JP2020161280A - Fuel cell - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a fuel cell capable of achieving further high power generation performance by activating an electrochemical reaction of a fuel component in a fuel side electrode of the fuel cell.SOLUTION: A fuel cell 1 includes: an electrolyte layer 4; a fuel side electrode 2 which is arranged, the electrolyte layer 4 being sandwiched therebetween, to face each other and is supplied with a fuel component; and an oxygen side electrode 3 supplied with oxygen. The fuel side electrode 2 includes a catalyst carrier and a deposition film formed on a surface of the catalyst carrier. The deposition film contains nickel and tin.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a fuel cell, and more particularly to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.

To date, various types of fuel cells such as alkaline type (AFC), solid polymer type (PEFC), phosphoric acid type (PAFC), molten carbonate type (MCFC), and solid electrolyte type (SOFC) have been known. Has been done. Among them, since the polymer electrolyte fuel cell can be operated at a relatively low temperature, its use in various applications such as automobile applications is being studied.

For example, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes a fuel side electrode (anode) to which fuel is supplied and an oxygen side electrode (cathode) to which oxygen is supplied, and these electrodes are formed from a solid polymer membrane. The electrolyte layers are arranged so as to face each other.

In such a fuel cell, a metal catalyst is usually contained in the fuel side electrode in order to improve the efficiency of power generation.

As such a fuel-side electrode, a fuel-side electrode containing an anode catalyst obtained by heating a mixture of carbon, nickel, and tin in a tube furnace has been proposed (see, for example, Patent Document 1). ..

JP-A-2015-144111

However, in recent years, further improvement in the power generation performance of the fuel cell has been desired, and therefore, a catalyst capable of realizing a better fuel cell is required.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell provided with a fuel side electrode capable of activating the electrochemical reaction of a fuel component in the fuel side electrode of the fuel cell and further improving the power generation performance.

The present invention [1] is a fuel cell in a fuel cell including an electrolyte layer, a fuel-side electrode to which a fuel component is supplied, and an oxygen-side electrode to which oxygen is supplied, which are arranged to face each other with the electrolyte layer in between. The side electrode is a fuel cell including a catalyst carrier and a vapor-deposited film formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier, wherein the vapor-deposited film contains nickel and tin.

According to the fuel cell of the present invention, since the fuel side electrode includes a catalyst carrier and a vapor deposition film containing a specific metal formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier, it activates the electrochemical reaction of the fuel component in the fuel side electrode. It is possible to increase the output of the fuel cell. As a result, the power generation performance can be improved.

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of the fuel cell of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an embodiment of an arc plasma vapor deposition apparatus.

The fuel cell 1 of the embodiment of the present invention is configured as an anion exchange type fuel cell or a cation exchange type fuel cell. In the following, the case where the fuel cell 1 is configured as an anion exchange type fuel cell will be described in detail.

In FIG. 1, the fuel cell 1 includes a fuel cell S, and the fuel cell S includes a fuel side electrode 2, an oxygen side electrode 3, and an electrolyte layer 4, and the fuel side electrode 2 and the oxygen side electrode 3 are provided. However, the electrolyte layer 4 is sandwiched between them and arranged so as to face each other. In other words, the fuel cell S includes an electrolyte layer 4, a fuel side electrode 2 and an oxygen side electrode 3 arranged to face each other with the electrolyte layer 4 interposed therebetween.

The fuel side electrode 2 is in opposition contact with one surface of the electrolyte layer 4. The fuel-side electrode 2 includes a catalyst carrier and a thin-film film formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier.

Examples of the catalyst carrier include a porous substance such as carbon.

The thin-film deposition film is a vapor-deposited film containing nickel and tin, and is preferably a thin-film deposition film composed of nickel and tin.

The thin-film deposition film is obtained by a thin-film deposition method using nickel and tin as a vapor deposition source, as will be described later.

In the vapor deposition film, the nickel content is, for example, 40 mol% or more and, for example, 60 mol% or less, and the tin content is, for example, with respect to the total moles of nickel and tin. It is 40 mol% or more, and for example, 60 mol% or less.

The thickness of the fuel side electrode 2 is, for example, 10 μm or more, preferably 20 μm or more, and for example, 200 μm or less, preferably 100 μm or less.

The oxygen side electrode 3 is in opposition contact with the other surface of the electrolyte layer 4. The oxygen side electrode 3 is not particularly limited, but is formed as, for example, a porous electrode on which a metal catalyst (including a calcined product of the metal catalyst) is supported.

The metal catalyst contains a transition metal, and is formed by, for example, forming a complex between the transition metal and a complex-forming organic compound, or, for example, a carrier in which the transition metal is made of a conductive polymer. It is formed by being carried on.

Examples of transition metals include scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu). ), Ittrium (Y), Zirconium (Zr), Niob (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo), Technetium (Tc), Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), Palladium (Pd), Silver (Ag), Lantern (La) ), Hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), ruthenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au) and the like. Of these, iron, silver and cobalt are preferred, and iron is more preferred. In addition, these can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and alloys thereof can also be used.

The complex-forming organic compound is an organic compound that forms a complex with the metal atom by coordinating with the metal atom, and is, for example, pyrrole, porphyrin, tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin, dibenzotetraazaanulene, phthalocyanine, choline, chlorin. , Phenantroline, sarcomin, nycarbazine, aminoantipyrin (AAPYr) and other complex-forming organic compounds or polymers thereof. Of these, polypyrrole, phenanthroline, sarcomine, nycarbazine, and aminoantipyrine, which are polymers of pyrrole, are preferable, and nycarbazine is particularly preferable. In addition, these can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

As the conductive polymer, there are compounds that overlap with the above-mentioned complex-forming organic compounds. For example, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyvinylcarbazole, polytriphenylamine, polypyridine, polypyrimidine, polyquinoxalin, polyphenylquinoxaline. , Polyisothianaften, polypyridinediyl, polythienylene, polyparaphenylene, polyflurane, polyacetylene, polyfuran, polyazulene, polyindole, polydiaminoanthraquinone and the like. Of these, polypyrrole is preferable. In addition, these can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The metal catalyst is not particularly limited, and a known method can be adopted.

The thickness of the oxygen side electrode 3 is, for example, 10 μm or more, preferably 20 μm or more, and for example, 300 μm or less, preferably 150 μm or less.

The electrolyte layer 4 is formed of an anion exchange membrane. The anion exchange membrane is not particularly limited as long as it is a medium capable of moving the hydroxide ion (OH ⁻ ) generated in the oxygen side electrode 3 from the oxygen side electrode 3 to the fuel side electrode 2, but for example. Examples thereof include a solid polymer membrane (anion exchange resin) having an anion exchange group such as a quaternary ammonium group or a pyridinium group.

The thickness of the electrolyte layer 4 is, for example, 5 μm or more, preferably 10 μm or more, and for example, 50 μm or less, preferably 35 μm or less.

The fuel side electrode 2 and the oxygen side electrode 3 are not particularly limited, but for example, a membrane electrode assembly is formed. In the membrane electrode assembly, the fuel side electrode 2 is formed on one surface of the electrolyte layer 4 in the thickness direction (hereinafter, simply referred to as one surface), and the other surface of the electrolyte layer 4 in the thickness direction (hereinafter, simply referred to as one surface). Hereinafter, it is simply referred to as the other surface), and the oxygen side electrode 3 is formed.

In order to form the fuel side electrode 2, first, a catalyst carrier on which a vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited is prepared.

To prepare a catalyst carrier on which a thin-film deposition film is deposited, nickel and tin are deposited on the catalyst carrier.

Examples of the vapor deposition method include a vacuum vapor deposition method, for example, an ion plating method such as an arc vapor deposition method, and preferably an ion plating method and a viewpoint of uniformly distributing nickel and tin on the surface of a catalyst carrier. Therefore, more preferably, arc vapor deposition can be mentioned.

In the following, a method of preparing a catalyst carrier on which a vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited by an arc-deposited method will be described in detail with reference to FIG.

In this method, for example, a known arc plasma vapor deposition apparatus is used.

As shown in FIG. 2, the arc plasma vapor deposition apparatus 21 includes a chamber 22, an exhaust system 23, and a gas cylinder 32.

The chamber 22 is a vacuum vessel generally used for a vacuum device.

An evaporation unit 24 is provided above the chamber 22 in the vertical direction, and a stirring mechanism 25 and a vapor-deposited body accommodating container 26 supported by the stirring mechanism 25 are provided below the chamber 22 in the vertical direction. There is. The evaporation unit 24 and the vapor deposition body accommodating container 26 are arranged so as to face each other in the vertical direction.

The evaporation unit 24 includes a plurality of (two) evaporation sources 27 (evaporation source 27a and evaporation source 27b) and a vapor deposition source fixing holder 28 (evaporation source fixing holder 28a and evaporation source fixing) supported (arranged) on the evaporation source 27. It is provided with a holder 28b).

The evaporation source 27 is an arc power source (not shown) for applying a predetermined voltage to the vapor deposition source (nickel and tin), and a capacitor (not shown) electrically connected to the arc power source and stored with an electric charge by the arc power source. (Not shown).

The thin-film deposition source fixing holder 28 is configured so that the thin-film deposition source (nickel and tin) can be fixed.

The stirring mechanism 25 includes a support shaft 29, a support container 30, and a pair of scrapers 31 provided on the support container 30.

The upper end of the support shaft 29 is inserted into the bottom of the support container 30, and the lower end is connected to a rotation mechanism (not shown) capable of rotating the support shaft 29 at a predetermined rotation speed.

The support container 30 has a hollow bottomed cylindrical shape and is a container for accommodating the vapor-deposited body accommodating container 26.

One end of the pair of scrapers 31 is fixed to the support container 30, and the other end is inserted into the deposited container 26.

The thin-film-deposited body storage container 26 has a hollow bottomed cylindrical shape and is a container for accommodating the thin-film-deposited body (catalyst carrier).

Further, the thin-film deposition body containing container 26 is connected to the support shaft 29.

Then, when the support shaft 29 is rotated at a predetermined rotation speed by driving the rotation mechanism, the vapor-deposited body accommodating container 26 connected to the support shaft 29 is rotated. Thereby, the contents (deposited body) of the vapor-deposited body accommodating container 26 can be agitated by the pair of scrapers 31.

The exhaust system 23 is a known decompression device for adjusting the pressure in the chamber 22, and is connected to the chamber 22.

The gas cylinder 32 is a known gas cylinder for supplying an inert gas (argon or the like) into the chamber 22, and is connected to the chamber 22.

Next, a method of preparing a catalyst carrier on which a vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited by using such an arc plasma vapor deposition apparatus 21 will be described in detail.

In this method, first, nickel and tin are fixed to the vapor deposition source fixing holder 28a and the vapor deposition source fixing holder 28b, respectively.

Separately, the catalyst carrier is placed in the vapor-deposited body storage container 26.

Then, in this method, the exhaust system 23 is operated to evacuate the inside of the chamber 22. After that, argon is supplied into the chamber 22 from the gas cylinder 32, and the pressure in the chamber 22 is adjusted to, for example, 0.1 Pa or more and 0.9 Pa or less.

Next, a negative voltage is applied to the vapor deposition source fixed holder 28a and the vapor deposition source fixed holder 28b (nickel and tin) from the arc power source in the evaporation source 27.

The applied voltage to nickel is, for example, 80 V or more, and 120 V or less, for example.

The applied voltage to tin is, for example, 80 V or more, and 120 V or less, for example.

As a result, an arc discharge is generated between the vapor deposition source fixing holder 28 and the vapor deposition body accommodating container 26.

After that, the electric charge stored in the capacitor is discharged to ionize nickel and tin.

The charge for nickel is, for example, 1500 μF or more, and 2000 μF or less, for example.

The electric charge for tin is, for example, 200 μF or more, and for example, 500 μF or less.

Then, the ionized nickel and the ionized tin proceed toward the vapor-deposited body storage container 26, and a part thereof adheres (deposits) to the surface of the catalyst carrier. As a result, a thin-film film containing nickel and tin is formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier.

Further, at this time, the catalyst carrier can be agitated by rotating the vapor-deposited body accommodating container 26 by driving the rotation mechanism.

The stirring conditions are, for example, 100 rpm or more and 500 rpm or less.

As a result, a catalyst carrier on which a vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited is obtained.

Next, the catalyst carrier on which the vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited and the ion exchange resin are mixed, and if necessary, an appropriate solvent such as alcohol or ether is added to adjust the viscosity to adjust the viscosity. Prepare the dispersion liquid (fuel side electrode ink). The dispersion is then applied and dried on the surface of one side of the electrolyte layer 4. As a result, the fuel side electrode 2 can be formed on one surface of the electrolyte layer 4.

In this method, when the fuel cell 1 is configured as an anion exchange type fuel cell, the ion exchange resin is preferably an anion exchange resin.

Further, in the fuel side electrode 2, the amount of the catalyst supported is, for example, 0.05 mg / cm ² or more, preferably 0.1 mg / cm ² or more, and for example, 10 mg / cm ² or less, preferably 5 mg / cm /. It is cm ² or less.

The oxygen side electrode 3 is not particularly limited, but for example, the metal catalyst and the ion exchange resin are first mixed, and if necessary, an appropriate solvent such as alcohol or ether is added to adjust the viscosity. By doing so, a dispersion liquid of the metal catalyst (oxygen side electrode ink) is prepared. The dispersion is then applied and dried on the surface of the other side of the electrolyte layer 4. As a result, the oxygen side electrode 3 can be formed on the other surface of the electrolyte layer 4.

In this method, when the fuel cell 1 is configured as an anion exchange type fuel cell, the ion exchange resin is preferably an anion exchange resin.

Further, in the oxygen side electrode 3, the supported amount of the metal catalyst is, for example, 0.05 mg / cm ² or more, preferably 0.1 mg / cm ² or more, and for example, 10 mg / cm ² or less, preferably 5 mg. / Cm ² or less.

The fuel cell S further includes a fuel supply member 5 and an oxygen supply member 6. The fuel supply member 5 is made of a gas-impermeable conductive member, and one surface of the fuel supply member 5 is in direct contact with the fuel side electrode 2. The fuel supply member 5 is formed with a fuel-side flow path 7 for bringing the fuel component into contact with the entire fuel-side electrode 2 as a knot-shaped groove recessed from one surface. The fuel-side flow path 7 is continuously formed with a supply port 9 and a discharge port 8 penetrating the fuel supply member 5 at its upstream end and downstream end, respectively.

Further, the oxygen supply member 6 is also made of a gas-impermeable conductive member like the fuel supply member 5, and one surface of the oxygen supply member 6 is in direct contact with the oxygen side electrode 3. The oxygen supply member 6 is also formed with an oxygen side flow path 10 for bringing oxygen (air) into contact with the entire oxygen side electrode 3 as a knot-shaped groove recessed from one surface. In the oxygen side flow path 10, a supply port 11 and a discharge port 12 penetrating the oxygen supply member 6 are continuously formed at the upstream side end portion and the downstream side end portion thereof, respectively.

Although not shown, in the fuel cell 1, known gas diffusion is required between the fuel supply member 5 and the fuel side electrode 2 and between the oxygen supply member 6 and the oxygen side electrode 3. Layers can be laminated.

Then, the fuel cell 1 is actually formed as a stack structure in which a plurality of the above-mentioned fuel cell S are stacked. Therefore, the fuel supply member 5 and the oxygen supply member 6 are actually configured as separators in which the fuel side flow path 7 and the oxygen side flow path 10 are formed on both sides.

Although not shown, the fuel cell 1 is provided with a current collector plate made of a conductive material, and the electromotive force generated by the fuel cell 1 is taken out from a terminal provided on the current collector plate. It is configured to be able to.

Further, in a trial (model) manner, the fuel supply member 5 and the oxygen supply member 6 of the fuel cell S are connected by an external circuit 13 and generated by interposing a voltmeter 14 in the external circuit 13. You can also measure the voltage.

Then, in the present invention, the fuel component is directly supplied without going through reforming or the like.

Examples of the fuel component include a gaseous fuel such as hydrogen, and a liquid fuel such as hydrazine to which potassium hydroxide is added.

When the fuel component is hydrazine, if oxygen (air) is supplied to the oxygen side flow path 10 of the oxygen supply member 6 and hydrazine is supplied to the fuel side flow path 7 of the fuel supply member 5, oxygen can be supplied. In the side electrode 3, as described below, electrons (e ⁻ ), water (H ₂ O), and oxygen (O ₂ ) generated at the fuel side electrode 2 and moving through the external circuit 13 are generated. The reaction produces hydroxide ions (OH ⁻ ). The generated hydroxide ion (OH ⁻ ) moves the electrolyte layer 4 from the oxygen side electrode 3 to the fuel side electrode 2. Then, in the fuel side electrode 2, the hydroxide ion (OH ⁻ ) that has passed through the electrolyte layer 4 reacts with hydrazine to generate an electron (e ⁻ ). Generated electrons (e ^-), from the fuel supply member 5 through an external circuit 13 is moved to the oxygen supplying member 6, it is supplied to the oxygen side electrode 3. An electromotive force is generated by such an electrochemical reaction between the fuel side electrode 2 and the oxygen side electrode 3, and power generation is performed.

Then, such an electrochemical reaction can be represented by the following reaction formulas (1) to (3) as a whole with the fuel side electrode 2 and the oxygen side electrode 3.
_{(1) NH 2 NH 2 +} 4OH - → 4H 2 O + N 2 + 4e - ( fuel side electrode)
_{(2) O 2 + 2H 2} O + 4e - → 4OH - ( oxygen-side electrode)
(3) NH ₂ NH ₂ + O ₂ → 2H ₂ O + N ₂ (Overall)
Then, in such a fuel cell 1, the fuel side electrode 2 includes a catalyst carrier and a vapor-deposited film containing nickel and tin formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier.

Therefore, nickel and tin are uniformly distributed on the surface of the catalyst carrier.

As a result, according to the fuel cell 1 described above, the electrochemical reaction of the fuel component can be activated, and the power generation performance of the fuel cell 1 can be improved.

The operating conditions of the fuel cell 1 are not particularly limited, but for example, the pressurization on the fuel side electrode 2 side is 200 kPa or less, preferably 100 kPa or less, and the pressurization on the oxygen side electrode 3 side is 200 kPa or less. It is preferably 100 kPa or less, and the temperature of the fuel cell S is set to 0 to 120 ° C, preferably 20 to 80 ° C.

Although the embodiment of the present invention has been described above, the embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this, and the design can be appropriately modified without changing the gist of the present invention.

Applications of the fuel cell of the present invention include, for example, a power source for a drive motor in an automobile, a ship, an aircraft, and the like, and a power source in a communication terminal such as a mobile phone.

In the above description, the case where the fuel cell 1 is configured as an anion exchange type fuel cell has been described, but the present invention is not limited to the above, and the fuel cell 1 may be configured as a cation exchange type fuel cell. Good.

In this case, the fuel side electrode 2 includes a catalyst carrier on which the above-mentioned vapor-deposited film is vapor-deposited and a cation exchange resin as an ion exchange resin.

Further, the oxygen side electrode 3 contains the above metal catalyst and a cation exchange resin as an ion exchange resin.

Also, known metal catalysts, fuel components and the like are adopted.

Examples and comparative examples are shown below, and the present invention will be described in more detail. The present invention is not limited to Examples and Comparative Examples. In addition, specific numerical values such as the compounding ratio (content ratio), physical property values, and parameters used in the following description are the compounding ratios corresponding to those described in the above-mentioned "Form for carrying out the invention". Substitute the upper limit value (value defined as "less than or equal to" or "less than") or the lower limit value (value defined as "greater than or equal to" or "excess") such as content ratio), physical property value, and parameters. be able to.

In addition, "part" and "%" are based on mass unless otherwise specified.
1. 1. Production of catalyst carrier on which a thin-film film is vapor-deposited Example 1
Nickel and tin were deposited on 1.0 g of carbon (ECP600JD) under the following conditions using an arc plasma method nanoparticle forming apparatus. As a result, an anode catalyst containing carbon and a vapor-deposited film made of nickel and tin formed on the surface of the carbon was obtained.

The content of nickel in the vapor deposition film was 50 mol% with respect to the total moles of nickel and tin, and the content of tin was 50 mol% with respect to the total moles of nickel and tin. It was.
Deposition conditions:
Thin-film deposition source 1: Nickel vapor deposition source 2: Tin-film deposition setting: Two-source simultaneous discharge voltage: Nickel 100V, tin 100V
Capacitor capacity: Nickel 1800μF, Tin 360μF
Discharge frequency: 3Hz
Stirring mechanism: 30 rpm
Introduced gas: Argon Heating temperature: Room temperature Pressure: 0.5 Pa
Total number of shots: 14235 shots 2. Production of Anode Catalyst Comparative Example 1
Nickel and tin nitrate in proportions such as those having a composition of Ni ₃ Sn ₄ were placed in an agate ball miller together with carbon black (Vulcan XC72R) and mixed to obtain a mixture. The mixture was then ball milled at 400 rpm for 2.5 hours. Then, this mixture was placed in a tube furnace and heated at 475 ° C. for 6 hours under H ₂ gas (250 ccm flow rate). As a result, an anode catalyst (an anode catalyst in which nickel and tin were supported on carbon black) was obtained. The obtained anode catalyst was cooled to room temperature.

Comparative Example 2
5 g of carbon powder (trade name: carbon ECP600JD (powder of Ketjen Black ECP600JD), manufactured by Lion) was added to 0.45 L of pure water and dispersed. 0.6 L of an aqueous nickel nitrate solution (nickel nitrate hexahydrate, nickel content: 5 g in terms of elemental nickel metal) was added to this dispersion, and the mixture was sufficiently mixed with the dispersion of carbon powder. Next, 1.5 L of an aqueous solution containing 6.4 g of sodium borohydride was added dropwise to the mixed dispersion, and nickels were supported on carbon. Then, the dispersion was filtered and washed with water until the conductivity of the filtrate became 50 μS / cm or less to obtain a powder, and the powder was vacuum dried at 100 ° C. for 10 hours. Then, it was heat-treated (calcined) at 800 ° C. for 2 hours in argon (Ar) gas to obtain an anode catalyst (an anode catalyst in which a nickel metal simple substance was supported on carbon).
2. 2. Evaluation The activity of hydrazine oxidation was measured using a rotating disk electrode (Pine, Rotating Disk Electrode: RDE).

Specifically, 5 mg of the anode catalyst in each example and each comparative example, 0.15 mL of ionomer (hydrocarbon ionomer (electrolyte resin (2% by mass), trade name: AS4)), and 1-propanol (2% by mass). An ink prepared by dispersing the concentration (manufactured by Tokuyama Co., Ltd.) in 0.85 mL of an organic solvent was dropped onto glassy carbon to prepare a measuring electrode (supporting amount 0.51 μg / mm ² ).

Then, using the measurement electrodes obtained by using each anode catalyst, a three-electrode cell containing 1 mol / L potassium hydroxide saturated with argon and a 1 mass% hydrated hydrazine aqueous solution was prepared.

In the 3-electrode cell, a mercury-mercury oxide electrode (Hg / HgO) was used as the reference electrode, and a platinum wire was used as the counter electrode.

The measurement temperature was 30 ° C. and the rotation speed was 2400 rpm. The scanning speed was 0.005 V / s, scanning was performed from a high potential to a low potential, and the hydrazine oxidation activity (mass activity (A / g)) was determined from the obtained current value. The catalytic activity (A / g) per unit mass is shown in Table 1.

1 Fuel cell 2 Fuel side electrode 3 Oxygen side electrode 4 Electrolyte layer

Claims (1)

In a fuel cell provided with an electrolyte layer, a fuel side electrode to which a fuel component is supplied, and an oxygen side electrode to which oxygen is supplied, which are arranged so as to face each other with the electrolyte layer interposed therebetween.
The fuel side electrode includes a catalyst carrier and a thin-film film formed on the surface of the catalyst carrier.
A fuel cell, wherein the vapor-deposited film contains nickel and tin.

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