JP2020011890A - Laminated plate, defroster and mobile body - Google Patents

Abstract

To make a light reflection inconspicuous at a pattern electric conductor in a laminated plate and to improve a view through the laminated plate.SOLUTION: A laminated plate 10 includes a pair of transparent substrates 11, 12 and a pattern electric conductor 30 arranged between the transparent substrates 11, 12. The pattern electric conductor 30 includes a plurality of linear electric conductors 31. A linear electric conductor 31 includes a blackened roughened layer 38 on a surface thereof. A thickness of the blackened roughened layer 38 is 0.7 μm or more and less than 50% of a width of the linear electric conductor.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 13

Description

  The present invention relates to a plywood provided with a patterned conductor, a defroster provided with a plywood, and a moving body.

  Conventionally, a laminated plate having a patterned conductor has been widely used. This laminated plate is used, for example, for a defroster (defroster) used for a window glass of a vehicle. The energizing plate generates heat by resistance heating when the pattern conductor is energized (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2). The laminated plate applied to the window glass of the vehicle removes fogging of the window glass, melts snow and ice attached to the window glass, or evaporates water droplets attached to the window glass by raising the temperature of the pattern conductor. By doing so, the occupant's view can be secured.

JP 2013-173402 A JP-A-8-72674

  In the field of view through the conventional transparent laminated plate, a problem such as flickering may occur. The flicker is a phenomenon in which fine linear or dot light that shines brightly is visually recognized. As a result of extensive studies by the present inventors, it has been found that flicker occurs when light such as sunlight is incident on the laminated plate from the outside, and the reflected light on the pattern conductor of the laminated plate is visually recognized. Was. The occurrence of flicker impairs the view through the plywood and also distracts the observer's attention. Therefore, for example, a laminated plate used as a window glass of a moving object, especially a window glass of an automobile is a serious problem.

  The present invention has been made in view of such a point, and an object of the present invention is to make the reflection of light on a pattern conductor inconspicuous in a mating plate and to improve visibility through the mating plate.

The first laminated plate of the present invention comprises:
A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
In a state where the collimated plate is irradiated with the parallel rays, it is measured in a direction inclined by 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays on the side opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays of the laminate. Brightness, and the normal direction of the ply plate is set to the parallel light with respect to the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction of the parallel light and the direction inclined 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel light. With respect to the brightness measured at an angle θ ₁ inclined to the one side with respect to the irradiation direction of
The normalized brightness at each tilt angle θ ₁ calculated by dividing the brightness measured at each tilt angle θ ₁ by the brightness measured at the tilt angle 0 ° is the tilt angle θ with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays. _The parameters L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) with ₁ as a variable by the least squares method satisfy the following relationships (i) and (ii).
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p <1.3 (ii)

The second laminated plate of the present invention comprises:
A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
In a state where the collimated plate is irradiated with the parallel rays, it is measured in a direction inclined by 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays on the side opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays of the laminate. Brightness, and the normal direction of the ply plate is set to the parallel light with respect to the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction of the parallel light and the direction inclined 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel light. With respect to the brightness measured at an angle θ ₁ inclined to the one side with respect to the irradiation direction of
The normalized brightness at each tilt angle θ ₁ calculated by dividing the brightness measured at each tilt angle θ ₁ by the brightness measured at the tilt angle 0 ° is the tilt angle θ with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays. _The parameters L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) with ₁ as a variable by the least square method, and the arrangement density D [m / m ^{2 of the} linear conductor Satisfy the following relationships (i) and (iii).
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p /D<0.002 (iii)

The third laminated plate of the present invention comprises:
A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
The luminance measured on the side of the laminated plate opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays in a state where the laminated plate is irradiated with parallel rays from a direction inclined at 45 ° to the other side from the normal direction of the laminated plate. a is the measured in a direction that an angle theta ₂ inclined toward one side with respect to the normal direction of the laminated plate in both the normal direction of the illumination direction and the laminated plate of parallel rays about an axis perpendicular Brightness
Normalized luminance at each inclination angle theta ₂ which is calculated by dividing the measured intensity of the luminance measured at the inclined angle theta ₂ at a tilt angle of 0 °, the brightness with respect to the normal direction of the alignment plate The parameters L _2p and θ _2w obtained by fitting the following function L _2n (θ ₂ ) with the inclination angle θ ₂ of the measured direction as a variable by the least squares method are represented by the following relationship (iv). And (v).
L _2n (θ ₂ ) = L _2p exp (−2 ((θ ₂ −θ _2p ) / θ _2w ) ² ) +1
2θ _2w <16 ° (iv)
L _2p <1.85 (v)

  In the first to third laminated plates of the present invention, the linear conductor may have a blackened and roughened layer on a surface thereof.

  In the first to third laminated plates of the present invention, the thickness of the roughened blackening layer may be 0.7 μm or more and less than 50% of the width of the linear conductor.

The fourth laminated plate of the present invention comprises:
A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
The linear conductor has a blackened and roughened layer on its surface,
The thickness of the blackened and roughened layer is 0.7 μm or more and less than 50% of the width of the linear conductor.

  In the first to fourth laminated plates of the present invention, the roughened blackening layer may be porous.

  In the first to fourth laminated plates of the present invention, the blackened and roughened layer has a surface on both sides and a surface facing one of the pair of transparent substrates on the surface of the linear conductor. May be covered.

  In the first to fourth laminated plates of the present invention, at each position of the linear conductor, a ratio of a height to a line width of the linear conductor may be 0.5 or more and 1.8 or less. Good.

  In the first to fourth laminated plates of the present invention, the linear conductor includes a surface inclined with respect to a direction along a plate surface of the laminated plate and a normal direction to the plate surface of the laminated plate. You may go out.

  The defroster of the present invention includes any of the above-mentioned mating plates.

  The moving body of the present invention includes any one of the above-described mating plates or the above-described defroster.

  ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, the reflection of the light in a pattern conductor can be made inconspicuous in a laminated board, and the visibility through a laminated board can be improved.

FIG. 1 is a view for explaining one embodiment of the present invention, and is a perspective view schematically showing a moving body provided with a mating plate. In particular, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an automobile having a front window formed of a plywood as an example of a moving body. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the mating plate from the normal direction of the plate surface. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the mating plate taken along line III-III in FIG. FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the pattern conductor from the normal direction of the sheet surface, and is a plan view showing an example of the conductor. FIG. 5 is a plan view showing the patterned conductor from the normal direction of the sheet surface, and is a plan view showing another example of the conductor. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining an example of a method for manufacturing a laminated plate. FIG. 12 is an enlarged photograph showing a part of the linear conductor in the laminated plate of the present embodiment. FIG. 13 is a photograph showing one section of the linear conductor in the laminated plate of the present embodiment. FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining the operation of the laminated plate of the present invention. FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method of measuring the luminance of light reflected by the plywood. FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating another example of a method of measuring the luminance of light reflected by the bonding plate. FIG. 17 is a graph of the example showing the relationship between the luminance measured in the state of FIG. 15 and the inclination angle of the plywood. FIG. 18 is a graph of a comparative example showing the relationship between the luminance measured in the state of FIG. 15 and the inclination angle of the plywood. FIG. 19 is an enlarged photograph showing a part of a linear conductor in an example of a conventional laminated plate. FIG. 20 is an enlarged photograph showing a part of a linear conductor in another example of the conventional laminated plate. FIG. 21 is a photograph showing a cross section of a linear conductor in an example of a conventional laminated plate. FIG. 22 is a view for explaining the operation of an example of a conventional laminated plate.

  Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In the drawings attached to the present specification, the scale and the size ratio in the vertical and horizontal directions are appropriately changed and exaggerated for the sake of convenience of illustration and understanding.

  In the present specification, the terms “plate”, “sheet”, and “film” are not distinguished from each other based only on the difference in name. For example, the “sheet with a conductor” is a concept including a member that can be called a plate or a film. Therefore, the “sheet with a conductor” includes a “plate with a conductor (substrate)” or a “sheet with a conductor”. It cannot be distinguished from a member called "film" only by the difference in the name.

  The “sheet surface (plate surface, film surface)” refers to a target sheet-like member (plate-like member, plate-like member (plate-like member, plate-like member, film-like member) when viewed as a whole and globally). (A member, a film-shaped member).

  Further, in this specification, to specify the shape and geometric conditions and the degree thereof, for example, the term "parallel", "orthogonal", "identical" and the like, and the value of the length and angle, etc., strict Without being constrained by the meaning, it should be interpreted to include a range in which a similar function can be expected.

  1 to 22 are views for explaining an embodiment according to the present invention. 1 is a view schematically showing an automobile provided with a plywood, FIG. 2 is a view of the plywood viewed from a normal direction of the plate surface, and FIG. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the mating plate taken along a line III.

  As shown in FIG. 1, an automobile 1 as an example of a moving object has window glasses such as a front window, a rear window, and a side window. Here, an example in which the front window 5 is formed of the laminated plate 10 is illustrated. The combination plate 10 is used for, for example, a defroster (defrosting device), an antenna, an electromagnetic wave shield, a touch panel, and the like. Also, the vehicle 1 has a power source 7 such as a battery.

  FIG. 2 shows the laminated plate 10 viewed from the normal direction of the plate surface. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the mating plate 10 of FIG. 2 corresponding to the line III-III. In the example shown in FIG. 3, the bonding plate 10 includes a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12, a sheet 20 with a conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12, Bonding layers 13 and 14 for bonding with the body-attached sheet 20. In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the mating plate 10 is curved, but in other drawings, the mating plate 10 and the transparent substrates 11 and 12 are illustrated as flat plates for easy understanding. Is shown.

  The conductor-attached sheet 20 includes a base film 21, a pair of bus bars 25, and a patterned conductor 30 provided on a surface of the base film 21 facing one of the transparent substrates 11.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 2, the mating plate 10 has a wiring portion 15 for supplying electricity to the pattern conductor 30. In the illustrated example, power is supplied to the pattern conductor 30 of the sheet 20 with conductor from the wiring section 15 by the power supply 7 such as a battery, and the pattern conductor 30 is heated by resistance heating. The heat generated in the pattern conductor 30 is transmitted to the transparent substrates 11 and 12, and the transparent substrates 11 and 12 are heated. Thereby, it is possible to remove the fogging due to the dew condensation attached to the transparent substrates 11 and 12. If snow or ice is attached to the transparent substrates 11 and 12, the snow and ice can be melted. Therefore, the occupant's view can be ensured well. Although not shown, a switch is usually inserted (connected in series) between the power supply 7 and the bus bar 25 connected to the pattern conductor 30. Then, only when it is necessary to heat the mating plate 10, the switch is closed and the pattern conductor 30 is energized.

  Hereinafter, each component of the laminated plate 10 will be described.

  First, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 will be described. When the transparent substrates 11 and 12 are used for a front window of an automobile as in the example shown in FIG. 1, it is preferable to use a transparent substrate having a high visible light transmittance so as not to obstruct the occupant's view. Examples of the material of the transparent substrates 11 and 12 include soda lime glass and blue plate glass. Alternatively, the material of the transparent substrates 11 and 12 may be resin glass such as polycarbonate resin. The visible light transmittance of the transparent substrates 11 and 12 is preferably 90% or more. Here, the visible light transmittance of the transparent substrates 11 and 12 is measured using a spectrophotometer (“UV-3100PC” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, conforming to JIS K 0115) within a measurement wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm. Is specified as an average value of the transmittance at each wavelength. The visible light transmittance of this part may be reduced by coloring a part or the whole of the transparent substrates 11 and 12. In this case, it is possible to block direct sunlight and make it difficult to visually recognize the inside of the vehicle from outside.

  Further, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 preferably have a thickness of 1 mm or more and 5 mm or less. With such a thickness, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 having excellent strength and optical characteristics can be obtained. The pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 may be made of the same material and may be the same, or may be different from each other in at least one of the material and the configuration.

  Next, the bonding layers 13 and 14 will be described. One bonding layer 13 is arranged between the one transparent substrate 11 and the sheet 20 with a conductor, and bonds the one transparent substrate 11 and the sheet 20 with a conductor to each other. The other bonding layer 14 is arranged between the other transparent substrate 12 and the sheet 20 with a conductor, and bonds the other transparent substrate 12 and the sheet 20 with a conductor to each other.

  As such bonding layers 13 and 14, layers made of various adhesive or tacky materials can be used. In addition, it is preferable that the bonding layers 13 and 14 have high visible light transmittance. As a typical bonding layer, a layer made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) can be exemplified. It is preferable that the thickness of each of the bonding layers 13 and 14 is 0.15 mm or more and 1 mm or less. The pair of bonding layers 13 and 14 may be made of the same material and may be the same, or may be different from each other in at least one of the material and the configuration.

  The laminated plate 10 is not limited to the illustrated example, and may be provided with another functional layer expected to exhibit a specific function. In addition, one functional layer may perform two or more functions. For example, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 of the laminated plate 10, the bonding layers 13 and 14, and the base material of the conductive sheet 20 described below may be used. Some function may be provided to at least one of the films 21. Examples of functions that can be provided to the laminated plate 10 include an anti-reflection (AR) function, a hard coat (HC) function having scratch resistance, an infrared shielding (reflection) function, an ultraviolet shielding (reflection) function, and an antifouling property. Functions and the like can be exemplified.

  Next, the conductive sheet 20 will be described. The conductor-attached sheet 20 includes a base film 21, a pair of bus bars 25, and a patterned conductor 30 provided on a surface of the base film 21 facing one of the transparent substrates 11. In the present embodiment, the conductor-attached sheet 20 has substantially the same plane dimensions as the transparent substrates 11 and 12 and is disposed over the entire mating plate 10. It may be arranged only on a part of the mating plate 10, such as a part. Hereinafter, each component of the sheet 20 with a conductor will be described.

  The base film 21 functions as a base for supporting the patterned conductor 30. The base film 21 is an electrically insulating film which is generally transparent and transmits a wavelength (380 nm to 780 nm) in the visible light wavelength band. The substrate film 21 may be made of any material as long as it can transmit visible light and appropriately support the pattern conductor 30. Examples of the material include polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and cyclic polyolefin. And the like. Alternatively, the base film 21 may be made of a transparent material having an adhesive property such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB). When the base film 21 has adhesiveness, the base film 21 can bond at least one of the substrates 11 and 12 and the sheet 20 with a conductor. For this reason, when the base film 21 has adhesiveness, at least one of the bonding layers 13 and 14 may be omitted from the laminated plate 10. In addition, it is preferable that the base film 21 have a thickness of 0.03 mm or more and 0.80 mm or less in consideration of light transmittance, appropriate support of the pattern conductor 30, and the like.

  Note that “transparent” means that the base film has such a degree of transparency that one side of the base film can be seen through the other base film through the base film. %, More preferably 70% or more. The visible light transmittance was measured at a wavelength of 380 nm to 780 nm using a spectrophotometer (“UV-3100PC” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, JIS K 0115 compliant product) at each wavelength. Is specified as the average value of

  The bus bar 25 is electrically connected to the corresponding wiring section 15. The voltage of the power supply 7 connected to the wiring section 15 is applied between the pair of bus bars 25.

  Next, the pattern conductor 30 will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 4 is a plan view of the conductor-attached sheet 20 viewed from the normal direction of the sheet surface.

  The pattern conductors 30 are disposed between the pair of bus bars 25 and are electrically connected to each other so as to connect the pair of bus bars 25. The pattern conductor 30 is formed by linear conductors 31 arranged in a predetermined arrangement pattern. When a voltage is applied through the wiring portion 15 and the bus bar 25, the pattern conductor 30 generates heat by resistance heating. Then, the heat is transmitted to the transparent substrates 11 and 12 via the bonding layers 13 and 14, so that the transparent substrates 11 and 12 are warmed.

  As an arrangement pattern of the pattern conductors 30, as in the example shown in FIG. 4, the pattern conductors 30 are arranged in a mesh-like pattern in which the linear conductors 31 define a large number of opening regions 33. Can be formed by The pattern conductor 30 includes a plurality of connection elements 34 extending between the two branch points 32 and defining an open area 33. That is, the linear conductor 31 of the pattern conductor 30 is configured as a group of a plurality of connection elements 34 forming the branch point 32 at both ends.

  However, the pattern conductor 30 is not limited to the example illustrated in FIG. 4 but includes a plurality of linear conductors 31 connecting the pair of bus bars 25 as in another example illustrated in FIG. Is also good. In the example shown in FIG. 5, a plurality of linear conductors 31 are arranged with a gap 35 in one direction. Each linear conductor 31 extends in a direction non-parallel to the one direction when viewed as a whole. Each linear conductor 31 extends from one bus bar 25 to the other bus bar 25. The plurality of linear conductors 31 are arranged apart from each other in a direction non-parallel to the direction in which the linear conductors 31 extend. In particular, the plurality of linear conductors 31 are arranged in a direction orthogonal to the direction in which the linear conductors 31 extend. Thereby, a gap 35 is formed between two adjacent linear conductors 31.

The arrangement density D [m / m ² ] of the linear conductor 31 is, for example, 100 m / m ² or more and 1300 m / m ² or less. Here, the arrangement density D of the linear conductors 31 refers to the length [m] of the linear conductors 31 arranged per unit area [m ² ] in plan view of the laminated plate 10. Means the sum of In particular, when the linear conductors 31 are arranged on the entire ply plate 10 and the width W of the linear conductors 31 is constant in the entire ply plate 10, the arrangement density D of the linear conductors 31 is: It is a value obtained by dividing the area of the linear conductor 31 in plan view of the entire laminated plate 10 by the area of the laminated plate 10 and the width of the linear conductor 31 in plan view.

  Examples of a material for forming the pattern conductor 30 and the bus bar 25 include metals such as gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, palladium, indium, and tungsten; One or more alloys comprising one or more of these metals can be exemplified. The pattern conductor 30 and the bus bar 25 may be formed using the same material, or may be formed using different materials.

  The pattern conductor 30 can be formed using an opaque metal material as described above. On the other hand, the ratio of the region on the base film 21 that is not covered by the pattern conductor 30, that is, the aperture ratio is as high as about 70% or more and about 90% or less. Further, the line width of the linear conductor 31 is about 2 μm or more and 20 μm or less. For this reason, the region where the pattern conductor 30 is provided is transparently grasped as a whole, and the presence of the pattern conductor 30 does not impair the transparency of the laminated plate 10.

  In the example shown in FIG. 3, the linear conductor 31 has a trapezoidal cross section as a whole. The width W of the linear conductor 31, that is, the width W along the plate surface of the laminated plate 10 is 2 μm or more and 20 μm or less, and the height (thickness) H, that is, the normal direction to the plate surface of the laminated plate 10. Is preferably 1 μm or more and 60 μm or less. According to the linear conductor 31 having such dimensions, since the linear conductor 31 is sufficiently thinned, the pattern conductor 30 can be effectively made invisible.

  In particular, in the example shown in FIG. 3, the width of the linear conductor 31 is smaller on the side facing the base film 21 than on the side contacting the base film 21. Further, the width of the linear conductor 31 gradually decreases as the distance from the base film 21 increases. The leg in the cross section of the linear conductor 31, that is, the side surface of the linear conductor 31 is inclined with respect to the direction along the plate surface of the mating plate 10 and the normal direction to the plate surface of the mating plate 10 so that one of the legs is inclined. It faces the transparent substrate 11 side. Note that the side surface of the linear conductor 31 is not limited to a straight line as in the illustrated example in cross section, but may be a curved line.

  Further, at each position of the linear conductor 31, the ratio (H / W) of the height H to the line width W of the linear conductor 31 is preferably 0.5 or more and 1.8 or less. It is more preferably 7 or more and 1.5 or less, and further preferably 0.9 or more and 1.35 or less. The linear conductor 31 having such a dimensional ratio is easy to manufacture, and has a width that is too large with respect to the height, so that the transparency is not impaired. Further, even if the linear conductor 31 having such a dimensional ratio is observed from a direction inclined in the normal direction of the laminated plate 10, the width of the visible linear conductor 31 hardly changes. In other words, even when observed from a direction inclined in the normal direction of the laminated plate 10, the transparency is not easily impaired.

  As described above, from the viewpoint of securing the transparency of the laminated plate 10 or the visibility through the laminated plate 10, the linear shape of the pattern conductor 30 is increased so that the aperture ratio (also referred to as non-coverage ratio) is increased. The conductor 31 is formed on the base film 21. As a result, as shown in FIG. 3, the bonding layer 13 and the base film 21 of the sheet 20 with a conductor are connected to the opening region 33 of the linear conductor 31, that is, the region between the adjacent linear conductors 31. Is in contact through. That is, the pattern conductor 30 is embedded in the bonding layer 13.

  In addition, the linear conductor 31 shown in FIG. 3 is a conductive metal layer 36, a blackened and roughened layer that covers the surface facing the transparent substrate 11 and both side surfaces of the surface of the conductive metal layer 36. 38. The conductive metal layer 36 made of a metal material having excellent conductivity exhibits a relatively high reflectance. When light is reflected by the conductive metal layer 36 forming the linear conductor 31 of the pattern conductor 30, the reflected light becomes visible, and flickering may occur. Therefore, the blackened and roughened layer 38 covers the surface of the conductive metal layer 36. The blackened and roughened layer 38 is a layer having a lower visible light reflectance than the conductive metal layer 36. Specifically, the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a visible light reflectance of 15% or less, preferably 8% or less, more preferably 5% or less. Further, at least the surface of the blackened and roughened layer 38 is roughened. The blackened / roughened layer 38 having a low reflectance and a rough surface makes it difficult for the reflected light from the conductive metal layer 36 to be visually recognized, thereby suppressing flickering. In particular, according to the blackened and roughened layer 38, the occurrence of flicker can be drastically suppressed as compared with a simple dark-colored layer (blackened layer). The flicker suppressing effect of the blackened and roughened layer 38 will be described later in detail. Such a blackened and roughened layer 38 is formed as an oxide layer made of, for example, a metal oxide.

  The thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38 covering the conductive metal layer 36 is 0.7 μm or more, preferably 1.0 μm or more, and more preferably 1.3 μm or more. When the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a sufficient thickness, the reflection on the conductive metal layer 36 can be suppressed by the blackened and roughened layer 38, so that the occurrence of flicker is effectively suppressed. be able to. However, since the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a higher resistance than the conductive metal layer 36, in order to appropriately generate heat by resistance heating of the pattern conductor 30 having the linear conductor 31, the blackened and roughened layer 38 is required. It is desired that the thickness t of 38 is smaller than the width W of the linear conductor 31. Specifically, it is desired that the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38 is less than 50% of the width W of the linear conductor 31, preferably less than 40%, and more preferably less than 20%. . Note that by adjusting the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38, the resistance of the linear conductor 31 and the pattern conductor 30 can be appropriately adjusted, and the pattern conductor 30 can be appropriately heated by resistance heating. . A specific method for measuring the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38 will be described later.

  Note that the linear conductor 31 may further include a dark layer covering the surface of the conductive metal layer 36 on the side facing the base film 21. The dark layer has a lower visible light reflectance than the conductive metal layer 36. Therefore, according to the dark-colored layer, similarly to the blackened and roughened layer 38, the reflected light from the conductive metal layer 36 is hardly visually recognized, and the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed.

  Next, an example of a method for manufacturing the laminated plate 10 will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 to 11 are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing the laminated plate 10.

  First, as shown in FIG. 6, a metal film 36a for forming the conductive metal layer 36 is provided on the base film 21. As described above, the metal film 36a is made of gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, palladium, indium, tungsten, and alloys thereof, as described above as the material forming the conductive metal layer 36. It can be formed using one or more. The metal film 36a can be formed by a known method. For example, a method of attaching a metal foil such as a copper foil, a plating method including electroplating and electroless plating, a sputtering method, a CVD method, a PVD method, an ion plating method, or a method combining two or more of these methods is employed. can do.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 7, a resist pattern 41 is provided on the metal film 36a. The resist pattern 41 has a shape corresponding to the pattern conductor 30 to be formed. In the method described here, the resist pattern 41 is provided only on the portion that finally forms the pattern conductor 30. This resist pattern 41 can be formed by patterning using a known photolithography technique.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 8, using the resist pattern 41 as a mask, the metal film 36a is etched. The width of the resist pattern 41 is sufficiently larger than the width of the linear conductor 31 to be formed. Therefore, the etchant first dissolves the metal film 36a from the gap between the resist patterns 41. Then, the etchant penetrates into the dissolved metal film 36a and dissolves the metal film 36a in the direction along the base film 21, as indicated by the arrow A in FIG. That is, the etching proceeds from the side of the metal film 36a. By this etching, the metal film 36a is patterned into a pattern substantially the same as the resist pattern 41. As a result, a conductive metal layer 36 that forms a part of the linear conductor 31 is formed from the patterned metal film 36a.

  The etching method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be employed. Known methods include, for example, wet etching using an etchant, plasma etching, and the like. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 9, the resist pattern 41 is removed.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 10, a blackened and roughened layer 38 is formed on the surface 31a of the conductive metal layer 36 opposite to the surface 31b facing the base film 21 and on the side surfaces 31c and 31d. The blackened and roughened layer 38 can be provided, for example, by immersing the conductive metal layer 36 provided on the base film 21 in a mixed solution of an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The concentration of sodium chlorite in the mixture is preferably 9% or more, more preferably 14% or more. Further, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the mixed solution is preferably 1.5% or more, more preferably 2% or more. The temperature of the mixture is, for example, 50 ° C. The time for immersing the base film 21 provided with the conductive metal layer 36 in the mixed solution is preferably 3 minutes or more and 20 minutes or less.

  Finally, as shown in FIG. 11, the bonding layer 13 and the transparent substrate 11 are laminated from the side of the patterned conductor 30, and the sheet 20 with the conductor and the transparent substrate 11 are joined. Similarly, the bonding layer 14 and the transparent substrate 12 are stacked from the side of the base film 21, and the sheet 20 with a conductor and the transparent substrate 12 are bonded. Thereby, the laminated plate 10 shown in FIG. 3 is manufactured.

  When a dark layer covering the surface of the conductive metal layer 36 that faces the base film 21 is provided, the dark layer is formed of the base film 21 of the metal film 36 a provided on the base film 21. It is formed by blackening the side surface. Alternatively, the dark-colored layer may be formed by providing a dark-colored film on the base film 21 so as to form the dark-colored layer, and etching the dark-colored layer together with the metal film 36a. Such a dark color film can be provided by, for example, a plating method including electroplating and electroless plating, a sputtering method, a CVD method, a PVD method, an ion plating method, or a method combining two or more of these. As the material of the dark color film, various known materials can be used. For example, copper nitride, copper oxide, nickel nitride and the like can be exemplified.

  By the way, as described above, flicker may occur in the field of view through the conventional transparent plate. The flicker has been caused by the fact that when light is incident on the laminated plate from the outside, the reflected light from the pattern conductor of the laminated plate is strongly recognized. Since flicker deteriorates the field of view through the laminated plate, it has been an issue to suppress the occurrence of flicker. Therefore, in order to suppress the occurrence of flicker, the linear conductor forming the pattern conductor is provided so as to have a low-reflection dark layer (blackening layer) on its surface, and the Reduction of reflection has been performed. However, the present inventors have confirmed that even if a dark layer is provided on the surface of the linear conductor, it is not possible to sufficiently reduce the reflection of light on the pattern conductor, and in the field of view through the laminated plate. , Flickering still occurred. Therefore, the present inventors have repeatedly studied, the linear conductor forming the pattern conductor, the surface is not a simple dark layer of low reflectivity, but a roughened dark layer having light diffusivity, that is, It has been found that the occurrence of flicker can be reduced by having the blackened and roughened layer.

  FIG. 19 is an enlarged photograph showing the surface of the linear conductor 131 composed of only the conductive metal layer 136. FIG. 20 is an enlarged photograph showing the surface of the linear conductor 131 having a dark layer on the surface. As shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, the surface of each linear conductor 131 is hardly roughened. FIG. 21 is a photograph showing a cross section of the linear conductor 131 composed only of the conductive metal layer 136 shown in FIG. In FIG. 21, a black portion around the linear conductor 131 (conductive metal layer 136) is a base film and an epoxy resin described later provided for observing the cross section. From the cross section of the linear conductor 131 shown in FIG. 21, it is understood that the surface of the linear conductor 131 is hardly roughened.

  The conventional linear conductor 131 as shown in FIG. 21 has almost no surface roughening and is almost flat, so that external light L21 is reflected by the linear conductor 131 as shown in FIG. When they are done, they head in almost the same direction. Therefore, in the field of view through the bonding plate 110, reflected light of light from the outside can be strongly observed. That is, flicker occurs in the field of view through the mating plate 110 due to light from the outside, which hinders the field of view. In particular, since the flicker is caused by reflection on the pattern conductor of the laminated plate, it can strongly occur in a specific direction determined by the angle between the incident direction of light from the outside and the normal direction of the laminated plate.

  On the other hand, FIG. 12 is an enlarged photograph showing the surface of the linear conductor 31 having the blackened and roughened layer 38 on the surface of the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 12, the surface of the linear conductor 31 of the present embodiment is roughened and has irregularities as compared with the conventional linear conductor 131 shown in FIGS. 19 and 20. Standing out. FIG. 13 is a photograph showing a cross section of the linear conductor 31 of the present embodiment. In FIG. 13, a black portion around the linear conductor 31 (the conductive metal layer 36 and the blackened / roughened layer 38) is provided for observing the base film 21 and the cross section, which will be described later. Epoxy resin. It is understood from the cross section of the linear conductor 31 shown in FIG. 13 that the surface of the linear conductor 31 is roughened.

  Since the surface of the linear conductor 31 of the present embodiment is roughened, light L15 from the outside diffuses in various directions when reflected by the linear conductor 31, as shown in FIG. Is done. Therefore, in the field of view through the mating plate 10, the reflected light of the light from the outside becomes strong in a specific direction and is hard to be visually recognized. This makes it difficult for flicker to occur in the field of view through the mating plate 10, and can maintain a good field of view.

  The blackened and roughened layer 38 is preferably in a porous shape (porous shape) as shown in FIGS. Since the blackened and roughened layer 38 is porous, elongated portions extending in various directions are easily formed on the roughened surface of the linear conductor 31 as shown in FIG. Light incident on the elongated portion is reflected in various directions. Therefore, when the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a porous shape, the reflected light of the light from the outside is hardly visually recognized in a specific direction, and flickering is less likely to occur in the field of view through the laminated plate 10.

  When the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a sufficient thickness, the surface of the linear conductor 31 is sufficiently roughened, and external light can be diffusely reflected in various directions. Therefore, it is considered that flicker hardly occurs in the field of view through the mating plate 10. The present inventors have confirmed that when the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38 is 0.7 μm or more, the occurrence of flicker in the field of view through the laminated plate 10 is suppressed, and the thickness is 1.0 μm or more. In the case of, the occurrence of flicker was remarkably suppressed, and when it was 1.3 μm or more, almost no flicker occurred.

  Here, the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38 can be measured by observing the cross section of the linear conductor 31 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or the like. The cross section of the linear conductor 31 that can be observed with a scanning electron microscope can be obtained by, for example, shaving the linear conductor 31 protected with an epoxy resin using an ion milling method. The image of the cross section of the linear conductor 31 shown in FIG. 13 is obtained by using a scanning electron microscope (JEOL JSM-7800F) obtained by using an ion milling apparatus (E-3500 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). (Prime) at a magnification of 5000 times. The observation conditions with a scanning electron microscope were an acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of 15 mm.

  Binarization processing is performed on the observed gradation of the image of the cross section of the linear conductor 31 with reference to a specific threshold. For example, the brightest part of the image is defined as 100%, the darkest part is defined as 0%, and the brightness of the other parts is defined as 0 to 100%. A black-and-white binarization process is performed on an image of a cross section of the linear conductor 31 with black portions being 20% to 80% and white portions being 0% to 20% and 80% to 100%. In the binarized image, the blackened and roughened layer 38 becomes black, and the conductive metal layer 36 and the epoxy resin become white. Therefore, the boundary between the conductive metal layer 36 and the roughened blackening layer 38 can be defined. By measuring the width of the black portion of the binarized image, the thickness of the blackened and roughened layer 38 can be measured. Specifically, 20 measurement positions are provided at regular intervals along the boundary between the conductive metal layer 36 and the blackened and roughened layer 38 in the height (thickness) direction of the linear conductor 31, and each measurement position is set. Measure the width of the black part at the location. The average of the measured widths of the black portions at 20 locations can be defined as the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer 38.

As a result of repeated studies by the present inventors, as an example, as shown in FIG. 15, the flicker is caused by arranging the light source 51 so as to irradiate the parallel beam to the mating plate 10 and irradiating the parallel beam of the mating plate 10. The luminance in a direction d3 inclined 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light beam on the side opposite to the irradiation side d1 could be evaluated by measuring with the luminance meter 52. The measurement of the luminance by the luminance meter 52 is performed in a state in which the parallel beam is radiated to the laminated plate 10 in both the parallel beam irradiation direction d1 and the direction d3 inclined by 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the parallel beam irradiation direction d1. This is performed while the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10 is inclined at an angle θ ₁ [°] to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light with respect to the axis perpendicular to the axis (that is, the direction of the paper of FIG. 15). Measurement of luminance, the position of the light source 51 and the luminance meter 52 is fixed, it is performed by changing only the inclination angle theta ₁ of the mating plate 10.

The measurement of brightness, for example, on the basis of the sampling theorem is carried out while finely changing the inclination angle theta _1. Especially, when the brightness to be measured has a peak in the vicinity of the inclination angle theta ₁ which indicates a peak, while sufficiently to finely change the inclination angle theta _1, it is preferable that the measurement of the brightness is performed.

The luminance measured at each inclination angle θ ₁ of the laminated plate 10 is normalized so that the luminance when the inclination angle θ ₁ is 0 ° is 1. That is, the luminance measured at each inclination angle θ ₁ is divided by the luminance when the inclination angle θ ₁ is 0 °. Thus, to obtain the light intensity of the light source 51, without the influence of the distance and the like between the distance and combined plate 10 and the luminance meter 52 with mating plate 10 and light source 51, the luminance normalized dependent only on the angle of inclination theta ₁ be able to.

The light measured by the luminance meter 52 includes light reflected from the light source 51 by the linear conductor 31 and light scattered by the transparent substrates 11 and 12 of the laminated plate 10. The light reflected by the linear conductor 31 is considered to be reflected so as to have a peak in a certain direction. Therefore, the distribution of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 can be approximated by a normal distribution having a peak at the inclination angle _θ1p corresponding to the direction. Light incident on the transparent substrates 11 and 12, etc., the inclination angle theta ₁ is highest at the 0 °, decreases as the inclination angle theta ₁ is increased, the cosine angle of inclination theta ₁ is zero when the 90 ° Expressed by a function. Also, the magnitude of the scattered light is considered to be proportional to the magnitude of the incident light. Therefore, the distribution of light scattered by the transparent substrates 11, 12 and the like can be approximated by the distribution of the cosine function.

From the above, the normalized brightness obtained by normalizing the brightness measured by the brightness meter 52 is approximated by the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) using the parameters L _1p , θ _1w , and θ _1p. Can be.
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
Here, the parameters L _1p , θ _1w , and θ _1p are the normalized squares obtained by normalizing the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52 at each inclination angle θ ₁ by the least square method with respect to the function L _1n (θ ₁ ). Can be obtained by fitting.

The parameter θ _1w represents a half width at which the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 becomes exp (−2) times the peak value. In other words, twice the parameter θ _1w indicates the width of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31. The flicker in the field of view via the matching plate 10 occurs when the reflected light is strongly recognized in a specific direction. Therefore, the direction in which the reflected light is strongly recognized is narrowed, so that the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed. Specifically, the linear conductor 31 width 2 [Theta] _{1 w} of the peak of light reflected by and satisfy the following relationships (i), it was confirmed that occurrence of flickering is suppressed.
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)

The parameter _L1p represents the intensity at the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31. When expressed by luminance, it has a correlation with the intensity of flickering when the laminated plate 10 on which the linear conductors 31 are arranged is viewed as a planar light source. The flicker in the field of view via the matching plate 10 occurs when the reflected light is strongly recognized in a specific direction. Therefore, when the parameter _L1p is small, the reflected light in a specific direction is weak, and the occurrence of flicker is suppressed. Specifically, it has been confirmed that when the parameter L _1p satisfies the following relationship (ii), the occurrence of flicker is suppressed.
L _1p <1.3 (ii)

A value L _1p / D obtained by dividing the parameter L _1p by D is a peak of light reflected by the linear conductor 31 per the total length of the linear conductors 31 arranged per unit area. Represents the strength of That is, the linear conductor 31 has a correlation with the intensity of flicker when viewed as a linear light source. Here, D means the arrangement density [m / m ² ] of the linear conductor 31 described above. When L _1p / D is small, the occurrence of flicker is suppressed. Specifically, it was confirmed that when L _1p / D satisfied the following relationship (iii), the occurrence of flicker was suppressed.
L _1p /D<0.002 (iii)

In addition, as another example, as shown in FIG. 16, the flicker is applied to the laminated plate 10 by irradiating the collimated plate 10 with parallel rays from a direction inclined 45 ° from the normal direction of the laminated plate 10 to the other side opposite to the one side d2. The light source 51 was arranged so as to perform the evaluation, and the luminance on the side of the laminated plate 10 opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays could be evaluated by measuring with the luminance meter 52. The measurement of the luminance by the luminance meter 52 is performed by irradiating the collimated plate 10 with the parallel light, and measuring the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light and the normal direction nd of the laminated plate 10 (that is, the direction of the paper surface of FIG. 16). ) it is carried out at a position where the luminance meter 52 to one side d2 is the angle theta ₂ inclined with respect to the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10 around the. Measurement of luminance, the inclination angle of the light source 51 and combined plates are fixed and carried out by changing only the inclination angle theta ₂ of the luminometer 52 with respect to the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10.

The measurement of brightness, for example, on the basis of the sampling theorem is carried out while finely changing the inclination angle theta _2. Especially, when the brightness to be measured has a peak in the vicinity of the inclination angle theta ₂ which indicates a peak, while sufficiently to finely vary the inclination angle theta _2, it is preferable that the measurement of the brightness is performed.

The luminance measured at each inclination angle θ ₂ of the luminance meter 52 is normalized so that the luminance when the inclination angle θ ₂ is 0 ° is 1. That is, the measured brightness in the inclined angle theta _2, the inclination angle theta ₂ is divided by the luminance when the 0 °. Thus, the light intensity of the light source 51, without the influence of the distance and the like between the distance and combined plate 10 and the luminance meter 52 with mating plate 10 and light source 51, the luminance was that the normalized depending only on the inclination angle theta ₂ Obtainable.

The light measured by the luminance meter 52 includes light reflected from the light source 51 by the linear conductor 31 and light scattered by the transparent substrates 11 and 12 of the laminated plate 10. The light reflected by the linear conductor 31 is considered to be reflected so as to have a peak in a certain direction. Therefore, the distribution of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 can be approximated by a normal distribution having a peak at the inclination angle _θ2p corresponding to the direction. When the light scattered by the transparent substrates 11 and 12 and the like are considered to be uniformly scattered, the light distribution is constant.

From the above, the normalized brightness obtained by normalizing the brightness measured by the brightness meter 52 is approximated by the following function L _2n (θ ₂ ) using the parameters L _2p , θ _2w , and θ _2p. Can be.
L _2n (θ ₂ ) = L _2p exp (−2 ((θ ₂ −θ _2p ) / θ _2w ) ² ) +1
Here, the parameters L _2p , θ _2w , and θ _2p are obtained by using the least squares method with respect to a function L _2n (θ ₂ ) by using a normalized luminance obtained by normalizing the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52 at each inclination angle θ _2. Can be obtained by fitting.

The parameter θ _2w represents a half width at which the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 becomes exp (−2) times the peak value. In other words, twice the parameter θ _2w indicates the width of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31. The flicker in the field of view via the matching plate 10 occurs when the reflected light is strongly recognized in a specific direction. Therefore, the direction in which the reflected light is strongly recognized is narrowed, so that the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed. Specifically, the width 2 [Theta] _2w of the peak of light reflected at the linear conductors 31 and satisfy the following relationships (iv), it was confirmed that occurrence of flickering is suppressed.
2θ _2w <16 ° (iv)

The parameter _L2p represents the intensity at the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31. The flicker in the field of view via the matching plate 10 occurs when the reflected light is strongly recognized in a specific direction. Therefore, when the parameter _L2p is small, the reflected light in a specific direction is weak, and the occurrence of flicker is suppressed. Specifically, it has been confirmed that when the parameter _L2p satisfies the following relationship (v), the occurrence of flicker is suppressed.
L _2p <1.85 (v)

  Since the conventional linear conductor 131 as shown in FIGS. 19 to 22 does not have the blackened and roughened layer having low reflectivity and light diffusion, the light reflected by the linear conductor 131 is diffused. Hateful. Therefore, for the light reflected by the linear conductor 131, it is difficult to reduce the overall variation in luminance and the change in the overall size, and the width of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 and the linear conductivity The intensity of the light reflected by the body 31 at the peak is unlikely to decrease. That is, it was difficult to satisfy the relations (i) to (v) in the conventional laminated plate.

  On the other hand, since the linear conductor 31 of the present embodiment as shown in FIGS. 12 to 14 has the blackened and roughened layer 38 having low reflection and light diffusion properties on its surface, Since the thickness t of the layer 38 is 0.7 μm or more, preferably 1.0 μm or more, and more preferably 1.3 μm or more, not only the reflection of light from the outside on the linear conductor 31 is reduced, but also The light reflected by the linear conductor 31 can be diffused. Therefore, the width of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 and the intensity of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 can be reduced. That is, in the laminated plate of the present embodiment, it is possible to satisfy the relationships (i) to (v). This can be understood from examples and comparative examples described later.

  In addition, since the surface of the linear conductor 31 is roughened, local heating of the laminated plate 10 is avoided by radiation from the surface of the linear conductor 31 to uniformly heat the laminated plate 10. Meanwhile, heat can be transmitted to the transparent substrates 11 and 12. In other words, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 can efficiently generate heat. Furthermore, since the surface of the linear conductor 31 is blackened, radiation from the surface of the linear conductor 31 can be promoted. Therefore, heat is efficiently transmitted to the transparent substrates 11 and 12 while uniformly heating the laminated plate 10 by effectively avoiding local heating of the laminated plate 10 by radiation from the surface of the linear conductor 31. Can be done. In other words, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 can generate heat more efficiently.

  In the present embodiment, linear conductor 31 includes a side surface that is a surface that is inclined with respect to a direction along the plate surface of mating plate 10 and a normal direction to the plate surface of mating plate 10. . The heat radiated from the linear conductor 31 is emitted in a substantially normal direction on the surface of the linear conductor 31. Therefore, the heat transmitted by the radiation from the side surface of the linear conductor 31 is easily directed to the transparent substrates 11 and 12. That is, heat is easily transmitted to the transparent substrates 11 and 12.

  In particular, since the inclined side surface of the linear conductor 31 is covered with the blackened and roughened layer 38, radiation from the side surface of the linear conductor 31 is promoted, and heat is efficiently applied to the transparent substrates 11 and 12. Can be transmitted. In other words, the transparent substrates 11 and 12 can generate heat more efficiently.

  In addition, in the step of disposing the pattern conductor 30 supported by the base film 21 between the transparent substrates 11 and 12 and joining the sheet with conductor 20 and the transparent substrates 11 and 12, the linear conductor 31 In the case where the pattern conductor 30 is embedded in the bonding layer 13, when the legs of the cross section of FIG. It is possible to effectively prevent air or the like from entering between the conductor 13 and the pattern conductor 30. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the field of view through the mating plate 10 from being deteriorated by the bubbles. In addition, it is possible to effectively suppress that the bonding layer 13 that has come into contact with the air is oxidized and yellowed, and that the pattern conductor 30 that has been in contact with the air is oxidized and the conductivity is reduced.

As described above, the laminated plate 10 of the present embodiment is a laminated plate including the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 and the pattern conductor 30 disposed between the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12. , The pattern conductor 30 includes a plurality of linear conductors 31, and in a state where the parallel beam is irradiated on the laminated plate 10, the irradiation direction of the parallel beam is opposite to the side of the laminated plate 10 which is irradiated with the parallel beam. The luminance measured in a direction d3 inclined at 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to d1, and the irradiation direction d1 of parallel rays and the direction d3 inclined at 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of parallel rays. The luminance measured by tilting the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10 about the axis perpendicular to both of them to the one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel rays by an angle θ _{1 with} respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light is measured at each inclination angle θ ₁ Measured luminance at an inclination angle of 0 ° Normalized luminance at each inclination angle theta ₁ which is calculated by dividing the brightness, for the following functions L _1n whose variable angle of inclination theta ₁ with respect to the irradiation direction d1 parallel rays _{(theta 1)} , L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting by the least square method satisfy the following relationships (i) and (iii).
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p <1.3 (ii)
According to such a combined plate 10, the width 2 [Theta] _{1 w} of the peak of light reflected by the linear conductors 31 is sufficiently small, the strength at the peak of light that and reflected by the linear conductors 31 It is small enough. Therefore, reflected light is hardly observed in a specific direction, and the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed.

Further, the laminated plate 10 according to the present embodiment is a laminated plate including a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 and a pattern conductor 30 disposed between the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12. The body 30 includes a plurality of linear conductors 31, and in a state where the parallel beam is irradiated on the laminated plate 10, on the side opposite to the side of the laminated plate 10 that is irradiated with the parallel beam, with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel beam. The luminance measured in a direction d3 inclined 70 ° to one side d2, in both the irradiation direction d1 of parallel rays and the direction d3 inclined 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of parallel rays. luminance measured by the angle theta ₁ is inclined to one side d2 to the normal direction nd relative to the irradiation direction d1 parallel rays combined plate 10 about a vertical axis, the luminance measured at the angle of inclination theta ₁ Was measured at a tilt angle of 0 ° Normalized luminance at each inclination angle theta ₁ which is calculated by dividing in degrees, for the following functions L _{1n (θ 1)} to the variable angle of inclination theta ₁ with respect to the irradiation direction of the collimated light, Least The parameters L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting by the multiplication method and the arrangement density D [m / m ² ] of the linear conductor 31 satisfy the following relationships (i) and (iii).
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p /D<0.002 (iii)
According to such a laminated board 10, the peak width 2θ _1w of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 is sufficiently small, and the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 on the entire laminated board 10 is The intensity at the peak is sufficiently small. Therefore, reflected light is hardly observed in a specific direction, and the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed.

Further, the laminated plate 10 of the present embodiment is a laminated plate including a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 and a pattern conductor 30 disposed between the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12, The body 30 includes a plurality of linear conductors 31 and irradiates a parallel beam to the mating plate 10 from a direction inclined 45 ° from the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10 to the other side opposite to the one side d2. The luminance measured on the opposite side of the laminated plate 10 from the side irradiated with the parallel rays, and centered on the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel rays and the normal direction nd of the laminated board 10 on one side the luminance measured at the angle theta ₂ direction inclined by the d2, luminance measured brightness measured at each tilt angle theta ₂ at a tilt angle of 0 ° with respect to the normal direction nd of the mating plate 10 as With each inclination angle θ ₂ calculated by dividing Is fitted to the following function L _2n (θ ₂ ) using the inclination angle θ _{2 of the} direction in which the luminance is measured with respect to the normal direction nd of the laminated plate 10 as a variable by the least square method. The parameters L _2p and θ _2w obtained by satisfy the following relationships (iv) and (v).
L _2n (θ ₂ ) = L _2p exp (−2 ((θ ₂ −θ _2p ) / θ _2w ) ² ) +1
2θ _2w <16 ° (iv)
L _2p <1.85 (v)
According to such a laminated plate 10, the width 2θ _2w of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 is sufficiently small, and the intensity of the peak of the light reflected by the linear conductor 31 is reduced. It is small enough. Therefore, reflected light is hardly observed in a specific direction, and the occurrence of flicker can be suppressed.

  Further, the laminated plate 10 according to the present embodiment is a laminated plate including a pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12 and a pattern conductor 30 disposed between the pair of transparent substrates 11 and 12. The body 30 includes a plurality of linear conductors 31. The linear conductor 31 has a blackened and roughened layer 38 on its surface, and the blackened and roughened layer 38 has a thickness of 0.7 μm or more. And less than 50% of the width W of the linear conductor 31. According to such a laminated plate 10, the surface of the linear conductor 31 is blackened by 0.7 μm or more to reduce the reflection of light from the outside on the surface of the linear conductor 31. By roughening the surface of the conductor 31 by 0.7 μm or more, external light can be diffusely reflected in various directions. Since the linear conductor 31 has the blackened and roughened layer 38 having a thickness of 0.7 μm or more on its surface, the reflected light from the linear conductor 31 is hardly visually recognized in a specific direction, and the laminated plate 10 Can be made less likely to occur in the field of view through the camera. Further, since the thickness of the blackened and roughened layer 38 is less than 50% of the width W of the linear conductor 31, the pattern conductor 30 having the linear conductor 31 can be appropriately heated by resistance heating. .

  Note that various changes can be made to the above-described embodiment.

  In the above-described embodiment, the example in which the laminated plate 10 includes the conductive sheet 20 having the base film 21 has been described. However, the laminated plate 10 is peeled off in the manufacturing process. The base film 21 may not be provided therein. In this case, the whole of the laminated plate 10 can be made thinner and lighter. Further, the heat generated from the pattern conductor 30 can be transferred to the entire mating plate 10 more quickly.

  In the above-described embodiment, an example is shown in which the mating plate 10 is formed in a curved shape, but the present invention is not limited to this example, and the mating plate 10 may be formed in a flat shape.

  The laminated plate 10 may be used as a defroster for a rear window, a side window, or a sunroof of the automobile 1. Further, it may be used for a transparent portion of a window or a door of a moving body other than an automobile, such as a railway vehicle, a construction machine, an aircraft, a ship, and a spacecraft.

  Further, the plywood 10 is not only a movable body but also a part that separates the interior and the exterior, for example, a transparent part of a window or a door of a building or a store, a house, a window or a door of a building, a refrigerator, a display box, a cupboard, and the like. Can be used for transparent parts of windows or doors of storage or storage facilities.

  The laminated plate 10 may be used for applications other than the defroster, for example, as a heater or the like. For applications other than the defroster, the laminated plate 10 can be used for a transparent portion such as a window of a moving body such as an automobile or a window of a building.

  Although some modifications to the above-described embodiment have been described above, it is needless to say that a plurality of modifications may be appropriately combined and applied.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

  As Examples 1 to 3, Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1, laminated plates having a linear conductor having a blackened and roughened layer as shown in FIG. 12 on its surface were prepared. In Examples 1 to 3, Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1, the thickness of the blackened and roughened layer is different. Further, as Comparative Examples 2 and 3, laminated plates having a dark layer in which the surface of the linear conductor was not roughened as shown in FIG. 20 were prepared. In Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the arrangement density D of the linear conductor is different. Further, as Comparative Examples 4 and 5, laminated plates in which the linear conductors consisted only of the conductive metal layer as shown in FIG. 19 were prepared. In Comparative Examples 4 and 5, the arrangement density D of the linear conductors is different.

For each Example, Comparative Example and Reference Example, as shown in FIG. 15, the light source 51 is arranged so as to irradiate the parallel beam to the ply, and the ply is parallel on the side opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel light. The luminance in a direction d3 inclined 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the light beam was measured by the luminance meter 52. The measurement of the luminance by the luminance meter 52 is centered on the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light beam and the axis perpendicular to the direction d3 inclined 70 ° to one side d2 with respect to the irradiation direction d1 of the parallel light beam (that is, the paper surface direction in FIG. 15). the combined plate normal direction nd angle theta ₁ is inclined to one side d2 to the irradiation direction d1 parallel rays were performed.

Each example, the luminance measured at the inclination angle theta ₁ of the laminated plate of Comparative Example and Reference Example, the inclination angle theta ₁ is standardized so that the brightness becomes 1 when the 0 °. That is, the luminance measured at each inclination angle θ ₁ is divided by the luminance when the inclination angle θ ₁ is 0 °. Accordingly, each of Examples and Comparative Examples and Reference Examples, it is possible to obtain a luminance normalized dependent only on the angle of inclination theta _1. The luminance obtained by standardizing the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52 can be approximately expressed by the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) using the parameters L _1p , θ _1w , and θ _1p .
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁

For each example, comparative example, and reference example, the normalized luminance obtained by normalizing the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52 at each inclination angle θ ₁ is fitted to the function L _1n (θ ₁ ) by the least square method. , Parameters L _1p and θ _1w were obtained. Examples 1-3, 17 a graph of normalized luminance of each inclination angle theta ₁ of Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1, Figure a graph of normalized luminance of each inclination angle theta ₁ of Comparative Example 2-5 18 Are shown below. Also, the parameter L _1p which is the intensity of the peak of the reflected light from the linear conductor, the peak width 2θ _1w which is twice the parameter θ _1w , the arrangement density D of the linear conductor, and the entire laminated plate The intensity L _1p / D at the peak of the reflected light from the linear conductor of Examples 1 to 3, Comparative Example 1 and Reference Example 1 is shown in Table 1 below, and Comparative Examples 2 to 5 are shown below. Is shown in Table 2 below. In addition, about the Example, the reference example, and the comparative example, the presence or absence of generation of flicker was visually confirmed. In Tables 1 and 2 below, A was used for those in which no flicker was visually observed, B was used for those in which no noticeable flicker was visually observed, and B was visually observed. Those for which occurrence has been confirmed are marked with C, respectively. Further, for Examples 1 to 3, Reference Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, the following were also applied to the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer and the ratio t / W of the blackened and roughened layer to the width of the linear conductor. It is shown in Table 1.

As is clear from FIGS. 17 and 18, in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and 5, when the parallel rays are incident on the plywood at a specific angle, a broad peak is observed in the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52. Had occurred. As described in Tables 1 and 2, in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and 5, the peak width 2θ _1w of the reflected light from the linear conductor is 16 ° or more. Further, in Comparative Examples 2 and 4, when the parallel rays were incident on the laminated plate at a specific angle, a large peak occurred in the luminance measured by the luminance meter 52. As described in Table 2, in Comparative Examples 2 and 4, the parameter _L1p , which is the intensity at the peak of the reflected light from the linear conductor, is 1.3 or more. In Comparative Example 3-5, a value of the parameter L _1p divided by D, is a value indicating the strength at the peak of the reflected light at the linear conductors of the whole mating plate L _{1p /} D Is 0.002 or more. This means that reflected light of light incident on the laminated plate at a specific angle is observed bright in a specific direction. That is, it is considered that flicker occurs in the laminated plates of Comparative Examples 1 to 5. Actually, in the laminated plates of Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the occurrence of flicker was visually confirmed.

On the other hand, as is apparent from FIG. 17, in Examples 1 to 3 and Reference Example 1, a broad peak or a large luminance peak did not occur with respect to the angle of incidence of the parallel rays on the plywood 10. As described in Table 1, in Examples 1 to 3 and Reference Example 1, the peak width 2θ _1w of the reflected light from the linear conductor is less than 16 °, and the linear conductor The parameter L _1p, which is the intensity at the peak of the reflected light at, is less than 1.3, and L _1p / indicating the intensity at the peak of the reflected light on the linear conductor over the entire laminated plate. D is less than 0.002. This means that the light incident on the laminated plate is not observed brightly in a specific direction. That is, it is considered that the occurrence of flicker is suppressed in the laminated plates of Examples 1 to 3 and Reference Example 1. Actually, with the laminated plates of Examples 1 to 3 and Reference Example 1, occurrence of flicker was not visually confirmed.

  Although the occurrence of flickering can be suppressed in the laminated plate of Reference Example 1, the thickness t of the blackened and roughened layer and the ratio t / W of the blackened and roughened layer to the width of the linear conductor are 50%. % Or more. For this reason, the resistance of the linear conductor becomes too large, and the patterned conductor having the linear conductor cannot be appropriately heated. Therefore, it is difficult to use the laminated plate of Reference Example 1 for applications such as a defroster.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Automobile 5 Front window 7 Power supply 10 Matching plate 11 Transparent substrate 12 Transparent substrate 13 Joining layer 14 Joining layer 15 Wiring section 20 Sheet with conductor 21 Base film 25 Bus bar 30 Pattern conductor 31 Linear conductor 32 Branch point 33 Opening Region 34 connection element 36 conductive metal layer 38 blackened and roughened layer 51 light source 52 luminance meter

Claims (12)

A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
In a state where the collimated plate is irradiated with the parallel rays, it is measured in a direction inclined by 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays on the side opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays of the laminate. Brightness, and the normal direction of the ply plate is set to the parallel light with respect to the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction of the parallel light and the direction inclined 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel light. With respect to the brightness measured at an angle θ ₁ inclined to the one side with respect to the irradiation direction of
The normalized brightness at each tilt angle θ ₁ calculated by dividing the brightness measured at each tilt angle θ ₁ by the brightness measured at the tilt angle 0 ° is the tilt angle θ with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays. _The parameters L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) with ₁ as a variable by the least squares method satisfy the following relationships (i) and (ii). Board.
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p <1.3 (ii) A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
In a state where the collimated plate is irradiated with the parallel rays, it is measured in a direction inclined by 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays on the side opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays of the laminate. Brightness, and the normal direction of the ply plate is set to the parallel light with respect to the axis perpendicular to both the irradiation direction of the parallel light and the direction inclined 70 ° to one side with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel light. With respect to the brightness measured at an angle θ ₁ inclined to the one side with respect to the irradiation direction of
The normalized brightness at each tilt angle θ ₁ calculated by dividing the brightness measured at each tilt angle θ ₁ by the brightness measured at the tilt angle 0 ° is the tilt angle θ with respect to the irradiation direction of the parallel rays. _The parameters L _1p and θ _1w obtained by fitting the following function L _1n (θ ₁ ) with ₁ as a variable by the least square method, and the arrangement density D [m / m ^{2 of the} linear conductor And the following relations (i) and (iii) are satisfied.
L _1n (θ ₁ ) = L _1p exp (−2 ((θ ₁ −θ _1p ) / θ _1w ) ² ) + cos θ ₁
2θ _1w <16 ° (i)
L _1p /D<0.002 (iii) A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
The luminance measured on the side of the laminated plate opposite to the side irradiated with the parallel rays in a state where the laminated plate is irradiated with parallel rays from a direction inclined at 45 ° to the other side from the normal direction of the laminated plate. a is the measured in a direction that an angle theta ₂ inclined toward one side with respect to the normal direction of the laminated plate in both the normal direction of the illumination direction and the laminated plate of parallel rays about an axis perpendicular Brightness
Normalized luminance at each inclination angle theta ₂ which is calculated by dividing the measured intensity of the luminance measured at the inclined angle theta ₂ at a tilt angle of 0 °, the brightness with respect to the normal direction of the alignment plate The parameters L _2p and θ _2w obtained by fitting the following function L _2n (θ ₂ ) with the inclination angle θ ₂ of the measured direction as a variable by the least squares method are represented by the following relationship (iv). And (v).
L _2n (θ ₂ ) = L _2p exp (−2 ((θ ₂ −θ _2p ) / θ _2w ) ² ) +1
2θ _2w <16 ° (iv)
L _2p <1.85 (v)   The laminated plate according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the linear conductor has a blackened and roughened layer on a surface thereof.   The laminated plate according to claim 4, wherein the thickness of the roughened blackening layer is 0.7 µm or more and less than 50% of the width of the linear conductor. A pair of transparent substrates,
A patterned conductor disposed between the pair of transparent substrates,
The pattern conductor includes a plurality of linear conductors,
The linear conductor has a blackened and roughened layer on its surface,
A laminated plate, wherein the thickness of the roughened blackening layer is 0.7 μm or more and less than 50% of the width of the linear conductor.   The laminated plate according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the roughened blackening layer is porous.   The blackening and roughening layer according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the surface of the linear conductor covers both side surfaces and a surface facing one of the pair of transparent substrates. The plywood described.   The alignment according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein at each position of the linear conductor, a ratio of a height to a line width of the linear conductor is 0.5 or more and 1.8 or less. Board.   10. The linear conductor according to claim 1, wherein the linear conductor includes a direction along a plate surface of the mating plate and a surface inclined with respect to a normal direction to the plate surface of the mating plate. 11. A plywood as described in.   A defroster, comprising the combination plate according to any one of claims 1 to 10.   A moving body comprising the plying plate according to claim 1 or the defroster according to claim 11.