, the gray circles indicate satellites found to be
present in the first area , the black circles indicate satellites found to be present in the
second area , the white circles with a plus sign indicate satellites found to be present in
72 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
the third area , and the white circles indicate satellites that were not found to be present
in any of the areas 1, 2 and 3. The outermost solid circle indicates an angle of elevation of
0 degrees and the remaining concentric solid circles indicate angles of elevation increase
inwardly in increments of 10 degrees.
Although six satellites are also actually present in the third area and the common second
area (which together correspond to the coverage area of the second planar patch antenna
area), signals from four of them cannot be received because they are hidden by buildings.
(However, the observer cannot distinguish whether this is because the satellite is in a sky
area in which the antenna does not have sensitivity or because it is blocked by a ground
feature.) As a result, signals can be received from only two satellites (satellites 18 and
20), one of which is assumed to be a satellite present in the common second area.
Since one satellite is thus present in each of the three areas 1, 2 and 3, it follows that
First term=Last term and the following information can be acquired from the respective
areas.
8 <
:
A(S1; 1) = A(S1; e1) = 211
A(S2; 1) = A(S2; e2) = 244
A(S3; 1) = A(S3; e3) = 262
which in the order listed are satellite azimuth data for the first area , second area and
third area.
These data and δ=30 are substituted into the following three main equations (1-5),
(2-5) and (3-5).
8 <
:
A(S1; 1) + delta <X <A(S1; 1) + 180 Eq:(1 &iexcl; 5)
A(S2; 1) <X <A(S2; 1) + δEq:(2 &iexcl; 5)
A(S3; 1) + δ&iexcl; 180 <X <A(S3; 1) Eq:(3&iexcl; 5)
Substitution of the foregoing data in the main equations gives the following equations:
8 <
:
211+30 <X < 211 + 180
244 <X < 244 + 30
262 + 30&iexcl; 180 <X < 262
Rearranging these equations gives the following:
8 < :
211 <X < 31
244 <X < 274
112 <X < 262
As the azimuth range that simultaneously satisfies these three equations, there is obtained
244 <X < 262. In other words, the azimuth X being sought is within the range
of 244 degrees to 262 degrees.
The observer decides the value of δ with consideration to the following tradeoff.
The value of δ and the value of the central angle of the common second area are the
If even a single satellite is picked up in the common second area , therefore, the
azimuth is immediately limited to the range of δ.
value has the advantage of enhancing the accuracy of the result.
value, however, the central angle of the common second area becomes narrow and it may
be impossible to pick up even a single satellite.
Consideration will now be given to the number of usable satellites in the sky, which
depends on the observer's location and the time of day. At Tokyo, Japan, a city in the
middle latitudes, the number of satellites that can actually be used for GPS is known to be
2.3 Multiple unit configurations with arbitrary angles73
between 8 and 12 at all times.
Satellites are available for use. Assume, for example, that the usable sky area as viewed
from the observer's location is a sector area having a central angle of only 36 degrees.
Based on statistical probability, the number of usable satellites that can be expected to
be present in the narrow 36-degree sky sector at the observer's location is one (10 satellites
× 36 degrees/360 degrees = 1 satellite).
If the angle δ between the two antennas is set at 36 degrees and the common area
having a central angle of 36 degrees is aligned with the usable sky area, the probability
of picking up a signal from a single satellite present in the area will be high.
measurement by the present invention, limitation to an azimuth range of δ is generally
instantaneously possible if even a single satellite is picked up.
limited to within the span of 6 if a single satellite is picked up because in Eq. (2-5), ie,
A(S2; e2) <X <A(S2; 1) + 6 the first term and last term become equal (e2=1) to give
A(S2; 1) <X <A(S2; 1) + 6). Thus, even in an environment where only a narrow sky
area is available for use, the present invention can nevertheless be expected to enable
Azimuth limitation on the order of around 36 degrees at a high probability.
The usable sky area is seldom limited to such a poor condition as 36 degrees and is
Usually considerably broader. When broader, the number of satellites that can be picked
up is naturally greater. This means that number of terms (e2) in Eq.
this case, azimuth limitation narrower than 6 is possible from Eq. (2-5) alone, while even
more accurate azimuth limitation is likely to be possible owing to Eqs. (1-5) and (3-5)
also being usable thanks to the presence of S1 and S3 in the first area and third area .
Next, consider the case where, as shown in Figure 2.3, the sky area in which satellite
information can be acquired (where the sky is open) is limited by buildings or the like
to only at a sector centered on the zenith having a central angle of 45 degrees.
assumed that, as shown in Figure 2.3, the area of the hatched sectors represent the sky
area in which direction satellite signals cannot be received due to blockage of high-rise
buildings or the like.) Assume that for some reason the observer wants to limit the azimuth
Information to within a span of 25 degrees.
11a, 11b so that δ=25 degrees, for example, in order to form the common second area
in the direction of the sky area where measurement is possible.
the GPS receivers connected to the antennas to attempt to synchronize with and decode
signals from the satellite present in the sky, and also to determine position.
If a satellite is fortunately found to be present in the second area, the azimuth obtained
(244 degrees) and δ=25 are substituted into the main equation for the second area .
only one satellite (satellite 18) is present in this case, too, the first term A(S2, 1) and the
last term A(S2, e2) are the same.
244 <X < 244 + 25
which when rearranged gives
244 <X < 269
In other words, the desired azimuth X falls between 244 degrees and 269 degrees.This can be generalized as follows.Considering a poor environment in which only one
satellite can be picked up, if the single satellite is picked up in the common second area
, the azimuth limitation width is δ degrees.
within the span of δ degrees if even a single satellite is picked up because in Eq. (2-5),
ie, A(S2; e2) <X <A(S2; 1) + δ, the first term and last term become equal (e2=1) to
give A(S2; 1) <X <A(S2; 1) + δ)).
If the single satellite is picked up in the first area , the azimuth limitation width is 180-
δ degrees. (The azimuth can be seen to be immediately limited to within the span of
180-δ degrees if even a single satellite is picked up because in Eq. (1-5), ie, A(S1; e1)+
δ <X <A(S1; 1) + 180, the first term and last term become equal (e1=1) to give
74 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
A(S1; 1) + delta <X <A(S1; 1) + 180).
If the single satellite is picked up in the third area , the azimuth limitation width is
again 180-δ degrees. (The azimuth is can be seen to be immediately limited to within
the span of 180-δ degrees if even a single satellite is picked up because in Eq. (3-5), ie,
A(S3; e3) + δ&iexcl; 180 <X <A(S3; 1), the first term and last term become equal (e3=1)
to give A(S3; 1) + δ &iexcl; 180 <X <A(S3; 1)).
These are obviously superior to the results that would be obtained with a configuration
not having the common area.
This is clear from the fact that if δ is set at zero (no common area exists), the azimuth
limitation width is 180 degrees both when the single satellite is picked up in the first area
and when it is picked up in the third area (this corresponding to the case of substituting
e1=1 and 8=0 into Eq. (1-5)).
particularly enhances the azimuth limitation capability under conditions where only one
satellite can be picked up.
As is clear from the foregoing explanation, the method for acquiring azimuth information
according to the present invention effectively enables acquisition of azimuth information
even at a location where the sky is partially blocked or a location where the likelihood of
Blocking by buildings is obvious.
In fact, azimuth information can be acquired even at a location where most of the sky
is blocked, insofar as a signal can be received from at least one satellite present in the
unblocked sky area.
Since the two patch antennas do not have to be placed in parallel, more over, they can
be installed, for example, on a mobile unit having a streamlined member mounted on its
nose (eg a motorcycle equipped with a streamlined cowl) to enable constant acquisition
of azimuth information during driving.
As explained in the foregoing, in the method for acquiring azimuth information according
the present invention, first and second planar patch antennas are disposed at an angle
to each other such that their sky coverage areas partially overlap, thereby dividing the
antenna sky coverage area into an area covered by only the first antenna, an area covered
only by the second antenna and a common area covered by both the first and second
antennas, whereby azimuth limitation information can be effectively acquired insofar as a
signal can be received from at least one satellite present in at least one of the three areas.
Azimuth limitation information can therefore be effectively acquired even at a location
where most of the sky is blocked.
When one or more satellites are present in two or more of the areas, azimuth information
can be acquired from each of these areas, making it possible to acquire still more accurate
Azimuth information by taking the common product of sets of the azimuths to limit them
to a single azimuth.
For the simplified visual understandings, the explanation described above is to be based
on the two planar units.
extended to any multiple GPS unit configurations which have the ability to limit not only
azimuth on the earth but also orientation in outer space or the like.
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 75
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth
limitation algorithm
satellite's azimuth and elvevation is calculated from the satellite orbit parameters acqured
from the almanac data at navigation message in transmitted signal.
process is described in this section.
2.4.1 orbital elements
Orbital parameters consist of the following parameters:
1. &shy;: right ascension of the ascending node;
2. i: inclination angle
3. !: argument of perigee
4. A: semi-major axis;
5. e: eccentricity;
6. &micro;: true anomaly;
almanac data contains the following parameters for all satellites.
&sup2;af0;af1; af2 : clock correction factor
&sup2; SVhealth : satellite information availability (so called, satellite health)
&sup2; SV : satellite ID
&sup2; e : eccentricity
&sup2; a : square root of semi-major axis ( a =
p
A)
&sup2; t0a : epoch
&sup2; M0 : mean anomaly
&sup2; ! : argument of perigee
&sup2; ±i : inclination angle
&sup2;&shy;0 : right ascension of ascending node
&#729;&shy; : differentiation of right ascension of ascending node
76 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.2 Mean anomaly M(tt)
The value to be calculated: Satellite position : M(tt) (mean anomaly)
The formula to use:
M(tt) = M0 + (
r
&sup1;e
A3 ) &cent; (tt &iexcl; toa)
The known values to use:
M0 : mean anomaly
&sup1;e : WGS84 value of the earth's universal gravitational parameter for GPS user
A : long radius of the orbit
toa: epoch
tt : elapsed time from the GPS week
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 77
2.4.3 Eccentric anomaly E
The value to be calculated: satellite position, E (eccentric anomaly)
The formula to be used:
Ei+1 = M(tt) + e sinEi
E0 = M(tt)
the iteration about ten times (i=10) makes the enough estimator of Ei+1.
The known values to be used:
tt : (already used in previous formula)
M(tt) : (already used in previous formula)
e : eccentricity
78 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.4 True anomaly &micro;
The value to be calculated: satellite position &micro;
The formula to be used:
sin &micro; =
p
1&iexcl;e2 sinE
1&iexcl;e cosE
cos &micro; =
cosE &iexcl;e
1&iexcl;e cosE
The known values to be used:
E : eccentric anomaly (already used previous formula)
e : eccentricity
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 79
2.4.5 Angle from the ascending node &Aacute;

The value to be calculated : satellite position &Aacute;
The formula to be used
&Aacute; = &micro; + !
The known values to be used:
&micro; : true abnormal (already used in previous formula)
! : Argument of Perigee
80 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.6 Distance from center of the Earth r, Inclination i
The value to be calculated:
2
664
u
r
i
3
775
=
2
664
&Aacute;
A(1&iexcl; e cosE)
i0
3
775
The known values to be used:
A semi-major axis
e eccentricity
E eccentric anomaly
i0: inclination
tt: signal transmission time
toa: epoch
&Aacute; angle from the right ascending node
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 81
2.4.7 Right assertion of ascending node &shy;
The value to be calculated: right ascension of ascending node &shy;
The formula to use:
&shy; = &shy;0 + (&#729;&shy;&iexcl;&#729;&shy;e)&cent; (tt &iexcl; toa) &iexcl;
The known values to be used:
&shy;0 : right ascension of ascending node at the epoch
&shy;&#729; : differentiation of right ascension of ascending node
&#729;&shy;
e: Earth's rotation speed
toa: epoch
82 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.8 ECEF rectangular coordinates representation (x; y; z)

The value to be calculated: satellite position, ECEF rectangular coordinates x; y; z
The value to use:
2
664
x
y
z
3
775
=
2
664
cos&shy;&iexcl;sin&shy;cos i
sin&shy;cos&shy;cos i
0 sin i
3
775
2
4 r cos u
r sin u
3
Five
The known values to be used:
&shy; : right ascension of ascending node
i : inclusion
r : distance from the center of the earth
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 83
2.4.9 ECEF rectangular coordinate representation on observation point
(x; y; z)
The value to be calculated: ECEF rectangular coordinate value on observation point
x; y; z
The value to use:
Approximation values are obtained from the fomula.
by an ellipsoid.
x = (n + h) cos B cos L
y = (n + h) cos B sin L
z = f(1 &iexcl; e2)n + hg sinB
The known values to be used:
(B; L; h) latitude , longitude , ellilpsoid hight
e the Earth's eccentricity (calculated from the Earth's ellipticity fe = (1:0=298:277223563)
)
n prime vertical's radius of curvature at the observation point (calculated from the
Earth's semi-major axis and the Earth's eccentricity)
84 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.10 ENU coordinate representation (E;N;U)
The value to be calculated: satellite position ENU coordinate (E;N;U)
The formula to use:
~xENU = R3(B; L)[~xECEF &iexcl;~x0;ECEF ]
R3(B; L) =
2
664
&ie xcl;sin L cos L 0
&iexcl;cos LsinB &iexcl;sin LsinB cosB
cos L cos B sin L cos B sin B
3
775
The known values:
~xECEF : satellite position vector in ECEF rectangular coordinate
~x0;ECEF : ENU coordinate's origin point (observation point)
[~xECEF &iexcl;~x0;ECEF ] : satellite's relative position from the origin point
R3(B;L) : rotation matrix from ECEF coordinate to ENU coordinate
B: latitude of the origin point.
L: longitude of the origin point.
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 85
2.4.11 local horizontal coordinate representation (azimuth; elevation)
The value to be calculated: satellite position, (azimuth; elevation)
The value to use:
azimuth = arctan
enu:e
enu:n
elevation = arctan
enu:u
p
enu:e2 + enu:n2
The known values to be used:
(e; n; u) ENU coordinate
86 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
2.4.12 GPS constants for calculation
GPS interface specification [82] defines constants to be used in GPS calculation.
&sup1; = 3:986005x1014meters3=second2 WGS 84 value of the earth's gravitational constant
for GPS users
c = 2: 99792458x108 meters = second speed of light
&#729;&shy;
e = 7:2921151467x10&iexcl;5rad=sec WGS 84 value of the earth's rotation rate
6378137 meters radius of the earth
(1:0=298:257223563) Ellipticity
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 87
Fig. 2.13. Simplified block diagram and orientation of antenna of multiple unit configuration
with arbitrary angle
88 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.14. Simplified block diagram and orientation of antenna of multiple unit configuration
with arbitrary angle
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 89
Fig. 2.15. Explanation of principle concept of satellites constellation and orientation of
multiple units with arbitrary angles
90 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
Fig. 2.16. Simplified example for explanation of relationship between satellites constellation
and multiple unit configuration with arbitrary angle
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 91
Fig. 2.17. Example for explanation of the relationship between satellites constellation and
multiple unit configuration with arbitrary angle
92 Chapter 2 Proposed Method: GPS Receiving Unit capable of Azimuth Limitation
The algorithm of azimuth limitation and the satellite position identification as its necessary
premises are described below.
&curren;
&pound;
&iexcl;
start &cent;
¶ ↓
&micro;
&sup3;
´
Input1: time (UTC or JST), observation point (name of the city or (latitude,
longitude, height) ) Input2: the number of antennas, antenna configuration
Input3: signal strength threshold, satellite
¨ ↓
§
＼
specify each GPS satellite's position in the orbital plane at the time &brvbar;&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
specify each GPS satellite position in (x,y,z) rectangular coordinate, based on the relationship of vernal equinox, at the time
¨ ↓
§
＼
specify each GPS satellite position in ECEF coordinate at the time &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
specify each GPS satellite position in ENU coordinate at the time at the observation
points
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
specifing each GPS satellite position in local horizontal coordinate at the timeat the observation point
¨ ↓
§
＼
list visible GPS satellites at the time at the observation point &brvbar;
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
dispose a single GPS planar antenna having a hemisperical antenna pattern
with its beam center horizontal to form a sky coveratge area of antenna sensitivity
that is quarter-sphere in a direction GPS antena faces bounded by a
agree semicircle passing through the zenith (A)
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
process at a data processing unit signals received by the receiver to discriminate
the satellites present in the coverage area.
¨ ↓
§
＼
exclude very high elevation satellites and extremely low elevation satellites &brvbar;
¶ ↓
&micro;
&sup3;
´
use azimuths of the selected satellites to arrange the satellites found to be
present in the sky coverage area in clockwize order as viewed from the sky
coverage area start azimuth
&frac34; ↓
&frac12;
»
&frac14;
limit the azimuth of a direction in which one side of the great semicircle faceswithin a azimuth range defined clockwise whose start azimuth is the azimuth
of the satellite corresponding to the last in said order and whose end azimuth
is the reverse direction from the azimuth of the satellite corresponding to the first in said order.
↓
2.4 Satellite position identification procedure preceding azimuth limitation algorithm 93
&ordm;
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
if there are any other antennas in the configuration, repeat the above process
from the point (A) for each antenna to limit the azimuth of the direction and
aquire the final product of azimuth limits of the direction with all azimuth limits overlapped
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
finish &cent;
94
Chapter 3
Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.1.
Fig. 3.2. Grwin simulation figures set.2
Fig. 3.3. Grwin simulation figures set.3.
95
Fig. 3.4. Grwin simulation figures set.4.
96 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
3.1 Expected value of azimuth limitation width with parallel
back-to-back
A computer simulation was conducted for determining what level of azimuth limitation
values can be acquired in the case of on-the-spot azimuth limitation using the device for
acquiring azimuth information that is an embodiment of the method for acquiring azimuth
information of the present invention.
The computer simulation was conducted using the real-time GPS satellite orbital parameters
of actually operating GPS satellites on February 17, 2000 in the sky over the
center (latitude N35 40' 14.9”, longitude E139 45' 33.4”) of Hibiya Park in Tokyo (located
at middle latitude area in northern hemisphere).
Evaluation was conducted with respect to fixed time points between midnight (0 am)
and 11 am (0, 1, 2, ... 10, 11 am), ie with respect to 12 separate fixed time points
spaced at regular time intervals.
order to accurately reflect the fact that the number of available satellites and the satellite
Constellation in the sky hemisphere varies depending on the time of day.
In order to obtain results as close to reality as possible, the angle of elevation region of
5 degrees and lower easily affected by ground feature signal blocking was defined as being
unavailable, and control was effected to exclude high elevation satellites (85-degree and
higher satellites) from azimuth computation as explained earlier in this specification.
The arbitrary (random) setting of the measurement direction in actual use was emulated
by making random numbers (0-359) to select measurement direction on every trial in
the whole simulation. One thousand random trials were conducted at each time point
to enhance the evaluation results and enable consistent assessment.
simulations were conducted at each of 12 time points, the total number of trials was
12,000.
The computer simulation was conducted assuming a coverage area overlap of widthof 2.5 degrees on either side of the great circle forming boundary.
occurrence of case 6, which was one of the cases of state ”A” (as described in Table ), was
90.1%, in which azimuth limitation was immediately possible.
10,812, which corresponds to 90.1% of 12,000 trials, azimuth limitation results were about
32.85 degrees.
A maximum of 12 directions at intervals of 30 degrees are commonly used in human daily
activities: north, north-northeast, east-northeast, east, east-southeast, south-southeast,
south, south-southwest, west-southwest, west, west-northwest and north-northwest.
method of this invention enables azimuth limitation of this level even by random measurement
with no rotation. This demonstrates that the invention provides a simple azimuth information acquisition method with great practical utility.
The probability of catching one or more satellites in the measurement direction or the
direction opposite the measurement direction at the first time the device is randomly
placed (without rotation), thereby enabling immediate azimuth determination, was 9.9%.
In other words, the probability of case 11 occurrence, which was one of the cases of state
“B” (as described in Table ), was 9.9%, in which azimuth determination was instantly possible
by chance. The chance of being able to conduct azimuth determination immediately is thus relatively high.
The spread spectrum communication method is resistant to affect multipath or fading
effects by nature, compared to other communication methods such as time divisionmultiple access for the following two reasons; (1) When a long delay multipath is considered
where the delay time is longer than the chip width (about 300 meters or 1 micro3.1 Expected value of azimuth limitation width with parallel back-to-back 97
Fig. 3.5. Almanac parameters [82]
98 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.6. Almanac data format: pages 2,3,4,5,7,8,9 and 10 of subframe 3 have the same
format as pages 1 through 24 of subframe 5 [82]
3.2 Effect of scalability99
Fig. 3.7. Reduced Almanac Parameters
second at C/A code), the self-correlation function of Gold code invalidates its effect[85].
(2) When a short delay multipath is considered where the delay time is shorter than the
chip width, the multipath effect on the azimuth is so small (about 10&iexcl;3) that it is negligible.
Assuming the multipath whose amplitude is weakened by 12 dB compared to the
direct wave, the length measurement error would be about 35 meters[88] or 4 meters[87]
when a correlator width of 1.0 or 0.1 is taken advantage of respectively.
azimuth limitation affected by these length measurement errors are to be found 2:0&pound;10&iexcl;3
or 1:6 &pound;10&iexcl;3 degrees at most respectively, and are negligible[181].The number of available GPS satellites in sky hemisphere viewed from a middle latitude
area is usually as many as 9 to 12. This largeness of the number of available satellites
in sky hemisphere is believed to be a main factor for the high efficiency of the device
for acquiring azimuth information that is an embodiment of the method for acquiring
Azimuth information of the present invention.
No case other than cases 6 and 11 did occur in the 12,000 random trials.
the constellation of GPS satellites is designed not to be localized in a small area of the
sky hemisphere but to spread as evenly as possible in the sky hemisphere viewed from
a middle latitude area, the probability of GPS satellite localization to a half area of sky
hemisphere is very small. Therefore, the simulation result that implied 0% occurrence of
GPS satellite localization was reasonable.
3.2 Effect of scalability
Next, the evaluation of the single unit configuration and other multiple unit configurations
were carried out. The same conditions are used for this simulation.
drawn in Figure 3.20.
The algorithm of simulation on scalability effect of azimuth limitation is described below.
&curren;
&pound;
&iexcl;
start &cent;
↓
100 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.8. Elements of coordination system (1/2) [82]
3.2 Effect of scalability101
Fig. 3.9. Elements of coordination system (2/2) [82]
102 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.10.Almanac file example
3.2 Effect of scalability103
Fig. 3.11. Codes for health of SV signal components
104 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.12. Checking between reference simulator of Planning v2.8 (Trimble Navigation
Limited [94]) and dedicated simulator developed by author (2008/5/22, Thr,
00:00:00-01:00:00 UTC, Tokyo) (23.c, w456 080518sun 137.alm,
wt0.week=456+1024, wt0.sec=1.0*SECONDS DAY*(22-18) )
3.2 Effect of scalability105
Fig. 3.13. US Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, Navigation Center
of Excellence, home page ([92])
106 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.14. US Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, Navigation Center
of Excellence, almanac site ([92])
3.2 Effect of scalability107
Fig. 3.15. US Department of Homeland Security, US Coast Guard, Navigation Center
of Excellence, almanac site, yuma format ([92])
108 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
N&#65376;0&#65376;deg
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15
26
Ten
27
8
28
17
Four
2
12
9
twenty four
15
26
Ten
2727
28
17
Four
2
12
9
twenty four
15
Ten
26 27
28
17
Four
5 12 2
9
twenty four
15
Ten
26 26 27
28
17
twenty four
5 12
twenty four
9
Ten
15 26 27
28
17
Four
2
5 12
Ten
twenty four
9
15
26
27
28
17
Four
2
Ten
12
Five
twenty four
9
15
26
27
17
Four
2
Ten
30
12
Five
twenty four
9
15
15
26
27
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2
Ten
30
Five
12
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9
15
26
27
17
2
Ten
30
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Five
12
9
15
26
27
17
2
24 10
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Five
12
9
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27
26
2
Ten
29
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30
Five
12
18
9
15 27
26
2
Ten
29
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30
Five
12
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29 10
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30
Five
12
18
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15
27
26
2
2249 10
30
Five
18 12
9 9
15
27
26
2
24 10
29
30
18
Five
12
Fig. 3.16. Origin place on the Equator (0,0,0) skyplot 2009.2.15 00:00:00-24:00:00 step
30 minutes
3.2 Effect of scalability109
N&#65376;0&#65376;deg
E.
S.
W.
&#65376;&#65376;30deg
&#65376;&#65376;60deg
11
32
19
20
8
Four
27
28
17
11
32
19
20
twenty three
Four
28
17
11
32
20
19
twenty three
28
Four
17
32
11
20
19
twenty three
28
Four
17 32
20
11
twenty three
13
28
Four
17
32
20
11
twenty three
13
28
Four
17
32
20
11
twenty three
13
28
Four
17
32
20
11
twenty three
28 13
Four
17
32
20
11
twenty three
13
28
2
Four
32
20
23 11
13
28
2
Four
32
20
twenty three
11
13
17
28
2
Four
12
20
twenty three
11
17 13
28
2
12
Four
20
twenty three
13
17
2
12
Four
20
twenty three
13
twenty five
17
Ten
2
12
Four
Four
23 20
13
twenty five
17
Ten
12
2
Four
twenty three
13
twenty five
7
17
Ten
12
2
twenty three
Four
13
twenty five
7
17
Ten
12
2
twenty three
13
Four
twenty five
7
17
Ten
12
2
twenty three
13
twenty five
Four
7
8
17
Ten
2
twenty three
13
twenty five
7
Four
8
17
26
Ten
2
13
twenty five
7
Four
8
1727
26
Ten
29
2
13
twenty five
7
Four
8
27
15 26
Ten
twenty four
29
2
13
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7
4 8
27
15 26
Ten
twenty four
29
13
twenty five
7
8
2
Four
27
26
15
Ten
2294
twenty five
7
8
Four
2
27
26
15
29
twenty four
Ten
twenty five
7
8
Four
27
2
26
15
29
twenty four
Ten
twenty five
7
8
27
Four
15 2
26
29
twenty four
10 10
7
8
27
Four
2
15
26
29
twenty four
Ten
7
8
27
Four
2
15
26
29
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Ten
7
8
27
2
15
29
26
twenty four
twenty one
Ten
8
27
2
9
29
15
twenty four
26
twenty one
8
Ten
27
28
2
9
29
15
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twenty one
26
8
27
Ten
28
9 2
29
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15
twenty one
26
26
8
27
28
Ten
2
9
29
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18 21
15
26
8
27
28
Ten
2
9
twenty four
twenty one
18
15
26
8
27
28
Ten
9
twenty four
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18
15 15
26
27
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Ten
9
twenty four
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18
15
27
26
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Ten
9
twenty four
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18
15
27 28
26
Ten
12
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9
twenty one
18
15
2728
26
Ten
5 12
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9
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twenty two
18
28
27
15 26
Ten
5 12
twenty four
9
twenty one
twenty two
18
28
27
15
26
Ten
12
Five
twenty four
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9
18
twenty two
15
26
Ten
12
Five
30
twenty four
twenty one
18
twenty two
9
15
26
12
Five
2430
twenty one
14
18
twenty two
9
9
15
26
12
Five
30
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18
14
twenty two
9
15
26
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Five
30
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18
14 22 9
15
26
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Five
30
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18
14
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9
15
12
Five
30
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18
twenty two
14 9
15
12
Five
30
18
twenty two
14
9
12
15
Five
30
18
31
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14
9
12
Five
30 15
18
31 22
14
9
12
Five
29
30
18
twenty two
31
14
12
Five
9
29
30
18
twenty two
31
14
12
Five
9
29
30
18
twenty two
31
14
12
Five
9
29
18
twenty two
31
14
30
12
Five
9
29
18
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31
32
14 30
12
Five
9
29
18
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31
32
14
30
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Five
29
twenty two
16
31
32
30
12
Five
29
14
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16
32
31 30
12
Five
14 29
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16
32 31
30
12
Five
29
14
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16
32
20
31
30 5
29
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20
31
30
Five
29
14
16
32
20
31
31
30
29
twenty four
twenty one
14
6
16
32
20
31
30
29
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twenty one
14
6
32 16
20
twenty three
31
29 30
twenty four
twenty one
3 6 14
32
16
twenty three
29
30
31
twenty four
twenty one
14
3 6
32
16
twenty three
29
twenty four
30
31
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14
6
3
16
23 29
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31
twenty one
14
6
3
16
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13
29
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twenty one
31
6
3
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16
13
29
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twenty one
31
19
6
3
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13
16
2249
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31
19
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13
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16 16
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31
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13
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16
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19 31
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6
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13
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16 21
31
19
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6
13
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7
16
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31
19
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3
13
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7
6
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16
31
23 19
13
3
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7
6
6
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16
31
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19
13
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7
3
6
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16
11
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19
13
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7
3
3
6
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16
twenty two
11
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13
19
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7
3
6 18
16 22
11
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13
25 19
7 3
6
18
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16
11
13
twenty five
7
19
8
3 6
18
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16
11
twenty five
7
19
8
18
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twenty two
16
11
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7
8
19 3 6 22
16
11
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7
8
19 19 22
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16
32
11
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7
8
19
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3 6
16
32
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11
7
8
28
27
19
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3 6
16
32
20
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7
11
8
28
27
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19
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7
11
8
27 28
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19
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7
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8
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7
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7
8
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11
32
19
20
8
Four
27
28
17
11
32
19
20
8
Four
27
28
17
Fig. 3.17. Middle latitude (Tokyo) (35,139,0) skyplot 2009.2.15 00:00:00-24:00:00 step
30 minutes
110 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
N&#65376;0&#65376;deg
E.
S.
W.
&#65376;&#65376;30deg
&#65376;&#65376;60deg
twenty two
14
11
32
28
17
9
twenty two
14
11
32
20
28
17
9
12
14
11
32
28 20
17
9
12
Five
14
32 11
20
28
17
Four
9
12
Five
14
32
11
20
28
17
Four
9
12
Five
14
31
32
11
17 20
Four
9
12
Five
30
14
31
32
11
20
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9
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Five
30
14
31
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20 11
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Four
9
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Five
30 14
31
32
11
20
twenty three
17
Four
2
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Five
30
14
31
32
20
twenty three
17
Four
2
12
Five
30
14
31
32
20
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17
Four
2
12
Five
30
31
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13
17
Four
2
12
Five
30 31
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13
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Four
2
12
Five
30
31
32
20
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13
Four
2
12
Five
30
29 31
32
20
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13
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2
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Five
30
29
31
20
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13
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
20
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13
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
31
16
20
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13 25
Four
2
Ten
12
Five
30
29
31
16
twenty three
twenty five
13
Four
2
Ten
30
twenty four
29
31
16
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13
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Four
2
Ten
30
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29
31
16
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13
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7
Four
2
Ten
30
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29
31
16
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13
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7
Four
2
Ten
24 29
16
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13
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7
Four
2
Ten
2429
16
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13
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7
2
Ten
29
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21 23
13
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7
8
2
Ten
29
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twenty one
16
6
13
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7
8
2
Ten
26
29
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twenty one
16
6
13
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7
8
2
Ten
26
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29
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16
6 3
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7
8
27
Ten
26
15
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16
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8
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Ten
15 26
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29
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16
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Ten
15 26
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29
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16
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7
8
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Ten
15 26
twenty four
18 21
16
6 19
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7
8
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2145
twenty one
18
16 6
3 19
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7
8
27
Ten
26
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twenty four
twenty one
18
6
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7
8
28
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Ten
26
15
twenty four
twenty one
18
6
3
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8
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Ten
26
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18
6
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27
Ten
26
15
twenty four
twenty one
18
twenty two
6
3
19
7
8
28
27
26
Ten
15
twenty four
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18
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6
3
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28
27
26
15
9
twenty one
18
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6
3
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8
28
27
26
15
9
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18
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6
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28
27
26
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9
twenty one
18
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6
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8
28
27
26
15
9
twenty one
18
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6
3
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28
27
26
15
9
18
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19
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26
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9
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14
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1277
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twenty two
14
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28
1727
9 15
18
twenty two
14
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17
15
9
12
18
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14
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17
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12
Five
18
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14
32
11
28
17
9
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18 5
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14
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17
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Five
18
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Five
30
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14
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20
17
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Five
30
twenty two
14
31
11 32
20
17
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12
Five
30
twenty two
31 14
11 32
20 17
Four
9
12
Five
30
14
31
11
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Four
9
12
Five
30
14
31
32
11
20
17
Four
9
12
Five
30
14
31
32
20
17
Four
12
Five
30
14
31
32
20
Four
2
12
Five
30
14
31
32
20
17
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
14
31
32
20
twenty three
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
14
31
32
20
twenty three
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
14
31
32
20
twenty three
Four
2
12
Five
30
29
14
31
32
20
twenty three
13
2
12
Five
30
29
31
16
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20
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13
Four
2
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Five
30
29
31
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20
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13
Four
2
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Five
30
29
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Four
2
Five
30
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29
31
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Four
2
30
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29
31
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twenty five
13
Four
2
Ten
30
29 24
31
16
twenty three
25 13
2
Ten
29 24 30
31
16
twenty three
twenty five
13
2
Ten
29
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twenty one
31
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13
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7
Ten
29
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twenty one
31
6
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13
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7
2
Ten
29
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twenty one
31
16
3 6
twenty three
13
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7
2
Ten
24 29
twenty one
16
3 6
twenty three
13
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7
Ten
24 29
twenty one
16
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twenty three
13
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Ten
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16
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Ten
26
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16
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26
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Ten
26 15
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18
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7
8
27 10 26 1254
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18
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18
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7
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18
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6
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7
28
8
27
10 26 15
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18
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6
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7
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27
26
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18
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6
3
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7
8
28
27
26
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18
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6
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7
8
28
27
26
15
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18
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6
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11
7
8
28
27
26
15
18
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6
3
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11
7
8
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6
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6
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11
20
28
17
9
twenty two
14
11
32
20
28
17
9
Fig. 3.18. High latitude (near North pole )(80,139,0) skyplot 2009.2.15 00:00:00-24:00:00
step 30min
3.2 Effect of scalability111
N&#65376;0&#65376;deg
E.
S.
W.
&#65376;&#65376;30deg
&#65376;&#65376;60deg
13
twenty three
3
6
16
24 21
29
Ten
2
8 7
twenty five
twenty five
13
twenty three
3
6
16
twenty one
twenty four
29
Ten
2
8 7
twenty five
13 23
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
Ten
8 7
13
twenty five
twenty three
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
26
Ten
8 7 7
13
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3
6
16
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twenty four
26
Ten
8
7
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3
6
16
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twenty four
15
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Ten
27
8
7
13
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3
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15 24
26
Ten
27
8
13
7
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19
3
6
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1254
26
Ten
27
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19
3
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2415
26
1207
8
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19
3
6
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15
twenty four
26
27
Ten
28
8 8 7 25
19
3
6
18
twenty one
15
26
27
Ten
28
8 7
twenty five
19
3
6
18
twenty one
15
26
Ten
27
28
8 7
19
3
6
twenty two
18
twenty one
15
26
Ten
27
28
8
7
19
3
6
twenty two
18
twenty one
15
26
27
28
8
7
11
19
3
22 6
18
15
26
27
28
28 8
11
19
3
22 6
18
9
15
26
27
27
17
28
8
11
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3
twenty two
18
9
15
26
27
17
28
8
11
19
twenty two
18
9
15
26
17
27
28
8
11
19
twenty two
18
9
15
26
17
27
8
28
11
19
twenty two
18
9
15
26 1727
28
11
19
14
twenty two
18
9
15
26
17
27
28
11
19
14
twenty two
18
9
15
26 27
17
28
11
14
twenty two
18
9
15
27
17
28
11
32
14
twenty two
12
9
15
17
28
32
11
14
twenty two
Five
12
9
17
28
20
11 32
14
twenty two
Five
12
9
Four
17 28
20
32
14 11
twenty two
Five
12
9
Four
17
20
32
11
14
30
Five
12
9
Four
17
20
32
11
14
30
Five
12
9
Four
17
20
11
32
14
30
Five
12
9
2
Four
17
20
11
32
31
14
30
Five
12
9
2
Four
17
20
31 32
14
30
Five
12
9
2
Four
17
20
32
31
14
30
Five
12
9
2
Four
17
20
32
31
14
30
Five
12
9
2
Four
17
twenty three
20
32
31
14
30
Five
12
2
Four
twenty three
20
32
31
14
30
29
Five
12
12
2
Four
twenty three
20
32
31
29
30
Five
12
2
Four
13
twenty three
32 20
31
29
30
Five
12
2
Four
13
twenty three
20
31
29
30
Five
12
2
Four
13
twenty three
20
31
29
30
Five
5 12
Ten
2
Four
13
twenty three
31
29
30
24 5 12
Ten
2
Four
13
twenty three
16
31
29
twenty four
30
5 12
Ten
2
Four
13
twenty three
16
31
29
twenty four
30
Five
Ten
2
Four
13
twenty five
twenty three
16
31
29
2430
Ten
2
Four
twenty five
13
twenty three
16
31
29
twenty four
30
Ten
2
twenty five
13
twenty three
16
31
21 24
29
30
29
Ten
2
25 7
23 13
16
31
twenty one
30
twenty four
2429
Ten
2
13 25 7 23
16
twenty one
twenty four
29
Ten
2
13 25 7
twenty three
6
16
21 29
twenty four
Ten
25 7
13
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
26
Ten
8
7
twenty five
13
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
15
26
Ten
8
7
twenty five
13
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
15
26
Ten
8
7
13
twenty five
3
6
16
twenty one
29
twenty four
15
26
Ten
7 8
twenty five
3
6
16
18
21 21
29
15
twenty four
26
10 27
7 8
twenty five
19
3
6
16
18
twenty one
2145
26
1027
7 8
twenty five
19
3
6
16
18
twenty one
twenty four
15
26
2170
8
7
twenty five
19
3
6
16
18
18
twenty one
twenty four
15
26
27 10
8
7
twenty five
19
3
6
16
twenty two
18
twenty one
twenty four
15
26
27 10
8
7
19
3
6
twenty two
18
twenty one
15
26
27
28
8
7
19
3
6
twenty two
18 21
15
26
27
28
8
7
19
3
6
twenty two
18
twenty one
15
26
27
28
8
19
3
6
twenty two
18
twenty one
9
15
26
27
28
8
19
3
6 22
twenty one
18
9
15
26
28 27
8
11
19
3
6
twenty two
22 21
18
9
15
26
27
8 28
11
19
3
6
14
twenty two
18
9
15
26
27
8 28
11
19
3
6
14
twenty two
18
9
15
26
27
28
11
19
3
6 14
twenty two
18
9
15
2717
28
11
19
3 14
twenty two
18
9
15
2717
28
11
19
14
twenty two
18
9
17
28
11
32
19
14
twenty two
18
9
17
28
11
32
19
14
twenty two
18
9
17
28
11
32
19
14
twenty two
Five
12
9
17
28
20
11
32
14
twenty two
Five
12
17 9
28
20
32
11 14 22
Five
12
9
17
20
32
11
31
14
twenty two
30
Five
12
9
17
20
32
11
31
14
30
Five
12
9
17
20
32
11
31
14
30
Five
12
9
Four
17
20
32
11
31
14
30
Five
12
9
Four
17
20
11
32
31
14
30
Five
12
Four
17
20
twenty three
11
32
31
14
30
Five
12
Four
17
20
twenty three
11
32
32
31
14
30
Five
12
2
Four
17
twenty three
20
11
32
31
14
30
Five
12
2
Four
17
twenty three
20
32
31
14
30
Five
2 12
Four
13
23 20
32
31
30
12 5
2
Four
13
twenty three
20
32
31
29
30
12 5
2
Four
13
twenty three
20
32
16
31
29
30
12 5
2
Four
13
twenty three
20
20 32
16
31
29
30
Five
2
Four
13
twenty three
20 32
16
31
29
30
2
Four
13
twenty five
twenty three
20
16
31
29
30
2
Four
13
twenty five
twenty three
20
twenty three
16
31
29
30
2
Four
13
twenty five
20
twenty three
16
31
29
3024
Ten
2
Four
13
7 25
twenty three
16
31
29
twenty four
Ten
2
Four
7
twenty five
13
twenty three
16
twenty four
29
Ten
2
Four
7
twenty five
13
twenty three
16
twenty four
29
Ten
2
7
twenty five
13
13
twenty three
6
16
2924 21
Ten
2
7
25 13
twenty three
3
6
16
24 21
29
Ten
2
7
twenty five
Fig. 3.19. High latitude (near South pole ) (-80,139,0) skyplot 2009.2.15 00:00:00-24:00:00
step 30min (sat16.c output)
112 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
&ordm;
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
Input1: time (UTC or JST), observation point (name of the city or (latitude,
longitude, height) ) [tokyo, 2000.2.17 00:00:00-23:59:59, 3miniutes interval] Input2:
the number of antennas, antenna configuration [1-12 antennas (2=parallel)]
Input3: signal strength threshold, satellite [5-85degree, -130dB]
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the system configuration &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(A) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the observation time as the starting time &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
reset the accumulation, minimum and maximum values of azimuth limitation
to all zeros
¨ ↓
§
＼
(B) &brvbar;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth and elevation of each GPS satellite whose elevation is more
than zero degree and within the elevation constraint, [5 to 85] , at the observation
time and location
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the measurement direction to zero &cent;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the small sum of the azimuth limitation to zero cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(C) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the preceding azimuth limitation range to no limitation &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the antenna ID in the system to zero &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(D) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
execute azimuth limitation as to the interested antenna ID &cent;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
overlap the current azimuth limitation to preceding azimuth limitation and
store the result as the new preceding azimuth limitation
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment antenna ID in the system &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more antenna ID to check, go to (D) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
convert azimuth limitation range to azimuth illumination width and add the azimuth limitation width to small sum of azimuth limitation width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment measurement direction &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more measurement direction (upto 360 degrees) to check, go to (c) &brvbar;
3.3 Effect of satellite constellation 113
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth limitation width as (accumulated value / 360.0) and accumulate azimuth ilmation width and update minimum and maximum azimuth
limitation width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment the observation time &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more observation time to check (upto 24hours), go to (B) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
calculate average azimuth limitation width as (accumulation / total numer of
observation time)
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
output the result (x-axis: the number of antennas (system configuration), y-axis: average, maximu and minimum azimuth limiation width)
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment system configuration ID &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more system configuration to check, go to (A) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
finish &cent;
Interestingly, even single unit configuration is able to provide about 60 degrees of the
average azimuth limitation width. It implies that when a user bring this proposed GPS
receiving unit instead of the usual L1 C/A GPS receiving unit he/she can take advantage
of the unit as an azimuth information device, which is able to be expected to provide
about 60 degrees of the average azimuth limitation width, as well as a normal positioning
device proposed unit.
The average azimuth limitation width of the parallel back-to-back unit configuration
was described earlier.
The averages values of three units' configuration, ie four units configuration and
others, are simply decreased as the numbers of the unit increase.
proposed units are supposed to be arranged along with the side of the regular polygon
which have the same number of edges as the GPS units as illustrated at Figure 3.21 .
As Figure 3.20 shows, the scalability curve seems to be approximated by a reciprocal
function of the number of the proposed units.
It is an interesting feature of this proposed unit that the scalability discussed above is
considered as repetitive uses of single (or a few) unit configuration by a user.
allows the user to narrow azimuth limitation width step by step when he has time without
any move of his location or any visual inspection around him.
superiority to the earth-magnetism compass with which the user is not able to pursue the
certainty of the indicator of the earth-magnetism compass even if he have plenty of time.
3.3 Effect of satellite constellation
During this simulation research, another question occurred;
the GPS satellite constellation affects the average azimuth limitation width.
words, the question is whether there is any suitable timing for the azimuth acquisition
114 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.20. Graph of simulation results on scalability of proposed GPS receiving units, with
dotted curves of the best and worst cases
3.3 Effect of satellite constellation 115
Fig. 3.21. Examples of multiple unit configurations using the sides of regular polygons
116 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
with this proposed method and how often such timing visits.
the question, each hour's (each o'clock) average azimuth limitation width is respectively
calculated.
The main purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the magnitude of dispersion of
average azimuth limitation widths of every hour.
make it sure that the average azimuth limitation width converge on the value along the
law of the large number.
limitation widths acquired by the larger numbers of trials.
azimuth limitation widths with different number of trials, the convergence of the data can
be confirmed.
Those data acquired by parallel back-to-back unit configuration and by single unit
Configurations are plotted in Figure 3.22 and Figure 3.23 respectively.
convergence of the average azimuth limitation widths by the different numbers of trials
at each hour, it can be easily recognized the dispersion of the average azimuth limitation
Widths of respective hours.
The algorithm of simulation on scalability effect of azimuth limitation is described below.
&curren;
&pound;
&iexcl;
start &cent;
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
Input1: time (UTC or JST), observation point (name of the city or (latitude,
longitude, height) ) [tokyo, 2000.2.17 00:00:00-23:59:59, 3miniutes interval] Input2:
the number of antennas, antenna configuration [1 and 2 antennas (2=parallel)]
Input3: signal strength threshold, satellite [5-85degree, -130dB]
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the system configuration &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(A) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the observation time as the starting time &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(B) &brvbar;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth and elevation of each GPS satellite whose elevation is more
than zero degree and within the elevation constraint, [5 to 85] , at the observation
time and location
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the measurement direction to zero &cent;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the small sum of the azimuth limitation to zero cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(C) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the preceding azimuth limitation range to no limitation &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the antenna ID in the system to zero &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(D) &brvbar;
3.3 Effect of satellite constellation 117
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
execute azimuth limitation as to the interested antenna ID &cent;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
overlap the current azimuth limitation to preceding azimuth limitation and
store the result as the new preceding azimuth limitation
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment antenna ID in the system &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more antenna ID to check, go to (D) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
convert azimuth limitation range to azimuth illumination width and add the azimuth limitation width to small sum of azimuth limitation width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment measurement direction &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more measurement direction (upto 360 degrees) to check, go to (c) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
calculate azimuth limitation width as (accumulated value / 360.0) and accumulate azimuth ilmiation width
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
output the result (x-axis: time, y-axis: average azimuth limitation width, color: system conifguration)
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment the observation time &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more observation time to check (upto 24hours), go to (B) &brvbar;
↓
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment system configuration ID &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more system configuration to check, go to (A) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
finish &cent;
From those graphs, we can study several significant features, probably specific to the
proposed methods among azimuth acquiring methods.
1. Generally, there is almost always about 30 degree differences between the data with
Parallel back-to-back unit configuration and single unit configuration.
2. However, at 3 and 17 o'clocks, suddenly 36 degrees or more differences are observed.
These phenomena are considered to is due to the not-well-balanced scatterednessor the very small number of the available GPS satellites in the sky .
configuration is thought to be more vulnerable to such a situation.
(in the middle elevations) satellite.
can cover the sky hemisphere, single unit configuration sometimes lost the possible
118 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
sole cluster of the available satellites. In such a case, 0 satellite might be acquired
by the single unit configuration.
width such dramatically as values more than 36 degrees.
to be checked in further investigation.
3. There seem to be some GPS satellite constellations operate to the advantage for the
proposed azimuth limitation method and others do not. As a result of a scrutinyon this issue, the cause of the dispersion of the average azimuth limitation width
between each hour is thought to be the overlap of the GPS satellite azimuths.
degeneration occurred, the number of GPS satellites available for the calculation of
azimuth limitation width substantially decreases.
3.4 Effect of number of acquired gps satellite signals
WE have seen the average azimuth limitation widths when parallel unit configuration
, single unit configuration, multiple unit configuration with more than three units.
the case of parallel unit configuration, the azimuth limitation width of about 30 degrees
is expected. When single unit configuration is deployed, the value is going to widen to
about 60 degrees. As for multiple configuration having more than three units, Figure
3.20 shows the average azimuth limitation widths respectively.
approximated by a reciprocal function of the number of the proposed units.
of the function is planned to be found in this research.
In addition, we have known that there are fluctuations of the average azimuth limitation
widths through the measurement time.
Satellites in the sky. Secondly, it is caused by the overlap of multiple GPS satellite azimuth.
It leads to the substantial decrease of the number of the GPS satellites available to the
azimuth limitation which is the main concept of the paper.
of the average azimuth limitation widths through the time is found both in parallel back-toback
configuration unit and single unit configuration in a synchronized fashion.
in the case of some special constellations, the single unit configuration's deficit comes to
light in the way of the unexpectedly broader azimuth limitation widths.
The algorithm to gather the data on the effect of the number of acquired satellites is as
follows:
&curren;
&pound;
&iexcl;
start &cent;
&Acirc; ↓
&Aacute;
&iquest;
&Agrave;
Input1: time (UTC or JST), observation point (name of the city or (latitude,
longitude, height) ) [tokyo, 2000.2.17 00:00:00-23:59:59, 3 minutes interval]
Input2: the number of antennas, antenna configuration [parallel back-to-back]
Input3: signal strength threshold, satellite [5-85degree, -130dB] Input4: blcockage
ratio [0.0-0.9, 0.9 interval]
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the blockage ration to zero &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(A) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the observation time as the starting time &brvbar;
↓
3.4 Effect of number of acquired gps satellite signals 119
Fig. 3.22. Graph of simulation results on average azimuth limitation width and constellation
dependency (parallel back-to-back unit configuration)
120 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.23. Graph of simulation results on average azimuth limitation width and constellation
dependency (single unit configuration)
3.4 Effect of number of acquired gps satellite signals 121
&reg;
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
reset the accumulation value, for the each number of acquired satellites, of
azimuth limitation to zeros
¨ ↓
§
＼
(B) &brvbar;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth and elevation of each GPS satellite whose elevation is more
than zero degree and within the elevation constraint, [5 to 85] , at the observation
time and location
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the measurement direction to zero &cent;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
reset the small sum of the azimuth limitation, each for the number of acquired
satellites to zero
¨ ↓
§
＼
(C) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the preceding azimuth limitation range to no limitation &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the antenna ID in the system to zero &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(D) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
execute azimuth limitation as to the interested antenna ID &cent;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
overlap the current azimuth limitation to preceding azimuth limitation and
store the result as the new preceding azimuth limitation
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment antenna ID in the system &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more antenna ID to check, go to (D) &brvbar;
¶ ↓
&micro;
&sup3;
´
convert azimuth limitation range to azimuth illumination width and add the azimuth limitation width to small sum of azimuth limitation width each for the
number of acquired satellites
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment measurement direction &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more measurement direction (upto 360 degrees) to check, go to (c) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
calculate azimuth limitation width as (accumulated value each for the number
of acquired satellites / 360.0) and accumulate azimuth illumination width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment the observation time &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more observation time to check (upto 24hours), go to (B) &brvbar;
↓
122 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
&reg;
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
calculate average azimuth limitation width as (accumulation / total numer of
observation time)
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
output the result (x-axis: the number of acquired satellites, y-axis: average
azimuth limitation width) (if blockage ratio ==0.0 then output the average
azimuth limitation width for the number of satellites of 6 to 12. Other width, 1
to 12 )
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment blockage ratio &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more blockage ratio, go to (A) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
finish &cent;
Best and worst constellations for the average azimuth limitation width seems to be
another thing as the timing the synchronization of the fluctuation of the average azimuth
limitation width is held in almost parallel distance in the sense of the azimuth limitation
width. The important element making the frustration and the critical element leading
the low performance of single unit configuration is thought to be different ones.
This point more clear is to be planned.
Reflecting all these discussions so far, it might be able to be said that these are still ideal
value even if the average azimuth limitation width is simulated in the worst constellation
of GPS satellites, because the signals of the GPS satellites observed in the middle elevations
are to be acquired. Of course, GPS satellites in the very low and high elevation angle
are not supposed to be taken advantage of to acquire the azimuth limitation width with
possible ground blocking effect and possible contamination of the azimuth limitation width
respectively.
However, in reality, due to the high-rise building in cities, thick foliage and trunks of
woods in forests and natural topography in mountainous areas including canyons, there
can be a considerable possibility of blockage of GPS satellite signals.
next important question would be how rapidly/slowly the performance falls as the number
of the acquired GPS satellite signals decrease.
From this point of view, the next simulation is carried out in order to make it clear the
relationship between the number of acquired GPS satellite signals and the average azimuth
limitation width. In this simulation, which satellites will be blocked does not always
depend on the elevations of the satellites. Blockage by the ground features is inevitable
effect cased by the unique features of the supposed observed point.
satellites should be selected in a randomized fashion in spite of the elevations.
number of the acquired satellites itself is important and those azimuths are randomized
in this simulation.
In this background, the average azimuth limitation width is obtained from the
1,000,000 trials of the randomized satellite constellations above the parallel back-to-back
unit configuration in this simulation.
and minimum values are described.
The data obtained from the simulation are shown in a graph fashion in Figure 3.24.
This graph makes it clear that the parallel back-to-back configuration has significant
At first, as long as the parallel back-to-back unit configuration catches
only one GPS satellite signals, it outputs the azimuth limitation width of 180 degrees.
3.4 Effect of number of acquired gps satellite signals 123
Fig. 3.24. Graph of simulation results on average of azimuth limitation widths and numbers
of received GPS satellite signals (parallel back-to-back unit configuration)
124 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
The GPS system is designed to have redundant GPS satellites for the GPS positioning
receiver to be able to acquire the four satellites to achieve the positioning calculation.
Therefore, in the sky hemisphere, the probability for the GPS receiver to acquire one
GPS satellites can be rather high even if under the bad constellation of GPS satellites and
in the severe environment of blockage such as metropolis or mountainous areas.
user has the single unit configuration, simply to turn the orientation of the unit emulate
the parallel back-to-back configuration and the possibility to catch one satellite signal will
be still high.)
Being different from the positioning calculation, azimuth limitation is able to make use
of the single satellite signal even if only one GPS satellite signal is acquired.
the most recent positing date can be approximated in the most case because the GPS
Satellite altitude is 20,000km from the ground, small deference between current position
of the user and the most recent position calculation result usually does not affect the GPS
Satellite azimuth very meaningfully.
This characteristic is one important point to make the proposed system useful in daily
life. Although multipath effect can not be neglected usually to the position calculation,
Its effect through the position calculation to the azimuth limitation can be also neglected.
It was stated earlier.
Secondly, the average azimuth limitation width is approximated by the formula of a = 360=(n + 1), where a = azimuth limitation width, and n = the number of acquired
signals from GPS satellites.
the how long he/she tries to acquire the GPS satellite signals.
3.5 Effect of angle for dual unit configuration
Up to previous section, the back-to-back parallel configuration is considered as a basic
configuration for two units.
can cover all hemisphere above the user.
type configuration such as orthogonally-crossed configuration and crossed configuration
with an acute angle.
performance; azimuth limitation width.
In order to make it clear, a computer simulation is employed, where GPS satellites
constellations at Hibiya-park in real at 24 o'clocks in a day are used.
constellation, 1,000,000 trials are carried out. Measurement direction is randomized at
Each trial. Only satellite elevation angles between 5 degrees and 85 degrees are supposed
to be available in this simulation.
&curren;
&pound;
&iexcl;
start &cent;
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
Input1: time (UTC or JST), observation point (name of the city or (latitude,
longitude, height) ) [tokyo, 2000.2.17 00:00:00-23:59:59, 3miniutes interval] Input2:
the number of antennas, antenna configuration [2 antennas, 0 - 180 degrees]
Input3: signal strength threshold, satellite [5-85degree, -130dB]
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the system configuration &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(A) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the observation time as the starting time &brvbar;
↓
3.5 Effect of angle for dual unit configuration 125
&reg;
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
reset the accumulation, minimum and maximum values of azimuth limitation
to all zeros
¨ ↓
§
＼
(B) &brvbar;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth and elevation of each GPS satellite whose elevation is more
than zero degree and within the elevation constraint, [5 to 85] , at the observation
time and location
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the measurement direction to zero &cent;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
reset the small sum of the azimuth limitation to zero cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(C) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the preceding azimuth limitation range to no limitation &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
reset the antenna ID in the system to zero &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
(D) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
execute azimuth limitation as to the interested antenna ID &cent;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
overlap the current azimuth limitation to preceding azimuth limitation and
store the result as the new preceding azimuth limitation
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment antenna ID in the system &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more antenna ID to check, go to (D) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
convert azimuth limitation range to azimuth illumination width and add the azimuth limitation width to small sum of azimuth limitation width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment measurement direction &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more measurement direction (upto 360 degrees) to check, go to (c) &brvbar;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
calculate azimuth limitation width as (accumulated value / 360.0) and accumulate azimuth ilmation width and update minimum and maximum azimuth
limitation width
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
increment the observation time &cent;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more observation time to check (upto 24hours), go to (B) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
calculate average azimuth limitation width as (accumulation / total numer of
observation time)
126 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
output the result (x-axis: angle of duan antenna (system configuration), y-axis: average, maximu and minimum azimuth limiation width)
¨ ↓
§
＼
increment system configuration ID &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
if there is more system configuration to check, go to (A) &brvbar;
&curren; ↓
&pound;
&iexcl;
finish &cent;
As a result, comparing to parallel back-to-back configuration (average: 32.85 degrees,
best: 20.34 degrees (at 8 o'clock satellite constellation), worst 55.06 degrees (at 14
o'clock)), orthogonally-crossed configuration degenerates by 3.28 degrees in the average
value and by 3.10 degrees in the best value.
degrees in the worst value. Its best value is measured at 8 o'clock.
at which parallel back-to-back made its best score.
acquired at 19 o'clock, it is different from the time in which parallel back-to-back made
its best.
As to two units configuration with the angle of 45 degrees, comparing to parallel backto-
back configuration (average: 32.85 degrees, best: 20.34 degrees (at 8 o'clock
satellite
constellation), worst 55.06 degrees (at 14 o'clock)), the 45 degrees type degenerates by
1.64 degrees in its average and by 3.78 degrees in its best.
as much as by 10.04 in its worst. It is made at 8 o'clock and is the same time at which
parallel back-to-back configuration hit its best.
acquired at 3 o'clock, it is different from the time in which parallel back-to-back made its
best.
Regarding to two units configuration with the angle of 135 degrees, comparing to parallel
back-to-back configuration (average: 32.85 degrees, best: 20.34 degrees (at 8 o'clock
satellite constellation), worst 55.06 degrees (at 14 o'clock)), the 135 degrees type improves
by 2.64 degrees in its average, by 2.12 degrees in its best and by as much as 16.78 degrees
in its worst. It is made at 8 o'clock and is the same time at which parallel back-to-back
configuration hit its best. On the other hand, its worst value is acquired at 23 o'clock, it
is different from the time in which parallel back-to-back made its best.
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process
Critical points of debugging process for the simulation are as follows:
3.6.1 A critical point of coding: RAAN calculation
The stubbern bug is fixed when No.6 RAAN calculation is fixed, sticking the code to
the Dr. Fukushima's downloadable program pos1.c, in sat8.c as follows:
//RAAN calculation (No.6)
Omegak =get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_OMEGA0)
+ (get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_dOmega)-dOMEGAe)*tk0
-dOMEGAe * get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_TOE) ;
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 127
Fig. 3.25. Graph of performance comparison between azimuth limitation width average
values of dual unit configuration with angles of from 0 and 180 degrees
128 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
3.6.2 Available sample programs for coding
&sup2; Dr. Sakai's book of practical programming of GPS [93].
&sup2; Dr. Sakai's sample program related to the book of practical programming of GPS
[93].
&sup2; Dr. Fukushima's explaining articles of GPS single positioning calculation programs
on a journal “airborne wireless communication” [97].
&sup2; Dr. Fukushima's GPS program related to his articles [97] are available at http:
//www.enri.go.jp/~fks442/K_MUSEN/ [97] using Windows version Borland C++
Compiler 5.5 (Bcc 5.5).
3.6.3 Available another simulator for checking and critical points on its use
effective check
&sup2; The author got a good result from a check carried out at 2009.2.19 15:10.
recommended procedure fro checking simulator with a famous free software is described
as follows:
&sup2; Select the time of the last Sunday's 00:00:00 UTC (for example 2009/02/15 (sun)
00:00:00 UCT, if today is 2009/2/19) and observation point of (lat,lon,hgt)=(0deg,0deg,0m)
just for simple checking. Sunday's 00:00:00 (Saturday's 24:00:00) is always the
beginning of a GPS week. GPS week number is described at appendix B of [93].
&sup2; Select an almanac file, which has the modification stamp 2 days ago from the
interested day and time (Sunday's 00:00:00 == 2009/2/15 00:00:00, whose 2 daysago means 2009/2/13), from navgigation center of United States Coast Guard:http://www. navcen.uscg.gov/archives/gps/2009/ALMANACS/YUMA/.
&sup2; If the almanac file, which has the modification stamp 2 days ago from the interested
day and time, is used, the result often seems no problem.
&sup2; The same almanac file must be used both for my simulator and the other simulator
for check.
&sup2; As a reference software, “Trimble Planning version 2.8 (free software)”, available
at http://www.trimble.com/planningsoftware_ts.asp
&sup2; GPS,GLONASS, ... almanac in Trimble Planning specific file format can be downloaded
as “almana.alm” from http://www.trimble.com/gpsdataresources.
shtml into c:\borland\bcc55\bin\almanac.alm.
GPS week No. of the week from 2009/2/15(sun) as not 495 but 1519 (=495+1024)
which is more correct expression because 495 is just an inevitable representation of
10 bit implementation.
Glonass, Galileo, Compass...
&sup2; The condition used is as follows:
&#8211; Date and time: 2009.2.15(sun) 00:00:00 (GPS week 1519 (=495+1024),
sec=0sec),
&#8211; Observation point: standard original point, (lat=0deg,long=0deg,hgt=0m)&#8211; Almanac file name : \borland\bcc55\bin\w495_090213_044.alm (which was
initially downlaoded from navcen http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/archives/
gps/2009/ALMANACS/YUMA/ as 044.alm which has a stamp of 2009.2.13 and
was deliberately renamed)
&#8211; Almanac file input: The following procedure leads no problem: pulldownmenu
!import(not load) !yuma !allfiles(*.*) !w495_090213_044.alm
&#8211; Satellite Selection for checking: pulldownmenu ! Satellite ! Selection ! GPS
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 129
tab! check for G02 G15 G26 G27
&#8211; Skyplot visual checking: pulldownmenu ! Graph ! Skyplot
&#8211; Azimuth/Elevation listing: pulldownmenu !Lists!Evaluation/Azimuth
&#8211;
&sup2; My simulator \borland\bcc55\bin\sat.7.ok.c output on DOS window for checking:
all visible satellite azimuth and elevation at “2009.2.15 00:00:00 UTC” viewedfrom “standard original point (lat,lon,hgt)=(0deg, 0deg, 0m(from the geoid surface)”.
&sup2; As a result, azimuth and elevation avlues' discrepancies are within 2.9 degrees
at most, when comparing the results between \borland\bcc55\bin\sat.7.ok.c
and Planning v2.8 as 4 satellites of G02, G15, G26, G27 of GPS satellites at
2009.2.15(sun) 00:00:00 viewed from the (lat,lon,hgt)=(0deg,0deg,0m (from the
geoid surface) )
&sup2; Just to make it sure, when othe almanac file, such as “GPS/GLONASS almanac
in Trimble Planning file format (almanac.alm)” available at http://www.trimble.com/gpsdataresources.shtml , is used, the result list value was the same as thealmanac file described above. almanac file includes
Orbital information of satellites of 31 GPS, 24 Glonass, 2 Galileo, 1 Compass and
0 WAAS (9 WAAS orbital information is alredy kept in the simulator itself.)
&sup2; Tokyo: 9 sats. Good match with my simulator \borland\bcc55\bin\sat.10.c
output on DOS window for checking: all visible satellite azimuth and elevation
at “2009.2.15 00:00:00 UTC” viewed from “Tokyo (lat,lon,hgt)=(35deg, 139deg,0m(from the geoid surface) in my simulator”.
is 35 deg 42 min , 138 deg 30 min, 50m. This difference must make a significant discrepancy, because a near place to notrth/south pole comparison did not make
thik kind of discrepancy due to value based input.
as identical as (35,139,0), the result discrepancy becomes within almost 2.0 deg.
&sup2; Northpole: 8 sats. Good match with my simulator \borland\bcc55\bin\sat.11.c
output on DOS window for checking: all visible satellite azimuth and elevation
at “2009.2.15 00:00:00 UTC” viewed from “nearNorthpole (lat,lon,hgt)=(80deg,139deg, 0m(from the geoid surface)”.
and Planning v2.8 at near North pole, it is important to match the lat,lon,hgt
values precisely, as near to the north/south pole, small discrepancy of lat,lon,hght
leads to large difference of the azimuth and elevation.
&sup2; Southpole: 13 sats. Good match with my simulator \borland\bcc55\bin\sat.12.
c output on DOS window for checking: all visible satellite azimuth and elevationat “2009.2.15 00:00:00 UTC” viewed from “nearSouthhpole (lat,lon,hgt)=(-80deg,
139deg, 0m (from the geoid surface)”.
and Planning v2.8 at near South pole, it is important to match the lat,lon,hgt
values precisely, as near to the north/south pole, small discrepancy of lat,lon,hght
leads to large difference of the azimuth and elevation.
3.6.4 Available windows drawing libray for Borland C++ Compiler version 5.5
GrWin is a free library for windows drawing, which was developed by Shizuoka University
in Japan.
to compile:
C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>cat g.bat
bcc32 -w-8060 -WC GrWin.lib %1.c
C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
130 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>cat c.bat
bcc32 %1.c %2 %3 %4 %5
C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
GrWin graphics library of version 0.99.9b is described at: http://spdg1.sci.
shizuoka.ac.jp/grwinlib/man.html.Subroutines and functions are described there.To create eps (encapsulated post script fromatted) file from windows softwares, including
GrWin, is described at: http://lovechu.gozaru.jp/tool/ps2pdf/create_pdf.htm or
http://keijisaito.info/arc/tex/v_eps_printer.htm.or http://oku.edu.mie-u.
ac.jp/~okumura/texwiki/?PDF%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%9C%E3%82%8A%E6%96%B9
TeX is explained at: http://oku.edu.mie-u.ac.jp/~okumura/texwiki/
As to almanac file, its flow chart including selection, dowonload and processing for
simulation is as follows:
¨
§
＼
start (alamanc file: selection, dowonload and processing for simulation) &brvbar;
¨ ↓
§
＼
decide time for observation (ex. 2008/5/22thr00:00:00UTC) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
find the GPS week for the time (refer to GPS week table [93] appendix B) (ex.
456+1024=1480 == 2008/5/18 sun 00:00:00 start)
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
goto the USCG (US Coast Guard) Navigation Center, http://www.navcen.
uscg.gov/archives/gps/2008/ALMANACS/YUMA/
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
select the almanac whose modified time is 2 days before the observation time
(eg 2008/5/20tue, 141.alm) or 2 days before from latest sunday's stamp (eg 2008/5/16 Fri, 137.alm, this time).
solution.)
¨ ↓
§
＼
download the almanac file (eg 137.alm) &brvbar;
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
copy the almanac file to GPSweek_ModifiedYYMMDD_Originalfilename.alm
just to make it sure for later consideration.
&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
put the file on the same directory of the developed simulator, /borland/bcc55/
bin/.
' ↓
&
$
%
modify the simulation program (ex. sta24.c) in /borland/bcc55/bin/ at the
following points:
(1) char alm[30]=”w456 080518sun 137.alm”; //almanac file name
(2) wtime wt0 = (456+1024), (0.0+ (1.0*SECONDS DAY*(22-18))) ;// interested
time for observation
(if interested time is later than 1999/8/21 00:00:00 UTC, wt0.week = explicitly expressed-
year + 1024)
(wt0.sec = (observation start time (sec)(ex. 0.0) + (1.0*SECONDS DAY*(day
difference between the intereted day (ex. 22) and latest sunday (ex. 18))))
↓
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 131
&Acirc;
&Aacute;
&iquest;
&Agrave;
modify the simulation program (ex. sta24.c) in /borland/bcc55/bin/ at the
following points:
(3) select the observation point after comment out the unncecessary observationpoint (ex. base=Posxyz tokyo;) (4) set both el_mask_low=0.0;andel_mask_
high=90.0;
&sup2; ↓
±
&macr;
°
copy the almanac file to GPSweek ModifiedYYMMDD Originalfilename.yum )
just for use of reference simulator Trimble Planning version 2.8
¨ ↓
§
＼
put the file on the ../desktop/yuma/*.yuma for the reference simulator.&brvbar;&reg; ↓
&shy;
&copy;
&ordf;
(1) in reference simulation, menu → almanac → import → yuma → → ..
/desktop/yuma/*.yuma.
&ordm; ↓
&sup1;
&middot;
&cedil;
modify the reference simulator at the following points: menu → file → station(2) time: satar date (ex.2008/5/22), start time (ex. 00:00:00), duration (ex.
1 hour), interval (ex. 60 min), timezone gmt, difference UTC 0.0 (hour) (3)
station name : tokyo , N39.0, E139.0, hight:0.0 (4) elevation cutoff: 0 (degree)¨ ↓
§
＼
check the validity of almanac: menu → satellite → information &brvbar;
¶ ↓
&micro;
&sup3;
´
compare: graph → skyplot and the developed simulator
compare: graph → worldprojection and the developed simulator
compare: list → elevation/azimuth
For the experiment from 2008/5/22 00:00:00 UTC to its 24:00:00 UTC, the almanac data
of 137.alm ( w456_080518sun_137.alm ) was used for my simulator.
precise one is considered to be 140.alm ).
v2.8, the same file has to be renamed to w456_080518sun_137.yum in the extention to be
read in correctly.
3.6.5 GPS week conversion software
12
#include <stdio.h>
3 #include <time.h>
4 #include <math.h>
5 #include <GrWin.h>
6 #include <stdlib.h>
78
static int GPSweekFromEphem;
9 static double GPStoaFromEphem;
10 /* time */
11 #define SECONDS_DAY (3600L*24L)
12 #define SECONDS_WEEK (3600L*24L*7L)
13
14 /* structure representing time */
15 typedef struct {
16 int week; /* week number */
132 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Table. 3.1. Almanac data characteristics available from the navigation center, coast
guard, US
Thursday May 15, 2008 10:06
AM
18414 136.alm GPSweek=455, Toa=589824.0000
Friday May 16, 2008 10:30
AM
18383 137.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=061440.0000
(17.03333hour =17 hour 240 sec =
17 hours 04 minutes 00 secods =
1 day (24 hours) passed from 2008/5/18sunday
about 7 hours before)
Saturday May 17, 2008 12:23
PM
18414 138.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=147456.0000
(40.96 hours = 40 hours 3456 meters = 40 hours
57.6m=40h 57m 36s= 2008/5/18sunday
About 7 hours after 2 days (48h)
Previous)
Sunday May 18, 2008 1:08 PM 18414 139.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=233472.0000
(64.85333 h = 64 h 3072 m = 64 h 51.2
m = 64h51m 12s=2008/5/18sunday
3 days (72h) past 7 hours))
Monday May 19, 2008 9:27 AM 18414 140.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=319488.0000
(=Toa is 4 days (96h) past Sunday
7 hours before)) (4 days (96h)
26112sec before the date))(Toa is Sunday?
4 days (96 hours) passed (that is, Thursday, May 22)
00:00:00) set 7.25333h before))
Tuesday May 20, 2008 8:44 AM 18414 141.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=405504.0000
(=Toa is 5 days (120h) past Sunday
7 hours before)) (5 days (120h)
26496 seconds before the date))(5 days (120 hours) passed
7.36 hours ago))
Wednesday May 21, 2008 9:09 AM 18414 142.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=503808.0000
(=Toa passed 6 days (144h) from sunday
4 hours before)) (6 days (144h)
14,592 seconds before))(6 days (144 hours) passed
before 4.0533h))
Thursday May 22, 2008 9:19 AM 18414 143.ALMGPSweek=456, Toa=589824.0000
(=Toa is 7 days (168h) past Sunday
4 hours before)) (7 days (168h)
14976 seconds before the date))(7 days (168 hours) passed
4.16h ago))
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 133
Fig. 3.26.
134 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.27. GPS week number [93]
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 135
Fig. 3.28. Function relationship on time of GPS week and normal time in C-language
136 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
Fig. 3.29. Self-developed GPS satellite constellation prediction software and its verification
with Planning v2.8
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 137
17 double sec; /* Elapsed time from the beginning of the week [s] */
18 } wtime;
19
20/*
twenty one
Here is a structure struct tm representing 22 hours.
twenty three
24 struct tm {
25 int tm_sec; // seconds
26 int tm_min; // minutes
27 int tm_hour; // hour
28 int tm_mday; // day
29 int tm_mon; // Month (January = 0)
30 int tm_year; // year - 1900
31 int tm_wday; // day of the week (day = 0)
32 int tm_yday; // day of the year
33 int tm_isdst; // Daylight saving time flag
34 };
35 */
36
37 /*----------------------------------------------- -------------
38 * Time conversion
39 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
40 /* start year for calendar values */
41 #define TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970// Sakai practical programming P22 */
42
43 /* Calendar value at 00:00:00 on January 6, 1980 (GPS week 0) */// Sakai Practical Program 44 P22 */
45 #define TIME_T_ORIGIN 315964800L
46
47
48 /* GMT version of mktime() function (corresponds to gmtime() function) */
49 static time_t mktime2(struct tm *tm)
50 {
51 int i;
52 long days=0L;
53 static int days_month[]={
54 31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31
55};
56 int year geta;
57
58 /* get elapsed days */
59 if (tm->tm_year >= 99){ yeargeta=1900;} else {yeargeta = 2000;}
60 for (i=TIME_T_BASE_YEAR; i <(tm->tm_year+yeargeta);i++) {
61 days+=(i%4==0)?366:365;
62 }
63 for(i=1;i <((tm->tm_mon)+1);i++){/* January = 0http://www1.cts.ne.jp/~clab/hsample/Time/Time4.html*/
64 days+=days_month[i-1];
65 if (i==2 &&tm->tm_year%4==0)days++;
66 }
67 days+=tm->tm_mday-1;
138 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
68 /* Returns a calendar value (apparently seconds since TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970 (time_t== long)
69 at Masato) */
70 return ((days*24+tm->tm_hour)*60+tm->tm_min)*60+tm->tm_sec;
71 }
72
73
74
75
76 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
77 * wtime_to_date() - convert week number and seconds to datetime
78 * struct tm wtime_to_date(wt); Result of conversion to date and time wtime wt; Week number/second
79 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
80 struct tm wtime2date(wtime wt)
81 {
82 time_t t; // long
83
84 /* Add the elapsed time from the base date to get the calendar value */
85 t = (long) wt.week * SECONDS_WEEK
86 + TIME_T_ORIGIN
87 +(long)((wt.sec>0.0)?wt.sec+0.5:wt.sec-0.5);
88 // I don't understand the notation here. does it really fit?
89 return *gmtime(&t);
90}
91
92
93
94
95 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
96 * date_to_wtime() - Convert datetime to week number and seconds
97 * wtime date_to_wtime(tmbuf); Result of conversion to week number and seconds struct tm tmbuf; day
Specify 98 hours
99 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
100 wtime date2wtime(struct tm tmbuf)
101 {
102 time_t t;
103 wt. wt;
104 /* Calendar value for the given time, apparently seconds since TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970
At 105 (time_t==long), masato */
106 t = mktime2( &tmbuf );
107 /* quotient and remainder of division by seconds in a week */
108 wt.week = (t - TIME_T_ORIGIN) / SECONDS_WEEK;
109 wt.sec = (t - TIME_T_ORIGIN) - wt.week * SECONDS_WEEK; /*(t-TIME_T_ORIGIN)%SECONDS_WEEK;*/
110 return wt;
111 }
112
113
114
115 main()
116 {
117 double tk0;
118 struct tm tm1buf;
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 139
119 wtime wt0 = {(456+1024), (0.0+ (1.0*SECONDS_DAY*(22-18))) };
120 GPSweek (GPSweek became 1024 at 1999/8/21 00:00:00 and seemingly started at 0
I did it because 121 should be +1024 after that. , seconds (see: Sakai Practical Program 122 Logrami Appendix B for GPS week, Test date 2008/5/22 Thu 00:00:00 minus 2008/5/18 sun 123 00:00:00)
124
125 printf("wt0.week:%08d wt0.sec:% .4f\n", wt0.week, wt0.sec); // Week number +
126 seconds
127
128 tm1buf=wtime2date(wt0);
129
130 printf( "tm1buf %4.4d//%2.2d/%2.2d %2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d\n\n", //
131 visually
132 tm1buf.tm_year + 1900, tm1buf.tm_mon + 1, tm1buf.tm_mday,
133 tm1buf.tm_hour, tm1buf.tm_min, tm1buf.tm_sec );
134
135 wt0= date2wtime( tm1buf );//check
136 printf("wt0.week:%08d wt0.sec:% .4f\n", wt0.week, wt0.sec);
137 Matching purpose (week number + number of seconds)
138
139
140 tk0 = (wt0.week- GPSweekFromEphem )*SECONDS_WEEK + wt0.sec -GPStoaFromEphem; //
141 What month, day, time and week is this?
142 return 1;
143}
3.6.6 GPS week and time examples
12
---------------------------
3 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>week
45
time_st 1980/01/06 (0) 00:00:00
6 gps_wk.week:0000 (0000 ) gps_wk.sec:000000.0 (0.000 days from Sunday)
78
time_st 1999/08/22 (0) 00:00:00
9 gps_wk.week:1024 (0000 +1024) gps_wk.sec:000000.0 (0.000 days from Sunday)
Ten
11 time_st 2000/02/13 (0) 00:00:00
12 gps_wk.week:1049 (0025 +1024) gps_wk.sec:000000.0 (0.000 days from Sunday)
13
14 time_st 2000/02/17 (4) 00:00:00
15 gps_wk.week:1049 (0025 +1024) gps_wk.sec:345600.0 (4.000 days from Sunday)
16
17 time_st 2008/05/18 (0) 00:00:00
18 gps_wk.week:1480 (0456 +1024) gps_wk.sec:000000.0 (0.000 days from Sunday)
19
20 time_st 2008/05/22 (4) 00:00:00
21 gps_wk.week:1480 (0456 +1024) gps_wk.sec:345600.0 (4.000 days from Sunday)
twenty two
23 time_st 2009/03/08 (0) 00:00:00
140 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
24 gps_wk.week:1522 (0498 +1024) gps_wk.sec:000000.0 (0.000 days from Sunday)
twenty five
26 time_st 2009/03/14 (6) 00:00:00
27 gps_wk.week:1522 (0498 +1024) gps_wk.sec:518400.0 (6.000 days from Sunday)
28
29 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
30 ----------------------------
3.6.7 GPS satellite constellation prediction from almanac data from navcen
GPS
1
2 // http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/archives/gps/2008/ALMANACS/YUMA/
3 // almanac
4 // 137.alm, GPS week (456 +1024)= 1480
5 // GPS week 498+1024=1523 2009/3/14 Sat 00:00:00
67
#include <stdio.h>
8 #include <time.h>
9 #include <math.h>
10 #include <GrWin.h>
11 #define IMAX 40
12
13 #define SCALABILITY_PLOT
14 //#define VARIDATION_A_DAY_PLOT
15
16 typedef struct {
17 int prn;
18 double az; /* deg*/
19 double el; /* deg*/
20 int ex;
21 Up (e.g. 85 degrees) (-4) Feature occlusion (-5) Signal strength*/
22 } sat_info;
twenty three
24 static sat_info sat[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
25 static sat_info sat_circle[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
26 static sat_info sat_circle_tmp[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
27
28
29 typedef struct {
30 double b; /*deg*/
31 double e; /*deg*/
32 double w; /*deg*/
33 } azlimit_info;
34
35 static azlimit_info azlimit[15]; /* azimuth limit by each internal antenna */
36 static azlimit_info azl_all;
37
38 //static azlimit_info azlimit_result; /*MAX_ANT*/
39
40 /* structure representing time */
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 141
41 typedef struct {
42 int week; /* week number */
43 double sec; /* Elapsed time from the beginning of the week [s] */
44 } wtime;
45
46 /*
47
Here is a structure struct tm representing 48 hours.
49
50 struct tm {
51 int tm_sec; // seconds
52 int tm_min; // minutes
53 int tm_hour; // hour
54 int tm_mday; // day
55 int tm_mon; // Month (January = 0)
56 int tm_year; // year - 1900
57 int tm_wday; // day of the week (day = 0)
58 int tm_yday; // day of the year
59 int tm_isdst; // Daylight saving time flag
60 };
61 */
62 //The following lines are functions that handle time: just for reference*/
63 // t = time(NULL);
64 // ptime = localtime( &t ); /* convert to local time */
65 // printf( "current time \(\&t\) %ld\n", t );
66 // printf( "local time ptime=localtime(\&) %02d:%02d:%02d\n\n", ptime->tm_hour, ptime->tm_min, 67
68
69
70 /* structure representing Cartesian coordinates */
71 typedef struct {
72 double x; /* X coordinate[m] */
73 double y; /* Y coordinate[m] */
74 double z; /* Z coordinate[m] */
75 } posxyz;
76 #define SQ(x) ((x)*(x))
77 #define DIST(a,b) sqrt(SQ(ax-bx)+SQ(ay-by)+SQ(az-bz))
78
79 /* structure representing latitude and longitude */
80 typedef struct {
81 double lat; /* latitude[rad] */
82 double lon; /* longitude[rad] */
83 double hgt; /* altitude (ellipsoidal height) [m] */
84 } posblh;
85
86 /* structure representing ENU coordinates */
87 typedef struct {
88 double e; /* East component [m] */
89 double n; /* North component [m] */
90 double u; /* Up component [m] */
91 } posenu;
142 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
92
93 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
94 * run-time parameters
95 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
96
97 /* elevation mask [rad] */
98 static double mask_angle =0.0;
99
100 /* Threshold for residual check [m] */
101 #define DPSR_THRESHOLD 20.0
102
103 /* Geoid height [m] */
104 #define GEOIDAL_HEIGHT 38.0
105
106
107
108 /* time */
109 #define SECONDS_DAY (3600L*24L)
110 #define SECONDS_WEEK (3600L*24L*7L)
111
112
113
114 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
115 * Time conversion
116 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
117 /* start year for calendar values */
118 /*#define TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970*/
119 #define TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1990 /* masato */
120
121 /* Calendar value for Jan 6, 1980 00:00:00 */
122 /*#define TIME_T_ORIGIN 315964800L*/
123 /* Calendar value for Aug 22, 1999 00:00:00 */
124 /*#define TIME_T_ORIGIN 306806400L *//* rewritten */
125 #define TIME_T_ORIGIN 304128000L /* Considering rewritten Jan=0 Feb=1 */126
127 /* GPS week (0000-1024), every 7 days since 22 Aug 1999, by masato, by http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/almanacs.htm 128
129 /* GMT version of mktime() function (corresponds to gmtime() function) */
130 static time_t mktime2(struct tm *tm)
131 {
132 int i;
133 long days=0L;
134 static int days_month[]={
135 31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31
136 };
137 int year geta;
138
139 /* get elapsed days */
140 if (tm->tm_year >= 99){ yeargeta=1900;} else {yeargeta = 2000;}
141 for(i=TIME_T_BASE_YEAR; i <(tm->tm_year+yeargeta);i++) {
142 days+=(i%4==0)?366:365;
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 143
143}
144 for(i=1;i <((tm->tm_mon)+1);i++){/* January = 0http://www1.cts.ne.jp/~clab/hsample/Time/Time4.html*/
145 days+=days_month[i-1];
146 if (i==2 &&tm->tm_year%4==0)days++;
147}
148 days+=tm->tm_mday-1;
149 /* Returns a calendar value (apparently seconds since TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970 (time_t== long)
150 at Masato) */
151 return ((days*24+tm->tm_hour)*60+tm->tm_min)*60+tm->tm_sec;
152}
153
154
155 /*----------------------------------------------- -------------
156 * date_to_wtime() - Convert datetime to week number and seconds
157 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
158 * wtime date_to_wtime(tmbuf); Result of conversion to week number and seconds
159 * struct tm tmbuf;
160 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
161 wtime date_to_wtime(struct tm tmbuf)
162 {
163 time_t t;
164 wt. wt;
165 /* Calendar value for the given time, apparently seconds since TIME_T_BASE_YEAR 1970
At 166 (time_t==long), masato */
167 t = mktime2(&tmbuf);
168 /* quotient and remainder of division by seconds in a week */
169 wt.week=(t-TIME_T_ORIGIN)/SECONDS_WEEK;
170 wt.sec = (t-TIME_T_ORIGIN) - wt.week*SECONDS_WEEK; /*(t-TIME_T_ORIGIN)%SECONDS_WEEK;*/
171 return wt;
172 }
173
174 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
175 * Definition of constants and structures
176 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
177 /* Boolean */
178 typedef int bool;
179 #define TRUE 1
180 #define FALSE 0
181
182 /* WGS-84 constant */
183 #define PI 3.1415926535898 /* Pi (IS-GPS-200) */
184 #define C 2.99792458e8 /* speed of light [m/s] */
185 #define MUe 3.986005e14 /* Earth gravitational constant [m^3/s^2] */
186 #define dOMEGAe 7.2921151467e-5 /* Earth rotation angular velocity [rad/s]
187 Calculating, 2 π / ( 24 * 60 * 60 ) ) is 7.272e-5, which is slightly different.
188 However, since the earth revolves around the
189 I won't give it to you. Conversely, the time that the earth rotates once is faster than 24 hours. child
190 This is called a sidereal day, and the Earth has 23 hours 56 minutes 4.0905 seconds (86,164.0905 seconds) (3 minutes 55 seconds).
191 seconds shorter). Recalculating the angular velocity of the earth based on this value, 2192 π / 86164 = 7.292x10-5, which is the same */
193 #define Re 6378137.0 /* Earth radius [m] */
144 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
194 #define Fe (1.0/298.257223563) /* Flatness of the Earth */
195
196 /* angle conversion */
197 #define rad_to_deg(rad) ((rad)/PI*180.0)
198 #define deg_to_rad(deg) ((deg)/180.0*PI)
199 #define rad_to_sc(rad) ((rad)/PI)
200 #define sc_to_rad(sc) ((sc)*PI)
201
202 //#define deg_positive(deg) ((deg <0.0)?(deg+360.0):deg)
203 //#define deg_opposit(deg) ((deg>180.0)?(deg-180.0):deg+180.0)
204 //#define deg_mod360(deg) ((deg>360.0)?(deg- 360):deg)
205
206 /* Matrix size that can be handled */
207 #define MAX_N 16 /* Maximum number of observation satellites */
208 #define MAX_M 4 /* maximum number of unknowns */
209 #define MAX_PRN (32+5) /* Upper limit of satellite number */
210
211 /* time */
212 #define SECONDS_DAY (3600L*24L)
213 #define SECONDS_WEEK (3600L*24L*7L)
214
215 /* RINEX file information */
216 #define RINEX_POS_COMMENT 60
217 #define RINEX_NAV_LINES 8
218 #define RINEX_NAV_FIELDS_LINE 4
219
220 /* maximum number of ephemeris to remember */
221 #define MAX_EPHMS (20-19)
222
223 /* ephemeris expiry date [h] */
224 #define EPHEMERIS_EXPIRE 2.0
225
226 /* structure for storing ephemeris */
227 typedef struct {
228 int week; /* week number */
229 double data[15];
230 } ephm_info;
231
232 /* define parameter number */
233 enum ephm_para {
234 EPHM_e,
235 EPHM_TOE,
236 EPHM_i0,
237 EPHM_dOmega,
238 EPHM_sqrtA,
239 EPHM_OMEGA0,
240 EPHM_omega,
241 EPHM_M0,
242 EPHM_AF0,
243 EPHM_AF1,
244 EPHM_AF2
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 145
245 };
246
247 static ephm_info ephm_buf[MAX_PRN][MAX_EPHMS];
248 int prn_alive[35];
249
250 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
251 * get_ephemeris() - Get ephemeris parameters
252 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
253 * double get_ephemeris(prn,para); parameter value
254 * int prn; Satellite PRN number (1~)
255 * int para; Parameter number (0-)
256 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
257 * Ephemeris was previously set by set_ephemeris()
258 * that.
259 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
260
261 #include <stdlib.h>
262 #define MAX_LEN 256
263 int store_ephemeris( char *fname /*yuma file to open at the same directory*/ )
264 {
265
266 FILE *fp;
267 char string[MAX_LEN];
268 int line, sv, i;
269
270 printf("%s\n", fname);
271 fp = fopen(fname,"r");
272 /*fp = fopen("YUMA25.txt","r");*/
273 /*fp = fopen("YUMA486.txt","r");*/
274 /* fp = fopen("week486yuma.alm","r");*/
275
276 for (i = 0; i <35; i++){
277 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* read line **** */
278 if (string[0]!='*') {prn_alive[i]=-1; /*printf("are\n")*/ ;break;}
279
280 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* ID: row read */
281 sv=atoi(&string[26]);
282 printf("sv=%d", sv);
283 prn_alive[i]=sv;
284
285 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* Health: read row */
286
287 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* Eccentricity: line reading */
288 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_e]= atof(&string[26]);
289 printf("e=%lf", ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_e]);
290
291 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* Time of Applicability(s) line read
292 */
293 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_TOE] =atof(&string[26]);
294 /*printf("toe=%lf", ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_TOE]);*/
295
146 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
296 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*Orbital Inclination(rad): read line
297 only 0.9421062469*/
298 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_i0] = atof(&string[26]);
299
300 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*Rate of Right Ascen(r/s): row reading
301 */
302 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_dOmega] = atof(&string[26]);
303
304 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*SQRT(A) (m 1/2): read line */
305 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_sqrtA] = atof(&string[26]);
306
307 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*Right Ascen at Week(rad): read line
308 */
309 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_OMEGA0] = atof(&string[26]);
310
311 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*Argument of Perigee(rad): read line
312 */
313 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_omega] = atof(&string[26]);
314
315 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /*Mean Anom(rad): read line*/
316 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_M0] = atof(&string[26]);
317
318 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* read Af0(s) lines */
319 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_AF0] = atof(&string[26]);
320
321 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* read Af1(s/s) lines */
322 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].data[EPHM_AF1] = atof(&string[26]);
323
324 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* Read week line */
325 ephm_buf[(sv-1)][0].week = atoi(&string[26]);
326 //486; /*week:486*/ /*{0,0,0,14,(12-1),108} 2008.12.14.0:0:0 GMT= 2008.12.14 9:0:0 1024
327 is 1510*/
328
329 fgets( string , MAX_LEN, fp); /* blank line */
330}
331 printf("store end\n");
332 fclose(fp);
333 return(1);
334}
335
336 /*
337 ******** Week 486 almanac for PRN-02 ********
338 ID: 02
339 Health: 000
340 Eccentricity: 0.8851051331E-002
341 Time of Applicability(s): 233472.0000
342 Orbital Inclination (rad): 0.9421062469
343 Rate of Right Ascen(r/s): -0.8210918168E-008
344 SQRT(A) (m 1/2): 5153.524414
345 Right Ascen at Week(rad): 0.2475342035E+001
346 Argument of Perigee (rad): 2.686214924
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 147
347 Mean Anom(rad): -0.2932518840E+001
348 Af0(s): 0.1668930054E-003
349 Af1(s/s): -0.3637978807E-011
350 weeks: 486
351 */
352
353 double get_ephemeris(int prn,int para)
354 {
355 int sv;
356 /* if (ephm_count[prn-1] <1 || current_ephm[prn-1] <0) {
357 fprintf(stderr,"Missing ephemeris: PRN=%d.\n",prn);
358 exit(2);
359 } */
360
361 return ephm_buf[prn-1][0].data[para];
362 }
363
364
365 /*----------------------------------------------- -------------
366 * xyz_to_blh() - Convert Cartesian coordinates to latitude and longitude
367 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
368 * posblh xyz_to_blh(pos);
369 * posxyz pos; Cartesian coordinate value
370 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
371 posblh xyz_to_blh(posxyz pos)
372 {
373 double a,b,e,f,n,h,p,t,sint,cost;
374 posblh blh={0.0,0.0,-Re};
375
376 /* for the origin */
377 if (pos.x==0.0 && pos.y==0.0 && pos.z==0.0) return blh;
378
379 /* ellipsoid parameters */
380 f =Fe; /* oblateness*/
381 a =Re; /* semimajor axis*/
382 b =a*(1.0-f); /* minor radius*/
383 e =sqrt(f*(2.0-f)); /* eccentricity */
384
385 /* Parameter for coordinate transformation */
386h = a*ab*b;
387 p =sqrt(pos.x*pos.x+pos.y*pos.y);
388 t =atan2(pos.z*a,p*b);
389 sint=sin(t);
390 cost=cos(t);
391
392 /* Convert to latitude and longitude */
393 blh.lat =atan2(pos.z+h/b*sint*sint*sint,ph/a*cost*cost*cost);
394 n = a/sqrt(1.0-e*e*sin(blh.lat)*sin(blh.lat));
395 blh.lon =atan2(pos.y,pos.x);
396 blh.hgt = (p/cos(blh.lat))-n;
397
148 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
398 return blh;
399 }
400
401
402 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------------
403 * xyz_to_enu() - Convert from Cartesian coordinates to ENU coordinates (e.g. Satellite viewed from Tokyo)
404 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
405 * posenu xyz_to_enu(pos,base); ENU coordinates
406 * posxyz pos; Cartesian coordinate value
407 * posxyz base; base position
408 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
409 posenu xyz_to_enu(posxyz pos, posxyz base)
410 {
411 double s1,c1,s2,c2;
412 posblh blh;
413 posenu enu;
414
415 /* Relative position from reference position */
416 pos.x-=base.x;
417 pos.y -= base.y;
418 pos.z-=base.z;
419
420 /* latitude and longitude of reference position */
421 blh = xyz_to_blh(base);
422 /*printf(" baseblh %-7.2f %-7.2f %-7.2f\n", blh.lat, blh.lon, blh.hgt);*/
423 s1 =sin(blh.lon);
424 c1 =cos(blh.lon);
425 s2 =sin(blh.lat);
426 c2 =cos(blh.lat);
427
428 /* Rotate relative position to ENU coordinates */
429 enu.e =-pos.x*s1+pos.y*c1;
430 enu.n =-pos.x*c1*s2-pos.y*s1*s2+pos.z*c2;
431 enu.u =pos.x*c1*c2+pos.y*s1*c2+pos.z*s2;
432 /*printf(" enu %-7.2f %-7.2f %-7.2f\n", enu.e, enu.n, enu.u);*/
433
434 return enu;
435 }
436
437
438 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
439 * elevation() - Find elevation angle
440 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
441 * double elevation(sat,usr); elevation[rad]
442 * posxyz sat; satellite position
443 * posxyz usr; user position
444 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
445 double elevation(posxyz sat,posxyz usr) /* in 9.c even basblh000
446 tokyoblh also fixed *//* When I fixed the formula for tk, there was also hour=0! */
447 {
448 posenu enu;
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 149
449
450 /* Convert to ENU coordinates to find elevation */
451 enu =xyz_to_enu(sat,usr);
452 return atan2(enu.u,sqrt(enu.e*enu.e+enu.n*enu.n));
453 }
454
455 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------------
456 * azimuth() - Find the azimuth angle
457 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
458 * double azimuth(sat,usr); azimuth[rad]
459 * posxyz sat; satellite position
460 * posxyz usr; user position
461 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
462 double azimuth(posxyz sat,posxyz usr) /* basblh000 in 9.c also
463 tokyoblh also fixed *//* When I fixed the formula for tk, there was also hour=0! */
464 {
465 posenu enu;
466
467 /* Convert to ENU coordinates to find azimuth */
468 enu =xyz_to_enu(sat,usr);
469 return atan2(enu.e,enu.n); /*atan2 is -π < It seems that this is OK with <π*/
470
471 /*
472 printf("%5.2f\n", rad_to_deg(atan2(1, 1)));/*+45 upper right (+ right-
473 left/ + top-bottom)
474 PRINT("%5.2f\n", rad_to_deg(atan2(-1, 1)));/*-45 upper left
475 printf("%5.2f\n", rad_to_deg(atan2(1, -1)));/*135 lower right
476 printf("%5.2f\n", rad_to_deg(atan2(-1, -1)));/*-135 bottom left*/
477
478 }
479
480 /*-------------------------------------------------- -------------
481 * blh_to_xyz() - Convert latitude and longitude to Cartesian coordinates
482 *------------------------------------------------ ------------
483 * posxyz blh_to_xyz(blh); Cartesian coordinate value
484 * posblh blh;
485 *------------------------------------------------ ------------*/
486 posxyz blh_to_xyz(posblh blh)
487 {
488 double a,b,e,f,n;
489 posxyz pos;
490
491 /* ellipsoid parameters */
492 f =Fe; /* Oblateness*/
493 a =Re; /* semimajor axis*/
494 /*b =a*(1.0-f);*/ /* Minor radius*/
495 e =sqrt(f*(2.0-f));/* eccentricity*/
496
497 /* Convert to Cartesian coordinate system */
498 n = a/sqrt(1.0-e*e*sin(blh.lat)*sin(blh.lat));
499 pos.x =(n+blh.hgt)*cos(blh.lat)*cos(blh.lon);
150 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
500 pos.y =(n+blh.hgt)*cos(blh.lat)*sin(blh.lon);
501 pos.z =(n*(1.0-e*e)+blh.hgt)*sin(blh.lat);
502
503 return pos;
504 }
505
506 double round( double value, int figure ) /*Round off*/
507 {
508 int tmp;
509 double rate;
510 bool isNagative = ( value < 0 );
511 if( isNagative ) value = -value;
512
513 /*double*/ rate = pow( 10, figure );
514 /*int*/ tmp = (int)(value * rate + 0.5);
515 value = tmp/rate;
516
517 if( isNagative ) value = -value;
518
519 return value;
520 }
521
522
523
524 /* do a bubble sort */
525 int bubblesort(sat_info x[ ])
526 {
527 int i, j, n;
528 sat_info temp;
529
530 for (i=0; (i <35) && (sat_circle[i].prn >0); i++){ /* Orientation capable satellite squirrel
*/
532;
533 }
534 n=i;
535 /* printf("%d",n);*/
536 for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
537 for (j = n - 1; j >i; j--) {
538 if (x[j - 1].az > x[j].az) { /* If previous element is greater */
539 temp = x[j]; /* exchange */
540 x[j] = x[j - 1];
541x[j - 1] = temp;
542}
543 }
544}
545 return(1);
546 }
547
548
549 int show_sat_list( sat_info sat_buf[])
550 {
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 151
551 int i;
552
553
554
555 /*printf("\n");*/
556 for (i=0; (i <35) && (sat_buf[i].prn >0); i++){
557 printf("PRN %2d, az=% 6.5f, el=% 6.5f, ex=% 2d\n",
558 sat_buf[i].prn, sat_buf[i].az, sat_buf[i].el, sat_buf[i].ex ) ;
559 // outlier checking (for debugging purposes)
560 if (sat_buf[i].az <0.0) {printf("111111");exit(1);}
561 if(sat_buf[i].az>=360.0){printf("33333");exit(1);}
562 }
563 return(1);
564 }
565
566
567 int show_azlimit(azlimit_info azlimit_buf)
568 {
569 printf("azlimit begin:% 6.1f end:% 6.1f width:% 6.1f\n", azlimit_buf.b, azlimit_buf.e, 570 return(1);
571 }
572
573
574
575 double normal_deg(double ang)
576 {
577 if (ang < 0.0) {
578 ang = ang + 360.0;
579 }
580 if( 360.0 <= ang ){
581 ang = ang - 360.0;
582 }
583
584 // error confirmation
585 if ( (ang < 0.0) && (ang >= 360.0)) {
586 printf("OKASHII ZO debug shitekudadai ne＼n");
587 exit(1);
588 }
589 //There was nothing wrong, so
590 return(ang);
591 }
592
593
594
595
596 double pickup_firstterm_simply(double ant_bear)
597 {
598 int i, available_number_of_sats;
599
600 // outlier check (for debugging purposes)
601 if (ant_bear <0.0) {printf("111111");exit(1);}
152 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
602 if(ant_bear>=360.0){printf("33333");exit(1);}
603
604 for (i=0; (i <35) ; i++){
605 if (sat_circle_tmp[i].prn <= 0) break; /* Check the number of effective satellites */
606 }
607 available_number_of_sats = i;
608 if (available_number_of_sats ==0) {printf("caution: available sats=0!!! there must be a 609 else if (available_number_of_sats ==1) {
610 printf("caution: available sats=1!!!there must be a bug!\n");
611 exit(1);
612 }
613 for (i=1; (i <35) && (sat_circle_tmp[i].prn >0); i++){ from /*[i]=[1]
614 When I started, I was relieved because [1] was always there and [i-1] was always [0]615 in the previous consideration (there are at least 2 satellites) */
616 if (( sat_circle_tmp[i-1].az <= ant_bear) && (ant_bear <= sat_circle_tmp[i].az)) { /* 617 which circle sequence term is the orientation between */
618 return (sat_circle_tmp[i].az);
619 }
620 }
621 return(sat_circle_tmp[0].az);
623 }
624
625 double pickup_lastterm_simply(double ant_bear /*ant bearing
626 */) //, sat_info sat_circle_tmp[]/*Satellite circle sequence with elevation angle of 0 degrees or more*/)
627 {
628 int i, available_number_of_sats;
629
630 // outlier check (for debugging purposes)
631 if (ant_bear <0.0) {printf("111111");exit(1);}
632 if(ant_bear>=360.0){printf("33333");exit(1);}
633
634 for (i=0; (i <35) ; i++){
635 if (sat_circle_tmp[i].prn <= 0) break; /* Check the number of effective satellites */
636 }
637 available_number_of_sats = i;
638 if (available_number_of_sats ==0) {printf("caution: available sats=0!!! there must be a 639 else if (available_number_of_sats ==1) {
640 printf("caution: available sats=1!!!there must be a bug!\n");
641 exit(1);
642 }
643 for (i=1; (i <35) && (sat_circle_tmp[i].prn >0); i++){ from /*[i]=[1]
644 When I started, I was relieved because [1] was always there and [i-1] was always [0]645 in the previous consideration (there were at least 2 satellites) */
646 if (( sat_circle_tmp[i-1].az <= normal_deg (180.0+ant_bear)) && (normal_deg (180.0+ant_bear) 647 return (sat_circle_tmp[i-1].az);
648 and is important */
649 }
650 }
651 return(sat_circle_tmp[i-1].az);
652 Meaning. The final term is the i that came out of the previous for loop (because it has been ++, it is subtracted by one)*/
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 153
653 }
654
655
656 double anglewidth(double a, double b){ /* Returns the width of the clockwise sector of arguments a and b.
657 */
658 double tmp;
659
660 // outlier check (for debugging purposes)
661 if(a <0.0) {printf("111111");exit(1);}
662 if(b <0.0) {printf("22222");exit(1);}
663 if(a>=360.0){printf("33333");exit(1);}
664 if(b>=360.0){printf("44444");exit(1);}
665
666 if((ba)>0.0){ /*a,b does not include the carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees)
667 and easy */
668 return ((ba));
669 }
670 else{ /*Think special if a,b have carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees)*/
671 tmp=(b + (360.0-a));
672 return(tmp);
673 }
674 }
675
676
677
678
679 int exist(double x, double a, double b){
680 exists */
681
682
683 // outlier check (for debugging purposes)
684 if(x <0.0) {printf("111111");exit(1);}
685 if(a <0.0) {printf("22222");exit(1);}
686 if(b <0.0) {printf("33333333");exit(1);}
687 if(x>=360.0){printf("33333");exit(1);}
688 if(a>=360.0){printf("44444");exit(1);}
689 if(b>=360.0){printf("5555");exit(1);}
690
691
692 from if( anglewidth(a, b) >= anglewidth(a,x) ){/*anglewidth(a,b)
693 If anglewidth(a,x) is small, it can be said that it exists inside (I think)*/
694 return(1);
695 }
696 else{
697 return(0);
698 }
699 }
700
701 /************************************************ *********/
702
703 #define MAX_TRIAL_AT_A_TIME 10000
154 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
704
705
706 int azlimit_all(int ant, azlimit_info azl[])
707 {
708 int i;
709
710 // First anomaly check
711 for (i = 0; i <ant; i++){
712 if ((azl[i].b < 0.0 ) || (azl[i].b >=360.0)){printf("ijou1");printf("azl[%d].b=%f, azl[%d].e=%f" , 713 if ((azl[i].e < 0.0 ) || (azl[i].e >=360.0)){printf("ijou2");exit(1);}
714}
715
716 //There was no problem
717 azl_all.b=azl[0].b;
718 azl_all.e=azl[0].e;
719 azl_all.w=azl[0].w;
720
721 for(i=(0+1) ; i <ant; i++){
722 if (exist( azl[i].b, azl_all.b, azl_all.e)){ azl_all.b= azl[i].b;}
723 if (exist( azl[i].e, azl_all.b, azl_all.e)){ azl_all.e= azl[i].e;}
724 }
725
726 azl_all.w= anglewidth( azl_all.b, azl_all.e);
727
728 return(1);
729 }
730
731
732 int make_sat_circle_tmp(double angle) //rotate_back_and_resort_from_sat_circle
733 {
734 int i,j;
735 for (i=0; (i <35) ; i++){ //rotate back while copying everything
736 sat_circle_tmp[i].az= normal_deg (sat_circle[i].az - angle ) ;
737 sat_circle_tmp[i].el= sat_circle[i].el;
738 sat_circle_tmp[i].ex= sat_circle[i].ex;
739 sat_circle_tmp[i].prn=sat_circle[i].prn;
740 }
741 bubblesort(sat_circle_tmp);
742 return(1);
743 }
744
745
746 int make_azlimit( double ant_b, int ant_id)// (third peak)
747 The satellite tmp information called the area variable sat_circle_tmp is directed to the argument (in this case, 0 degrees north)
748 measurement directions are measured, and the results are stored in the global variable azlimit. azlimit (in num_ants die
749 k-th ant orientation ant_conf[num_ants-1][k] + random orientation angle)). Already
At 750, at the second peak, the satellite constellation is cleverly rewound, so the measurement direction is always virtually north-facing 0
Assuming 751 degrees, the result should be correct. num_ants The result of limiting the orientation of the k-th ant in the mold is azlimit[k]
752 is stored in each.
753 {
754
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 155
755 double firstterm, lastterm;//, lastterm_opposite; /* (first(last)term
756 is a designation in the sense of the first (last) term of the satellite azimuth sequence that was in the semicircular range starting from the left end of ant.
757 people)*/
758
759 firstterm = pickup_firstterm_simply(ant_b);
760 sat_circle[0].az;*/
761 lastterm = pickup_lastterm_simply(ant_b); /* Specifically in the example
762 sat_circle[3].az;*/
763
764 // printf("firstterm:%.3f", firstterm);
765 // printf("lastterm :%.3f ", lastterm);
766 // printf("lastterm_opposite:%.3f\n", normal_deg(lastterm+180.0));
767
768 azlimit[ant_id].b = normal_deg ( 180.0+lastterm );
769 azlimit[ant_id].e = normal_deg ( firstterm );
770 azlimit[ant_id].w = anglewidth( azlimit[ant_id].b, azlimit[ant_id].e ); /* begin, end
771 is azimuth limited starting and ending azimuth*/
772
773 return(1);
774 /* printf("lastterm:%.3f\n", lastterm);*/
775 /* printf("(*azlimit_buf).b:% .1f ", (*azlimit_buf).b);*/
776 /* printf("(*azulimit_buf).e:% .1f ", (*azlimit_buf).e);*/
777 /* printf("(*azulimit_buf).w:%.1f ", (*azlimit_buf).w);*/
778
779 }
780
781
782 int make_sat_circle(double tk, double tk0, posxyz base)
783 {
784
785 int i, j, prn;
786 double /*tk,tk0,*/sqrtA,e,n,Ek,Mk,xk,yk,Omegak,vk,pk,uk,rk,ik,d_uk,d_rk,d_ik;
787 posxyz pos /*,base*/;
788 posblh pos_blh;
789
790 /********************************************/
791 for (i = 0; i <35; i++){ /* The subscript that derives prn is i. Because prn is not continuous and jumps to irregular rules according to the date and time. 2000.2.17 00:00 is prn=1 to 31 (without 12,20) , 2008.12.14
793 has prn=2 to 32. yuma486.txt yuma25.txt*/
794 prn=prn_alive[i];
795 if(prn <0) break;
796
797 /* Prepare some ephemeris that are close to constants, the other one is the ω perigee argument */
798 sqrtA =get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_sqrtA); /* orbital semimajor axis A */
799 e =get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_e); /* orbital eccentricity e */
800 n = sqrt(MUe) /sqrtA/sqrtA/sqrtA ; /* n */
801 /* No.1*/
802 Mk =get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_M0) + n * tk; /* average periapsis
803 angle M(t)*/
804 /* No.2*/
805 Ek=Mk; for(j=0;j <10;j++) Ek= Mk + e* sin(Ek); /* eccentric periapsis
156 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
806 angle Ek [rad] */
807 /* No.3*/
808 vk =atan2((sqrt(1.0-e*e)*sin(Ek)),(cos(Ek)-e));/* near point angle
809 θ */
810 /* No.4*/
811 pk =vk + get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_omega); /* latitude argument [rad] = ascending node
Angle φ from 812 (obtained by adding perigee argument ω to θ of No.3 result)*/
813 /* No.5*/
814 uk =pk; /* latitude argument [rad] = ascending node
Angle u=φ*/ from 815
816 rk =sqrtA*sqrtA*(1.0-e*cos(Ek)); /* Radial length [m] = Geocentric distance
817 away */
818 ik =get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_i0);/* orbit inclination [rad] i */
819 /*+get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_di)*tk;*/ /* orbit inclination change rate is almanac
Not present in 820 */
821 /* No.6*/
822 /* Ascending node right ascension [rad] Ω*/
823 Omegak=get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_OMEGA0)
824 + (get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_dOmega) -dOMEGAe) * tk0
825 -dOMEGAe * get_ephemeris(prn,EPHM_TOE); */
826 /* printf("Omegak%f\n", Omegak);*/
827 /* The last term should really be seconds since TIME_T_ORIGIN, but we have that value ready.
828 (tk0 is only seconds elapsed since t_0e), so an approximation of that value is TIME_T_ORIGIN
It seems to be the elapsed seconds from 829 to t_0e.
830 /* No.7*/
831 /* ECEF coordinate system (x,y,z)*/
832 xk =rk*cos(uk); /* (position in raceway plane) */
833 yk =rk*sin(uk); /* (position in raceway plane) */
834 pos.x = xk*cos(Omegak)-yk*sin(Omegak)*cos(ik);
835 pos.y =xk*sin(Omegak)+yk*cos(Omegak)*cos(ik);
836 pos.z =yk*sin(ik);
837 /* No.8 and No.9 and No.10*/
838 pos_blh = xyz_to_blh(pos);
839
840 /* All satellites stored */
841 sat[i].prn=prn;
842 sat[i].az = normal_deg( rad_to_deg( azimuth( pos, base ) ) );
843 sat[i].el = rad_to_deg( elevation( pos, base ) );
844
845 /* Setting the exclusion flag as a preparation for creating the visible satellite list. Just before I forget. Can be moved later*/
847 if (sat[i].el <0) {sat[i].ex = -1;} /*Exclusion flag setting: -1 below horizon*/
848 else if(sat[i].el <5) {sat[i].ex = -2;} /* Exclusion flag setting: -2 Low elevation angle 5 degrees
849 or less*/
850 else if(sat[i].el >85) {sat[i].ex = -3;}/* Exclusion flag setting: -3 high elevation angle 85
851 degrees or more. In addition, -3 high elevation angle of 65 degrees or more, -4 feature shielding, etc. */
852 else {sat[i].ex=0;}
853 /* printf("PRN %2d, az=%-06.1f el=%-06.1f\n", sat[i].prn, sat[i].az, sat[i].el 854 /*rad_to_deg ( azimuth( pos, base ) ) ,
855 rad_to_deg( elevation( pos, base ) ) /* Apparently there is elevation in 8.c
856 appear to be
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 157
857 );*/
858 }/*for (i=*/
859 /*}*//*for (h= */
860 j=0;
861 for (i=0; (i <35) ; i++){ /* List satellites available for azimuth calculation (and circular sequence) */
862 /*if(sat[i].ex != (-1)){
863 did. If you don't make it sweet, there are only 6. To make it spicy, set == 0. then 6
864. If we sweeten it (adding 2 with an elevation angle of 5 degrees or less), we get 8. */
865 if(sat[i].ex == (0)){
866 sat_circle[j]=sat[i];/* It seems to have been copied. If you write separately from the upper line, the error location
867 clarifies. error is ascending */
868 j++;
869 }
870 }
871 sat_circle[j].prn= -1;
872. 090227
873
874 bubblesort(sat_circle);
875
876 show_sat_list(sat_circle);
877
878 return(1);
879 }
880
881
882
883
884
885 void main()
886 {
887 posxyz base;
888 double tk, tk0, hour;
889 double sec_fr_begin_of_the_week;
890 int prn;
891 //posblh Posblh_origin = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
892 //base=blh_to_xyz(Posblh_origin);
893 posblh Posblh_tokyo = { deg_to_rad(35.0), deg_to_rad(139.0), 0.0};
894 base=blh_to_xyz( Posblh_tokyo );
895
896 draw_init();
897
898 /*
899 store_ephemeris("wk456.alm"); //sun 00:00 2008/05/18 wk456+1024 900 // sec_fr_begin_of_the_week = 0.0 ; 24.0 * 60.0 * 60.0;;//Thr 00:00 2008/05/22 wk456+1024 902 */903
904 store_ephemeris("wk498.alm"); //sun 00:00 2009/03/08 wk498+1024 905 // sec_fr_begin_of_the_week = 0.0 ; 24.0 * 60.0 * 60.0;;//Sat 00:00 2009/03/14 wk498+1024 907
158 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
908 prn=2;//example for epoch time
909
910 for (hour=0.0;hour <6;hour=hour+0.05){
911 tk=sec_fr_begin_of_the_week + ( hour * 3600.0) - get_ephemeris(prn, EPHM_TOE); //Elapsed seconds from GPS 912 to the start of each day of the week (initial) + time within each day of the week - reference time of orbital elements
913 (EPHM_TOE==seconds) (epoch time==epoch seconds==sun 00:00:00 to reference time in second accumulation==base
914 subseconds). What is correct is that in comparison with Planning v2.80, the use of wk498.alm
915 Sunday, ie 2009/3/8 00:00:00 skyplot skyplot 0004.c comparison with reference point (0,0,0),
916 Got it. Also, comparing the reference point (0,0,0) with 0004.c on 2009/3/14 Sat 00:0:00,
917 Understood. In 0005.c, a comparison of 2009/3/14 sat 00:0:0 with Tokyo (35n,139e,0.0) also shows
918 Turned out to be correct.
919 tk0=tk;
920
921 make_sat_circle(tk, tk0, base);
922
923 if (hour==0.0) draw_condition(base, "wk498.alm", sec_fr_begin_of_the_week , hour);//
924 first time only
925
926 draw_skyplot();
927 }
928
929 }
930
931
932
933
934 /* ftoa -- Put the value of d into the character array s with w decimal places */
935 //http://f1.aaa.livedoor.jp/~pointc/log184.html
936 void ftoa(double d, char *s, int w )
937 {
938 sprintf(s+1, "%.*e", w, d*10);
939 if (s[1] == '-')
940 s[3] = s[2], s[2] = '.', s[1] = '0', s[0] = '-';
941 else
942 s[2] = s[1], s[1] = '.', s[0] = '0';
943 }
944
945
946
947
948
949 int draw_condition( posxyz base_tmp, char alm_tmp[], double sec_fr_begin_of_the_week_tmp 950 char x[20], y[20], z[20], txt[20];
951 ftoa( base_tmp.x , x ,3);
952 GWputtxt(-1.0, +1.0, x );
953 ftoa( base_tmp.y , y ,3);
954 GWputtxt(-0.5, +1.0, y);
955 ftoa( base_tmp.z , z ,3);
956 GWputtxt(-0.0, +1.0, z );
957
958 GWputtxt(-1, -1.05, alm_tmp);
3.6 Critical points on coding and debugging process 159
959
960 ftoa((1.0*sec_fr_begin_of_the_week_tmp + hour_tmp)/(24.0*60.0*60.0), txt, 3);
961 GWputtxt( 0, -1.05, txt );
962 return 1;
963 }
964
965
966
967 int draw_skyplot(void)
968 {
969
970 int i;
971 char txt[25];
972 double x, y;
973 int col;
974 static int ii=0;
975
976 ii = ii + 1;
977
978 GWellipse(-1.0*3/3, -1.0*3/3, +1.0*3/3, +1.0*3/3);//diagonal circle
979 GWellipse(-1.0*2/3, -1.0*2/3, +1.0*2/3, +1.0*2/3);
980G Wellipse(-1.0*1/3, -1.0*1/3, +1.0*1/3, +1.0*1/3);
981
982 for (i = 0; i <10;i++){
983 if(sat_circle[i].prn <= 0) break;
984
985 col=(sat_circle[i].prn %7)+12;
986 GWsetmrk(0 /*○*/, 5 /*size*/, col /*color -1=nochange 13=red 8=green 9=cyan*/, -1 /*back 987 GWcolor(col, 5 /* 5 means markcolor */);
988 x=1.0 * sin( deg_to_rad(sat_circle[i].az)) * ((90.0-sat_circle[i].el)/ 90.0);
989 y=1.0 * cos( deg_to_rad(sat_circle[i].az)) * ((90.0-sat_circle[i].el)/ 90.0);
990GWputmrk(x,y);
991
992 if ((ii%12)==1) {
993 itoa(sat_circle[i].prn, txt, 10);
994 //GWsettxt(0, 0, 1, -1, -1, "Ariel");
995 GWcolor(col, 7/*7means txtcol*/);
996 GWputtxt(x,y,txt);
997 }
998 }
999 return 1;
1000}
1001
1002 int draw_init(void)
1003 {
1004
1005 // Initialize display window
1006 GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, (200*5), (200*5.2), -1, -1, -1, -1); //GWinit();
1007 GWopen(0);
1008 GWvport( 0, 0, 1, 1 ); // set viewport
1009 GWindow(-1.2,-1.2,1.2,1.2);
160 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Simulation
1010 // draw chart borders and axes
1011 GWline( 0, -1, 0, 1 );
1012 GWline( -1, 0, 1, 0 );
1013 GWrect( -1, -1, 1, 1); // draw a rectangle
1014 // Draw Y=X^3 curve
1015 GWsetmrk( 6, 0.05, 13, -1, -1 ); // mark specification
1016 GWsetpen( 16, 1, 5, -1 ); // Specify pen
1017 //srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); /* Initialize random number */
1018 return 1;
1019 }
1020
1021
1022
161
Chapter 4
Performance Evaluation using
Prototype System
4.0.8 Framework of Threshold Search for Human Body Rotation Experiment for 10 Minutes
1234
Radio clock use
5 090406 124800JST for 10 minutes
67
Hold still for 10 seconds and repeat 6 degrees clockwise
8 (6 degrees is the second hand scale of a normal watch)
9
Ten
11 Antenna starts from true north
12 (The body starts from due south)
13
14 w016com8.c
15 body offset=-90 degrees folded
16 intensity threshold I included, elevation threshold 90 degrees (i.e. none)
17 Log to ips.txt
18 VAIO
19
Unexpectedly high error rate for 20 directions.
twenty one
22 I have no choice but
23 Create a new program (based on w016com8.c)
24 changed the intensity threshold
25 To see the change in the wrong answer rate.
26
27 So I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and
28 While changing the intensity threshold
29 600 times (10 minutes, 600 seconds)
limited to 30 directions
31 Correct answer rate, wrong answer rate, no answer rate,
Look at 32 changes,
33 Select the intensity threshold with the lowest error rate.
34
162 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.1. 090406 Almi-Wrapped IPS5000 on the back with aluminum and cupper and
MG06Ax2+MG05Ax2, w016com8.c, VAIO, USBminiB, recently purchased from him in Bora
Digit IPS5000 [95]
163
35 Elevation angle threshold (I decided to include it unlike last year)
36 (from current J average 90 degrees 85 degrees)
37 I (average 80 degrees 75 degrees to 85 degrees),
38 h (average 70 degrees, 65 to 75 degrees),
39 g (average 60 degrees, 55 to 65 degrees)
40, etc., and search for the optimal pair by changing
41
42
43 When worn on the back → start facing the body due south (do not add offset to True_brg, but do not add to the limited width)
44, the correct answer is complicated)
45
4.0.9 Results of threshold search for 10-minute rotation experiment of human body: fixed signal strength, comparison by elevation angle
12
r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
3 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZJ 0, 598 2 600
4 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZI 0, 598 2 600
5 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZH 0, 598 2 600
6 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZG 0, 598 2 600
7 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZF 0, 598 2 600
8 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZE 0, 598 2 600
9 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZD 0, 600 0 600
10 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZC 0, 600 0 600
11 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZB 0, 600 0 600
12 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZA 0, 600 0 600
13
14 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
15 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YJ 0, 594 6 600
16 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YI 0,594 6 600
17 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YH 0,594 6 600
18 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YG 0, 594 6 600
19 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YF 0,594 6 600
20 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YE 0, 594 6 600
21 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, YD 0,598 2600
22 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, YC 0,598 2600
23 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YB 0, 600 0 600
24 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YA 0, 600 0 600
twenty five
26 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
27 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XJ 0,580 20 600
28 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XI 0,580 20 600
29 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XH 0,580 20 600
30 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XG 0,580 20 600
31 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XF 0, 580 20 600
32 0.0000, 0.9700 0.0300, 180.00, 1.00, XE 0, 582 18 600
33 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, XD 0, 594 6 600
34 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, XC 0, 594 6 600
35 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XB 0, 600 0 600
36 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XA 0, 600 0 600
37
164 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
38 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
39 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WJ 0, 543 57 600
40 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WI 0, 543 57 600
41 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WH 0, 543 57 600
42 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WG 0, 543 57 600
43 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WF 0, 543 57 600
44 0.0000, 0.9167 0.0833, 180.00, 1.00, WE 0, 550 50 600
45 0.0000, 0.9733 0.0267, 180.00, 1.00, WD 0, 584 16 600
46 0.0000, 0.9733 0.0267, 180.00, 1.00, WC 0, 584 16 600
47 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WB 0, 600 0 600
48 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WA 0, 600 0 600
49
50 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
51 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VJ 0, 485 115 600
52 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VI 0, 485 115 600
53 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VH 0, 485 115 600
54 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VG 0, 485 115 600
55 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VF 0, 485 115 600
56 0.0000, 0.8517 0.1483, 159.78, 1.20, VE 0, 511 89 600
57 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, VD 0, 569 31 600
58 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, VC 0, 569 31 600
59 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VB 0, 600 0 600
60 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VA 0, 600 0 600
61
62 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
63 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UJ 0, 419 181 600
64 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21 UI 0, 419 181 600
65 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UH 0, 419 181 600
66 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UG 0, 419 181 600
67 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UF 0, 419 181 600
68 0.0000, 0.7800 0.2200, 151.21, 1.29, UE 0, 468 132 600
69 0.0000, 0.9217 0.0783, 180.00, 1.00, UD 0, 553 47 600
70 0.0000, 0.9217 0.0783, 180.00, 1.00, UC 0,553 47 600
71 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UB 0, 600 0 600
72 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UA 0, 600 0 600
73
74 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
75 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TJ 0, 343 257 600
76 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TI 0, 343 257 600
77 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TH 0, 343 257 600
78 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TG 0, 343 257 600
79 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TF 0, 343 257 600
80 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 143.74, 1.36, TE 0, 429 171 600
81 0.0000, 0.9017 0.0983, 180.00, 1.00, TD 0, 541 59 600
82 0.0000, 0.9017 0.0983, 180.00, 1.00, TC 0, 541 59 600
83 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TB 0, 600 0 600
84 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TA 0, 600 0 600
85
86 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
87 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SJ 0, 289 311 600
88 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SI 0, 289 311 600
165
89 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SH 0, 289 311 600
90 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SG 0, 289 311 600
91 0.0000, 0.4850 0.5150, 153.79, 1.28, SF 0, 291 309 600
92 0.0000, 0.6550 0.3450, 142.32, 1.38, SE 0, 393 207 600
93 0.0000, 0.8667 0.1333, 180.00, 1.00, SD 0, 520 80 600
94 0.0000, 0.8667 0.1333, 180.00, 1.00, SC 0, 520 80 600
95 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SB 0, 600 0 600
96 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SA 0, 600 0 600
97
98 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
99 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RJ 0, 238 362 600
100 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RI 0, 238 362 600
101 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RH 0, 238 362 600
102 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RG 0, 238 362 600
103 0.0000, 0.4083 0.5917, 151.94, 1.34, RF 0, 245 355 600
104 0.0000, 0.5950 0.4050, 142.96, 1.37, RE 0, 357 243 600
105 0.0000, 0.8283 0.1717, 180.00, 1.00, RD 0, 497 103 600
106 0.0000, 0.8283 0.1717, 180.00, 1.00, RC 0, 497 103 600
107 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RB 0, 600 0 600
108 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RA 0, 600 0 600
109
110 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
111 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QJ2, 197 401 600
112 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QI2, 197 401 600
113 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QH2, 197 401 600
114 0.0033, 0.3333 0.6633, 146.58, 1.47, QG2, 200 398 600
115 0.0033, 0.3450 0.6517, 147.90, 1.43, QF2, 207 391 600
116 0.0033, 0.5250 0.4717, 143.60, 1.36, QE2, 315 283 600
117 0.0000, 0.7933 0.2067, 180.00, 1.00, QD 0, 476 124 600
118 0.0000, 0.7933 0.2067, 180.00, 1.00 QC 0, 476 124 600
119 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QB 0, 600 0 600
120 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QA 0, 600 0 600
121
122 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
123 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, PJ4, 146 450 600
124 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, PI4, 146 450 600
125 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, pH 4, 146 450 600
126 0.0067, 0.2617 0.7317, 143.53, 1.54, PG 4, 157 439 600
127 0.0067, 0.2750 0.7183, 145.61, 1.48, PF 4, 165 431 600
128 0.0050, 0.4533 0.5417, 145.85, 1.34, PE3, 272 325 600
129 0.0000, 0.7567 0.2433, 180.00, 1.00, PD 0, 454 146 600
130 0.0000, 0.7567 0.2433, 180.00, 1.00, PC 0, 454 146 600
131 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PB 0, 600 0 600
132 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PA 0, 600 0 600
133
134 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
135 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OJ11, 90 499 600
136 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OI 11, 90 499 600
137 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OH 11, 90 499 600
138 0.0183, 0.1983 0.7833, 139.21, 1.66, OG 11, 119 470 600
139 0.0183, 0.2200 0.7617, 141.88, 1.53 OF 11, 132 457 600
166 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
140 0.0117, 0.3883 0.6000, 145.83, 1.34, OE7, 233 360 600
141 0.0000, 0.7350 0.2650, 180.00, 1.00, OD 0, 441 159 600
142 0.0000, 0.7350 0.2650, 180.00, 1.00, OC 0, 441 159 600
143 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OB 0, 600 0 600
144 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OA 0, 600 0 600
145
146 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
147 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80, NJ 17, 48 535 600
148 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80 NI 17, 48 535 600
149 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80, NH17, 48 535 600
150 0.0283, 0.1117 0.8600, 137.56, 1.76, NG 17, 67 516 600
151 0.0283, 0.1400 0.8317, 140.76, 1.59, NF 17, 84 499 600
152 0.0217, 0.2983 0.6800, 147.57, 1.32, NE13, 179 408 600
153 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 180.00, 1.00, ND 0, 429 171 600
154 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 180.00, 1.00, NC 0, 429 171 600
155 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NB 0, 600 0 600
156 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NA 0, 600 0 600
157
158 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
159 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MJ 32, 22 546 600
160 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MI 32, 22 546 600
161 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MH 32, 22 546 600
162 0.0533, 0.0700 0.8767, 130.08, 1.90, MG32, 42 526 600
163 0.0533, 0.1017 0.8450, 133.12, 1.69, MF 32, 61 507 600
164 0.0433, 0.2333 0.7233, 147.17, 1.33, ME26, 140 434 600
165 0.0100, 0.6967 0.2933, 180.00, 1.00 MD6, 418 176 600
166 0.0067, 0.6967 0.2967, 180.00, 1.00, MC4, 418 178 600
167 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MB 0, 600 0 600
168 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MA 0, 600 0 600
169
170 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
171 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LJ82, 12 506 600
172 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LI 82, 12 506 600
173 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LH 82, 12 506 600
174 0.1367, 0.0433 0.8200, 119.61, 2.05, LG82, 26 492 600
175 0.1367, 0.0717 0.7917, 122.61, 1.84, LF 82, 43 475 600
176 0.1167, 0.1667 0.7167, 144.51, 1.35, LE 70, 100 430 600
177 0.0683, 0.6483 0.2833, 178.06, 1.02, LD 41, 389 170 600
178 0.0467, 0.6483 0.3050, 180.00, 1.00, LC 28, 389 183 600
179 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LB 0, 600 0 600
180 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LA 0, 600 0 600
181
182 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
183 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KJ 110, 13 477 600
184 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KI 110, 13 477 600
185 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KH 110, 13 477 600
186 0.1800, 0.0317 0.7883, 109.98, 2.24, KG 108, 19 473 600
187 0.1800, 0.0467 0.7733, 113.19, 1.99, KF 108, 28 464 600
188 0.1733, 0.0983 0.7283, 140.21, 1.39, KE 104, 59 437 600
189 0.1033, 0.5917 0.3050, 175.79, 1.04, KD 62, 355 183 600
190 0.0683, 0.5917 0.3400, 180.00, 1.00, KC 41, 355 204 600
167
191 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KB 0, 600 0 600
192 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KA 0, 600 0 600
193
194 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
195 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JJ136, 18 446 600
196 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JI136, 18 446 600
197 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JH136, 18 446 600
198 0.2167, 0.0317 0.7517, 96.92, 2.47, JG 130, 19 451 600
199 0.2167, 0.0367 0.7467, 98.77, 2.19, JF 130, 22 448 600
200 0.2183, 0.0233 0.7583, 130.66, 1.46, JE131, 14 455 600
201 0.1317, 0.5317 0.3367, 171.29, 1.08, JD79, 319 202 600
202 0.0800, 0.5317 0.3883, 180.00, 1.00, JC48, 319 233 600
203 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JB 0, 600 0 600
204 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JA 0, 600 0 600
205
206 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
207 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, IJ167, 34 399 600
208 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, II 167, 34 399 600
209 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, IH 167, 34 399 600
210 0.2517, 0.0567 0.6917, 90.36, 2.65, IG151, 34 415 600
211 0.2517, 0.0567 0.6917, 91.59, 2.32, IF 151, 34 415 600
212 0.2700, 0.0067 0.7233, 119.52, 1.56, IE162, 4 434 600
213 0.1650, 0.4783 0.3567, 170.75, 1.08, ID 99, 287 214 600
214 0.0900, 0.4783 0.4317, 180.00, 1.00, IC54, 287 259 600
215 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IB 0, 600 0 600
216 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IA 0, 600 0 600
217
218 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
219 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HJ 205, 54 341 600
220 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HI 205, 54 341 600
221 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HH 205, 54 341 600
222 0.2933, 0.0833 0.6233, 84.49, 2.88, HG 176, 50 374 600
223 0.2917, 0.0833 0.6250, 85.36, 2.47, HF 175, 50 375 600
224 0.2883, 0.0283 0.6833, 109.98, 1.64, HE 173, 17 410 600
225 0.1967, 0.4350 0.3683, 168.55, 1.10, HD 118, 261 221 600
226 0.1083, 0.4350 0.4567, 180.00, 1.00, HC65, 261 274 600
227 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HB 0, 600 0 600
228 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HA 0, 600 0 600
229
230 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
231 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GJ 232, 86 282 600
232 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GI 232, 86 282 600
233 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GH 232, 86 282 600
234 0.3383, 0.1233 0.5383, 77.83, 3.11, GG 203, 74 323 600
235 0.3350, 0.1233 0.5417, 78.25, 2.63, GF 201, 74 325 600
236 0.3083, 0.0633 0.6283, 102.15, 1.70, GE 185, 38 377 600
237 0.2517, 0.3783 0.3700, 167.61, 1.11, GD 151, 227 222 600
238 0.1467, 0.3783 0.4750, 180.00, 1.00, GC 88, 227 285 600
239 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GB 0, 600 0 600
240 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GA 0, 600 0 600
241
168 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
242 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
243 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FJ 240, 175 185 600
244 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FI 240, 175 185 600
245 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FH 240, 175 185 600
246 0.3917, 0.2083 0.4000, 70.50, 3.35, FG 235, 125 240 600
247 0.3850, 0.2083 0.4067, 70.45, 2.80, FF 231, 125 244 600
248 0.3250, 0.1400 0.5350, 96.67, 1.74, FE 195, 84 321 600
249 0.3617, 0.2900 0.3483, 166.32, 1.12, FD 217, 174 209 600
250 0.2267, 0.2900 0.4833, 180.00, 1.00 FC 136, 174 290 600
251 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FB 0, 600 0 600
252 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FA 0, 600 0 600
253
254 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
255 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EJ 204, 287 109 600
256 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EI 204, 287 109 600
257 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EH 204, 287 109 600
258 0.4067, 0.2950 0.2983, 63.63, 3.73, EG 244, 177 179 600
259 0.4033, 0.2950 0.3017, 63.31, 3.06, EF 242, 177 181 600
260 0.3317, 0.2133 0.4550, 88.90, 1.79, EE199, 128 273 600
261 0.4583, 0.2033 0.3383, 165.91, 1.13, ED 275, 122 203 600
262 0.2950, 0.2083 0.4967, 180.00, 1.00, EC177, 125 298 600
263 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, EB 0, 600 0 600
264 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ea 0, 600 0 600
265
266 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
267 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DJ 127, 416 57 600
268 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DI 127, 416 57 600
269 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DH127, 416 57 600
270 0.3650, 0.4317 0.2033, 59.10, 4.04, DG219, 259 122 600
271 0.3650, 0.4317 0.2033, 59.10, 3.28, DF 219, 259 122 600
272 0.3033, 0.3433 0.3533, 85.47, 1.84, DE 182, 206 212 600
273 0.5500, 0.1450 0.3050, 164.37, 1.14, DD 330, 87 183 600
274 0.3450, 0.1483 0.5067, 180.00, 1.00, DC 207, 89 304 600
275 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DB 0, 600 0 600
276 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DA 0, 600 0 600
277
278 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
279 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CJ15, 582 3 600
280 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CI 15, 582 3 600
281 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CH15, 582 3 600
282 0.0617, 0.9200 0.0183, 48.18, 5.09, CG 37, 552 11 600
283 0.0617, 0.9200 0.0183, 48.18, 4.18, CF37, 552 11 600
284 0.0733, 0.8733 0.0533, 73.12, 2.28, CE 44, 524 32 600
285 0.7283, 0.0350 0.2367, 159.86, 1.18 CD 437, 21 142 600
286 0.4483, 0.0367 0.5150, 180.00, 1.00, CC 269, 22 309 600
287 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CB 0, 600 0 600
288 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CA 0, 600 0 600
289
290 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
291 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BJ 0, 600 0 600
292 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BI 0, 600 0 600
169
293 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BH 0, 600 0 600
294 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BG 0, 600 0 600
295 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BF 0, 600 0 600
296 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BE 0, 600 0 600
297 0.7850, 0.0000 0.2150, 157.83, 1.20, BD471, 0 129 600
298 0.4833, 0.0000 0.5167, 180.00, 1.00, BC 290, 0 310 600
299 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BB 0, 600 0 600
300 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BA 0, 600 0 600
301
302 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
303 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AJ 0, 600 0 600
304 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AI 0, 600 0 600
305 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AH 0, 600 0 600
306 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, A G 0, 600 0 600
307 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AF 0, 600 0 600
308 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AE 0, 600 0 600
309 0.7850, 0.0000 0.2150, 157.83, 1.20, AD 471, 0 129 600
310 0.4833, 0.0000 0.5167, 180.00, 1.00, AC290, 0 310 600
311 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AB 0, 600 0 600
312 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AA 0, 600 0 600
&sup2; (experiment using human shield)
&sup2; 4 days of subtly shifting experiments
&sup2; False detection peak moved and tail shortened → found to be effective in reducing false detection
&sup2;
&sup2; Put the device in your back (not in your pocket, not in your hand)
&sup2; Device side second toroidal core
&sup2; zenith exposure (1 min 50 sec pre) and upright exposure (10 sec)
&sup2; Removal of mobile phones and workplace PHS from pockets
&sup2; pull chin (top of head up)
&sup2; Drooping of both arms
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2; fully charged
&sup2;
&sup2; I want to stop holding a radio clock and use sound as a signal to rotate
&sup2;
not going well)
&sup2;
&sup2; Assuming that the rotation can be completed in 10 minutes, create a likelihood function to estimate true north.
By setting true north as the direction that maximizes the
It is possible to think of it as
&sup2; In each direction, it is the same as performing 360
Jikoto
&sup2; Then, if you change the direction at any degree (for example, 90 degrees) and implement it, about 1 satellite acquisition = about
This means that the 180-degree limitation is performed twice (if both are correct answers (if no answer
If you change the degree), it would be good to reason that it can be limited to about 90 degrees with about 2 satellite acquisitions. (It is interesting that even if the same satellite is captured, the range can be limited to about 90 degrees.
I think it will be the argument that it is effective.)
170 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.2. Category of answers
171
Fig. 4.3.
172 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.4. Threshold search 090406 124800JST the 1st day 10min rotation;
exposure of 15 min or more (1st tme); VAIO in right pocket (1st time);
core at a cable end only (2nd time)::recommendation of a thresholds set = (level,
threshold)=(R,G)
173
Fig. 4.5. Threshold search 090407 121800JST the 2nd day 10min rotation;
preparative exposure (1st tiime); VAIO in right pocket (2nd time); Troidal coreat a cable end only (2nd time)
(2) looking too much while holding a personal computer in hand;
There is a possibility that it was made into an antenna on the ventral surface (pocket on the first day) and (3) the shielding of the arm
I think that being neglected is the reason why the results are not good
174 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.6. Threshold search 090408 175000JST the 3rd day 10min rotation; 2min prep
exposure (1st time); VAIO in hands and front body and rigt pocket (1st time);
Troidal Core at cable ends (1st time)
The exposure was almost zero, and I was able to relax my mind when rotating.
There is a possibility that it was an antenna on the ventral surface due to too much (pocket on the first day) and (3) the shielding of the arm
I think that the reason why the results are not good is that the concealment was neglected
175
Fig. 4.7. Threshold search 090409 172300JST the 4th day 10min rotation; 2 min prep
exposure (2nd time); VAIO in the Back (1st time); Troidal Core at cable ends
(2nd time); 2 cell phones out of pockets(1st day):: recoomendation =(Q,G),
2min pre exposure, VAIO in the back, two troidal core at the cable ends
176 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.8. Threshold search 090414 123300JST the 5th day 10min rotation; 2 min prep
exposure (3rd time); VAIO in the Back (2nd time); Troidal Core at cable ends
(3rd time); 2 cell phones out of pockets(2nd day):: recoomendation =(Q,G),
2min pre exposure, 10sec stand, VAIO in the back (2nd time), two troidal core at the cable ends, no wireless lan (1st day), teraterm (1st day), full arms down (2nd day), virus soft out (1st day) ), cloudy, light rain, 24c, battery after 1 hour use
177
Fig. 4.9. Threshold search 090414 142300JST the 6th day 10min rotation; 2 min prep
exposure (4rd time); VAIO in the Back (3rd time); Troidal Core at cable ends
(4th time); 2 cell phones out of pockets(3rd day):: recoomendation =(Q,G),
2min pre exposure, 10sec stand, VAIO in the back (3rd time), two troidal core at the cable ends, no wireless lan (2nd day), teraterm (2nd day), full arms down (3rd day), virus soft out (2nd day ), cloudy, light rain, 24c, battery after 0 hour use,
slightly recurved back, head and arms (1st day) rear storage, mobile phone/WlessLAN
Removed, 1 min 50 sec pre-exposure, 10 sec pre-upright, plus both arms hanging, back and head tilted.
(R, G) Threshold improved from the upper half of 70% to 80%.
use a lot)
178 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.10. Threshold search 090415 122200JST the 7th day 10min rotation; 2 min including
and 10 sec prep exposure (5th time); VAIO in the Back (4th time);
Troidal Core at cable ends (5th time); 2 cell phones out of pockets (4th day)::
recoomendation =(Q,G), 2min pre exposure incl. 10sec stand, VAIO in the
back (4rd time), two troidal core at the cable ends, no wireless lan (3rd day),
teraterm(3rd day), full arms down(4th day), virus soft out (3rd day), find, 25c,battery full of 0 hour use, slightly recurved back, head and arms (2nd day)
Face storage, mobile phone/WlessLAN removal, pre-exposure 1 min 50 sec, pre-upright 10 sec, drooping arms/
The (R, G) threshold for back/head tilting decreased to the 60% range. The day when you feel hot is like this
How do you feel? Will geothermal noise make it harder to capture?
179
&sup2; Or if you put it like a rescue team identification number or vest on your belly and back, then
Since it will already be limited to 2 satellites and will be limited to about 90 degrees, further arbitrary degrees (90 degrees, etc.), horizontal
A good reasoning would be that if you turn around and do it again, it will be limited to about 45 degrees.
&sup2;
&sup2; aluminum encapsulation to GPS unit with 6 to 7 cm hole to reduce sensitivity moderately
&sup2; A4 size aluminum and absorbent make sense
&sup2; Elimination of high elevation satellites makes sense
&sup2; On top of that, it is important to choose a threshold
4.0.10 Results of threshold search for 10-minute rotation experiment: Fixed elevation angle, compared with signal strength
&sup2; VAIO (for recording, power sharing, display) and USB cable should not become an antenna.
put it in your pocket?
&sup2; Log data collection program for radio clock (confirmed that it is the same as GPS output by IPS5000)
gram\borland\bcc55\bin\w016com8.c,(090406and0407),w017com8.c, raw date
Transfer type ips.txt from VAIO to HPcompaq8510w with USB memory, mule for 10 minutes
Extract only SONY81 with grep (Discard direction information with special temporary threshold),
Removed \r at the end of line by grepping (MsdOS file to UNIX file
In order to fix ^M with mule, ^Q^M with macros, 600 times, dare to add
and save. th_srch_090406_124800JST_10min.mul
&sup2; Best threshold search program from log data\borland\bcc55\bin\th14.c,...,th17.c&sup2;
change, \borland\bcc55\bin\090406th_srch10min.xls.....th_srch_090406_
124800JST_10min_.xls,th_srch_090407_121800JST_10min_.xls Graphs are in order
It is good to stack up in the order ok, dumb0, dumb3, ng. It is good to add width
stomach. It's 3D and diagonally fun. Color is also important.
&sup2;
&sup2; It seems that there were no high elevation satellites in the satellite arrangement this time, so it is unclear where to set the threshold
(It is estimated to be G, which is equivalent to H in last year's A4 experiment (should not be included).
&sup2;
&sup2; Strength and elevation angle (R, G) seems to be good. This time, it is the intensity at which the error rate of 0 starts.
&sup2; r_ng,r_dumb,r_ok,m_ok_w,m_ok_acq,thrd_level,thrd_el,c_ng,c_dumb,c_
ok,c_all is
0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RG 0, 238 362 600
&sup2;
&sup2; Lowering the intensity threshold increases the error rate. Increasing the intensity threshold reduces the error rate.
&sup2; Lowering the elevation angle threshold increases the non-response rate. By increasing the elevation angle threshold,
&sup2;
&sup2; Even if the IPS500 is left on and exposed to the sky, it can respond immediately during the experiment. &sup2; Prepare a power supply (waterproof) for that occasion. Waterproof and high heat resistant to withstand rain etc. at that time
Have a nosunoko pack ready. You may prepare several units. Ready to use
like.
&sup2;
&sup2; Causes of no response: (1) when there is a contradiction and (2) when there is no captured satellite. (1) sets the intensity threshold to an appropriate
Phenomenon (2), which frequently occurs when the intensity threshold is lowered below
A phenomenon that occurs frequently when the angle threshold is lowered considerably.
12r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
3 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZJ 0, 598 2 600
180 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.11. Diffractional path difference, lambda/2
181
4 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YJ 0, 594 6 600
5 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XJ 0, 580 20 600
6 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WJ 0, 543 57 600
7 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VJ 0, 485 115 600
8 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UJ 0, 419 181 600
9 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TJ 0, 343 257 600
10 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SJ 0, 289 311 600
11 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RJ 0, 238 362 600
12 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QJ2, 197 401 600
13 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, PJ4, 146 450 600
14 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OJ 11, 90 499 600
15 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80, NJ 17, 48 535 600
16 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MJ 32, 22 546 600
17 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LJ82, 12 506 600
18 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KJ 110, 13 477 600
19 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JJ136, 18 446 600
20 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, IJ167, 34 399 600
21 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HJ 205, 54 341 600
22 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GJ 232, 86 282 600
23 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FJ240, 175 185 600
24 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EJ204, 287 109 600
25 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DJ 127, 416 57 600
26 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CJ15, 582 3600
27 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BJ 0, 600 0 600
28 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AJ 0, 600 0 600
29
30 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
31 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZI 0, 598 2 600
32 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YI 0,594 6 600
33 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XI 0, 580 20 600
34 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WI 0, 543 57 600
35 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VI 0, 485 115 600
36 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21 UI 0, 419 181 600
37 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TI 0, 343 257 600
38 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SI 0, 289 311 600
39 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RI 0, 238 362 600
40 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QI2, 197 401 600
41 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, PI4, 146 450 600
42 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OI 11, 90 499 600
43 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80, NI17, 48 535 600
44 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MI 32, 22 546 600
45 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LI 82, 12 506 600
46 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KI 110, 13 477 600
47 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JI136, 18 446 600
48 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, II 167, 34 399 600
49 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HI 205, 54 341 600
50 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GI 232, 86 282 600
51 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FI 240, 175 185 600
52 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EI 204, 287 109 600
53 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DI 127, 416 57 600
54 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CI 15, 582 3 600
182 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
55 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BI 0, 600 0 600
56 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AI 0, 600 0 600
57
58 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
59 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZH 0, 598 2 600
60 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YH 0,594 6 600
61 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XH 0,580 20 600
62 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WH 0, 543 57 600
63 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VH 0, 485 115 600
64 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UH 0, 419 181 600
65 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TH 0, 343 257 600
66 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SH 0, 289 311 600
67 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RH 0, 238 362 600
68 0.0033, 0.3283 0.6683, 146.83, 1.46, QH2, 197 401 600
69 0.0067, 0.2433 0.7500, 144.36, 1.53, PH 4, 146 450 600
70 0.0183, 0.1500 0.8317, 141.20, 1.64, OH 11, 90 499 600
71 0.0283, 0.0800 0.8917, 137.14, 1.80, NH17, 48 535 600
72 0.0533, 0.0367 0.9100, 128.48, 2.00, MH 32, 22 546 600
73 0.1367, 0.0200 0.8433, 116.88, 2.20, LH 82, 12 506 600
74 0.1833, 0.0217 0.7950, 104.44, 2.49, KH 110, 13 477 600
75 0.2267, 0.0300 0.7433, 88.39, 2.84, JH136, 18 446 600
76 0.2783, 0.0567 0.6650, 79.15, 3.15, IH 167, 34 399 600
77 0.3417, 0.0900 0.5683, 70.32, 3.50, HH205, 54 341 600
78 0.3867, 0.1433 0.4700, 61.88, 3.79, GH232, 86 282 600
79 0.4000, 0.2917 0.3083, 51.35, 4.02, FH240, 175 185 600
80 0.3400, 0.4783 0.1817, 42.57, 4.28, EH 204, 287 109 600
81 0.2117, 0.6933 0.0950, 34.74, 4.46, DH127, 416 57 600
82 0.0250, 0.9700 0.0050, 30.00, 5.00, CH15, 582 3 600
83 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BH 0, 600 0 600
84 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AH 0, 600 0 600
85
86 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
87 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZG 0, 598 2 600
88 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YG 0, 594 6 600
89 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XG 0, 580 20 600
90 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WG 0, 543 57 600
91 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VG 0, 485 115 600
92 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UG 0, 419 181 600
93 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TG 0, 343 257 600
94 0.0000, 0.4817 0.5183, 153.95, 1.28, SG 0, 289 311 600
95 0.0000, 0.3967 0.6033, 152.46, 1.34, RG 0, 238 362 600
96 0.0033, 0.3333 0.6633, 146.58, 1.47, QG2, 200 398 600
97 0.0067, 0.2617 0.7317, 143.53, 1.54, PG 4, 157 439 600
98 0.0183, 0.1983 0.7833, 139.21, 1.66, OG 11, 119 470 600
99 0.0283, 0.1117 0.8600, 137.56, 1.76, NG 17, 67 516 600
100 0.0533, 0.0700 0.8767, 130.08, 1.90, MG32, 42 526 600
101 0.1367, 0.0433 0.8200, 119.61, 2.05, LG82, 26 492 600
102 0.1800, 0.0317 0.7883, 109.98, 2.24, KG 108, 19 473 600
103 0.2167, 0.0317 0.7517, 96.92, 2.47, JG 130, 19 451 600
104 0.2517, 0.0567 0.6917, 90.36, 2.65, IG 151, 34 415 600
105 0.2933, 0.0833 0.6233, 84.49, 2.88, HG 176, 50 374 600
183
106 0.3383, 0.1233 0.5383, 77.83, 3.11, GG 203, 74 323 600
107 0.3917, 0.2083 0.4000, 70.50, 3.35, FG 235, 125 240 600
108 0.4067, 0.2950 0.2983, 63.63, 3.73, EG 244, 177 179 600
109 0.3650, 0.4317 0.2033, 59.10, 4.04, DG219, 259 122 600
110 0.0617, 0.9200 0.0183, 48.18, 5.09, CG 37, 552 11 600
111 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BG 0, 600 0 600
112 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, A G 0, 600 0 600
113
114 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
115 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZF 0, 598 2 600
116 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YF 0, 594 6 600
117 0.0000, 0.9667 0.0333, 180.00, 1.00, XF 0, 580 20 600
118 0.0000, 0.9050 0.0950, 180.00, 1.00, WF 0, 543 57 600
119 0.0000, 0.8083 0.1917, 164.35, 1.16, VF 0, 485 115 600
120 0.0000, 0.6983 0.3017, 159.01, 1.21, UF 0, 419 181 600
121 0.0000, 0.5717 0.4283, 155.76, 1.25, TF 0, 343 257 600
122 0.0000, 0.4850 0.5150, 153.79, 1.28, SF 0, 291 309 600
123 0.0000, 0.4083 0.5917, 151.94, 1.34, RF 0, 245 355 600
124 0.0033, 0.3450 0.6517, 147.90, 1.43, QF2, 207 391 600
125 0.0067, 0.2750 0.7183, 145.61, 1.48, PF 4, 165 431 600
126 0.0183, 0.2200 0.7617, 141.88, 1.53, OF 11, 132 457 600
127 0.0283, 0.1400 0.8317, 140.76, 1.59, NF 17, 84 499 600
128 0.0533, 0.1017 0.8450, 133.12, 1.69, MF 32, 61 507 600
129 0.1367, 0.0717 0.7917, 122.61, 1.84, LF 82, 43 475 600
130 0.1800, 0.0467 0.7733, 113.19, 1.99, KF 108, 28 464 600
131 0.2167, 0.0367 0.7467, 98.77, 2.19, JF 130, 22 448 600
132 0.2517, 0.0567 0.6917, 91.59, 2.32, IF 151, 34 415 600
133 0.2917, 0.0833 0.6250, 85.36, 2.47, HF 175, 50 375 600
134 0.3350, 0.1233 0.5417, 78.25, 2.63, GF 201, 74 325 600
135 0.3850, 0.2083 0.4067, 70.45, 2.80, FF 231, 125 244 600
136 0.4033, 0.2950 0.3017, 63.31, 3.06, EF 242, 177 181 600
137 0.3650, 0.4317 0.2033, 59.10, 3.28, DF 219, 259 122 600
138 0.0617, 0.9200 0.0183, 48.18, 4.18, CF37, 552 11 600
139 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BF 0, 600 0 600
140 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AF 0, 600 0 600
141
142 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
143 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, ZE 0, 598 2 600
144 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, YE 0, 594 6 600
145 0.0000, 0.9700 0.0300, 180.00, 1.00, XE 0, 582 18 600
146 0.0000, 0.9167 0.0833, 180.00, 1.00, WE 0, 550 50 600
147 0.0000, 0.8517 0.1483, 159.78, 1.20, VE 0, 511 89 600
148 0.0000, 0.7800 0.2200, 151.21, 1.29, UE 0, 468 132 600
149 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 143.74, 1.36, TE 0, 429 171 600
150 0.0000, 0.6550 0.3450, 142.32, 1.38, SE 0, 393 207 600
151 0.0000, 0.5950 0.4050, 142.96, 1.37, RE 0, 357 243 600
152 0.0033, 0.5250 0.4717, 143.60, 1.36, QE2, 315 283 600
153 0.0050, 0.4533 0.5417, 145.85, 1.34, PE3, 272 325 600
154 0.0117, 0.3883 0.6000, 145.83, 1.34, OE7, 233 360 600
155 0.0217, 0.2983 0.6800, 147.57, 1.32, NE13, 179 408 600
156 0.0433, 0.2333 0.7233, 147.17, 1.33, ME26, 140 434 600
184 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
157 0.1167, 0.1667 0.7167, 144.51, 1.35, LE 70, 100 430 600
158 0.1733, 0.0983 0.7283, 140.21, 1.39, KE 104, 59 437 600
159 0.2183, 0.0233 0.7583, 130.66, 1.46, JE131, 14 455 600
160 0.2700, 0.0067 0.7233, 119.52, 1.56, IE162, 4 434 600
161 0.2883, 0.0283 0.6833, 109.98, 1.64, HE 173, 17 410 600
162 0.3083, 0.0633 0.6283, 102.15, 1.70, GE 185, 38 377 600
163 0.3250, 0.1400 0.5350, 96.67, 1.74, FE 195, 84 321 600
164 0.3317, 0.2133 0.4550, 88.90, 1.79, EE 199, 128 273 600
165 0.3033, 0.3433 0.3533, 85.47, 1.84, DE 182, 206 212 600
166 0.0733, 0.8733 0.0533, 73.12, 2.28, CE 44, 524 32 600
167 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BE 0, 600 0 600
168 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AE 0, 600 0 600
169
170 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
171 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZD 0, 600 0 600
172 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, YD 0, 598 2 600
173 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, XD 0, 594 6 600
174 0.0000, 0.9733 0.0267, 180.00, 1.00, WD 0, 584 16 600
175 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, VD 0, 569 31 600
176 0.0000, 0.9217 0.0783, 180.00, 1.00, UD 0, 553 47 600
177 0.0000, 0.9017 0.0983, 180.00, 1.00, TD 0, 541 59 600
178 0.0000, 0.8667 0.1333, 180.00, 1.00, SD 0, 520 80 600
179 0.0000, 0.8283 0.1717, 180.00, 1.00, RD 0, 497 103 600
180 0.0000, 0.7933 0.2067, 180.00, 1.00, QD 0, 476 124 600
181 0.0000, 0.7567 0.2433, 180.00, 1.00, PD 0, 454 146 600
182 0.0000, 0.7350 0.2650, 180.00, 1.00, OD 0, 441 159 600
183 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 180.00, 1.00, ND 0, 429 171 600
184 0.0100, 0.6967 0.2933, 180.00, 1.00 MD6, 418 176 600
185 0.0683, 0.6483 0.2833, 178.06, 1.02, LD 41, 389 170 600
186 0.1033, 0.5917 0.3050, 175.79, 1.04, KD 62, 355 183 600
187 0.1317, 0.5317 0.3367, 171.29, 1.08, JD 79, 319 202 600
188 0.1650, 0.4783 0.3567, 170.75, 1.08, ID 99, 287 214 600
189 0.1967, 0.4350 0.3683, 168.55, 1.10 HD 118, 261 221 600
190 0.2517, 0.3783 0.3700, 167.61, 1.11, GD 151, 227 222 600
191 0.3617, 0.2900 0.3483, 166.32, 1.12, FD 217, 174 209 600
192 0.4583, 0.2033 0.3383, 165.91, 1.13, ED 275, 122 203 600
193 0.5500, 0.1450 0.3050, 164.37, 1.14, DD 330, 87 183 600
194 0.7283, 0.0350 0.2367, 159.86, 1.18 CD 437, 21 142 600
195 0.7850, 0.0000 0.2150, 157.83, 1.20, BD471, 0 129 600
196 0.7850, 0.0000 0.2150, 157.83, 1.20, AD 471, 0 129 600
197
198 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
199 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZC 0, 600 0 600
200 0.0000, 0.9967 0.0033, 180.00, 1.00, YC 0,598 2600
201 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, XC 0, 594 6 600
202 0.0000, 0.9733 0.0267, 180.00, 1.00, WC 0, 584 16 600
203 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, VC 0, 569 31 600
204 0.0000, 0.9217 0.0783, 180.00, 1.00, UC 0, 553 47 600
205 0.0000, 0.9017 0.0983, 180.00, 1.00, TC 0, 541 59 600
206 0.0000, 0.8667 0.1333, 180.00, 1.00, SC 0, 520 80 600
207 0.0000, 0.8283 0.1717, 180.00, 1.00, RC 0, 497 103 600
185
208 0.0000, 0.7933 0.2067, 180.00, 1.00, QC 0, 476 124 600
209 0.0000, 0.7567 0.2433, 180.00, 1.00, PC 0, 454 146 600
210 0.0000, 0.7350 0.2650, 180.00, 1.00, OC 0, 441 159 600
211 0.0000, 0.7150 0.2850, 180.00, 1.00, NC 0, 429 171 600
212 0.0067, 0.6967 0.2967, 180.00, 1.00, MC4, 418 178 600
213 0.0467, 0.6483 0.3050, 180.00, 1.00, LC 28, 389 183 600
214 0.0683, 0.5917 0.3400, 180.00, 1.00, KC 41, 355 204 600
215 0.0800, 0.5317 0.3883, 180.00, 1.00, JC48, 319 233 600
216 0.0900, 0.4783 0.4317, 180.00, 1.00, IC54, 287 259 600
217 0.1083, 0.4350 0.4567, 180.00, 1.00, HC65, 261 274 600
218 0.1467, 0.3783 0.4750, 180.00, 1.00, GC 88, 227 285 600
219 0.2267, 0.2900 0.4833, 180.00, 1.00 FC 136, 174 290 600
220 0.2950, 0.2083 0.4967, 180.00, 1.00, EC177, 125 298 600
221 0.3450, 0.1483 0.5067, 180.00, 1.00, DC 207, 89 304 600
222 0.4483, 0.0367 0.5150, 180.00, 1.00, CC 269, 22 309 600
223 0.4833, 0.0000 0.5167, 180.00, 1.00, BC290, 0 310 600
224 0.4833, 0.0000 0.5167, 180.00, 1.00, AC 290, 0 310 600
225
226 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
227 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZB 0, 600 0 600
228 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YB 0, 600 0 600
229 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XB 0, 600 0 600
230 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WB 0, 600 0 600
231 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VB 0, 600 0 600
232 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UB 0, 600 0 600
233 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TB 0, 600 0 600
234 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SB 0, 600 0 600
235 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RB 0, 600 0 600
236 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QB 0, 600 0 600
237 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PB 0, 600 0 600
238 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OB 0, 600 0 600
239 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NB 0, 600 0 600
240 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MB 0, 600 0 600
241 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LB 0, 600 0 600
242 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KB 0, 600 0 600
243 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JB 0, 600 0 600
244 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IB 0, 600 0 600
245 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HB 0, 600 0 600
246 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GB 0, 600 0 600
247 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FB 0, 600 0 600
248 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, EB 0, 600 0 600
249 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DB 0, 600 0 600
250 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CB 0, 600 0 600
251 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BB 0, 600 0 600
252 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AB 0, 600 0 600
253
254 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
255 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZA 0, 600 0 600
256 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YA 0, 600 0 600
257 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XA 0, 600 0 600
258 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WA 0, 600 0 600
186 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
259 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VA 0, 600 0 600
260 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UA 0, 600 0 600
261 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TA 0, 600 0 600
262 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SA 0, 600 0 600
263 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RA 0, 600 0 600
264 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QA 0, 600 0 600
265 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PA 0, 600 0 600
266 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OA 0, 600 0 600
267 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NA 0, 600 0 600
268 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MA 0, 600 0 600
269 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LA 0, 600 0 600
270 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KA 0, 600 0 600
271 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JA 0, 600 0 600
272 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IA 0, 600 0 600
273 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HA 0, 600 0 600
274 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GA 0, 600 0 600
275 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FA 0, 600 0 600
276 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, EA 0, 600 0 600
277 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DA 0, 600 0 600
278 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CA 0, 600 0 600
279 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BA 0, 600 0 600
280 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AA 0, 600 0 600
After using GPSYplayer32, the time to leave the GPS in advance = about two and a half minutes. However, it is mounted on the back. However, I consciously tried to level it for less than 2 minutes. (I caught one or two). The program used is w016com8.c
090406_1_124800JST Start 10 minutes. The body is from due south. Antenna is from true north. clkwz.
4.0.11 Result of threshold search for 10-minute rotation experiment of human body: Fixed elevation angle, compared with signal strength
sun tuesday
After using GPSplyer32, the pre-use time of GPS = about 5 minutes and 40 seconds. However, it is mounted on the back. However, I consciously tried to level it for less than 2 minutes. The program used (2 captured) is w016com8.c
090407_2_121800JST Start 10 minutes. The body is from due south. Antenna is from true north. clkwz.
To state the results, "the capture rate was much lower on the second day than on the first day." GPSplayer32
Before yesterday, I had messed up GPS reception several times, but the signal synchronization remained.
There is a possibility that it was strong. Today, the second day, there are more non-response than the first day. Wrong answer is the first day
, almost unchanged, slightly increased (one scale (one character)). As a result, the correct answer rate decreased. Warm-up time
Without it, when implemented, the results of the GPS receiver are also poor. Well, today, the second day, I'll go back to my room early.
For this reason (or rather, according to my intuition that even conducting the experiment is unnecessary), I remembered by reproducing the flow of yesterday's experiment with Pappa.
The only purpose is to emote.
Recommended future procedure: 5 min of horizontal standing capture (bending over). A total of 15 minutes, including the 10-minute version
requirement.
Experimenter: Consider heatstroke. Thin clothing. The roof gets hot. The tea in the plastic bottle warmed up considerably. Food can also spoil. 12
r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
3 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZJ 0, 600 0 600
4 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YJ 0, 600 0 600
5 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XJ 0, 600 0 600
6 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WJ 0, 600 0 600
7 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VJ 0, 600 0 600
187
8 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UJ 0, 600 0 600
9 0.0000, 0.9917 0.0083, 180.00, 1.00, TJ 0, 595 5 600
10 0.0017, 0.9550 0.0433, 180.00, 1.00, SJ1, 573 26 600
11 0.0033, 0.8783 0.1183, 180.00, 1.00, RJ2, 527 71 600
12 0.0067, 0.7750 0.2183, 178.63, 1.02, QJ4, 465 131 600
13 0.0067, 0.6967 0.2967, 169.55, 1.12, PJ4, 418 178 600
14 0.0150, 0.5783 0.4067, 166.48, 1.16, OJ9, 347 244 600
15 0.0183, 0.4533 0.5283, 161.64, 1.24, NJ 11, 272 317 600
16 0.0200, 0.2717 0.7083, 161.86, 1.25, MJ 12, 163 425 600
17 0.0300, 0.1550 0.8150, 158.83, 1.28, LJ 18, 93 489 600
18 0.0533, 0.1083 0.8383, 157.28, 1.28, KJ 32, 65 503 600
19 0.0750, 0.0783 0.8467, 156.08, 1.29, JJ 45, 47 508 600
20 0.1267, 0.0483 0.8250, 150.12, 1.33, IJ76, 29 495 600
21 0.2083, 0.0350 0.7567, 145.37, 1.37, HJ 125, 21 454 600
22 0.3350, 0.0183 0.6467, 139.92, 1.43, GJ 201, 11 388 600
23 0.5267, 0.0167 0.4567, 125.22, 1.59, FJ316, 10 274 600
24 0.6250, 0.0317 0.3433, 108.40, 1.78, EJ375, 19 206 600
25 0.6600, 0.1117 0.2283, 86.93, 2.07, DJ 396, 67 137 600
26 0.0733, 0.9050 0.0217, 37.69, 3.23, CJ44, 543 13 600
27 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BJ 0, 600 0 600
28 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AJ 0, 600 0 600
29
30 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
31 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZI 0, 600 0 600
32 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YI 0, 600 0 600
33 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XI 0, 600 0 600
34 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WI 0, 600 0 600
35 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VI 0, 600 0 600
36 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UI 0, 600 0 600
37 0.0000, 0.9917 0.0083, 180.00, 1.00, TI 0, 595 5 600
38 0.0017, 0.9550 0.0433, 180.00, 1.00, SI 1,573 26 600
39 0.0033, 0.8783 0.1183, 180.00, 1.00, RI 2, 527 71 600
40 0.0067, 0.7750 0.2183, 178.63, 1.02, QI 4, 465 131 600
41 0.0067, 0.6967 0.2967, 169.55, 1.12, PI 4, 418 178 600
42 0.0150, 0.5783 0.4067, 166.48, 1.16, OI 9, 347 244 600
43 0.0183, 0.4533 0.5283, 161.64, 1.24, NI11, 272 317 600
44 0.0200, 0.2717 0.7083, 161.86, 1.25, MI12, 163 425 600
45 0.0300, 0.1550 0.8150, 158.83, 1.28, LI 18, 93 489 600
46 0.0533, 0.1083 0.8383, 157.28, 1.28, KI 32, 65 503 600
47 0.0750, 0.0783 0.8467, 156.08, 1.29, JI 45, 47 508 600
48 0.1267, 0.0483 0.8250, 150.12, 1.33, II 76, 29 495 600
49 0.2083, 0.0350 0.7567, 145.37, 1.37, HI 125, 21 454 600
50 0.3350, 0.0183 0.6467, 139.92, 1.43, GI 201, 11 388 600
51 0.5267, 0.0167 0.4567, 125.22, 1.59, FI 316, 10 274 600
52 0.6250, 0.0317 0.3433, 108.40, 1.78, EI 375, 19 206 600
53 0.6600, 0.1117 0.2283, 86.93, 2.07 DI 396, 67 137 600
54 0.0733, 0.9050 0.0217, 37.69, 3.23, CI 44, 543 13 600
55 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BI 0, 600 0 600
56 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AI 0, 600 0 600
57
58 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
188 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
59 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZH 0, 600 0 600
60 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YH 0, 600 0 600
61 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XH 0, 600 0 600
62 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WH 0, 600 0 600
63 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VH 0, 600 0 600
64 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UH 0, 600 0 600
65 0.0000, 0.9917 0.0083, 180.00, 1.00, TH 0, 595 5 600
66 0.0017, 0.9550 0.0433, 180.00, 1.00, SH 1, 573 26 600
67 0.0033, 0.8783 0.1183, 180.00, 1.00, RH2, 527 71 600
68 0.0067, 0.7750 0.2183, 178.63, 1.02, QH4, 465 131 600
69 0.0067, 0.6967 0.2967, 169.55, 1.12, PH 4, 418 178 600
70 0.0150, 0.5783 0.4067, 166.48, 1.16, OH 9, 347 244 600
71 0.0183, 0.4533 0.5283, 161.64, 1.24, NH11, 272 317 600
72 0.0200, 0.2717 0.7083, 161.86, 1.25, MH 12, 163 425 600
73 0.0300, 0.1550 0.8150, 158.83, 1.28, LH 18, 93 489 600
74 0.0533, 0.1083 0.8383, 157.28, 1.28, KH32, 65 503 600
75 0.0750, 0.0783 0.8467, 156.08, 1.29, JH 45, 47 508 600
76 0.1267, 0.0483 0.8250, 150.12, 1.33, IH 76, 29 495 600
77 0.2083, 0.0350 0.7567, 145.37, 1.37, HH 125, 21 454 600
78 0.3350, 0.0183 0.6467, 139.92, 1.43, GH 201, 11 388 600
79 0.5267, 0.0167 0.4567, 125.22, 1.59, FH316, 10 274 600
80 0.6250, 0.0317 0.3433, 108.40, 1.78, EH375, 19 206 600
81 0.6600, 0.1117 0.2283, 86.93, 2.07, DH396, 67 137 600
82 0.0733, 0.9050 0.0217, 37.69, 3.23, CH44, 543 13 600
83 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BH 0, 600 0 600
84 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AH 0, 600 0 600
85
86 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
87 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZG 0, 600 0 600
88 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YG 0, 600 0 600
89 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XG 0, 600 0 600
90 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WG 0, 600 0 600
91 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VG 0, 600 0 600
92 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UG 0, 600 0 600
93 0.0000, 0.9917 0.0083, 180.00, 1.00, TG 0, 595 5 600
94 0.0017, 0.9550 0.0433, 180.00, 1.00, SG 1,573 26 600
95 0.0033, 0.8783 0.1183, 180.00, 1.00, RG2, 527 71 600
96 0.0067, 0.7867 0.2067, 179.52, 1.02, QG4, 472 124 600
97 0.0067, 0.7200 0.2733, 178.54, 1.05, PG 4, 432 164 600
98 0.0150, 0.6100 0.3750, 178.27, 1.06, OG 9, 366 225 600
99 0.0183, 0.5200 0.4617, 177.40, 1.09, NG 11, 312 277 600
100 0.0200, 0.4217 0.5583, 176.87, 1.10, MG12, 253 335 600
101 0.0300, 0.3433 0.6267, 176.89, 1.10, LG 18, 206 376 600
102 0.0533, 0.3033 0.6433, 176.97, 1.10, KG 32, 182 386 600
103 0.0700, 0.2850 0.6450, 176.98, 1.10, JG42, 171 387 600
104 0.0950, 0.2667 0.6383, 176.95, 1.10, IG57, 160 383 600
105 0.1283, 0.2417 0.6300, 176.83, 1.11, HG 77, 145 378 600
106 0.1850, 0.1883 0.6267, 176.78, 1.11, GG 111, 113 376 600
107 0.2767, 0.1067 0.6167, 176.73, 1.11, FG 166, 64 370 600
108 0.3200, 0.0683 0.6117, 176.46, 1.12, EG 192, 41 367 600
109 0.4167, 0.0267 0.5567, 171.62, 1.17, DG250, 16 334 600
189
110 0.4550, 0.4267 0.1183, 96.62, 2.54, CG 273, 256 71 600
111 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BG 0, 600 0 600
112 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, A G 0, 600 0 600
113
114 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
115 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZF 0, 600 0 600
116 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YF 0, 600 0 600
117 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XF 0, 600 0 600
118 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WF 0, 600 0 600
119 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VF 0, 600 0 600
120 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UF 0, 600 0 600
121 0.0000, 0.9917 0.0083, 180.00, 1.00, TF 0, 595 5 600
122 0.0017, 0.9550 0.0433, 180.00, 1.00, SF 1,573 26 600
123 0.0033, 0.8783 0.1183, 180.00, 1.00, RF2, 527 71 600
124 0.0067, 0.7867 0.2067, 179.52, 1.02, QF4, 472 124 600
125 0.0067, 0.7200 0.2733, 178.54, 1.05, PF 4, 432 164 600
126 0.0150, 0.6100 0.3750, 178.27, 1.06 OF 9, 366 225 600
127 0.0183, 0.5200 0.4617, 177.40, 1.09, NF 11, 312 277 600
128 0.0200, 0.4217 0.5583, 176.87, 1.10, MF 12, 253 335 600
129 0.0300, 0.3433 0.6267, 176.89, 1.10, LF 18, 206 376 600
130 0.0533, 0.3033 0.6433, 176.97, 1.10, KF32, 182 386 600
131 0.0700, 0.2850 0.6450, 176.98, 1.10, JF42, 171 387 600
132 0.0950, 0.2667 0.6383, 176.95, 1.10, IF 57, 160 383 600
133 0.1283, 0.2417 0.6300, 176.83, 1.11, HF 77, 145 378 600
134 0.1850, 0.1883 0.6267, 176.78, 1.11, GF 111, 113 376 600
135 0.2767, 0.1067 0.6167, 176.73, 1.11, FF 166, 64 370 600
136 0.3200, 0.0683 0.6117, 176.46, 1.12, EF 192, 41 367 600
137 0.4167, 0.0267 0.5567, 171.62, 1.17, DF250, 16 334 600
138 0.4550, 0.4267 0.1183, 96.62, 2.54, CF 273, 256 71 600
139 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BF 0, 600 0 600
140 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AF 0, 600 0 600
141
142 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
143 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZE 0, 600 0 600
144 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YE 0, 600 0 600
145 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XE 0, 600 0 600
146 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WE 0, 600 0 600
147 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VE 0, 600 0 600
148 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UE 0, 600 0 600
149 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TE 0, 600 0 600
150 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, SE 0, 594 6 600
151 0.0000, 0.9767 0.0233, 180.00, 1.00, RE 0,586 14 600
152 0.0000, 0.9650 0.0350, 180.00, 1.00, QE 0, 579 21 600
153 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, PE 0, 569 31 600
154 0.0000, 0.9317 0.0683, 180.00, 1.00, OE 0, 559 41 600
155 0.0000, 0.8917 0.1083, 180.00, 1.00, NE 0, 535 65 600
156 0.0000, 0.8583 0.1417, 180.00, 1.00, ME 0, 515 85 600
157 0.0000, 0.8317 0.1683, 180.00, 1.00, LE 0, 499 101 600
158 0.0000, 0.8267 0.1733, 180.00, 1.00, KE 0, 496 104 600
159 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, JE 0, 493 107 600
160 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, IE 0, 493 107 600
190 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
161 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, HE 0, 493 107 600
162 0.0000, 0.8200 0.1800, 180.00, 1.00, GE 0, 492 108 600
163 0.0000, 0.8200 0.1800, 180.00, 1.00, FE 0, 492 108 600
164 0.0033, 0.8133 0.1833, 180.00, 1.00, EE2, 488 110 600
165 0.0967, 0.6600 0.2433, 177.47, 1.03, DE58, 396 146 600
166 0.4683, 0.3317 0.2000, 136.33, 1.77, CE281, 199 120 600
167 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BE 0, 600 0 600
168 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AE 0, 600 0 600
169
170 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
171 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZD 0, 600 0 600
172 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YD 0, 600 0 600
173 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XD 0, 600 0 600
174 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WD 0, 600 0 600
175 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VD 0, 600 0 600
176 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UD 0, 600 0 600
177 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TD 0, 600 0 600
178 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, SD 0, 594 6 600
179 0.0000, 0.9767 0.0233, 180.00, 1.00, RD 0,586 14 600
180 0.0000, 0.9650 0.0350, 180.00, 1.00, QD 0, 579 21 600
181 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, PD 0,569 31 600
182 0.0000, 0.9317 0.0683, 180.00, 1.00, OD 0, 559 41 600
183 0.0000, 0.8917 0.1083, 180.00, 1.00, ND 0, 535 65 600
184 0.0000, 0.8583 0.1417, 180.00, 1.00 MD 0, 515 85 600
185 0.0000, 0.8317 0.1683, 180.00, 1.00, LD 0, 499 101 600
186 0.0000, 0.8267 0.1733, 180.00, 1.00, KD 0, 496 104 600
187 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, JD 0, 493 107 600
188 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, ID 0, 493 107 600
189 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00 HD 0, 493 107 600
190 0.0000, 0.8200 0.1800, 180.00, 1.00, GD0, 492 108 600
191 0.0000, 0.8200 0.1800, 180.00, 1.00, FD 0, 492 108 600
192 0.0033, 0.8150 0.1817, 180.00, 1.00, ED2, 489 109 600
193 0.0650, 0.7467 0.1883, 180.00, 1.00, DD 39, 448 113 600
194 0.4433, 0.2367 0.3200, 167.40, 1.11 CD 266, 142 192 600
195 0.7950, 0.0000 0.2050, 73.58, 1.97, BD477, 0 123 600
196 0.8000, 0.0000 0.2000, 70.00, 2.00 AD 480, 0 120 600
197
198 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
199 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZC 0, 600 0 600
200 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YC 0, 600 0 600
201 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XC 0, 600 0 600
202 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WC 0, 600 0 600
203 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VC 0, 600 0 600
204 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UC 0, 600 0 600
205 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TC 0, 600 0 600
206 0.0000, 0.9900 0.0100, 180.00, 1.00, SC 0, 594 6 600
207 0.0000, 0.9767 0.0233, 180.00, 1.00, RC 0,586 14 600
208 0.0000, 0.9650 0.0350, 180.00, 1.00, QC 0, 579 21 600
209 0.0000, 0.9483 0.0517, 180.00, 1.00, PC 0, 569 31 600
210 0.0000, 0.9317 0.0683, 180.00, 1.00, OC 0, 559 41 600
211 0.0000, 0.8917 0.1083, 180.00, 1.00, NC 0, 535 65 600
191
212 0.0000, 0.8583 0.1417, 180.00, 1.00, MC 0, 515 85 600
213 0.0000, 0.8317 0.1683, 180.00, 1.00, LC 0, 499 101 600
214 0.0000, 0.8267 0.1733, 180.00, 1.00, KC 0, 496 104 600
215 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, JC 0, 493 107 600
216 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, IC 0, 493 107 600
217 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, HC 0, 493 107 600
218 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, GC 0, 493 107 600
219 0.0000, 0.8217 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00 FC 0, 493 107 600
220 0.0017, 0.8200 0.1783, 180.00, 1.00, EC1, 492 107 600
221 0.0100, 0.8100 0.1800, 180.00, 1.00, DC6, 486 108 600
222 0.2200, 0.4617 0.3183, 180.00, 1.00, CC 132, 277 191 600
223 0.5000, 0.0017 0.4983, 180.00, 1.00, BC300, 1 299 600
224 0.5000, 0.0000 0.5000, 180.00, 1.00 AC 300, 0 300 600
225
226 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
227 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZB 0, 600 0 600
228 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YB 0, 600 0 600
229 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XB 0, 600 0 600
230 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WB 0, 600 0 600
231 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VB 0, 600 0 600
232 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UB 0, 600 0 600
233 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TB 0, 600 0 600
234 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SB 0, 600 0 600
235 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RB 0, 600 0 600
236 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QB 0, 600 0 600
237 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PB 0, 600 0 600
238 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OB 0, 600 0 600
239 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NB 0, 600 0 600
240 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MB 0, 600 0 600
241 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LB 0, 600 0 600
242 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KB 0, 600 0 600
243 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JB 0, 600 0 600
244 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IB 0, 600 0 600
245 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HB 0, 600 0 600
246 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GB 0, 600 0 600
247 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FB 0, 600 0 600
248 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, EB 0, 600 0 600
249 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DB 0, 600 0 600
250 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CB 0, 600 0 600
251 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BB 0, 600 0 600
252 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AB 0, 600 0 600
253
254 r_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all
255 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, ZA 0, 600 0 600
256 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, YA 0, 600 0 600
257 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, XA 0, 600 0 600
258 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, WA 0, 600 0 600
259 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, VA 0, 600 0 600
260 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, UA 0, 600 0 600
261 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, TA 0, 600 0 600
262 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, SA 0, 600 0 600
192 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
263 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, RA 0, 600 0 600
264 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, QA 0, 600 0 600
265 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, PA 0, 600 0 600
266 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, OA 0, 600 0 600
267 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, NA 0, 600 0 600
268 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, MA 0, 600 0 600
269 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, LA 0, 600 0 600
270 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, KA 0, 600 0 600
271 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, JA 0, 600 0 600
272 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, IA 0, 600 0 600
273 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, HA 0, 600 0 600
274 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, GA 0, 600 0 600
275 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, FA 0, 600 0 600
276 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, EA 0, 600 0 600
277 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, DA 0, 600 0 600
278 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, CA 0, 600 0 600
279 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, BA 0, 600 0 600
280 0.0000, 1.0000 0.0000, -1.00, -1.00, AA 0, 600 0 600
4.0.12 Threshold search program th14.c for 10-minute rotation experiment
The input is the output of ips500. 110 bytes per second. 600 seconds minutes.
1
2 // threshold serach program using human body rotation experiment
3 // 090406 w016com8.c VAIO 10 minute experiment from ips_only.txt log
4 //program thresh.c to find the best threshold pair (intensity threshold, elevation threshold)
5 //The best is the one with the lowest wrong answer rate and non-answer rate in this order. Preferably less than 1%, preferably less than 35%
6 //Don't be pessimistic even if it doesn't happen with this experimental data ips_only.txt
7 //The aluminum wrapping of the IPS5000 was bad, the absorbent was not inserted inside, and the cable
8 was hung down (the part that should be rolled up on the back antenna side is also an antenna.
9), etc., and so on. still need to improve
10 Just be a little pessimistic.
11 //Anyway, an exercise in writing a program whose purpose is to find the optimal set of thresholds.
12 //
13 // from sat[1] to [8] also acq_sat[]
14 // based on comm918.c(09.3.7), walk001.c
15 ru 09.03.18 to compile c:>t walk002.c
16 // http://www.ee.fukui-nct.ac.jp/~yoneda/text/other/C/A_06.htm
17/* ----------------------------------------------- -------
18 serial communication program
19 Data reception by thread processing
20 Receive 2D data (X, Y)
21 Graphing with GrWin
twenty two
23 This program uses GrWin to process received data through (multi?) threading.
24 It is necessary to include "GrWin.lib" when compiling because the graph is displayed.
twenty five
26 C:\home\C>bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib rs232c.cpp
27
You can compile by typing 28 t comm909.
29 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>cat t.bat
193
30 bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib %1.c
31 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
32 ------------------------------------------------- ----- */
33
34 #include <windows.h>
35 #include <process.h>
36 #include <stdio.h>
37 #include <stdlib.h>
38 #include <string.h>
39 #include <math.h> //does not compile without this line even though cos and sin are used
40 is confusing at runtime because of cockerels.
41 #include <GrWin.h>
42
43 #define DATA_MAX 500 //1000 //This is not used. to comment out
44 Beet
45 #define DATA_STRING 400 //108 //100
46 #define BAUDRATE 9600 //2400
47 #define PI 3.1415926535898 /* pi (IS-GPS-200) * from ///sat24.c
48
49 // declaration of global variables
50 int imax;
51 char string[DATA_STRING];
52 //char str[DATA_MAX][DATA_STRING];//This will be deleted soon
53 HANDLE h;
54
55 //FILE *fp;
56 FILE *fpin;
57 FILE *fpout;
58
59 /* 10 or so lines copied from IPS5000program GPSLIB.c ORBIT.c */
60 char rec_data[200];
61 static char rec_buf[200];
62
63 static unsigned int c_ng =0 ;
64 static unsigned int c_ok =0 ;
65 static unsigned int c_dumb=0;
66 static unsigned int c_ok_acq=0 ;// accm No. of acq on OK
67 static double c_ok_w=0; // accm width on OK
68
69 static double r_ng ;
70 static double r_ok ;
71 static double r_dumb;
72
73 static double true_brg ; /*true bearing True bearing value at that time*/
74 static double offset= +90.0;//Because it is a waist belt this time, add -90 degrees //I made it a global variable 75
76
77
78 /* struct definition */
79 /* channel data */
80 struct gps_channel {
194 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
81 int prn[8]; /* satellite number range (1 - 32) */
82 int sync[8]; /* sync */
83 int level[8];/* Received strength range (1 - 26) */
84 int use[8]; /* used in calculation used = 0 not used = -1 */
85 int az[8]; /* azimuth */
86 int elv[8]; /* elevation */
87 char state[8];/* reception state */
88 };
89
90 /* a few lines here copied from GPS.H */
91 /* satellite data */
92 struct gps_satellite{
93 int elv; /* elevation */
94 int az; /* Orientation */
95 int level; // strength (added by masato)
96 int doop;
97 };
98
99 /* time data */
100 typedef struct {
101 int mode; /* mode 0:UTC 1:GPS or manual */
102 int year; /* Time year (00 - 99) */
103 int month; /* month (01 - 12) */
104 int day; /* day (01 - 31) */
105 int dweek; /* day of the week (0 - 6) */
106 int hour; /* hour (00 - 23) */
107 int minute; /* minutes (00 - 59) */
108 int second; /* seconds (00 - 59) */
109 } gps_datetime;
110
111
112 /* position data */
113 typedef struct {
114 int chk;
115 int lat; /* Latitude North = 1 South = -1 */
116 int lat_d; /* degrees */
117 int lat_m; /* minutes */
118 int lat_s; /* seconds */
119 int lng; /* longitude east longitude = 1 west longitude = -1 */
120 int lng_d; /* degrees */
121 int lng_m; /* minutes */
122 int lng_s; /* seconds (value multiplied by 10) */
123 int alt; /* altitude m */
124 int vel; /* speed km/h */
125 int head; /* Direction 360 degrees */
126 int gdop;
127 } gps_position;
128
129
130
131 /* angle conversion * from ///sat24.c
195
132 #define rad_to_deg(rad) ((rad)/PI*180.0)
133 #define deg_to_rad(deg) ((deg)/180.0*PI)
134 #define rad_to_sc(rad) ((rad)/PI)
135 #define sc_to_rad(sc) ((sc)*PI)
136
137
138 // prototype declaration
139 void initComm( void );
140 void sub ( void * );
141 //void getString ( char string[DATA_STRING] ); //fr_port//void getString ( char str[DATA_STRING] 142 void getString_fr_file ( char string[DATA_STRING] );
143 double normal_deg(double ang );
Convert to 144 degrees
145 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy );//masato
146 void extract_sdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
147 void extract_cdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
148 void extract_position();//struct gps_position *position);
149 double round( double value, int figure );
150
151
152 /* define parameter number */
153 enum col {
154 COL_black, COL_brown, COL_darkgreen, COL_olive, COL_darkblue, COL_purple,
155 COL_greenblue, COL_gray, COL_lightgreen, COL_palecyan, COL_palegray,
156 COL_bluegray, COL_darkgray, COL_red, COL_green, COL_yellow, COL_blue,
157 COL_red purple, COL_cyan, COL_white
158 };
159
160
161 // 10 or so lines from here sat24.c
162 (created around February 23, 2009).
163 typedef struct {
164 int prn;
165 double az; /* deg*/
166 double el; /* deg*/
167 int level; /* 1 to 17*/
168 int ex;
169 above (e.g. 85 degrees) (-4) feature shielding (-5) signal strength*/
170 } sat_info;
171
172 typedef struct {
173 double a; /* deg*/
174 double z; /* deg*/
175 double w;
176 int state;
177 } az_limit_info;
178
179 typedef struct {
180 double before; /* az deg */
181 double after; /* az deg */
182 } pi_jmp_info;
196 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
183
184 static int acq;//Number of satellites determined to be received and available for azimuth calculation. (Also referred to as Intensity Threshold)
185 angle threshold is also cleared)
186 static int num_pi_jmp;
187 static pi_jmp_info pi_jmp;
188 static az_limit_info az_limit;
189 static sat_info sat[35], acq_sat[35];
190 static azl;
191 static sat_info sat_circle[10]; // IPS5000's 8 sat
192
193 //#define thrd_level ((int)('L'))
194 //#define thrd_el ((int)('H'))
195 char thrd_level='R';//Rewrite after initial setting with typical value
196 char thrd_el ='H';//Rewrite after initial setting with typical value
197
198 static int threshold_level=('R'-'A'+1);//'I';//Receiving judgment only above this value (including)
199 ■ IPS5000's 8sat
200 static double threshold_el=(10.0*('J'-'A'));//(10.0*('H'-'A'));//This
201 value (included) or less is judged to be received. 202 IPS5000's 8 sat //Elevation angle: From capital letters to numbers Elevation angle A is 0 to 5 with an average of 2.5 degrees Elevation angle B is 6203 to 15 with an average of 10 degrees Elevation angle C is an average of 20 degrees Elevation angle D is an average 30 degrees, Elevation angle E average 40 degrees, Elevation angle
204 F averages 50 degrees, elevation angle G averages 60 degrees, elevation angle H ranges from 66 degrees to 75 degrees with an average elevation angle of 70 degrees, elevation angle I averages the same
205 80 degrees, elevation angle J is 86 to 90 with an average of 87.5 degrees,
206
207
208 static gps_datetime cdatetime; /* Current date and time*/
209 static gps_datetime sdatetime;
210 static gps_position position;
211 static char str_cdatetime[50];
212 static char str_sdatetime[50];
213 static char str_lat[50];
214 static char str_lng[50];
215
216
217 double a_z_width(double a, double z){ /* Returns the width of the clockwise sector of the arguments a,z.
218 */
219 double tmp;
220
221 if((za)>=0.0){ //does inserting = here contribute to bug removal?
If this function returns 360 degrees even though the azimuth angle width is 0 degrees, there should be no 180 degree sectors.
A bug that 223 answers that there are several, and shows a mysterious answer even though there should be no answer. get
224. . 090319/* If a,z does not have a carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees), the story is relatively easy */
225 return( normal_deg (za));
226 }
227 else{ /*Think special if a,z have a carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees)*/
228 tmp= (z + 360.0) -a ;
229 return(normal_deg(tmp));
230}
231 }
232
233 int bublesort() //bublesort(sat_info x[ ]) /* bubble sort */ sat24.c
197
234 {
235 int i, j, n;
236 sat_info temp;
237
238 for (i=1; (i <=8) && (sat[i].prn >0); i++){ /*Computable satellite list
239 prn, az, el, ex (in order of prn) (later converted to toric sequence)*/
240;
241}
242 n=i;
243 /* printf("%d",n);*/
244 for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
245 for (j = n - 1; j >i; j--) {
246 if (sat[j - 1].az > sat[j].az) { /* previous element was greater
247 et al.
248 temp = sat[j]; /* swap */
249 sat[j] = sat[j - 1];
250 sat[j - 1] = temp;
251}
252}
253}
254 return(1);
255}
256
257 int only1_pi_jmp( )//This only comes here when the number of satellites used for azimuth calculation acq is 2 or more.
258 premise
259 {
260 int i;
261 num_pi_jmp=0;
262
263 for(i=1; (i+1) <= acq ;i++){//IPS5000 8 satellites azimuth ascending sorted premise 2nd term
264 Because the condition is that the latter of the indices i and i+1 in the next line must not exceed acq (e.g., if i==1,
265 Investigate the angles of sat[1].az and sat[2].az.
266) First, because this “loop” is over. After the loop, another final term [acq] and the first term
267 In the order of [1], but to find out.
268 if ( a_z_width(acq_sat[i].az, acq_sat[i+1].az ) >= 180.0 ){
269 num_pi_jmp++;
270 pi_jmp.before=acq_sat[i].az;
271 pi_jmp.after =acq_sat[i+1].az;
272 }
273 }
274 if ( a_z_width( acq_sat[ acq ].az, acq_sat[1].az ) >= 180.0 ){//
After the 275 loop, again in the order of the last term [acq-1] and the first term [0], to check.
276 num_pi_jmp++;
277 pi_jmp.before=acq_sat[acq].az;
278 pi_jmp.after =acq_sat[1].az;
279 }
280
281 return num_pi_jmp;
282}
283
284
198 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
285 void cal_az_limit()
286 {
287 int i;
288 double frsttrm, lasttrm;//
289 //static double offset= -90.0;//This time it is a waist belt, so add -90 degrees //Global variable
moved to 290
291
292 bublesort();//Sort sat[] itself (do not put buffer boldly)
293
294
295 /*acq=0;*/
296 acq_test();
297 //In this and after, acq_sat[] (determined satellite) is the main player. Until then, sat[]
298 sex)
299
300 if( acq ==0 ){
301 az_limit.state=0;//0 No response if satellite Y
302 }
303 else if(acq==1) {//1 If satellite Y, yes
304 az_limit.state=1;
305 frsttrm=acq_sat[1].az;
306 lasttrm =acq_sat[1].az;
307 }
308 else{ // more than 2 satellites
309 //if 180 Sector uniqueness check OK, then final term = one previous term of 180 degree sector, . first term = 180
1 immediate term of 310 degree sector
311 if( only1_pi_jmp( ) ==1 ){
312 az_limit.state=1;
313 frsttrm = pi_jmp.after ;
314 lasttrm = pi_jmp.before;
315}
316 else{
317 //if 180sector1 If the personality test is NG, no answer
318 az_limit.state=0;
319 }
320 }
321 //printf("firsttrm %.3f, lasttrm %.3f\n", frsttrm, lasttrm);
322
323 //■Assuming that the antenna beam is on the right hand side when viewed from above, the antenna helicopter in front of the body is
324 measurement direction
325 if(az_limit.state){//If there is an answer
326 az_limit.a = normal_deg( (lasttrm + 180.0) +offset ); // offset is
327 global variables
328 az_limit.z = normal_deg( (frsttrm + 0.0) +offset ); // offset is
329 global variables
330 az_limit.w = az_width(az_limit.a, az_limit.z);
331 }
332 else{//no answer
333 az_limit.a = -1.0;//No answer mark
334 az_limit.z = -1.0;//no answer mark
335 az_limit.w = -1.0;//No answer mark
199
336 }
337 //printf("az_limit.a %.2f, az_limit.z %.2f true_brg %.2f\n", az_limit.a, az_limit.z, true_brg);
338
339 }
340
341
342 //static sat_info sat_circle[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
343 //static sat_info sat_circle_tmp[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
344
345 int acq_test()
346 {
347 int i /*, acq_tmp =0*/;
348 int acq_i=1;
349 acq=0;
350 for (i=1; (i <=8) /*&& (sat[i].prn >0)*/; i++){ /*Computable satellite list
351 prn, az, el, ex (in order of prn) (later converted to toric sequence)*/
352 if( (sat[i].level >= threshold_level) && (sat[i].el <= threshold_el) ){
353 acq++;
354 sat[i].ex=1;
355
356 acq_sat[acq_i].az=sat[i].az;
357 acq_sat[acq_i].el=sat[i].el;
358 acq_sat[acq_i].level=sat[i].level;
359 acq_sat[acq_i].prn=sat[i].prn;
360 acq_sat[acq_i].ex=sat[i].ex;
361
362 acq_i++;
363 }
364
365 }
366 //printf("\n acq %d\n",acq);
367
368
369
370 return 1 /*acq_tmp*/;
371 }
372
373
374
375 // From here to main, copied from IPS5000 program ORBIT.c
376 void IPS5000( void *dummy ) //from ORBIT.c
377 {
378 int ch,prn;
379 struct gps_satellite data;
380
381 // if(open_gps()){ /* host & receiver initial
382 */
383 // printf("GPS receiver not available.\n");
384 // }else{
385 // get_gps_data(); /* get data */
386
200 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
387 // clrscr();//Clear screen at BCC55
388
389 for(ch = 1;ch <= 8;ch++){
390 prn=extract_use_sat(ch);//
391 //printf("Channel %d",ch);
392 if(prn == -1){
393 printf("is not used.\n");
394 } else {
395 // printf(" satellite number is %2d ",prn);
396 get_sat_data(ch,&data);//I decided to get not only elv, az but also level with this function 397 // printf("Elevation angle is %3d",data.elv);
398 // printf("Azimuth is %4d",data.az);
399 // printf("Intensity is %3d\n",data.level);
400
401 /* Each satellite azimuth (deg), elevation angle (deg), number storage ch=1to8*/
402 sat[ch].prn=prn;
403 sat[ch].az =normal_deg( (double) 1.0*data.az );
404 sat[ch].el = (double) 1.0*data.elv ;
405 sat[ch].level = data.level;
406
407 }
408 }
409 //printf("\n");
410 //show_sats();
411 // }
412 // close_gps(); /* end */
413 }
414
415 //copy and paste from sat24.c
416 double normal_deg(double ang )//Converts negative numbers and over 360 degrees to normal 417 degrees from 0 to 359.999 degrees
418 {
419 if (ang < 0.0) {
420 ang = ang + 360.0;
421 }
422 if( 360.0 <= ang ){
423 ang = ang - 360.0;
424 }
425
426 // error confirmation
427 if ( (ang < 0.0) && (ang >= 360.0)) {
428 printf("OKASHII ZO debug shitekudadai ne＼n");
429 exit(1);
430}
431 //Since there was no problem... If the double is not rounded, it will be a problem.
432 0.00000001 or 0.00000099
433 return( round( ang, 3));
434 }
435
436
437 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
201
438 int extract_use_sat(int ch_num)//Lower case processing here was also a mistake at the time of shipment
439 {
440 int satellite;
441 // first for lower case
442 if(rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5] >('a'-1) /*96*/) satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]- ('a'-1 ) 443 because X is SV24 and a is SV25 //default 72;
444 else satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]-('A'-1);//if this line is upper case
445 /*64;*/
446
447
448 return (satelite);
449 }
450 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
451 int get_sat_data(int ch_num,struct gps_satellite *data)//There are quite a few mistakes
It was an attached product of 452. Modified to ch-1 by masato
453 {
454 int ch;
455 ch=ch_num-1;//fixed by masato
456
457 //Elevation angle: Uppercase letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lowercase letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
458 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] >('a'-1)){ // 96){// a==97 z==121
459 //data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
460 data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- is meant to indicate lowercase
461 and
462 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv + 1);//elevation angle: lowercase to number elevation a is 0 degrees
463 Note that the elevation angle b is (data->elv+1), not -10 degrees (data->elv -1). source
464 is a negative number
465 //By the way, even when the IPS5000 comes out with e, that is, an elevation angle of -40 degrees, the GPS player
466 seems to display as +40 degrees elevation
467 }
468 else{//if capitalized
469 data->elv = rec_data[64+ch*5]-('A'-1);//64;//A==65 Z==90
470 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv -1); //elevation: upper case to numeric elevation A is 0-5
2.5 degrees on average at 471 Elevation angle B is 6 to 15, 10 degrees on average Elevation angle C is 20 degrees on average Elevation angle D is 30 degrees on average
472 Elevation angle E averages 40 degrees, elevation angle F averages 50 degrees, elevation angle G averages 60 degrees, elevation angle H averages 70 degrees, elevation angle I
473 has an average of 80 degrees, elevation angle J is 86 to 90 with an average of 87.5 degrees,
474 }
475
476 //Azimuth: Uppercase letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lowercase letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
477 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] >('a'-1)) { // 96){
478 // data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
479 data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- means lower case
480 data->az = 10 * data->az; // azimuth: convert from lower case to numeric azimuth a is -10 degrees
481 Azimuth b is -20 degrees Not only here (data->az-1) but also (data->az) itself
Note that it is 482. This is not the case for the elevation angle as well.
483 }
484 else{//if capitalized
485 data->az = rec_data[65+ch*5]-('A'-1);//65;
486 data->az = 10 * (data->az -1);//Azimuth: converted from uppercase to numeric Azimuth A is 0
487 degrees Azimuth B is 10 degrees
488 }
202 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
489
490 // Intensity: Only capital letters are displayed in positive numbers from A-Z
491 data->level = rec_data[67+ch*5]- ('A'-1); // intensity AZ
492
493 return(0);
494 }
495 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
496 /*
497 void extract_channel(struct gps_channel *channel)//Copied from GPSLIB.C
498 ended up gathering only for get_sat_data
499 /*{
500 inch ch;
501 for(ch = 0;ch <= 7;ch++){
502 if(rec_data[63+ch*5] > 96) channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-72;
503 else channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-64;
504 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->use[ch] = 0;
505 else channel->use[ch] = -1;
506 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'B') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
507 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'C') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
508 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
509 else channel->sync[ch] = -1;
510 channel->state[ch] = rec_data[66+ch*5];
511 channel->level[ch] = rec_data[67+ch*5]-64;
512 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] > 96) channel->az[ch] = -1*(rec_data[65+ch*5]-96);
513 else channel->az[ch] = rec_data[65+ch*5]-65;
514 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] > 96) channel->elv[ch] = -1*(rec_data[64+ch*5]-96);
515 else channel->elv[ch] = rec_data[64+ch*5]-65;
516 }
517 }
518 */
519
520
521 int show_acq_sats()
522 {
523 int i;
524
525 for(i = 1 ;i <= acq; i++){
526 printf("\n satellite number is %2d",acq_sat[i].prn);
527 printf("Elevation is % 5.1f ",acq_sat[i].el);
528 printf("Azimuth is % 5.1f",acq_sat[i].az);
529 printf("Intensity is %3d",acq_sat[i].level);
530}
531 return 1;
532 }
533
534
535
536 int show_sats()
537 {
538 int ch;
539
203
540 for(ch = 1 ;ch <= 8; ch++){
541 printf("Channel %d", ch);
542 if(sat[ch].prn == -1){
543 printf("not used.\n");
544 } else {
545 printf("satellite number is %2d ",sat[ch].prn);
546 printf("Elevation is % 5.1f ",sat[ch].el);
547 printf("Azimuth is % 5.1f",sat[ch].az);
548 printf("Intensity is %3d \n",sat[ch].level);
549 }
550}
551 return 1;
552}
553
554 //#include <stdio.h>
555
556 int initRFile()
557 {
558
559 //fpin = fopen( "ips_only.mul", "r"); //090407ips_only10min.mul //090406ips_only10min.mul 560 fpin = fopen( "090407ips_only10min.mul", "r");
561 if( fpin == NULL )
562 {
563 puts( "Unable to open ips_only.mul");
564 return 1;
565 }
566 }
567
568 int initWFile()
569 {
570 fpout = fopen( "th_srch.mul", "a");
571 fprintf(fpout, "tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt");// new analysis in the long (and 572
573 if( fpout == NULL )
574 {
575 puts( "Unable to open th_srch.mul");
576 return 1;
577 }
578 }
579
580
581 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
582 main function
583 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
584 void main() {
585
586 //int x[DATA_MAX], y[DATA_MAX];
587 unsigned long dummy;
588 int i=0;
589
590 initWFile();//Open file for output
204 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
591 initRFile();//Open ips log file for input
592
593 // serial port initialization
594 //initComm();
595 //Initial settings for drawing (sky map)
596 //init_draw();
597
598 // start/end receive thread
599 //printf("Press Enter to start receive thread\n");
600 //getchar();
601 //printf("Start reception!\n\n\n");
602 //_beginthread( sub, 0, &dummy );
603 // sub(&dummy);
604 //printf("Press Enter to finish receiving and display result\n");
605 //getchar();
606
607 for( thrd_el='J';thrd_el>='A'; thrd_el=thrd_el-1){//replaced
608 th13.c
609
610 fprintf(fpout, "\nr_ng, r_dumb, r_ok, m_ok_w, m_ok_acq, thrd_level, thrd_el, c_ng, 611 Output file legend
612
613 for(thrd_level='Z';thrd_level>='A'; thrd_level=thrd_level-1){
614
615 c_ng =0 ;
616 c_ok =0 ;
617 c_dumb=0;
618 c_ok_acq=0 ;// accm No. of acq on OK
619 c_ok_w=0; // accm width on OK
620 i=0;//line no. of ips file for input
621
622 threshold_level=(thrd_level-'A'+1);//' Reception judgment only above this value (including)
623 threshold_el=(10.0*(thrd_el-'A'));//(10.0*('H'-'A'));//Because only 624 below this value (including) is judged to be received, it is one step sweeter than 080522 . I have a tall back ■ IPS5000's 8 sat // supine
625 angles: From capital letters to numbers Elevation angle A is 0 to 5 with an average of 2.5 degrees Elevation angle B is 6 to 15 with an average of 10 degrees Elevation angle C
626 has an average elevation angle of 20 degrees, an average elevation angle of D of 30 degrees, an average elevation angle of E of 40 degrees, an average elevation angle of F of 50 degrees, and an elevation angle of flat G.
627 Elevation angle H is 66 to 75 degrees with an average of 70 degrees Elevation angle I is 80 degrees on average Elevation angle J is 86 to 90 degrees
628 average 87.5 degrees,
629
630 while(1 ){// If the file ends, the line reading loop is terminated once, the variable is set and the
631 if (! fgets ( string , 500, fpin) ){ break;}
632 strcpy(rec_data, string);
633 IPS5000(&dummy);
634 /*
635 extract_cdatetime();
636 extract_sdatetime();
637
638 extract_position();
639 */
640 true_brg = normal_deg( (double) 6.0* (int)((i+1)/10) ); //offset here
641 No (Unlike az_limit. This difference is complicated!)
205
642 cal_az_limit();
643 //show_sats();
644 //show_acq_sats();
645
646 cnt_ok_ng_dumb();
647 i++;
648
649 //printf("Press Enter to start next line\n");
650 //getchar();
651 }
652 cal_ok_ng_dumb();
653
654 //rewind(fpin);
655
656 fseek( fpin, 0, SEEK_SET );
657 //fclose(fpin);
658 }
659 }
660 //GWclear(-1);//Clear screen (GrWin)
661 //draw_axes();
662 //draw_skyplot(&dummy); //_beginthread(_draw_skyplot, 0, &dummy);
663 }
664
665
666 double round( double value, int figure ) /*Round off*/
667 {
668 int tmp;
669 double rate;
670 int /*bool*/ isNagative = ( value < 0 );
671 if( isNagative ) value = -value;
672
673 /*double*/ rate = pow( 10, figure );
674 /*int*/ tmp = (int)(value * rate + 0.5);
675 value = tmp/rate;
676
677 if( isNagative ) value = -value;
678
679 return value;
680 }
681
682
683 int exist(double a, double z, double x)
684 {
685 double tmp_ax, tmp_az;
686 if(round(z,3) == round(x,3) ) return 1;
687 I want to
688 if(round(a,3) == round(x,3) ) return 1;//double does not round and does not match
like 689
690
691 tmp_ax=round(a_z_width(a,x),2);
692 tmp_az=round(a_z_width(a,z),2);
206 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
693 //printf("a:%.5f z:%.5f x:%.5f tmp_ax:%.5f, tmp_az:%.5f\n",a,z,x,tmp_ax, tmp_az);
694 if ( round(a_z_width(a,x),2) <= round(a_z_width(a,z),2) ) return 1;//double695 doesn't round and doesn't seem to match
696 else return 0;
697 }
698
699
700
701 int cnt_ok_ng_dumb( )
702 {
703 unsigned int c_all;
704
705 if( az_limit.state != 1 ){ c_dumb++;
706 else{
707 if( exist( az_limit.a, az_limit.z, true_brg) ){
708 c_ok++;
709 c_ok_w=c_ok_w+ az_limit.w;
710 c_ok_acq=c_ok_acq+acq;
711 }
712 else { c_ng++;
713 }
714 c_all=c_ng+c_ok+c_dumb;
715 //printf("ng=%d, dumb=%d ok=%d all=%d\n", c_ng, c_dumb, c_ok, c_all );
716 return 1;
717 }
718
719 int cal_ok_ng_dumb( )
720 {
721 unsigned int c_all;
722 double m_ok_w;
723 double m_ok_acq;
724
725 c_all=c_ng+c_ok+c_dumb;
726
727 r_ng =1.0* c_ng /c_all;
728 r_ok =1.0* c_ok /c_all;
729 r_dumb=1.0* c_dumb /c_all;
730
731 if(c_ok != 0){
732 m_ok_w=1.0* c_ok_w / c_ok;
733 m_ok_acq=1.0*c_ok_acq/c_ok;
734 }
735 else{
736 m_ok_w= -1.0;//NA denominator 0
737 m_ok_acq=-1.0;//NA denominator 0
738 }
739
740 //Important output, output to both stdout and fpout
741 printf("\nng=%.4f, dmb=%.4f ok=%.4f, m_ok_w=%6.2f, m_ok_aq=%4.2f, th-lvl:%c th-el:%c ng=%3d , 742 //The following is quite good, but in order to improve the visibility of the long lines of 26 x 10, the legend
I decided to collect 743 at the beginning.
207
744 // fprintf(fpout, "ng=%.4f, dmb=%.4f ok=%.4f, m_ok_w=%6.2f, m_ok_aq=%4.2f, th-lvl:%c th-el:%c 745 fprintf(fpout, "%.4f, %.4f %.4f, %6.2f, %5.2f, %c %c %3d, %3d %3d %3d\n", r_ng, r_dumb, 746
747
748
749 }
750
751
752
753
754
755 // Convert received data and output graph
756 //split( imax, str, x, y ); // character data → numeric data
757 //graph( imax, x, y );
758 //}
759
760 /* ftoa -- Put the value of d into the character array s with w decimal places */
761 //http://f1.aaa.livedoor.jp/~pointc/log184.html
762 void ftoa(double d, char *s, int w )
763 {
764 sprintf(s+1, "%.*e", w, d*10);
765 if (s[1] == '-')
766 s[3] = s[2], s[2] = '.', s[1] = '0', s[0] = '-';
767 else
768 s[2] = s[1], s[1] = '.', s[0] = '0';
769 }
770
771
772 float az2gr( double a ) // normal az (degrees) Angle display of GWarc of GrWin (counterclockwise horizontal
773 to units (degrees/360)
774 {
775 return( (float) 1.0* normal_deg (360.0+90.0 - a) /360.0 );
776
777 //th= PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(sat[i].az);
778
779 /*
780 a return
781 0 -> 90
782 30->60
783 90->0
784 180->-90=270
785 270->180
786 */
787 }
788
789
790
791 //draw Relation 2 function is copied from sat24.c
792 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy )
793 {
794 int color=COL_red;
208 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
795 int i;
796 double r, th, x, y;
797 char str1[25];//string
798 char str2[25];//string
799 char str_az1[25];
800 char str_az2[25];
801 char str_az3[25];
802 char str_az4[25];
803 char str_az5[25];
804 char str_az6[25];
805
806 for(i=1; (i <=8) && (sat[i].prn >0); i++){
807 // printf("PRN %2d, az=% 9.4f, el=% 8.4f, ex=% 2d\n",
808 // sat[i].prn, sat[i].az, sat[i].el, sat[i].ex ) ;
809
810 if(sat[i].level >= threshold_level /*5*/){ color=COL_blue;}
811 else { color=COL_red;}
812
813 GWsetmrk( 6 /*Shape: Circle*/, 0.075 /*0.025 + 1.0*sat[i].level/100.0*/ /*
814 size*/, color , -1, -1 );
815
816 r= 1.0 * cos(deg_to_rad(sat[i].el));
817 displayable//r=1.0*(90.0-1.0*sat[i].el)/90.0;
818 th= PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(sat[i].az);
819
820 x= r * cos(th); // Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
821 y = r * sin(th);
822
823 GWputmrk( x, y );
824
825 itoa(sat[i].prn, str1, 10);// String the integer of the satellite ID (in base 10)
826 GWputtxt(x, y, str1);
827
828 itoa(sat[i].level, str2, 10);// Convert strength to string (delete first) (in base 10)
829 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_white, -1, "");
830 GWputtxt( x+10, y, "");
831
832 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");//String strength (in base 10)
833 GWputtxt(x+10, y, str2);
834
835
836 }
837 //Display current date and time, date and time when positioning calculation was completed, latitude, longitude
838 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");
839 GWputtxt( -1, -0.98, str_cdatetime);
840 GWputtxt( -1, -1.05, str_sdatetime);
841 GWputtxt( 0.1, -1.05, str_lat);
842 GWputtxt( 0.51, -1.05, str_lng);
843
844 // Direction information string conversion
845 // ftoa(az_limit.a, str_az1, 1);
209
846 // ftoa(az_limit.z, str_az2, 1);
847 // ftoa(az_limit.w, str_az3, 1);
848 itoa((int)az_limit.a, str_az1, 10);
849 itoa((int)az_limit.z, str_az2, 10);
850 itoa((int)az_limit.w, str_az3, 10);
851 itoa(az_limit.state, str_az4, 10);
852 itoa(num_pi_jmp, str_az5, 10);
853 itoa(acq, str_az6, 10);
854
855 fprintf(fpout, "%s %s %s %s %s %s\n", str_az1, str_az2, str_az3, str_az4, str_az5, str_az6);//masato 856
857 // Orientation information language display
858 GWputtxt(-1.0, 1.05, str_az1);
859 GWputtxt( -0.8, 1.05, " to ");
860 GWputtxt( -0.6, 1.05, str_az2);
861 GWputtxt( -0.4, 1.05, "(");
862 GWputtxt(-0.30, 1.05, str_az3);
863 GWputtxt( -0.20, 1.05, " ), st:");
864 GWputtxt( 0.1, 1.05, str_az4);
865 GWputtxt( 0.25, 1.05, "leap:");
866 GWputtxt( 0.45, 1.05, str_az5);
867 GWputtxt( 0.63, 1.05, "acq_sat:");
868 GWputtxt( 0.99, 1.05, str_az6);
869
870
871 // Draw direction information
872 //GWarc(float X1, float Y1, float X2, float Y2, float A, float AW);//
873 Addition from measuring horizontally counterclockwise, unit (degree/360)
874 // if( (a_z_width(az_limit.a, 90.0) + a_z_width(90.0, az_limit.z)) == a_z_width(az_limit.a, 875
876 //GWsetpen(COL_red, 2, 2, 1);
877 if(az_limit.state==1){
878 r=1.0;
879 th=PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(az_limit.a);
880 x= r * cos(th); // Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
881 y = r * sin(th);
882 GWsetpen(13, 1, 1, -1); /* Pen setting (red, solid line) */
883 GWline(0.0, 0.0, x, y);
884
885 r=1.0;
886 th=PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(az_limit.z);
887 x= r * cos(th); //Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
888 y = r * sin(th);
889 //GWsetpen(16, 3, 1, -1); /* Pen settings (blue, dotted line) */
890 // GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* setpen (darkgreen, dotted line)
891 */
892 GWsetpen(16, 1, 1, -1); /* Penben setting (blue, solid line) */
893 GWline(0.0, 0.0, x, y);
894
895 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* set pen (darkgreen, dotted line) */
896 }
210 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
897 return(1);
898 }
899
900
901
902
903 int init_draw(void)
904 {
905 // Initialize display window
906 // GWinit();
907 //GWinitx(int IRB, int IX, int IY, int IW, int IH, int MA, int MM, int MZ, int ND);
908 // GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, 860, 900, /*(200*5), (200*5.2),*/ -1, -1, -1, -1);
909 GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, 860/2, 900/2, /*(200*5), (200*5.2),*/ -1, -1, -1, -1);
910 GWopen(0);
911 GWvport( 0, 0, 1, 1 ); // set viewport
912 GWindow(-1.2,-1.2,1.2,1.2);
913 return(1);
914 }
915
916
917
918 int draw_axes(void)
919 {
920 // draw chart border and axes
921 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* set pen (darkgreen, dotted line) */
922
923 GWline( 0, -1, 0, 1 );
924 GWline( -1, 0, 1, 0 );
925 GWrect( -1, -1, 1, 1); // draw a rectangle
926 // Draw Y=X^3 curve
927 GWsetmrk( 6, 0.05, 13, -1, -1 ); // mark specification
928 //GWsetpen( 16, 1, 5, -1 ); // Pen specification (blue , solid line) */
929 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* Set pen (darkgreen, dotted) */
930 srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); /* Initialize random number */
931
932 //skyplot frame circle
933 GWellipse(-1, -1, +1, +1);
934 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0) ); 935 Diagonal elevation angle 30 degree circle
936 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0) ); 937 diagonal 60 degree circle
938 //skyplot frame circle: text: north, south, east, west, elevation angle 30 degrees, elevation angle 60 degrees, etc.
939 //GWputtxt( -.025, 1, "N 0 deg");
for 940
941 GWputtxt(1, -.03, "E");
942 GWputtxt(-.025, -1.05, "S");
943 GWputtxt(-1.05, -.03, "W");
944 //GWputtxt( 0, 1, "0deg");
945 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/6.0), "30deg");
946 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/3.0), "60deg");
947 return(1);
211
948 }
949
950
951
952 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
953 Serial Port Initialization
954 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
955 void initComm( void ) {
956
957 DCB dcb;
958 COMMTIMEOUTS cto;
959
960 // create file handler
961 h = CreateFile( //"COM1",
962 "COM8",
963 GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
964 0,
965 0,
966 OPEN_EXISTING,
967 0,
968 0 ); // returns the file handler
969 if ( h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ) {
970 printf("Open Error!\n");
971 exit(1);
972 }
973
974 // Serial port state manipulation
975 GetCommState( h, &dcb ); // get serial port state
976 dcb. BaudRate = BAUDRATE;
977 SetCommState( h, &dcb ); // set serial port state
978
979 // serial port timeout state manipulation
980 GetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // get timeout settings
981 cto. ReadIntervalTimeout = 1000;
982 cto. ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
983 cto.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 1000;
984 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
985 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 0;
986 SetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // set timeout state
987 }
988
989 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
Reading incoming data with 990 threads
991 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
992 void sub( void *dummy ) {
993 //FILE *fp;
994 int i;
995
996 fpout=fopen("ips.txt", "a");//masato
997
998 // printf("in sub\n");
212 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
999 for (i=1; /*i <DATA_MAX*/ ; i++ ) {
1000 //printf("in for loop\n");
1001 getString_fr_file( string ); //getString( str[i] );
1002 // printf("in for loop2\n");
1003
1004 strcpy(rec_data, string);//strcpy(rec_data, str[i]);//strcpy(char *s1, ← char *s2) ＼0
Up to 1005 incl. Masato
1006
1007 fprintf(fpout, "%s\n", string);//masato//fprintf(fp, "%s\n", str[i]);//masato
1008
1009 printf("\n%s\n",string);//printf("%s\n",str[i]);
1010
1011 imax=i;
1012 }
1013
1014 }
1015
1016 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
1017 Read function for received data (character string for one line)
1018 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
1019 void getString_fr_file( /*char str[]*/ ) {
1020
1021 int i, j=0;
1022 unsigned long nn;
1023 char sBuf[1];
1024
1025 fgets(string, 500, fpin);
1026 // for ( i=1; i <DATA_STRING; i++ ) {
1027 // ReadFile( h, sBuf, 1, &nn, 0 );
1028 included
1029 // if ( nn==1 ) {
1030 // // close string when '\r' or '\n' is received
1031 // if ( sBuf[0]=='\r' || sBuf[0]=='\n' ) {
1032 // str[j] = '\0';
1033 // if (j!=0) break;
1034 // } else {
1035 // str[j] = sBuf[0];
1036 //j++;
1037 // }
1038 // }
1039 // }
1040 }
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046 void extract_cdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
1047 {
1048 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.mode = 1;
1049 else cdatetime.mode = 0;
213
1050 cdatetime.year = (rec_data[6]-48)*10+(rec_data[7]-48);
1051 cdatetime.month = (rec_data[8]-48)*10+(rec_data[9]-48);
1052 cdatetime. day = (rec_data[10]-48)*10+(rec_data[11]-48);
1053 cdatetime.hour = (rec_data[13]-48)*10+(rec_data[14]-48);
1054 cdatetime.minute = (rec_data[15]-48)*10+(rec_data[16]-48);
1055 cdatetime. second = (rec_data[17]-48)*10+(rec_data[18]-48);
1056 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-65;
1057 else if((rec_data[12] >= 'a') && (rec_data[12] <= 'g')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-97;
1058 else cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-48;
1059
1060 printf("\n");
1061 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",cdatetime.year,cdatetime.month,cdatetime.day, 1062 printf("\n");
1063
1064 sprintf(str_cdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC", cdatetime.year,cdatetime.month,cdatetime.day, 1065
1066 }
1067
1068 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
1069 void extract_sdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
1070 {
1071
1072 sdatetime.year = (rec_data[47]-48)*10+(rec_data[48]-48);
1073 sdatetime. month = (rec_data[49]-48)*10+(rec_data[50]-48);
1074 sdatetime. day = (rec_data[51]-48)*10+(rec_data[52]-48);
1075 sdatetime.dweek = rec_data[53]-48;
1076 sdatetime.hour = (rec_data[54]-48)*10+(rec_data[55]-48);
1077 sdatetime.minute = (rec_data[56]-48)*10+(rec_data[57]-48);
1078 sdatetime. second = (rec_data[58]-48)*10+(rec_data[59]-48);
1079
1080 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 1081
1082 sprintf(str_sdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 1083
1084
1085 }
1086
1087 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
1088 void extract_position() //struct gps_position *position)
1089 {
1090 char buf[10];
1091
1092 if((rec_data[19] == 'N') || (rec_data[19] == 'n')) position.lat = 1;
1093 else position.lat = -1;
1094 position.lat_d = (rec_data[20]-48)*10+(rec_data[21]-48);
1095 position.lat_m = (rec_data[22]-48)*10+(rec_data[23]-48);
1096 position.lat_s = (rec_data[24]-48)*100+(rec_data[25]-48)*10+(rec_data[26]-48);
1097
1098 if((rec_data[27] == 'E') || (rec_data[27] == 'e')) position. lng = 1;
1099 else position. lng = -1;
1100 position.lng_d = (rec_data[28]-48)*100+(rec_data[29]-48)*10+(rec_data[30]-48);
214 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
1101 position.lng_m = (rec_data[31]-48)*10+(rec_data[32]-48);
1102 position.lng_s = (rec_data[33]-48)*100+(rec_data[34]-48)*10+(rec_data[35]-48);
1103
1104 /*
1105 memcpy(buf, &rec_data[37], 4);
1106 buf[4] = 0x00;
1107 position.alt = atoi(buf);
1108 if (rec_data[36] != '+') position.alt *= -1;
1109
1110 position.vel = (rec_data[41]-48)*100+(rec_data[42]-48)*10+rec_data[43]-48;1111 position.head = (rec_data[44]-48)*100+ (rec_data[45]-48)*10+rec_data[46]-48;1112 */
1113 printf("N%02d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec) E%03d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec)\n",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position. lat_s, 1114
1115 sprintf(str_lat, "N%02d.%02d.%03d",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position.lat_s);
1116
1117 sprintf(str_lng, "E%03d.%02d.%03d",position.lng_d, position.lng_m, position.lng_s);
1118
1119 }
1120 //th13ok.c
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)
&sup2; Motivation: Experimenting with IPS5000 (SONY) + VAIO is good for creating a framework. certain time
Good to recognize.
&sup2; Problem 1: Even the VAIO envelope size is large
&sup2; Problem 2: Even VAIO 600g is heavy.
&sup2; Problem 2: VAIO and VAIO cable can be an antenna. (In fact, cable
The sensitivity seems to have improved after adding a "mo" toroidal core to the VAIO side (090408).
&sup2; Problem 3: When I put it on my waist to avoid antennaization, the connector was disconnected. was heavy,
It has become thick.
&sup2; Problem 4: Powered by rechargeable battery, 5 V via USBcable, but it seems to be weak.
(At first it syncs up nicely, but after 10 minutes it just "feels" like it's not)
&sup2; Problem 5: No liquid crystal screen is needed because the screen cannot be seen when turning while looking at the radiation diagram at the feet. &sup2; Problem 6: No HDD needed. No rotation required. Data transfer is complicated because a separate USB memory is required.
&sup2; Record: 090406 124800JST 10min
&sup2; Record: 090407 121800JST 10min
&sup2; Record: 090408 171500JST 10min
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2; EM-406 module, US Globalssat, embedded antenna and supercap for almanac retention,
sensitive to -159dBm, selectable NMEA
&sup2; Improvement: One year before GPS logger v2.4, Strawberry linux, or, spark fun Wed, 13 Aug
Bought at 2008 14:14:33 +0900
&sup2; Solution: Rewrite Firmware. For the last page Firmware of GPS Logger V2.4, email the source code and dir http://www.sparkfun.com/Code/
I got it after being told about it. Also necessary programming HW parts LPC Serial Port
Buy Boot Loader Interface sku: PGM-00714 from parkfun. write in
free software for LPC2000 Flash ISP Utility (NXP (Founded by Philips)), http:
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)215
//www.nxp.com/products/microcontrollers/support/software_download/
lpc2000/index.html, http://syslab.asablo.jp/blog/2009/03/05/4157496,
The LPC2000 Flash ISP Utility allows you to download programs to the on-chip
Downloaded Flash using the on-chip Flash boot loader of the NXP (Philips) LPC2000 devices. Or Flash Magic as a compatible successor including it
4.63 for win 2000/xp/vista (FlashMagic.exe) http://www.flashmagictool.com/,
http://www.keil.com/flash/utilities.asp
&sup2; Problem ZZ: Only collected from around midnight 244805 JST on 090408 to midnight 254013 JST, 52 minutes and 08 seconds later. Symptom that it does not work as intended as described in the config file (some changes in the config file are reflected). Constraints seem to work. config file
The problem is that it is not clear which line in GLOGCON.TXT is changed and what happens to the record.
Subject. It seems that it is not according to the manual
&sup2; Problem Z: It keeps recording. Record only the first 15 seconds and record the remaining 1.5 hours.
I didn't record it. Is it a firmware bug? So unreliable! It is different from SONY.
Is it fixed in EM408? There was some writing in the firmware, but EM408 too. child
Is it bad?
&sup2; Problem A: mode=0 is good, but (still only SNR once every 5 seconds), mode=1
It doesn't make sense at all. It's over with one output. The way umakuitta shines
There is only one output record. What's going on? Specifications for upcoming products
I have to pay attention to the book. The manual for this semi-finished product is unknown, so I'm in trouble. That's SONY
Unlike semi-finished products, it lacks reliability.
&sup2; Problem B: SNR only comes out once every 5 seconds! disappointing. whatever. Why don't you come out?
Or disassemble garmin. Or buy another. When I touched the config file, it was no longer redundant and decreased to once every 10 seconds. Do you want to put it back there?
&sup2; ■Improvement direction: Every second, SNR is output (gpGSV is output) and battery-powered logger GPS receiver
I want to know the signal http://bg66.soc.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/forestgps/nmea.html only
Even if you look at this,
&sup2; Others, such as the example output from Blue Logger GPS [single fix], gpSGV is
It's a gap, I wonder if that's what it is.
&sup2;"Now record NMEA-0183 formatted logs at 1 second intervals as expected."
increase. The recorded logs are GPGGA (Global Positioning System Fix Data),
GPGSA (GNSS DOP and Active Satellites), GPRMC (Recommended Minimum
Specific GNSS Data). These should have been saved every second
However, it seems that GPGSV (Satellites in View) is saved every 5 seconds."
http://cara-moe.at.webry.info/200812/article_6.html
&sup2; GPS54, "It is possible to specify transmission at specified time intervals for each type of sentence.
Alternatively, it is possible to stop continuous transmission and instruct transmission only once. ” http://www.madlabo.com/
mad/gid/research/gps/gps-54.htm Command example: "GPGGA Continuous output at 1 second intervals
＼$PSRF103,0,0,1,1*25 <CR><LF> Factory default is to output data as shown in the table.
Therefore, after the power is turned on, the sentence will be automatically sent after the initial message.
vinegar. Transmission interval sentence 1 second GPGGA, GPGSA, GPRMC 5 seconds GPGSV
&sup2; GPS receiver defined by the National Marine Electronics Association
Communication format for credit. Asynchronous communication using ASCII strings
&sup2; EverMore Technology GM-307, USB type, GPGSV every second seemed to appear. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/gps/nori/Unit/GM-307/GM-307.html
&sup2; There are two models, Wintec's WPL-1000 (black guy with LCD in the front of the photo) and Royaltek's RGM-3800 (white guy in the back of the photo). Among the "GPS loggers", there are
Therefore, it seems that some speed information cannot be saved, so select a model that can save speed.
did. The one with LCD (black one) can display the current speed. http://office.
fruttier.com/?p=log&l=106336
&sup2; http://www.pori2.net/enjoy/sports/gps.html, Wisdom, P2, Output format: NMEAV3.216 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
01 Standard: GPGGA (1time/1sec.), GPGSA (1time/5sec.), GPGSV (1time/5sec.),
GPRMC(1time/1sec.),GPVTG(1time/1sec). Option: GLL, or MTKNMEACommand.
"Immediate delivery" price reduction! 《Free shipping and delivery charges》《With LCD screen! GPS Data Logger》
M-241 GPS logger《0326outdoor》11,000 yen including tax and shipping
&sup2; It seems that GPGSV defaults to 5 seconds interval in NMEA. Even so, can't it be done every second? The only way to do this is to look at the NMEA specifications. The word command is
Is it a keyword?
&sup2; The keyword is NMEA command rate PSRF103
Found!!, See NMEA_commands.pdf on p7 out of p10, http://www.usglobalsat.com/downloads/NMEA_commands.pdf
&sup2; PSRF103 0 0 0 0 (turn off GGA)
&sup2; PSRF103 1 0 0 0 (turn off GLL)
&sup2; PSRF103 2 0 0 0 (turn off GSA)
&sup2; PSRF103 3 0 1 0 (GPGSV at 1 second intervals)
&sup2; PSRF103 4 0 1 0 (GPRMC at 1 second intervals)
&sup2; PSRF103 5 0 0 0 (VTG off)
&sup2; Note: NMEA input messages 100 to 105 are SiRF proprietary NMEA messages.The MSK NMEA string is as defined by the NMEA 0183standard.
///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/Local%20Settings/
Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.IE5/0DAJ0X2V/ ☆ Mobile GPS thread
Mod 5 ☆★%5B1%5D.htm, apparently SiRF's original (Proprietary
command) It looks like a command. cf: MTK NMEA proprietary command http://
api.ning.com/files/6rjQHm9GnYpkElsL5lMBRzmE-5PAnoow*Xxfj4a5pEfaoAgsmZEYUgB3-Ve*b2O9Wve-xbJn3DC*h6nh0l9apEUlYz8HcP9I/
MTKNMEAPROPRIETARYCOMMAND.pdf
&sup2; Improvement 1: Small size: 38.1 (W) x 44.5 (D) x 22.9 mm (H)

&sup2; Improvement 2: Lighter
&sup2; Improvement 2: Antennas can be avoided.
&sup2; Improvement 3: Even if you put it on your waist, there seems to be no problem such as disconnection of the connector.
&sup2; Improvement 4: Sufficient power can be obtained with 4 AA batteries. 4 AA batteries. 4V to 7V.&sup2; Improvement 5: No LCD screen required when rotating while viewing the radiation diagram at your feet.
&sup2; Improvement 6: FAT16 SD, lighter and smaller, does not rotate, and has improved fault tolerance. Easy transfer to data processing.
1GB possible. Usually 16MB. 1 second is 10 as 400 characters (400 bytes) doubled from 206 characters.
4KB in seconds 1 hour is 3600 seconds so 400B/s * 3600 s/h = 3600*400 B/h = 1440000
B/h = 1.44MB/B, 10 hours recording, 14.4MB/10h filled 16MB SD
. I want to format a larger 1GB SD with FAT16. what to do is this
Described below. 10 hours is 3600sec/h * 10h = 36000 sec, so write this to max
let's keep
&sup2; Improvement 7: SNR43 etc. can be recorded. Record all four with mode=0. RMC, GGA, GSA and GSV. I only need the beginning and the end.
&sup2; Record: 090408 225000JST 30min Put it next to Nakano's house to receive it. SNR of GSV
can you get (unobtainable so far)
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2; EM408 GPS receiver + LPC213x + Blutetoth-RN41 (newly bought this time and arrived
), High sensitivity SiRFIII chipset, 7.4 hours, 1000mA built-in lithium,
Works with SD cards up to 2GB,Weight: 5.2oz (148g), 106x72x28mm, 135mA,
free-running,6V-14V,-159dBm, Roving Networks RN-41 Bluetooth® Technology,
So, since it is a SiRF3 chipset, is it possible to change the GPGSV to output every second?
Na. With the PSRF103 command (above),
&sup2;
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)217
&sup2; PSRF103 3 0 1 0 (GPGSV at 1 second intervals) (repost)
&sup2; The keyword is NMEA command rate PSRF103 (reproduced)
&sup2; Found!!, See NMEA_commands.pdf on p7 out of p10, http://www.usglobalsat.com/downloads/NMEA_commands.pdf (repost)
&sup2; Sparkfun Electronics, GeoChron Data Sheet, July 2007, http://www.sparkfun.
com/datasheets/GPS/GeoChron_DS_rev1-1.pdf
&sup2; EM408 20channel GPS, Hot Start: 8s, Warm Start: 38s, Cold Start: 42s, 75mA
at 3.3V ,20gram weight ,Outputs NMEA 0183 and SiRF binary protocol ,Dimensions:35mm x 36mm , http://www.sparkfun.com/commerce/product_info.
php?products_id=8234
&sup2; USA Globalsat, http://www.usglobalsat.com/
&sup2;
That means.
&sup2; Firmware C language available here http://www.sparkfun.com/Code/
Geochron%20Blue.zip, GeoChron Blue - Field-hardened GPS Logger with
Bluetooth® sku: GPS-08823, sparkfun
&sup2; • NMEA format returns the position in degrees and minutes. The minute part is from 00.0000 to 59.9999
only return. Since Google Maps uses degrees, it is necessary to convert the minute portion to degrees.
There is a need. Example) 3545.7081,N (35 degrees 45.7081 minutes north latitude) → 35+(45.7081/60) =
35.76180167 degrees
&sup2; Sensitivity -159dBm, Cold Start 42 seconds average, Warm Start 38 seconds average,
Hot Start 8 second average
&sup2;
&sup2;
&sup2; EM408 specification
&sup2; ET-301 + patch antenna (buitin)
&sup2; 20-Channel Receiver
&sup2; Hot Start : 8s
&sup2; Warm Start : 38s
&sup2; Cold Start : 42s
&sup2; 75mA at 3.3V
&sup2; 20gram weight
&sup2; 5pin cable
&sup2; EM406 specification
&sup2; ET-301 + patch antenna (buitin)
&sup2; 20-Channel Receiver
&sup2; Hot Start : 8s
&sup2; Warm Start : 38s
&sup2; Cold Start : 42s
&sup2; 75mA at 3.3V
&sup2; 20gram weight
&sup2; 6-pin cable
Well, I don't know if it's a bug or what, so let's give up.
D). Query/Rate Control ID: 103 Query standard NMEA message and/or set
output rate
This command is used to control the output of standard NMEA message GGA,
GLL, GSA, GSV
218 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.12. NMEA rate control ID:103 NMEA message set output rate
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)219
Table. 4.1. Comparison of proposed methods and other methods
IPS5000+VAIO GPS Logger V2.4 GeoChron GeoChron-Blue
GPS
units
SONY IPS5000 SiRF EM406 US
Globalsat
SiRF EM408 US
Globalsat
SiRF EM408E US
Globalsat
Data
format
SONY81 NMEA NMEA NMEA
az,el 10 1 1 1
signal
strength
AZ S=N0 ex: 43 dB S=N0 ex: 43 dB S=N0 ex: 43 dB
output
rate
per sec per 5 sec (probably
can change with
PSRF103 command)
per 5 sec (probably
can change with
PSRF103 command)
per 5 sec (probably
can change with
PSRF103 command)
Channel 8 12 20 20
Voltage 6 6 7-12 7-12
Got
Firmware
no in query unkown I got from the Home
page
size
(mm)
70x70x25 38x45x23 70x100x30 70x100x30
weight 160g+600g+ cable50g～
800g
28.3g+23.5gx4～
140g
148g 148g
A1 dry
battry
weight
140g
x5 x1 x1 x1
config GLOGCON.txt GLOGCON.txt GLOGCON.txt
document e-help DataSheet
5/17/2007
DataSheet rv1.1 DataSheet rv1.1
A 130mA 158mA 158mA 158mA
circuits
figs
yes unknown yes yes
disp VAIO color UVGA
LCD
none (only run LED) none (only run LED) none (only run LED)
log HDD SD(1GB,FAT16) SD(2GB,FAT16) SD(2GB,FAT16)
RMC, VTG. Using this command message, standard NMEA message may be
polled once, or setup for periodic output.
or disabled depending on the needs of the receiving program.
message settings are saved in battery backed memory for each entry when the
message is accepted.
Format:
.. PSRF103, <msg>, <mode>, <rate>, <cksumEnable>*CKSUM <CR><LF>
<msg>
0=GGA, 1=GLL, 2=GSA, 3=GSV, 4=RMC, 5=VTG
<mode> 0=SetRate, 1=Query
<rate> Output every <rate> seconds, off=0, max=255
<cksumEnable> 0=disable checksum, 1=enable checksum
for specified message
220 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.13. EM406 and NMEA rate control ID:103 NMEA message set output rate [1]
http://www.usglobalsat.com/downloads/NMEA commands.pdf
GLOGCON.TXT
Mode = 1 ← If 0, record all 4 outputs, if 1, follow below
Log What = RMC ← 4 Which of the outputs is to be recorded? A single colon is unnecessary. If three
required. Short RMC;GSA;GSV However, GSV is recorded even if it is not written.
(every 5 seconds), so do not write. I was just wondering if I should write 3 for the second
Therefore, it is ideal to delete both, and in the end Log What=RMC is better
Time Between Logs = 00:00:00 ← Specified when performing intermittent logging. 0 means continuous logging. A maximum of 24 hours can be specified. The unit shuts down when you are sleeping
Low current of 2mA (usually 148mA).
Holdoff = 4 ← Parser ignores and does not record this number of random RMCs from the initial lock. Valid regardless of other settings (MODO=0
) (Consideration when the positioning value is not stable) Possible from 1 to 99. The default value of 5 is reasonable.
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)221
Fig. 4.14. NMEA rate control ID:103 NMEA message set output rate [1]
http://www.usglobalsat.com/downloads/NMEA commands.pdf
WAAS=1
Max Time to Lock = 300 ← (This is meaningless, but it's the time (seconds) to wait until locking
Huh? It means that if you don't lock for 5 minutes, you give up. too short. let's make it longer
mosquito. For 2 hours, 60*60*2=7200
GLOGCON.TXT
Mode = 0
Log What = RMC;GSV
Time Between Logs = 00:10:00
Holdoff = 5
WAAS = 0
Max Time to Lock = 300
222 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.15.EM408 pin
A certain person http://gpsuser.sakura.ne.jp/whatsnew/?cat=9
Settings for GPS Logger 2.4:
Edit the GLOGCON.txt file generated in the root of the SD card and change the RMC sentence every 4 seconds
set to record.
Like this…
Mode = 1 ← If 0, record all 4 outputs, if 1, follow below
Log What = RMC ← 4 Which of the outputs is to be recorded? A single colon is unnecessary. 3 ties
A colon is required. No mention of two occasions
Time Between Logs = 00:00:00 ← Specified when performing intermittent logging. 0 means continuous logging. A maximum of 24 hours can be specified. The unit shuts down when you are sleeping
Low current of 2mA (usually 148mA).
Holdoff = 4 ← Parser ignores and does not record this number of random RMCs from the initial lock. Valid regardless of other settings (MODO=0
) (Consideration when the positioning value is not stable) Possible from 1 to 99. The default value of 5 is reasonable.
4.1 Experiment in framework using GPS logger v2.4 (Sparkfun)223
WAAS=1
Max Time to Lock = 300 ← (This is meaningless, but it's the time (seconds) to wait until locking
Huh? It means that if you don't lock for 5 minutes, you give up. too short. let's make it longer
mosquito. For 2 hours, 60*60*2=7200
This week, I ran a 40-minute one-way commute in this logging environment. About 100KB of data is consumed every day
Well, it will take a long time to fill up 1GB.
If you give it a power supply, it will record NMEA sentences on the SD card.
You can also adjust the log interval by editing the configuration file generated in the SD card.
to come.
Also, since the source code of the firmware written in C is open to the public, customization is also possible.
It seems (probably not...)
＼url{http://www.sparkfun.com/Code/Geochron%20Blue.zip}
＼url{www.sparkfun.com/cgi-bin/phpbb/login.php , support@sparkfun.com , source code for the product price (＼$149.95) + EMS shipping fee (＼$27.00) total ＼$176.95. I paid with paypal,
When converted to Japanese yen, it is ¥ 19,789. You may have to pay more customs...
*By the way, Strawberry Linux sells it for ¥19,800.
It looks like it's better to buy over the counter. 2008/1/21 (Monday)
How to enjoy GEOCACHING
This site is a high-tech treasure hunt game using GPS units and the Internet.”
GEOCACHING”, as well as other GPS and map-related topics
I am dealing with Click here if you don't know what geocaching is
Please enter. http://etrexer.web.infoseek.co.jp/
What is GEOCACHING?
GEOCACHING is an epic hi-tech treasure hunt using GPS and the Internet that anyone can participate in.
It's a game.
The word GEOCACHING is a combination of GEO (meaning "earth") and CACHE (a hiding place).
It consists of the words store in, hide, store). And it's pronounced "geocaching"
vinegar.
Also, there are other names such as "GPS Stash Hunt", but it has become established to call it "GEOCACHING". The official site for this game is www.geocaching.com.
Thu, 14 Aug 2008 23:37:13 +0900
Isn't FAT there referring to FAT16? marked with allocation unit size issue
If formatted properly, you can only use up to 32MB.
You can explain by using format /? from the command prompt (>). (Start > Programs > Access
Also in sari)
/a: You can use up to 1GB if you add 16k to the size option, and up to 2GB if you add 32k.
?http://pcclub.pccqq.com/conte/fatfs.php?
224 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
?http://oshiete1.goo.ne.jp/qa2862057.html?
http://aol.okwave.jp/qa2997617.html
When formatting with FAT16/32,
There is an upper limit to the "number of clusters" used when managing disks,
FAT16 has a limit of 65,526 or less.
Therefore, the "allocation unit" size when formatting is
Since 32MB is the limit for the specified "/a:512",
For 128MB use "/a:2048" or "/a:4096",
If you specify "/a:8192" or "/a:16K" for 512MB,
I think you can format it.
See help with "format /?" for more information.
In addition, if you increase the "allocation unit size", you can save a file of only 1 byte
also uses the specified size, so if you want to save many small files
In such a case, the number of files that can be saved and the file capacity are estimated in comparison with the available capacity of the media.
A phenomenon called "cluster gap" occurs, which decreases unexpectedly.
"Google Search: Cluster Gap"
?http://www.google.co.jp/search?hl=ja&lr=lang_ja&ie=UTF-8&am...?
I want to format the SD card with FAT16
Questioner: I want to format kimsuna SD card as FAT16
Were 16MB SD cards made? 128MB and 512MB ones?
An error will occur as below.
Is it impossible?
format F: /fs:fat /a:512
Please insert a new disk into drive F:
Press Enter when ready...
File system type is FAT.
Checking 491MB
Specified cluster size is too small for FAT16/12.
Masato
For 16MB, /a:4096 is fine.
format e: /fs:fat /a:512
4.2 Stepping motor system 225
C:\>format e: /FS:fat /A:512
Please insert a new disk in drive E:
Press Enter when ready...
File system type is FAT.
Checking 15M bytes
Initializing File Allocation Table (FAT)...
Please enter a volume label.
(11 half-width characters, 5 full-width characters or less)
Otherwise press Enter:
Format is complete.
15,883,776 bytes: total disk space
15,883,776 bytes: available disk space
512 bytes: allocation unit size
31,023: Available Allocation Units
16-bit: FAT entry
Volume serial number is 64A5-0570
C:\>
4.2 Stepping motor system
&sup2; Stepping motor PK545AW, VEXTA, oriental motor
motor driver , oriental motor
&sup2; motor controller, 9200GT, oriental motor
&sup2; setting device OP200A, oriental motor
&sup2; motor control from laptop through FTDI, FTDI's USB controller, USB intocomport, FTDI chip driver 1.00.2176 user's manual (December 12, 2005),
http://www.ftdichip.com.
laptop thinkpop T42p
4.3 GPS antenna and receiver unit: SONY IPS5000
&sup2; SONY IPS-5000,
&sup2; consumption current 130 mA (typical)
&sup2; size 72.5x72.5x26mm ( W x D x H )
&sup2; weight 110g
226 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.16.IPS5000 [95]
4.3 GPS antenna and receiver unit: SONY IPS5000 227
Fig. 4.17. IPS5000 output data and its acquisition [95]
228 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
4.3.1 IPS 5000 physical features
4.3.2 IPS5000 output signal format
4.4 UART-USB conversion modules
&sup2; USB ⇔ serial conversion module [110]
&sup2; Most recent PCs have only a USB port and no serial (RS232C) port.
It's getting worse. Most desktop PCs are equipped with
It is more difficult to find what is attached to a notebook PC.
&sup2; RS232C is still alive and well in peripheral devices, especially microcomputer development devices. so small
We have developed a simple USB ⇔ RS232C conversion module.
&sup2; It is small and can be made compatible with USB by simply attaching it to the connector of an existing RS232C device.
is easy*. There is no need to redesign the board/circuit for USB compatibility.
I don't. It is also possible to manufacture USB compatible devices by including this module in the product.
is.
&sup2; Since the main parts are already soldered, the connector and terminals can be attached according to the customer's application.
You can use it just by (The photo is a production example.) Various OS drivers are also included.
Belongs (full set only)
&sup2; Speaking of RS232C, MAXIM's "MAX232";
⇔ serial conversion module
is.
&sup2; Data bit length = 7 bits is supported in CP2102 version. Other breaks
Signal transmission is also possible.
&sup2;
&sup2; Probably the world's smallest size for USB ⇔ RS232C conversion = about 25x30mm.
&sup2; FT8U232A(B)M from FTDI is famous as a USB ⇔ RS232C conversion chip, but there are many external parts that cannot be omitted or simplified, so these are chip parts.
Even if it is configured, the mounting area becomes large.
&sup2; Our company's USB ⇔ RS232C conversion is Cygnal (currently SILICON LABORATORIES
I am using the CP2101 from ). Cygnal's C8051 series
It is a company that develops microcomputers with heart. Developed an ultra-compact microcomputer of 3mm x 3mm
Doing.
&sup2;
It is convenient in case of emergency if you carry it with your notebook PC.
&sup2; Since this IC is not a QFP (no legs), it is difficult to mount by hand soldering.
vinegar. Therefore, we have prepared a pre-mounted board. This IC
Circuits that use the
Considering the cost, it is more economical to use this module.
&sup2; The manufacturer provided a Linux driver. For those who have already requested
Please download from here. [2004.05.14]
&sup2; microtechnica USB-MOD1
&sup2; microtechnica USB-MOD1C
&sup2; microtechnica USB-MOD3C
&sup2; microtechnica USB-MOD-mini
&sup2; USB-Serial Conversion Module, Cygnal, CP2102 (strawberry linux)
&sup2; USB-Serial Conversion Module, Cygnal, CP2102 (strawberry linux)
&sup2; USB-Serial Conversion Module, Silicon Laboratory[130], CP2103 (strawberry linux)
&sup2; FT232RL, USB-Serial Conversion Module (akitsuki)
4.4 UART-USB conversion module 229
Fig. 4.18. IPS5000 with Serial UART - USB interface module ([95]
&sup2; FT232RL, USB-Serial Conversion Module, USB mini-B jack (akitsuki)
Silicon Labs CP210x is a single-chip USB to UART bridge that converts data traffic
between USB and UART formats.
controller, bridge control logic and a UART interface with transmit/receive buffers
and modem handshake signals.
&sup2; USB 2.0 compliant, full-speed (12 Mbps)
&sup2; 1024 Bytes of EEPROM
&sup2; User-programmable custom Baud rates
Supports all modem interface signals
&sup2; Baud Rates: 300 bps to 1 Mbps
Industrial temp
&sup2; -40 to +85 °C
4.4.1 cp2102
Introducing the CP2102 series USB chips. USBRS232C designed with the same concept as FTDI
Although it is a conversion chip, the feature is that the chip is surprisingly small and there are few external parts, so
can also be incorporated into FTDI chips are all too commonly used as an odd use.
As a replacement for applications that require reliability because it has been overused and is beginning to interfere with other companies' drivers
Valid[148].http://www.ipishop.com/usbmain.html
230 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
&sup2; 5mm square small IC [110]
&sup2; Requires no external parts other than a capacitor! It is a true 1-chip USB serial conversion IC.
&sup2; It is a single item sale of USB serial conversion IC of Silicon Laboratory.
&sup2; MLP package without legs. For mass production, please mount by reflow. The prototype is
You can turn it upside down and solder it by hand. Master of soldering!?
&sup2; Oscillator and EEPROM are also built in the 5mm square chip.
&sup2; 28-pin MLP pad pitch 0.5mm
Silicon Labs CP210x driver install is as follows:
1. At first, the driver has to be installed to laptop computer.
in the installer (*.exe). When executed, the diriver is installed.
not mean taht the driver is integrated in the system directory. It means that the driver is just copied to /silabs/.... Windows system directory and registry is not
changed at all.
2. After that, When CP210x is inserted into USB jack, it is automatically recognized
by windows. When driver is requested, specify the folder where the driver is previously
installed.
3. Windows copies the driver at C:\silabs\... into C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\.. and
update the registry.
4. The installation of the driver is completed.
Its subdirectories are not unneccessary.
5. The installation of the driver is finished.
other USB port, it will be recognized.
4.4.2 FT232RL (FTDI Co. Ltd.)
FT232RL (FDTI Co. Ltd.) driver is available at http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/
VCP.htm. Here, VCP stands for “virtual COM Port”.
Using the FT232BM or FT245BM from FTDI in the UK will make the USB interface amazing.
It's easy. FTDI's catchphrase, "USB development ends in 10 minutes," is
You can feel that it is not exaggerated. For detailed information in Japanese, we recommend “January 2005
No. 2010 transistor technology”[109] is featured in FTDI. As a new product, ft232rl
and ft235rl [148].
&sup2;FTDI's 3rd Generation USB Serial Chip[110]
&sup2; 3rd generation USB serial conversion LSI developed by FTDI as a rival to CP210x. &sup2; SSOP28 pin that is easy to mount.
&sup2; Unlike conventional FTDI ICs, it has a built-in 12MHz oscillator and built-in EEPROM (parts cost and mounting area are economical)
&sup2; Equipped with a unique security function
&sup2; Equipped with 5 GPIOs in addition to the serial port, making it very conscious of the CP2103
It is
&sup2; Supports 1.8V to 5V logic (power supply is 3.3V to 5V)
&sup2; FTDI entered the industry earlier, so they have drivers for various OSes. Dora
Anyone can download Iba for free from the manufacturer.
&sup2; It can be used with a simpler circuit than the conventional FT232AM and FT232BM.
&sup2; Easy USB application product by attaching a USB connector to the SOP conversion board by reducing external parts
can be prototyped.
&sup2; Devices that did not work with CP210x are worth trying!
&sup2; Lead-free and RoHS compliant. Foot pitch 0.65mm
4.5 Electromagnetic wave abrosption material (for specific frequency band in far field) 231
Fig. 4.19. USB-Serial UART: CP2102, [113]
4.5 Electromagnetic wave abrosption material (for specific
frequency band in far field)
&sup2; TDK, IS-FB75 , 500mm x 500mm x 80mm, Center frequency 1.5GHz (courtecy of TDK Mr. Takizawa)
&sup2; TDK, IS-FB75 , 300mm x 300mm x 80mm, Center frequency 1.5GHz (courtecy of TDK Mr. Takizawa)
&sup2; TDK, ISFA24 (courtecy of TDK Mr. Takizawa)
&sup2; TDK, IRB015 (courtecy of TDK Mr. Takizawa)
&sup2; Kitagawa Industory, MG-05A-1.0 (courtecy of TDK Mr. Takizawa)
232 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.20. USB-Serial UART: CP2102, [113]
&sup2; Kitagawa Industry, MG-06A-1.0
&sup2; FDK, Furukawa Denko Kabushikigaisha, JB1, By mixing synthetic rubber and ferrite,
It exhibits excellent absorption characteristics in the quasi-microwave band (0.8 to 3.0 GHz). Composite material using rubber
Therefore, it is highly flexible and workable. Compared to conventional products, the thickness of the rubber plate is thinner, and the absorption performance is improved.
increased. JB1, center frequency 1.5GHz, over 20dB absorption range 1.37~1.65GHz, shape
100 × 100 × 7.2mm or 250 × 250 × 7.2mm [126]
&sup2; Electromagnetic wave absorber Famous companies: <FDK / Wave Laboratory / Daido Steel / Takechi / NEC
Tokin / AET / TDK / Kitagawa Industries / Riken Environmental Systems / Nisshinbo / Seiwa
Denki/Takeuchi Kogyo/Nitta/New Japan Radio Wave Absorber/Mitsubishi Gas Chemical/Nextem>[125]
4.5 Electromagnetic wave abrosption material (for specific frequency band in far field) 233
Fig. 4.21. CP210x Comparison Chart [130]
234 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.22. USB-Serial UART IC: FT232RL (Future Technology Devices International (FTDI) Co. Ltd.) [112]
4.6 Noise suppression sheet (measurements for GHz noise or coupling suppression in near field) 235
4.6 Noise suppression sheet (measurements for GHz noise or
coupling suppression in near field)
&sup2; TDK, IRJ09, 10MHz to 3GHz, 300mm × 200mm, (thickness (mm), weight(g))=(0.1,22),(0.2,
43), (0.3, 65), (0.4, 87), (0.5, 108) , magnetic permeabilit of 100 at 1 MHz [119]
&sup2; TDK, IFL10M, 10MHz to 3GHz, 300mm × 200mm, (thickness (mm),
weight(g))=(0.1,22),(0.2,43),(0.3,65),(0.4,87),(0.5,108) , magnetic permeabilit of
120 at 1MHz, (thickness (mm), weight(g))=(0.05mm, 9g), (0.1, 18) [119]
&sup2; NEC tokin, busteraid, FK2, 10MHz to 3GHz, 240mm x 240mm, (0.1mm, 0.2mm,
0.3mm, 0.5mm), specific gravity 3.1, magnetic permeabilit of 100 at 1MHz [120]
&sup2; Kitagawa Industry, noise absorption sheet [?]
4.7 Transparent visibility shield windows
seiwa, E09HT or E09R [122]
&sup2; seiwa, metal foil sheet E13CP, metal foil tape E13CA [122]
In this chapter, the first cut prototype is designed in order to evaluate the performance.
In this research, along with the policy that commodities easy to obtain should be taken
advantage of, not a few problems will be faced.
prototype creation is to identify those problems to be solved.
like L1 C/A GPS antenna and receiver, to solve the faced problems is one of the possible
ways to naturally lead to the good way to take advantage of an existing social technical
infrastructure, such as GPS standard positioning service which is often called the fifth
social infrastructure following water supply, electricity supply, railway transportation, and
telecommunications.
Several filed experiences and trials with the first prototype reveled, if the narrow beam
is set slantingly upward, not horizontal, the unexpected signal reception from the satellites
behind the prototype is significantly suppressed.
Figure 4.29 illustrates the dimensions of the aperture and GPS plain patch antenna
being used.
It is thought to mean the sensitivity for the ground is one of main causes the signal
reception from satellites behinds the prototype.
this phenomenon is not a serious problem at all in the context of the usual standard GPS
positioning service. Therefore, it makes sense to the face that this phenomenon has not
been discussed so far.
Although an important key orientation was obtained that a slanting upward narrowed
beam by absorption material is a key to create a substantial hemispherical beam, the unexpected
signal reception from the satellite behind the prototype is left in a rate.
to achieve the more complete deletion of unnecessary sensitivity, electro magnetic wave
shielding material is thought needed.
At this step, an electro-magnetic wave shielding fabric, such like fabrics made by “aramid
fiber multi-layercoated with Ag, Cu and Ni” and “'Polyester fiber” is one choice of the
use for the shield. It has been used as the curtain of theater ”Shiki” in order to protect
the control devices inside the stage from the malfunctioning by the radio waves from
audiences' cell phones.
With several reasons including the easiness to acquire and process in short time, aluminum
foil shielding is selected for more complete restriction of the sensitivity.
236 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.23. Absroption sheet (TDK IS-FB75 (magnetism material (ferrite) + synthetic rubber,
thin and flexible ), TDK IR-B015 (carbon + foam polyethylene, light weight
and nonflammable)[118] )
4.7 Transparent visibility shield window 237
Fig. 4.24. Absroption sheet (TDK IS-FB75 (magnetism material (ferrite) + synthetic rubber,
thin and flexible ), TDK IR-B015 (carbon + foam polyethylene, light weight
and nonflammable)[118] )
238 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.25. Absroption sheet (Kitagawa Ind., MG-06A-01[116] (magnetism material(ferrite) + synthetic rubber))
4.7 Transparent visibility shield window 239
Fig. 4.26. Noise suppression sheet with light weight and thin design (uni industry[129],
Carbon powder in Silicon resin)
240 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.27. TDK noise suppression sheet
4.7 Transparent visibility shield window 241
Fig. 4.28. Absroption sheet (FDK, JB1[126] (magnetism material(ferrite) + synthetic
rubber))
242 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
2.0
2.0
horizontal lines
vertical lines
6.0
6.0
6.0
2.55
60
6.0
3.45
length [cm]
angle [degree]
antenna
opening
Fig. 4.29.
experimental prototype
4.8 Conditions and parameters of prototype experiment 243
aluminum foil sandwiched by electromagnetic absorption sheet is created by the author
and found it is useful to prevent the unexpected signal reception especially from the
satellite behind the prototype.
Next step is to determine the adequate aperture size to achieve the elimination of unexpected
reception of the signal from the behind, in other words, to create a hemispherical
beam with the approximation of an economical L1 C/A GPS antenna and receiver as a
commodity.
The design of the shielding and aperture to eliminate the unexpected signal reception
from the behind is important.
time-consuming because the response was obtained when the aperture size was changed
on site within several minutes.
hemisphere and aluminum foil shielding itself might be significant.
science education as the GPS antenna is generally small and interesting to the students.
The size of the transparent hemisphere is a little bit large for the antenna.
because the size of hemisphere plastic material is easy to obtain.
With the viewpoint of the downsizing toward the better portability or wearability, the
next step is to re-create the shield more small volume such as a cuboid shape with keeping
the performance to eliminate the unexpected signal.
volume may cause unexpected coupling effect with antenna and the shield itself.
result, the adequate cuboid balance of shielding and/or deploying absorption material is
found as shown in Figure 4.30.
As a second phase of three performance evaluations in this thesis, a prototype is built
and its performance evaluation is carried out.
the GPS azimuth limitation prototype experiment are described.
4.8 Conditions and parameters of prototype experiments
The prototype experiment was carried out at a place where there are any major blocking
, the antenna site of the National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology.The experiment was carried out for continuous 25 hours from 20:00:00 JST
(Japan Standard Time) Thr 22 May 2008 to 21:00:00 JST Fri 23 May 2008. During this
period, it was a cloudy and breathing weather.
This experiment is carried out in order to make it clear how well the prototype device,
with L1 C/A GPS portable positioning units available today, works, especially from the
view point of ratios of right, wrong, no answers and the azimuth limitation width on its
correct answers.
The GPS azimuth limitation functional prototype is consists of a laptop computer (Lenovo ThinkPad T42p), electro-magnetic wave absorption material MG06A-0.5,
IPS5100G.
An L1 C/A GPS receiving unit, SONY IPS 5100G, is used. IPS5100G outputs parallel 8
satellites data per seconds, including 8 satellites' IDs, azimuths, elevation, received signal
strength and user position (latitude, longitude and height) and current GPS time.
Using an usual stepping motor with the minimum rotation angle of 0.72 degrees, the
prototype orientation rotates clockwise by the minimum rotation angle every 180 seconds.
During 25 hours, the 90,000 records for 90,000 seconds are sampled and logged.
record contains 8 satellites information, satellite signal reception state records as much as
720,000 are finally obtained in the prototype experiment framework.
The prototype outputs the azimuth limitation angle whenever it is obtained.
is processed later and the ratios of correct, wrong and no answers are calculated.
answer occurs in the case that either no satellite signal is acquired or azimuth limitation
244 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.30. Preliminary experiment of single unit configuration with shield and window
4.8 Conditions and parameters of prototype experiment 245
results from multiple satellite signals contradict each other.
&sup2; 5-phase stepping itself, PK545A or PK545AW
&sup2; VEXTA SG9200T-G, controller, DC24V 0.43A, 004AV15201, oriental motor co., LTD., made in Japan
&sup2; 5-PHASE Driver: model UDK5107NW2, 100-115V ～ 1.5A, 1φ50/60Hz,
OP4AD11203, oriental motor co. LTD, made in Japan
&sup2; FTDI virtual com port chip
The specifications of the stepping motor and its peripheral devices are as follows:
A stepping motor, PK545AW made by Oriental Motor Ltd., a controller, VEXTA
SG9200T-G, a five-phase driver, UDK5107NW2, an operational unit, op200A, VEXTA
are employed to rotate the orientation of the receiving unit.
A control software program was built to drive the stepping motor through the controller
and driver at the same time.
SONY IPS5100G outputs parallel 8 satellites data per seconds, including 8 satellites'
IDs, azimuths, elevations, received signal strengths and user position (latitude, longitude
and height) and current GPS time.
The receiving unit is designed shown as the Figure 4.33 and Figure 4.35 after a lot
experiences at preliminary experiments where the best method is sought as a prototype
system. The L1 C/A GPS receiving unit is set in a cuboid plastic redome.
itself is covered by a conductive sheet of copper foil.
absorption material sheet again.
patch antenna of the GPS receiving unit.
As commodity L1 C/A GPS receiver does not output the absolute value of the signal
strength, in order to reflect the threshold changing depending on the GPS satellite elevation,
it is necessary to calibrate the signal strength representation in the GPS receiver's
output to the absolute value such as -dBm or -dBw in the GPS control document [82].
4.8.1 Data analysis for performance evaluation on prototype experiments
As a result, the following thresholds setting is found to be effective to make the ratio of
wrong answer less than 1.0%.
&sup2; the satellites located between elevation angles of 5 and 65 degrees are used for the
calculation.
&sup2; the signal strength threshold are set at -125.0 dBm as the value of the signal strength
observed at the antenna.
Using these thresholds, based on the basic principle descried in Chapter 2, azimuth
limitation is carried out.
The correct answer ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of the trials in which the
true orientation is within the azimuth limitation range presented by the prototype system
to the number of all azimuth limitation trials.
The wrong answer ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of the trials in which the
true orientation is not within the azimuth limitation range presented by the prototype
system to the number of all azimuth limitation trials.
The no answer ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of the trials in which no
azimuth limitation range is presented by the prototype system to the number of all azimuth
limitation trials.
At first, all the satellite signal reception records of 720,000 are analyzed in an assumption
that those can be used for single unit configuration.
no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio) is sought in this assumption.
246 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
35.86%, 0.03%) is obtained.
any misleading for the user, the next interesting point should be the ration of correct
answers to the sum of correct and wrong answers.
than 99.95%. With this high reliability ratio, azimuth limitation width expectation value
is 161.43 degree.
Secondly, all the satellite signal reception records of 720,000 are analyzed in an assumption
that those can be used for parallel back-to-back unit configuration, with combining the
data obtained from the opposite directions each other.
no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio) is sought in this assumption.
5.69%, 0.06%) is obtained.
of (correct answer ration of more than 90.00%, no answer ratio of less than 10.00%, wrong
answer ratio of less than 0.10%) which is supposed for the real use.
of correct answers to the sum of correct and wrong answers, which is also important not
to induce any misleading for the user, it is notable that the value is more than 99.93% in
this configuration also. With this high reliability, azimuth limitation width expectation
value of this parallel back-to-back configuration is 147.03 degree.
In the same way, performance analysis from triangle unit configuration to octagonal
unit configuration, simple improvement trend is observed along with our expectations.
For example, the octagonal configuration's (correct answer ratio, no answer ratio, wrong
answer ratio) is obtained as (99.74%, 0.00%, 0.25%) . Regarding the ratio of correct
answers to the sum of correct and wrong answers, which is also important not to induce
any misleading for the user, it is notable that the value is more than 99.75% in this
configuration also. With this high reliability, azimuth limitation width expectation value
of this parallel back-to-back configuration is 92.04 degrees.
Characteristic curves are drawn in a graph on the relationship between the number
of units, correct answer ratio, no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio, the ratio of (correct
answers / ( correct + wrong answers) ).
between the high reliability and azimuth limitation width expectation value.
characteristic curves is to is effectively employed to solve trade-offs in design choice to
built a system using the proposed method.
Fig 4.32 indicates the dimensions of the GPS antenna and receiver unit being used.
Aperture restricts the beam to the orientation toward middle elevations.
Aiming for real use, the situation where correct answer ratio is more than 90% , wrong
answer ratio is less than 0.1% and no answer ratio is less than 10% is one of good
combinations for a feasible solution.
After a scrutiny, there was found in its single unit configuration, When the threshold
for signal strength is set -125 dBm, and threshold for elevation angle is set 66 degrees,
wrong answer ratio is as small as 0.0022%, no answer ratio is 46.66% right answer ratio
is 50.34% and its average azimuth limitation width is 164.90 degrees.
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system
When parallel back-to-back configuration is supposed to be composed by this unit,
under the same threshold for signal strength is set -125 dBm, and threshold for elevation
angle is set 66 degrees, wrong answer ratio is as small as 0.0044 %, no answer ratio is
14.56% right answer ratio is 85.43% and its average azimuth limitation width is 157.86
degrees.
When triangle configuration is supposed to be composed by this unit, under the same
thresholds conditions, wrong answer ratio is as small as 0.0100 %, no answer ratio is
11.15% right answer ratio is 88.84% and its average azimuth limitation width is 143.94
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 247
Fig. 4.31. GPS receiving unit with copper foil
248 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.32. Dimensions of GPS receiving unit for prototype
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 249
Fig. 4.33. Dimensions of prototype GPS receiving unit: face
250 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
2.0
20.0
30.9
26.0
1.0
2.0 20.0 2.0
Fig. 4.34. Dimensions of prototype GPS receiving unit: side
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 251
Fig. 4.35. Dimensions of prototype GPS receiving unit with back configuration
252 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.36. Elements of experimental system: Stepping motor driver, survo motor controller,
parameter set device and laptop computer as host controller (modified
from [106])
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 253
Fig. 4.37.FTDI virtual comport board
254 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.38. Stepping motor PK545-AW (5-phase) wiring diagram
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 255
Fig. 4.39.Stepping motor controller [106]
256 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.40.Stepping motor controller [107]
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 257
Fig. 4.41. Stepping motor controller [107]
258 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.42. Block diagram for prototype system
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 259
Fig. 4.43.
260 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.44. Prototype system for performance evaluation of proposed method
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 261
Fig. 4.45.
262 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.46. Experiment building (with the slant of 7.5 debvbvggree East)
degrees.
It is impressive to have the wrong answer ratio which is suppressed as small as 0.01%
or the less from single unit configuration through parallel back-to-back unit configuration
to triangle unit configuration.
When square configuration is supposed to be composed by this unit, under the same
threshold conditions, wrong answer ratio is as small as 0.0133%, no answer ratio is 2.57%
right answer ratio is 97.42% and its average azimuth limitation width is 134.33 degrees.
Up to square unit configuration, there is found no answer ration of more than 2%.
On the contrary, from pentagon unit configuration, no substantially answer is negligible
because of it becomes about 0.3%.
orders of 0.03%.
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 263
Fig. 4.47. an example of electro-magnetic wave shielding fabric
Even at the 14 unit configuration, the wrong answer ratio is still as small as 0.031%
and its impressive performance provides a promising perspective for the real usage of this
azimuth information acquisition method and principle.
usage, further discussion on these values are planned.
264 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Table. 4.2. Result of performance analysis of prototype system experiment (with signal
Strength threshold of -125.0dBm and satellite elevation range from 5 degrees
to 65 degrees)
Number of
the sides
of regular
polygons
Ratio of
no answers
to the
whole (%)
Ratio of
correct answers
to the
whole (%)
Ratio of
wrong answers
to the
whole (%)
Average
of azimuth
limitation
width (deg)
Ratio of (
correct / (
correct +
wrong )) (%)
1 35.8636 64.1041 0.0322 161.4299 99.950
2 5.6997 94.2358 0.0644 147.0284 99.932
3 3.4164 96.4869 0.0967 129.1402 99.900
4 1.0799 98.7868 0.1333 115.2112 99.865
5 0.0167 99.8167 0.1666 103.0531 99.833
6 0.0000 99.7800 0.2200 97.8208 99.780
7 0.0000 99.7356 0.2644 95.3493 99.736
8 0.0000 99.7512 0.2488 92.0425 99.751
9 0.0000 99.6901 0.3099 84.7626 99.690
10 0.0111 99.6778 0.3110 81.1847 99.689
11 0.0122 99.5235 0.4643 79.1979 99.536
12 0.0000 99.5468 0.4532 78.0699 99.547
13 0.0144 99.5957 0.3899 76.5236 99.610
14 0.0155 99.4713 0.5131 75.4163 99.487
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system 265
Fig. 4.48. Probability of categories of answers obtained from prototype system experiment
(with signal strength threshold of -125.0dBm and elevation range from 5
degrees to 65 degrees: rIH)
266 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
Fig. 4.49. Scalability effect of azimuth limitation width on correct answers from prototype
system experiment (with signal strength threshold of -125.0dBm and the
elevation range from 5 degrees to 65 degrees)
4.9 Result of performance evaluation of prototype system267
Fig. 4.50. Additional result of performance analysis of prototype system experiment (with
signal strength threshold of -120.0dBm and satellite elevation range from 5
degrees to 75 degrees: rJI)
268 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
4.10 software
&sup2; log captuer1: realterm version 2.0.0.57 [115] for Windows XP
&sup2; log captuer2: hyperterminal for Windows XP or Vista
&sup2; “rotation program of stepping motor” developed using Power Basic Compiler Version
3.5, Power Basic Inc.
&sup2; “analysis program of captured log” developed using Power Basic Compiler Version
3.5, Power Basic Inc.
4.11 software: rotation.bas
“The rotation program of stepping motor” rotate 0.72 degrees per 180 seconds.
basic is selected just because of its easiness of the implementation to handle com port and
The skeleton of “the rotation program of stepping motor” is as follows:
12
---b7.bas----
3 CLS
4 COLOR 7, 0' white and black
5 OPEN "COM1:115200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
6 OPEN "rotate.dat" FOR BINARY AS #2
7 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY to terminate the program..."
8 WHILE NOT INSTAT
9
10 PRINT#1, "1"'(1)PRINT#(2)WRITE# (3)PUT$ for ComPort
11
12 BEEP
13 DELAY 1
14
15 PRINT#1, "0"'The combination of 1 and 0 is the trigger for a rotation
16
17 PUT$ #2, TIME$
18 PUT$ #2, ", "
19 PRINT TIME$
20 BEEPs
21' DELAY 3.7
22 DELAY 178.7
23 WEND
24 END
Another rotation program and its result is as follows: (based on the p.186, PowerBasic
Reference Guide)
one two three
OPEN "COM1:115200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
4 OPEN "rotate.dat" FOR BINARY AS #2
5 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY to terminate the protgram..."
67
ON TIMER(2) GOSUB TimerSub
8 TIMER ON
9 WHILE NOT INSTAT: WEND
4.11 software: rotation.bas 269
Fig. 4.51. Additional probability of categories of answers obtained from prototype system
experiment (with signal strength threshold of -120.0dBm and elevation range
from 5 degrees to 75 degrees: rJI)
270 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
10 END
11
12 Timer Sub:
13 PRINT#1, "1"'(1)PRINT#(2)WRITE# (3)PUT$ for ComPort
14 BEEP
15' DELAY 1
16 PRINT#1, "0"'The combination of 1 and 0 is the trigger for a rotation
17 PUT$ #2, TIME$
18 PUT$ #2, ", "
19 PRINT TIME$
20 BEEPs
21' DELAY 3.7
22' DELAY 178.7
23 RETURN
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas
azl93.c extracts 1-sheet type data from 90,000 data measured on the rooftop for 25 hours and forms n(1-14) polygons instantaneously.
We then calculated the correct/no answer/wrong answer rate and the average of the correct answer limits. 12
DEFINT A-Z
3 DEFDBL L
4 DIM satcom1$(10) ' Index 10 is overreserved for 8 satellites
5' DIM satcom2$(20)
6 DIM satarea(10) ' index 10 is overreserved for 8 satellites
7 DIM az(10) ' index 10 is over reserved for 8 satellites
8 DIM el(10) ' index 10 is over reserved for 8 satellites
9 'DIM listing(10)
Ten
11 nodraw = 1 if 'skip.
12 'nodraw = 0 'Drawing without skipping
13 'gomi wo kesutame
14 'pre_az(1)=0
15 'pre_el(1)=0
16 'alphabet$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
17 'Parameter1=1' When the bivalve's angle parallel back direction is assumed to be 0 degree. If '60, airspace 1 would be 18 0-120, airspace M=120-180, airspace 2=180-300.
19 'Color_Black=0
20 'Color_Magenta=5
21 'Color_White=7
22 'Color_LightCyan=11
23 'Color_Yellow=14
24 'Color_LightRed=12
25 'Color_BWhite=15
26 'ON ERROR GOTO Rrr
27 'ON KEY(2) GOSUB chth decrement
28 'ON KEY(3) GOSUB Chth increment
29 ' Even when it's running out of control, for some reason it ends properly with ESC+F7.
30 'KEY(2) ON
31 'KEY(3) ON
32 'gosub CLS_screen
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas271
33' Speed = 9600
34 Quit$ = CHR$(&H1B) ''''''1B seems to be Esc key
35
36 if nodraw=0 then
37 SCREEN 12 '1=cga, 12=vga (640x480)(16col)(80x30text) PG p243 ■ This line is large
38 Thing! I can't think of a screen 12! ! color with text
39 (color statement) ref.pdf Required for sample programs on P74 and P84.
40'
41 end if
42
43 if no draw then
44 $event off 'Speed up without accepting any key input such as function key or ctrl-c
45 end if
46
47
48
49 '=================arg input ==========================
50 ant_side$ ="L"
51 threshold $ ="I"
52 hi_el_th$ ="H"
53 num_polygon = 4 ' The default is a square IH, but two digits can be changed by an argument.
54
55 IF (COMMAND$ <>"" ) THEN
56 ant_side$ = mid$(command$, 1, 1)
57 threshold$ = mid$( command$, 3, 1 )
58 hi_el_th$ = mid$( command$, 5, 1 )
59 num_polygon = VAL( mid$( command$, 7) ) 'If you omit the third argument in MID$,
From 60 it will be the whole back side. P182 ref.pdf
61 'azl93 LIH 8 (left antenna (com2) octagonal signal strength threshold I high elevation threshold H)
62 command$ contains "L 8 IH"
63 'VAL(LEFT$(COMMAND$, 1))
64
65 END IF
66 '=================arg input ==========================
67
68
69 '================file open and skip =================
70
71 open "azl93.txt" for APPEND as #20
72
73
74 if(ant_side$="L") then ' Which is the actual machine acquisition file to use? left (1) or right (0)
75 antennas only.
76 ips$ ="rtcom2tm.ips"' Left antenna when facing north
77 PCNAVcard + SONY IPS5100G + conductive Ni particle adhesive backed copper foil) log file
78 angle_offset% = 0
79 elseif (ant_side$="R") then
80 ips$ ="rtcom3tm.ips"' Right side antenna when facing north
81 PACYCNV10 + SONY IPS5100G + conductive Ni particle adhesive backed copper foil) log file
82 angle_offset% = 180
83 else
272 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
84 beep 'need debug
85 end if
86 'num_polygon=3 ' Triangular this time
87 write #20, ant_side$, threshold$, hi_el_th$, num_polygon, angle_offset%
88
89 '================file open and skip =================
90
91 ' Make sure which one comes first, and if necessary, replace the # numbers in the following two lines. 92 open ips$ FOR INPUT AS #1 'com1 Skip if triangle (500 angle*180
93 lines)*0*/Triangle=0 lines are skipped. rtcom2tm.ips seems to be on the left.
94
95 if (num_polygon=1) then
96 goto breakpoint 1
97 end if
98
99
100 for i = 2 to num_polygon
101 open ips$ FOR INPUT AS #(i)
102 skiplines&& = (500*180* (i-1) / num_polygon )
103 write #20, skiplines&&
104 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
105 LINE INPUT #(i), com1input$
106 NEXT largenum&&
107 write #20 , com1input$
108 next i
109
110 '================file open and skip =================
111
112
113
114
115 '=================Loop until end of file or input
116 ==========================
117 ' Always use com1input$ for program reuse. Either com2 or com3.
118 NULLs=999 ' Symbols without information that can be used for the first and last terms
119
120 sector_start_in2= NULLs '2 is none
121 sector_end_in2 =NULLs '2 is none
122
123 loop_num &&= (-1)
124 write #20, loop_num&&
125 WHILE NOT (INSTAT) 'DO
126 i% = num_polygon
127 while( i % > 0)
128 if( EOF(i%) )then ' EOF must be checked individually for each file. 129 goto while loop escape
130 end if
131 DECR i%
132 wends
133
134 INCR loop_num&&' forgot this increment first
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas273
135 com_num = loop_num && MOD num_polygon
136
137 if com_num = 0 then ' At increment timing
138 so it is like this.
139 LINE INPUT #1, com1input$
140 sector_start_in2= NULLs ' Cover 2 is the old product result
141 sector_end_in2= NULLs ' Cover 2 is the old product result
142 sector_start_in3 =NULLs ' Cover 3 is a new product result
143 sector_end_in3 = NULLs ' Cover 3 is a new product result
144 else if com_num=1 then
145 LINE INPUT #2, com1input$
146 else if com_num=2 then
147 LINE INPUT #3, com1input$
148 else if com_num=3 then
149 LINE INPUT #4, com1input$
150 else if com_num=4 then
151 LINE INPUT #5, com1input$
152 else if com_num=5 then
153 LINE INPUT #6, com1input$
154 else if com_num=6 then
155 LINE INPUT #7, com1input$
156 elseif com_num=7 then ' After this line was added to 20080610 yesterday.
157 It wasn't there, so it was a bug. The results of yesterday 20080610 (8-12 units) should be revised.
158 kida.
159 LINE INPUT #8, com1input$
160 else if com_num=8 then
161 LINE INPUT #9, com1input$
162 else if com_num=9 then
163 LINE INPUT #10, com1input$
164 else if com_num=10 then
165 LINE INPUT #11, com1input$
166 else if com_num=11 then
167 LINE INPUT #12, com1input$
168 elseif com_num=12 then ' add
169 LINE INPUT #13, com1input$
170 else if com_num=13 then
171 LINE INPUT #14, com1input$
172 else if com_num=14 then
173 LINE INPUT #15, com1input$
174 else if com_num=15 then
175 LINE INPUT #16, com1input$
176 else
177 'debug
178 end if
179
180 tmp1$ = RIGHT$(com1input$, 108)
181
182 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
183 ' About one port com2check and out &H0D &H0A This is
184 end
185 'com1 check and out &H0D, &H0A
274 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
186 IF (LEFT$(tmp1$, 6) = "SONY81" ) and (LEN(tmp1$)=108 ) THEN
187 if no draw then
188 'nothing to do
189 else
190 LOCATE 1,1
191 print tmp1$
192 end if
193 ips1$=tmp1$
194
195 i1& = i1& + 1 '& seems to indicate a long integer. P71, CLNG, ref.pdf
196
197 ips1$ = ips1$ + com1input$
198 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
199 FOR j = 1 TO 8 'simply input
200 satcom1$(j)=MID$(ips1$, 64 + 5 * (j - 1), 5)
201 NEXT j
202 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
203 FOR j = 1 TO 8 ' Sort by approximate azimuth (alphabetical AZ az)
204 FOR k = j+1 to 8
205 if MID$(satcom1$(j),3,1)> MID$(satcom1$(k),3,1) then
206 tmpch1$=satcom1$(k)
207 satcom1$(k)=satcom1$(j)
208 satcom1$(j)=tmpch1$
209 else
210 'nothing to do
211 end if
212 next k
213 NEXT j
214 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
215 FOR j = 1 TO 8-1 ' Sort by approximate azimuth (if az, reverse, za)
216 if MID$(satcom1$(j),3,1) <"a" then ' if AR
217 'nothing todo
218 else
219 for k= 0 to INT(((8-j)/2)-0.1) ' reverse order after (j)
220 tmpch1$=satcom1$(j+k)
221 satcom1$(j+k)= satcom1$(8-k)
222 satcom1$(8-k)= tmpch1$
223 next k
224 goto 20
225 end if
226 NEXT j
227 20 'thi line is also important
228 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
229 ' I realized that the following azimuth alignment would be fine. Belated.
230 080524, p51, ref.pdf
231 ' Azimuth order A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,r,q,p,o,n ,m,l,k,j,i,h,g,f,e,d,c,b,a
232 ' Azimuth order ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRrqponmlkjihgfedcba
233 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
234
235 'ips1$ = ""'Clear IPS format vault
236 ELSE
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 275
237 'ips1$ = ips1$ + com1input$ 'Store new IPS format
238 END IF
239
240 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
241
242 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
243 '''' □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ 244 FOR j = 1 TO 8 ' + num_of_com1only_sat %'(1) threshold(2) signal strength comparison (between each information from two ports)
246
247 satarea(j)=0 ' Determine satellite area
248
249 ' Below, presence judgment in both cover areas (core part)
250 '' Case to judge by signal strength instead of state. The threshold is set to threshold.
251 if (mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) >= threshold$) then
252 satarea(j)=1 ' Determined to exist in region 1
253 end if
254
255 ' Regardless of the above! High elevation angles are excluded from region judgment. Disable the region judgment result.
256 high elevation
257 if (mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1)) >= hi_el_th$ then
258 ' High elevation angle of 80 degrees or more, "H=70 degrees (66 degrees-75 degrees) I"=80 degrees (76-85 degrees), "J"=90 degrees
259 (86-90 degrees)
260 satarea(j)=0
261 ' Make it the same as not judging the region. It's a waste. This time, the verticality of the shielding material was skillfully
262 Because I couldn't keep it. If G is used as a threshold, this is the only way. Conversely, the threshold value is about J
If you go to 263, you can make this looser.
264 end if
265
266 next j
267 '''' or more, area judgment completed
268
269
270 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
271 FOR j = 1 TO 8 '+ num_of_com1only_sat% ' Presentation of region determination results (etc.)
272 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
273 Present elevation angle numerically
274 el(j)=10 * (ASC(mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ) - ASC("A") )
275 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''az numeric disp
276 if ASC(mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1)) <ASC("a") then 'az if AR
277 az(j)= 10 * (ASC(mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1)) - ASC("A") )
278 else 'az if ra
279 az(j)=360 -10*(ASC(mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1)) - ASC("a")+1 )
280 end if
281 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
282 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
283 NEXT j
284 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
285
286
287
276 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
288
289 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
290 creation
291 acqrd_sat_in1=0 ' Number of acquired satellites in coverage area 1
292 FOR j = 1 TO 8 ' + num_of_com1only_sat% ' display satarea
293 if satarea(j)=1 then
294 acqrd_sat_in1=acqrd_sat_in1 + 1 ' Number of acquired satellites in coverage area 1
295 az_in1(acqrd_sat_in1)=az(j) ' az information of captured satellite in coverage area 1 (sequence)
296 end if
297 NEXT j
298
299
300
301
302
303 '''''''''''''''''''' Sets the first and last terms of the satellite azimuth sequence
304 ' On that occasion
305 ' Within the coverage area, there should be only one interval separated by 180 degrees or more,
After 306 is the first term.
307 ' If there are 0 items between them, it's a problem, so let me know. (There can be 0 spaces between 3 or more satellites.)
308 only)
309 'NULLs=999 ' A symbol without information that can be used for the first and last terms has already been defined immediately before the start of the loop.
310 so it's unnecessary.
311
312 About the ''''''MOD operator
313 'There is no %(modulo) operator, so we create it. A->B. A%B=AB*INT(A/B), oh yes.
314 9 MOD 10=9
315
316
317
318
319 '''''''''' Check the space between satellites in coverage area 1 and determine the first and last terms of the satellite azimuth angle sequence in coverage area 1.
320 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
321 start_in1 =NULLs ' put this in first
322 end_in1 =NULLs ' Put this in first
323 number_of_ma =0 number between '(over 180 degrees)
324 start_of_ma = first of the two satellites that make up Nulls 'ma
325
326 if(acqrd_sat_in1 =1 ) then ' If only one satellite was acquired in coverage area 1
327 start_in1 = az_in1(1)
328 end_in1 = az_in1(1)
329 end if
330
331 if(acqrd_sat_in1 =2 ) then ' If only 2 satellites were acquired in coverage area 1
332 ' Angles should be adjacent
333 ' Angle between two angularly adjacent satellites > 180 then first=star_in1 after=end_in1
334 if ((az_in1(2)+360 -az_in1(1)) MOD 360 ) > 180 then
335 start_in1 = az_in1(2)
336 end_in1 = az_in1(1)
337 else
338 start_in1 = az_in1(1)
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 277
339 end_in1 = az_in1(2)
340 end if
341 end if
342
343 if(acqrd_sat_in1 >=3 ) then ' If 3 or more satellites are captured in coverage area 1
344 ' Within the coverage area, there should be only one interval separated by 180 degrees or more,
After 345 is the first term.
346 ' If there are 0 items between them, it's a problem, so let me know. (There can be 0 spaces between 3 or more satellites.)
347 only)
348 ' If there is one in between, then first=star_in1 after=end_in1
349 for j=1 to (acqrd_sat_in1 - 1)
350 if ( (az_in1(j+1)+360 -az_in1(j)) MOD 360 ) > 180 then
351 number_of_ma = number_of_ma + 1
352 start_in1 = az_in1(j+1)
353 end_in1 = az_in1(j)
354 end if
355 next j
356 ' calculate separately only at the end
357 if ( (az_in1(1)+360 -az_in1(acqrd_sat_in1)) MOD 360 ) > 180 then
358 number_of_ma = number_of_ma + 1
359 start_in1 = az_in1(1)
360 end_in1 = az_in1(acqrd_sat_in1)
361 end if
362 ' If there are 2 or more gaps after checking the entire circumference, the information set in the first and last terms
363 Clear
364 ' No useful information, set it back.
365 if number_of_ma >= 2 then
366 start_in1 = NULLs
367 end_in1 =NULLs
368 end if
369 end if
370 '''''''''''''' Check the space between satellites in coverage area 1, and find the first and last terms of the satellite azimuth sequence within coverage area 1.
371 decided
372
373
374
375 '''''' Simple satellite first term final term representation of coverage 1 (top left) is (unless NULLs!!
376 with the condition (Caution 1))
377 '''''' Convert to the "limited range of measurement direction" derived from coverage area 1 (it's easy to forget this conversion!!
378 2)
379 sector_start_in1= end_in1 ' This is simple, but
380
381 'sector_end_in1 = (start_in1 +180 ) MOD 360 as simple as (NULLs value
382 If you enter, it will change, so it is useless
383 if (start_in1 = NULLs) then
384 sector_end_in1 = NULLs
385 else
386 sector_end_in1 = (start_in1 +180 ) MOD 360
387 end if
388
389
278 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
390 '============================= Triangle (Polygon) Shift ============ ===
391 if ( sector_end_in1 = NULLs) then
392 sector_end_in1 = NULLs
393 else
394 sector_end_in1 = (sector_end_in1 - (360*com_num/num_polygon) + 360) MOD 360395 end if
396
397 if ( sector_start_in1 = NULLs) then
398 sector_start_in1 = NULLs
399 else
400 sector_start_in1 = (sector_start_in1 - (360*com_num/num_polygon) +360) MOD 360
401 end if
402 '============================= Triangle (Polygon) Shift ============ ===
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414 ' Combine coverage 1 (newly obtained azimuth constraint) and coverage 2 (previous product storage) constraint results.
415 Calculate (Put the result in Coverage 3)
416 sector_start_in3 =NULLs ' put this in first
417 sector_end_in3 =NULLs ' put this in first
418 cross_part_found = NULLs ' If there was no intersection at all, return 419 no intersection.
420
421
422 if ((sector_start_in1 = NULLs) and (sector_start_in2 = NULLs)) then
423 '(Case 0) If neither coverage 1 nor coverage 2 had normal azimuth constraints, no product result.
424
425 sector_start_in3 =NULLs
426 sector_end_in3 =NULLs
427 elseif ((sector_start_in1 < NULLs ) and (sector_start_in2 = NULLs)) then
428 ' (Case 1) If coverage 1 has normal azimuth constraints but coverage 2 does not,
429 Fruit is the result.
430 sector_start_in3 = sector_start_in1
431 sector_end_in3 = sector_end_in1
432 elseif ((sector_start_in1 = NULLs) and (sector_start_in2 < NULLs)) then
433 '(Case 2) If coverage 1 does not have a normal azimuth limitation, but coverage 2 does, the results for coverage 2
434 is the product result.
435 sector_start_in3 = sector_start_in2
436 sector_end_in3 = sector_end_in2
437 elseif ((sector_start_in1 < NULLs ) and (sector_start_in2 < NULLs)) then
438 ' (Case 3), if both coverage 1 and 2 have normal azimuth constraints, there is a valid product
439 and sometimes there is no valid product
440 ' Even if there is a product, it is also possible that cover 1 encompasses a little or all of cover 2 (and that
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 279
441 Apart from this, there is a case where cover 2 includes cover 1, so separate consideration is necessary. )
442 '(clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in1 to sector_end_in1
443 distance) >= (clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in1 to sector_start_in2) then
444
445 'in1 sector_start_in 2 is in the azimuth limited sector. (so sector_start_in3
Substitute values of 446 for sector_start_in1 through sector_start_in2).
447 part_of_2_was_found_in_1 = NULLs ' If there was no intersection at all 448
449 sector_start_in3 =sector_start_in1 ' put this in first
450 sector_end_in3 =sector_end_in1 ' put this in first
451 if (((sector_end_in1 + 360) - sector_start_in1 ) MOD 360) >= (((sector_start_in2 + 360) 452 sector_start_in3 = sector_start_in2
453 part_of_2_was_found_in_1 =1
454 end if
455 '(clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in1 to sector_end_in1
456 away) >= (clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in1 to sector_end_in 2) then
457
458 'in1 sector_end_in 2 is in the azimuth limited sector. (so sector_end_in3
459 values for sector_start_in1 to sector_start_in2).
460 if (((sector_end_in1 + 360) - sector_start_in1 ) MOD 360 ) > (((sector_end_in2 + 360) - sector_start_in1 461 sector_end_in3 = sector_end_in2
462 part_of_2_was_found_in_1 =1
463 end if
464 ' This is not complete. In the above examination, there is no fragment or whole of 2 in 1.
465 there are two possibilities.
466 ' In other words, either (a) cover 2 completely encompasses cover 1 or (b) there is no product
There are 467. We will consider it.
468 '(a) (clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in 2 to sector_end_in 2
469 distance)>(clockwise angular distance from sector_start_in 2 to sector_start_in 1) then
470
471 ' Including the consideration in the previous section, sector_start_in 1 is completely included in the azimuth limited sector of in 2.
472 The logical conclusion is that
473 if (part_of_2_was_found_in_1 = NULLs) then
474 if (((sector_end_in2 + 360) - sector_start_in2 ) MOD 360) >= (((sector_start_in1 + 360) 475 sector_start_in3 = sector_start_in1 '(a) sector 2 completely encompasses sector 1
476 if
477 sector_end_in3 = sector_end_in1
478 else
479 sector_start_in3 = NULLs '(b) If there is no product
480 sector_end_in3 = NULLs
481 end if
482 end if
483 end if
484
485
486
487 ' □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
488 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' relationship is over 489
490 ' Just for the 3rd time (com_num=2) of the triangle, etc., every time, if it's the last, it's a cover for the next time (com_num=0).
491 2 should be NULLs.
280 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
492 if (com_num = (num_polygon-1) ) then ' 2 rather than
493 if (com_num = (num_polygon -1)) then.
494 sector_start_in2 = NULLs
495 sector_end_in2 =NULLs
496 else
497 sector_start_in2=sector_start_in3 'For the next time, 498 put the cover 3 in the cover 2 as a product
499 sector_end_in2 =sector_end_in3 ' For the next time, put Away 3 into Away 2 as a product
500 end if
501
502
503
504 'write #20, com_num, sector_start_in1, sector_end_in1
505
506
507 if (com_num = (num_polygon -1 )) then ' if triangle(num_polygon=3)
508 write, get result here
509
510 ' □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□
511 ' From the above, the final azimuth constraint result is the right rotation from sector_start_in3 to sector_end_in3.
512 becomes the fan side range. Numeric notation.
513 '''''''' ■■■■
514
515 az_interested =(((0.72 * INT(i1&/num_polygon/180.0) - 7.5) + 360 + angle_offset% ) MOD 360)''''''''
516 Don't forget to divide by the real orientation of interest num_polygon. angle_offset% is either 0 or 180 degrees517, just use it properly for the left and right antennas. 7.5 degrees is the difference from wall north to true north.
518
519 if sector_start_in3 = NULLs then ' For later correct/wrong/no answer rate for sector 3
Add 520
521 INCR answer3_no&' No answer count
522 elseif (((sector_end_in3 + 360) - sector_start_in3 ) MOD 360) >= (((az_interested + 360) 523 INCR answer3_ok&' number of correct answers
524 azlw3&& = azlw3&& + (((sector_end_in3 + 360) - sector_start_in3) MOD 360 ) '525 When the answer is correct, we want to know the average value of the limited azimuth width, so first calculate the sum
526 else
527 INCR answer3_ng&' number of wrong answers
528 end if
529
530 answer3_all& = answer3_no& + answer3_ok& + answer3_ng&'
Addition for correct/wrong/no answer rate after 531
532
533 'write #20, (com_num+1), sector_start_in3, sector_end_in3
534
535 end if
536 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
537
538
539 WEND 'LOOP
540
541 while loop escape:
542
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas281
543 answer3_all& = answer3_no& + answer3_ok& + answer3_ng&' I think this line is redundant.
544, but I'm worried about deleting it because I'm reusing the program.
545
546
547
548
549
550
551 WRITE #20, DATE$, TIME$
552 WRITE #20, ips$, "ang. offset", angle_offset%, "num_polygon ", num_polygon, "",threshold$," 553 WRITE #20, "no(times, %)", answer3_no&, "", round ((100.0*answer3_no&)/answer3_all&, 4)
554 WRITE #20, "ok(times, %)", answer3_ok&, "",round((100.0*answer3_ok&)/answer3_all&, 4)
555 WRITE #20, "ng(times, %)", answer3_ng&, "", round((100.0* answer3_ng&)/answer3_all&,4)
556 WRITE #20, "ave. alw (deg)", round(1.0*(azlw3&&/answer3_ok&), 4)
557 WRITE #20, ""
558
559
560 'Be aware that an overly long sentence of more than two and a half lines will often result in an incomprehensible error. 561 'DELAY 10
562 CLOSE
563
564 END
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586 set_auto_sats: 'F6 back to COM2 auto. F5 and F6 are inversely related.
587 commandstring$="@CH" + chr$(&H0D) +chr$(&H0A)
588 LOCATE 2, 20
589 print command string $
590 print #2, commandstring$
591 Returns
592
593
282 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
594 set_same_sats: 'same satellites
595 commandstring$="@CH"
596 FOR j = 1 TO 8
597 number$=mid$(satcom1$(j),1,1)
598 if ASC(number$) <(ASC("Z")+1) then ' If less than Z, then AZ
599 num = ASC(number$) - ASC("A") +1
600 else
601 num=ASC(number$)-ASC("a")+25 ' otherwise lower case
602 end if
603 commandstring$=commandstring$ + MID$(STR$(num),2, LEN(STR$(num)))
604 if (j=8) then
605 'nothing to do
606 else
607 commandstring$=commandstring$+","
608 end if
609 NEXT j
610 commandstring$=commandstring$+chr$(&H0D)+chr$(&H0A)
611 LOCATE 2, 20
612 print command string $
613 print #2, commandstring$
614 ' Send command to COM2
615 ' If you send this command, a copywright message will appear, so start from the beginning.
616 ' Send @CH to undo (automatic satellite selection).
617 RETURN
618
619
620
621 ' Increment to Parameter1. to add.
622 parameter1 increment:
623 if parameter1 <20 then parameter1=parameter1+1
624 Locate 21, 2
625 print "Parameter1:"; parameter1
626 returns
627
628
629 ' Decrement Parameter1. Decrease.
630 parameter1decrement:
631 if parameter1>1 then parameter1=parameter1-1
632 Locate 21, 2
633 print "Parameter1:"; parameter1
634
635 returns
636
637
638
639 ' Decrement the threshold.
640 Chth decrement: 'AZ 26 letters
641 for i=1 to 26
642 if threshold$ > mid$(alphabet$, 26+1-i,1) then
643 threshold$=mid$(alphabet$, 26+1-i,1)
644 goto 2021
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas283
645 end if
646 next i
647 2021'
648 Locate 25,2
649 print using "Threshold: &";
650 RETURN
651
652
653 ' Increment the threshold.
654 chth increments:
655 for i = 2 to 27
656 if threshold $ < mid$(alphabet$, i, 1) then
657 'locate 2, 18
658 'PRINT mid$(alphabet$,i,1)
659 threshold$ = mid$(alphabet$, i, 1)
660 goto 2011
661 end if
662 next i
663 2011'
664 LOCAte 25,2
665 print USING "Threshold: &";
666 RETURN
667
668
669
670 ' Stop.
671 stops:
672 Do
673 KeyInput$ = INKEY$ '******************** INKEY$
674 'IF KeyInput$ = Quit$ THEN EXIT DO
675 IF KeyInput$ = "a" THEN EXIT DO
676 IF KeyInput$ = "r" THEN EXIT DO
677 Loop
678 gosub CLS_screen
679 RETURN
680
681
682 ' Change speed.
683 Chspd:
684 IF Speed = 9600 THEN
685 Speed = 4800
686 ELSEIF Speed = 4800 THEN
687 Speed = 2400
688 ELSEIF Speed = 2400 THEN
689 Speed = 1200
690 ELSEIF Speed = 1200 THEN
691 Speed = 19200
692 ELSEIF Speed = 19200 THEN
693 Speed = 9600
694 END IF
695 GOSUB OPENcom
284 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
696 LOCATE 1, 1
697 PRINT USING "Speed:#####";Speed;
698 RETURN
699
700
701 ' port control
702 OPENcom:
703 CLOSE 3
704 IF Speed = 19200 THEN
705 OPEN "COM3:19200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
706 ELSEIF Speed = 14400 THEN
707 OPEN "COM3:14400,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
708 ELSEIF Speed = 9600 THEN
709 OPEN "COM3:9600,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
710 ELSEIF Speed = 4800 THEN
711 OPEN "COM3:4800,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
712 ELSEIF Speed = 2400 THEN
713 OPEN "COM3:2400,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
714 ELSE
715 OPEN "COM3:1200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #1 LEN = 12560
716 END IF
717
718 CLOSE 2
719 IF Speed = 19200 THEN
720 OPEN "COM2:19200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
721 ELSEIF Speed = 14400 THEN
722 OPEN "COM2:14400,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
723 ELSEIF Speed = 9600 THEN
724 OPEN "COM2:9600,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
725 ELSEIF Speed = 4800 THEN
726 OPEN "COM2:4800,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
727 ELSEIF Speed = 2400 THEN
728 OPEN "COM2:2400,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
729 ELSE
730 OPEN "COM2:1200,N,8,1,CS0,DS0" AS #2 LEN = 12560
731 END IF
732
733 RETURN
734
735
736
737 ' Error relation
738Rrr:
739 IF ERR = 57 THEN
740 GOSUB Chspd
741 RESUME
742 END IF
743 RESUME NEXT
744 END
745
746
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas285
Shows information every 747 '.
748 ' is from 1 to 8.
749'
750' NHNFZ
751'(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
752'
Explanation for every 753 '
754'
755' number description
756 '(1) Receiving satellite number <==========com2 ---com1 shougou
757 '(2) Elevation angle of receiving satellite
758 '(3) Azimuth of the receiving satellite
759 '(4) operating state
760'(5) received <===========com2 ha koredakede yoi
761'
762'
763'
764'
Description every 765'
766'
767 ' number position and description
768'(1) SONY81 1-6(6)
769 '(2) 9505092010624 7-19(13) Current year/month/day, day of the week, hour/minute/second
770'(3) N3537529 20-27(8) Latitude
771'(4) E13944410 28-36(9) longitude
772 '(5) +0144 37-41(5) GPS Altitude [m]
773 '(6) 001 42-44(3) Velocity [&#1060178;/h]
774 '(7) 303 45-47(3) Heading [deg] True bearing
775 '(8) 9505092010623 48-60(13) Computation time
776 '(9) C 61(1) DOP value
777 '(10) 4 62(1) Position calculation
778 '(11) B 63(1) datum
779 '(12) NHNFZ 64-68(5) 1 info
780 '(13) BFkCU 69-73(5) 2 info
781 '(14) GFdCV 74-78(5) 3 info
782 '(15) ODFFV 79-83(5) 4 info
783 '(16) eCNFH 84-88(5) 5 information
784 '(17) MBfFJ 89-93(5) 6 info
785 '(18) ChqAB 94-98(5) 7 info
786 '(19) LabAC 99-103(5) 8 info
787 '(20) P 104(1) Internal reference oscillator state
788 '(21) DE 105-106(2) Information for IPS-5000
789 '(22) H 107(1) Latitude and longitude display method
790 '(23) E 108(1)
791'<CR><LF>109-110(2) (0Dh)(0Fh) <------- 0a janaino? 0a dayo. dokokara shittanndakke. watashi. 792
793'
794 'ips-format.txt
795 '================================================ ===============================
796' IPS-3000/5000 Data format
797 '1997.07.10
286 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
798 ' S.Yoshida/KGG00043@niftyserve.or.jp
799 '================================================ ===============================
800'
801 ' end of line <CR> A total of 110 bytes including <LF> indicates one piece of data.
802'
803 'SONY809503260045403N3547314E13917567+02640032979503260045402D4BaFOFTQDIFJAbQABVHAFJgCnDDRBeDCdGnCHeDhFIfDBEE <CR><LF>
804'
805 '[1] SONY80
806 '[2] 9503260045403
807 '[3] N3547314
808 '[4] E13917567
809 '[5]+0264
810 '[6]003
811 '[7]297
812'[8]9503260045402
813 '[9]D
814 '[A]4
815 '[B]B
816'[C1]aFOFT
817'[C2]QDIFJ
818'[C3]AbQAB
819 '[C4]VHAFJ
820'[C5]gCnDD
821'[C6]RBeDC
822'[C7]dGnCH
823'[C8]eDhFI
824 '[D]f
825 '[E]DB
826 '[F]E
827 '[G]E
828'[H] <CR><LF>
829'
830'
831 '[1] NAME ROM version
832 'SIZE 6 bytes (offset: 0)
833 'REM "SONY80", "SONY73", etc. have been confirmed.
834'
835 '[2] NAME Current date/day/time
836 'SIZE 13 bytes (offset: 6)
837 'REM Represents the current time (UTC).
838 ' The days of the week are shown in Appendix 1.
839 'EX. 9503260045403 -> Sunday, March 26, 1995 04:54:03 (UTC)
840'
841 '[3] NAME Latitude
842 'SIZE 8 bytes (offset: 19)
843 'REM Indicates the current latitude.
844 '"N" if the first letter is north latitude, "S" if south latitude.
845 ' If positioning is not possible, the alphabet will be lowercase ("n" or "s").
846 ' If positioning is not possible, output the last positioning data.
847 'EX. N3547314
848 '-> 35 degrees 47 minutes 31.4 seconds north latitude for DMS display
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 287
849 '-> 35 degrees 47.314 minutes north latitude for DMD display
850'
851 '[4] NAME LONG
852 'SIZE 9 bytes (offset: 27)
853 'REM Current longitude.
854 '"E" if the first letter is east longitude, "W" if west longitude.
855 ' If positioning is not possible, output the last positioning data.
856 'EX. E13917567
857 '-> 139 degrees 17 minutes 56.7 seconds east longitude for DMS display
858 '-> 139 degrees 17.567 minutes east longitude for DMD display
859'
860 '[5] NAME GPS altitude [m]
861 'SIZE 5 bytes (offset: 36)
GPS altitude based on 862 'REM WGS-84 datum. There is "+"/"-" at the beginning.
863 'EX. +0264 -> 264m (GPS altitude)
864'
865 '[6] NAME Speed [km/h]
866 'SIZE 3 bytes (offset: 41)
867 'REM Current speed.
868 'EX. 003 -> 3 [km/h]
869'
870 '[7] NAME Direction [deg]
871 'SIZE 3 bytes (offset: 44)
872 'REM North facing: 000 degrees, up to 360 degrees clockwise.
873 ' North: 000 South: 180 West: 270 East: 090
874 'EX. 297 -> 297 [degrees]
875'
876 '[8] NAME calculation time
877 'SIZE 13 bytes (offset: 47)
878 'REM calculation times from [3] to [7].
879 'EX. 9503260045402 -> Sunday, March 26, 1995 04:54:02 (UTC)
880'
881 '[9] NAME DOP value
882 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 60)
883 'REM HDOP value for 2D positioning, PDOP value for 3D positioning.
884 ' The correspondence between DOP values and output alphabets is shown in Table 2.
885 'EX. D -> DOP=9
886'
887 '[A] NAME positioning mode
888 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 61)
889 'REM mode of positioning calculation.
890 '3 : 2D positioning (3 satellite positioning)
891 '4 : 3D positioning (4 satellite positioning)
892 'EX. 4 -> 3D positioning
893'
894 '[B] NAME Location data datum
895 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 62)
The correspondence between the 896 'REM alphabet and the geodetic system is shown in Appendix 3.
897 'EX. B -> TOKYO geodetic system
898'
899 '[Cn] NAME Channel n information
288 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
900 'SIZE 5 bytes
901 '(offset: channel[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]=[63,68,73,78,83,88,93,98])
902 'REM satellite information.
903 ' The meaning of 5 bytes per channel is as follows.
904 ' 1: [Receiving satellite number] Table 3
905 '2: [Elevation angle of receiving satellite] Table 4
906 ' 3: [Azimuth of Receiving Satellite] Table 5
907 '4: [Channel operating status] Table 6
908 '5: [Receiving level]
909 ' Receive Level: Relative receive level.
910 ' Satellite reception is possible at level D or higher.
911 'A (level small) < ---- > Z (high level)
912 'EX.
913 ' Satellite No Elevation Azimuth Operating State Reception Level
914' aFOFT SV25 46-55 136-145 used for position calculation T
915'
916 '[D] NAME Status of internal reference oscillator
917 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 103)
918 'REM outputs and states are as follows.
919 '- : Reference oscillator is UNLOCK
920 ' Alphabets below are LOCK for the reference oscillator.
921 ' Alphabet indicates the deviation of TCXO (converted to 1.57542Ghz).
922'A: 0-200hz
923'B: -400Hz
924'C:-600Hz
925'D: -800Hz
926'....
927'a: -200 - 0Hz
928 'b : -400 -
929'c: -600 -
930'd : -800 -
931 '....
932 'EX. f -> Reference oscillator is LOCK. TCXO deviation from -1200 to -1000Hz.
933'
934 '[E] NAME RESERVED
935 'SIZE 2 bytes (offset: 104)
936 'REM content has not been released by SONY.
937 'EX. DB -> Unknown.
938'
939 '[F] NAME Latitude and longitude display method
940 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 106)
941 'REM outputs and their meanings are as follows.
942 ' Alphabet output: Latitude and longitude are DMS.
943 ' Numeric output: Latitude and longitude are DMD.
944 'EX. E -> Display latitude and longitude by DMS.
945'
946 '[G] NAME parity
947 'SIZE 1 byte (offset: 107)
948 'REM Add all ASCII codes from [1] to [F]
949 '"O" when the least significant bit is 1, and "E" when it is 0.
950 'EX. E -> The least significant bit of the addition result is 0
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 289
951'
952'
953 '------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------
954 ' Appendices 1. Table of days of the week in time display
955'
956' (1) (2) (3)
957 'Sun a A 0
958 ' Monday b B 1
959 'Tuesday c C 2
960 'Wednesday d D 3
961 'Thursday e E 4
962 'Friday f F 5
963 'Sat g G6
964'
965 '(1) Manual entry: When the current time is manually entered
966 ' Weekday display mode
967 '(2) GPS time: The current time is recorded on the satellite clock by satellite reception.
968 ' Weekday display mode when time is corrected. (without UTC correction)
969 '(3) UTC time: GPS time is the correction parameter for UTC time.
970 ' Received and entered UTC time display mode.
971'
972 ' Appendix 2. DOP value output alphabet and DOP value table
973 ' Output DOP value Output DOP value
974 'A1J10
975 'B 2K 11-12
976'C 3L 13-15
977'D4M16-20
978'E5N21-30
979'F6O31-50
980'G7P51-99
981'H8Q100 or more
982 'I 9
983'
984 ' Appendices 3. Alphabet and satellite number correspondence table
985 'alphabet satellite number
986 'A SV1
987 'B SV2
988'C SV3
989'..
990'..
991 '..
992' V SV22
993' W SV23
994' X SV24
995'a SV25
996'b SV26
997'c SV27
998'..
999'..
1000'..
1001'g SV31
290 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
1002'h SV32
1003'
1004 ' Appendices 4. Correspondence Table of Alphabet and Elevation Angle of Receiving Satellite
1005 ' Character Elevation Character Elevation
1006 ' A 0 - +5 degrees a 0 - -5 degrees
1007 ' B + 6 - +15 degrees b - 6 - -15 degrees
1008 ' C +16 - +25 degrees c -16 - -25 degrees
1009 '...
1010 '...
1011 '...
1012 ' H +66 - +75 degrees h -66 - -75 degrees
1013 ' I +76 - +85 degrees i -76 - -85 degrees
1014' J +86 - +90 degreesc -86 - -90 degrees
1015'
1016 ' Appendices 5. Correspondence between alphabet and azimuth angles of receiving satellites
1017 ' Character azimuth Character azimuth
1018 ' A 0 + 5 degrees A 0 - - 5 degrees
1019 ' B + 6 - + 15 degrees a - 6 - - 15 degrees
1020 ' C + 16 - + 25 degrees b - 16 - - 25 degrees
1021 '...
1022 '...
1023 '...
1024' P +146 - +155 degrees o -146 - -155 degrees
1025 ' Q +156 - +165 degrees p -156 - -165 degrees
1026' R +166 - +175 degrees q -166 - -175 degrees
1027' r +175 - +180 degrees r -175 - -180 degrees
1028 ' North is "+", South is "-".
1029'
1030 ' Appendices 6. Alphabet and Channel Operation Status Correspondence Table
1031 ' Character motion state
Looking for 1032' A satellite. (SCAN)
1033 ' B Synchronized with satellite radio. (LOCK)
1034 ' C Can be used for calculations.
1035 ' D Satellite signal is blocked. (HOLD)
1036 ' E Satellite is unhealthy and cannot be used for calculations.
1037 ' F Used for position calculation.
1038'
1039'
1040'
1041'
1042'
1043'
1044'
1045'
1046'
1047'
1048'
1049'
1050'
1051'
1052'
4.12 software: azl93.1.bas 291
1053'
1054'
1055'
1056'
1057'
1058'
1059'
1060'
1061'
1062'
1063'
1064'
1065'
1066 '10030 KEY(9) OFF 'sat position
1067 ' IF SATP = 0 THEN 10040
1068' SATP = 0
1069 ' VIEW (81, 81)-(559, 379), 0
1070' VIEW (0, 0)-(639, 479)
1071 ' GOSUB 1200
1072 ' CIRCLE (STE, STN), 3, 15
1073 ' PFLAG = 0
1074 ' RETURN
1075'
1076 '10040 GOSUB 6200
1077' SATP=1
1078 'WPF=0
1079 ' PFLAG = 0
1080' RETURN
1081'
1082 '6200 VIEW (81, 81)-(559, 378), 0
1083 ' LOCATE 7, 15: PRINT "Satellite Position"
1084 ' LOCATE 8, 39: PRINT "North";
1085 ' LOCATE 23, 39: PRINT "South";
1086 ' LOCATE 15, 24: PRINT "West";
1087 ' LOCATE 15, 55: PRINT "East";
1088' CIRCLE (240, 160), 100, 3
1089 ''PAINT (240, 160), 0
1090' CIRCLE (240, 160), 5, 3
1091' LINE (240, 40)-(240, 280), 3
1092' LINE (120, 160)-(360, 160), 3
1093 ' CIRCLE (240, 160), 100 * D30!, 3
1094 ' CIRCLE (240, 160), 100 * D60!, 3
1095 ' VIEW (0, 0)-(639, 479)
1096 ' RETURN
1097'
1098 '1200 'sat position draw
1099' LINE (80, 80)-(560, 380), 15, B
1100' FOR IM = 1 TO 4
1101' IYY = IM * 60 + 80
1102 ' LINE (80, IYY)-(560, IYY), CL7, , PAT
1103 'NEXT IM
292 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
1104 ' FOR IM = 1 TO 7
1105' IXX = IM * 60 + 80
1106 ' LINE (IXX, 80)-(IXX, 380), CL7, , PAT
1107 'NEXT IM
1108 ' RETURN
1109'
1110'
1111'
1112
1113 draw_sats: 'draw
1114 FOR j = 1 TO 8 + num_of_com1only_sat%
1115 SA$ = MID$(satcom1$(j), 3, 1) 'SA$,SAA,SAV=azimuth=3
1116 'SA$ = MID$("CCCCC", 3, 1) 'SA$,SAA,SAV=azimuth
1117 SAA = ASC(SA$) 'SAV=gradian
1118 IF SA$ >= "a" THEN SAV = 360 - (SAA - &H60) * 10: GOTO 6270 'azimuth az
1119 SAV = (SAA - &H41) * 10'azimuth AZ
1120 6270 ASAV! = SAV * RADI! '3.141953 * (SAV / 180) 'SASAV!
1121
1122 VSA$ = MID$(satcom1$(j), 2, 1) 'SA$,SAA,SAV=el=2
1123 'VSA$ = MID$("CCCCC", 2, 1) 'VSA$,VSAA,VSAV=elev
1124 VSAA = ASC(VSA$) '
1125 IF VSA$ >= "a" THEN OFS = &H20 ELSE OFS = 0 'elev az, AZ
1126 VSAV = (VSAA - &H41 - OFS) * 10' elev az, AZ
1127 VSAVR! = VSAV * RADI!
1128 XSAV = cen
1129 YSAV = cen
1130 IF satarea(j) = 1 THEN
1131 CIRCLE (XSAV, YSAV), 5, lightcyan 'draw
1132 PAINT (XSAV, YSAV), light cyan
1133 ELSEIF satarea(j) = 3 THEN
1134 CIRCLE (XSAV, YSAV), 5, yellow
1135 PAINT (XSAV, YSAV), yellow
1136 ELSEIF satarea(j) = 2 THEN
1137 CIRCLE (XSAV, YSAV), 5, lightred
1138 PAINT (XSAV, YSAV), light red
1139 ELSEIF satarea(j) >= 5 THEN
1140 CIRCLE (XSAV, YSAV), 5, gray
1141 PAINT (XSAV, YSAV), gray
1142 END IF
1143 NEXT
1144 RETURN
1145
1146
1147 CLS_screen:
1148 CLS
1149 LINE (0, 0)-(640-1, 480-1), , B 'LINE (h-left, v-up)-(horizon-right, vertical-down),,B
1150 LOCATE 30, 50
1151 PRINT "(c)1998-2008 Masato Takahahashi";
1152
1153 cntr_x=515
1154 cntr_y=215
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 293
1155 Hankeir=85
1156 col=5 '5=Magenta, 3=cyan, 0=black, 1=blue, 7=white, 8=gray, 4=red, 14=yellow, P71
1157 for j=0 to 90 step 10
1158 CIRCLE(cntr_x, cntr_y), hankeir*(90-j)/90, col 'draw
1159 next j
1160 line (cntr_x, cntr_y)-(cntr_x, cntr_y - hankeir) , col
1161 ''''''''''''''''''
1162
1163
1164 locate 25, 2
1165 print "Threshold:";Threshold$;" F2:threshold Down F3:threshold Up"
1166
1167 ' locate 20+1, 2
1168 ' print "Parameter1:";Parameter1;" F4:Parameter1 Down F5:Parameter1 Up1169 ' locate 20+2, 2
1170 ' print "F6:@ch (set same sats) F7:@ch (set auto sats)"
1171 ' locate 20+3, 2
1172 ' print "F1:Pause F8:draw sats F9:Cls (ESC+F7: Exit)"
1173 ' LOCATE 8, 2
1174 'PRINT "COM1"
1175 ' LOCATE 8, 2 + 15
1176 ' PRINT "COM2"
1177
1178 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
1179 Locate 8, 10+13 '2+15+14
1180 print "el"
1181 Locate 8, 10+17 '2 +15 +15 +5
1182 print "az"
1183 Locate 8, 10+22 '2 +15 +15 +5+6
1184 print "area"
1185 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
1186 Returns
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable
prototype system
Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system, with borland C
compiler version 5.5 (and possibly GrWin in future), is as follows:
1
2 // http://www.ee.fukui-nct.ac.jp/~yoneda/text/other/C/A_06.htm
3/* ----------------------------------------------- -------
4 serial communication program
5 Data reception by thread processing
6 Receive 2D data (X, Y)
7 Graphing process with GrWin
89
This program uses GrWin to graph the data received by thread processing.
10, so you need to include "GrWin.lib" when compiling.
11
12 C:\home\C>bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib rs232c.cpp
294 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
13
You can compile by typing 14 t comm909.
15 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>cat t.bat
16 bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib %1.c
17 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
18 ------------------------------------------------- ----- */
19
20 #include <windows.h>
21 #include <process.h>
22 #include <stdio.h>
23 #include <stdlib>
24 #include <math.h> //does not compile without this line even though cos and sin are used
25 is confusing at runtime because of Kokel.
26 #include <GrWin.h>
27
28 #define DATA_MAX 500 //1000 //This is not used. to comment out
29 bento
30 #define DATA_STRING 400 //108 //100
31 #define BAUDRATE 9600 //2400
32 #define PI 3.1415926535898 /* pi (IS-GPS-200) * from ///sat24.c
33
34 // declaration of global variables
35 int imax;
36 char string[DATA_STRING];
37 //char str[DATA_MAX][DATA_STRING];//This will be deleted soon
38 HANDLE h;
39
40
41 /* 10 or so lines copied from IPS5000program GPSLIB.c ORBIT.c */
42 char rec_data[200];
43 static char rec_buf[200];
44
45 /* struct definition */
46 /* channel data */
47 struct gps_channel{
48 int prn[8]; /* satellite number range (1 - 32) */
49 int sync[8]; /* sync */
50 int level[8];/* Received strength range (1 - 26) */
51 int use[8]; /* used in calculation used = 0 not used = -1 */
52 int az[8]; /* azimuth*/
53 int elv[8]; /* elevation */
54 char state[8];/* reception state */
55};
56
57 /*Copied a few lines from GPS.H from here*/
58 /* satellite data */
59 struct gps_satellite{
60 int elv; /* elevation */
61 int az; /* Orientation */
62 int level; // strength (added by masato)
63 int doop;
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 295
64 };
65
66 /* time data */
67 typedef struct {
68 int mode; /* mode 0:UTC 1:GPS or manual */
69 int year; /* time year (00 - 99) */
70 int month; /* month (01 - 12) */
71 int day; /* day (01 - 31) */
72 int dweek; /* day of the week (0 - 6) */
73 int hour; /* hour (00 - 23) */
74 int minute; /* minutes (00 - 59) */
75 int second; /* seconds (00 - 59) */
76 } gps_datetime;
77
78 /* location data */
79 typedef struct {
80 int chk;
81 int lat; /* latitude north latitude = 1 south latitude = -1 */
82 int lat_d; /* degrees */
83 int lat_m; /* minutes */
84 int lat_s; /* seconds */
85 int lng; /* longitude east longitude = 1 west longitude = -1 */
86 int lng_d; /* degrees */
87 int lng_m; /* minutes */
88 int lng_s; /* seconds (value multiplied by 10) */
89 int alt; /* altitude m */
90 int vel; /* speed km/h */
91 int head; /* Direction 360 degrees */
92 int gdop;
93 } gps_position;
94
95
96 /* angle conversion * from ///sat24.c
97 #define rad_to_deg(rad) ((rad)/PI*180.0)
98 #define deg_to_rad(deg) ((deg)/180.0*PI)
99 #define rad_to_sc(rad) ((rad)/PI)
100 #define sc_to_rad(sc) ((sc)*PI)
101
102
103 // prototype declaration
104 void initComm( void );
105 void sub ( void * );
106 void getString ( char string[DATA_STRING] ); //void getString ( char str[DATA_STRING] );
107 double normal_deg(double ang );//Negative numbers and over 360 degrees to normal 0 to 360 degrees
convert to 108
109 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy );//masato
110 void extract_sdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
111 void extract_cdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
112 void extract_position();//struct gps_position *position);
113
114
296 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
115 /* define parameter number */
116 enum col {
117 COL_black, COL_brown, COL_darkgreen, COL_olive, COL_darkblue, COL_purple,
118 COL_greenblue, COL_gray, COL_lightgreen, COL_palecyan, COL_palegray,
119 COL_bluegray, COL_darkgray, COL_red, COL_green, COL_yellow, COL_blue,
120 COL_red purple, COL_cyan, COL_white
121 };
122
one two three
124 // 10 or so lines from here sat24.c
125 (created around February 23, 2009).
126 typedef struct {
127 int prn;
128 double az; /* deg*/
129 double el; /* deg*/
130 int level; /* 1 to 17*/
131 int ex;
132 Up (e.g. 85 degrees) (-4) Feature occlusion (-5) Signal strength*/
133 } sat_info;
134
135 static sat_info sat[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
136 static gps_datetime cdatetime; /* Current date and time*/
137 static gps_datetime sdatetime;
138 static gps_position position;
139 static char str_cdatetime[50];
140 static char str_sdatetime[50];
141 static char str_lat[50];
142 static char str_lng[50];
143
144
145
146 //static sat_info sat_circle[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
147 //static sat_info sat_circle_tmp[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
148
149
150 // From here to main, copied from IPS5000 program ORBIT.c
151 void IPS5000main( void *dummy ) //from ORBIT.c
152 {
153 int ch,prn;
154 struct gps_satellite data;
155
156 // if(open_gps()){ /* host & receiver initial
157 */
158 // printf("GPS receiver not available.\n");
159 // }else{
160 // get_gps_data(); /* Get data */
161
162 clrscr();//Clear screen at BCC55
163
164 for(ch = 1;ch <= 8;ch++){
165 prn=extract_use_sat(ch);//
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 297
166 printf("Channel %d", ch);
167 if(prn == -1){
168 printf("is not used.\n");
169 } else {
170 printf("satellite number is %2d ",prn);
171 get_sat_data(ch,&data);//I decided to get not only elv, az but also level with this function 172 printf("Elevation angle is %3d",data.elv);
173 printf("Azimuth is %4d",data.az);
174 printf("Intensity is %3d\n",data.level);
175
176 /* Each satellite azimuth (deg), elevation angle (deg), number storage ch=1to8*/
177 sat[ch].prn=prn;
178 sat[ch].az = normal_deg( data.az );
179 sat[ch].el = data.elv;
180 sat[ch].level = data.level;
181
182 }
183 }
184 // }
185 // close_gps(); /* end */
186 }
187
188 //copy and paste from sat24.c
189 double normal_deg(double ang )//Converts negative numbers and over 360 degrees to normal 0 to 360 degree degrees 190
191 {
192 if (ang < 0.0) {
193 ang = ang + 360.0;
194 }
195 if( 360.0 <= ang ){
196 ang = ang - 360.0;
197 }
198
199 // error confirmation
200 if ( (ang < 0.0) && (ang >= 360.0)) {
201 printf("OKASHII ZO debug shitekudadai ne＼n");
202 exit(1);
203}
204 // Because there was no abnormality
205 return(ang);
206 }
207
208
209 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
210 int extract_use_sat(int ch_num)//Lower case processing here was also a mistake at the time of shipment
211 {
212 int satellite;
213 // first for lower case
214 if(rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5] >('a'-1) /*96*/) satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]- ('a'-1 ) 215 because X is SV24 and a is SV25 //default 72;
216 else satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]-('A'-1);//if this line is upper case
298 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
217 /*64;*/
218
219
220 return (satelite);
221}
222 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
223 int get_sat_data(int ch_num,struct gps_satellite *data)//There are quite a few mistakes
224 attached products. Modified to ch-1 by masato
225 {
226 inch ch;
227 ch=ch_num-1;//fixed by masato
228
229 //Elevation angle: capital letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lower case letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
230 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] >('a'-1)){ // 96){// a==97 z==121
231 //data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
232 data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- is meant to indicate lowercase
233 and
234 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv + 1);//elevation angle: lowercase to number elevation a is 0 degrees
235 Note that elevation angle b is (data->elv+1), not -10 degrees (data->elv -1). source
236 is a negative number
237 //By the way, even when the IPS5000 outputs e, that is, an elevation angle of -40 degrees, the GPS player
238 seems to display as +40 degrees elevation
239 }
240 else{//if uppercase
241 data->elv = rec_data[64+ch*5]-('A'-1);//64;//A==65 Z==90
242 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv -1);
243 Elevation angle B is 1 degree
244}
245
246 //Azimuth: Uppercase letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lowercase letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
247 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] >('a'-1)) { // 96){
248 // data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
249 data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- means lower case
250 data->az = 10 * data->az; // azimuth: convert from lower case to numeric azimuth a is -10 degrees
251 Azimuth b is -20 degrees Not only here (data->az-1) but also (data->az) itself
Note that it is 252. This is not the case for the elevation angle as well.
253}
254 else{//if uppercase
255 data->az = rec_data[65+ch*5]-('A'-1);//65;
256 data->az = 10 * (data->az -1);//Azimuth: converted from uppercase to numeric Azimuth A is 0
257 degrees Azimuth B is 10 degrees
258}
259
260 // Intensity: Only capital letters are displayed from A-Z to positive numbers
261 data->level = rec_data[67+ch*5]- ('A'-1); // intensity AZ
262
263 return(0);
264 }
265 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
266 void extract_channel(struct gps_channel *channel)//Copied from GPSLIB.C
267 ended up being aggregated only in the direction of get_sat_data
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 299
268 {
269 int ch;
270
271 for(ch = 0;ch <= 7;ch++){
272 if(rec_data[63+ch*5] > 96) channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-72;
273 else channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-64;
274 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->use[ch] = 0;
275 else channel->use[ch] = -1;
276 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'B') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
277 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'C') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
278 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
279 else channel->sync[ch] = -1;
280 channel->state[ch] = rec_data[66+ch*5];
281 channel->level[ch] = rec_data[67+ch*5]-64;
282 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] > 96) channel->az[ch] = -1*(rec_data[65+ch*5]-96);
283 else channel->az[ch] = rec_data[65+ch*5]-65;
284 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] > 96) channel->elv[ch] = -1*(rec_data[64+ch*5]-96);
285 else channel->elv[ch] = rec_data[64+ch*5]-65;
286
287 }
288 }
289
290
291
292
293 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
294 main function
295 ------------------------------------------------- ----- */
296 void main() {
297
298 //int x[DATA_MAX], y[DATA_MAX];
299 unsigned long dummy;
300
301 // serial port initialization
302 initComm();
303 //Initial settings for drawing (sky map)
304 init_draw();
305
306 // start/end receive thread
307 //printf("Press Enter to start receive thread\n");
308 //getchar();
309 //printf("Start reception!\n\n\n");
310 _beginthread( sub, 0, &dummy );
311 // sub(&dummy);
312 //printf("Press Enter to finish receiving and display result\n");
313 //getchar();
314
315 while (1) {
316
317 Sleep(992);//sleep(); is in seconds Sleep(); is in milliseconds.
318 stdio.h windows.h
300 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
319
320 IPS5000main( &dummy ); //_beginthread( _IPS5000main, 0, &dummy );
321 extract_cdatetime();//cdatetime);
322 extract_sdatetime(); //sdatetime);
323 extract_position();//struct gps_position *position)
324
325
326 GWclear(-1);//Clear screen (GrWin)
327 draw_axes();
328 draw_skyplot(&dummy ); //_beginthread( _draw_skyplot, 0, &dummy );
329
330}
331
332 // Convert received data and output graph
333 //split( imax, str, x, y ); // character data → numeric data
334 //graph( imax, x, y );
335}
336
337 //draw Relation 2 function is copied from sat24.c
338 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy )
339 {
340 int color=COL_red;
341 int i;
342 double r, th, x, y;
343 char str1[25];//string
344 char str2[25];//string
345
346
347 for (i=1; (i <=8) && (sat[i].prn >0); i++){
348 // printf("PRN %2d, az=% 9.4f, el=% 8.4f, ex=% 2d\n",
349 // sat[i].prn, sat[i].az, sat[i].el, sat[i].ex ) ;
350
351 if(sat[i].level >= 5){ color=COL_blue;}
352 else { color=COL_red;}
353
354 GWsetmrk( 6 /*Shape: Circle*/, 0.075 /*0.025 + 1.0*sat[i].level/100.0*/ /*
355 size*/, color , -1, -1 );
356
357 r= 1.0 * cos(deg_to_rad(sat[i].el));
358 displayable//r=1.0*(90.0-1.0*sat[i].el)/90.0;
359 th= PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(sat[i].az);
360
361 x= r * cos(th); // Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
362 y = r * sin(th);
363
364 GWputmrk( x, y );
365
366 itoa(sat[i].prn, str1, 10);// String the integer of the satellite ID (in base 10)
367 GWputtxt(x, y, str1);
368
369 itoa(sat[i].level, str2, 10);// Convert strength to string (delete first) (in base 10)
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 301
370 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_white, -1, "");
371 GWputtxt( x+10, y, "");
372
373 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");//String strength (in base 10)
374 GWputtxt(x+10, y, str2);
375
376
377 }
378 //Display current date and time, date and time when positioning calculation was completed, latitude, longitude
379 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");
380 GWputtxt( -1, 1, str_cdatetime);
381 GWputtxt( -1, -1.05, str_sdatetime);
382 GWputtxt(0.1, -1.05, str_lat);
383 GWputtxt( 0.51, -1.05, str_lng);
384
385
386 // return(1);
387 }
388
389
390
391
392
393 int init_draw(void)
394 {
395 // Initialize display window
396 // GWinit();
397 //GWinitx(int IRB, int IX, int IY, int IW, int IH, int MA, int MM, int MZ, int ND);
398 GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, 860, 900, /*(200*5), (200*5.2),*/ -1, -1, -1, -1);
399 GWopen(0);
400 GWvport( 0, 0, 1, 1 ); // set viewport
401 GWindow(-1.2,-1.2,1.2,1.2);
402 return(1);
403 }
404
405 int draw_axes(void)
406 {
407 // draw chart border and axes
408 GWline( 0, -1, 0, 1 );
409 GWline( -1, 0, 1, 0 );
410 GWrect( -1, -1, 1, 1); // draw a rectangle
411 // Draw Y=X^3 curve
412 GWsetmrk( 6, 0.05, 13, -1, -1 ); // mark specification
413 GWsetpen( 16, 1, 5, -1 ); // Specify pen
414 srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); /* Initialize random number */
415
416 //skyplot frame circle
417 GWellipse(-1, -1, +1, +1);
418 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0) );
420 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0) );
302 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
421 Diagonal Elevation Angle 60 Degree Circle
422 //skyplot frame circle: text: north, south, east, west, elevation angle 30 degrees, elevation angle 60 degrees, etc.
423 GWputtxt(-.025, 1, "N 0 deg");
424 GWputtxt(1, -.03, "E");
425 GWputtxt(-.025, -1.05, "S");
426 GWputtxt( -1.05, -.03, "W");
427 //GWputtxt( 0, 1, "0deg");
428 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/6.0), "30deg");
429 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/3.0), "60deg");
430 return(1);
431 }
432
433
434
435 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
436 Serial Port Initialization
437 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
438 void initComm( void ) {
439
440 DCBdcb;
441 COMMTIMEOUTS cto;
442
443 // create file handler
444 h = CreateFile( //"COM1",
445 "COM4",
446 GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
447 0,
448 0,
449 OPEN_EXISTING,
450 0,
451 0 ); // returns the file handler
452 if ( h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ) {
453 printf("Open Error!\n");
454 exit(1);
455 }
456
457 // serial port state manipulation
458 GetCommState( h, &dcb ); // get serial port state
459 dcb. BaudRate = BAUDRATE;
460 SetCommState( h, &dcb ); // set serial port state
461
462 // serial port timeout state manipulation
463 GetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // get the timeout settings
464 cto. ReadIntervalTimeout = 1000;
465 cto. ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
466 cto.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 1000;
467 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
468 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 0;
469 SetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // set timeout state
470 }
471
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 303
472 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
473 Thread reading received data
474 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
475 void sub( void *dummy ) {
476 FILE *fp;
477 int i;
478
479 fp=fopen("a.ips", "a");//masato
480
481 // printf("in sub\n");
482 for (i=1; /*i <DATA_MAX*/ ; i++ ) {
483 //printf("in for loop\n");
484 getString( string ); // getString( str[i] );
485 // printf("in for loop2\n");
486
487 strcpy(rec_data, string);//strcpy(rec_data, str[i]);//strcpy(char *s1, ← char *s2) ＼0
488 included. Masato
489
490 fprintf(fp, "%s\n", string);//masato//fprintf(fp, "%s\n", str[i]);//masato
491
492 printf("%s\n",string);//printf("%s\n",str[i]);
493
494 imax=i;
495 }
496
497 }
498
499 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
500 Function to read received data (character string for one line)
501 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
502 void getString( char str[] ) {
503
504 int i, j=0;
505 unsigned long nn;
506 char sBuf[1];
507
508 for ( i=1; i <DATA_STRING; i++ ) {
509 ReadFile( h, sBuf, 1, &nn, 0 ); // read from serial port
510 if ( nn==1 ) {
511 // Close string when '\r' or '\n' is received
512 if ( sBuf[0]=='\r' || sBuf[0]=='\n' ) {
513 str[j] = '\0';
514 if (j!=0) break;
515 } else {
516 str[j] = sBuf[0];
517 j++;
518 }
519 }
520 }
521 }
522
304 Chapter 4 Performance Evaluation using Prototype System
523
524
525
526
527 void extract_cdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
528 {
529 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.mode = 1;
530 else cdatetime.mode = 0;
531 cdatetime.year = (rec_data[6]-48)*10+(rec_data[7]-48);
532 cdatetime.month = (rec_data[8]-48)*10+(rec_data[9]-48);
533 cdatetime. day = (rec_data[10]-48)*10+(rec_data[11]-48);
534 cdatetime.hour = (rec_data[13]-48)*10+(rec_data[14]-48);
535 cdatetime.minute = (rec_data[15]-48)*10+(rec_data[16]-48);
536 cdatetime. second = (rec_data[17]-48)*10+(rec_data[18]-48);
537 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-65;
538 else if((rec_data[12] >= 'a') && (rec_data[12] <= 'g')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-97;
539 else cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-48;
540
541 printf("\n");
542 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",cdatetime.year,cdatetime.month,cdatetime.day, 543 printf("\n");
544
545 sprintf(str_cdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC", cdatetime.year, cdatetime.month, cdatetime.day, 546
547 }
548
549 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
550 void extract_sdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
551 {
552
553 sdatetime.year = (rec_data[47]-48)*10+(rec_data[48]-48);
554 sdatetime. month = (rec_data[49]-48)*10+(rec_data[50]-48);
555 sdatetime.day = (rec_data[51]-48)*10+(rec_data[52]-48);
556 sdatetime.dweek = rec_data[53]-48;
557 sdatetime.hour = (rec_data[54]-48)*10+(rec_data[55]-48);
558 sdatetime.minute = (rec_data[56]-48)*10+(rec_data[57]-48);
559 sdatetime. second = (rec_data[58]-48)*10+(rec_data[59]-48);
560
561 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 562
563 sprintf(str_sdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 564
565
566 }
567
568 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
569 void extract_position() //struct gps_position *position)
570 {
571 char buf[10];
572
573 if((rec_data[19] == 'N') || (rec_data[19] == 'n')) position.lat = 1;
4.13 Realtime program for future's wearable or portable prototype system 305
574 else position.lat = -1;
575 position.lat_d = (rec_data[20]-48)*10+(rec_data[21]-48);
576 position.lat_m = (rec_data[22]-48)*10+(rec_data[23]-48);
577 position.lat_s = (rec_data[24]-48)*100+(rec_data[25]-48)*10+(rec_data[26]-48);
578
579 if((rec_data[27] == 'E') || (rec_data[27] == 'e')) position. lng = 1;
580 else position. lng = -1;
581 position.lng_d = (rec_data[28]-48)*100+(rec_data[29]-48)*10+(rec_data[30]-48);
582 position.lng_m = (rec_data[31]-48)*10+(rec_data[32]-48);
583 position.lng_s = (rec_data[33]-48)*100+(rec_data[34]-48)*10+(rec_data[35]-48);
584
585 /*
586 memcpy(buf, &rec_data[37], 4);
587 buf[4] = 0x00;
588 position.alt = atoi(buf);
589 if (rec_data[36] != '+') position.alt *= -1;
590
591 position.vel = (rec_data[41]-48)*100+(rec_data[42]-48)*10+rec_data[43]-48;
592 position.head = (rec_data[44]-48)*100+(rec_data[45]-48)*10+rec_data[46]-48;593 */
594 printf("N%02d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec) E%03d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec)\n",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position. lat_s, 595
596 sprintf(str_lat, "N%02d.%02d.%03d",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position.lat_s);
597
598 sprintf(str_lng, "E%03d.%02d.%03d",position.lng_d, position.lng_m, position.lng_s);
599
600}
306
Chapter 5
Performance Evaluation of Prototype
System Embedded with Maximum
Likelihood Estimation
In the previous chapter, the prototype adopts the considerable higher thresholds in order to
suppress the wrong signal detections.
ratio of wrong answer as well as the reasonable ratio of no answer.
In this chapter, additional meaningful fruits, including the narrower azimuth limitation
width, are sought by using maximum likelihood method.
maximum likelihood method is shown in the next section.
5.1 Principle of maximum likelihood estimation
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a popular statistical method used for fitting
a mathematical model to some data.
likelihood offers a way of tuning the free parameters of the model to provide a good fit.
Maximum likelihood method was pioneered by geneticist and statistician Sir RA Fisher
between 1912 and 1922.
Consider a family D&micro; of probability distributions parameterized by an unknown parameter
θ (which could be vector-valued), associated with either a known probability density
function (continuous distribution) or a known probability mass function (discrete distribution),
We draw a sample x1; x2; :::; xn of n values from this distribution,
and then using fθ we compute the (multivariate) probability density associated with our
observed data, f&micro;(x1;:::;xnj&micro;)
As a function of &micro; with x1;:::; xn fixed, this is the likelihood functionL(&micro;) = f&micro;(x1;:::;xnj&micro;):
The method of maximum likelihood estimates θ by finding the value of θ that maximizes
L(&micro;). This is the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) of θ:
&#710;&micro; = arg max
&micro;
L(&micro;)
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 307
From a simple point of view, the outcome of a maximum likelihood analysis is the maximum likelihood estimate.
covariance matrix of the MLE, where this approximation is derived from the likelihood
function. A more complete outcome from a maximum likelihood analysis would be the
likelihood function itself, which can be used to construct improved versions of confidence
intervals compared to those obtained from the approximate variance matrix.
Commonly, one assumes that the data drawn from a particular distribution are independent,
Identically distributed with unknown parameters.
the problem because the likelihood can then be written as a product of n univariate
probability densities:
L(&micro;) =
Yn
i=1
f&micro;(xij&micro;)
and since maxima are unaffected by monotone transformations, one can take the logarithm
of this expression to turn it into a sum:
L&curren;(&micro;) =
Xn
i=1
logf&micro;(xij&micro;):
The maximum of this expression can then be found numerically using various optimizations
algorithms.
This contrasts with seeking an unbiased estimator of &micro;, which may not necessarily yield
the MLE but which will yield a value that (on average) will neither tend to over-estimate
nor under-estimate the true value of &micro;.
When we use the maximum likelihood method, we should be aware of the fact that the
maximum likelihood estimator may not be unique, or indeed may not even exist.
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation
The sky hemisphere above the observer is virtually sliced with concentric circles of
the elevations by 10 degrees increment from 0 degree.
follows:
el_idx
0 0 < +5
1+6 < +15
2 +16 < +25
3 +26 < +35
4 +36 < +45
5 +46 < +55
6 +56 < +65
7 +66 < +75
8 +76 < +85
9 +86 < +90
At the same time, the sky hemisphere above the observer is virtually sliced with meridians
of the azimuths by 10 degrees increment from 0 degree in clockwise. Each azimuthslice is indexed as follows:
308 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
In other words, the sky hemisphere is divided into 10 x 36 = 360 cells.
is supposed to be unit-centered unit-fixed coordinate.
center is oriented to the azimuth index of 09 (90 degrees).
az_idx
00-5 < +5
01 +6 < +15
02 +16 < +25
03 +26 < +35
04 +36 < +45
05 +46 < +55
06 +56 < +65
07 +66 < +75
08 +76 < +85
09 +86 < +95
10 +96 < +105
11 +106 <+115
12 +116 <+125
13 +126 <+135
14 +136 <+145
15 +146 <+155
16 +156 <+165
17 +166 <+175
18 +176 <+185
19 +186 <+195
20 +196 <+205
21 +206 <+215
twenty two :
twenty three :
twenty four :
twenty five :
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34 +336 <+345
35 +346 <+355
When a satellite i is located at the cell described as (azidx; elidx) , the probability of successful
reception (synchronization) of the GPS satellite signal is shown as Pi(azidx; elidx):
This value is calculated from the data from the experiment data for 25 hours described
in the previous chapter. 25 hours data logging produces 90,0000 records because 25 h *
60 min/h * 60 sec/min * 1 record/sec.
satellite data as 90,000 record * 8 satellites/record. Therefore, one cell contains 2000
satellites reception (synchronization) information in average, as 720,000 satellites /(36*10
(cells)) = 2000 satellites/cell.
solid angle compared to others. Therefore, it should be reasonable to exclude those cells
near to zenith from the targets of MLE calculation.
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 309
In spite of this kind of situation, some cells contain no sample.
by the adjacent cells in the same elevation.
reception count, that means the ratio of reception is substantially 0, the reception ratio
is set 0.0001. This is just for a preparation for later logarithm operation and the value
of 0.0001 is justified from the fact of average existing count is 2000 satellite/cells.
which have no samples is set -1, which means NA, as their values.
1
2 '' ■ 8 like812.bas This is one sheet from the prototype measured value data rtcom2tm.ips (L3 left antenna),
4 ' Instantaneously, the degree
5 Programs for obtaining number distributions
6 ' By the way, I think that like112.bas was assumed to be a single-layer type (L), and I assumed a three-layer type.
7 will be like312.bas
8 ' By the way, the reference program 1 is like012.bas (this com3 right antenna counterpart is 9 like113.bas, so be careful because the name is a little asymmetrical)
10 ' By the way, program 2 used as a reference is testtest.bas (original azl93.1.bas, or ,
11p~ azl93 25 hours on the rooftop Extract one sheet from 90,000 data and instantaneously n(1-14) squares
It was formed in 12 moments and calculated the correct/no answer/wrong answer rate and the average width of the correct answer.bas)
13
14 'az 10 degree intervals el 10 degree intervals, separated by
15 'az 10 degree intervals (36 squares) 0 degrees, 10 degrees, ..., 340 degrees, up to 350 degrees
16 'el 10 degree intervals (10 squares) 0 degrees, 10 degrees,...,80 degrees, up to 90 degrees
17 'DIM A&(36,10) '(& is a long integer, A&(36, 10) is reserved and actually used.
18 no)
19 DIM CellExst&(37,11) '(& is a long integer, A&(36, 10) is reserved and actually used.
20)
21 DIM CellRcv&(37,11) '(& is a long integer, A&(36, 10) is reserved and actually used.
22 no)
23 DIM CellRto#(37,11) '(& is a long integer, A&(36, 10) is reserved and actually used.
24 no)
25 DIM satcom1$(10) ' Index 10 is overreserved for 8 satellites
26
27
28 threshold$="I"' or more
29 el_threshold$="H"' Less than
30
31 DIM score#(40) ' overtaken
32 DIM hist&(50)'
33 for i=0 to 49
34 hist&(i)=0
35 next i
36
37
38 'File name: rtcom2tm.ips
39 OPEN "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #1
40 OPEN "out222.txt" FOR OUTPUT AS #2
41 i1& = 0
42 i9 &= 0 'error
43
44 while( 1 ) 'Read line by line if not EOF
45
310 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
46 LINE INPUT #1, com1input$
47 INCR i1&'& is a long integer
48
49 if ( EOF(1) ) goto ending
50
51 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
52
53 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
54 ips1$=tmp1$
55 END IF
56
57 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
58 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters from each satellite
59'-----------------------------
60 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
61 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
62 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
63'-----------------------------
64 convert 'el to exponent
65 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
66
Convert 67 'az to exponent
68
69 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
70 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
71 elseif (az$ = "a") then
72 az_idx = 0
73 else
74 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
75 end if
76
77 'line For each line, the value α= int (line/180) (for later subtraction from az)
78 'Every 180 seconds, 0.72 degree rotation, so every 41 minutes and 40 seconds (2500 seconds), 10 degree rotation, so that minute
Subtract az_idx by 79 (by 1).
80 '41 Since it rotates 10 degrees every minute and 40 seconds (2500 seconds), subtract az_idx for that minute (only 1).
81.
82 'Every 20 minutes and 50 seconds (1250 seconds), it rotates 05 degrees, so decrease az_idx by that amount ( ).
83 Cheating.
84
85 new_az_idx% = (36 + az_idx - round(i1&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' right antenna and
86 Is the adjustment different for the left antenna? No, same? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. Repeat by 0.5 before
87 up. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point
88 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
89
90'-----------------------------
91
92
93 CellExst&(new_az_idx%, el_idx)= CellExst&(new_az_idx%, el_idx) + 1 '
94 Number of satellites present in that cell
95
96 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 311
97 CellRcv&(new_az_idx%, el_idx) = CellRcv&(new_az_idx%, el_idx) + 1
98 end if
99
100 NEXT j
101
102 WEND
103
104 ending:
105
106 'write #2, "error=";i9&
107 beeps
108
109
110 for az_idx=0 to 35
111 for el_idx=0 to 9
112 if ( CellExst & (az_idx, el_idx) = 0) then
113 CellRto#(az_idx,el_idx)=-1
114 end if
115 CellRto#(az_idx, el_idx) = round( CellRcv&(az_idx, el_idx) / CellExst&(az_idx, el_idx), 4)
116 next el_idx
117 next az_idx
118
119 for az_idx=0 to 35
120 write #2, CellRto#(az_idx, 0), CellRto#(az_idx, 1),CellRto#(az_idx, 2),CellRto#(az_idx, 121 next az_idx
122
123 write #2, ""
124
125
126 for az_idx=0 to 35
127 write #2, CellExst&(az_idx, 0), CellExst&(az_idx, 1),CellExst&(az_idx, 2),CellExst&(az_idx, 128 next az_idx
129
130
131 write #2, ""
132
133 for az_idx=0 to 35
134 write #2, CellRcv&(az_idx, 0), CellRcv&(az_idx, 1),CellRcv&(az_idx, 2),CellRcv&(az_idx, 135 next az_idx
136
137 write #2, ""
138
139 'Fill the NA of com2' Probability NA is (2) Probability interpolation table using the same elevation angle left and right
140 Create and use
141 if threshold$="I" then
142 CellRto#(6,1)=0.0004
143 CellRto#(27,1)=0.8690
144 CellRto#(29,1)=0.8318
145 CellRto#(14,3)=0.0
146 CellRto#(14,4)=0.0
147 CellRto#(15,4)=0.0
312 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
148 end if
149
150 'A probability of 0 is unlikely to be calculated by the product of likelihoods or log, so let's set it to about 10^-8'
151 In the first place, I noticed that the likelihood is a positive value
152 for i=0 to 35
153 for j=0 to 9
154 if (CellRto#(i,j)=0) then
155 CellRto#(i,j)=0.0001
156 end if
157 next j
158 next i
159
160 for az_idx=0 to 35
161 write #2, CellRto#(az_idx, 0), CellRto#(az_idx, 1),CellRto#(az_idx, 2),CellRto#(az_idx, 162 next az_idx
163
164 write #2, ""
165
166 'az 10 degree intervals (36 squares) 0 degrees, 10 degrees, ..., 340 degrees, up to 350 degrees
167 'el 10 degree intervals (10 squares) 0 degrees, 10 degrees,...,80 degrees, up to 90 degrees
168
169 CLOSE #1
170 CLOSE #2
171 '================================================ ================================================
172
173 OPEN "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+1)
174 OPEN "out2octa.txt" FOR OUTPUT AS #20' ■ 8 octa
175
176' -------------------------------
177 num_polygon%=8' ■ 8
178' -------------------------------
179 i2&=0
180 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+2) 'com skip (500 angle*180
181 line)* **Skip just the squares. Same file to open
Since the first 2 of 182 '(2+2) are already OPEN for table creation purposes, +2 is additionally OPENed second.
183 Therefore, 2 in i2& is the same. The same goes for 2 in 2-1 on the next line. Same for INPUT #(2+2), INCR i2&
184 2 is the same.
185 skiplines&& = (500*180* (2-1) / num_polygon% )
186 write #20, skiplines&&
187 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
188 LINE INPUT #(2+2), com1input$
189 INCR i2&
190 NEXT largenum&&
191 write #20 , com1input$
192 if (num_polygon %=2) then
193 goto new start:
194 end if
195' -------------------------------
196 i3&=0
197 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+3) 'com skip (500 angle*180
198 lines)* **Skip only squares. Same file to open
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 313
199 '(2+3) since the first 2 are already OPEN for tabulation purposes, +3 is added to the second
200 OPEN, so 3 in i3& is the same. The same goes for 3 in 3-1 on the next line. 3 in INPUT # (2 + 3) is the same,
3 of 201 INCR i3& is the same.
202 skiplines&& = (500*180* (3-1) / num_polygon% )
203 write #20, skiplines&&
204 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
205 LINE INPUT #(2+3), com1input$
206 INCR i3&
207 NEXT largenum&&
208 write #20 , com1input$
209 if (num_polygon %=3) then
210 goto newstart:
211 end if
212 '-----------------------------------
213 i4&=0
214 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+4) 'com skip (500 angle*180
215 lines)* **Skip just the squares. Same file to open
216 Since the first 2 of '(2+4) are already OPEN for table creation purposes, +4 is added to the second
217 OPEN, so 4 in i4& is the same. The same goes for 4 in 4-1 on the next line. 4 in INPUT # (2 + 4) is the same,
4 in 218 INCR i4& is the same.
219 skiplines&& = (500*180* (4-1) / num_polygon% )
220 write #20, skiplines&&
221 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
222 LINE INPUT #(2+4), com1input$
223 INCR i4&
224 NEXT largenum&&
225 write #20 , com1input$
226 if (num_polygon %=4) then
227 goto newstart:
228 end if
229 '-----------------------------------
230 i5&=0 ' ■ 5
231 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+5) '' ■ Skip 5 com (500 angle
232 *Line 180)* **Skip only squares. Same file to open
233 Since the first 2 of '(2+5) are already OPEN for table creation purposes, +5 is added to the fifth
234 OPEN, so 5 in i5& is the same. The same applies to 5 in 5-1 on the next line. 5 in INPUT # (2 + 5) is the same,
5 in 235 INCR i5& is the same.
236 skiplines&& = (500*180* (5-1) / num_polygon% )' ■ 5
237 write #20, skiplines&&
238 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
239 LINE INPUT #(2+5), com1input$' ■ 5
240 INCR i5&' ■ 5
241 NEXT largenum&&
242 write #20 , com1input$
243 if (num_polygon%=5) then ' ■ 5
244 goto newstart:
245 end if
246' -------------------------------
247 i6&=0 ' ■ 6
248 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+6) '' ■ 6 com skipping (500 angle
249 *Line 180)* **Skip only squares. Same file to open
314 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
The first 2 of 250 '(2+5) are already OPENed for tabulation purposes, so +5 is added to the 5th
251 OPEN, so 5 in i5& is the same. The same applies to 5 in 5-1 on the next line. 5 in INPUT # (2 + 5) is the same,
5 in 252 INCR i5& is the same.
253 skiplines&& = (500*180* (6-1) / num_polygon% )' ■ 6
254 write #20, skiplines&&
255 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
256 LINE INPUT #(2+6), com1input$' ■ 6
257 INCR i6&' ■ 6
258 NEXT largenum&&
259 write #20 , com1input$
260 if (num_polygon%=6) then ' ■ 6
261 goto newstart:
262 end if
263' -------------------------------
264 i7&=0 ' ■ 7
265 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+7) '' ■ 7 com skip (500 angle
266 *Line 180)* **Skip only squares. Same file to open
267 '(2+7) since the first 2 are already open for table creation, +7 is added to the 7th
268 OPEN, so 7 in i7& is the same. The same applies to 7 in 7-1 on the next line. 7 in INPUT # (2 + 7) is the same,
5 of 269 INCR i7& is the same.
270 skiplines&& = (500*180* (7-1) / num_polygon% )' ■ 7
271 write #20, skiplines&&
272 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
273 LINE INPUT #(2+7), com1input$' ■ 7
274 INCR i7&' ■ 7
275 NEXT largenum&&
276 write #20 , com1input$
277 if (num_polygon%=7)then ' ■ 7
278 goto newstart:
279 end if
280' -------------------------------
281 i8&=0 ' ■ 8
282 open "rtcom2tm.ips" FOR INPUT AS #(2+8) '' ■ 8 com skipping (500 angle
283 *Line 180)* **Skip only squares. Same file to open
284 Since the first 2 of '(2+8) have already been opened for table creation, +8 is added to the 8th
285 OPEN, so 8 in i8& is the same. The same goes for 8 in 8-1 on the next line. 8 in INPUT #(2+8) is the same,
5 of 286 INCR i8& is the same.
287 skiplines&& = (500*180* (8-1) / num_polygon% )' ■ 8
288 write #20, skiplines&&
289 FOR largenum&& = 1 TO skiplines&&
290 LINE INPUT #(2+8), com1input$' ■ 8
291 INCR i8&' ■ 8
292 NEXT largenum&&
293 write #20 , com1input$
294 if (num_polygon%=8)then ' ■ 8
295 goto newstart:
296 end if
297' -------------------------------
298
299
300
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 315
301 new start:
302
303 i1& = 0
304 i9&= 0 'error
305
306 while( 1 ) 'Read line by line if not EOF
307
308 LINE INPUT #(2+1), com1input$
309 INCR i1&'& is a long integer
310
311 if ( EOF(2+1) ) goto ending2
312
313 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
314
315 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
316 ips1$=tmp1$
317 END IF
318
319 For j=0 to 36
320 score#(j) = 0.0 'initialize to add log
321 next j
322
323 sats_used_for_estimation%=0 ' Number of satellites used for estimation (maybe 2 or 3)
324
325 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
326 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
327'-----------------------------
328 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
329 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
330 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
331'-----------------------------
Convert 332 'el to exponent
333 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
334
335'-----------------------------
convert 336 'az to exponent
337 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
338 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
339 elseif (az$ = "a") then
340 az_idx = 0
341 else
342 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
343 end if
344 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i1&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' right antenna and left
With the 345 antenna, the adjustment is... the same? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. Round up by 0.5 before that. ancestor
Carry down to 1.4 after 346. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point
347 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
348 '-----------------------------
349
350
351 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
316 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
352 Only for low elevation angle
353 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
354 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
355 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability value already exists (-1
356), for cells only
357 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
358 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If the signal strength is above the threshold,
359 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 360
361 else
362 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 363
364 end if
365 NEXT offset%
366 'end if
367 end if
368 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
369 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
370
371
372 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
373
374 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
375 LINE INPUT #(2+2), com1input$ ' 2 after 2+2
376 INCR i2&'& is a long integer ' ■ 2 of i2&
377
378 if ( EOF(2+2) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 2 after 2+2
379
380 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
381
382 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
383 ips1$=tmp1$
384 END IF
385
386 ' For j=0 to 36 ■
387 'score#(j) = 0.0 ' Initialize to add log ■
388 ' next j ■
389
390 ' sats_used_for_estimation%=0 ' Number of satellites used for evaluation (probably 2 or 3) ■
391
392 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
393 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
394'-----------------------------
395 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
396 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
397 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
398 '-----------------------------
Convert 399 'el to exponent
400 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
401
402 '-----------------------------
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 317
403 convert 'az to exponent
404 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
405 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
406 elseif (az$ = "a") then
407 az_idx = 0
408 else
409 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
410 end if
411 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i2&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 2 right of i2&
412 Antenna and left antenna have the same adjustment? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
413 Round up. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point
414 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
415 '-----------------------------
416
417
418 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
419 Only for low elevation angle
420 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming -1 is no longer there. . .
421 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
422 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0) then ' probability value already exists (-1
423), for cells only
424 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
425 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
426 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 427
428 else
429 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 430
431 end if
432 NEXT offset%
433 'end if
434 end if
435 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
436 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
437
438
439 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
440 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
441
442 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
443 LINE INPUT #(2+3), com1input$ ' ■ 3 of 2+3
444 INCR i3&'& is a long integer ' ■ 3 of i3&
445
446 if ( EOF(2+3) ) goto ending2 '''''''' ■ 3 of 2 + 3
447
448 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
449
450 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
451 ips1$=tmp1$
452 END IF
453
318 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
454 ' For j=0 to 36 ■
455 'score#(j) = 0.0 ' Initialize to add log ■
456 ' next j ■
457
458 ' sats_used_for_estimation%=0 ' Number of satellites used for evaluation (probably 2 or 3) ■
459
460 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
461 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
462'-----------------------------
463 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
464 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
465 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
466 '-----------------------------
convert 467 'el to exponent
468 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
469
470'-----------------------------
convert 471 'az to exponent
472 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
473 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
474 elseif (az$ = "a") then
475 az_idx = 0
476 else
477 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
478 end if
479 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i3&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 3 of i3&.
480 Right antenna and left antenna have the same adjustment? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. in front of it
481 Round by 0.5. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point
482 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
483 '-----------------------------
484
485
486 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
487 Applicable only to low elevation angle
488 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
489 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
490 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability value already exists (-1
491), for cells only
492 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
493 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If the signal strength is above the threshold,
494 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 495
496 else
497 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 498
499 end if
500 NEXT offset %
501 'end if
502 end if
503 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
504 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 319
505
506
507 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
508 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
509
510 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
511 LINE INPUT #(2+4), com1input$ ' 4 of 2+4
512 INCR i4&'& is a long integer ' ■ 4 in i4&
513
514 if ( EOF(2+4) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 4 of 2 + 4
515
516 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
517
518 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
519 ips1$=tmp1$
520 END IF
521
522
523 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
524 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
525'-----------------------------
526 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
527 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
528 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
529 '-----------------------------
convert 530 'el to exponent
531 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
532
533 '-----------------------------
convert 534 'az to exponent
535 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
536 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
537 elseif (az$ = "a") then
538 az_idx = 0
539 else
540 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
541 end if
542 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i4&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 4 of i4&.
543 Right antenna and left antenna have the same adjustment? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
Round up by 544. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point 545 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
546 '-----------------------------
547
548
549 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
550 Only for low elevation angles (below the elevation threshold for the time being, excluding elevation angles of 0 due to lack of data)
551 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
552 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
553 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability already exists (-1
554), for cells only
555 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
320 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
556 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
557 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 558
559 else
560 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 561
562 end if
563 NEXT offset%
564 'end if
565 end if
566 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
567 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
568
569
570 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
571 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
572
573 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
574 LINE INPUT #(2+5), com1input$ ' ■ 5 of 2+5
575 INCR i5&'& is a long integer ' ■ 5 of i5&
576
577 if ( EOF(2+5) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 5 of 2 + 5
578
579 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
580
581 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
582 ips1$=tmp1$
583 END IF
584
585
586 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
587 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
588'-----------------------------
589 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
590 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
591 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
592 '-----------------------------
convert 593 'el to exponent
594 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
595
596 '-----------------------------
convert 597 'az to exponent
598 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
599 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
600 elseif (az$ = "a") then
601 az_idx = 0
602 else
603 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
604 end if
605 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i5&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 5 of i5&.
606 Right antenna and left antenna have the same adjustment? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 321
Round up by 607. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point 608 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
609 '-----------------------------
610
611
612 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
613 Only for low elevation angle
614 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
615 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
616 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0) then ' probability already exists (-1
617), for cells only
618 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
619 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
620 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 621
622 else
623 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note 1.0 scale, not 624
625 end if
626 NEXT offset %
627 'end if
628 end if
629 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
630 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
631
632
633 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
634 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
635
636
637 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
638 LINE INPUT #(2+6), com1input$ ' 6 of 2+6
639 INCR i6&'& is a long integer ' ■ 6 of i6&
640
641 if ( EOF(2+6) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 6 of 2 + 6
642
643 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
644
645 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
646 ips1$=tmp1$
647 END IF
648
649
650 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
651 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
652'-----------------------------
653 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
654 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
655 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
656 '-----------------------------
convert 657 'el to exponent
322 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
658 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
659
660'-----------------------------
convert 661 'az to exponent
662 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
663 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
664 elseif (az$ = "a") then
665 az_idx = 0
666 else
667 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
668 end if
669 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i6&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 6 of i6&.
670 Right antenna and left antenna have the same adjustment? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
Round up by 671. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point 672 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
673 '-----------------------------
674
675
676 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
677 Applicable only to low elevation angle
678 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
679 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
680 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability value already exists (-1
681), for cells only
682 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
683 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
684 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 685
686 else
687 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 688
689 end if
690 NEXT offset %
691 'end if
692 end if
693 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
694 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
695
696
697 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
698 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
699
700 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
701 LINE INPUT #(2+7), com1input$ ' ■ 7 of 2+7
702 INCR i7&'& is a long integer ' ■ 7 in i7&
703
704 if ( EOF(2+7) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 7 of 2 + 7
705
706 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
707
708 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 323
709 ips1$=tmp1$
710 END IF
711
712
713 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
714 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
715'-----------------------------
716 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
717 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
718 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
719'-----------------------------
convert 720 'el to exponent
721 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
722
723 '-----------------------------
convert 724 'az to exponent
725 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
726 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
727 elseif (az$ = "a") then
728 az_idx = 0
729 else
730 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
731 end if
732 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i7&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 7 of i7&.
733 Right antenna and left antenna are adjusted... same? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
Round up by 734. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point 735 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
736 '-----------------------------
737
738
739 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
740 Applicable only to low elevation angle
741 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
742 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
743 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability already exists (-1
744), for cells only
745 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
746 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
747 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 748
749 else
750 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is based on 1.0, not 751
752 end if
753 NEXT offset%
754 'end if
755 end if
756 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
757 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
758
759
324 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
760 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
761 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
762
763 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
764 LINE INPUT #(2+8), com1input$ ' ■ 8 of 2+8
765 INCR i8&'& is a long integer ' ■ 8 of i8&
766
767 if ( EOF(2+8) ) goto ending2 '''''''' 8 of 2 + 8
768
769 tmp1$= RIGHT$(com1input$,108)
770
771 IF((LEFT$(tmp1$, 6)= "SONY81") and (LEN(tmp1$) =108) ) THEN
772 ips1$=tmp1$
773 END IF
774
775
776 FOR j=1 TO 8 'j Repeat for the number of parallel 8 channels.
777 satcom1$(j)= MID$(ips1$, 64+5*(j-1), 5) ' Extract 5 characters for each satellite
778'-----------------------------
779 el$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),2,1) ' Take in the second elevation angle el
780 az$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),3,1) ' Take in the third azimuth az
781 ss$ = mid$(satcom1$(j),5,1) ' Incorporate 5th intensity ss
782 '-----------------------------
convert 783 'el to exponent
784 el_idx = ASC(el$) - ASC("A") ''el_idx=0,1,...,8,9
785
786 '-----------------------------
convert 787 'az to exponent
788 if(az$ <"a") then ''az_idx=0,1,...,34,35
789 az_idx = ASC(az$) - ASC("A")
790 elseif (az$ = "a") then
791 az_idx = 0
792 else
793 az_idx = 18 + (ASC("s") - ASC(az$))
794 end if
795 new_az_idx% = (36+az_idx - round(i8&/2500, 0)) MOD 36 ' ■ 8 of i8&.
796 Right antenna and left antenna are adjusted... same? Note: If you go to '2500, 1. 0.5 in front of it
Round up by 797. Then move down to 1.4. From 1.5 to 2. , 0 means no decimal point 798 '2500(lines)=180(sec)*10(deg)/0.72(deg)
799'-----------------------------
800
801
802 if ( (el_idx <(ASC(el_threshold$)-ASC("A")) ) and (el_idx > 0) ) then '
803 Only for low elevation angle
804 INCR sats_used_for_estimation% ' Fill in the blanks, assuming that -1 is no longer there. . .
805 This premise is almost correct. If the elevation angle is determined, all data is covered
806 'if (CellRto#(new_az_idx%, el_idx)>0.0 ) then ' probability value already exists (-1
807), for cells only
808 FOR offset%=0 to 35 ' Assume the virtual offset angle from 0 to 35...
809 if ( ASC(ss$) >= ASC(threshold$) ) then ' If above the signal strength threshold,
810 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10( CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%)
5.2 Prototype system maximum likelihood estimation 325
Note that it is based on 1.0, not 811
812 else
813 score#(offset%)= score#(offset%) + LOG10(1.0- CellRto#((36+new_az_idx% - offset%) Note that it is 1.0 based, not 814
815 end if
816 NEXT offset %
817 'end if
818 end if
819 ' Above, in this block, each likelihood (score#(offset%)) of each virtual offset angle is calculated.
820 (the offset that gives this maximum value is the measurement direction by maximum likelihood estimation)
821
822
823 NEXT j ' 8 satellites
824 '%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
825
826
827 ' Find maximum likelihood
828 ' Find the offset value that gives the maximum likelihood (offset_for_max_score% )
829 offset_for_max_score% =0
830 FOR i=0 to (35-1)
831 if (score#(offset_for_max_score%) <score#(i+1)) then
832 offset_for_max_score% = i+1
833 end if
834 NEXT i
835
836 ' Histogram to get its distribution shape
837 INCR hist&(offset_for_max_score%)
838
839 ' Take the difference 840 between the offset value (offset_for_max_score%) that gives the maximum likelihood and the true value (0)
841 ' The difference between the offset value (offset_for_max_score%) that gives the maximum likelihood value and the true value (0),
842 find variance and mean
843
844
845
846 ' The true measurement direction (every 2500 lines moves 10 degrees, so use rounding) is:
847
848 ' output both
849 right_orientatoin_idx% = round(i1&/2500, 0)
850 write #20, "right", right_orientatoin_idx%
851 write #20, "sats used for estim", sats_used_for_estimation%
852 write #20, "offset_for_max_score%", offset_for_max_score%
853 For offset%=0 to 35
854 write #20, offset%, score#(offset%)
855 NEXT offset %
856
857 WEND
858
859 ending2:
860
861 write #20, ""
326 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
862 write #20, ""
863 for i=0 to 35
864 write #20, hist&(i)
865 next i
866
867 CLOSE
868
In the experiment, as to the satellite i, azimuth value based on the unit-centered unitfixed
coordinate and elevation value can specify the Pi(azidx; elidx).
is achieved, Pi(azidx; elidx) is adopted. If not, (1 &iexcl;Pi(azidx; elidx)) is adopted.
observed all 8 satellites, the products are calculated.
Elevations more than 66 degrees or less than 5 degrees, is met, such a satellite is excluded
for the process. This product is likelihood function L(&micro; = 0) value.
Considering that the antenna is supposed to be rotated by &micro;, likelihood function L(&micro;)
value is calculated for every 36 &micro;(= 0; 10; :::; 34; 35).
among these likelihood function values, is selected as the maximum likelihood estimator
of the orientation of the unit.
This method can be executed with preceding data correction which reflects the antenna
beam pattern and peripheral environment, especially blockage.
method make use of undeceived satellite signals as meaningful information.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with single unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.1. The 68 percent confidence interval is 62.8 degrees.
at half maximum (FWHM) is about 52 degrees.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with parallel back-to-back
unit configuration is shown in Figure 5.2.
degrees. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) is about 22 degrees.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with triangle unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.3. The 68 percent confidence interval is 26.0 degrees.
width at half maximum (FWHM) is about 19 degrees.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with square unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.4. The 68 percent confidence interval is 24.6 degrees.
Width at half maximum (FWHM) is about 15 degrees.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with pentagonal unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.5.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with sextet unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.6.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with heptagonal unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.7.
Probability distribution by maximum likelihood estimator with octagonal unit configuration
is shown in Figure 5.8.
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototypes
maximum likelihood estimation
The performance evaluation using the prototype system embedded with maximum likelihood
estimation method is introduced. The aim is to effectively estimate the azimuthvalue in more narrow range style. With the those GPS satellite reception data measured
by the prototype in real, maximum likelihood estimator is calculated on each during the
25 hours, or 90,000 seconds, in the supposed single to octagonal unit configuration of the
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood estimation 327
Table. 5.1. Likelihood function values and antenna direction
328 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Fig. 5.1. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with single unit configuration
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood estimation 329
Fig. 5.2. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with parallel back-to-back unit configuration
330 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Fig. 5.3. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with triangle unit configuration
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood estimation 331
Fig. 5.4. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with square unit configuration
332 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Fig. 5.5. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with pentagonal unit configuration
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood estimation 333
Fig. 5.6. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with sextet unit configuration
334 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Fig. 5.7. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with heptaxial unit configuration
5.3 Results of performance evaluation of prototype with maximum likelihood estimation 335
Fig. 5.8. Probability distribution of estimator error through maximum likelihood method
with octagonal unit configuration
336 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
proposed method. Even if it is supposed n units configuration, there are trials of as much
as 90,000/n trials. It is considered to be suitable for this statistical analysis.
Located between elevation angles of 5 and 65 degrees are used for the calculation.
signal strength threshold are set at -125.0 dBm as the value of the signal strength observed
at the antenna.
estimation theory, the orientation of the antenna of the GPS unit is estimated.
satellite signal strength records measured in the previous experiment prototype system
in real, the probability distribution of GPS satellite signal acquisition event is prepared
for very small segment at every orientation (azimuth, elevation) viewed from the antenna
fixed coordinate. The probability distribution table is evaluated by the measured data of
GPS satellite signal and the likelihood value is produced.
a function of the supposed antenna's bearing as an unknown parameter.
unknown parameter which makes the maximum likelihood value is thought the estimator
of the antenna bearing.
of the differences between each true value of the antenna and each estimator.
5.3.1 Confidence intervals at arbitrary confidence levels
Confidence intervals at the confident levels of 70, 80, 90% are compared at the every
number of the proposed GPS units. One of main difference between this method and the method used in the previous chapter might be found on the fact that the undeceived
GPS satellite signals are also taken advantage of in this estimation method.
to be possible as the likelihood function is able to be created based on the tremendous
records of GPS signal strength data measured in the prototype system experiment using
the proposed method in the previous Chapter.
As a result, the widths of confidence interval of confidence level of 70 %, for the supposed
systems of single to octagonal unit configurations, are 77.1, 41.9, 36.0, 25.8, 20.1,
15.0, 11.0, 9.9 degrees, respectively.
level of 80%, for the supposed systems of from single to octagonal unit configurations, are
revealed as 170.3, 82.6, 71.8, 58.2, 44.0, 39.6, 31.8, 27.6 degrees, respectively.
the widths of confidence interval of confidence level of 90%, for the supposed systems of
from single to octagonal unit configurations, are also made clear as 170.3, 82.6, 71.8, 58.2,
44.0, 39.6, 31.8, 27.6 degrees, respectively.
Table 5.9 shows the confidence interval widths acquired at arbitary confidence levels by
the maximum likelihood estimation method using the prototype experiment.
5.4 Comparison of simulation, prototype and prototype with
maximum likeli food estimation
A clear-cut graph is drawn for the design choice support to build cost-effective embodiments
of the proposed method, where the relationship between the number of the antennaand the width of confidence interval for each confidence level.
All the three evaluation values are illustrated in Figure 5.10
At first, logically possible (ideal) ALW values was investigated in detail and drawn as
the lowest curve. (Another research result on the number of the satellite signals is not
included in this graph. At the result, see chapter 3.)
Secondly, the prototype was built and the performance was evaluated in the almost
unblocked (clear-path) condition It has a strong merit to make a strict azimuth limitation
in the 99.99% confident interval.
easily leads to the narrower results.
5.4 Comparison of simulation, prototype and prototype with maximum likelifood estimation 337
Fig. 5.9. Graph of relationship of confidence interval widths for confidence levels by 10
percent increments and number of supposed antennas, based on result of prototypesystem with the maximum likelihood estimation
338 Chapter 5 Performance Evaluation of Prototype System Embedded with Maximum Likelihood Estimation
such like the route selection downward from the ridge of a snow mountain.
once taking a path downward, the wrong orientation selection often leads to the serious
distress, ie arrival to a bottom of a ravine which does not lead to any habitant area.
To mountaineering up again is too tough at such kind of situation.
Finally, the MLE processed prototype results are shown as a curve close to the logical
possible ideal ALW curve. The MLE estimator's excellence is confirmed here.
be considered as a kind of azimuth identification with a statistically and quantitatively
The 68 percent confident interval is very close to the
Logical possible ideal ALW curve.
With as much as high ratio of about 70 percent reliability, it will be used for a voice guide
for the like for a beautiful/interesting piece of scenery.
of historical, traditional, cultural, folkloric, scientific aspects, guides for constellations in
the night sky, artificial constructions, beautiful scenes, world heritages are included.
Lifelong education guide talking, such like the constellation watching and learning on
related works of art, mythology, history of science , and/or cultural tourism guide talking
for world heritage such like scattered constructions of the precinct of cathedrals, temples,
shrines would be suitable targets.
The guide would start to help the user to find the distinctive target and slowly guide the
line-of-sight to the next target which the story refers to.
usually, the system may exist as a latent possibility in the portable digital
audio player which provides favorite music by earphones.
and face the orientation, the audio player fades down the music and ask the user if he
would like to be assisted by the audio story related to what he look at.
GPS can also provide time. It helps meaningful information of timely natural (astronautically,
botanical, biological, ecological)/cultural events the orientation he looks at,national/local festivals near the location.
5.4 Comparison of simulation, prototype and prototype with maximum likelifood estimation 339
Fig. 5.10. Relationship between number of proposed units and maximum likelihood estimator's
confidence interval widths at confidence level of 70, 80 and 90%
respectively, superimposed on the azimuth limitation widths obtained from
the simulation and the prototype experiment
340
Chapter 6
Discussion
In this chapter, with the informative figures obtained from the intensive simulation, the
first and second experimental measurements with the prototype with available parts, a
practical design for the device which embodies the proposed method will be discussed.
In order to strengthen the international competitiveness of this nation, it is most improtant
to carry out research and development from its initial stage with a strategyhow to ensure and utilize related interectural properties with a view point of global universality
[98].
The 1979 International Convention on Search and Rescue at Sea (SAR Convention) provides that coastal states
Establish a domestic system for conducting appropriate search and rescue operations in marginal waters, and promote cooperation among relevant countries.
The ultimate aim is to create a search and rescue system with no gaps in the world's oceans.
be. Based on this convention, Japan is working to develop domestic systems, while at the same time signing SAR agreements with neighboring countries.
The United States, Russia, and South Korea are currently working together to establish an international cooperative framework.
have signed an agreement. Also, develop a maritime search and rescue system in response to requests from neighboring countries, etc.
Therefore, we are actively promoting technical cooperation such as accepting trainees and dispatching experts. [36]
The Licensed Guide Interpreters Act is based on the Licensed Guide Interpreters Act, and receives compensation for guiding interpreters (accompaniing foreign nationals, outside
A person who intends to use the Japanese language to provide travel guidance) as a business. Based on the Licensed Guide Interpreter Law
Therefore, only those who have passed the Licensed Guide Interpreter Examination and registered with the prefectural government can participate.
Also known as a “private diplomat,” it not only eliminates language barriers but also serves as a travel destination for Japan.
Important soft-in to directly appeal to foreign tourists in an accurate and appropriate manner
Hula.
Issues such as linguistic maldistribution and regional maldistribution [31];
There is also a problem [31] for which effective countermeasures have not been established.
341
Fig. 6.1. Application category 1: safe and secure society
342 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.2. Application category 2: Symbiosis Society
343
Fig. 6.3. Application category 3: assistive technology
344 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.4. UN ISDR [165]
345
Fig. 6.5. Disaster relief coordination [167]
346 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.6. Japan disaster relief vest[103]
347
Fig. 6.7. Disaster cycle [176]
348 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.8. Equipment avialable outdoors [76]
349
Fig. 6.9. A popular simulation for peaks identification in views on mountaineering [164],
frequency chart of reasons for distress, distress table [75]
350 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.10. Hazardmap of Momozono area at Nakano Ward in Tokyo, Japan, created by the municipal office of Nakawo Ward, assembled by the Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure Transportation and Tourism, Japan [60]
Fig. 6.11. Rescuepack, typical (inludes survival almi foil sheet)
351
Fig. 6.12. Trends in the number of ships in maritime casualties and the accompanying numbers of people who wanted to go missing and who were missing[36]
352 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.13. United Nation's Education, Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage [150]
353
Fig. 6.14. Recent tourism coordination [150]
354 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.15. The University of Tokyo: 5000 registered tangible cultural assets memorial
symposium poster
355
Fig. 6.16. Application: guide for each architecture located in toshogu shurine (World Heritage Site)
Site including national treasures and important tangible cultural assets)
[69]
356 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.17. Application for literature tourism[152], Lake Windermere, the Lake District
National Park, UK (Visit and walk the place of the model of a children's classic
literature)(my crosssection point of classic children's literature, nature walk,
goespatial data, Enlish, certificate tour guide and GPS: A England Children's
Classic Literature Location Tour)
357
Fig. 6.18. Visitor ranking of the nations in the world [70]
358 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.19. Outdoor museum of dazaifu city [71]
Fig. 6.20. Application: Antarctica tour boom [73]
359
Fig. 6.21. Application: google street view and map editor [72]
The percentage of people who go on to high school and university has remarkably increased when the "baby boomer generation" reaches school age.
The high school enrollment rate, which used to be about 50%, was around 1962, when the "baby boomer generation" entered high school.
2) reached about 64% in 2012. After that, the enrollment rate for high school and university continued to rise, but
generation” was a symbol of higher education (Fig. 6.23). This orientation towards higher education is a cultural thing.
This is thought to be the background of his deep interest in patterns. Moreover, the growing need for exchanges with the international community
Therefore, it is necessary to understand the concept of a tourism-oriented nation in the sense that it is naturally required to deepen the perspective of Japan's uniqueness.
In that sense, deepening cultural understanding is spreading among ordinary people.
is also expected to permeate. In addition, as can be seen in the time for integrated study, etc., the framework of the subject is
It is recommended to understand the importance of learning based on one's own interests, and in doing so,
Learning behavior outside the room is permitted. From this point of view, it is important to consider what you see when walking outdoors.
All of these are unique Japanese cultures, and the advent of an era when cultural understanding permeates education is approaching.
stomach. In addition, this proposal using GPS can be applied to digital devices such as mobile phones, mobile phones, etc.
wireless LAN, bluetooth, IrDA, etc.), and further digital input/output devices (mp3 music player).
ears, digital cameras, digital video cameras, voice recorders, etc.)
We are now in an era in which it is possible to deepen our interest in
Value norms change with the times. Pursuing the quality of value by putting in surplus materials
360 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.22.
zone (authorized by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure Transportation and
Tourism, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Sports, the Ministry
of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries on 11th March 2009, based on the act to
preserve and maintain historical scenic town [64])
361
Fig. 6.23. Changes in enrollment rate[39])
Instead of using what is currently available, it is possible to get the maximum
It is based on the ecological spirit of pursuing within a reasonable range. Therefore, GPS space
Information from the large infrastructure of space and management, and the current user department that does not become large-scale
Around 2010, with the idea that it would not hinder the maximum manifestation of its potential in the dimension of minutes.
This is a proposal based on an idea.
At the same time, it is based on the idea of the Internet around 1990. In other words, precision and
Instead of giving up perfection, embrace simplicity, simplicity, and cheapness. from large mainframes
362 Chapter 6 Discussion
Like personal computers, laptops, and PDAs that have been downsized, precision
Just as we went from a simple network to an unguaranteed IP network,
Value is placed on non-guaranteed packet arrival and security abandonment in exchange for convenience. this
Internet users in those days were intellectuals to a certain extent, and after being fully aware of its shortcomings
We welcomed the ease of continuation.
It is assumed that users have a certain degree of advanced judgment and expertise (medical care, rescue, building structural strength, seismology, etc.), but that judgment and expertise are routinely used in medical settings and firefighting/police
It is assumed that it will be demonstrated in the field, etc. (not related to geomagnetism). like that
It is convenient for people to make decisions and act after making decisions in order to carry out coordination activities at the site of a disaster.
The reason for this is that the estimation of the 3 errors of the geomagnetism is invisible underground, the inside of the bag, and the power lines.
I am exhausted because I have no choice but to judge the situation one by one. On the other hand, if there is a possibility of reflected waves,
In addition to being able to make inferences that are roughly uniform throughout the site, it is less likely that you will get fatigued.
do not have. Where appropriateness is readily determined from these contexts of use and where it is applicable over a relatively long period of time,
It is a suitable technology and does not exhaust the user. (In the first place, we learned about magnetism from elementary school classes.
It is pointed out that there are many things that cannot be properly understood because there is a discontinuity that cannot be ignored even in quantum mechanics at the university.
There is, and the author also agrees with it [?], so there is not much use of geomagnetism by ordinary people on land,
It is also in a position not to recommend its use in situations where the lives of others are at stake.)
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology has decided to implement a project to conduct hands-on activities such as nature experience activities. [35]
In order to nurture the sociability and rich humanity of young people, this is a
Projects that conduct hands-on activities on the theme of the environment;
Therefore, it aims to nurture youth independence and sociability.
In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is working to establish agricultural and farm village experience activities that are being undertaken in various places in the future.
Support for the creation of a nationwide organization for agricultural and rural farming and provision of information on acceptance of hands-on learning
[35].
As part of the promotion of activities to come in contact with nature, the Ministry of the Environment, in cooperation with local governments, etc.
“Green Day Gathering for Interacting with Nature” (April 29), “Movement to Get Closer to Nature” (July 21 to August
20th), nature observation events and walking competitions are held during the “National Nature Trail Walking Month” (October).
[35]. In cooperation with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, national parks, etc. throughout Japan are learning about the importance of nature and the environment.
We are implementing the "Children's Park Ranger Project" to provide opportunities to play. Due to these
Provide opportunities for young people to come into contact with nature, and strive to promote healthy upbringing of young people and natural environmental education.
there is In addition, in order to actively promote natural environmental education activities centered on such events,
In addition to providing training for specialist staff who are in leadership positions in activities, the Project for Training Commentary Leaders
"Park Volunteers
We carry out activity promotion business and try for the upbringing of human resources taking charge of activity. Furthermore, environmental
In cooperation with local governments, etc., the "Children's Eco-Club Project," which supports conservation activities, etc., will be implemented.
We are providing easy-to-understand information about and holding national exchange meetings. In addition, 2004
The Law Concerning Encouragement of Motivation and Promotion of Environmental Education for Environmental Conservation, fully enforced in October
(Heisei 15, Law 130), in order to increase the understanding of environmental conservation and motivation to take action, environmental education and
It includes measures such as the promotion of learning, the provision of opportunities for nature experiences, and the provision of information.
``Fundamental Policy for Enhancing Motivation for Environmental Conservation and Promoting Environmental Education'' (September 2004 Cabinet Resolution)
(Definition) is to clarify basic ideas such as learning the importance of life through environmental education.
In addition, the promotion of environmental education according to developmental stages and the development of foundations for the promotion of nature experience activities, etc.
We have just established specific measures, and in the future, we will develop human resources and organize bases based on the law and basic policies.
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization363
We will promote preparations, etc.
In addition, with the aim of promoting understanding and arousing interest in science and technology among young people,
We will develop human resources related to science and technology who are highly motivated and have dreams and passion for science and technology.
In order to create a social environment in which people feel close to science and technology and have a strong interest in it, relevant ministries and agencies
Based on the “Science and Technology Basic Plan” (approved by the Cabinet in March 2006), various measures are being implemented.
However, some of them include stargazing parties for the general public, including youth (correspondence: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan), youth and home
This includes holding science classes and field trips for people from other countries (correspondence: National Museum of Nature and Science). This proposal can be effectively used to support the activities of these ministries and agencies.
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization
The applications of this proposed system are so many.
In order to categorize all of them, the author consider five category axes is helpful.
6.1.1 First axis for categorization: utilization
The first axis is what kind of “utilization” the proposed system is utilized for.
on this axis, the following five application groups are currently discussed.
(1) Emergency rescue or medical teams' equipment on disaster response
According to [176], disaster managemenet cycle is represented by the circulation of
the following efforts:
&sup2; Mitigation: Activities that prevent disaster, reduces damaging disasters that are
inevitable
&sup2; Risk Reduction: Anticipatory measures and actions that seek to avoid future risks
resulting from a disaster before it hits
Prevention: Avoiding a disaster even in the last moments
Preparedness: plans or preparations made to save lives or property
&sup2; Response: Actions taken to save lives and prevent property damage, including the
implementation or action plans
Recovery: Actions that assist a community to return to a sense of normalcy after
a disaster
Natural hazards are naturally-occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or
slow onset events having atmospheric, geologic and hydrologic origins on solar, global,
regional, national and local scales.
Natural disasters are the consequences or effects of natural hazards, but natural phenomena
do not automatically have to spell disaster.
The occurrence of natural disasters are on the rise.
cyclone and China Sichuan earthquake will remain with us for a long time.
and mitigation are among the key objectives in UNESCO's Strategy.
at the interface between education, science, the social sciences, culture and communication364
Chapter 6 Discussion
UNESCO has a vital role to play in constructing a global culture of disaster risk
reduction.
Responding to disasters efficiently is an important aspect of mitigating their effects.
implies setting up means of emergency management and planning beyond emergency for
longer term needs for reconstruction and rehabilitation.
In order to save more lives in a disaster response, it is most important for emergency
Medical Technician Paramedics (EMTP) to reach the scene of emergency as soon as possible
right after the disaster.
area before acquiring enough information in the very initial stage of the disaster response.
Only after arriving at the devastated area, they face to their need to acquire the latest
and detailed information on their own while they carry out their efforts to reach the location
of casualties, often on foot due to rubble and debris. To make their on-the-spotloads lighter and shorten the time for them to reach casualties in, a novel practical user
segment is required for an Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic as a pedestrian,
which can provide them with usable functionalities as part of communication and navigation
infrastructures.
considered useful especially to help efficiently Emergency Medical Technician Paramedics
reach casualties as soon as possible, as an essential element of a future-oriented practical
telemedicine system [184].
In other words, a solution for a kind of "The Last-Mile Problem" of Emergency Medical
Technician Paramedics in telemedicine operation, especially in the initial stage of a
disaster response, will be proposed in our researches.
framework, we think it will be important how soon for Emergency Medical Technician
Paramedics to reach casualties and start the adequate telemedicine procedure.
context, space technologies are attractive. It is rather required to make an invention of
a more practical user segment, of Global Positioning System, which can provide pedestrians
with not only the positioning information but also azimuth information.
same time, the user segment should be designed as satellite communication's portable
receiver/transmitter.
fashion in order to be practical for Emergency Medical Technician Paramedics who carry
out telemedicine operations effectively in disaster response.
for Emergency Medical Technician Paramedics to get to the scene of emergency and to
Contribute to saving more lives in close consultation with doctors in telemedicine systems.
The response system under the Act on Special Measures Concerning Nuclear Emergency Preparedness [43] states,
In order to protect the lives, bodies and properties of the people from disasters, in order to ensure an appropriate initial action
Therefore, it is necessary to grasp accurate information quickly.”
There are many attempts to improve safety from the viewpoint of nuclear facilities, etc.
The same is true for , but effective disaster prevention measures that residents can take in the event of an actual accident include:
Evacuation by residents after receiving evacuation (or shelter-in-place) orders based on prompt notification and accident announcement
is.
Evacuation is also emphasized as a disaster prevention measure for nuclear facilities. This is to reduce exposure to radiation.
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization 365
For the residents, this device is useful in "evacuation support".
Disaster emergency response support organizations, police, firefighters, the Self-Defense Forces, etc., atomic bomb survivor medical institutions,
This device is useful for "quick approach" to an accident scene or an evacuation site for an assistant robot.
In addition, this device is also useful for “information sharing by image sharing,” which is effective in such emergencies.
One. This is a convenient way to find information when you are in a rush to organize information linguistically and you don't have much time.
By sharing images with location, orientation, and time, decision makers can make decisions quickly and appropriately.
It can be expected that
I have experienced many disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons, and I have also experienced many accidents and disasters at nuclear power plants.
However, as a country, it is desirable to contribute to these disaster mitigation and disaster prevention using science and technology.
Therefore, international standardization is also required.
In terms of time and location, there are not many situations in daily life where it is felt that direction is necessary.
there is
(a) A world that assumes safe other(s) with linguistic communication
(b) The geospatial world in which they have their own experience and knowledge
(c) A world where societies and organizations can operate and expect assistance
Orientation is not so important in such everyday scenes. However, in unusual scenes,
Orientation is important.
In particular, orientation is important in the following extraordinary world.
(1) “Relief activities” especially international relief activities (a, b, c are non-guaranteed) when daily life is disrupted,
(2) Activities that aim to acquire value through exploration guided by individual interests, while ignoring efficiency, which is emphasized in everyday life.
Active ``research activities for interest'' (b is non-guaranteed, c is also somewhat non-guaranteed)
(3) “Mobility activities for disabled and elderly people” equivalent to extraordinary times due to temporary or long-term loss of ability (b, c)
is not guaranteed) (trial and error is too costly).
(1) At the very beginning of "rescue activities", a series of judgments following individual judgments plays an important role. ancestor
There is no set solution here. Therefore, in order to help the judgment secondary to individual judgment, this proposal is effective.
effective (in reporting, imaging, recording, sharing, and analysis). Inhibition of activities at that time
The characteristics such as lightness, low cost, multi-functionality, and not causing misleading are alive. here,
At the site where many things are collapsing, it is impossible to grasp everything accurately. Judgment on the spot
There is no correct answer. On the spot, it is the sense that guides. Effectiveness of later relief by its sense
changes greatly. Impairment of the expression of its ability to guide sense should be avoided
[62].
It is also effective as equipment input information when collecting information. As each individual's equipment improves and becomes more empowered, the coordination of UNOCHA, etc. as a comprehensive coordination also contributes to becoming more elegant. In other words, in the midst of chaos, if the location, direction, and time are recorded in the image, it can be transferred to headquarters at a safe location via satellite phone.
By simply transferring to
contributes to the accuracy of
366 Chapter 6 Discussion
(2) ``Category of interest and interest activity'' This is not limited to the classroom, but must stop the dynamism of the whole person.
It is born out of movement. Requires GPS. Need direction. Automatic recording is good for these. whole person
Do not stop the typical flow experience. I thought that it was no good if I was doing something routine.
It is the opposite of the value of conventional education. In that sense, efficiency is not good, and quantitative educational effects,
The memory effect is also difficult to measure. In that sense, it has a good reputation among faculty members who appreciate the value of relying on frameworks.
tends to be worse. Gradually, however, the meaning is not in efficiency but in desirable dynamism.
It is now understood that it is to create a sense of humor and strengthen the power to live. In the same way,
Experimental activities were not very efficient and were not well received for being difficult to evaluate.
Dynamism that enhances the power to live will be born. This is the opposite value to the conventional
Now that "mo" has been attracting attention, this proposal effectively assists it (report preparation, imaging, recording,
in sharing or analysis). Light weight, low cost, multi-functionality, and misleading that do not hinder the activities at that time
Non-triggering properties are alive. This is a specialized way of writing about children's education.
When applied to people, it will be cultural tourism, regional revitalization, understanding of traditional culture, and so on. This is also conventional
This value is at the opposite end of the spectrum from the value of efficiency in the economy.
Inamism is born. In that case, it is an individual individual through the expression of individuality that disregards efficiency.
Achieve a unique development. There, an individual's interests guide him or her,
Avoid undermining that guidance in the pursuit of certainty.
“In the ICT field, where novel ideas and innovation are key, the quality of human resources is an international competition.
Development of advanced ICT human resources who are directly linked to competitiveness and who can create high added value using ICT
is essential [61]. ” This also says the same thing.
○ Comprehensively organize learning along specific subjects that go beyond the framework of existing subjects and are rooted in interests
Time for integrated study.
◆Comprehensive Study Time (Comprehensive Study) [Education/School Issues] [2006]
Curriculum and methods that transcend the boundaries of subjects and comprehensively organize learning along a specific subject. specific section
Develop exploratory activities in line with themes and experiences, and carry out learning rooted in life and interests. Taisho era liberal religion
The same concept applies to the combined education and combined learning of education and the core curriculum in the early postwar period. 1996 (Heisei
8) The 1998 report by the Central Council for Education emphasized the importance of cultivating “zest for living,” and the 1998 report by the Curriculum Council
It was proposed that junior high and high schools introduce a period for comprehensive study, and the course of study was revised. Country
Comprehensively explore issues such as international understanding, information, environment, welfare, and health, and take hands-on learning and regional characteristics.
Intensive learning is encouraged. The number of hours is about 3 hours a week for third graders and above in elementary school, and each grade in junior high school
About 2 hours a week, 105 to 210 credit hours in high school. Respect the autonomy of children and students,
Use of full-time and local volunteers, construction of school biotopes (wildlife habitats) for environmental education
While there are active movements such as maintenance and cooperation between high schools and universities, there is no budgetary measures, and information and training are lacking.
There are problems such as being inadequate and the way education is evaluated.
○Service and hands-on activities overseas
◆ Volunteer/Experience Activities [Educational/School Issues] [2006]
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization367
The 2002 report by the Central Council for Education states that service and hands-on activities are “provided for one’s own time and paid for.”
broadly defined as “activities that are useful for others, including ourselves, the community, and society,” as well as “new
Contributing to the "public" in a different way", building a system as a school, reflecting on university entrance examinations, etc.
It recommends the introduction of the curriculum and encourages its introduction into the formal curriculum. Volunteer and hands-on activities are a collaboration between school and community
In particular, work experience activities help young people choose their careers, career education, and internships.
The cooperation of business establishments and occupation-related organizations, such as systems, is required.
Comprehensive study time (walking around the area, taking pictures with a digital camera, input device for theme research)
Possibility of being useful as Because they aim to transcend the traditional framework, they sometimes
To set a goal and grasp something through discovery and exploration while walking outdoors in a familiar area.
is aimed at Such a problem is the difficulty of preparing the report. like that,
In learning and discovery, which incorporates contingency, coincidence, and synchronicity,
There is a possibility that the effectiveness of this tool will be demonstrated. At least it's useful for writing reports. report
The difficulty in preparing the report is due to the reports of the Japan International Cooperation Agency's Japan Disaster Relief Team and the overseas volunteers of Nippon Fukushi University.
It is also pointed out in the tier education program, recording, sharing and post-mortem analysis of such moving experiences
It will also be useful for the discovery of further wisdom in the future. [63]
United Nations Disaster Relief Office (UNDRO), organization founded in 1971 by the
General Assembly of the United Nations to mobilize and coordinate relief activities from
Various sources in times of disaster. UNDRO was established to coordinate United Nations
(UN) relief with aid given by governments and nongovernmental organizations, particularly
the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
of preparedness, especially in developing countries, and to prevent disasters by encouraging
preventative planning in such areas as scientific and technological developments.
times of disaster UNDRO acted as an information center, ensuring that relevant data from
the disaster site reached those offering aid. UNDRO worked with the Secretariat of the
United Nations to promote international cooperation in finding adaptable and low-cost
methods to reduce the likelihood and impact of disasters.
In 1991 the United Nations passed a resolution to strengthen its relief efforts and created
the position of emergency relief coordinator (ERC).
of a newly created Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA), and the ERC was given the
title of undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs. In 1998 the DHA was reorganized
into the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
UNDRO and the DHA.
A Brief History of Japan's Disaster Relief c[65]
1979 - The first Japan Medical Team (JMT) is formed:
The Japanese government dispatches an observer team to assist an influx of Cambodian
refugees who fled to Thailand during that country's civil war and the first Japan Medical
Team (JMT) is formed. In the next several years a total of 13 teams comprising 407
personnel work with Cambodian refugees.
1982 - The Japan Medical Team for Disaster Relief (JMTDR) is founded:
Large numbers of medical personnel register as volunteers with JICA.
widespread interest, the government develops a system to provide speedier disaster relief
in overseas crises, including the dispatch of the volunteers, which becomes known as The
Japan Medical Team for Disaster Relief (JMTDR).
368 Chapter 6 Discussion
1984 - The first mission:
The first JMTDR teams are dispatched to Ethiopia to assist some of the millions of poor
Peasants facing death in one of the worst droughts of the century.
1985-6 - Expanding its role:
After helping earthquake victims in Mexico and survivors of a volcanic eruption in
Columbia, disaster experts realize that a more comprehensive approach is neededincluding not only the dispatch of medical staff, but also experts in search and rescue
and recovery.
1987 - The Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) Law is enacted:
On September 16 the JDR law is enacted, creating Japan's first comprehensive and officially
recognized disaster relief system. JDR teams, which replace JMTDR, consist of
rescue and medical specialists and other personnel able to respond to various types of
overseas crises.
1991 - Closer links with JICA.
In order to be more effective and flexible in dealing with global disasters JDR establishes
an office within JICA. A medical team assists Iraqi refugees from the GulfWar who sought
safety in Iran and Turkey, but it will mark the last time such assistance is offered because
of a change in the JDR law the following year.
1992 - The JDR Law is revised and combined with the International Peacekeeping
Operation (PKO) Law:
The revision divides responsibilities.
assistance while JDR will be responsible for natural or manmade disasters.
SDF units can now be dispatched whenever necessary for major disasters as a JDR team.
1995 - Providing aid in Japan and around the world:
In the next eight years teams are dispatched as a series of earthquakes rock countries
around the world and in Japan itself.
which millions of people need assistance including floods, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
Adding to the world's woes, there are numerous man made catastrophes including oil spills,
pollution crisis and the outbreak of SARS in Asia.
2004 - The Great Asian tsunami and other disasters:
It was one of the world's worst calamities in which at least 240,000 persons were killed
and millions made homeless. Fourteen teams including rescue and medical specialists and
SDF units are dispatched to Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Indonesia, and Thailand.
2005 - The Pakistan earthquake:
Following the catastrophic tsunami, a fresh earthquake hits northern Pakistan killing more
than 73,000 people. Rescue and medical teams and a SDF unit are sent to the region.
2006 - Earthquake rocks Indonesia:
Thousands of people were killed when an earthquake struck Indonesia's Central Jawa
region. A JDR medical team and a SDF unit were sent to the disaster site.
supported local medical authorities, and the medical team operated a mobile clinic in
remote villages.
(2) Evacuation assistance on large-scale disasters
Voluntary evacuation or self-evacuation activity has come to be important in these days
as well as evacuation measurements by the government or local municipalities, in the cases of
large scale disasters including atomic power plant accident such as at Tokaimura atomic
Plant critical accident in 1999.
In those cases, one of the most important actions is to leave the place near to the accident as
soon as possible in order to decrease the total exposure time to harmful high energy ray.
The proposed method is useful for the community to began the evacuation process on the
warning of the accident at the very initial phase because the latitude and longitude input
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization369
can tell the user which way to leave for.
(3) Focus driven outdoor e-learning and cultural tourism assistance
In order to cultivate of aesthetic sentiments, education about the scenenic beauty in
the nature and architectural heritages with respect to traditional and cultural aspects.
this era for cultural mutual understanding, the importance of such kind of activities grows
rapidly. The proposed method for azimuth acquisition, even in the standing still to focus
on a ground feature or the like, is to provide the explanation about the universal value
of the architecture or natural thing.
provide strong assist to help the proposed method to realize the feasible e-learning device
for daily life. UNESCO, United Nations Education and Science and Cultural Organization
as a special agency of United Nation's, designate World heritages all over the world.
Japan, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation established the National
Tourism Bureau.. These facts are also evidence of the tendency of the common under
standing of the world.
The proposed system will be used for a voice guide for the like for a beautiful/interesting
piece of scenery. In this category, from a viewpoint of historical, traditional, cultural,
folkloric, scientific aspects, guides for constellations in the night sky, artificial constructions,
beautiful scenes, world heritages are included.
Lifelong education guide talking, such like the constellation watching and learning on
related works of art, mythology, history of science , and/or cultural tourism guide talking
for world heritage such like scattered constructions of the precinct of cathedrals, temples,
shrines would be suitable targets.
The guide would start to help the user to find the distinctive target and slowly guide the
line-of-sight to the next target which the story refers to.
usually, the system may exist as a latent possibility in the portable digital
audio player which provides favorite music by earphones.
and face the orientation, the audio player fades down the music and ask the user if he
would like to be assisted by the audio story related to what he look at.
GPS can also provide time. It helps meaningful information of timely natural (astronautically,
botanical, biological, ecological)/cultural events the orientation he looks at,national/local festivals near the location.
Azimuth information and human visual field
Research Report on Passenger Information Signs at Amenity Terminals
Transportation Amenity Promotion Organization
1996
Chapter 2 Investigation on basic conditions of information transmission
Section 1 Research on Human Perceptual Characteristics
In this section, we will extract materials on human perceptual characteristics from literature such as architecture and ergonomics.
370 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.24. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
1. visual characteristics
1) The Importance of Vision (Architectural Institute of Japan, Architectural Environment for the Elderly, 1994, p.84, Shokokusha)
○Humans receive stimuli from inside and outside the body through the five senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin).
We maintain our lives and carry out our lives by responding to them correctly, but our five senses (visual
Sight, touch, smell, taste, and touch) provide the greatest amount of information through sight.
Quantitatively, vision is responsible for more than 80% of the information.
2) eyesight
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization371
Fig. 6.25. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
○The way things are seen depends on the physiological and psychological characteristics of humans, and the characteristics of the things themselves and the environment in which they are placed.
defined by Visual acuity is the universal measure of the former (Architectural Institute of Japan ed.
Vol. 3 (1980), p.41, Maruzen).
○ Visual acuity is the ability to recognize the shape of an object, and it means the sharpness of the sense of form. Specifically the threshold
Expressed as the reciprocal of the viewing angle (minutes). In 1909, the International Society of Ophthalmology decided that the Landolt ring should be the standard indicator of visual acuity.
has decided. The thickness and the width of the cut of the Landolt ring are specified to be one-fifth of the outer diameter. break
The visual acuity of the Landolt's ring, whose width is 1 minute of the visual angle, is 1.0.
Gakugei Tosho Co., Ltd.).
○Visual acuity is greatest at the center of the retina, and decreases sharply toward the periphery. 30' off center
It just cuts your vision in half. Figure 3 shows the size of the Landolt ring, which seems to be equivalent to the center.
be. In order to see the details of objects detected by peripheral vision, eye or head movements are used.
Therefore, we try to capture it with a central view.
372 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.26. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization 373
Fig. 6.27. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
3) Vision (Edited by Architectural Institute of Japan: Architectural Design Materials Collection Vol. 3 (1980), p42, Maruzen)
○Generally, the range that can be seen with fixed eyes is called visual field (static field of view). The maximum field of view in one eye is 150° (horizontal
angle), but cannot see the entire field of view with uniform accuracy. about 1° 20' in visual angle
Visual acuity is large in the part called the center, which has a large size, and it has the ability to gaze at an object and obtain detailed information.
have the ability On the other hand, the part corresponding to other than the center is called peripheral vision,
It is said to have the ability to perceive flickering lights or detect moving objects. car again
In cases such as both runs, the speed causes a narrow field of view.
374 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.28. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
○ Comparing the human eye with the lens of a camera, the size of the binocular field of view that allows color discrimination is almost
Equivalent to a lens with a focal length of 20mm.

4) Direction of line of sight (Edited by Architectural Institute of Japan: Architectural Design Materials Collection Vol. 3 (1980), p42, Maruzen)
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization 375
○The normal line of sight is tilted downward from the horizontal direction, about 10 degrees when standing and about 10 degrees when sitting.
It is said to be 15° downward. Therefore, it is the Fukan scenery that can be seen easily.

5) Eyeball/Head Movement and Visual Field (Edited by Architectural Institute of Japan: Architectural Design Material Collection Vol. 3 (1980), p.42, Maruzen)
○ Since the eye's ability is excellent in the center or very narrow part,
In order to grasp, the line of sight must always be directed to the necessary part by eye movement.
Therefore, it is easy to see the whole image when there is an object in the range where eye movement is possible (field of fixation).
can be done. In addition, the movement of the head makes it possible to see a wider range of objects. head in nature
The range of movement is 45 degrees left and right, and 30 degrees up and down.
It can be considered as a limit that can be seen as an aspect. Also, when the head is turned, the visual
the field narrows
Characteristics visual information projected on the retina is known as follows: 1. discriminative visual filed
2. Effective visual field: Level visual field is within about 15 degrees each for left and
right side, vertical visual field is within about 8 degrees for upper side and about
12 degrees for lower side.
3. Attention stable visual field: Level visual field is within from about 30 degrees to
about 45 degrees each for left and right side, vertical visual field is within from
about 20 degrees to 30 degrees for upper side and from about 25 degrees to 40
degrees for lower side.
4. induction visual field: The horizontal width of the level visual field from about 30
degrees to about 100 degrees. The vertical width of the vertical visual field is from
about 20 degrees to 85 degrees (35 degrees for the upper side, 50 degrees for the
lower sie).
5. auxiliary visual field: The sensitivity for information acceptance is extraordinarily
Only strong stimuli can induce the attentive motion. Level visual fieldfrom about 100 degrees to about 200 degrees, vertical visual field is from about 85
degrees to 135 degrees.
If the object locates outside auxiliary visual field (200 degree), the object can not be
recognized easily. It requires search associated with the rotation of body axis. Ii is not
light cognitive load . The probability of such kind of incident is 160 degree / 360 = 44.
4%. It means the probability is more than two fifth to acquire pattern match.
information provision is effective not to make the user to search for the target and to
permit the user to focus the attention on the target as he feels interesting in this kind of
apprehension.
This proposal is aimed at promoting interaction between producers and consumers, revitalizing agriculture, forestry and fisheries in harmony with the environment [38].
is also useful. For example, the basic plan for promoting exchange between urban residents and agriculture, forestry and fishermen through green tourism, etc., promotes interaction between urban residents and agriculture, forestry and fishermen through green tourism.
In order to promote the flow of people, we will provide information on rural areas and agricultural activities to urban residents through various public relations media and events.
It was decided to promote the development of the acceptance system in mountain fishing villages. For this reason, the
Necessity of interaction between producers and consumers through various publicity and enlightenment activities such as creating and distributing brochures
In addition to disseminating and enlightening about [38]
376 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.29. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization377
Fig. 6.30. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
378 Chapter 6 Discussion
discrimination visual field
(Most visual functions including eyesight
work almost with its full abilities in this area)
visual effective field
(When information is projected in this area
one can instantaneousness accept it.)
inductive visual field
(Sense of direction is affected
by emerging stimulus in this area)
30
Fig. 6.31. Information acceptance in human visual field (modified from [132])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization 379
Fig. 6.32. Illustration of information acceptance in human visual field (modified from
[132] )
380 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.33. Illustration of expected azimuth limitation range by progotype system and
progotype system with maximum likelifood method
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization381
inductive VF
100
effective VF
yuu
Fig. 6.34. Visual fields and constellations in Winter (modified from [53])
382 Chapter 6 Discussion
inductive VF
100
effective VF
yuu
inductive VF
100
effective VF
yuu
Fig. 6.35. Visual fields and all the constellations (modified from [53])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization383
The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications promotes interregional exchanges that make effective use of excellent regional resources such as nature, culture, history, and landscape.
Using inter-regional exchange facility maintenance subsidies to promote facility maintenance, physical education based on the viewpoint of food education
Experimental exchange facilities are being developed.
In 2007, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries awarded the “All right!
Excellent examples were introduced through the 100 selections of house guest house mothers. In addition, urban residents
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries in order to convey the charm of
Facilities for hands-on processing, exhibition facilities for special products and cultural assets, and lodging exchanges that provide local food to urban residents.
Promote the development of exchange base facilities that promote exchanges between urban residents and farmers, foresters and fishermen
did. In the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, among the local dishes that have been handed down all over the country,
In December 2007, we selected dishes that can be supported by the nation as one of the 100 selections of local cuisine.
In addition, during childhood, when thinking about food is being formed, it is important to develop an interest in food through experiences in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industries.
Since it is very important to deepen one's mind and understanding, we support various experiential activities.
One of these aims is to deepen understanding of the benefits of nature and various activities related to food.
We are promoting educational farm initiatives that provide opportunities for hands-on experience such as a series of farm work.
Japanese household consumption expenditure is shifting from people to services. Looking at per-household spending on goods and services from 1984 to 2007, total annual consumption expenditure fell from ¥2.66 million in 1984 to ¥2.66 million in 2007.
increased to 2.74 million yen, and by product purchase (expenditure on goods) and
In 2008, the share of service expenditure increased from 32.6% to 41.5%. This includes travel
Correspondence and education are also included.
According to a Cabinet Office public opinion poll on social awareness, 70
From the latter half of the 1980s, those who answered “I want to be useful” and those who answered “I don’t think so”
Although the percentage of those who do have remained almost the same, since the late 1980s, they have responded that they “want to be useful.”
In 1991, it exceeded 60%, reaching a record high of 69.2% in 2008 (the
1-2-1). What exactly is that, comparing 2001 and 2008 in that area?
Looking at it, it seems that most of the respondents answered “through activities related to nature and environmental protection,” such as environmental beautification and recycling activities.
was the largest (41.2%), a significant increase from 36.0% in 2001. The next most popular field is social welfare
social welfare activities” and “local activities such as neighborhood associations” accounted for 35.6% each.
Not much has changed. Similarly, companies should not only pursue profits, but also fulfill a wide range of social tasks.
There is a growing awareness of the need to address the issue. The most important theme that I would like to see addressed is the environment.
Conservation accounts for nearly half of the total, and people in their 50s, 60s, and baby boomers are particularly conscious of environmental protection.
It can be seen that it is becoming (Fig. 1-2-2). In addition, “Water supply for people in countries suffering from poverty
How much responsibility do you think you have for improving standards?”
50.1% of the respondents demanded that companies take responsibility33. [38]
In a survey of citizens in 20 countries around the world,
``Fair employment practices (including child labour)'' (26%) and ``Environmental protection'' (19%) as important factors.
Two of the top reasons are “job creation” (17%), and there is a growing awareness of the need for corporate social responsibility.
34. A survey by a consumer group in the United States also found that consumers answered “low price” (20%) and “affordable
35% feel that “corporate social responsibility” (35%) is the source of corporate credibility, rather than “ease of access” (20%)35.
It can be said that the heightened awareness of environmental issues is also contributing to this background. in Europe
384 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.36. Nearly 70% of people want to be useful for society[38])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization385
Among the environmental problems, there is a growing sense of crisis about global warming in particular, and the
36 has risen to 57% of the year. When asked whether he thinks global warming is an important issue in the United States,
52% of respondents said it was “important” (18% extremely important, 34% very important)37.
So-called NEETs who do not go to school, do not work, and do not receive vocational training
The increase in unemployed young people [35] has been talked about, but the existing framework of schools and vocational training
In addition, it can be seen that the number of young people who do not ride is increasing. This in itself has implications for learning and training.
Note that this does not imply no interest. In other words, in Takahashi 2005, efficient
A type of education that effectively injects knowledge through a curriculum and self-directed teaching in line with individual interests.
It is a desirable dynamo to maintain an appropriate balance without being biased towards one or the other.
It is said that it creates a mism. According to this, the above problem is too biased towards the former.
Therefore, it is not attractive to today's young people who are accustomed to the Internet.
This is thought to be due to the lack of sufficient opportunities and clues for education that respects the heart.
It is thought that there are more than a few cases where it functions as an effective clue.
(4) Smooth transfer assistance for persons with disabilities and advanced in years
Among the elderly population, the early elderly population will increase in 2016 (2
016) peaked at 17.44 million. After that, it tends to decrease until 2032
However, after that, it started to increase again, and after reaching 16.99 million in 2041, it decreased.
is estimated to turn into
On the other hand, the elderly population continues to increase, and in 2017, it will surpass the elderly population.
It is expected that the trend of increase will continue after that, and among the increasing number of elderly people, the elderly
The share is expected to grow further (Figure 6.37 [39]).
Japan will become an aging society unlike any other country in the world.
Looking at this, Japan was in the lower ranks until the 1980s and was almost in the middle in the 1990s, but in the 21st century
It will be the highest level at the beginning, and it will become an aging society that no country in the world has ever experienced.
expected (Fig. 6.38).
1. States Parties shall recognize the right of persons with disabilities to participate in cultural life on an equal basis with others;
take all appropriate steps to ensure that the person:
In order to improve the quality of daily life for a type of patients, some special information
provision in the framework of location based service framework with mobile phoneseems to be especially effective.
about 100,000 of ostomates, or one who has an ostomy, even in Japan.
patient group which makes active support for them to exchange information useful to improve
their daily life. Most of the patients want to know the location of restrooms where
they can keep their medical appliance in sanitary state, and the orientation to reach there
on foot from the current place.
mobile phone information provision has been started using the Internet by the largest patient
group of Japan ostomy association, a public-purpose incorporated association under
control of the Ministry of health, labor and welfare.
In December of 2006, the Japanese government started to enforce the barrier-free law
or the law to promote smooth transfer of person of advanced years and handicapped
person. After that, department store, shopping center, mall and many other facilities for
the general public also have obligation to install of restrooms equipped with facilities
386 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.37. Trends in population aging and future projections[39])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization387
Fig. 6.38. Changes in the aging rate of the world[39])
388 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.39. Wheelchair application of the proposed system (modified from [154])
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization 389
available for ostomate. Currently, ostomate corresponding restroom is installed at stations
of public transportation (Japan Rail, private sector Rail and Subway), social welfare
facilities, governmental, local municipal and other public offices, malls, museums, libraries,
airports, parking areas in highways and hospitals.
According to the WHO (United Nations's Special Agency, World Health Organization)
disabilities and rehabilitation team, an estimated 650 million people live with disabilities
around the world
Assistive devices and technologies such as wheelchairs, prostheses, mobility aids, hearing
aids, visual aids, and specialized computer software and hardware increase mobility,
hearing, vision and communication capabilities.
with a loss in functioning are able to enhance their abilities, and are hence better able to
live independently and participate in their societies.
In many low-income and middle-income countries, only 5
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Articles, 20 and 26), the
World Health Assembly resolution WHA58.23 and the United Nations Standard Rules on
the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities all highlight the importance
States are requested to promote access to assistive devices and
technologies at an affordable cost and facilitate training for people with disabilities and
professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation services.
As persons with visual impairment have to use his/her hands for protection in case for
falling down, the proposed system is also suitable for persons with visual impairment as
a hands-free assistive technology.
Price survey by human resources and skills development of Canada proves the data
of assitive devices [156].
6.1.2 Second axis for categorization: azimuth or contents
The application type often requri the type of the contents to be offered.
In one application category, the user requires just only azimuth information.
In the other application category, detailed contents related to an object might be sought.
The former is often to aim to make movement or path selection, on foot, more smooth
and quick.
The latter is usually to relate to amplify his interest with his eyes focused on an object.
Therefore alliance with cell phone or digital audio player is critical for the latter especially.
6.1.3 Third axis for categorization: modality on presentation
It is also important for the presentation modality.
Auditory presentation is considered suitable for the adequate path selection associated
with walkin or the such like movement.
and porability of auditory dejigital device make them more feasible with the proposed
system.
Visual presentation is also possible for that purpose.
helpful because it can minimize the move of line-of-sight to catch explanatory or other
information even while the user focuses his attention onto an object.
on its economical aspect.
Blockage for natural focus on an object.
390 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.40. Upper body protection as basic travel skiill for persons with visual impairment[159]
6.1 Application: five axes for categorization391
6.1.4 Fourth axis for categorization: gathering or sharing geo-spatial information
Our society, where geo-spatial information is to be aggressively gathered and utilized,
enhances data gathering as well as data utlization, by the collaboration between governmet
and civil sectors.
To promote such kind of activities further, digital devices such as IC recorder for
voice/audio or digital still/movie camera should be actively taken advantage of, as a new
kind of input device to build a geo-spatial database.
The propsed method, to provide azimuth information as well as poision and time, has
a great potential for the parallel input for the digital device including IC voice/audio
recorder and digital still/movie camera.
easily gathered with time, location and azimuth information with the aid of the protposed
method, but also because it is carried out by the multiple functions of one single equipment
when using the proposed method.
6.1.5 Fifth axis of categorization: number of the proposed GPS recieving units
The fifth axis of categorization is number of the units and configurations.
For pedestrian use for mountaineering or the like, the single configuration will be suitable
for the lightweightedness.
For the professional use such like for rescue or paramedic team dispatched into domestic
area or abroad, the survival jacket type suit for parallel back-to-back configuration
is considered adequate.
Small canoe, sailboat or yacht which has streamline figure in their bows, the cross angle
configuration wwill be fit due to the structure itself.
392 Chapter 6 Discussion
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration
The fact that rotation within an upper limit angle of 2± suffices, ie, that rotation
over a large angle is not required, provides the following benefits: (1) From the user's
viewpoint, the desired azimuth determination can be readily achieved with minimum
effort because a large amount of rotation more than the upper limit is not needed. (2)
At the time of obtaining the azimuth limitation result, the maximum time needed for
azimuth determination can be estimated. During an outdoor activity, therefore, the user
can decide whether he or she has enough time to go on to the next step of azimuth
determination.
The foregoing demonstrates that with the device for acquiring azimuth information
according to the embodiment under discussion, azimuth limitation of the measurement
direction can be achieved without rotation and, thereafter, the next step of azimuth
determination can be achieved with minimal rotation.
The convenience enabled by the structure employing two planar patch antennas disposed
in parallel can be enjoyed by structuring the device for acquiring azimuth information for
practical use in the manner described in the following.
Figure 6.44 shows a structure suitable for a device for acquiring azimuth information
configured for wearability. Figure 6.44 is a front view showing the device worn on the
body.
In this case of Figure 6.44, the measurement direction projects toward the right of the
user.
The exemplified configuration, ie, the body wear configuration, can be embodied in
various similar configurations, such as pullover configurations, having the following advantages:
1. The measurement direction of the device can coincide with the direction in which
the user body front by simple modification of control program, which is highly
convenient because it provides the user with a direct operation to point the measurement
direction to the orientation in which the user is interested and an intuitive
understanding of how to utilize the numerical values representing the result of the
Acquired azimuth information.
2. Wearing the device for acquiring azimuth information on the body almost maximizes
the vertical projection distance between it and the ground and, as such, almostminimizes the effect of signal blockage by ground and topographical features.
3. The user is likely to feel at ease about the appearance of the device when worn
because wearing of pullover is commonplace.
4. The user is likely to feel at ease about how he or she looks when turning for carrying
out azimuth determination because the action can be done naturally in the mannerof looking at something in the distance without any specific behaviors which appear
strange to other people in the situation of daily life.
the vision-impaired person to use this device.
Recent GPS receivers consist of a microprocessor and a printed-circuit board and the
size of the physical unit is therefore small.
is apparent from the fact that several portable GPS receiving units are small enough to
hold easily on the palm of the hand are actually available these days.
acquiring azimuth information that is an embodiment of the method of acquiring azimuth
information according to the present invention can be constituted utilizing the components
used in these portable GPS receiving units and can therefore be realized as a compact unit
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration393
of small volume. For example, the first GPS receiver and the azimuth computation section
can be mounted on the rear surface of the first planar patch antenna .
receiver and the result output section can be mounted on the rear surface of the second
planar patch antenna . A flexible cable can be incorporated in the wearing structure for
Wiring the components in the circuit arrangement of Figure 2.5.
can be arranged to output audible messages.
Otherwise, as shown in Figure 6.44 the first and second patch antennas can be attached
to the exterior of clothing covering the user's body front and body back, eg, to the outer
surface of the upper parts of a pullover jacket.
The rule to be followed in mounting the antennas is to attach them to the outside of the
clothing at the opposite body portions so as to be perpendicular to the ground, parallel
to each other and back-to-back.
When, in addition, they are mounted so that their respective plane surfaces lie parallel
to a side direction of the user's body, the measurement direction is to be aligned with the
Forward direction of the body.
In this case, the GPS receiver sections can be mounted on the rear surfaces of the
planar patch antennas. Space utilization can be maximized by disposing the azimuth
computation section and the result output section in spaces available in the antennas
supplied with the GPS receiver.
When this arrangement is adopted, the portion connecting the two receivers can be a
Flexible cable that runs from the outside of body front, over the shoulder to the body back.
The GPS receiving units and flexible cable is attached for the duration of use using
press-on, strip-off surface fasteners (of the type sold under the trademark Velcro, for
example).
into the rear side of one of the planar patch antennas.
rest at a shoulder portion.
This is also suitable for implementation on a life jacket or a piece of clothing that can
be filled with air and worn around your upper body to stop you from sinking in the water,
which is often used for canoe, yacht activities or in a river, a basin, a lake or sea.
Shield effect
SE = A + R + B
A: absorption loss
B: internal reflective loss
R: reflective loss
Shield effect is obtained as the next formula:
SE(dB) = 20logE0=E1
E0: Electric field without shield material (V/m)
E1: Electric field with shield material (V/m)
(Magnetic filed effects are omitted here)
Generally, electro magnetic wave shield material is required 40 dB or 99% shield effect.
Fiber and plastic are almost transparent to the electro-magnetic wave of 1.5 GHz and
penetrate the materials.
On the other hand, conductive material reflects the electro-magnetic wave.
Thus, the conductive material has electro-magnetic shield characteristics.
Conductive fabric which is complex of metal and fabric is electro magnetic wave shield
material as well[135].
There is a conductive fabric, for electro magnetic wave sheild ( 47dB for 1GHz), which
is almost transparent also for visible ray (70% transmission coefficient)[136].394 Chapter 6 Discussion
second planar
patch antenna
Fig. 6.41.
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration395
Fig. 6.42. Parallel back-to-back configuration on life jacket or pullover coat
396 Chapter 6 Discussion
first planar
patch antenna
Fig. 6.43.
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration397
Fig. 6.44. Back rescue belt [139]
398 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.45.
6.2 Wearable parallel back-to-back configuration 399
It is also possible to attach the planar patch antennas on the chest and back in parallel,
back-to-back orientation. In this case, if the first planar patch antenna is placed on the
back and the second planar patch antenna on the chest, the measurement direction will
be directed laterally left from the user's body.
more convenient for the user if the result output section always outputs values converted
to those for the direction forward from the user's chest, ie, values obtained by adding
90 degrees in the clockwise direction.
advantages:
1. High utility and convenience because the measurement direction is aligned with the
Forward direction of the body.
2. Ease of use because device rotation requires only small body movement.
3. Ready user acceptance of wearing mode and appearance.
4. User can put on clothing of preference.
before laundering.
The antennas can also be mounted at the outsides of the legs or on the outside surfaces of
a pair of shoes or boots.
Portions can be provisionally attached using surface fasteners.
For easy attachment and detachment, the two antennas and the functional portions can
be interconnected by a flexible cable passing, for example, from the outer side of one leg
across the waist to the outer side of the other leg.
expected to degrade ability to catch signals from satellites at a high angle of elevation,
owing to the signal blocking effect of the arms etc., this is not much of a problem because,
as explained earlier, the invention can operate even without using satellites at a high angle
Signal blocking by body for high elevation satellites is therefore not a major
concerns.
As shown in Figures G.14(a) and G.14(b), moreover, the device for acquiring azimuth
information of this invention can be mounted on a vehicle with the first and second
patch antennas provided on opposite side surfaces of the car body, in which case the
acquired azimuth information can be used as an input signal for autonomous navigation
for upgrading the navigating performance of a car navigation system.
Natural overhang geography or natural wall or large building wall can be used to make
the 1.5GHz electromagnetic shield more secure if there are considerable variance of individual
GPS receiving unit characteristics or GPS receiving unit of less discriminative ability is only available.
This might be a hint for further convenience for professional use or the like.
Conductive fabric[135] can be used to make the 1.5GHz electromagnetic shield more
secure if there are considerable variance of individual GPS receiving unit characteristics
or GPS receiving unit of less discriminative ability is only available.
In the pullover type, such conductive fabric like conductive fabric “conductive fabric
Sui-80-7860N can be used to ensure coverage range strict if less sensitivity GPS receiver
unit is able to be used.
The fabric has an interesting characteristic of high conductivity (surface resistance of
0.04Ω/sq) leading to shielding ability.
This nonwoven fabric of PET based fibers coated by Cu and Ni has opening rato of 47%, thickness of 600 μm , surface resistance of 0.04 Ω/sq, weight of 70 g=m2, electro
Magnetic wave shield ability for E-field of 95dB for 100MHz and 101dB for 1GHz.
In the portable identical unit paring, such conductive fabric like mesh conductive fabric
“mesh conductive fabric Sui-10-168L (Seiren Co. Ltd.)” can be used to ensure the strict
range of the coverage if less sensitivity GPS receiver unit is able to be used.The fabric has an interesting characteristic of transmission ability for visible light as
400 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.46.
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 401
Fig. 6.47. Application example: bag with shield and absorption plain
well as high conductivity leading to shielding ability.
Coated by Cu and Ni has opening ratio of 47%, thickness of 200 μm, surface resistance
of 0.05Ω/sq, electro magnetic wave shield ability (E-field) of 44dB for 100MHz and 64
dB for 1GHz.
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in
hands
Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist belt back with aluminum foil and absorption
material back.
&sup2; SONY IPS5000
&sup2; SONY IP5000 TTL cable
402 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.48. Wearables [76]
&sup2; TTL to USB converter
&sup2; USB cable
&sup2; Labpop computer to display skyplot (SONY vaio P type, weight:900g)
6.3.1 walking prototype source code
In body coordinates, a target direction (e.g. north, e.g. road to go, e.g. the Houses of Parliament
) is located in parallel. develop such a program
It is expected to be. 1
2 // from sat[1] to [8] also acq_sat[]
3 // Based on comm918.c(09.3.7), walk001.c
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 403
Fig. 6.49. Portable and wearable configuration: sun visor [77]
404 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.50. Portable and wearable configuration: sun visor 2
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 405
Fig. 6.51. Conductive tapes [76]
4 ru 09.03.18 to compile c:>t walk002.c
5 // http://www.ee.fukui-nct.ac.jp/~yoneda/text/other/C/A_06.htm
6/* ----------------------------------------------- -------
7 Serial communication program
8 Data reception by thread processing
9 Receive 2D data (X, Y)
10 Graphing with GrWin
11
12 This program uses GrWin to process data received by (multi?) threading.
13 Since the graph is displayed, "GrWin.lib" must be included when compiling.
14
15 C:\home\C>bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib rs232c.cpp
406 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.52. Parts: inclination sensor [140] for mode (positioning/azimuthing) change
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 407
Fig. 6.53. Parts: rotary switch[24] for threshold (signanl level/ elevation level) setting
16
17 You can compile by typing t comm909.
18 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>cat t.bat
19 bcc32 -w-8060 -WC -WM GrWin.lib %1.c
20 C:\borland\bcc55\Bin>
twenty one ------------------------------------------------- ----- */
twenty two
23 #include <windows.h>
24 #include <process.h>
25 #include <stdio.h>
26 #include <stdlib>
27 #include <string.h>
28 #include <math.h> //does not compile without this line even though cos and sin are used
408 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.54.
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 409
29 is confusing at runtime because of Kokel.
30 #include <GrWin.h>
31
32 #define DATA_MAX 500 //1000 //This is not used. to comment out
33 Betto
34 #define DATA_STRING 400 //108 //100
35 #define BAUDRATE 9600 //2400
36 #define PI 3.1415926535898 /* pi (IS-GPS-200) * from ///sat24.c
37
38 // declaration of global variables
39 int imax;
40 char string[DATA_STRING];
41 //char str[DATA_MAX][DATA_STRING];//This will be deleted soon
42 HANDLE h;
43
44
45 /* 10 or so lines copied from IPS5000program GPSLIB.c ORBIT.c */
46 char rec_data[200];
47 static char rec_buf[200];
48
49 /* struct definition */
50 /* channel data */
51 struct gps_channel{
52 int prn[8]; /* satellite number range (1 - 32) */
53 int sync[8]; /* sync */
54 int level[8];/* Received strength range (1 - 26) */
55 int use[8]; /* used in calculation used = 0 not used = -1 */
56 int az[8]; /* azimuth */
57 int elv[8]; /* elevation */
58 char state[8];/* reception state */
59 };
60
61 /* A few lines here copied from GPS.H */
62 /* satellite data */
63 struct gps_satellite{
64 int elv; /* elevation */
65 int az; /* Orientation */
66 int level; // strength (added by masato)
67 int doop;
68 };
69
70 /* time data */
71 typedef struct {
72 int mode; /* mode 0:UTC 1:GPS or manual */
73 int year; /* Time year (00 - 99) */
74 int month; /* month (01 - 12) */
75 int day; /* day (01 - 31) */
76 int dweek; /* day of the week (0 - 6) */
77 int hour; /* hour (00 - 23) */
78 int minute; /* minutes (00 - 59) */
79 int second; /* seconds (00 - 59) */
410 Chapter 6 Discussion
80 } gps_datetime;
81
82
83 /* location data */
84 typedef struct {
85 int chk;
86 int lat; /* Latitude North = 1 South = -1 */
87 int lat_d; /* degrees */
88 int lat_m; /* minutes */
89 int lat_s; /* seconds */
90 int lng; /* longitude east longitude = 1 west longitude = -1 */
91 int lng_d; /* degrees */
92 int lng_m; /* minutes */
93 int lng_s; /* seconds (value multiplied by 10) */
94 int alt; /* altitude m */
95 int vel; /* speed km/h */
96 int head; /* Direction 360 degrees */
97 int gdop;
98 } gps_position;
99
100
101
102 /* angle conversion * from ///sat24.c
103 #define rad_to_deg(rad) ((rad)/PI*180.0)
104 #define deg_to_rad(deg) ((deg)/180.0*PI)
105 #define rad_to_sc(rad) ((rad)/PI)
106 #define sc_to_rad(sc) ((sc)*PI)
107
108
109 // prototype declaration
110 void initComm( void );
111 void sub ( void * );
112 void getString ( char string[DATA_STRING] ); //void getString ( char str[DATA_STRING] );
113 double normal_deg(double ang );//Convert negative numbers and over 360 degrees to normal 0 to 360 degrees
convert to 114
115 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy );//masato
116 void extract_sdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
117 void extract_cdatetime();//struct gps_datetime *datetime);
118 void extract_position();//struct gps_position *position);
119
120
121 /* define parameter number */
122 enum col {
123 COL_black, COL_brown, COL_darkgreen, COL_olive, COL_darkblue, COL_purple,
124 COL_greenblue, COL_gray, COL_lightgreen, COL_palecyan, COL_palegray,
125 COL_bluegray, COL_darkgray, COL_red, COL_green, COL_yellow, COL_blue,
126 COL_red purple, COL_cyan, COL_white
127 };
128
129
130 // 10 or so lines from here sat24.c
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 411
131 (created around February 23, 2009).
132 typedef struct {
133 int prn;
134 double az; /* deg*/
135 double el; /* deg*/
136 int level; /* 1 to 17*/
137 int ex;
138 above (e.g. 85 degrees) (-4) feature shielding (-5) signal strength*/
139 } sat_info;
140
141 typedef struct {
142 double a; /* deg*/
143 double z; /* deg*/
144 double w;
145 int state;
146 } az_limit_info;
147
148 typedef struct {
149 double before; /* az deg */
150 double after; /* az deg */
151 } pi_jmp_info;
152
153 static int acq;//Number of satellites determined to be received and available for azimuth calculation. (Also referred to as Intensity Threshold)
154 angle threshold is also cleared)
155 static int num_pi_jmp;
156 static pi_jmp_info pi_jmp;
157 static az_limit_info az_limit;
158 static sat_info sat[35], acq_sat[35]; //■/*MAX_PRN*/
159 static azl;
160 static sat_info sat_circle[10]; // IPS5000's 8 sat
161 static int threshold_level=('C'-'A'+1);//'I';//Receiving judgment only above this value (including)
162 ■ IPS5000's 8sat
163 static double threshold_el=(10.0*('J'-'A'));//(10.0*('H'-'A'));//This
Only 164 values (including) or less are judged to be received. 165 IPS5000's 8 sat //Elevation angle: From capital letters to numbers Elevation angle A is 0 to 5 with an average of 2.5 degrees Elevation angle B is 6166 to 15 with an average of 10 degrees Elevation angle C is an average of 20 degrees Elevation angle D is an average 30 degrees, Elevation angle E average 40 degrees, Elevation angle
167 F averages 50 degrees, elevation angle G averages 60 degrees, elevation angle H ranges from 66 degrees to 75 degrees with an average elevation angle of 70 degrees, elevation angle I averages the same
168 80 degrees, elevation angle J is 86 to 90 with an average of 87.5 degrees,
169
170
171 static gps_datetime cdatetime; /* Current date and time*/
172 static gps_datetime sdatetime;
173 static gps_position position;
174 static char str_cdatetime[50];
175 static char str_sdatetime[50];
176 static char str_lat[50];
177 static char str_lng[50];
178
179
180 double a_z_width(double a, double z){ /* returns the width of the clockwise sector of the arguments a,z
181 */
412 Chapter 6 Discussion
182 double tmp;
183
184 if((za)>=0.0){ //does inserting = here contribute to fixing bugs?
If this function returns 360 degrees even though the azimuth width is 0 degrees, then there should be no 180 degree sectors.
A bug that 186 answers that there are several, and shows a mysterious answer even though there should be no answer. get
187 . 090319/* If a,z does not have a carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees), the story is relatively easy */
188 return ((za));
189 }
190 else{ /*Think special if a,z have a carry point = 0 degrees (360 degrees)*/
191 tmp= (z + 360.0) -a ;
192 return(tmp);
193 }
194 }
195
196 int bublesort() //bublesort(sat_info x[ ]) /* bubble sort */ sat24.c
197 {
198 int i, j, n;
199 sat_info temp;
200
201 for (i=1; (i <=8) && (sat[i].prn >0); i++){ /*Computable satellite list
202 prn, az, el, ex (in order of prn) (later converted to toric sequence)*/
203;
204}
205 n=i;
206 /* printf("%d",n);*/
207 for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
208 for (j = n - 1; j >i; j--) {
209 if (sat[j - 1].az > sat[j].az) { /* previous element was greater
210 et al*/
211 temp = sat[j]; /* swap */
212 sat[j] = sat[j - 1];
213 sat[j - 1] = temp;
214}
215}
216 }
217 return(1);
218}
219
220 int only1_pi_jmp( )//This only comes here when the number of satellites used for azimuth calculation acq is 2 or more.
221 premise
222 {
223 int i;
224 num_pi_jmp=0;
225
226 for(i=1; (i+1) <= acq ;i++){//IPS5000 8 satellites azimuth ascending sorted premise 2nd term
227 Because the condition is that the latter of the indices i and i+1 in the next line must not exceed acq (eg, if i==1,
228 Investigate the angles of sat[1].az and sat[2].az.
229 et al.) First, because this “loop” is over. After the loop, another final term [acq] and the first term
230 In the order of [1], but to find out.
231 if ( a_z_width(acq_sat[i].az, acq_sat[i+1].az ) >= 180.0 ){
232 num_pi_jmp++;
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 413
233 pi_jmp.before=acq_sat[i].az;
234 pi_jmp.after =acq_sat[i+1].az;
235}
236 }
237 if ( a_z_width( acq_sat[ acq ].az, acq_sat[1].az ) >= 180.0 ){//
After the 238 loop, again in the order of the last term [acq-1] and the first term [0], to check.
239 num_pi_jmp++;
240 pi_jmp.before=acq_sat[acq].az;
241 pi_jmp.after =acq_sat[1].az;
242}
243
244 return num_pi_jmp;
245}
246
247
248 void cal_az_limit()
249 {
250 int i;
251 double frsttrm, lasttrm, offset;
252 offset= -90.0;//Since this is a waist belt, add -90 degrees
253
254 bublesort();//sat[] sort itself (don't put a buffer boldly)
255
256
257 /*acq=0;*/
258 acq_test();
259 //In this and after, acq_sat[] (determined satellite) is the main player. Until then, sat[]
260 sex) is the leading role
261
262 if( acq ==0 ){
263 az_limit.state=0;//0 No response if satellite Y
264 }
265 else if(acq==1) {//1 If satellite Y, yes
266 az_limit.state=1;
267 frsttrm=acq_sat[1].az;
268 lasttrm =acq_sat[1].az;
269 }
270 else{//with more than 2 satellites
271 //if 180 Sector uniqueness check OK, then final term = one previous term of 180 degree sector, . first term = 180
1 immediate term of 272 degree sector
273 if( only1_pi_jmp( ) ==1 ){
274 az_limit.state=1;
275 frsttrm = pi_jmp.after ;
276 lasttrm = pi_jmp.before;
277 }
278 else{
279 //if 180sector1 If the personality test is NG, no answer
280 az_limit.state=0;
281 }
282}
283 printf("firsttrm %5f, lasttrm %5f\n", frsttrm, lasttrm);
414 Chapter 6 Discussion
284
285 //■Assuming that the antenna beam is on the right hand side when viewed from above, the antenna helicopter in front of the body is
286
287 if(az_limit.state){//If there is an answer
288 az_limit.a = normal_deg( (lasttrm + 180.0) +offset ); //+ offset ) ;
289 az_limit.z = normal_deg( (frsttrm + 0.0) +offset ); //+ offset ) ;
290 az_limit.w = az_width(az_limit.a, az_limit.z);
291 }
292 else{//no answer
293 az_limit.a = -1.0;//No answer mark
294 az_limit.z = -1.0;//no answer mark
295 az_limit.w = -1.0;//No answer mark
296 }
297 printf("az_limit.a %5f, az_limit.z %5f\n", az_limit.a, az_limit.z);
298
299 }
300
301
302 //static sat_info sat_circle[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
303 //static sat_info sat_circle_tmp[35]; /*MAX_PRN*/
304
305 int acq_test()
306 {
307 int i /*, acq_tmp =0*/;
308 int acq_i=1;
309 acq=0;
310 for (i=1; (i <=8) /*&& (sat[i].prn >0)*/; i++){ /*Computable satellite list
311 prn, az, el, ex (in order of prn) (later converted to toric sequence)*/
312 if( (sat[i].level >= threshold_level ) /* && (sat[i].el <= threshold_el) */ ){
313 acq++;
314 sat[i].ex=1;
315
316 acq_sat[acq_i].az=sat[i].az;
317 acq_sat[acq_i].el=sat[i].el;
318 acq_sat[acq_i].level=sat[i].level;
319 acq_sat[acq_i].prn=sat[i].prn;
320 acq_sat[acq_i].ex=sat[i].ex;
321
322 acq_i++;
323 }
324
325}
326 printf("\n acq %d\n",acq);
327
328
329
330 return 1 /*acq_tmp*/;
331 }
332
333
334
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 415
335 // From here to main, copied from IPS5000 program ORBIT.c
336 void IPS5000main( void *dummy ) //From ORBIT.c
337 {
338 int ch,prn;
339 struct gps_satellite data;
340
341 // if(open_gps()){ /* host & receiver initial
342 */
343 // printf("GPS receiver not available.\n");
344 // }else{
345 // get_gps_data(); /* Get data */
346
347 clrscr();//Clear screen at BCC55
348
349 for(ch = 1;ch <= 8;ch++){
350 prn=extract_use_sat(ch);//
351 printf("Channel %d", ch);
352 if(prn == -1){
353 printf("is not used.\n");
354 } else {
355 printf("satellite number is %2d ",prn);
356 get_sat_data(ch,&data);//I decided to get not only elv, az but also level with this function 357 printf("Elevation angle is %3d",data.elv);
358 printf("Azimuth is %4d",data.az);
359 printf("Intensity is %3d\n",data.level);
360
361 /* each satellite azimuth (deg), elevation angle (deg), number storage ch=1to8*/
362 sat[ch].prn=prn;
363 sat[ch].az =normal_deg( (double) 1.0*data.az );
364 sat[ch].el = (double) 1.0*data.elv ;
365 sat[ch].level = data.level;
366
367 }
368 }
369 printf("\n");
370 show_sats();
371 // }
372 // close_gps(); /* end */
373 }
374
375 //copy and paste from sat24.c
376 double normal_deg(double ang )//Converts negative numbers and over 360 degrees to normal 0 to 360 degree degrees 377
378 {
379 if (ang < 0.0) {
380 ang = ang + 360.0;
381 }
382 if( 360.0 <= ang ){
383 ang = ang - 360.0;
384 }
385
416 Chapter 6 Discussion
386 // error confirmation
387 if ( (ang < 0.0) && (ang >= 360.0)) {
388 printf("OKASHII ZO debug shitekudadai ne＼n");
389 exit(1);
390 }
391 // there was nothing wrong
392 return(ang);
393 }
394
395
396 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
397 int extract_use_sat(int ch_num)//Lower case processing here was also a mistake at the time of shipment
398 {
399 int satellite;
400 // first for lowercase
401 if(rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5] >('a'-1) /*96*/) satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]- ('a'-1 ) 402 because X is SV24 and a is SV25 //default 72;
403 else satellite = rec_data[63+(ch_num-1)*5]-('A'-1);//if this line is upper case
404 /*64;*/
405
406
407 return (satelite);
408 }
409 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
410 int get_sat_data(int ch_num,struct gps_satellite *data)//There are quite a few mistakes
It was an attached product of 411. Modified to ch-1 by masato
412 {
413 int ch;
414 ch=ch_num-1;//fixed by masato
415
416 //Elevation angle: capital letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lower case letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
417 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] >('a'-1)){ // 96){// a==97 z==121
418 //data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
419 data->elv = (rec_data[64+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- is meant to indicate lowercase
420 and
421 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv + 1);//elevation angle: lowercase to numeric elevation angle a is 0 degrees
422 Note that the elevation angle b is (data->elv+1), not -10 degrees (data->elv -1). source
423 is a negative number
424 //By the way, even when the IPS5000 comes out with e, that is, an elevation angle of -40 degrees, the GPS player
425 seems to display as +40 degrees elevation
426 }
427 else{//if capitalized
428 data->elv = rec_data[64+ch*5]-('A'-1);//64;//A==65 Z==90
429 data->elv = 10 * (data->elv -1);
Average 2.5 degrees at 430 Elevation angle B: 6 to 15, average 10 degrees Elevation angle C: average 20 degrees Elevation angle D: average 30 degrees
431 Elevation angle E averages 40 degrees, elevation angle F averages 50 degrees, elevation angle G averages 60 degrees, elevation angle H averages 70 degrees, elevation angle I
432 has an average of 80 degrees, elevation angle J is 86 to 90 with an average of 87.5 degrees,
433 }
434
435 //Azimuth: Uppercase letters are displayed as positive numbers from A, lowercase letters are displayed as negative numbers from a
436 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] >('a'-1)) { // 96){
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 417
437 // data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-96)*(-1);//- means lower case
438 data->az = (rec_data[65+ch*5]-('a'-1))*(-1);//- means lower case
439 data->az = 10 * data->az;
440 Azimuth b is -20 degrees Not only here in azimuth (data->az-1), but (data->az) itself
Note that it is 441. This is not the case for the elevation angle as well.
442 }
443 else{//if capitalized
444 data->az = rec_data[65+ch*5]-('A'-1);//65;
445 data->az = 10 * (data->az -1);//Azimuth: converted from uppercase to numeric Azimuth A is 0
446 degrees Azimuth B is 10 degrees
447 }
448
449 // Intensity: Only capital letters are displayed in positive numbers from A-Z
450 data->level = rec_data[67+ch*5]- ('A'-1); // intensity AZ
451
452 return(0);
453 }
454 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
455 /*
456 void extract_channel(struct gps_channel *channel)//Copied from GPSLIB.C
457 ended up being aggregated only towards get_sat_data
458 /*{
459 int ch;
460 for (ch = 0;ch <= 7;ch++){
461 if(rec_data[63+ch*5] > 96) channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-72;
462 else channel->prn[ch] = rec_data[63+ch*5]-64;
463 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->use[ch] = 0;
464 else channel->use[ch] = -1;
465 if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'B') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
466 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'C') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
467 else if (rec_data[66+ch*5] == 'F') channel->sync[ch] = 0;
468 else channel->sync[ch] = -1;
469 channel->state[ch] = rec_data[66+ch*5];
470 channel->level[ch] = rec_data[67+ch*5]-64;
471 if(rec_data[65+ch*5] > 96) channel->az[ch] = -1*(rec_data[65+ch*5]-96);
472 else channel->az[ch] = rec_data[65+ch*5]-65;
473 if(rec_data[64+ch*5] > 96) channel->elv[ch] = -1*(rec_data[64+ch*5]-96);
474 else channel->elv[ch] = rec_data[64+ch*5]-65;
475 }
476 }
477 */
478
479
480 int show_acq_sats()
481 {
482 int i;
483
484 for(i = 1 ;i <= acq; i++){
485 printf("\n satellite number is %2d ",acq_sat[i].prn);
486 printf("Elevation is % 5.1f",acq_sat[i].el);
487 printf("Azimuth is % 5.1f",acq_sat[i].az);
418 Chapter 6 Discussion
488 printf("Intensity is %3d",acq_sat[i].level);
489 }
490 return 1;
491 }
492
493
494
495 int show_sats()
496 {
497 int ch;
498
499 for(ch = 1 ;ch <= 8; ch++){
500 printf("Channel %d",ch);
501 if(sat[ch].prn == -1){
502 printf("not used.\n");
503 } else {
504 printf("satellite number is %2d ",sat[ch].prn);
505 printf("Elevation is % 5.1f ",sat[ch].el);
506 printf("Azimuth is % 5.1f ",sat[ch].az);
507 printf("Intensity is %3d \n",sat[ch].level);
508 }
509 }
510 return 1;
511 }
512
513
514 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
515 main function
516 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
517 void main() {
518
519 //int x[DATA_MAX], y[DATA_MAX];
520 unsigned long dummy;
521
522 // serial port initialization
523 initComm();
524 //Initial settings for drawing (sky map)
525 init_draw();
526
527 // start/end receive thread
528 //printf("Press Enter to start receive thread\n");
529 //getchar();
530 //printf("Start reception!\n\n\n");
531 _beginthread( sub, 0, &dummy );
532 // sub(&dummy);
533 //printf("Press Enter to finish receiving and display result\n");
534 //getchar();
535
536 while(1){
537
538 Sleep(992);//sleep(); is in seconds Sleep(); is in milliseconds.
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 419
539 stdio.h windows.h
540
541 IPS5000main( &dummy ); //_beginthread( _IPS5000main, 0, &dummy );
542 extract_cdatetime();//cdatetime);
543 extract_sdatetime();//sdatetime);
544 extract_position();//struct gps_position *position)
545 cal_az_limit();//■
546 show_sats();
547 show_acq_sats();
548
549 GWclear(-1);//Clear screen (GrWin)
550 draw_axes();
551 draw_skyplot(&dummy); //_beginthread(_draw_skyplot, 0, &dummy);
552
553 }
554
555 // Convert received data and output graph
556 //split( imax, str, x, y ); // character data → numeric data
557 //graph( imax, x, y );
558 }
559
560 /* ftoa -- Put the value of d into the character array s with w decimal places */
561 //http://f1.aaa.livedoor.jp/~pointc/log184.html
562 void ftoa(double d, char *s, int w )
563 {
564 sprintf(s+1, "%.*e", w, d*10);
565 if (s[1] == '-')
566 s[3] = s[2], s[2] = '.', s[1] = '0', s[0] = '-';
567 else
568 s[2] = s[1], s[1] = '.', s[0] = '0';
569 }
570
571
572 float az2gr( double a ) // normal az (degrees) GrWin angular representation of GWarc (counterclockwise horizontal
573 to units (degrees/360)
574 {
575 return( (float) 1.0* normal_deg (360.0+90.0 - a) /360.0 );
576
577 //th= PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(sat[i].az);
578
579 /*
580 a return
581 0 -> 90
582 30->60
583 90->0
584 180->-90=270
585 270->180
586 */
587 }
588
589
420 Chapter 6 Discussion
590
591 //draw Relation 2 function is copied from sat24.c
592 void draw_skyplot( void *dummy )
593 {
594 int color=COL_red;
595 int i;
596 double r, th, x, y;
597 char str1[25];//string
598 char str2[25];//string
599 char str_az1[25];
600 char str_az2[25];
601 char str_az3[25];
602 char str_az4[25];
603 char str_az5[25];
604 char str_az6[25];
605
606 for (i=1; (i <=8) && (sat[i].prn >0); i++){
607 // printf("PRN %2d, az=% 9.4f, el=% 8.4f, ex=% 2d\n",
608 // sat[i].prn, sat[i].az, sat[i].el, sat[i].ex ) ;
609
610 if(sat[i].level >= threshold_level /*5*/){ color=COL_blue;}
611 else { color=COL_red;}
612
613 GWsetmrk( 6 /*Shape: Circle*/, 0.075 /*0.025 + 1.0*sat[i].level/100.0*/ /*
614 size*/, color , -1, -1 );
615
616 r= 1.0 * cos(deg_to_rad(sat[i].el));
617 displayable//r=1.0*(90.0-1.0*sat[i].el)/90.0;
618 th= PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(sat[i].az);
619
620 x= r * cos(th); // Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
621 y = r * sin(th);
622
623 GWputmrk( x, y );
624
625 itoa(sat[i].prn, str1, 10);// String the integer of the satellite ID (in base 10)
626 GWputtxt(x, y, str1);
627
628 itoa(sat[i].level, str2, 10);// Convert intensity to string (delete first) (in base 10)
629 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_white, -1, "");
630 GWputtxt( x+10, y, "");
631
632 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");//String strength (in base 10)
633 GWputtxt(x+10, y, str2);
634
635
636 }
637 //Display current date and time, date and time when positioning calculation was completed, latitude, longitude
638 GWsettxt(0, 0.0, 1, COL_black, -1, "");
639 GWputtxt( -1, -0.98, str_cdatetime);
640 GWputtxt( -1, -1.05, str_sdatetime);
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 421
641 GWputtxt( 0.1, -1.05, str_lat);
642 GWputtxt( 0.51, -1.05, str_lng);
643
644 // Direction information string conversion
645 // ftoa(az_limit.a, str_az1, 1);
646 // ftoa(az_limit.z, str_az2, 1);
647 // ftoa(az_limit.w, str_az3, 1);
648 itoa((int)az_limit.a, str_az1, 10);
649 itoa((int)az_limit.z, str_az2, 10);
650 itoa((int)az_limit.w, str_az3, 10);
651 itoa(az_limit.state, str_az4, 10);
652 itoa(num_pi_jmp, str_az5, 10);
653 itoa(acq, str_az6, 10);
654
655 // Direction information language display
656 GWputtxt(-1.0, 1.05, str_az1);
657 GWputtxt( -0.8, 1.05, " to ");
658 GWputtxt(-0.6, 1.05, str_az2);
659 GWputtxt( -0.4, 1.05, "(");
660 GWputtxt( -0.30, 1.05, str_az3);
661 GWputtxt( -0.20, 1.05, " ), st:");
662 GWputtxt(0.1, 1.05, str_az4);
663 GWputtxt( 0.25, 1.05, "leap:");
664 GWputtxt(0.45, 1.05, str_az5);
665 GWputtxt( 0.63, 1.05, "acq_sat:");
666 GWputtxt(0.99, 1.05, str_az6);
667
668 // Draw direction information
669 //GWarc(float X1, float Y1, float X2, float Y2, float A, float AW);//
670 Addition from horizontal counterclockwise rotation, unit (degree/360)
671 // if( (a_z_width(az_limit.a, 90.0) + a_z_width(90.0, az_limit.z)) == a_z_width(az_limit.a, 672
673 //GWsetpen(COL_red, 2, 2, 1);
674 if(az_limit.state==1){
675 r=1.0;
676 th=PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(az_limit.a);
677 x= r * cos(th); //polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is normal. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
678 y = r * sin(th);
679 GWsetpen(13, 1, 1, -1); /* Pen settings (red, solid line) */
680GWline(0.0, 0.0, x, y);
681
682 r=1.0;
683 th=PI/2.0 -1.0* deg_to_rad(az_limit.z);
684 x= r * cos(th); // Polar coordinates: (r, θ) representation is common. x = rsin θ, y = rsin θ
685 y = r * sin(th);
686 //GWsetpen(16, 3, 1, -1); /* Pen settings (blue, dotted line) */
687 // GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* setpen (darkgreen, dotted line)
688 */
689 GWsetpen(16, 1, 1, -1); /* Penben setting (blue, solid line) */
690GWline(0.0, 0.0, x, y);
691
422 Chapter 6 Discussion
692 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* set pen (darkgreen, dotted line) */
693 }
694 return(1);
695 }
696
697
698
699
700 int init_draw(void)
701 {
702 // Initialize display window
703 // GWinit();
704 //GWinitx(int IRB, int IX, int IY, int IW, int IH, int MA, int MM, int MZ, int ND);
705 // GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, 860, 900, /*(200*5), (200*5.2),*/ -1, -1, -1, -1);
706 GWinitx(-1, -1, -1, 860/2, 900/2, /*(200*5), (200*5.2),*/ -1, -1, -1, -1);
707 GWopen(0);
708 GWvport( 0, 0, 1, 1 ); // set viewport
709 GWindow(-1.2,-1.2,1.2,1.2);
710 return(1);
711 }
712
713
714
715 int draw_axes(void)
716 {
717 // draw chart border and axes
718 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* set pen (darkgreen, dotted line) */
719
720GWline( 0, -1, 0, 1 );
721 GWline( -1, 0, 1, 0 );
722 GWrect( -1, -1, 1, 1); // draw a rectangle
723 // Draw curve Y=X^3
724 GWsetmrk( 6, 0.05, 13, -1, -1 ); // mark specification
725 //GWsetpen( 16, 1, 5, -1 ); // Specify pen (blue , solid line) */
726 GWsetpen(2, 3, 1, -1); /* Set pen (darkgreen, dotted) */
727 srand((unsigned)time(NULL)); /* Initialize random number */
728
729 //skyplot frame circle
730 GWellipse(-1, -1, +1, +1);
731 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/6.0) ); 732 diagonal 30 degree circle
733 GWellipse(-1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), -1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0), +1.0*cos(1.0*PI/3.0) ); 734 diagonal 60 degree circle
735 //skyplot frame circle: text: north, south, east, west, elevation angle 30 degrees, elevation angle 60 degrees, etc.
736 //GWputtxt( -.025, 1, "N 0 deg");
737 for
738 GWputtxt(1, -.03, "E");
739 GWputtxt(-.025, -1.05, "S");
740 GWputtxt( -1.05, -.03, "W");
741 //GWputtxt( 0, 1, "0deg");
742 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/6.0), "30deg");
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 423
743 GWputtxt(0, cos(1.0*PI/3.0), "60deg");
744 return(1);
745 }
746
747
748
749 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
750 Serial Port Initialization
751 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
752 void initComm( void ) {
753
754 DCB dcb;
755 COMMTIMEOUTS cto;
756
757 // create file handler
758 h = CreateFile( //"COM1",
759 "COM4",
760 GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
761 0,
762 0,
763 OPEN_EXISTING,
764 0,
765 0 ); // returns the file handler
766 if ( h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ) {
767 printf("Open Error!\n");
768 exit(1);
769 }
770
771 // Serial port state manipulation
772 GetCommState( h, &dcb ); // get serial port state
773 dcb. BaudRate = BAUDRATE;
774 SetCommState( h, &dcb ); // set serial port state
775
776 // serial port timeout state manipulation
777 GetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // get the timeout settings
778 cto. ReadIntervalTimeout = 1000;
779 cto. ReadTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
780 cto.ReadTotalTimeoutConstant = 1000;
781 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutMultiplier = 0;
782 cto. WriteTotalTimeoutConstant = 0;
783 SetCommTimeouts( h, &cto ); // set timeout state
784 }
785
786 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
787 thread reads incoming data
788 -------------------------------------------------- ----- */
789 void sub( void *dummy ) {
790 FILE *fp;//masato
791 int i;
792
793 fp=fopen("a.ips", "a");//masato
424 Chapter 6 Discussion
794
795 // printf("in sub\n");
796 for (i=1; /*i <DATA_MAX*/ ; i++ ) {
797 //printf("in for loop\n");
798 getString( string ); //getString( str[i] );
799 // printf("in for loop2\n");
800
801 strcpy(rec_data, string);//strcpy(rec_data, str[i]);//strcpy(char *s1, ← char *s2) ＼0
802 included. Masato
803
804 fprintf(fp, "%s\n", string);//masato//fprintf(fp, "%s\n", str[i]);//masato
805
806 printf("%s\n",string);//printf("%s\n",str[i]);
807
808 imax=i;
809 }
810
811 }
812
813 /* ----------------------------------------------- -------
814 Function to read received data (character string for one line)
815 ------------------------------------------------- ----- */
816 void getString( char str[] ) {
817
818 int i, j=0;
819 unsigned long nn;
820 char sBuf[1];
821
822 for ( i=1; i <DATA_STRING; i++ ) {
823 ReadFile( h, sBuf, 1, &nn, 0 ); // read from serial port
824 if ( nn==1 ) {
825 // close string when '\r' or '\n' is received
826 if ( sBuf[0]=='\r' || sBuf[0]=='\n' ) {
827 str[j] = '\0';
828 if (j!=0) break;
829 } else {
830 str[j] = sBuf[0];
831 j++;
832 }
833 }
834 }
835 }
836
837
838
839
840
841 void extract_cdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
842 {
843 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.mode = 1;
844 else cdatetime.mode = 0;
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 425
845 cdatetime.year = (rec_data[6]-48)*10+(rec_data[7]-48);
846 cdatetime.month = (rec_data[8]-48)*10+(rec_data[9]-48);
847 cdatetime. day = (rec_data[10]-48)*10+(rec_data[11]-48);
848 cdatetime.hour = (rec_data[13]-48)*10+(rec_data[14]-48);
849 cdatetime.minute = (rec_data[15]-48)*10+(rec_data[16]-48);
850 cdatetime. second = (rec_data[17]-48)*10+(rec_data[18]-48);
851 if((rec_data[12] >= 'A') && (rec_data[12] <= 'G')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-65;
852 else if((rec_data[12] >= 'a') && (rec_data[12] <= 'g')) cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-97;
853 else cdatetime.dweek = rec_data[12]-48;
854
855 printf("\n");
856 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",cdatetime.year,cdatetime.month,cdatetime.day, 857 printf("\n");
858
859 sprintf(str_cdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC", cdatetime.year, cdatetime.month, cdatetime.day, 860
861 }
862
863 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
864 void extract_sdatetime() //struct gps_datetime *datetime)
865 {
866
867 sdatetime.year = (rec_data[47]-48)*10+(rec_data[48]-48);
868 sdatetime.month = (rec_data[49]-48)*10+(rec_data[50]-48);
869 sdatetime.day = (rec_data[51]-48)*10+(rec_data[52]-48);
870 sdatetime.dweek = rec_data[53]-48;
871 sdatetime.hour = (rec_data[54]-48)*10+(rec_data[55]-48);
872 sdatetime.minute = (rec_data[56]-48)*10+(rec_data[57]-48);
873 sdatetime. second = (rec_data[58]-48)*10+(rec_data[59]-48);
874
875 printf("%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC\n",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 876
877 sprintf(str_sdatetime, "%02d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d UTC",sdatetime.year,sdatetime.month,sdatetime.day, 878
879
880 }
881
882 /*------------------- ------------------- --------- --------------------*/
883 void extract_position() //struct gps_position *position)
884 {
885 char buf[10];
886
887 if((rec_data[19] == 'N') || (rec_data[19] == 'n')) position.lat = 1;
888 else position.lat = -1;
889 position.lat_d = (rec_data[20]-48)*10+(rec_data[21]-48);
890 position.lat_m = (rec_data[22]-48)*10+(rec_data[23]-48);
891 position.lat_s = (rec_data[24]-48)*100+(rec_data[25]-48)*10+(rec_data[26]-48);
892
893 if((rec_data[27] == 'E') || (rec_data[27] == 'e')) position. lng = 1;
894 else position. lng = -1;
895 position.lng_d = (rec_data[28]-48)*100+(rec_data[29]-48)*10+(rec_data[30]-48);
426 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.55. Walk program sky plot (walk010.c)
896 position.lng_m = (rec_data[31]-48)*10+(rec_data[32]-48);
897 position.lng_s = (rec_data[33]-48)*100+(rec_data[34]-48)*10+(rec_data[35]-48);
898
899 /*
900 memcpy(buf, &rec_data[37], 4);
901 buf[4] = 0x00;
902 position.alt = atoi(buf);
903 if (rec_data[36] != '+') position.alt *= -1;
904
905 position.vel = (rec_data[41]-48)*100+(rec_data[42]-48)*10+rec_data[43]-48;
906 position.head = (rec_data[44]-48)*100+(rec_data[45]-48)*10+rec_data[46]-48;907 */
908 printf("N%02d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec) E%03d(deg)%02d(min)%03d(sec)\n",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position. lat_s, 909
910 sprintf(str_lat, "N%02d.%02d.%03d",position.lat_d,position.lat_m,position.lat_s);
911
912 sprintf(str_lng, "E%03d.%02d.%03d",position.lng_d, position.lng_m, position.lng_s);
913
914 }
Audio display (presentation for the blind)
Use earphones and headphones. A C program on a SONY type p, assuming a feature of interest from its position and orientation, and playing wave and mp3 files. Before playback, query whether or not there is a presentation. to that inquiry
On the other hand, the response is the tap of the fingertip. The audio file is a Japanese version in English for the training of licensed guide interpreters.
Phenomenon commentary, etc. It can also be used for learning English.
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 427
Fig. 6.56.
428 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.57. Overview of the walk prototype system for a pedestrian
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 429
Fig. 6.58. Parts: mp3 audio decoder/encoder [141]
Visual display (presentation for the deaf) TACT-32
Scalar's monocular HMD Teleglass T3-A. Motorized monocular type wearable display T3.
Operate the monitor with Oneoutch. Equipped with QVGA monitor. Lightweight and compact. The world's first electric monocular.
It is divided into a display module and a battery module, both with a cable of about 50 cm.
connected by blue. Also, attach a 4-pole mini-plug about 60 cm further from the battery module.
There is a cable with a plug terminal.
Tactile display (display for the deaf and blind) TACT-32
TACT-32 is a compact, lightweight tactile display jointly developed with the Ifukube Laboratory at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo as an information transmission medium that appeals to the sense of touch among the five human senses.
It is i. http://www.tg-jp.net/html/spec.html
430 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.59. Head mount display, T3-A, scalar co. ltd.[56]
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 431
The TACT-32 integrates a vibrator and a vibrator drive circuit and can be made with a personal computer or PDA.
This information can be easily converted into vibration data via USB. Sound, light, etc. take us
The TACT-32, which can faithfully represent surrounding information, is a support tool for people with hearing and visual impairments.
It is also an information transmission medium with a wide range of possibilities.
&sup2; The tactile pin vibrates
&sup2; Since a piezoelectric element that converts electrical signals to mechanical signals is applied, each tactile pin
vibrate independently. Vibration strength can be controlled in 128 steps, so conventional ON/OFF
You can give more than just information.
&sup2; Instantly digitize the information you want to convey
&sup2; The oscillator and oscillator drive circuit are integrated, and vibration data is input via USB
Therefore, it is easy to convert information created by a personal computer, PDA, etc. into an arbitrary vibration pattern.
I can do it.
&sup2; Small and lightweight
&sup2; The TACT-32, which has a 32-pin display, is compact and lightweight and easy to operate.
Highly flexible body design
1. Hearing-impaired information support system: in combination with mobile devices, external sounds (talking, car
) can be presented.
2. Information support system for the blind: Combined with a CCD camera, etc., it can present figures and sizes of obstacles.
1
2 //main.c
34
:
5 UART0WriteString("\r\nOlimex LPC-P2148 MP3 demo\r\n");
6:
78
if ( ( res = efs_init( &efs, 0 ) ) != 0 )
9 {
10 lpc2000_debug_printf("failed with %i\n",res);
11 }
12 else
13 {
14 lpc2000_debug_printf("ok\n");
15 ls_openDir( &list, &(efs.myFs) , "/");
16k = 1;
17i = 1;
18 while ( k )
19 {
20 if (ls_getNext(&list) == 0)
twenty one {
22 list.currentEntry.FileName[LIST_MAXLENFILENAME-1] = '\0';
23 do
twenty four {
25 i = PlayFile(list.currentEntry.FileName,sizeof(list.currentEntry.FileName));26 } while ( i == 1);
27 }
28 else
29 k = 0;
30}
432 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.60. Walking prototpe 2: Haptic display, tact32 [55]
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 433
Fig. 6.61. Walking prototype 1: Skyplot realtime drawing for the wearable prototype
with IPS5000 for walk
434 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.62. Parts 1: 9v dry battery snap for 6v dry battery box for AAAx4 [24]
6.3 Wearable prototype with IPS5000 in waist and skyplot in hand 435
Fig. 6.63. PIC-USB (PIC18F4550) trainer Many sample programs, soliton wave inc., red
Also sold on strawberry linux, color base, March 2009, (not related to tiger technology), 2009
April 1, 6:00 pm shipping auction [54]
31 fs_umount( &efs.myFs );
32 }
33 while(1);
34
35
36
37 //rs232c.c
38:
39 void UART0WriteChar(unsigned char ch0)
40 {
436 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.64. PIC-MP3 (PIC18F4550 evaluation platform) with sample program DL, by soliton
wave ltd., article in Toragi 2005.2, scheduled to ship on April 2, 2009 Seri [54]
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 437
41 //when U0LSR_bit.THRE is 0 - U0THR contains valid data.
42 while (U0LSR_bit.THRE == 0);
43 U0THR = ch0;
44}
45
46 unsigned char UART0ReadChar(void)
47 {
48 //when U0LSR_bit.DR is 1 - U0RBR contains valid data
49 while (U0LSR_bit.DR == 0);
50 return U0RBR;
51 }
52
53
54 unsigned char UART0ReadChar_nostop(void)
55 {
56 //when U0LSR_bit.DR is 1 - U0RBR contains valid data
57 if (U0LSR_bit.DR == 1) return U0RBR;
58 else return 0;
59 }
60
61 void UART0WriteChar_nostop(unsigned char ch0)
62 {
63 //when U0LSR_bit.THRE is 0 - U0THR contains valid data.
64 if (U0LSR_bit.THRE == 1) U0THR = ch0;
65 }
66:
For the prototype experiments including preliminary experiments, the data logging
software was built for position information, satellite signal information (signal strength,
satellite elevation and azimuth, satellite number, signal receiving channel status), positioning
calculation result, azimuth calculation result and others.
the parallel back-to-back unit configurations are illustrated in Figure ?? to Figure ??.
In those figures, the blue sector represents the azimuth limitation range determined by a
proposed unit and the red represents the other range by the other unit to the previous one.
The yellow range represents the logical products of two (blue and red) azimuth limitation
ranges, ie the output of the parallel back-to-back unit configuration.
6.4 Materials, parts and devices
In order to realize the hemispherical antenna beam patten, following three categories of
elements are important:
The first category is shielding.
&sup2; conductive cloth tapes and sheets [122]
&sup2; metal foil tapes and sheets (stable grounding surface and shielding/grounding of
chassis or enclosures)[122]
&sup2; sheild windows (shieding of openings which require transparency)[122]
The second category is control of side effects of the shielding plaine:
(1) suppression of the back satellite signals' contamination effect.
system's (GPS antenna+plane) backward sensitivity.
(1-1) attenuating the inbound signal itself to the plane: using so-called absorption
438 Chapter 6 Discussion
material for 1.5GHz, which is for far field purpose.
(1-1-parts) TDK, IS-FB75, 30cm x 30cm x 8cm, center 1.5GHz [118]
(1-1-parts) kitagawa industry co.ltd., MG-06A-1.0 [116]
(1-1-parts) FDK Co.Ltd., JB1, more than 20dB absorption for 1.37-1.65GHz, centerfreq. 1.5GHz, 250mm x 250mm x 7.2mm [126]
(1-2) decoupling between the plane and the GPS antenna: suppressing the resonance between the plane and teh GPS antenna: suppressing internal mutual electromagnetic
interference or crosstalk between the plane and the GPS antenna in the system: supressing
noise current in the cable or plane: suppressing the re-radiation noise from the plane from
metal edges like the aperture or junction plane based on the high frequency curernt on the
the metal surface Using so-called noise-suppression sheets or resonance suppression sheets
or decoupling suppression sheets, which are all for near field purpose for wide range of
frequency, typically 10MHz to 3GHz or 100MHz to 30GHz, high magnetic permiability
around 100. (*) At the same time, absorption material and shielding cu foiled should be
placed around/in the GPS receiver unit, both in order to lower decoupling effect through
loving the GPS units sensitivity itself and in order to make more apparent the contrast
between direct wave and diffraction wave.
(1-2-parts) just take a space, say 1.5cm, between the plane and the GPS antenna, to
weaken the coupling
(1-2-parts) NEC tokin, Filmimpedor, E50(1 layer, magnetic permeability=50[at 1MHz],
100MHz-3GHz , .05mm, 500mm x 240mm, specific gravity 2.9)[120]
(1-2-parts) NEC tokin, Busteraid, FK2(1layer, mu=100, 10MHz-3GHz, .1, .2.3.5mm,
240mm x 240mm, specific gravity 3.1) [120]
(1-2-parts) NEC tokin, Busteraid, 3GF(3layer standard type, 100MHz-5G, 1.0mm, specific
gravity 3.2),
(1-2-parts) NEC tokin, Busteraid, 3GT(3layer thin type, 10MHz-3GHz, .25mm .35mm0.45mmy, specific gravity 2.4)[120]
(1-2-parts) NEC tokin, Busteraid, 2GT(2layer thin type, 10MHz-3GHz, 0.2mm 0.3mmy,
specific gravity 2.3) 400mmx 160mm[120]
(1-3) attenuating the inbound signal of the diffraction wave generated at the edges of
the plane: absorption material on the size of GPS antenna or simply the lower the total
sensitivity of GPS antenna by placing absorption material, making more apparent the
contrast between relative weakness of diffraction wave and relative strength of direct
wave, taking advantage of large margin of GPS receiver on the relatively wide range of
strong signals' signal strengths. (*) At the same time, absorption material and shielding cu
foiled should be placed around/in the GPS receiver unit, both in order to lower decoupling
effect through loving the GPS units sensitivity itself and in order to make more apparent
the contrast between direct wave and diffraction wave.
(2) suppression of the front satellite signals' multipath effect
(2-1) multipath effect of the shielding plane.
placed on the shielding plane.
(2-2) multipath effect of the ground.
be placed horizontally in front of the GPS antenna.
&sup2; electromagnetic wave control sheets (electromagnetic wave resonance suppression)
&sup2; electromagnetic wave control sheets (electromagnetic wave absorption)[122]
The third category is control of contamination effects from the wire-line between GPS
unit and laptop computer.
&sup2; ferrite cores (suppression of radiated noise and conductive noise)[122]
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 439
6.4.1 GPS Receiving Unit
At first, the model of GPS receiver and antenna unit, which was used to build this
prototype system, was found to be considerably suitable for the purpose to the prototype
building. It weights 160g per unit. Its dimension, length, width and thickness, is 72.0mm
x 72.0mm 2.4mm. It output the IPS signal format.
to the azimuth limitation computation section in the proposed method, as the 108 ASCII
letters in one line.
of each body should not be ignored.
unit in this prototype experiment should be continuously used for further research and
development, including further experiments.
The 12 Channel EM-401 SiRF II Receiver with Antenna GPS-00575 is a module from
USGlobalSat based on the SiRF II chipset with built-in antenna. Tracks up to 12 satellites
with superior reception in urban environments. Includes one 1.75” interface cable.
Dimensions: 41mm x 41mm x 13mm.
The Infrared Data Association (IrDA) defines physical specifications communications
protocol standards for the short-range exchange of data over infrared light, for uses such as
as personal area networks (PANs).
IrDA is a very short-range example of free space optical communication.
are used in palmtop computers, mobile phones, and laptop computers.
The Rohm RPM841-H11 is an infrared communication module for IrDA Ver.
infrared LED, PIN photo diode, LSI are all integrated into a single package.
is designed with power down function and low current consumption at stand-by mode.
The ultra small package makes it a perfect fit for mobile devices.
Its potential applications are supposed to be mobile phone, Personal Digital Assistance,
Digital Video Camera, Digital Still Camera, Handy Terminal and so on.
As this module is basd on IrDA, communication like with a personal computer will be
implemented through this IrDA module.
When transmission of a geospatial data, as an adequate contents for a location, time
and azimuth range, is required, the IrDA module serves as the IrDA communication port
corresponding the laptop computer, PDA or mobile phone memory.
protocol supposes combination distance as 20 - 100cm with conic area with the vertex
angle of 30 degree. An additional slit makes the conic vertex angle narrower.
6.4.2 Absorption materials
MG-06A-0.5 made by Kitagawa Industry was used for the prototype building.
sheet is characterized by the attenuation ability as much as -8.8dBm for 1.5GHz electric
magnetic wave transmission through it.
considering to the MG-03A, MG-04A or MG-05A series.
about 1.5GHz is actively utilized in satellite communications or cellar phones.
with the trend, the social need for the absorption material around this frequency has
also come to be strong. In the near future, the more light weighted and more high cost
performance absorption material will appear.
6.4.3 Conductive Cu foil
A conductive copper (Cu) foil made by SLION technology is used to build the prototype
system. Thickness of the copper sheet is 0.000032 mm.
Adhesive material of 0.8 mm with Ni powder.
440 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.65. Parts 2: Example of smaller and more light weighted GPS unit available for
the proposed system [143]
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 441
its ultimate state.
6.4.4 Azimuth limitation computation section and control section
A laptop computer, Lenovo ThinkPad T42p, is used to built the prototype system.It has two PCMCIA slots for the GPS unit and USB sockets to stepping motor
driver/controller.
6.4.5 Rotation unit for performance evaluation
Stepping motor made by Oriental Motor Inc. is used to build the prototype system.
The minimum rotation angle is 0.72 degrees per second.
6.4.6 Procedures required to build a next step prototype
To built a next step prototype, the firmware and programs in the GPS unit, required
for the azimuth limitation and the adopted statistical estimation method such as MLE,
should be re-written on the large scale integrated circuit on the GPS unit.
GPS receiver including the DSP and/or several LSIs.
is available, it is the best strategy as it will spare additional weight, volume and thickness.
make the situation more complicated, comparing to its required efforts.
be also second choice to make use of the light weight handheld PC such as HP iPAQ
rx-1950, 125 grams. 71mm × 13.5mm × 114mm, Samsung SC32442 300MHz processors.6.4.7 Calculation time for maximum likelihood estimation
The maximum likelihood estimator is calculated for about from 2:8x104 to 7:8x10&iexcl;4
seconds, for 8 x 90,000 satellites calculations for 14 units configuration and one unit
configuration respectively, in the 2GHz Intel processor machine like Lenovo Z61p for the
prototype experiment system with 8 satellite parallel synchronization.
thought to be cased by the fact that the repetition of the selection process of maximum
likelihood among 36 candidates is 90,000/14 and 90,0000 for 14 units configuration and 1
unit configuration respectively. From the these figures, the recent pocket PC, palm PC or
micro controller like H8 will be enough ability to provide maximum likelihood estimator
as an answer in real time as well as the azimuth limitation range.
6.4.8 Angle sensor
Angle sensor would be useful to the assistance for the user as optional rotation either
to gather more information by pivot action of the unit or to connect each other to the
unit adjacent to make multiple unit configuration so that narrower azimuth information
is acquired. For example, rotation sensor can be easily constructed by variable condenser
circuit in cost effective, light weighted and low volume way.
sought by a certain reason a magnetic angle sensor system can be the second candidate.
KMA199E, NXP Technology, is a magnetic angle sensor system.
single package.The angular measurement system KMA199E is pre-programmed, precalibrated
and therefore, ready to use.
of angular range, zero angle and clamping voltages.
in an Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM).
includes high precision sensor for magnetic angular measurement, programmable user
adjustments, including zero angle and angular range, programming via one-wire Interface
(OWI), independent from the magnetic field strength above 35 kA/m.
6.4.9 Practical unit designs
6.4.10 Single unit usage
it is useful for the user if the single unit can extend out its bottom part like human
foot out of the device to stand the ground directing one orientation with the foot and
start automatic (or manual in several times of arbitrary numbers with good rest each
orientation ) rotation in order to gather satellite information and calculate the azimuth
limitation results. It is also useful for the user to select the automatic rotation speed,
including the manual rotation.
of foot or the body.
helpful for the outdoor activities such as mountaineering or the like when the restriction
on the weight and volume of the equipments are severe.
in the unit body. The angle between the foot and the body itself is measured by one of the
sensors describe above.
For example, the following mechanism would be also useful.
available and the user would like to obtain narrower azimuth limitation or more precise
estimator information, the following procedure helps him or her; (1) a connecting bar
pops out horizontally on user's one light push from the bottom part of the proposed GPS
unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2) the connection bar should be used
as a bearing indicator toward a fixed bearing just for user's information, instead of a
connector (3) after a while, the user rotates the proposed GPS unit by arbitrary angle,
with keeping the connector bearing toward the original bearing.
GPS unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method provides a productive answer of
(4) The user repeats the procedure until
he satisfied the azimuth limitation results the proposed GPs device with the proposed
Azimuth limitation method give (5) the bar can be easily stowed by a light push by the
user again.
6.4.11 Multiple unit usage
It is also useful for the user if multiple units can be combined by giving one unit's arm
to the next adjacent unit. It is helpful for the user the arm can automatically measure
the angle between the unit itself and the next adjacent unit to which it gives its arm.
arm contains information exchange line(s) in order to exchange any information.
which unit should be the master who integrate all the information to learn and output
the final azimuth limitation, should be prefixed in any rule.
includes a simple one such like, the starting unit in the clockwise order when there found
to be any kind of a cut in the polygon by multiple unit connection.
point, the connection which was lastly recognized can be the one.
decide the master just using any arbitrary number specific to the unit body like the serial
number or product umber.
For example the following mechanisms would be also helpful.
reliability and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time, n unit configuration should
To do so, (1) a connecting bar pops out horizontally on the user's
light push from the bottom part of the proposed GPS unit with the proposed azimuth
limitation method (2) the connection bar can rotate by arbitrary angle horizontally to
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 443
make good electrical or electro-magnetic (eg Infrared Red) wave contact to the adjacent
GPS unit of the same or standardized connection specification (3) with repetitions of this
procedures, n unit configuration is easily constructed on site or on the spot (4) the master
unit is selected among u units by a simple rule such as either the initial or starting unit
on clockwise order of n unit configuration if there is not a complete circle, ie any cut
or if the first unit to extend his arm and make a stable contact to the adjacent unit if a
(5) the master unit gathers and integrates azimuth limitation information
(6) The master unit output the
integrated azimuth limitation result and maximum likelihood estimator for its bearing.
(7) the bar can be stowed by a light push by the user, again.
6.4.12 Example designs to meet application specific requirements
In this section, examples on design using the proposed azimuth limitation method are
described based on the discussion derived from the arguments up to Chapters Two, Three,
Four, Five, including its principles, variations and performance evaluations of computers
simulations, a prototype with the azimuth limitation ability and the other prototype with
maximum likelihood estimation method.
6.4.13 Mountaineering usage
In mountaineering, a mountaineer or climber has to bring his all luggage for himself.
Therefore, a severe consideration is inevitable for the weight, volume of any kind of luggage.
A tool to grasp the bearing is very important in such kind of activity.
Other hand, nowadays portable GPS positioning device is vital for such kind of activity.
Therefore, if a portable GPS positioning device has an azimuth limitation capability without
major additional weight or volume, it will be a significant help for mountaineers and
climbers, especially if it can provide very reliable azimuth range in such a situation like
one when the choice of there paths downwards from a ridge at a snow mountain range in
winter. Thus, the proposed method and its embodiments are though useful in the field
of applications where critical decision making is required.
for a situation where the decision making, on a selection between small numbers
of choices which have good separation.
when the confidence interval of the confidence level of 70 % on the azimuth estimation
(which tends to narrower, according to Chapter Five) is superimposed on the azimuth
limitation (which tends to be wider, according to Chapter Four).
wearable digital device can be used for “reliability first” as well as for “close to usual daily
life” situation. In other words, it will be supportive for a situation where the decision
making, on a selection between small number of choices which have good separation, and
Its adequateness may lead to one of the very different results either serious or safe.
The proposed method could be helpful for a situation where there exist a considerably
high cost generated by the misleading action derived from a “wrong answer” and almost
no problem against “no answer”.
To attain both the high reliability and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time, n
unit configuration should be taken advantage of. To do so, (1) a connecting bar popped
out horizontally on user's one light push from the bottom part of the proposed GPS
unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2) the connection bar can rotate by
Arbitrary angle to make good electrical or electro magnetic (eg Infrared Red) contact
to the adjacent same GPS unit (3) in repetition of this process, n units configuration is
constructed (4) the master is decided by a simple rule such as either the starting unit
on clockwise counting if there is not a complete circle, ie any cut or if the first unit
444 Chapter 6 Discussion
to extend his arm and make a stable contact to the adjacent unit if a complete circle.
(5) the master unit gathers and integrates azimuth limitation information based on the
(6) The master unit output the integrated azimuth
limitation result and maximum likelihood estimator for its bearing. (7) the bar can be
Stowed by a light push by the user, again.
If there is only one unit available and the user would like to obtain narrower azimuth
limitation or more precise estimator information, the following procedure helps him or
(1) a connecting bar popped out horizontally on user's one light push from the
bottom part of the proposed GPS unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2)
the connection bar should be used as a bearing indicator toward a fixed bearing just for
user's information on this time, instead of a connector (3) after a while, the user rotate
the proposed GPS unit by arbitrary angle, with keeping the connector bearing toward the
original bearing. After that, the proposed GPS unit with the proposed azimuth limitation
method provides a productive answer of azimuth limitation and estimator for the user.
(4) The user repeats the procedure until he satisfied the azimuth limitation results the
proposed GPs device with the proposed azimuth limitation method give (5) the bar can
be easily stowed by a light push by the user, again.
&sup2; SONY IPS5100G, 160g, 72.0mm x 72.0mm x 2.4mm
&sup2; MG-06A-0.5, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x (24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 100g
&sup2; A conductive copper (Cu) foil, SLION technology, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x
(24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 12g
&sup2; HP iPAQ rx-1950, 125 g. 71mm × 13.5mm × 114mm, Samsung SC32442 300MHz
processors, it works as the controller over the whole system and display for thetwo type results of azimuth limitation and MLE azimuth estimation with confident interval with confident level
&sup2; Program for azimuth limitation based on the output of IPS5100G per second&sup2; Program for azimuth estimation with maximum likelihood method, with confidence
interval, based on the output of IPS5100G per second
Preparation for data gathering in order to decide the GPS satellite signal reception
probability on each orientation around the GPS antenna
&sup2; (optional) Stowable foot to allow its body to rotate around the foot.
sensor around the foot can detect the angle and support for the user to scrutinize
the azimuth he is interested in with the pivot rotation of the device.
response is prepared, the device notify the user to additional manual rotation for
narrower azimuth limitation output.
&sup2; (optional) a stepping motor, its controller and driver, if any required.
increase the total weight and power consumption.
6.4.14 Focus driven outdoor e-learning or cultural torism guidance
The azimuth limitation method will be supportive for a situation where the discrimination
between small number of choices which have good separation is required. In such situation, reliable azimuth range information will be very useful to discrimination of the
target, even if the range is not very narrow.
The proposed method could be helpful for a situation where the user would like to avoid
to annoying experience with disappointment to know the fact of the misinformation about
the listening about the audio guide during a travel abroad or environmental audio guide
both in domestic or international, because the chance of direct experience is felt precious
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 445
in such an occasion and he or she might not be able to come the point again in his or her
This is a significant different from taking a walk in his or her familiar regional areas
in daily life. However, this azimuth limitation range of high reliability sometimes tends
to be wide. If another narrower azimuth information could be provided for the user, the
both two information are able to compensate with each other.
helpfulness when the confidence interval of the confidence level of 70% on the azimuth
estimation (which tends to narrower, according to Chapter Five) is superimposed on the
azimuth limitation (which tends to be wider, according to Chapter Four).
portable or wearable digital devices can be used for “reliability first” as well as for “close to
usual daily life” situation. In this context, ”scenery” and ”guiding” includes story telling
about Greek myths associated with constellations viewed at night sky, isolated historical
important constructions in a wide precinct in a cultural world heritage site, or natural
objects in a scenery viewed from a famous viewing point in a natural world heritage site
To attain both the high reliability and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time,
n unit configuration should be taken advantage of.
This thesis has provided the graph (in Chapter Four) to the relationship between
the number of the proposed units and the set of (correct answer ratio, no answerratio, wrong answer ratio) as well as the other graph (in Chapter Five) to demonstrate
the relationship between the number of the proposed units and the width of confidence
interval at a desirable confidence level.
Taking advantage of there graphs, the required number of the proposed units is able to
be obtained in order to meet ay performance requirements.
To attain both the high reliability and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time, n
unit configuration should be taken advantage of. To do so, (1) a connecting bar popped
out horizontally on user's one light push from the bottom part of the proposed GPS
unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2) the connection bar can rotate by
Arbitrary angle to make good electrical or electro magnetic (eg Infrared Red) contact
to the adjacent same GPS unit (3) in repetition of this process, n unit configuration is
constructed (4) the master is decided by a simple rule such as either the starting unit
on clockwise counting if there is not a complete circle, ie any cut or if the first unit
to extend his arm and make a stable contact to the adjacent unit if a complete circle.
(5) the master unit gathers and integrates azimuth limitation information based on the
(6) The master unit output the integrated azimuth
limitation result and maximum likelihood estimator for its bearing. (7) the bar can be
Stowed by a light push by the user, again.
If there is only one unit available and the user would like to obtain narrower azimuth
limitation or more precise estimator information, the following procedure helps him or
(1) a connecting bar popped out horizontally on user's one light push from the
bottom part of the proposed GPS unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2)
the connection bar should be used as a bearing indicator toward a fixed bearing just for
user's information on this time, instead of a connector (3) after a while, the user rotate
the proposed GPS unit by arbitrary angle, with keeping the connector bearing toward the
original bearing. After that, the proposed GPS unit with the proposed azimuth limitation
method provides a productive answer of azimuth limitation and estimator for the user.
(4) The user repeats the procedure until he satisfied the azimuth limitation results the
proposed GPs device with the proposed azimuth limitation method give (5) the bar can
be easily stowed by a light push by the user, again.
Constellation size comparison (A constellation size is often descried in the unit of square
degree, a non-SI unit measure of solid angle.
of a surface onto a unit sphere centered on the point of observation.
In this figure, square root of the unit is used just for the special purpose of the aim of the
446 Chapter 6 Discussion
thesis.
&sup2; SONY IPS5100G, 160g, 72.0mm x 72.0mm x 2.4mm, 2 uints,
&sup2; MG-06A-0.5, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x (24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 100g
&sup2; A conductive copper (Cu) foil, SLION technology, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x
(24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 12g
&sup2; HP iPAQ rx-1950, 125 g. 71mm × 13.5mm × 114mm, Samsung SC32442 300MHz
processors, it works as (2) the controller over the whole system, (2) the display for the
two type results of azimuth limitation and MLE azimuth estimation with confidentinterval with confident level and (3) audio system both (3-1) as usual portablemusic/audio player during his taking walk and (3-2) as a scenery guiding or story
telling related to his possible interesting scenery in front of his when his halt of
walk is detected more than 3 minutes. (Usual walk speed, 4000meter / 60 minutes,is 67m / minute. Therefore, one minutes walk is enough to go out of the error
distance of about 30 meters. If after 3 minutes, the movement is not detected, even
considering the error distance, the controller unit judge the user is not moving any
more.
&sup2; Program for azimuth limitation based on the output of IPS5100G per second&sup2; Program for azimuth estimation with maximum likelihood method, with confidence
interval, based on the output of IPS5100G per second
&sup2; Audio contents on the possibly brief guides related to several courses possibly the
use takes a walk along.
&sup2; Audio contents of the user's preference, such as usual portable device.
Preparation for data gathering in order to decide the GPS satellite signal reception
probability on each orientation around the GPS antenna
6.4.15 N units configuration
To attain both the high reliability and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time, n
unit configuration should be taken advantage of. To do so, (1) a connecting bar popped
out horizontally on user's one light push from the bottom part of the proposed GPS
unit with the proposed azimuth limitation method (2) the connection bar can rotate by
Arbitrary angle to make good electrical or electro magnetic (eg Infrared Red) contact
to the adjacent same GPS unit (3) in repetition of this process, n unit configuration is
constructed (4) the master is decided by a simple rule such as either the starting unit
on clockwise counting if there is not a complete circle, ie any cut or if the first unit
to extend his arm and make a stable contact to the adjacent unit if a complete circle.
(5) the master unit gathers and integrates azimuth limitation information based on the
(6) The master unit output the integrated azimuth
limitation result and maximum likelihood estimator for its bearing. (7) the bar can be
Stowed by a light push by the user, again.
&sup2; SONY IPS5100G, 160g, 72.0mm x 72.0mm x 2.4mm, n uints, 160 xng (if n=8,1080g)
&sup2; (or EM-401 GPS receiving unit, 15 xng, (if n=8, 120g))
&sup2; MG-06A-0.5, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x (24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 20 xng (if n=8, 160ng)
&sup2; A conductive copper (Cu) foil, SLION technology, 2 x ( 72.0mm x 72.0mm ) + 4 x
(24.0mm x 20.0mm) - (60mm x 60mm x 3.14) x 1mm, 12g
&sup2; HP iPAQ rx-1950, 125 g. 71mm × 13.5mm × 114mm, Samsung SC32442 300MHz
6.4 Materials, parts and devices 447
processors, it works as (2) the controller over the whole system, (2) the display for the
two type results of azimuth limitation and MLE azimuth estimation with confidentinterval with confident level and (3) audio system both (3-1) as usual portablemusic/audio player during his taking walk and (3-2) as a scenery guiding or story
telling related to his possible interesting scenery in front of his when his halt of
walk is detected more than 3 minutes. (Usual walk speed, 4000meter / 60 minutes,is 67m / minute. Therefore, one minutes walk is enough to go out of the error
distance of about 30 meters. If after 3 minutes, the movement is not detected, even
considering the error distance, the controller unit judge the user is not moving any
more.
&sup2; Program for azimuth limitation based on the output of IPS5100G per second&sup2; Program for azimuth estimation with maximum likelihood method, with confidence
interval, based on the output of IPS5100G per second
&sup2; Audio contents on the possibly brief guides related to several courses possibly the
use takes a walk along.
&sup2; Audio contents of the user's preference, such as usual portable device.
Preparation for data gathering in order to decide the GPS satellite signal reception
probability on each orientation around the GPS antenna
This kind of assistance is possible by the complete combination of social infrastructure
such like
&sup2; Ubiquitous network society
&sup2; Geographical and/or spatial information society
GPS satellite positioning infrastructure society
and the features of the azimuth information provision device such like
&sup2; data provided with quantitative reliability or confident interval
&#8211; azimuth limitation with highly reliable feature
&#8211; azimuth identification A with instantaneous feature
&#8211; azimuth identification B with highly reliable feature by multiple azimuth limitation
&sup2; minimizes user load and maximizes usability
&#8211; can be incorporated into daily life by its feature not to disturb user's natural
Creative processes, especially so called flow experiences, like portable digitalaudio players.
&#8211; history independent feature, which enables a user to make it use immediately
on the “power on“, like a portable GPS positioning device.
&#8211; does not require periodic calibration such as rate gyro.
&sup2; used also for GPS positioning device which is brought everywhere in the future
society described above.
&#8211; does not increase GPS device's weight, volume, thinness and cost.
&#8211; inherits complete global availability of GPS system
Azimuth information device suitable for such kind of future society is still wanted,
especially for pedestrians on land or the like.
method and device would have the following features.
As to guide for cultural tourism, civilized areas tend to have many high rise buildings.
The maximum likelihood function should be modified with considerations for blockage
effects for the use in such environments.
such like Takahashi(1998a) will be helpful. He also invented the GPS signal blockage
data collection system with running land vehicle and analyzed geographically interested
448 Chapter 6 Discussion
Fig. 6.66. Japan disaster relief vest[103]
areas such as metropolis, local cities and highways.
probability contours on the sky hemisphere would be easily estimated and applied to the
maximum likelihood functions described above.
plans to carry out.
6.5 International Standardization Organizations
6.5.1 ISO: International Organization for Standardization
6.6 Domestic Standardization Organization
6.6.1 TTCs
6.6.2 iSIPs
Development of waterfront space[35] :
Environmental learning and nature experience in waterside spaces ("children's waterside") such as rivers that exist close to the community
In order to promote the activities, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Ministry of the Environment have collaborated on the "Children's Waterside" Rediscovery.
6.6 Domestic Standardization Organization 449
Fig. 6.67. Recreation forest curret satus[35]
project” is being implemented. This project is aimed at civic groups, educators, river administrators, etc.
We maintain system to wrestle as one, and by "children's waterside support center",
Environmental activities such as rental of equipment (life jackets, etc.) necessary for waterside activities and introduction of learning programs
Building a system to comprehensively support environment learning and nature experience activities,
If the waterside needs to be improved, the "Waterside Rakukou Project" will make it easier to get close to the waterside.
We carry out maintenance of waterfront space such as maintenance. D. Maintenance of recreational forests, etc. by the Forestry Agency
In light of the diversification and sophistication of the public's requests for contact with forests, the national forest should be protected by the public.
In order to actively use it for health, culture, and education, we will promote “recreation forests” such as natural recreational forests.
are being developed as attractive fields while utilizing the vitality of the private sector, and are promoting their utilization??
Measures against water and mountain accidents [35]:
Today, the number of people who practice sports in their daily lives is increasing more and more. In particular, they engage in a variety of outdoor activities, such as swimming in the sea or river, mountain climbing, and camping, while being in contact with nature.
Interest in outdoor activities is increasing. On the other hand, against the background of this situation, activities in the sea, rivers, and mountains are increasing.
Accidents during transportation tend to increase, and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology is cooperating
In addition to calling attention to the prevention of swimming and mountaineering accidents, various materials and pamphlets
In addition to creating leaflets, etc., improving swimming pools in consideration of accident prevention, and thoroughly instructing at schools, etc.
We are striving to prevent accidents by holding seminars and workshops for instructors. police
Also, in cooperation with local governments, related organizations and groups, etc.,
Through activities such as Mt.
In the 2006 edition of the White Paper on Science and Technology [37], in the first part of the beginning, the challenge for the future society – declining birthrate and high
The Role of Science and Technology in an Aging Society. In Chapter 1, from the current situation and predictions of the declining birthrate and aging society,
It discusses issues that Japan should address and the role of science and technology.
Chapter 2 deals with science and technology that opens up new societies, and section 1 examines science and technology that responds to changes in the demographic structure. It starts with science and technology for lifelong health, and then develops technology for welfare.
Discuss the necessity of science and technology for
Proposing the concept of science and technology that contributes to the effective utilization of capital, 5 safe and secure society, sustainable society
It was shown that building science and technology for This proposal aims to improve 1 by increasing the enjoyment of walking.
2 by improving the welfare of the elderly, 3 by making remote control possible, social capital (museums, buildings,
Power stations, railways, old folk houses, tourism resources, cultural traditions, etc.) can be used to correctly understand and utilize 4.
It meets 5 because it is useful for relief and evacuation.
450 Chapter 6 Discussion
At the same time, Section 2 discusses science and technology that stimulates the economy. First, 1
2 discuss the necessity of efforts to link science and technology to innovation;
He showed his determination to work toward the construction of a system of innovation. These are also intellectual property nations,
In line with the purpose of Koritsukoku, created works (contents) will be shared by many people, and will contribute to cultural tourism.
In the sense of promoting movement and lodging based on
2, and 3 in that it showed cooperation with the Internet and mp3 as a powerful means.
rice field. Furthermore, the search, which was limited to indoor desks, can now be performed outdoors (with position, direction, time, and so on).
In the age of information explosion, it has expanded to automatic search (within a range that is not troublesome), and cyber sky
It fits in with 3 in the sense that it transcends the gap and paves the way for facing true reality.
Furthermore, in Section 3 Science and Technology Contributing to the Construction of a Spiritually Rich Society,
2.Considering science and technology that contribute to the preservation and utilization of cultural properties and the creation of art, 3.Intellectual exploration
He preaches science and technology that responds to people's hearts and creates intellectual value. It is also perfectly compatible with
Needless to say. Appreciate works of art in a timely manner along with the scenery of the land and direction that are deeply related to them (sound
Music reproduction, literary reading, video, appreciation of works) 1, such as historical traditional architecture as cultural assets
By contributing to the utilization of the art appreciation, it is possible to dare to know the scenery that tends to be buried in the general daily scenery.
We will create content that explains things from a specific perspective, and explains things in line with the way of thinking of people from other cultures and languages.
Through the effort and understanding of each other, it is possible to fuse with different cultures, explore universal values, and create intellectual value.
It is possible to realize 3 in the sense of technology that encourages manufacturing.
Section 4 discusses science and technology with people and the human resources that support it. 1 with people
He explained the necessity of a certain science and technology, and showed the importance of 2 human resources who support science and technology. the main
The proposal is suitable for 1 in the sense of walking together, and is proposed as an educational support device that respects interests.
In other words, it fits 2.
Chapter 3 discusses what will be required of science and technology in the future. Section 1 describes the formulation of the 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan.
did. This indicates a shift in focus from things to people.
It is suitable for this proposal of a device that is a device. At the same time, it is also suitable as a multilingual educational device.
In addition, Section 2 discusses the future of Japan and science and technology, and aims at 1 science and technology as a source of vitality.
However, he showed the direction of becoming a developed country in problem solving. thinking according to one's interests
In the sense that it becomes fun and revitalizes, it is compatible with 1, and international emergency relief.
It is suitable for 2 in the sense that it can be used for support units, etc., and can also be used as an input for grassroots research activities for environmental conservation.
join.
Strangely enough, this proposal is almost in line with the 2006 White Paper on Science and Technology. [37]

<<Claim 1>>

Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

after that

Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded

The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



<<Claim 2>>

Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

after that

Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded

The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.


<<Claim 3>>

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

a step of recording the reception status;

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 4>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of both states in claim 3,

A greater signal strength, a more stable signal strength, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 5>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,

Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 6>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 7>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 8>>

6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with a multi-positioning satellite system.



<<Claim 9>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

be a human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 10>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

contain the human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 11>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 12>>

//Can be removed and replaced as claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 13>>

Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

a step of recording the reception status;

of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,

For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

the reception status,

concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;

a step of recording;

For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,

Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,

In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,

whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,

Judgment step to judge and

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 14>>

In claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the signal source that emitted the signal exists in which direction of the two hemispheres based on a comparison of the reception conditions in the two states. Takano,
an inference step of inferring, based on the determination, that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere lies within a region limited within the spherical surface;

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 15>>

In claim 12, if there are one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted, the result obtained by applying the inference step for each is

In addition, a direction refinement synthesizing step of synthesizing a direction refinement when the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited region within the spherical surface;

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 16>>

// 1 signal source → 2 or more signal sources Superposition Refinement synthesis Claim //

In claim 12,

If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,

For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is

Overlap,

The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is

in the spherical surface

When present within a more confined area,

a direction narrowing synthesis step for performing direction narrowing synthesis;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 17>>

.

In claim 3,

Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and

With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,

Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,

direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;

of,

superposition,

a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 18>>

so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,

A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 19>>

at a given time interval,

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

At different time intervals,

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

both of the above states

premised on

Based on the comparison of each reception status,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:







<<Claim 1>>

Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna

In a first positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,

preventing direct incidence of signals from signal sources located in directions within the spherical surface of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna

For the second positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed

a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



<<Claim 2>>

Next to one positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of a given hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In some positioning satellite system receivers,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

after that

Next to the positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source in a direction within the spherical plane of said hemisphere and the complementary hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the positioning satellite system antenna

In the positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

record reception status

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions recorded

The direction from the center of the base of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere,

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



<<Claim 3>>

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempt to receive a signal from each signal source;

a step of recording the reception status;

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

cause an attempt to receive a signal from each signal source,

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

Based on a comparison of the respective reception conditions in both said states,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 4>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of both states in claim 3,

A greater signal strength, a more stable signal strength, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal was present

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 5>>

In the determination step of claim 3,

For a signal from a source,

In either state of the signal synchronization of both states in claim 3,

Faster acquisition of signal synchronization, more stable maintenance of signal synchronization, or both

Based on the result of whether the reception situation was accepted,

On the side of the hemisphere that was not the hemisphere where the direct incidence of the signal was blocked by radio wave shielding or electromagnetic wave absorber,

Qualification step of certifying that the source of the signal exists

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 6>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a spread spectrum communication system receiver

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 7>>

The receiver of claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver.

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 8>>

6. A direction information acquisition method, wherein the receiver according to claim 5 is a positioning satellite system receiver compatible with a multi-positioning satellite system.



<<Claim 9>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

be a human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 10>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

contain the human body

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 11>>

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By rotating the antenna and the human body by 180 degrees around the body axis,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 12>>

//Can be removed and replaced as claimed

The radio wave shield or electromagnetic wave absorber according to claim 5 is

When including a human body or a human body,

By mounting the antenna on the ventral side and the dorsal side of the human body,

Realization of both the above conditions

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 13>>

Of the celestial sphere around the antenna coupled to the receiver,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

a step of recording the reception status;

of the celestial sphere around another antenna coupled to another receiver,

For a signal from a signal source in a direction included in a hemisphere complementary to the hemisphere,

In a state where direct incidence to the antenna is blocked by electromagnetic wave shields or electromagnetic wave absorbers,

Let the receiver attempt to receive signals from satellites in the sky,

the reception status,

concurrently with the preceding steps, or not concurrently with the preceding steps;

a step of recording;

For the signal that caused the attempt to receive the signal,

Based on the comparison of the reception situation in both said states,

In a direction that includes either of the two hemispheres mentioned above,

whether the signal source that transmitted the signal existed,

Judgment step to judge and

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 14>>

In claim 3, for a signal for which signal reception is attempted, the signal source that emitted the signal exists in which direction of the two hemispheres based on a comparison of the reception conditions in the two states. Takano,
an inference step of inferring, based on the determination, that the direction of the central axis of said first hemisphere lies within a region limited within said spherical surface;

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 15>>

In claim 12, if there are one or more signals for which signal reception is attempted, the result obtained by applying the inference step for each is

In addition, a direction refinement synthesizing step of synthesizing a direction refinement when the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited region within the spherical surface;

have

characterized by

Direction information acquisition method.



<<Claim 16>>

// 1 signal source → 2 or more signal sources Superposition Refinement synthesis Claim //

In claim 12,

If there is one or more other signals for which signal reception is attempted,

For each, the result obtained by applying the inference step is

Overlap,

The direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere is

in the spherical surface

When present within a more confined area,

a direction narrowing synthesis step for performing direction narrowing synthesis;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 17>>

.

In claim 3,

Obtained directional information as a certain area on the surface of the celestial sphere, and

With an arbitrary direction angle in the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere when the direction information was obtained,

Once again, perform the same steps as in claim 3,

direction information obtained by subtracting the arbitrary direction angle equivalent from the direction information as a region on the surface of the celestial sphere newly obtained about the central axis of the first hemisphere;

of,

superposition,

a direction narrowing inference step of performing a direction narrowing inference that the direction of the central axis of the first hemisphere exists within a more limited area in the spherical surface;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:





<<Claim 18>>

so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,

A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:



<<Claim 19>>

at a given time interval,

of an antenna coupled to a receiver

of the surrounding celestial spheres,

For a signal emitted by a signal source in a direction containing a certain hemisphere,

direct incidence on the antenna

In the state of being blocked by some electromagnetic wave shield or some electromagnetic wave absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

At different time intervals,

Of said celestial sphere around said antenna,

For signals from sources lying in a direction encompassed by another hemisphere complementary to said hemisphere:

direct incidence on the antenna,

being blocked by the electromagnetic wave shield or absorber, or by another electromagnetic wave shield or absorber,

attempting to receive a signal from each source,

on the assumption that

a step of recording the reception status;

For a signal from a signal source from which signal reception is attempted,

both of the above states

premised on

Based on the comparison of each reception status,

a determination step of determining in which direction of the two hemispheres the signal source that emitted the signal was present;

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:


6.7 Current status
Furuno Electric Company Limited is now considering to manufacture the prototype of
This proposed system. NTT docom Incorporated and NEC Incorporated are also considering
applications on this proposed system and our preliminary meetings started.
Strengthening the international competitiveness in the field of the inforamtion and com6.7
current status 451
munication technology field is one of the most important and emergent requests for the nation.
The author strongly hopes that this research will serve as the initial trigger of prevailing
of new device to be used by many people in order to make good use of GPS and geospatial
Information as social infrastructures in the future.
The effort of strengthening the international competitiveness does not always need to be
accomplished in a short time or single generation.
the goal of strenthening the international competitiveness should be shared.
452
Chapter 7
Conclusion
In this thesis, designs and applications of wearable gps receiving unit with scalable
azimuth limitation ability are discussed.
(1) the first performance evaluation based on computer
simulation studies (2) the second performance evaluation based on a prototype building
and its observation values on GPS satellite signals (3) the final evaluation of the prototype
with the maximum likelihood estimation.
for the user both of (a) wide range azimuth limitation ability by the proposed azimuth
limitation method with GPS satellite signals and (b) narrower range of azimuth as a confidence
interval at 70%, 80At the same time, the n unit configuration's ability is evaluated.
With these results, concrete designs and applications of wearable GPS receiving unit with
scalable azimuth limitation ability was presented.
In Chapter 1, considerations of deficits and limitations of conventional approaches.
overview of the GPS technology is briefly stated both for the purpose of this chapter and
the next chapter's.
With that analysis, an important problem is pointed out in the GPS system.
context of the use of GPS includes rather difference objects comparing to the initial design
stage of the GPS system.
and the like. The Elements of this group are characterized by several features; (1) They are
too small to equip multiple GPS positioning points in order to make difference between the
(2) Their main movements are mostly
consist of crawls and pivots so that it is not almost adequate to make a difference between
the positions before/after their movement unlike the high or medium speed vehicles which
(3) Their cost for
translation on the ground is often higher than their cost of pivot.
use time to investigate or acquire some azimuth information with their low cost pivots or
the alternative movements, that benefit them. (4) On the other hand, they sometimes
require the reliable information with no need to re-confirmation with other methods such as
like visual pattern match. In the new context of use of the GPS system, the novel azimuth
acquisition method is required especially for such kind of existence including pedestrians,
human-sized robots in the outer fields, hydraulic shovels in the construction sites and so
on.
In Chapter 2, a novel and effective method and devices for azimuth information acquisition
is introduced, which skillfully take advantage of prevailing, low cost and portable L1
C/A GPS receiver. At first, the main principle is stated and several useful variations and
realistic designs are proposed.
453
ideas are described in detail.
Discussed with the explanation of the context of use.
back-to-back unit configuration, identical unit configuration, single unit configuration
and multiple unit configuration of any number of the proposed units.
have specific characteristics including (1) light weighted (2) low-profile (3) low-volume (4)
being able to be approximated by commodities of current L1 C/A GPS receiving unit
and (5) highly suitable to the human-sized existence who/which moves rather slowly with
high cost and often pivots with low cost unlike the traditional vehicles such as airborne and
maritime ones including jumbo jet airliners and tankers.
In Chapter 3, performance evaluations in the form of computer simulations are executed
in order to overview the outline of the perspective view on this rather novel research area.
Intensive computer simulation reveals those effects on the azimuth limitation width of the
(1) the number of the proposed units (2) the GPS satellite constellation
in the sky (3) the connection angle between adjacent GPS units (4) the number of GPS
(1) satellite signals acquired by the proposed unit.
In order to investigate the basic performance or latent strength of the proposed system,
several computer simulations are carried out. Focused on the azimuth limitation width
provided by the proposed system, the average value is investigated.
clear that about 30 degrees of azimuth limitation width can be expected, when parallel
back-to-back unit configuration is used, at the Hibiya Park in Tokyo though a day.
real satellite constellations are taken advantage of.
of randomized orientation settings are deployed.
was that constellations influence the expected value of azimuth limitation width.
expected values of azimuth limitation widths vary from about 20 degrees to about 60
degrees depending on GPS satellite constellations.
conformation is used, the expected value of azimuth limitation widths varies from about 40
degrees to about 75 degrees while the expected value of azimuth limitation width is about
60 degrees. This fluctuation is observed both with parallel back-to-back unit configuration
and single unit configuration in a synchronized fashion.
be degeneration or overlap of GPS satellite azimuths.
in parallel back-to-back unit configuration in some specific constellations comparing to
single unit configuration. The reason should be pursued further.
be connected and in that sense scalability can be considered.
examined through computer simulation.
real GPS satellite constellation, the expected value of the azimuth limitation width is
approximated as a reciprocal function of the number of the proposed unit.
this scalability is taken advantage even where a single unit configuration is available.
it is allowed to take time a little for the user, with his low-cost pivots he can enjoy the
narrower azimuth limitation width as a benefit of the proposed system.
shows clear advantages to the geomagnetism compass when the position translation and
visual information match are not available outdoors with some reasons.
them, the effect of the number of the acquired GPS satellite signals is also examined.
real world, the ideal signal reception is not expected to be always realized due to several
reasons including blockage of thick foliage or trunks in forests, high-rise buildings and
ground features. Even in such a case, how excellent performance can be induced from the
existing GPS infrastructure is the question.
simulation to investigate the relationship between the average azimuth limitation width
and the number of GPS satellite signals synchronized by the receiver unit.
azimuth limitation width is approximated by a simple function as 360/(1 + (the number
454 Chapter 7 Conclusion
of locked satellites). Interestingly, even only a single satellite is synchronized with the
proposed unit, 180 degrees the azimuth limitation width is expected immediately.
implies the usefulness to bring this proposed system instead of the traditional GPS receiver
as the proposed system can provide the usual positioning function with subtle increase of
the volume.
In Chapter 4, performance evaluation by the prototype is introduced.
experiment was carried out at a place where there are any major blocking obstacles.
antenna site of the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology.
L1 C/A GPS antenna and receiver unit which can simultaneously acquire 8 satellites
was used. The unit was rotated by 0.72 degree after every halt of 180 seconds by a
stepping motor. Taking 25 hours, it was rotated by 360 degrees by it.
90,000 ramrods about 8 satellites information were obtained (ie 720,000 satellites
information).
and absorption sheets.
the best material and procedure has been sought.
the principle described in Chapter 2, azimuth limitation is carried out only with the
GPS satellite signal strength and GPS satellite azimuths.
thresholds setting is found to be effective to make the ratio of wrong answer less than
1.0%. The satellites located between elevation angles of 5 and 65 degrees are used for
the calculation. The signal strength threshold are set at -125.0 dBm as the value of
the signal strength observed at the antenna.
on the basic principle descried in Chapter 2, azimuth limitation is carried out.
correct answer ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of the trials in which the true
orientation is within the azimuth limitation range presented by the prototype system to
the number of all azimuth limitation trials.
ratio of the number of the trials in which the true orientation is not within the azimuth
limitation range presented by the prototype system to the number of all azimuth limitations
trials. The no answer ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of the trials in which
no azimuth limitation range is presented by the prototype system to the number of all
azimuth limitation trials. At first, all the satellite signal reception records of 720,000 is
analyzed in an assumption that those can be used for single unit configuration.
(correct answer ratio, no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio) is sought in this assumption.
As a result (64.10%, 35.86%, 0.03%) is obtained.
meaning not to inudce any misleading for the user, the next interesting point should be
the ration of correct answers to the sum of correct and wrong answers.
the value is more than 99.95%.
Expectation value is 161.43 degree. Secondly, all the satellite signal reception records of
720,000 is analyzed in an assumption that those can be used for parallel back-to-back units
configuration, with combining the data obtained from the opposite directions each other.
The set of (correct answer ratio, no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio) is sought in this
As a result (92.24%, 5.69%, 0.06%) is obtained.
the since that it clear the hurdle of (correct answer ration of more than 90.00%, no answer
ratio of less than 10.00%, wrong answer ratio of less than 0.10%) which is supposed for
Regarding the ratio of correct answers to the sum of correct and wrong
answers, which is also important not to induce any misleading for the user, it is notable
that the value is more than 99.93% in this configuration also.
azimuth limitation width expectation value of this parallel back-to-back configuration is
147.03 degree. In the same way, performance analysis from triangle unit configuration
to octagonal unit configuration, simple improvement trend is observed along with our
455
Expectation. For example, the octagonal configuration's (correct answer ratio, no answer
ratio, wrong answer ratio) is obtained as (99.74%, 0.00%, 0.25%) .
of correct answers to the sum of correct and wrong answers, which is also important not
to induce any misleading for the user, it is notable that the value is more than 99.75% in
this configuration also. With this high reliability, azimuth limitation width expectation
Value of this parallel back-to-back configuration is 92.04 degrees.
are drawn in a graph on the relationship between the number of units, correct answer
ratio, no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio, the ratio of (correct answers / ( correct +
wrong answers) ).
reliability and azimuth limitation width expectation value.
to is effectively employed to solve trade-offs in design choice to built a system using the
proposed method.
In Chapter 5, the performance evaluation by another prototype system embedded with
maximum likelihood estimation method is introduced.
the azimuth value in more narrow range style. With the those GPS satellite reception
data measured by the prototype in real, maximum likelihood estimator is calculated on
each during the 25 hours, or 90,0000 seconds, in the supposed single to octagonal unit
configuration of the proposed method.
are trials of as much as 90,000/n trials.
The satellites located between elevation angles of 5 and 65 degrees are used for
the calculation. The signal strength threshold are set at -125.0 dBm as the value of the
signal strength observed at the antenna.
the maximum likelihood estimation theory, the orientation of the antenna of the GPS unit
is estimated. From satellite signal strength records measured in the previous experiment
prototype system in real, the probability distribution of GPS satellite signal acquisition
event is prepared for very small segment at every orientation (azimuth, elevation) viewed
from the antenna fixed coordinate.
measured data of GPS satellite signal and the likelihood value is produced.
value is considered as a function of the supposed antenna's bearing as an unknown parameter.
The value of the unknown parameter which makes the maximum likelihood value
is thought the estimator of the antenna bearing.
created from the histogram of the differences between each true value of the antenna and
Confidence intervals at the confident levels of 70, 80, 90% are compared
at the every number of the proposed GPS units.
method and the method used in the previous chapter might be found on the fact that the
undeceived GPS satellite signals are also taken advantage of in this estimation method.
This comes to be possible as the likelihood function is able to be created based on the
tremendous records of GPS signal strength data measured in the prototype system experiment
using the proposed method in the previous Chapter.
confidence interval of confidence level of 70 %, for the supposed systems of from single
to octagonal unit configurations, are 77.1, 41.9, 36.0, 25.8, 20.1, 15.0, 11.0, 9.9 degrees,
Besides, the widths of confidence interval of confidence level of 80 %, for the
supposed systems of from single to octagonal unit configurations, are revealed as 170.3,
82.6, 71.8, 58.2, 44.0, 39.6, 31.8, 27.6 degrees, respectively.
confidence interval of confidence level of 90%, for the supposed systems of from single to
octagonal unit configurations, are also made clear as 170.3, 82.6, 71.8, 58.2, 44.0, 39.6,
31.8, 27.6 degrees, respectively. A clear-cut graph is drawn for the design choice support
to build cost-effective embodiments of the proposed method, where the relationship between
the number of the antenna and the width of confidence interval for each confidence
456 Chapter 7 Conclusion
level.
In Chapter 6, effective designs and applications are discussed based on the intensive
performance evaluation of three phases, including computer simulation-based evaluation,
prototype system-based evaluation and another retype based evaluation where the prototype
is embedded with a maximum likelihood method.
the real satellite signal strengths measure by the prototype system, is considered to be able
to be rather reliable if the threshold and parameters are adequately set.
useful in such a situation like one when the choice of there paths downwards from a ridge
at a snow mountain range in winter.
are though useful in the field of applications where critical decision making is required.
other words, it will be supportive for a situation where the decision making, on a selection
between small number of choices which have good separation, and its adequateness may
leads to one of the very different results either serious or safe.
The proposed method could be helpful for a situation where there exist a considerably
high cost generated by the misleading action derived from a “wrong answer” and almost no
problem against “no answer”. This azimuth limitation range (in Chapter Four) is reliable
but tends to be wider. If another narrower azimuth information could be provided for the
user, the both two information are able to compensate with each other.
usefulness is considered to exist when the confidence interval of the confidence level of
70% on the azimuth estimation (which tends to narrower, according to Chapter Five) is
superimposed on the azimuth limitation (which tends to be wider, according to Chapter
Four).Such kind of portable or wearable digital device can be used for “reliability first”
as well as for “close to usual daily life” situation.
and narrower azimuth limitation at the same time, n unit configuration should be taken
advantage of. This thesis has provided the graph (in Chapter Four) to illustrate the
relationship between the number of the proposed units and the set of (correct answer
ratio, no answer ratio, wrong answer ratio) as well as the other graph (in Chapter Five)
to demonstrate the relationship between the number of the proposed units and the width
of confidence interval at a desirable confidence level.
the required number of the proposed units is able to be obtained in order to meet ay
performance requirements. Feasible examples on embodiments of the proposed methodare reviewed under the assumption that parts and materials prevailing today or in the
Near future can be used. Several figures are roughly estimated, including dimensions,
weights, costs and procedures required in the manufacturing process such as additional
program developments and firmware re-writing.
457
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank Professor Dr. Susumu Tachi, Professor Dr. Michitaka
Hirose, Professor Dr. Tohru Ifukube，Professor Dr. Kohichi Hirota, Lecturer Dr. Naoki
Kawakami, all the members of the laboratory of Professor Dr. Susumu Tachi in the University
of Tokyo. He also would like to thank Assistant Professor Dr. Hideaki Nii in theUniversity of Tokyo for a support on the interface between laptop computer and a stepping
I thank the President of the National Information and Communication
Technology, Dr. Miyahara, for his useful discussion for implementation on this propsed
system. I thank Mr. Shigeyuki Kubota, Director-General for the Telecommunications
Bureau, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, for the meaningful support
on this work.
bnnjb
458
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[181] Masato TAKAHASHI, “Proposal of a Novel Wearable GPS with Azimuth Limitation”
Ability and Focus-Driven Outdoor e-Learning Applications using it”, Transaction of
Virtual Reality Society of Japan,(TVRSJ), Vol.11 No.4, pp.505-512, December 2006(in Japanese)
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of Human Interface Society, Vol.10 No.1, pp.113-122, January 2008
[183] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``A New Educational Platform Using a Novel and EffectiveGPS User Segment with Azimuth Limitation Ability'', Transaction Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education, (JSiSE), Vol.24 No.4, pp.115-124,
December 2007 (in Japanese)
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for Telemedicine in Disaster Response Phase”, Journal of eHealth Technology and Application, Vol. 6, No 4, pp. 173-181, December 2008
[185] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States
Patent Office, United States Patent No. US6718264B2, April 2004
[186] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States.
Granted Patent No. US6774843B, August 2004
[187] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States.
Patent Office, United States Patent No. US6542115B, April 2003
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[190] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent
Office, Japan Patent No. JP3522258B, February 2004
[191] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent
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[193] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent
Office, Japan Patent No. JP2963994B, August 1999
[194] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United Kingdom
Patent Office, United Kingdom Patent No. GB2379112B, October 2003
[195] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United Kingdom
Patent Office, United Kingdom Patent No. GB2378835B, October 2003
[196] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', German Patent
Office, German Patent No. DE10214071B4, May 2004
[197] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', German Patent
Office, German Patent No. DE10213502B4, May 2004
[198] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', French Patent
Office, French Patent No. FR0203915B, July 2006
[199] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', French Patent
Office, French Patent No. FR0203914B, July 2006
[200] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Australia Patent Office, Australia Patent No. AU773958B2, September 2004
[201] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method and Device for acquiring azimuth information'', European Patent Office, European Patent No. EP1143263B1, February 2008
[202] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', European
Patent Office, European Patent Application No. EP1211519A3, June 2002
[203] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for Acquiring Orientation Information'', Japan466 Bibliography
Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl. No. JP2005-205312, July 2005
[204] Masato TAKAHASHI, ``High-speed Method and Device for Acquiring GPS Satellite''
Signal”, Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl.
2005
[205] Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Azimuth or Line-of-Magnetic-Force Direction Information
Acquiring Method and Apparatus”, Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl.
JP2006-70889, March 2006
[206] Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Azimuth or Line-of-Magnetic-Force Direction Information
Acquiring Method and Apparatus”, International Appl.
PCT/JP2007/055940, WO/2007/108528, March 2007
467
Related Publications by the Author
journal papers
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Proposal of a Novel Wearable GPS with Azimuth LimitationAbility and Focus-Driven Outdoor e-Learning Applications using it”, Transaction of Virtual Reality Society of Japan, (TVRSJ), Vol.11 No.4, pp.505- 512, December
2006
2. Masato TAKAHASHI, Susumu TACHI, ”Proposal of Pedestrian-Oriented Wearable
GPS with the New Scalable Capability of Instantaneous Azimuth Limitation”,
Journal of Human Interface Society, Vol.10 No.1, pp.113-122, January 2008
3. Masato TAKAHASHI, “A New Educational Platform Using a Novel and Effective
GPS User Segment with Azimuth Limitation Ability”, Transaction Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education, (JSiSE), Vol.24 No.4, pp.115-124,
December 2007
Granted Patents
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States Patent Office, United States Patent No. US6718264B2, April 2004
2. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States Granted Patent No. US6774843B, August 2004
3. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', United States Patent Office, United States Patent No. US6542115B, April 2003
4. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method and Device for acquiring azimuth information'',
468 Related Publications by the Author
United States Patent Office, United States Patent No. US6442480B, August 2002
5. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent No. JP3522259B, February 2004
6. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent No. JP3522258B, February 2004
7. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent No. JP3473948, September 2003
8. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method and Device for acquiring azimuth information”,
Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent No. JP3430459B, May 2005
9. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent No. JP2963994B, August 1999
10. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method for acquiring azimuth information”, United Kingdom
Patent Office, United Kingdom Patent No. GB2379112B, October 2003
11. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method for acquiring azimuth information”, United Kingdom
Patent Office, United Kingdom Patent No. GB2378835B, October 2003
12. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', German
Patent Office, German Patent No. DE10214071B4, May 2004
13. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', German
Patent Office, German Patent No. DE10213502B4, May 2004
14. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', French Patent
Office, French Patent No. FR0203915B, July 2006
15. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method for acquiring azimuth information'', French Patent
469
Office, French Patent No. FR0203914B, July 2006
16. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method for acquiring azimuth information”, Australia
Patent Office, Australia Patent No. AU773958B2, September 2004
17. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Method and Device for acquiring azimuth information'',
European Patent Office, European Patent No. EP1143263B1, February 2008
Patent Applications
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method for acquiring azimuth information”, European
Patent Office, European Patent Application No. EP1211519A3, June 2002
2. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Method for Acquiring Orientation Information”, Japan
Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl. No. JP2005-205312, July 2005
3. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”High-speed Method and Device for Acquiring GPS Satellite Signal”, Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl. No. JP2005-274888, September
2005
4. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Azimuth or Line-of-Magnetic-Force Direction Information
Acquiring Method and Apparatus”, Japan Patent Office, Japan Patent Appl.
JP2006-70889, March 2006
5. Masato TAKAHASHI, ”Azimuth or Line-of-Magnetic-Force Direction Information
Acquiring Method and Apparatus”, International Appl.
PCT/JP2007/055940, WO/2007/108528, March 2007
Contribution Paper to the International Telecommunication Union
(ICT Standardization Organization in the United Nations)
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics
to Reach Casualties for Telemedicine in Disaster Response”, the International
470 Related Publications by the Author
Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Development Bureau, ITU-D SG2,
Document RGQ14-2/2/22-E, pp.35-37, May 2007
471
Other Publications by the Author
journal papers
1. Takahashi, M, “Analysis of Satellite Visibility for a Vehicle Running in a Rural
Area Using a Novel and Efficient Scheme to Collect GPS Signal, Journal of eHealth
Technology and Applications”, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 296-299, October 2007
2. Takahashi, M, “Telemedicine and Resent Science and Technology Policies -Case Studies of Japan and the United Nations-”, Journal of eHealth Technology and
Application, , Vol. 5, No 3, pp. 300-303, October 2007
3. Takahashi, M, “Proposal of Navigation and Communication Aid for Paramedics
for Telemedicine in Disaster Response Phase”, Journal of eHealth Technology and Application, Vol. 6, No 4, pp. 173-181, December 2008
International Conference Proceedings with Referee
1. Takahashi, M., Tanaka, M., Ahmed, S., Kimura K., ”A new method to evaluate
blocking probability on high elevation satellites viewed from land vehicles”, in Proc.
of the IEEE Forty-Ninth Intern. Vehicular Tech. Conference, Houston, pp.170-174,(IEEE 49th VTC 1999), May 1999
2. Takahashi, M., Tanaka, M., Kimura K., ``An effective method to evaluate intermittent
blocking probability on land mobile satellite communications”, in Proc.
of the IEEE Fiftieth International Vehicular Technology Conference, (IEEE 50th
VTC 1999) Amsterdam, pp.2735-2739, September 1999
3. Takahashi, M., Kimura, K., Tanaka, M., ”A Novel Evaluation Method of Blockage
by Ground Features on Land Vehicle Satellite Communications”, in Proc. of IEEEthe Fifty-First Annual International Vehicular Technology Conference, (IEEE 51stVTC 2000) Tokyo, Japan, pp.1135-1139, May 2000
4. Takahashi, M., Kimura, K., Tanaka, M., ”A New Evaluation Method of Intermittent
472 Other Publications by the Author
Blockage on Land Mobile Satellite Communications”, in Proc. of European Space
Agency's Millennium Conference on Antennas & Propagation, (ESA AP 2000),
Davos, Switzerland, pp.1921-1924, April 2000
5. Masato Takahashi, ``Vehicle Satellite Communications Interactivity'', American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics Twenty-fourth International Communication
Satellite Systems Conference,(AIAA 24th ICSSC), San Diego, pp. 1134-1138,
June 2006
6. Masato Takahashi, ”Physics Education related to Governance: a Novel Value Creation
by Integration of GPS Signal Blockage from Car Navigation Systems”,
International Conference on Physics Education 2006, (ICPE 2006), Tokyo, pp.287-288, August 2006
7. Masato Takahashi, “Vehicle Satellite Interactivity Database with GPS Blockage
Collected in the Civil Activities”, in Proc. of the IEEE Seventeenth Intern Symposium
on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, (IEEE 17th PIMRC
2006), Helsinki, Finland, pp.466-450, September 2006
8. Masato Takahashi, ”Satellite Visibility Analysis with GPS Signals for Future-
Oriented Vehicular Satellite Seamless Communications”, in Proc.
International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, (9th
WPMC 2006), San Diego, pp. 1291-1295, September 2006
9. Masato Takahashi, ”Geographical Features of Satellite Visibility viewed from running
Vehicles based on GPS Signal Sensing”, in Proc. of the Sixty-Fourth IEEE
Vehicular Technology Conference, (IEEE 64th VTC 2006), Montreal, pp. 1027 -
1031, September 2006
10. Masato Takahashi, ”The Skyward Communication Path Resource Control: The
Conceptual Framework of GPS Blockage Database for Future-Oriented Vehicular
Satellite Communications”, in Proc. of SICE - ICASE International Joint Conference
2006, Bussan, Korea, pp. 322-325, October 2006
11. Masato Takahashi, ”A Novel Creating Method of Ground Blockage Database by
Civil GPS Receivers as Distributed Sensors”, in Proc. of the 5th IEEE International
Conference on Sensors, (IEEE Sensors 2006), Daegu, Korea, pp. 518 - 512, October2006
12. Masato Takahashi, ”An Effective Satellite Handover System in Future-Oriented
473
Vehicular Communication Society on Collaborative GPS Archive with Distributed
Sensors”, ”IEEE Tenth International Conference on Communication Systems,
(IEEE 10th ICCS 2006), Singapore, pp. 692 - 697 November 2006
13. Masato Takahashi, ”A Novel Prediction Method for Vehicle and Satellite Interaction
in the Simulation with GPS Signals Collected”, in Book: ”Systems Modeling and Simulation: Theory and Applications, Asian Simulation Conference 2006”, (JSST
2006), Springer-Verlag Inc., (ISBN4431490213), pp. 278-282, December 2006
14. Masato Takahashi,, ”The Concept and Evaluation of GPS Skyward Visibility
Archive for Future-oriented Vehicular Satellite Communications”, Asia Pacific
Microwave Conference, (APMC 2006), Yokohama, pp. 356-362, December 2006
oral presentations
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Space communications and Geographical Information Systems”,
in Proc. of the 1st Advanced workshop on Geographical Information Systems,
February 1998
2. Masato TAKAHASHI, et. al, “The evaluation method using GPS on communication”
path to the high elevation satellites”, 1998 General Conference of the Institute of
Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE), B-3-29, 1998
3. Masato TAKAHSHI, “An adaptability study on quasi-zenith geostationary satellite
to land mobile satellite communications”, Technical Report of the Institute
of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE TECH-SAT),
SANE99-31, pp.79-84, July 1999
4. Masato TAKAHSHI, “A performance evaluation using blockage of the navigationsatellite signals on communication link to high elevation satellites”, Technical Report
of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers,
(IECE TECH-SAT), SAT98-32, pp.19-24, July 1998
5. Masato Takahashi, et al., ”GIS for land vehicle satellite communications - satellite
visibility elevation analysis in urban- ”, in Japanese, vol.7, pp.289-292, Proc.
General Conference of Geographical Information System Association, October 19986. Masato TAKAHASHI, “the evaluation method on intermittent blockages in satellite
mobile communications”, Technical Report of the Institute of Electronics, informa474
Other Publications by the Author
communication and communication engineers, (IECE), SAT98-63, AP98-118, SANE98-85,
pp. 79-84, November 1998
7. Masato TAKAHASHI, “The novel and effective performance evaluation on intermittent
blockages in satellite mobile communications”, 1999 Society Symposium of
the Institute for Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE), pp.544-545, September 1998
8. Masato TAKAHASHI, “The novel and effective performance evaluation on intermittent
blockages in satellite mobile communications”, 1999 General Conference of
the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE),
p.243, March 1999
9. Masato TAKAHASHI, “the novel and effective performance evaluation on intermittent
blockages in satellite mobile communications”, 1999 Society Conference of
the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE),
September 1999
10. Masato TAKAHASHI, “the new analysis method on signal blockages in satellitemobile communications”, 2000 General Conference of the Institute of Electronics,
Information and Communication Engineers, (IECE), p.985, March 2000
11. Masato TAKAHASHI, Masaki Sato, Masafumi Shigaki, et. al, “Concept design of a cryo reviver module in Ku-band the novel and effective performance evaluationon intermittent blockages in satellite mobile communications”, 2003 General Conference
of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers,
(IECE), B-2-54, March 2000
12. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``Satellites' Visibility Viewed from a moving vehicle'', SB11-
2, March 2003 (2000 General Conference of the Institute of Electronics, Information
and Communication Engineers, (IECE), SB11-2, March 2003
13. Masato TAKAHASHI, ``A Novel Analysis Method on Satellite Visibility with GPS Signal Strengths'', Technical Report of the Institute of Electronics, Information and
Communication Engineers, (IECE TECH-SAT), SAT06-31, pp.16-20, June 2006
Academic Explanatory Articles in Academic Society Journal
1. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Science and Technology Policy and English Technical Communication
- No.1: Science and Technology Policies of Japan and the United States
-”, Journal of English Technical Communication, Vol.27, No.2, pp.102-105, March475
2007
2. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Science and Technology Policy and English Technical Communication
- No.2: Science and Technology Policies of the European Union and
the United Nations -”, Journal of English Technical Communication, Vol.28, No.3,
pp.34-37, March 2007
3. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Science and Technology Policy and English Technical Communication
- No.3: The Concept of the Innovation Management -”, Journal of
English Technical Communication, Vol.28, No.4, pp.51-54, March 2007
4. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Science and Technology Policy and English Technical Communication
- No.4: State of the Union Address and an Innovative Achievement -”,
Journal of English Technical Communication, Vol.28, No.1, pp.22-27, March 2008
5. Masato TAKAHASHI, “Science and Technology Policy and English Technical Communication
- No.5: 'The Process of Achieve an Agreement Document for Science and
Technology Policy at G8”, Journal of English Technical Communication, Vol.28,
No.2, pp.18-22, June 2008
Application Considerations
&sup2; 10-minute experiment to determine specifications, waistcoat-wearing type
&sup2;
&sup2;
Create a loop for people to try it out and feedback their comments
&sup2;
&sup2; specification finalized (almost)
&sup2;
&sup2; After that, make it an open spec and let several companies compete
&sup2;
&sup2; The output I/F is a format added to the de facto output format NMEA0183 of GPS,
In position 2), text is output in the form of a direction range limited clockwise when viewed from above.
is proposed first. (Takahashi's proposal; specification formulation; \$GPAZL, 34.3, 39.4, 0.3, 1, 3, 3 (direction 1, direction
Azimuth 2, azimuth width, validity
Invalid because shielded, 1 means valid result with 1 satellite, 2 means valid result with 2 satellite acquisition, 3 or more
, the number of acquired satellites is effective)), the number of acquired satellites)
&sup2;
&sup2; Unification of direction display/recording methods for digital video cameras, digital still cameras, etc.
Standardization proposal. (Position and time plus direction) (Matsushita, Canon, etc.; e.g. latitude DMS, longitude)
DMS, altitude m, date and time yy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss, azimuth limited width: deg1, deg2, iconized table
It is still a proposal and will be included in all records. Coordinating where to deploy the Japan Disaster Relief Team and organizing disaster information
Standardized from the viewpoint that it is also useful for processing (imaging))
&sup2;
&sup2; Certification is entrusted to a specialized organization (Foundation: Radio Council)
&sup2;
&sup2; Cooperation with SPAC (foundation) and JIPDEC (geographic database related foundation)
476 Other Publications by the Author
&sup2;
477
Appendix A
Free C Compiler and Free Graphics
Library

&sup2; C Compiler
&sup2; Borland C++ Compiler 5.5(BCC) : Borland Corporation (http://www.borland.co.jp)
Use command line compiler distributed free of charge
&sup2; URL → http://www.borland.co.jp/cppbuilder/freecompiler/
&sup2; Graphics Library
&sup2; GrWin : Fortran and C version available on Windows XP/2000/NT/Me/9x
free graphics library
&sup2; URL → http://spdg1.sci.shizuoka.ac.jp/grwinlib/ (primary publication location)
&sup2; The files to download are prepared for each compiler at ftp://spdg1.sci.shizuoka.ac.jp/pub/GrWinlib/index.html. Here we use BCC as the compiler
So download lGrWn0999b-f2bcc.exe.
Install the &sup2; C compiler, then the graphics library
478
Appendix B
Emergence of microcontrollers with USB host functionality
schedule
Equipped with a USB host function that allows you to freely control a USB printer, USB mouse, etc.
"USB Peripheral Device Control Board" is scheduled to be released in late July. (Microtechnica final
Updated March 16, 2009). http://www.microtechnica.net/
479
Appendix C
Appearance of text-to-speech software
TextAloud 2.292
&sup2; TextAloud MP3 is an extractor that pronounces any text and converts it to an MP3 file.
It's an exciting new program.
&sup2; Language: English
&sup2; License: Shareware
&sup2; Reference price: US$29.95 US$26.96
&sup2; Operating environment: Win 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP, Pentium 200MHz or higher, Memory
64MB, HDD free space 10MB, sound card
480
Appendix D
Contribution to Japanese policy
1. Intellectual Property Nation (Intellectual Property Basic Law (Act No. 122 of 2002), plans, numerical targets
2.
3. Tourism Nation (Tourism Nation Promotion Basic Law (Act No. 117 of December 20, 2006) / Tourism Nation Promotion
Progressive Basic Plan/Numerical Targets) (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) Creation of New Tourism, “Health Tourism”,
Necessity and effects of universal design for tourism such as "industrial tourism", diverse food cultures and eating habits, automation and speedy sharing of records http://www.mlit.go.jp/kankocho/siryou/， ground
Low cost to create new tourism for regional development (only high-quality content
Since all you have to do is create it, you can spend time and money pursuing the quality of the content, and it is mutually convenient.
), and there is no need to add signboards or facilities, so the environment can be maintained as it is and tourism can be developed.
It is less affected by the emission. This is a great way to visit our country, which has a modest culture, and take it as it is.
It also meets the wishes of foreigners who want to experience it.
4. To help influential intellectuals who attend international conferences understand Japanese culture
It is efficient to include a high-level explanation of Although it was gradually developed for use by the general public, it was first used by intellectuals and high
It is better to target scholars who have received a higher education. Then ask for comments, and the appropriate one is
Get feedback.
5. Targets (Number of foreign visitors to Japan: 10 million, Number of Japanese travelers abroad: 20 million, Tourism consumption: 30 trillion yen, Per capita consumption of Japanese domestic tourism inn
Number of nights: 4 nights, Number of international conferences held in Japan: 50% increase)) (Cabinet Secretariat
Corporate Property Promotion Strategy Headquarters) http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/titeki2/index.html,
http://www.ipr.go.jp/index.html, http://www.ipr.go.jp/intro2.html
6. &#8211; Cultural Tourism Council Final Report (Agency for Cultural Affairs, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) Interim Report (Garden Tour
including) http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha06/01/010803_.html,
7. &#8212;&#8212;-Search for clues and directions to convey Japanese culture more deeply to people who grew up in a different culture. Japanese
Model tours to learn about Japanese aesthetics and views of nature from gardens.
8. &#8212;&#8212;- a very effective tool for understanding different cultures and peoples
9. &#8212;&#8212;-It made me want to understand Japanese culture and people more deeply. 10. &#8212;&#8212; who
It is better to choose the (human) version of the commentary (audio))
11. &#8212;&#8212; Narrowing down the target, allocating time, and the necessity of Q&A
12. &#8212;&#8212; A tour with a new approach
13. &#8212;&#8211;Understanding and discovering new aspects of Japanese culture
14. &#8212;&#8211;"MyJourney" [46] model tour utilizing the plan, Leaf
Creating and distributing e-mails, customized trips based on individual interests, etc. will be realized.
Sui Gendai and those who can collect information in advance but do not have time to read (similar to TV recording)
(similar to eating while climbing a mountain)
The present age of thinning boundaries between business and private). Versatility of GPS (lightweight and compact in mountaineering equipment)
Emphasis on multifunctionality).
15.
481
16. Basic Act on Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization (Act No. 63 of 2007) / Basic Plan for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization
17. &#8211; Strategy for developing Japanese who can use English (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)
18. Basic Space Law (plans and numerical targets) (Cabinet Office Space Bureau, Cabinet Secretariat Space Development Strategy Bureau)
19. Basic Law for Promotion of Geospatial Information Utilization (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Cabinet Secretariat)
20. Science and Technology Creation Nation (Science and Technology Basic Law (Law No. 130 of 1995), Third Science and Technology Basic Plan, Numerical Targets) (Innovation Creation)
21. u Japan Strategy, Ubiquitous Network Society (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)
22. Report on Strengthening International Competitiveness (Inquiry by Information and Communications Council, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ("R&D and Standardization Strategy for Strengthening Japan's International Competitiveness" (Inquiry No. 13, August 2, 2007)) (June 2008
27th of the month)
23. Law Concerning the Dispatch of International Disaster Relief Teams (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defense) http://www.mofa.go.jp/
mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/hyouka/kunibetu/gai/k_enjyo/ke03_01_0201.html,
Law http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S62/S62HO093.html
24. &#8212; feedback comments
Let me. In the future, it will be used by the coordination mechanism of UNOCHA, and it will be common internationally as it originated in Japan.
work so that it is used as intended.
25. Current state of research and development in the field of ICT in Japan
26. &#8212;"The 3rd Science and Technology Basic Plan"
27. &#8212;"UNS Strategic Program"
28. &#8212;"ICT International Competitiveness Enhancement Program"
29. &#8212;"Innovation25"
30. &#8212;
・France ・Germany ・China ・Korea ・India ・Singapore
Pole)
482
Appendix E
Microcomputer: The microcomputer you have now
development board
&sup2; PIC18F4550 use, Soliton Wave company, chip was used. Peripheral device IO Yariya
green
&sup2;
&sup2; PIC-USB trainer (full set), PIC(R) Microcontroller training kit,
The USB-PIC trainer is a PIC18F4550 (USB2.0 compatible
40-pin PIC18F4550, strawberry linux and Olimex PIC-USB-STK
one of the few boards that started out as
It is also an all-in-one learning kit (IPS5000 → RS232C → PIC18F4550 →
The flow of liquid crystal or SD has already been assembled without using a soldering iron, and furthermore, the sample
It seems that a lot of programs come with it, so those two selling points appealed to me (MP3
seems to be another next term. There doesn't seem to be an LED.，Battery box is also unknown.，With a computer
I wanted a program writing port, an IPS5000-like port, and two RS232C ports, but one
T, but that's okay. )). This single unit can be used for everything from PIC introductory to advanced development.
I can do it. It has a built-in bootloader, so you don't have to buy an expensive laser (sold separately) to write the PIC.
There is no need to prepare a pattern, and there are plenty of samples for beginners to advanced users.
Therefore, from those who want to learn PIC from now on, PIC development of products using USB
It can be used by a wide range of people, including professionals who perform 1. USB-PIC trainer basic set
features, using PIC18F4550 with built-in USB, built-in bootloader (no writer for writing)
required), RS232 port x1, USB x1, switch x4, LED x1, 1 volume, SD card
Connector x1, Microphone Jack x1, Headphone Jack x1, Abundant sample apps
Application CD included, USB cable included, 2. Features of USB-PIC Expansion Kit,USB-PIC
The extension kit can be used in combination with the USB-PIC Trainer for full-color LED dimming and LCD
You can do more advanced experiments, such as a digital clock using . Also, bread
Since the board is built-in, it can also be used for the development of original peripheral circuits.
to come. , 14000yen, http://solitonwave.co.jp/products/usbpic_tr.html
&sup2; PIC-MP3, PIC18F4550 evaluation board, sample DL, tiger technology 05.2
&sup2; PIC 16 trainer, Tragi 09.4
Things necessary
&sup2; C Compiler for PIC Microcontroller, SourceBoost IDE 6.37 WindowsMe/
2000/XP compatible (Picanto C 6.0 Japanese version), Source Boost 6.0a
is a low cost C compiler for PICRMicrocontroller, full spec license
&sup2; MPLAB IDE, Microchip ltd., latest version is MPLAB IDE v8.20a, http://
www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=
1406&dDocName=en023073
&sup2; Pickit2 (PICkit 2 Device Firmware v2.10) + PICkit 2 Software for Windows
483
Fig. E.1. PIC-USB (PIC18F4550) trainer Many sample programs, soliton wave inc., red
Also sold on strawberry linux, color base, March 2009, (not related to tiger technology), 2009
April 1, 6:00 pm shipping auction [54]
v2.55.02, Microchip ltd., Easy-to-Use Low-Cost Development Tools for Programming and Debugging the Flash Family of PIC Microcontrollers, http://www.microchip.com/
stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1406&dDocName=en023073,
http://solitonwave.co.jp/products/pickit2.html
&sup2; TermLite (terminal software)
&sup2; PIC-USB trainer (full set), PIC(R) Microcontroller training kit,
The USB-PIC trainer is a PIC18F4550 (USB2.0 compatible
40-pin PIC18F4550, strawberry linux and Olimex PIC-USB-STK
one of the few boards that started out as
It is also an all-in-one learning kit (IPS5000 → RS232C → PIC18F4550 →
484 Appendix E Microcomputer: My current microcomputer and development board
Fig. E.2. PIC-MP3 (PIC18F4550 evaluation platform) Sample program available, downloaded by soliton
wave ltd., article in Toragi 2005.2, scheduled to ship on April 2, 2009 Seri [54]
485
Fig. E.3. PIC 16 trainer (PIC16) by soliton wave ltd.
Scheduled to be shipped around the 10th of the month (sales start in March) Mr. Seri [54]
The flow of liquid crystal or SD has already been assembled without using a soldering iron, and furthermore, the sample
It seems that a lot of programs come with it, so those two selling points appealed to me (MP3
seems to be another next term. There doesn't seem to be an LED.，Battery box is also unknown.，With a computer
I wanted a program writing port, an IPS5000-like port, and two RS232C ports, but one
T, but that's okay. )). This single unit can be used for everything from PIC introductory to advanced development.
I can do it. It has a built-in bootloader, so you don't have to buy an expensive laser (sold separately) to write the PIC.
There is no need to prepare a pattern, and there are plenty of samples for beginners to advanced users.
Therefore, from those who want to learn PIC from now on, PIC development of products using USB
It can be used by a wide range of people, including professionals who perform 1. USB-PIC trainer basic set
features, using PIC18F4550 with built-in USB, built-in bootloader (no writer for writing)
required), RS232 port x1, USB x1, switch x4, LED x1, 1 volume, SD card
Connector x1, Microphone Jack x1, Headphone Jack x1, Abundant sample apps
Application CD included, USB cable included, 2. Features of USB-PIC Expansion Kit,USB-PIC
The extension kit can be used in combination with the USB-PIC Trainer for full-color LED dimming and LCD
You can do more advanced experiments, such as a digital clock using . Also, bread
Since the board is built-in, it can also be used for the development of original peripheral circuits.
to come. , 14000yen, http://solitonwave.co.jp/products/usbpic_tr.html
&sup2; PIC-MP3, PIC18F4550 Evaluation Board, Sample DL, Tiger Gi05.2, Mod-mp3 (VT1002)
&sup2; PIC 16 trainer, Toragi 09.4, http://solitonwave.co.jp/products/pic16_
486 Appendix E Microcomputer: My current microcomputer and development board
Fig. E.4. Device feature and block diagram of PIC 4550 by Microchip Technology Inc.[47]
487
trainer_index.html
At present, it can be said that it is an assistant to geomagnetism, but in the future, (1) a society that always carries GPS
(2) Based on the premise of the advantage of simultaneous use of multiple GNSS systems in addition to GPS, research and development related to miniaturization and high performance at each level, such as antennas, receivers, and multipath elimination levels. is one
As a result, the shield plate of this proposal is also smaller, surpassing the geomagnetism, and is practically useful.
Aiming to be revealed. At the same time, the proposed method of positioning horizontally and azimuth vertically
It is expected to become an international standard and gain international competitiveness.
488
Appendix F
"Michelin Green Guide
Pon 2009”[33][34]
With the cooperation of JNTO (Japan National Tourism Organization), this guide will be released on March 16, 2009. An editorial team of 12 French and Japanese experts traveled across Japan for several months, creating a large number of tourist attractions.
walked on the ground. Evaluation items are impression depth, name recognition, heritage richness, pre-existing fame, beauty,
Nine points, including good access and quality of hospitality. And "It's worth the trip for the French."
Tokyo, Mt. Takao, Mt. Fuji, Kyoto, Nara, Miyajima, Yakushima, Shirakawago
17 places were selected. There are also places such as Yakushima and Shirakawa-go that have been designated as World Heritage Sites.
It can be said that the lineup is relatively orthodox.
In addition, the Michelin Green Guide Japan has a chapter entitled “Understanding Japan.”
It serves as the key to the door for those traveling to this unique country, Japan.
vinegar. A fusion of pinball and slot machines, from the meaning of "Nio" that protects the entrance of a Buddhist temple.
From "pachinko" like this to "ABC about buildings" explained with abundant explanatory diagrams, what other
We introduced various aspects of Japanese culture that differ from place to place.
The best way to know a country deeply is to know its people. “Michelin
Green Guide Japan" introduces "people I met". craftsman, fisherman, trainee
Japanese geisha, enthusiastic businessmen, chefs, etc.
It talks about daily life in Japan and introduces the wisdom of culture and life that was not well known until now.
increase.
Introducing 350 places such as hotels, inns, restaurants, and leisure facilities. Also unique is the
There is a chapter called "Understanding the book", and various Japanese culture such as architecture, pachinko, manners and customs are included.
The point of introducing. Furthermore, fishermen, craftsmen, chefs, etc. will appear and talk about their lives and cultures.
That's what I'm talking about. It seems to be evaluated as a fairly in-depth content that sets it apart from conventional guides.
In fact, in 2007, a simplified version of the guide “Voiager Pratique” (Japanese version) was published.
However, even there he chose Mt. Takao as a three-star. As a result, Mt. Takao was flooded with foreign hikers,
It is still fresh in our minds that the hotel caused controversy, with some Japanese criticizing it as "does it deserve a three-star rating?"
It is also interesting that Mt. Takao was re-evaluated and ranked highest.
About 146,700 French tourists visited Japan in 2008, a 7% increase over the previous year.
It is said that It is said that this is largely due to the influence of anime, manga, video games, etc., which Japan is proud of.
cormorant. In this way, Japanese culture seems to be attractive to French people. The 2009 edition of the Michelin Green Guide will be published in 9 languages with 325 variations.
Michelin is the Tokyo version of the restaurant guide called "Guide Rouge" in France.
It became famous in Japan, but the Green Guide is also well known in Europe. major sights and
Historic sites are rated with stars and include brief introductions, making it a useful companion for sightseeing tours.
The Japanese version received cooperation from the Japan National Tourism Organization. 8.35 million foreign tourists visited Japan in 2008
and 147,600 French. An increase of more than 7% over the previous year. 10 million by 2010
It aims to attract more tourists, and this guide will help. In addition to the map, "About the building"
489
There are also introductions to "the people you meet," such as fishermen and geisha, as well as information on Japanese culture.
The price in France is 19.90 euros. Published on March 16th, when the exact 3-star number was
become clear. An English version will be published in September.
The main tourist destinations selected for 3 stars are as follows.
◆ Tokyo and its surroundings
Tokyo, Mt. Takao, Mt.Fuji, Nikko
◆Kyoto and Kansai
Kyoto, Nara, Horyuji Temple, Koyasan, Himeji Castle
◆ Western Honshu (Chugoku region)
Miyajima
◆Kyushu
Yakushima
◆ Okinawa
Kabira Bay
◆ Central Honshu (Chubu region)
Ise Grand Shrine, Takayama, Shirakawago, Gokayama
◆ Northern Honshu (Tohoku)
Sendai and its surroundings, Matsushima
Aiming at the formation of attractive tourist destinations that take advantage of regional characteristics through the utilization of tourism resources, the first measure
As such, the preservation and utilization of cultural properties are being promoted [28].
Cultural properties that are national assets (tangible cultural properties, intangible cultural properties, folk cultural
traditional buildings) are indispensable for the correct understanding of Japan's history and culture.
At the same time, it will form the basis for the improvement and development of future culture, and will also serve as an important tourism resource.
be. For this reason, the national and local governments, owners, and citizens should work together to preserve these cultural properties.
By working on repairs and maintenance, etc., cultural properties are protected from disasters and crises of decline, etc., and passed on to the next generation.
We will continue to actively disclose and utilize the information. In particular, it is a common property of the people and
For historic sites that are historical and cultural symbols, maintenance for preservation such as repairing stone walls of castles.
Preparations, restoration of buildings, exposed exhibition of remains, and installation of guidance facilities will enhance the attractiveness of the area.
To go.
Aiming at the formation of attractive tourist destinations that take advantage of regional characteristics through the utilization of tourism resources, the first measure
As such, the protection of world cultural heritage is also important [28].
Inscription of cultural heritage sites on the World Heritage List is a way to disseminate Japanese culture overseas and reaffirm Japan's culture.
This will lead to fostering a sense of appreciation and respect for history and culture, as well as encouraging the passing down of cultural assets to the next generation. child
registered under the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (concluded in 1992).
Promotion of nominations, appropriate protection of cultural heritage after inscription, promotion of accurate understanding of World Heritage, spirit of the Convention
490 Appendix F "Michelin Green Guide Japan 2009"[33][34]
Fig. F.1. Michelin greenguide japan 2009 [33]
To raise awareness of the spread of
In order to make the best use of Japan's attractiveness, the development of hard and soft infrastructure is being advocated.[30]
``In order to make Japan a tourism-oriented country, we need to develop hardware and
It is necessary to comprehensively develop infrastructure on both sides of the scale. Japan was late in doing so,
Attractiveness is diminished.
When it comes to the soft side, there are still many problems. In addition to restrictions on visas, immigration, and foreign language display,
Poor language skills and negative attitudes toward foreigners stemming from an island nation consciousness are also potential problems. foreign country
If we attract more foreign students and foreign companies, we will improve this point.”
It is assumed that I don't like to focus too much on soft issues because they take time.
Not good. Rather than that, we would like to take advantage of our strengths in digital devices and implement them with equipment like this proposal.
I think it is important to do
There is a need for a situation in which foreigners can walk alone.[30]
We must create an environment where we can In order to solve this problem,
Problems must be identified and resolved as soon as possible. Looking at the current situation in Japan, foreigners are interested in
In addition, the provision of related information is insufficient, and the information service is poor. in Europe and the United States
Maps and picture postcards are sold around stations in most major tourist spots, but they are not available in regional cities in Japan.
stomach. There is a lack of English information on signboards and tickets, and it is difficult to understand how to use public transportation such as the subway.
It is also necessary to prepare an easy-to-understand guide in English. Road signs are easy to understand even for first-time visitors
should be improved as follows. Establishment of information centers in major cities, foreign languages
Provide tourist guidebooks, display tickets in English, announce in English on public transport
services in English at major tourist destinations, English at art museums, etc.
It is necessary to make improvements such as the implementation of explanations by Foreigners, as many other countries do
The introduction of a common discount system for tourist transportation is also worthy of consideration.
Tourism is an intellectual and cultural industry and a human industry. Realize a tourism-oriented country and promote the internationalization of the tourism industry
In order to strengthen competitiveness, the decisive factor is human resources with suitable abilities. government and private sector
491
It is necessary to strive to nurture it. At the same time, educational reforms are being implemented to develop professional tourism leaders.
Seizing the opportunity of progressing, establishment of tourism-related departments in higher education institutions, cooperation between industry, government, and academia
Consideration should also be given to strengthening the cooperation system for tourism[30].
We are currently living in a major turning point in history. Give your whole body a big surprise, joy and happiness
20th-century-type large-scale technology and industrial products will become scarce, and along with it economic recession, stagnation and future
Uncertainty and uncertainty are growing around the world. The concept of time to live for progress and development tomorrow is a hundred years
retreated for the first time. In such uncertain times, people travel. It's a distraction like it used to be
and not a recreational trip. Seeking the wisdom and joy of living, peace of mind and excitement,
It is a journey of "fun to be". For that reason, I want to expand my sense of space and explore countries around the world with different climates and cultures.
The era of big trips and exchanges has arrived.
Therefore, on the one hand, while making full use of jet planes, high-speed trains, highways, etc., people are
Enjoy a stroll on foot in Matoji. As you walk, take in the smells and tastes of restaurants, the colors and shapes of daily necessities and souvenirs.
and design, the beauty of the townscape, and the wisdom and fun of “life and life”, and bring smiles to people’s faces.
feel at ease. In other words, it is not just a place of scenic beauty, but rather a “human-like” place for the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, hands and feet.
Enjoyment and comfort”, that is, discovering the culture of the region and country while walking, and experiencing genuine surprise and excitement.
try to remember Such a "walking age" is the twenty-first century[30].
In that sense, I want the destination to be "easy to understand, beautiful, and safe" for walking. there
must have good harmony between people and people, people and nature, and people and history. historic city, historic building
Along with the demand for maintenance of the area including the structures, a good guidebook like Michelin in France is needed.
A good information center, maps and beautiful postcards are also essential. such
The effectiveness of this proposal is demonstrated in such a context.
《The meaning of “social innovation” brought about by this device (future)》
With the transition to an interdependent society[25], it is possible to actively utilize citizens' information, not passively.
becomes. Its meaning is as follows.
Intertwined with the progress of the information society, people, goods, money, and information are flowing in large quantities around the world.
, their interdependence is becoming stronger and stronger, and daily life can only exist within such interdependence.
Not in.
In such an interdependent society, people live passively or actively.
Depending on what we do, the future of our society and the future of the world could change greatly.
In Europe and the United States, the concept of “consumer citizenship” is emerging. child
This means that individuals, in their role as consumers and citizens, should be aware of social issues, diversity, world affairs, and the future world.
It means a society that actively participates in the development and improvement of society by taking into consideration the situation of generations.
there is
The expected image of the consumer and sei-katsu-sha is, even if one seeks one's own personal needs and happiness,
Realize the happiness of the earth, the world, the country, the region, and the family through consumption, social life, and the policy-making process.
It is people who play an active role as the leading role in society. There are “consumers” who lead a rich consumer life
In addition, the position of “sei-katsu-sha” as citizens living a comfortable life is becoming more important. yes
We can call those who do so “consumer citizens.”
A society where each person can pursue their own happiness and live a fulfilling and comfortable life.
In order to aim for such a society, unfortunately, it is not possible to live a passive life.
It works to lower barriers to participation in volunteer activities. I own a digital device and
Social contribution activities may be possible just by making full use of at a certain point. For example, (damage situation, etc.
Accurate and rapid) imaging/audio recording and (rapid) automatic upload to a server via mobile phone, etc.
492 Appendix F "Michelin Green Guide Japan 2009"[33][34]
Information sharing by loading corresponds to this. If the image is recorded with the position, direction, and time,
good. In that sense, this proposal is a voluntary effort now that the Basic Act on Promotion of Utilization of Geospatial Information has been enacted.
Citizens who are willing to participate in Tier activities have a social function that lowers the participation barrier when they actually participate.
It comes down to two things. In other words, if the individual wears the proposed jacket, the individual will make a great deal of effort.
(conventional method of checking the time, checking the position, checking the bearing, and taking notes in a detailed notebook)
It is possible to contribute to society with a low-load operation, not a taste. (In the case of a single type, the imaging direction and the shielding plate
If the directions match, there is a possibility that the influence of reflected waves can also be evaluated. On the contrary, the performance of the proposed method is improved.
Possibility of contributing to the accumulation of data on the influence of reflected waves for For that purpose, time, position, direction
In addition, it may be good to have a signal strength value group and a set threshold value as the basis for outputting the direction)
As a new lifestyle in today's world of information overload, we focus on our individuality and select information.
Then there is a strategy. It retrieves the tags placed on the web from the position, direction and time,
It is to listen to the voice information. It should be deep in content.
stomach. In the United States, companies such as audible are famous. In Japan, companies such as FeBe sell sound sources.
There is.
Vests (vest, waist coat) are bulletproof, blade-proof, etc.
com/list_4.html It is known as equipment for professionals with the effect of
As a direction information acquisition method, it is suitable for experts (emergency relief teams).
493
Appendix G
Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
G.0.1 fox board lx832, a complete linux system in 66x72mm
G.0.2 Organic Electro Lumineccense display: μ OLED-160-G1
1.69-inch display (160x128 full color) high-performance new-generation organic EL graphics
display module. From a microcomputer such as PIC, only 5-pin serial interface
You can control the face. All graphic processing with 4Dsystems μ SD card IF
Just send a simple macro command to your GOLDELOX-MD1 module. incorporated
The functions included are common graphics functions (dots, lines, circles, polygons, characters, etc.)
Animations, icons, programs on multimedia storage µSD card
It can be recorded and executed. [148]
otoshibuta, free size, 132 x 132 x 32mm (enlarged into 230 x 230 x 32mm), weight
145g, stainless
&sup2; rod antennas with flexble/elastic net type cloth
494 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.1. FOX Board LX832, a complete linux system in just 66 x 72 mm [149]
495
Fig. G.2. FOX Board LX832, a complete linux system in just 66 x 72 mm [149]
496 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.3. Parts: pressure sensor [140]
497
Fig. G.4. Parts: available components for deployable shield
498 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.5. PND increase [74]
499
Fig. G.6. Parts : PDA with mp3 decoder/encoder and OS
500 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.7. Sign post designs suitable for single or dual back-to-back configurations, adaptive
to time, position and direction [76]
501
Fig. G.8. Light emission type sign post designs suitable for adaptive single or dual backto-
back configurations, adaptive to time, position and direction [76]
502 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.9. Foldable pyramid type cone post (patacone) suitable for multi-polygon configuration,
adaptive to time, position and direction [76]
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 503
Fig. G.10. Automatic adaptive display on tentative wall boad (LED sign), bearing guidance
or road construction/warning sign post based on its position, time and
orientation (workers have to just put the sign post the arbitary place without
no consideration of its display selection or orientation [76]
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units
Figure G.11 shows a GPS receiver that is an embodiment of the present invention.
GPS receiver is box-like in shape and has embedded in one of its side surfaces a planar
patch antenna whose sensitivity extends over a sky hemisphere in the direction it faces.
The opposite surface of the GPS receiver is provided with a data receiving unit 3 and a
data transmitting unit which are installed to be symmetrically located with respect to the
center point of the installation surface.
As shown in Figure G.12, therefore, when two GPS receivers are placed in opposite
504 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.11. Perspective view showing a GPS receiver that is an embodiment of the present
invention
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 505
vertical orientation (ie, so that the top side of one corresponds to the bottom side of
the other) with the sides on which the data transmitting units and data receiving units
are installed facing each other, the data transmitting unit and the data receiving unit of one
GPS receiver faces the data receiving unit and data transmitting unit of the other GPS
receiver . The two GPS receivers set up in this manner constitute a GPS receiver system
according to the present invention.
Utilized for data transmission and reception.
As shown in Figure G.13, the GPS receiver is internally equipped with a GPS receiver
unit 8 and a data processing unit 9 whose outputs are sent to a liquid display, speaker or
other result output unit 5 provided on the top surface of the GPS receiver for output.
A control switch 6 is provided on one side surface of the GPS receiver for turning the
GPS receiver unit 8, data transmitting unit , data receiving unit 3, data processing unit
9 and result output unit 5 ON or OFF according to the use mode. An arrow (mark) 7 is
printed on the top surface of the GPS receiver to indicate the measurement direction.
case where the GPS receiver of the foregoing configuration is used to acquire positioning
Information is shown in Figure G.13. Specifically, the control switch 6 is operated to send
ON signals to the GPS receiver unit 8, data processing unit 9 and result output unit 5
and send OFF signals to the data receiving unit 3 and data transmitting unit , and the
GPS receiver is placed so that the planar patch antenna is directed toward the zenith.
As a result, the GPS receiver unit 8 receives signals transmitted by the GPS satellites
present in the sky hemisphere via the planar patch antenna , and the calculated latitude,
longitude, altitude and other positioning information are passed through the data processing
unit to be output by the result output unit in same way as in a conventional GPSreceiver.
are used to acquire azimuth information is shown in Figure G.12., one GPS
receiver is placed with its planar patch antenna perpendicular to the ground and the mark
7a indicating measurement direction pointing in the direction desired to be ascertained.
The other GPS receiver is placed so that the data transmitting unit and data receiving
unit lie parallel to and face the data receiving unit and data transmitting unit of the GPS
Receiver across a prescribed distance. As a result, the planar patch antennas 2a, 2b are
disposed back-to-back, parallel to each other and perpendicular to the ground, whereby
Each planar patch antenna forms a sky coverage area of antenna sensitivity that is a sky
quarter-sphere in the direction the antenna faces.
As shown in Figure G.16, the control switch 6a of the GPS receiver is operated to send
ON signals to the GPS receiver unit, the data receiving unit, the data processing unit
and the result output unit .
ON signals only to the GPS receiver unit and the data transmitting unit .
As a result, the GPS receiver unit connected to the planar patch antenna receives signals
transmitted by GPS satellites present in the antenna's sky coverage area and forwards the
received signals to the data processing unit .
to the planar patch antenna receives signals transmitted by GPS satellites present in the
antenna's sky coverage area and the data transmitting unit transmitting the received signals
by means of, for example, an infrared beam to the data receiving unit of the GPS receiver
to be stored in the data processing unit.
The signal transmitted by each GPS satellite includes the satellite number and the
satellite signal transmit time of the GPS satellite concerned, and also the orbital elements
of all GPS satellites.
In the GPS receiver units, moreover, the strength of a signal sync circuit output signal
can be detected. In addition, since the GPS receiver units , calculate the location of the
measurer and the time from the signals received from three or more satellites, the azimuth
506 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.12. Perspective view showing how a pair of GPS receivers constituting a GPS
receiver system are used to acquire azimuth information
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 507
Fig. G.13. Diagram for explaining how the GPS receiver according to the present invention
is used to acquire positioning information
508 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.14. Example of conductive fabric which has almost transparent for visible ray
(70%) and blockage for electromagnetic waves of 1 GHz ([136])
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 509
Fig. G.15. Parts: transmittable shielding window [118]
510 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.16. Diagram for explaining how a pair of GPS receivers according to the present
invention are used as a GPS receiver system to acquire azimuth information
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 511
and angle of elevation of each satellite can be calculated at the same time.
In order to ascertain azimuth information from the satellite numbers, satellite angles
of elevation, satellite azimuths and satellite signal strengths included in the information
output by the GPS receiver units , the data processing unit conducts the following processing.
First, it conducts ``satellite exclusion discrimination'' processing with regard to causes
for exclusion. The first cause for exclusion is ”high angle of elevation.” Satellites near
the zenith, even if observed to have azimuths that differ numerically, actually have small
azimuths in terms of elongation. If information from these satellites should be used in
the ensuing processing for acquiring azimuth information, the amount of error included
in the results would be large. Processing is therefore conducted to exclude information
from satellites having an angle of elevation of, for example, 85 degrees or greater.
The second cause for exclusion is ``blocking by ground features.'' Even if a satellite is
present in the coverage area of one antenna, the strength of the signal from the satellite
will be weak in the GPS receiver unit connected to the antenna if the propagation path is
blocked by the topography, a building, trees or other such ground features.
both antenna coverage areas, ie, both GPS receivers, satellite signals below a prescribed
threshold of, say, -125 dBm, are excluded from the ensuing processing on the assumption
of that blocking by ground features has occurred.
Second, it conducts ”region-of-presence discrimination” processing using the received
signal strengths to discriminate the antenna sky coverage area in which each satellite
is present. When the signal strength is high (at or above the threshold) in one GPS
receiver and not so in the other, the satellite can be judged to be present in the former
sky coverage area. When the signal strengths in both GPS receivers are high, it is judged
that the satellite happens to be present on the boundary between the two sky coverage
areas. This discrimination result is noted by a symbol.
Third, it conducts processing for ”rearrangement in a ring-like sequence in order of
azimuth”. In this, the results of the region-of-presence discrimination are rearranged in a
ring-like sequence utilizing the azimuths as indices and, utilizing the property of azimuths
that 360 degrees and 0 degree coincide, the end and start are connected to form a ring-like
sequence.
Fourth, it conducts processing to acquire azimuth information from the ring-like sequence
of satellites. The term ”azimuth information” encompasses both the concept of ”azimuth determination,” meaning to associate an azimuth with a specific direction, and
the concept of ”azimuth limitation,” meaning to associate an azimuth range with a specific
direction. While the GPS receiver of this invention can acquire both types of azimuth
information, the explanation that follows will focus on general azimuth limitation acquisition.
If it is ascertained that the geometrical relationship between the direction of the satellite
and the sky coverage areas of the two antennas is such that the clockwise order of ”sky
coverage area of antenna, satellite, sky coverage Conversely, if it is ascertained that the
clockwise order of ”sky coverage area of antenna, satellite, sky coverage area of antenna
” holds, the azimuth of the satellite is decided to be the direction opposite the measurement
The data processing unit 9a determines the measurement direction by
Subtracting 180 degrees from the direction opposite the measurement direction.
The data processing unit can be configured as a general-purpose microprocessor having
Arithmetic computation capability and memory capability.
mercury switch that utilizes the fact that mercury flows downward under gravitational pull
and is electrically conductive. Use of such a switch eliminates the need for troublesome
switching operations.
Specifically, as shown in Figure G.19(a), a mercury switch comprising a triangular
512 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.17. Photo link module, IrDA infrared red light communication module, RPM841-
H11 [142]
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 513
Fig. G.18. Photo link module, IrDA infrared red light communication module, RPM841-
H11 [142]
514 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
sealed container containing mercury is mounted in the GPS receiver so that its apex
points downward when the GPS receiver is placed with the antenna facing upward.
contact at the apex of the sealed container is wired to turn ON the GPS receiver unit, data
processing unit and result output unit, a side contact is wired to turn on the GPS receiver
unit, data processing unit, data processing unit and result output unit, and another side
contact is wired to turn ON the GPS receiver unit and data transmitting unit.
When the GPS receiver is used to acquire positioning information, it is placed with
Its planar patch antenna facing the zenith as shown in Figure G.19(a).
therefore goes to the contact of the mercury of the mercury switch , the GPS receiver
unit, data processing unit and result output unit are turned ON to enable acquisition of
positioning information.
When a pair of GPS receivers are used to constitute a GPS receiver system for acquiring
azimuth information, they are placed with the data transmitting unit and data receiving
unit of each facing the data receiving unit and data transmitting unit of the other as
shown in Figure G.19(b).
of the mercury switch to turn ON the data receiving unit, data processing unit and result
output unit, while in the GPS receiver , the mercury goes to the contact of the mercury
switch to turn ON the data receiving unit and data transmitting unit. Signals received
by the GPS receiver are sent from the data transmitting unit of the GPS receiver to the
data receiving unit of the GPS receiver and the data processing unit of the GPS receiver
processes these signals together with the signals received by the GPS receiver unit to
produce azimuth information.
As explained in the foregoing, the GPS receiver according to the present invention
can be used alone to acquire positioning information as heretofore and a pair of the GPS
receivers can be used as a GPS receiver system to acquire heretofore unobtainable azimuth
information.
A pair of the GPS receiver according to the present invention can therefore be used by,
for example, a mountain climber to rapidly acquire azimuth information upon straying off
course and losing his or her directions.
data using an infrared beam and no wire connection is required, the two units can be
set up quickly and easily.
because the paired units are identical in design and specifications.
Further, as will be understood from the foregoing explanation, the data transmission
unit of the GPS receiver and the data receiving unit and data processing unit of the GPS
receivers are not required (not used) for acquisition of azimuth information.
a simplified design that eliminates these components, therefore, it is possible to provide
Inexpensive GPS receivers (GPS receiver systems) for acquiring positioning information
and azimuth information.
G.1.1 Available USB type GPS antenna receiver units
The Garmin GPS-18 is an OEM GPS sensor for use in automotive, fleet vehicle, and electronic applications that require a small, highly accurate GPS receiver.
This 12-parallel-channel, WAAS-enabled GPS receiver is available in CMOS-level serial
or USB 2.0 full-speed versions and comes with an integrated magnetic base.
receiver is 2.4 inches in diameter and weighs just a few ounces, making it an ideal solution
for applications where space is at a premium
GPS Performance: Receiver: WAAS enabled; 12 parallel channel GPS receivercontinuously tracks and uses up to 12 satellites to compute and update your position
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 515
Fig. G.19. (a) perspective view for explaining how positioning information is acquired
using a mercury switch as an operation switch.
how azimuth information is acquired using a mercury switch as an
operation switch
516 Appendix G Moved to Appendix: From Discussion
Fig. G.20. Garmin GPS18 [146]
G.1 Separatable configuration of paired identical double units 517
&sup2; Reacquisition: Less than 2 seconds
&sup2; Warm: Approximately 15 seconds
&sup2; Cold: Approximately 45 seconds

Claims (2)

Next to a certain first positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the first positioning satellite system antenna,

from a signal source located in a direction within the sphere of the first hemisphere

Block direct incidence of signals

Placing electromagnetic wave absorption material or electromagnetic wave shielding material,

connected to the first positioning satellite system antenna

In a first positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

next to a second positioning satellite system antenna,

Of the celestial sphere centered on the second positioning satellite system antenna,

preventing direct incidence of signals from signal sources located in directions within the spherical surface of a second hemisphere complementary to said first hemisphere

disposing the electromagnetic wave absorbing material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Alternatively, place another electromagnetic wave absorbing material or another electromagnetic wave shielding material,

Connected to the second positioning satellite system antenna

For the second positioning satellite system receiver,

From all or some positioning satellites

cause an attempt to capture the transmitted signal,

observe the reception

based on a comparison of said respective reception conditions observed

a direction from the center of the bottom surface of the first hemisphere to the zenith of the hemisphere;

A direction information acquisition method, characterized by acquiring the direction information on a limited basis.



The direction information acquisition method according to claim 1,

so that the bottom surface of the hemispherical sphere is more consistent with the direction in which the signal source exists in an appropriate arrangement,

A function that proposes optimal values for the direction and angle of rotation to be given

have

A direction information acquisition method characterized by:

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