JP2021163610A - Lead-acid battery - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a lead-acid battery having excellent lifetime performance while suppressing the increase in internal resistance and enabling accurate determination of the state of charge and state of deterioration by a method of measuring internal resistance.SOLUTION: A lead-acid battery includes an electrode plate group 1 formed by alternately stacking a plurality of positive electrode plates 10 having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and negative electrode plates 20 having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead via a ribbed separator 30 having a flat base surface and ribs of folds protruding in a direction perpendicular to a plane direction of the base surface. The electrode plate group 1 is immersed in an electrolytic solution to form a cell. The flatness of the positive electrode plates 10 after conversion is 4.0 mm or less. The ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after conversion is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a lead storage battery.

In the automobile market in recent years, vehicles equipped with a charge control system and an idling stop system for the purpose of improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions (hereinafter, these vehicles are referred to as "charge control vehicles" and "idling stop vehicles". (Sometimes) is the mainstream. In these vehicles, the charge state and the deterioration state of the lead storage battery are determined on the vehicle side, and the charge / discharge of the lead storage battery and the idling stop of the engine are controlled based on the result.

However, when a charge control system or an idling stop system is used, a large load is applied to the lead storage battery, so that the life of the lead storage battery is likely to be shortened. For example, in any of the systems, the lead-acid battery is frequently charged and discharged, so that the active material may soften or fall off, resulting in an early decrease in capacity. In addition, since the charge state of the lead-acid battery tends to decrease in an idling stop vehicle, if the charge acceptability of the lead-acid battery is insufficient, sulfation in which the immobilized lead sulfate accumulates on the surface of the electrode plate progresses, and the internal resistance There was a risk of an increase in lead acid and an early decrease in capacity.

Under these circumstances, lead-acid batteries used in charge control vehicles and idling stop vehicles are required to have high durability and charge acceptability, as well as accuracy in determining the charge state and deterioration state. A method of measuring the internal resistance of a lead-acid battery is known as a method of determining the state of charge or deterioration of the lead-acid battery. However, since the internal resistance of the lead-acid battery may increase due to various factors other than the charged state and the deteriorated state, it is not easy to accurately determine the charged state and the deteriorated state.

On the other hand, in order to stop idling, the lead-acid battery needs to be in a state where the engine can be restarted when the vehicle is stopped. If the lead-acid battery is used repeatedly, the life performance deteriorates due to deterioration, that is, the restartable state cannot be maintained. Therefore, a lead-acid battery having excellent life performance is suitable for an idling stop vehicle.

JP-A-2017-92001

The present invention provides a lead-acid battery having excellent life performance in addition to being able to accurately determine the charged state and the deteriorated state by a method of measuring the internal resistance while suppressing an increase in the internal resistance. That is the issue.

In the lead storage battery according to one aspect of the present invention, a plurality of positive electrode plates having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and a negative electrode plate having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead are alternately laminated via a separator. The electrode plate group is provided, and the electrode plate group is immersed in an electrolytic solution to form a cell. The gist is that the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less.

The lead-acid battery according to the present invention has excellent life performance in addition to being able to suppress an increase in internal resistance and accurately determining a charged state or a deteriorated state by a method of measuring internal resistance.

It is a partial cross-sectional view explaining the structure of the lead storage battery which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining the method of measuring the flatness of an electrode plate. It is a figure of the positive electrode plate which schematically showed the occurrence of the curvature by the difference of the thick coating degree of the positive electrode active material.

An embodiment of the present invention will be described. It should be noted that the embodiments described below show an example of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment. In addition, various changes or improvements can be added to the present embodiment, and the modified or improved forms can also be included in the present invention.

As a result of diligent studies by the present inventor, new findings have been found regarding an increase in the internal resistance of a lead-acid battery and an improvement in life performance, which will be described in detail below.
In a lead-acid battery, a group of electrode plates in which a plurality of positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates are alternately laminated via a separator is housed in a battery case under a predetermined group pressure. At this time, since a diffusion flow path for the electrolytic solution and a gas discharge flow path required for the charge / discharge reaction are required between the plates of the plate group, a ribbed separator having ribs on the base surface is used for the plates. A general method is to intervene between them to secure a gap that serves as a diffusion flow path for the electrolytic solution and a gas discharge flow path.

However, even when such a ribbed separator is used, the internal resistance is maintained in an increased state and may be difficult to decrease. As a result of an investigation by the present inventor of a lead-acid battery having such a high internal resistance, the electrode plates constituting the electrode plate group are curved, and gas bubbles are caught on the edges of the curved electrode plates, and the electrode plates are formed. It turned out that it was in a state of being attached to. Then, as a result of the gas bubbles adhering to the electrode plate, the gas is confined and stays in the electrode plate group, and the contact area between the active material and the electrolytic solution (that is, the area where the reaction occurs) is reduced. It was found that the internal resistance of the lead-acid battery increased.

It was also found that since the distance between the adjacent plates is reduced due to the curvature, the gas is easily trapped between the plates and it is difficult for the gas to go out of the plate group.
Furthermore, it was also found that there are lead-acid batteries whose internal resistance does not remain high even if the electrode plate is curved. From this fact, it was found that gas may not easily stay in the electrode plate group depending on the magnitude of the curvature of the electrode plate and the shape of the curvature.

The cause of the bending of the electrode plate has been found to be as follows by the examination of the present inventor. When an active material layer made of an active material is formed on the surface of a substrate to manufacture an electrode plate, it is attempted to form an active material layer having the same thickness on both plate surfaces of the substrate, but the same thickness is formed on both plate surfaces. It is not easy to form the active material layer of the above, and the active material layer of different thickness may be formed. For example, in the example of FIG. 3, the thickness of the active material layer 102B formed on the left plate surface 101b is larger than the thickness of the active material layer 102A formed on the right plate surface 101a of the substrate 101 of the electrode plate 100. Is bigger.

When the thicknesses of the active material layers 102A and 102B formed on the two plate surfaces 101a and 101b of the substrate 101 are different in this way, as shown in FIG. 3, the electrode plate 100 is curved by chemical formation to form a substantially bowl shape. Deform. Then, as shown in FIG. 3, the electrode plate is formed so that the plate surface 101b having a larger thickness of the active material layer 102B has a convex surface and the plate surface 101a having a smaller thickness of the active material layer 102A has a concave surface. 100 is curved.

In addition to this, it was found that the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion affects the life performance of the lead storage battery under predetermined conditions. In particular, it was found that a lead-acid battery having excellent life performance can be obtained when the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less.
In the present specification, the "mass of the positive electrode active material" or the "mass of the negative electrode active material" is a value obtained by subtracting the mass of the positive electrode current collector or the negative electrode current collector from the positive electrode plate or the negative electrode plate after chemical conversion. ..

The reason why the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion affects the life performance is not clear, but it is considered as follows. The life performance of a lead-acid battery for idling stop decreases according to the frequency of charging and discharging during use. When charging and discharging are repeated, softening of the positive electrode active material progresses. In order to improve the life performance, it is effective to increase the mass of the positive electrode active material per cell and prevent the positive electrode active material from softening or falling off even after repeated charging and discharging.
Therefore, when the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is kept constant and the mass of the positive electrode active material is increased, the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material is 1.00 or more. When it is 60 or less, a sufficient amount of the positive electrode active material is retained in the positive electrode plate even after repeated charging and discharging, so that it is considered that excellent life performance can be obtained. The ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion can be a ratio that exerts the effect of the present invention by reducing the mass of the negative electrode active material, but is desired. In order to obtain the discharge capacity, it is preferable to control by increasing or decreasing the mass of the positive electrode active material.
As a result of diligent studies, if the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is less than 1.00, the mass of the positive electrode active material becomes small and excellent life performance cannot be obtained. .. Further, when the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion exceeds 1.60, the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer increases, and it is generated by charging and discharging in the positive electrode active material layer. Gas may accumulate and increase the internal resistance, resulting in poor life performance.

It is more preferable that the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.20 or more and 1.40 or less because the balance between the discharge capacity and the internal resistance is further excellent. Further, in the present invention, the density of the active material is not particularly limited, but it is a parameter that affects the discharge capacity, and this may also be arbitrarily determined according to the use of the lead storage battery. For example, when the lead-acid battery is for an idling stop vehicle, the density of the positive electrode active material ^{is preferably 3.9 g / cm 3} or more and 4.5 g / cm ³ or less, and the density of the negative electrode active material is 3.9 g / cm / cm. It is preferably cm ³ or more and 4.1 g / cm ^{3 or less.}

From the above examination results, the present inventor suppresses the increase in internal resistance due to chemical formation, charging / discharging, etc. by suppressing the bending of the electrode plate, and accurately determines the charging state and the deteriorated state by the method of measuring the internal resistance. By finding that a lead-acid battery capable of producing a lead-acid battery can be obtained and further improving the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion, a lead-acid battery having excellent life performance can be obtained. We have found that it can be obtained and have completed the present invention.

That is, in the lead storage battery according to the embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of positive electrode plates having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and a plurality of negative electrode plates having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead are alternated via a separator. The electrode plate group is immersed in an electrolytic solution to form a cell, the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion is 4.0 mm or less, and the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion. The ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the positive electrode active material is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less. It is preferable that the flatness of all the positive electrode plates in the electrode plate group is 4.0 mm or less.
It should be noted that the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are more likely to be curved during chemical conversion. Therefore, in order to achieve the object of the present invention, it is important to control the flatness of the positive electrode plate to be small.

The structure of the lead storage battery according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. The lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment includes a electrode plate group 1 in which a plurality of positive electrode plates 10 and a negative electrode plate 20 are alternately laminated via a ribbed separator 30. The electrode plate group 1 is housed in the battery case 41 together with an electrolytic solution (not shown) so that the stacking direction thereof is along the horizontal direction (that is, the plate surfaces of the positive electrode plate 10 and the negative electrode plate 20 are along the vertical direction). Then, it is immersed in the electrolytic solution in the electric tank 41. That is, the lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment has a electrode plate group 1 and an electrolytic solution in which the electrode plate group 1 is immersed.

In the positive electrode plate 10, for example, the opening of a plate-shaped lattice made of lead alloy is filled with a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide, and lead dioxide is added to both plate surfaces of the plate-shaped lattice made of lead alloy. An active material layer made of a positive electrode active material contained therein is formed. In the negative electrode plate 20, for example, the opening of a plate-shaped lattice made of lead alloy is filled with a negative electrode active material containing metal lead, and metal lead is added to both plate surfaces of the plate-shaped lattice made of lead alloy. An active material layer made of the contained negative electrode active material is formed. The plate-shaped lattice body which is the substrate of the positive electrode plate 10 and the negative electrode plate 20 can be manufactured by a casting method, a punching method, or an expanding method. The ribbed separator 30 is, for example, a porous film-like body made of resin, glass, or the like, and has a flat plate-shaped base surface and fold-shaped ribs protruding in a direction orthogonal to the surface direction of the base surface. ..

Current collecting ears 11 and 21 are formed on the upper ends of the positive electrode plate 10 and the negative electrode plate 20, respectively, and the current collecting ears 11 of each positive electrode plate 10 are connected by a positive electrode strap 13 to collect electricity from each negative electrode plate 20. The ears 21 are connected by a negative electrode strap 23. The positive electrode strap 13 is connected to one end of the positive electrode terminal 15, the negative electrode strap 23 is connected to one end of the negative electrode terminal 25, and the other end of the positive electrode terminal 15 and the other end of the negative electrode terminal 25 are openings of the battery case 41. It penetrates the lid 43 that closes the portion and is exposed to the outside of the case body of the lead storage battery including the battery case 41 and the lid 43.

In the lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment having such a structure, the flatness of the positive electrode plate 10 after chemical conversion is set to 4.0 mm or less. The smaller the value of flatness, the flatter the positive electrode plate 10, and the more difficult it is for gas bubbles to adhere to the surface of the positive electrode plate 10. If the flatness of the positive electrode plate 10 after chemical conversion is 4.0 mm or less, the gas is likely to be discharged to the outside of the electrode plate group 1, so that the increase in the internal resistance of the lead storage battery is suppressed and the internal resistance is measured. This makes it possible to accurately determine the state of charge and the state of deterioration.

The method of setting the flatness of the positive electrode plate 10 after chemical conversion to 4.0 mm or less is not particularly limited, and a lead storage battery may be manufactured by a method of suppressing curvature due to chemical conversion, or the positive electrode plate 10 curved by chemical conversion. May be corrected to reduce the flatness to 4.0 mm or less.
As described above, if the thicknesses of the active material layers formed on both plate surfaces of the positive electrode plate are different, the positive electrode plates are curved during chemical conversion, so that active material layers having substantially the same thickness are formed on both plate surfaces. If the positive electrode plate is subjected to chemical conversion, the curvature can be suppressed and the flatness can be reduced to 4.0 mm or less.

Examples of the method for forming the active material layer having the same thickness on both plate surfaces include the following two methods. The first method is to scrape the thicker active material layer of the positive electrode plate before laminating the positive electrode plate having the active material layers having different thicknesses on both plate surfaces with the negative electrode plate and the separator. , It is a method of matching the thickness with the smaller active material layer.
If an attempt is made to form an active material layer on both plate surfaces of the positive electrode plate at the same time, it becomes difficult to form an active material layer having the same thickness. This is a method of forming an active material layer having the same thickness by filling the openings one side at a time to form an active material layer.

However, if the flatness of the positive electrode plate 10 after chemical conversion is less than 0.5 mm, the gas is likely to be discharged to the outside of the electrode plate group 1, but when the electrode plate group 1 is housed in the electric tank 41, electricity is generated. The group pressure applied to the electrode plate group 1 by the inner wall surface of the tank 41 may be insufficient. As a result, the positive electrode active material tends to soften or fall off, which may reduce the performance and life of the lead-acid battery. Therefore, the flatness of the positive electrode plate 10 after chemical conversion is preferably 0.5 mm or more.

The flatness of the positive electrode plate can be measured by the method specified in JIS B0419: 1991. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, the positive electrode plate is formed so that the plate surface of the positive electrode plate and the flat surface of the base base are substantially parallel to the plane of the base and the convex surface of the curved positive electrode plate is directed upward. Is placed, and the distance h between the apex of the convex surface of the curved positive electrode plate (the portion farthest from the plane of the base) and the plane of the base is measured. Then, the value obtained by subtracting the thickness of the positive electrode plate from this distance h is defined as the flatness.

Even in the conventional lead-acid battery, the electrode plate is curved, and a lead-acid battery having an electrode plate having a flatness of 4.0 mm or less has not been confirmed. For example, in the drawing of Patent Document 1, a flat plate that is not curved is drawn, but for convenience, it is drawn flat, and the plate is actually curved rather than flat. Further, the knowledge that gas is trapped inside the electrode plate group due to the curvature of the electrode plate and the internal resistance is increased has not been known to those skilled in the art.

Further, in the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment having the above structure, the positive electrode plate having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and the negative electrode plate having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead are flat plates. A group of electrode plates alternately laminated via a ribbed separator having a base surface and fold-shaped ribs protruding in a direction orthogonal to the surface direction of the base surface is provided, and a negative electrode per cell after chemical conversion is provided. The ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the active material is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less. As a result, a sufficient amount of the positive electrode active material is retained in the positive electrode plate, so that a lead storage battery having excellent life performance can be obtained.

As described above, in the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment, the internal resistance does not easily increase due to chemical conversion, constant voltage charging, etc., and the internal resistance decreases quickly after charging. Further, the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment has excellent life performance. Further, the lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment also has high charge acceptability (high charging efficiency and charging in a short time). Therefore, the lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment is suitable as a lead-acid battery mounted on a vehicle that performs charge control such as a charge control vehicle and an idling stop vehicle and is mainly used in a partially charged state. The partially charged state is a state in which the charged state is, for example, more than 70% and less than 100%.

Further, the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment is not only used as a power source for starting an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, but also an electric vehicle, an electric forklift, an electric bus, an electric motorcycle, an electric scooter, a small electric moped, a golf cart, and electricity. It can also be used as a power source for motor vehicles and as a backup power source for auxiliary machinery. Further, the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment can also be used as a power source for lighting and a standby power source. Alternatively, it can also be used as a power storage device for electric energy generated by solar power generation, wind power generation, or the like.

In the lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment, the flatness of the negative electrode plate after chemical conversion is not particularly limited, but the flatness may be small as in the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion, for example, 4.0 mm. It may be as follows. Further, the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion and the flatness of the negative electrode plate after chemical conversion may be the same or different, but it is preferable that they are different. For example, if the ratio of the flatness of the negative electrode plate to the flatness of the positive electrode plate is 50% or more and 80% or less on average in the electrode plate group, gas is less likely to stay in the electrode plate group and the electrode plate group Emission of gas is likely to occur.

The lead-acid battery according to the present embodiment will be described in more detail below.
[Relationship of the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion]
As described above, in the lead storage battery according to the present embodiment, a plurality of lead-acid batteries are provided via a ribbed separator having a flat plate-shaped base surface and fold-shaped ribs protruding in a direction perpendicular to the surface direction of the base surface. The electrode plates are alternately laminated, and the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less. With such a configuration, a sufficient amount of the positive electrode active material is retained in the positive electrode plate, and excellent life performance can be obtained.

If the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is less than 1.00, the mass of the positive electrode active material becomes small, and excellent life performance cannot be obtained. Further, when the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion exceeds 1.60, the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer increases, and it is generated by charging and discharging in the positive electrode active material layer. Gas may accumulate and increase the internal resistance, resulting in poor life performance.
Further, it is more preferable that the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.20 or more and 1.40 or less because the balance between the discharge capacity and the internal resistance is further excellent.

[About the curved shape of the positive electrode plate]
As described above, depending on the shape of the curvature of the positive electrode plate, gas may not easily stay in the electrode plate group, and there is a lead-acid battery in which the internal resistance does not remain high even if the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion is curved. .. For example, if the apex of the convex surface of the curved positive electrode plate is located on the lower side of the vertical center of the positive electrode plate arranged in the lead storage battery, it can be regarded as an outlet for gas bubbles. Since it can be said that the degree of curvature of the portion above the center in the vertical direction is small, the gas is unlikely to stay in the electrode plate group.

That is, if the degree of curvature of the portion above the vertical center of the positive electrode plate, which is the outlet when gas bubbles are discharged from the electrode plate group to the outside, is small, the gas stays in the electrode plate group. Since it is difficult to discharge and is easily discharged, an increase in the internal resistance of the lead storage battery is suppressed. Therefore, if the flatness of the portion of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion above the center in the vertical direction is 4.0 mm or less, the effect of suppressing an increase in the internal resistance of the lead storage battery is achieved.

[About electrolyte]
It is known that the addition of aluminum ions to the electrolytic solution improves charge acceptability. However, in a lead-acid battery using a plate with a large flatness, when aluminum ions are added to the electrolytic solution, gas accumulates between the plates due to the increase in flatness, and the internal resistance increases, so that the aluminum ions It was found that the effect of adding lead was reduced.
It was also found that when aluminum ions or sodium ions are excessively added to the electrolytic solution, the resistance and viscosity of the electrolytic solution increase, so that it becomes difficult for gas to escape and the internal resistance tends to increase. Therefore, it is important to make the concentrations of aluminum ions and sodium ions in the electrolytic solution appropriate as well as the flatness. The concentration of aluminum ions in the electrolytic solution is preferably 0.01 mol / L or more and 0.3 mol / L or less. If the concentration of aluminum ion is less than 0.01 mol / L, a sufficient addition effect cannot be obtained. Further, when the aluminum ion is added in an amount exceeding 0.3 mol / L, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution increases, and the gas is less likely to be discharged from the electrode plate group to the outside.
Further, the electrolytic solution may contain sodium ions. However, the presence of sodium ions in the electrolytic solution is harmful and hinders the effect of improving the charge rate by aluminum ions and the like. Therefore, the content of sodium ions in the electrolytic solution is 0.002 mol / L or more and 0.05 mol. It is preferably / L or less.
The method for measuring the contents of aluminum ions and sodium ions in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, but can be measured using, for example, an ICP emission spectrometer.

[About the group pressure applied to the electrode plate group]
As described above, when the electrode plate group is housed in the battery case, the group pressure is applied to the electrode plate group by the inner wall surface of the battery case, but if the group pressure is insufficient, the positive electrode active material is softened. The lead-acid battery may drop out easily and the performance and life of the lead-acid battery may deteriorate. On the other hand, if the group pressure is too high, gas may stay in the positive electrode active material and the internal resistance of the lead storage battery may increase. Therefore, the group pressure applied to the electrode plate group is preferably 10 kPa or less.

[About lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material]
Lead dioxide includes an orthorhombic α phase (α-lead dioxide) and a tetragonal β phase (β-lead dioxide). The ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide and the mass β of β-lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material is preferably 20% or more and 40% or less. With such a configuration, stratification of the electrolytic solution is unlikely to occur, so that the effect of improving the life of the lead storage battery is achieved.

α-Lead dioxide has a small discharge capacity due to its poor porosity and small specific surface area, but its softening rate is low because the crystal decay progresses extremely gradually. On the other hand, β-lead dioxide is highly porous and has a large specific surface area, so that it has a large discharge capacity, but on the other hand, the crystal decays rapidly and the softening rate is high. Therefore, in order to achieve both a long life of the lead-acid battery and an excellent discharge capacity, the ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide and the mass β of β-lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material is set. It is preferable that α-lead dioxide and β-lead dioxide are dispersed in the positive electrode active material so as to be 20% or more and 40% or less.

If the ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide to the mass β of β-lead dioxide is less than 20%, the life of the lead storage battery may be insufficient. On the other hand, if the ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide to the mass β of β-lead dioxide is larger than 40%, the capacity of the lead storage battery may decrease.

The thickness of the active material layer of the positive electrode active material is the distance between the surface of the positive electrode plate and the plate surface of the positive electrode substrate facing the surface of the positive electrode plate, that is, among the virtual straight lines orthogonal to the surface of the positive electrode plate. , The length of the portion from the surface of the positive electrode plate to the plate surface of the positive electrode substrate. The surface of the positive electrode plate is one flat flat surface in which steps, bends, curves, etc. are substantially not present on a macro scale (several tens of μm to several mm). The thickness of the active material layer of the positive electrode active material may be a value obtained by measuring the distance between the surface of the positive electrode plate and the plate surface of the positive electrode substrate at one point, or the surface of the positive electrode plate and the plate surface of the positive electrode substrate. The average value of the values obtained by measuring the distance between the two and the plurality of points may be used.

For example, when a plate-shaped lattice body is used as the positive electrode substrate, the surface of the positive electrode plate and the surface of the vertical and horizontal lattice bones forming the lattice network of the plate-shaped lattice body face each other, so that the surface of the positive electrode plate and the lattice The distance from the surface of the bone may be measured, and the measured value may be used as the thickness of the active material layer of the positive electrode active material. Further, since a plurality of lattice bones are lined up in the plate-shaped lattice body, the distance between the surface of the positive electrode plate and the surface of the lattice bone is measured in the plurality of lattice bones, and the average value of these measured values is used as the positive electrode active material. It may be the thickness of the active material layer of.

Further, since the cross-sectional shape of the lattice bone of the plate-shaped lattice body (the shape of the cross section when cut in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the lattice bone) is basically rectangular, it faces the surface of the positive electrode plate and faces the surface thereof. It is parallel to the surface of the lattice bone. However, in the plate-shaped lattice body manufactured by the expanding method, the plate-shaped lattice body may be twisted or distorted during the manufacturing process. When the plate-shaped lattice body is twisted or distorted, the surface of the lattice bone is inclined or curved with respect to the surface of the positive electrode plate, so that the surface of the positive electrode plate and the surface of the lattice bone facing the surface of the positive electrode plate are formed. Is non-parallel to. In such a case, the distance between the surface of the positive electrode plate and the surface of the lattice bone varies greatly depending on the measurement location. Therefore, in each lattice bone, the shortest distance between the surface of the lattice bone and the surface of the positive electrode plate is measured. , The average value of those measured values may be the thickness of the active material layer of the positive electrode active material.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples.
(A) Examination of the effect of flatness of the positive electrode plate on the increase in internal resistance First, a plate-shaped lattice body made of a Pb-Ca-based or Pb-Ca-Sn-based lead alloy was cast, and the plate-shaped lattice body was cast. A collecting ear was formed at a predetermined position. Next, lead powder containing lead monoxide as a main component was kneaded with water and dilute sulfuric acid, and if necessary, additives were mixed and kneaded to produce a paste of a positive electrode active material. Similarly, lead powder containing lead monoxide as a main component was kneaded with water and dilute sulfuric acid, and if necessary, additives were mixed and kneaded to produce a paste of a negative electrode active material.

Then, after filling the plate-shaped lattice body with the paste of the positive electrode active material, aging and drying were performed to prepare a positive electrode plate before chemical conversion. Similarly, after filling the plate-shaped lattice with the paste of the negative electrode active material, aging and drying were performed to prepare a negative electrode plate before chemical conversion.

A porous synthetic resin having a flat plate-shaped base surface and fold-shaped ribs protruding in a direction perpendicular to the surface direction of the base surface of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate before chemical formation produced as described above. A group of electrode plates was prepared by alternately laminating a plurality of sheets while interposing a ribbed separator made of. This group of electrode plates was housed in an electric tank, the current collecting ears of each positive electrode plate were connected by a positive electrode strap, and the current collecting ears of each negative electrode plate were connected by a negative electrode strap. Then, the positive electrode strap was connected to one end of the positive electrode terminal, and the negative electrode strap was connected to one end of the negative electrode terminal. The electric tank has a plurality of cell chambers for accommodating cells, and the volume of the portion below the upper level (maximum liquid level line) per cell chamber is 570 cm ³ .

Furthermore, the opening of the battery case was closed with a lid. The positive electrode pole and the negative electrode pole are each penetrated through a bushing insert-molded in the lid, and the other end of the positive electrode pole and the other end of the negative electrode pole are welded in a state of being exposed to the outside of the lead-acid battery to form a positive electrode terminal. A negative electrode terminal was formed. From the liquid injection port formed on the lid, an electrolyte solution consisting of dilute sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.23 is injected to the upper level of the battery case, the liquid injection port is closed with a plug, and the battery bed is converted into a lead-acid battery. Got The time from the injection of the electrolytic solution to the start of energization for chemical formation (that is, the soaking time) was 30 minutes, and the amount of electricity for chemical conversion was 230%. At this time, the amount of the injected electrolytic solution was ^{375 cm 3 per cell (that is, per cell chamber).} The specific gravity of the electrolytic solution after chemical conversion is 1.28, and the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.20.
For a later dismantling survey, a plurality of lead-acid batteries of each lot were manufactured, and if the lead-acid batteries of the same lot were used, they were considered to have the same structure and battery characteristics.

The battery size was M-42, the number of positive electrode plates constituting the electrode plate group was 6, and the number of negative electrode plates was 7. The positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate were manufactured by a continuous manufacturing method. The flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion was adjusted by changing the thickness ratio of the active material layer of the positive electrode active material formed on both plate surfaces of the positive electrode plate before chemical conversion. However, the method of adjusting the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion is not limited to the above-mentioned method of changing the thickness coating ratio, and other methods may be used. The method for measuring the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion will be described in detail later.

The ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion was adjusted in the range of 0.90 or more and 1.70 or less. The thickness of the separator was adjusted so that a predetermined group pressure was applied to the electrode plate group. The density of the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode plate is 4.2 g / cm ³ . The density of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode plate is 4.0 g / cm ³ . The ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide and the mass β of β-lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material is 20%. The electrolytic solution used was one containing aluminum sulfate at a concentration of 0.1 mol / L.

Next, the produced lead-acid battery was first charged and then aged for 48 hours. Then, the internal resistance of the lead storage battery was measured. This internal resistance measurement value was defined as the "initial value".
Subsequently, the lead-acid battery in a fully charged state after aging was charged at a constant voltage, and the internal resistance immediately after the completion of the constant voltage charging was measured. This internal resistance measurement value was defined as the "value immediately after charging". The conditions for constant voltage charging are a maximum current of 100 A, a control voltage of 14.0 V, and a charging time of 10 minutes (this lead-acid battery has a 5-hour rate capacity (rated capacity) of 32 Ah).
When the constant voltage charging was completed, the mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hour, and the internal resistance after the stand was measured. This internal resistance measurement value was defined as the "value after standing".

The flatness of the positive electrode plate was measured as follows. First, the lead-acid battery after chemical conversion was disassembled, and a plurality of positive electrode plates were randomly taken out. Care is taken not to deform the positive electrode plate, and the positive electrode plate is kept exposed to running water for 4 hours to wash the sulfuric acid adhering to the surface of the positive electrode plate with water, and then 120 in a dryer at 60 ° C. Allowed to dry for minutes. Then, the thickness is measured at a plurality of points on the positive electrode plate using a micrometer, and the average value thereof is taken as the thickness of the positive electrode plate. Next, as shown in FIG. 2, on the flat surface of the base, the positive electrode plate surface and the flat surface of the base base are substantially parallel to each other, and the convex surface of the curved positive electrode plate is directed upward. The plate is placed and the height gauge is used to measure the distance h between the apex of the convex surface of the curved positive electrode plate and the plane of the base. Then, the value obtained by subtracting the thickness of the positive electrode plate from this distance h is defined as the flatness.

In addition, using the same lead-acid battery produced above, the effect of the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion on the performance of the lead-acid battery was examined.
The life performance of the lead-acid battery was evaluated by the 17.5% DOD life test described in EN 50342-6: 2015 of the European standard (EN standard). That is, the following operations (1), (2), and (3) are repeated for a plurality of cycles, and when the voltage reaches 10 V, it is determined that the battery has reached the end of its life. The difference in specific gravity between the upper part and the lower part of the liquid was measured.
(1) Adjust the charging state (SOC) to 50%. Specifically, discharge 2.5 hours at a current _4I n (A).
(2) Charging / discharging with a discharge depth (DOD) of 17.5% is repeated 85 times. Specifically, the limit voltage 14.4V, after constant voltage charging 2400 seconds at a current _7I n (A), discharge for 1800 seconds at a current _7I n (A).
(3) Fully charge and carry out a 20HR capacity test. After the capacity test is completed, the battery is fully charged again. After completion Capacity Test, in the limit voltage 16.0V, for 24 hours constant voltage charge at a current _5I n (A).
Incidentally, _{"I n"} means 20 hours rate current, battery size is M-42 (20-hour rate capacity: 40Ah) case of a 2 (A).

These results are summarized in Table 1. The rate of increase in internal resistance was calculated using the initial value of internal resistance, the value immediately after charging, and the value after standing. The rate of increase of the value immediately after charging with respect to the initial value is calculated by ([value immediately after charging]-[initial value]) / [initial value], and the rate of increase of the value after standing still with respect to the initial value is ([static]. It was calculated by [Value after installation]-[Initial value]) / [Initial value].

Then, when both the condition A that the increase rate of the value immediately after charging with respect to the initial value is 10% or less and the condition B that the increase rate of the value after standing still with respect to the initial value is 5% or less are satisfied, It is judged that the increase in internal resistance is remarkably suppressed, and is indicated by a circle in Table 1.

When only one of the conditions A and B is satisfied, it is determined that the increase in internal resistance is sufficiently suppressed, but it cannot be said that it is significantly suppressed. Indicated by a mark. If neither condition A nor condition B is satisfied, it is determined that the suppression of the increase in internal resistance is slightly insufficient or completely insufficient, and is indicated by a cross in Table 1.

When the condition C that the life performance (number of cycles) is 800 cycles or more is satisfied, it is judged that the performance of the lead storage battery is remarkably excellent, and it is indicated by a circle in Table 1. If the condition C is not satisfied, it is determined that the performance of the lead-acid battery is slightly insufficient or completely insufficient, and is indicated by a cross in Table 1.

Regarding the comprehensive judgment, if the internal resistance increase rate and the life performance are all judged by ○, the comprehensive judgment in Table 1 is shown by ○. When the internal resistance increase rate or the life performance is judged by x, the comprehensive judgment in Table 1 shows x.

From the results shown in Table 1, it can be seen that in Examples 101 to 115 in which the flatness of the positive electrode plate is 4.0 mm or less, the increase in internal resistance is remarkably suppressed.
On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 111 to 115 in which the flatness of the positive electrode plate is 5.0 mm, it can be seen that the rate of increase in the value immediately after charging with respect to the initial value is high. In addition, since the rate of increase in the value after standing still is high with respect to the initial value, it can be seen that the rate of decrease in internal resistance is slow.
Further, in Examples 101 to 115 and Comparative Examples 112 to 114 in which the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less, the number of cycles is remarkable. You can see that it is improving.
On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 101, 103, 105, 107, 109 and 111 in which the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion was less than 1.00, the number of cycles was improved. You can see that it is not. It is considered that this is because the mass of the positive electrode active material per cell is small, so that it is easy to soften and fall off. Further, Comparative Examples 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 115 in which the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion exceeds 1.60 are the values immediately after charging with respect to the initial values. Since the rate of increase of the value after standing still is high and the rate of increase of the value after standing still is high, it can be seen that the rate of decrease of the internal resistance is slow. Similarly, in Comparative Examples 112 to 114, the number of cycles is remarkably improved, but since the flatness exceeds 4.0 mm, the rate of increase in the value immediately after charging with respect to the initial value and after standing still with respect to the initial value. Since the rate of increase in the value of is high, it can be seen that the rate of decrease in internal resistance is slow. It is considered that this is because the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is increased and the gas generated by charging / discharging is accumulated in the positive electrode active material layer.

From the evaluation results shown in Table 1, the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion is 4.0 mm or less, and the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.00 or more. When it is 60 or less, it can be seen that an increase in internal resistance is sufficiently suppressed and excellent life performance is ensured.

(B) Examination of the effect of the αβ ratio of lead dioxide on the performance of lead-acid batteries Examination of the effect of the ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide and the mass β of β-lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material bottom. The configuration and manufacturing method of the lead storage battery are the same as in the case of the above examination (A) unless otherwise specified, except that the αβ ratio of lead dioxide is different. The performance of the lead-acid battery was evaluated by the degree of stratification of the electrolytic solution and the life performance by the following method.

The degree of stratification and life performance of the electrolytic solution were evaluated by the 17.5% DOD life test described in EN 50342-6: 2015 of the European standard (EN standard). That is, the following operations (1), (2), and (3) are repeated for a plurality of cycles, and when the voltage reaches 10 V, it is determined that the battery has reached the end of its life. The difference in specific gravity between the upper part and the lower part of the liquid was measured.

(1) Adjust the charging state (SOC) to 50%. Specifically, discharge 2.5 hours at a current _4I n (A).
(2) Charging / discharging with a discharge depth (DOD) of 17.5% is repeated 85 times. Specifically, the limit voltage 14.4V, after constant voltage charging 2400 seconds at a current _7I n (A), discharge for 1800 seconds at a current _7I n (A).
(3) Fully charge and carry out a 20HR capacity test. After the capacity test is completed, the battery is fully charged again. After completion Capacity Test, in the limit voltage 16.0V, for 24 hours constant voltage charge at a current _5I n (A).
Incidentally, _{"I n"} means 20 hours rate current, battery size is M-42 (20-hour rate capacity: 40Ah) case of a 2 (A).

The evaluation results are shown in Table 2. When both the condition D that the life performance is 900 cycles or more and the condition E that the degree of stratification of the electrolytic solution (difference in specific gravity between the upper part and the lower part of the electrolytic solution) is 0.02 or less are satisfied, the condition D is satisfied. It was judged that the performance of the lead-acid battery was particularly excellent, and it is indicated by a ◎ mark in Table 2. When only one of the conditions D and E is satisfied, it is judged that the performance of the lead-acid battery is sufficiently excellent, but not significantly excellent, and is marked with a circle in Table 2. show.

From the evaluation results shown in Table 2, when the αβ ratio α / (α + β) of lead dioxide is 20% or more and 40% or less, the increase in internal resistance is sufficiently suppressed and the rate of decrease in internal resistance is fast. I understand. Further, it can be seen that the life performance of the lead storage battery is excellent and that stratification of the electrolytic solution is unlikely to occur. From the above, it can be seen that a particularly remarkable effect can be obtained when the αβ ratio α / (α + β) of lead dioxide is 20% or more and 40% or less.

1 electrode plate group 10 positive electrode plate 20 negative electrode plate 30 separator

Claims (5)

A positive electrode plate having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and a negative electrode plate having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead are provided with a group of electrode plates in which a plurality of sheets are alternately laminated via a separator. Is immersed in the electrolyte to form a cell,
The flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical conversion is 4.0 mm or less,
A lead-acid battery characterized in that the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode active material to the mass of the negative electrode active material per cell after chemical conversion is 1.00 or more and 1.60 or less. The lead-acid battery according to claim 1, wherein the ratio α / (α + β) of the mass α of α-lead dioxide and the mass β of β-lead dioxide contained in the positive electrode active material is 20% or more and 40% or less. Claim 1 in which the density of the positive electrode active material is 3.9 g / cm ³ or more and 4.5 g / cm ³ or less, and the density of the negative electrode active material is 3.9 g / cm ³ or more and 4.1 g / cm ³ or less. Alternatively, the lead storage battery according to claim 2. The lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the aluminum ion content of the electrolytic solution is 0.01 mol / L or more and 0.3 mol / L or less. The lead-acid battery according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the group pressure loaded on the electrode plate group is 10 kPa or less.

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