JP2020070552A - Reflector for heat radiation, interior material containing said reflector, and radiation type cooling and heating system using said interior material - Google Patents

Abstract

To solve the following problems concerning thermal comfort in radiant air conditioning in a building structure: 1)since air conditioning effects exist only in a certain direction of a radiation type air conditioner and the air conditioning effect does not exist on the opposite side, a sufficient thermal comfortable environment cannot be realized; 2)even if the radiation type air conditioner is operated, until a sufficient time elapses or when the heat insulation of the wall or the like is insufficient, the walls, ceilings, and floor surfaces that do not include the radiation type air conditioner do not reach an appropriate temperature, so that the average temperature of the surrounding walls does not reach an appropriate temperature, and a sufficient thermal comfortable environment cannot be realized.SOLUTION: A thermal comfortable environment is realized by: applying Fresnel mirror type fine processing to a sheet formed of an opaque resin transmitting infrared rays and a metal layer reflecting infrared rays that are laminated with each other; and then expanding the processed sheet in an air-conditioned room as an interior material such as wallpaper, so as to reflect radiant heat and radiant cold via a radiant air conditioner to a predetermined position, and thereby appropriately setting an average temperature of a peripheral wall.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Description

  TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a reflector for heat radiation, an interior material including the reflector, and a radiant cooling / heating system using the interior material.

(Equivalence between air temperature and average wall temperature)
In FIG. 9 in Non-Patent Document 1 regarding the relationship between the combination of indoor air / peripheral wall average temperature and human body exergy consumption, the horizontal axis represents the indoor air temperature and the vertical axis represents the peripheral wall average temperature, which is a comfortable thermal environment. The line of PMV * = 0 indicating is plotted as a straight line with an approximately downward slope of -1 (see FIG. 1 attached to the present specification reproduced). The peripheral wall average temperature is a temperature calculated by weight-averaging the temperature of the indoor wall surface (here, the ceiling, floor, door, and window are also included in the wall surface) by the area of each wall surface. From the figure, at least in the range of the vertical axis and the horizontal axis of the figure, a comfortable thermal environment of PMV * = 0 can be realized if the ambient wall average temperature is appropriately set regardless of whether the indoor air temperature is high or low. It is understood that the indoor air temperature and the peripheral wall average temperature have the same effect on the thermal comfort.

  However, it has not generally been recognized that the wall temperature contributes as much as the air temperature to the thermal comfort felt by the human body. In many cases, it is considered that the indoor wall surface alone cannot be actively controlled, and that the air temperature and the wall temperature equilibrate to almost the same temperature in the steady state. In this respect, in environmental engineering, the importance of wall temperature for thermal comfort has long been well known, and by positively controlling the wall temperature, that is, by utilizing the radiant heat transfer between the wall surface and the human body. A method for air conditioning the room has already been proposed and put into practical use.

(Floor heating)
A floor heating system that puts a temperature control pipe inside the floor and circulates hot water for heating has been put into practical use. In the case of floor heating, it can be considered that the heating effect due to contact heat transfer from the bottom of the feet cannot be ignored, but here we focus on the effect of radiant heating.

(Radiation type air conditioning panel)
It has also been proposed to arrange a temperature control pipe inside the vertical wall or on the back side of the ceiling and circulate cold water or hot water to perform radiant cooling and heating.

JP, 2017-102191, A JP-A-2000-88257

Relationship between combination of indoor air and average wall temperature and human body exergy consumption, Kouichi Izawa, Takahiro Kozomi, Masanori Sudani Journal of Architectural Institute of Japan No. 570, 29-35, August 2003 About temperature control and health in the winter house (Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center) December 2, 2013

  However, the conventional techniques as described above have the following problems.

(Current issue of radiant cooling and heating 1: Actual condition of temperature control)
Although it was mentioned earlier that the indoor air temperature and the peripheral wall average temperature have an equivalent effect, the current air conditioning is mainly a convection type air conditioner that controls the temperature, and floor heating and radiant air conditioning panels have been introduced. However, it seems that they play only a supplementary role. The effect of radiant heating and cooling is calculated by the average temperature of the surrounding walls, so as in the current situation, only the floor surface, the ceiling surface, or part of the vertical wall surface, that is, the temperature of part of the six indoor surfaces is controlled. However, it is obvious that the average wall temperature cannot be raised or lowered sufficiently. It is only necessary to be able to control the temperature on all six surfaces in the room, but this is generally difficult to achieve due to equipment costs. If the temperature of the surface to be controlled is sufficiently heated or cooled, even if the remaining surface is in equilibrium with the air temperature, the calculated peripheral wall average temperature is calculated as the indoor thermal comfort. Can be set to. However, in that case, there is a concern that the floor surface temperature touching the soles of the feet may become too high, or that dew condensation may occur on the wall surface. Further, it is possible that the temperature variation of the wall surface deviates from the norm in the environmental engineering, which is desired to be within 10K, and the thermal comfort may be impaired. Therefore, it is considered impossible to set extreme temperatures such as wall surfaces, and under the condition that the temperature controlled surface is limited to a part of the indoor surface, the radiant cooling and heating can play only an auxiliary role.

(Issue 2 of current radiant cooling and heating: bias in heating and cooling effects)
A radiation type heating / cooling panel placed on the entire floor or ceiling can secure a relatively large solid angle with respect to the radiation surface seen from the human body, but in the case of a radiation type heating / cooling panel installed on one wall surface, Only one side of the is involved in the effect of heating and cooling, so a sense of discomfort remains and sufficient thermal comfort cannot be obtained.

(Problem 3 of current radiant cooling and heating: low response speed)
Due to its design, the existing radiant cooling and heating panels try to obtain the cooling and heating effect by radiant heat transfer, but because they cause heat conduction to air and convection of air to a greater or lesser extent, the temperature gradually cools or heats. Is done. If the heat output of the radiant cooling / heating panel etc. is sufficient, the temperature will be appropriate, and even the wall surface that is not temperature-controlled will be in equilibrium with the temperature, so that a warm and comfortable space can be realized as a whole. However, when the initial temperature of the room is high or low, it takes a long time for the radiant cooling / heating panel to reach a comfortable steady state.

  Therefore, in view of various problems as described above, the present invention efficiently reflects infrared rays radiated from a heat source in a room, and a predetermined area in the room reaches a comfortable steady state in a shorter time. An object of the present invention is to provide a reflector, an interior material including the reflector, and a radiant cooling and heating system using the interior material.

  Problem 1 can be solved if the temperatures of the wall, ceiling, and floor can be set at low cost. Here, since radiant heat transfer is considered, the temperatures of the walls, ceiling, and floor may be changed equivalently without changing the temperatures of themselves. This is illustrated by a simple experiment. In the positional relationship shown in FIG. 2, when ice is placed at the focal position of a metal hemisphere having high reflectance and the temperature of the metal hemisphere is measured by a radiation thermometer, the temperature of the metal hemisphere itself is room temperature, The reading is 0 ° C. Let us consider this by spreading this and reflecting the temperature of a cooled object or a heated object to the entire room. As shown in FIG. 3, it is assumed that the room (indicated by reference numeral R1 in FIG. 3) has a spheroidal shape, the inner surface of which has a high reflectance, and the room is cooled or heated to one focal point of the spheroid. It is assumed that the black body B is placed and the human body A is at the other focal point. When the temperature of the wall surface is measured from the human body position with a radiation thermometer, even if the inner surface of the spheroid is in equilibrium with the air temperature, the temperature of the black body B coincides with the temperature of the black body B everywhere. In principle, this makes it possible to easily control the peripheral wall average temperature, and it is thought that Problem 1 can be solved. Furthermore, the location of the human body is limited to the vicinity of the focal point of the spheroid, but the radiation temperature felt by the human body is constant in all directions, and the heating and cooling effect will not be biased. Problem 2 can also be solved in principle. Becomes Further, since the radiant temperature felt by the human body does not depend on the temperature of the reflection surface itself, the cooling response speed or the heating response speed of the black body B can be achieved without waiting for the temperature of the reflection surface itself to be cooled or warmed. If it is large, a highly responsive cooling and heating effect can be obtained. It was also found that Problem 3 can also be solved in principle.

  However, the spheroid does not fit well with the shape of an ordinary rectangular parallelepiped room. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, the reflecting surfaces having a high reflectance are arranged on the wall surface, the ceiling surface, and the floor surface of the rectangular parallelepiped room R2, and the reflecting surfaces viewed macroscopically are parallel to the wall surfaces. However, the normal line of the reflecting surface as seen microscopically is set appropriately so that the direction of radiation, that is, the direction of infrared rays is the same as in the case of a spheroid. This can be achieved with a structure known as a Fresnel mirror. A description and application examples of the Fresnel mirror can be found in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2017-102191 cited as Patent Document 1. The explanatory diagram in the document is cited as FIG. The purpose of adopting the Fresnel mirror in this document is to reflect and project the instrumentation of an automobile to infinity.

  The present invention has been arrived at through the various studies as described above, and by adopting a Fresnel mirror type structure, infrared rays are reflected in a direction to be set. By appropriately arranging the Fresnel mirror type structure that reflects infrared rays on the wall surface, ceiling surface and floor surface of a rectangular parallelepiped room, even if the room shape is a rectangular parallelepiped, the same as in the case of the spheroid. It is possible to form two focal points, and in principle, it is possible to solve the problems 1 to 3 as in the case of the spheroidal room.

  One embodiment of the present invention is a reflector for heat radiation, which includes a Fresnel mirror-type processed infrared reflective layer.

  The reflector may further include an infrared transmitting layer that transmits infrared rays and is laminated on the infrared reflecting layer. Further, the reflector may have a structure in which a sheet formed by laminating an infrared transmitting layer and an infrared reflecting layer is subjected to Fresnel mirror type processing. The infrared transparent layer may be made of an opaque or translucent resin. The infrared transmitting layer is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or polystyrene, for example. The infrared reflective layer is made of, for example, aluminum, silver or gold.

  Interior materials such as wallpaper according to an aspect of the present invention include the reflector as described above. Directionality may be imparted to the reflector. The reflector may have a structure that reflects infrared rays radiated from a heat source in the room toward other specific places in the room.

  The radiant cooling / heating system according to an aspect of the present invention is a system using the interior material as described above.

  According to the present invention, infrared rays radiated from a heat source in a room can be efficiently reflected, and a predetermined area in the room can reach a comfortable steady state in a shorter time.

6 is a graph reproduced from Non-Patent Document 1 regarding the relationship between the combination of indoor air / peripheral wall average temperature and human body exergy consumption, with the horizontal axis representing the indoor air temperature and the vertical axis representing the peripheral wall average temperature. It is a figure explaining the example of an experiment for changing temperature equivalently, without changing the temperature of the wall, the ceiling, and the floor itself. It is a figure for demonstrating the case where a room is spheroidal shape and the inner surface is high reflectance. It is a figure explaining the concept which arranges the reflective surface of high reflectance on each surface of the wall surface, ceiling surface, and floor surface of a rectangular parallelepiped room. FIG. 4 is a diagram reproduced from FIG. 3 of Patent Document 1 (an optical path diagram showing an example of a configuration and an optical path of a Fresnel mirror forming portion 10a included in the windshield 10). It is a graph explaining the spectral reflectance of aluminum, silver, and gold. It is a graph which shows the radiation spectrum of a black body. It is a graph explaining the high transmittance in the infrared region of a polyethylene thin film, a polypropylene thin film, and a polystyrene thin film. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the wallpaper for radiant cooling and heating which has an infrared reflection function. It is a figure which shows an example of the surface heating system using the far infrared rays shown by patent document 2. It is a figure explaining the case where the reflective surface is a mirror reflection which is one extreme in the surface heating system of FIG. It is a figure explaining the case where the reflective surface is diffuse reflection which is the other extreme in the surface heating system of FIG. It is a figure which shows the structural example of the interior material in Example 1 of this invention. It is a figure shown about the interior material which adhered the microporous polyethylene film on the surface, and formed the infrared penetration layer. It is a figure which shows the surface material in which the reflection formation surface and the cut back surface were formed in the back side. It is a figure showing the process of vapor-depositing aluminum on the back surface side of a surface material. It is a figure which shows the surface material in which the reflective surface protection layer was formed in the back side. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a state in which infrared rays incident from the surface side of the surface material are transmitted through the surface material of the interior material of Example 2 and are reflected and emitted at the boundary between the surface material and the reflection surface protection layer.

  A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

  FIG. 9 shows an example of the reflector that constitutes the interior material of the room. The interior material constituted by the reflector can constitute a novel radiant cooling / heating system in a room having a heat source (see FIGS. 10 to 12, etc.).

  The reflector 20 of the present embodiment includes an infrared reflection layer 22 on the surface of the interior material substrate 12 that has been subjected to Fresnel mirror processing, and an infrared transmission layer 24 laminated on the infrared reflection layer 22. In this embodiment, Fresnel mirror type processing is also applied to the surface layer of the interior material base material 12 (see FIG. 9). The reflector 20 provided on the surface layer of the interior material substrate 12 may have a structure in which a sheet formed by laminating an infrared reflection layer 22 and an infrared transmission layer 24 is subjected to Fresnel mirror type processing.

  The infrared reflective layer 22 may be formed of a material having a high reflectance for infrared rays, such as an aluminum plate. As a reference material, FIG. 6 shows the spectral reflectance of aluminum. Moreover, the radiation spectrum of a black body is shown in FIG. It can be seen that aluminum has a high reflectance for most of the infrared rays radiated by a black body from room temperature to several hundred degrees Celsius. Although FIG. 6 shows that silver or gold has a higher reflectance than aluminum, it is preferable to use aluminum from the viewpoint of material cost.

  The above-mentioned Fresnel mirrored aluminum plate can be laid on the walls, ceiling and floor of the room, but with that alone, the entire surface of the room becomes a metal reflective surface, suitable for calm living. It's hard. In consideration of this point, in the present embodiment, the infrared reflective layer 22 is laminated with, for example, an infrared transparent layer 24 made of a thin sheet material that is white and opaque in the visible range and transparent in the infrared range. As an example, the polyethylene microporous thin film has a white, semi-matt, and calm appearance, and has high transparency in the infrared region as shown in FIG. If the aluminum layer that has been subjected to the Fresnel mirror processing is covered with a polyethylene microporous thin film, it will function as an infrared reflection plate having a high reflectance with a controlled reflection direction while being white and semi-matt in appearance. As shown in FIG. 8, polypropylene thin film, polystyrene thin film, and polytetrafluoroethylene thin film also have high transparency in the infrared region, and these microporous thin films are also suitable as the cover member of the present invention.

  Infrared reflection occurs on the surface of the aluminum plate. The aluminum plate may be as thin as an aluminum foil, or may be a plate-shaped one to which an aluminum foil is attached. Further, the reflector 20 may be formed by vapor-depositing aluminum on the back surface side of the polyethylene microporous thin film.

  The sheet obtained by laminating the layer of the polyethylene microporous thin film and the layer of aluminum described above is attached to the surface of the interior material base material 12 having an appropriate thickness and flexibility to form the interior material 10 as a whole. It is preferable because it can be easily installed on walls and walls. Further, if the interior material 10 having a structure that can be retrofitted to an existing wall is configured as, for example, a wallpaper, the radiant cooling / heating system according to the present embodiment can be retrofitted and installed not only in a new building but also in an existing building. Becomes

  Further, by appropriately impregnating the dye in the pores of the polyethylene microporous thin film, the surface of the interior material 10 has a design such as a pale color or a thin pattern, while hardly disturbing the infrared reflection function of the infrared reflection layer 22. It is possible to

  It is preferable that the reflector 20 that constitutes the interior material 10 of the room is provided with directivity. In the present embodiment, the interior material 10 is configured by the reflector 20 having a structure in which infrared rays radiated from a heat source at a specific position in the room are reflected toward other specific points in the room (see FIG. 4), The specific location is an area where the spot temperature is desired to be adjusted, and more specifically, a location where residents and room users are located longer.

  According to the interior material 10 including the reflector 20 for heat radiation as described above and the radiant cooling / heating system using the interior material 10, the following advantages can be obtained.

<When applied to a dressing room adjacent to a residential toilet or bathroom>
If the heat insulation of the whole house is not sufficiently high, even if the living room or bedroom is air-conditioned, its effect is almost inferior to the toilet or dressing room. Or the whole body will be exposed. This has a risk of causing a heat shock, and according to Non-Patent Document 2, it is said that about 17,000 people die suddenly during bathing in a year in Japan due to the heat shock. In order to prevent this, there is an example in which a convection air conditioner or the like is installed in the dressing room, but it takes at least several minutes until the dressing room is sufficiently heated, so it must be started in advance. If you install a radiant stove in the toilet or dressing room, you can easily and quickly heat it.However, the heating effect is limited to only the half side where the radiant stove is located, so the effect is limited and the other side is opposite. Is not exposed to cold air and therefore does not have sufficient comfort.

  In this respect, the interior material 10 including the reflector 20 for heat radiation as described above is spread on the wall surface and ceiling surface of a changing room or toilet and combined with a highly responsive radiant stove or radiant cooler to provide directional characteristics. It is possible to realize a comfortable thermal environment with a suitable average wall temperature of the surrounding wall without any bias, without activating the radiant stove or the radiant cooler. Recent radiant heating systems have very fast response speeds of 0.2 seconds to a few seconds, and if you use this, you can quickly warm your body from almost all directions, and it is comfortable and heat The risk associated with shock can be reduced.

<Comparison with prior invention>
In the surface heating system using far infrared rays disclosed in Patent Document 2, as shown in FIG. 10, the ceiling material 38 and the wall material 40 of the room 32 in which the far infrared heater 34 is installed have a specific wavelength, for example, 3 to. The far-infrared reflecting surface 36 that reflects far-infrared rays of about 10 μm is formed, and the far-infrared ray 42 radiated from the far-infrared heater 34 into the room 32 is reflected by the far-infrared reflecting surface 36. As a result, regardless of the position of the room 32 to be heated, the radiant heat from the far infrared rays 44 reflected by the far infrared reflecting surface can be received by the whole body, and comfortable and energy efficient heating can be achieved. Is disclosed. In the invention described in the document, the optical characteristics of the reflecting surface are referred to as to the wavelength, but there is no reference to specular reflection, diffuse reflection, or eclectic reflection thereof. Here, the influence of the difference in the reflecting surface will be considered.

  FIG. 11 shows the case of specular reflection, where the reflection surface is one extreme. According to Snell's law of reflection, that the incident angle and the reflection angle are equal across the normal of the reflecting surface, most of the infrared rays emitted cannot reach the object to be heated (human body) by one reflection, and are repeatedly reflected. In the process of, you will be heating the entire room. FIG. 12 shows the case of diffuse reflection, where the reflection surface is the other extreme. According to Lambert's cosine law, infrared rays are diffused in all directions, and in this case also, the whole room is heated.

  Being able to warm the entire room with a radiant stove is a merit in one aspect, but it is inefficient when aiming for spot-like heating that warms one person, and in order to obtain a sufficient heating effect, Larger output radiant stove required, not economical

  The above-described embodiment is an example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to this, and various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

  The present inventors actually created the interior material 10 including the reflector 20 for heat radiation. This will be described below as Example 1 (see FIGS. 13 and 14).

  First, the interior material base material 12 was formed so that the surface thereof had a shape in which the reflection surface 12r and the cut-back surface 12s were continuous (see FIG. 13). Next, aluminum was vapor-deposited on the reflecting surface 12r and the cut-back surface 12s of the interior material substrate 12 to form the infrared reflecting layer 22. Then, a microporous polyethylene film was adhered to the surface of the infrared reflection layer 22 to form an infrared transmission layer (surface material) 24 (see FIG. 14). In this example, the microporous polyethylene film was adhered with an adhesive on the strip-shaped surface material adhering surface 12t formed near the reflecting surface 12r (see FIG. 13).

  The present inventors created the interior material 10 including the reflector 20 for heat radiation by a method different from that of the above-described Example 1. A second embodiment will be described below (see FIGS. 15 to 18).

  First, the back surface side (that is, the surface opposite to the surface that becomes the surface of the interior material 1) of the surface material forming the infrared transmission layer 24 is formed into a shape in which the reflection forming surface 24r and the cutback surface 24s are continuous (FIG. 15). Next, aluminum was vapor-deposited on the reflection forming surface 24r and the cut-back surface 24s on the back surface of the surface material (see FIG. 16), and further the reflective surface protective layer 26 was formed (see FIG. 17).

  In the interior material 10 of the second embodiment, the infrared rays incident from the surface side of the surface material forming the infrared transmission layer 24 are transmitted through the surface material and reflected at the boundary between the surface material and the reflective surface protection layer 26. It is emitted (see FIG. 18).

  INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is suitable for application to a reflector for heat radiation, an interior material including the reflector, and a radiant cooling and heating system using the interior material in a new construction of a house or the like, a reform of a house, or the like.

10 ... Interior material, 12 ... Interior material base material, 20 ... Reflector, 22 ... Fresnel mirror microfabricated aluminum foil (infrared reflecting layer), 24 ... Microporous polyethylene film (infrared transmitting layer)

Claims (10)

  A reflector for heat radiation that includes a Fresnel mirror type infrared reflection layer.   The reflector according to claim 1, further comprising an infrared transmitting layer which is laminated on the infrared reflecting layer and transmits infrared rays.   The reflector according to claim 2, which has a structure in which a sheet formed by laminating the infrared transmitting layer and the infrared reflecting layer is subjected to Fresnel mirror type processing.   The reflector according to claim 2, wherein the infrared transmitting layer is made of an opaque or translucent resin.   The reflector according to claim 4, wherein the infrared transmission layer is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or polystyrene.   The reflector according to claim 1, wherein the infrared reflective layer is made of aluminum, silver, or gold.   An interior material including the reflector according to claim 1.   The interior material according to claim 7, wherein directivity is imparted to the reflector.   The interior material according to claim 8, wherein the reflector has a structure that reflects infrared rays radiated from a heat source in a room toward another specific portion in the room.   A radiant cooling and heating system using the interior material according to any one of claims 7 to 9.

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