JP2019102971A - Radar and artificial satellite equipped with the same - Google Patents
Radar and artificial satellite equipped with the same Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、レーダ及びレーダを搭載した人工衛星に関するものである。 The present invention relates to a radar and a satellite equipped with the radar.
電磁波を使用して地表の画像・情報を取得するレーダ（SAR）を利用した人工衛星が開発されている。下記特許文献１には、楕円・円偏波合成開口レーダ（SAR）を搭載した人工衛星が記載されている。合成開口レーダを搭載した人工衛星は、天候、昼夜関係なく地表の状態が観測できるという利点がある。 Satellites have been developed that use radar (SAR) to acquire images and information on the ground surface using electromagnetic waves. Patent Document 1 below describes an artificial satellite equipped with an elliptical / circular polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR). An artificial satellite equipped with a synthetic aperture radar has an advantage that the surface condition can be observed regardless of the weather or day and night.
既存の人工衛星は数百キログラムから数トンの質量であり、その質量、形状の大きさから、これを宇宙空間に運搬するロケットが極めて高額化するという課題があった。 Existing satellites have a mass of several hundred kilograms to several tons, and due to their mass and shape, there is a problem that rockets for transporting them to space become extremely expensive.
本発明は、上記課題を解決するために、小型で軽量なレーダ及びレーダを搭載した人工衛星を提供することを目的とする。 The object of the present invention is to provide a small and lightweight radar and a satellite equipped with the radar in order to solve the above-mentioned problems.
本発明の一つの観点によれば、上記課題を解決するために、レーダを、展開状態と収納状態に変形可能であり、アンテナ中央部に設けられたコアに取り付けられた複数のリブと、前記リブに取り付けられ金属の細線により構成されたメッシュと、電磁波を放射するフィーダとを備えるアンテナを有し、前記フィーダから放射された電磁波が前記メッシュにより反射され、前記リブが前記アンテナのコアのまわりに巻き付けることができるように取り付けられたものとした。 According to one aspect of the present invention, in order to solve the above problems, the radar can be deformed into a deployed state and a stored state, and a plurality of ribs attached to a core provided at the central portion of the antenna; The antenna has an antenna including a mesh attached to a rib and configured by a thin metal wire and a feeder for emitting an electromagnetic wave, and the electromagnetic wave emitted from the feeder is reflected by the mesh, and the rib is around the core of the antenna It was attached so that it could be wound around.
また、本発明の他の観点によれば、レーダを、展開状態と収納状態に変形可能であり、アンテナ中央部に設けられたコアに取り付けられた複数のリブと、前記リブに取り付けられ金属の糸により構成されたメッシュと、電磁波を放射するフィーダとを備えるアンテナを有し、前記フィーダから放射された電磁波が前記メッシュにより反射され、前記リブを、ばね鋼板と複合材料とを合わせた構造とした。 Further, according to another aspect of the present invention, the radar can be deformed into a deployed state and a stored state, and a plurality of ribs attached to the core provided at the central portion of the antenna and the metal attached to the ribs The antenna has an antenna including a mesh formed of yarns and a feeder for emitting an electromagnetic wave, and the electromagnetic wave emitted from the feeder is reflected by the mesh, and the rib is formed by combining a spring steel plate and a composite material. did.
また、本発明の他の観点によれば、上記課題を解決するために、展開状態と収納状態に変形可能であり、アンテナ中央部に設けられたコアに取り付けられた複数のリブと、前記リブに取り付けられ金属の糸により構成されたメッシュと、電磁波を放射するフィーダとを備えるアンテナを有し、前記フィーダから放射された電磁波が前記メッシュにより反射され、前記メッシュが張力に対して等方的に変化するものとした。 Further, according to another aspect of the present invention, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a plurality of ribs which can be deformed into a deployed state and a stored state and attached to a core provided at a central portion of the antenna, and the ribs And an antenna provided with a mesh formed of metal threads and a feeder for emitting an electromagnetic wave, the electromagnetic wave emitted from the feeder being reflected by the mesh, the mesh being isotropic with respect to tension Change to
また、本発明の他の観点によれば、レーダを、展開状態と収納状態に変形可能であり、アンテナ中央部に設けられたコアに取り付けられた複数のリブと、前記リブに取り付けられ金属の糸により構成されたメッシュと、電磁波を放射するフィーダとを備えるアンテナを有し、前記フィーダから放射された電磁波が前記メッシュにより反射され、前記メッシュを網組織とした。 Further, according to another aspect of the present invention, the radar can be deformed into a deployed state and a stored state, and a plurality of ribs attached to the core provided at the central portion of the antenna and the metal attached to the ribs It has an antenna provided with a mesh composed of threads and a feeder for emitting an electromagnetic wave, and the electromagnetic wave emitted from the feeder is reflected by the mesh, and the mesh is made into a net structure.
また、本発明の他の観点によれば、人工衛星に、上記レーダを搭載した。 Further, according to another aspect of the present invention, the above radar is mounted on an artificial satellite.
本発明によれば、小型、軽量のレーダ及びレーダを搭載した人工衛星と提供することができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a small and lightweight radar and a satellite equipped with the radar.
以下、本発明の実施形態例及び実施例を説明するが、本発明の実施形態は以下に説明する実施形態例、実施例に限定されるものではない。また、以下の説明では主としてレーダを人工衛星に搭載する例を説明するが、本発明のレーダは、航空機やUAVや車両にも搭載して利用することができる。 Hereinafter, embodiments and examples of the present invention will be described, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the embodiments and examples described below. In the following description, although an example in which the radar is mounted on an artificial satellite will be mainly described, the radar of the present invention can also be mounted on an aircraft, a UAV, or a vehicle for use.
本実施形態ではアンテナ部分に、従来のアルミ、強化プラスチックなどから、金メッキを施した金属製の細い糸を素材とするメッシュ（1m2あたりわずか50g）を使用し、骨組みを軽量化ばね材に変更することにより、従来数百キログラムから数トンの質量を有していた人工衛星を120kg以下に軽量化した。 In this embodiment, a mesh (only 50 g per 1 m 2 ) is used for the antenna portion from conventional aluminum, reinforced plastic, etc. and a thin metal-plated thread made of gold, and the framework is changed to a lightweight spring By doing this, we reduced the weight of satellites, which conventionally had a mass of several hundred kilograms to several tons, to 120 kg or less.
通常、メッシュは、張力を加えると、メッシュの編みの目の形が非線形に変形し、電磁波送信性能の非線形的な変化が生じ、安定した電磁波送信特性が得られにくいという課題がある。そこで、本発明では、メッシュの織り方を改良し、縦横いずれの方向に張力を加えても、電気的特性が線形、等方的に変化するようにし、これによって安定した通信性能を有するものとした。 In general, when tension is applied to a mesh, the shape of the mesh of the mesh is deformed non-linearly to cause non-linear change in electromagnetic wave transmission performance, and it is difficult to obtain stable electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics. Therefore, in the present invention, the weave of the mesh is improved, and even if tension is applied in any of the longitudinal and lateral directions, the electrical characteristics are linearly and isotropically changed, thereby providing stable communication performance. did.
また、通常のWrap-Rib（アンテナ収納時には、リブがアンテナ中央部を包み込むようにリブを曲げる方式）ではリブを半径方向に配置し半径方向に折れるようにするが、この方式ではアンテナ中央部の周りにコンパクトに収納するとき、リブの根元にヒンジを設ける必要があり小型に折りたたむには2カ所以上ヒンジを設ける必要がある。本発明では、リブをコアのまわりに巻き付けることができるようにリブをバネ材としても使えるように工夫したものである。これにより巻きつける時ヒンジが不要となり小型化収納が可能となる。 Also, in the usual Wrap-Rib (a method of bending the rib so that the rib wraps the central part of the antenna when the antenna is stored), the rib is arranged in the radial direction to be broken in the radial direction. When compactly housed around, it is necessary to provide a hinge at the root of the rib, and to fold it compactly, it is necessary to provide two or more hinges. In the present invention, the rib is designed to be usable as a spring material so that the rib can be wound around the core. This eliminates the need for hinges when winding, and enables compact storage.
図１は、本実施例の人工衛星の全体を示す図である。太陽電池１により、太陽光を電気エネルギーに変換し、人工衛星を運転するためのエネルギーを得る。アンテナ２は、フィーダ２２、リブ２３、メッシュ２１を有している。フィーダ２２から電磁波をメッシュ２１に向かって放射し、メッシュ２１から反射された電磁波が地表に送信される。地表から反射した電磁波をメッシュ２１で受信し、その電磁波を分析することにより地表の状態を観測する。すなわち、この人工衛星は、電磁波の送受信により地表の状態を観測するレーダの機能を備えている。本実施形態では、フィーダがアンテナ中央部の先端に取り付けられる方式であるが、フィーダがアンテナ中央部の根元に取り付けられ、アンテナ中央部の先端にサブミラーが取り付けられている方式のアンテナでも本発明は適用可能である。筐体３には、人工衛星各部を制御する制御部、人工衛星各部に電力を供給する電源等が格納されている。リブ２３にメッシュ２１が取り付けられている。通常アンテナ２の鏡面は、アルミ、強化プラスチックの板で構成されるが、本実施例では、厚さ数μm（例えば、厚さ1μmから10μm程度）の金メッキを施した直径約数十μm（例えば、直径10μmから50μm程度）のモリブデン製の細線を素材とする金属メッシュを使用してアンテナの大幅な軽量化を実現している。アンテナ中央部のコア（図示せず。）にメッシュ２３が取り付けられている。メッシュの編みの目の大きさは、例えば1mmから10mm程度である。 FIG. 1 is a view showing the whole of the artificial satellite of the present embodiment. The solar cell 1 converts sunlight into electrical energy and obtains energy for operating a satellite. The antenna 2 has a feeder 22, ribs 23, and a mesh 21. An electromagnetic wave is emitted from the feeder 22 toward the mesh 21, and the electromagnetic wave reflected from the mesh 21 is transmitted to the ground surface. The electromagnetic wave reflected from the ground surface is received by the mesh 21, and the state of the ground surface is observed by analyzing the electromagnetic wave. That is, this artificial satellite has a function of a radar that observes the condition of the ground surface by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. In this embodiment, although the feeder is attached to the tip of the antenna central portion, the present invention is also applicable to an antenna of a method in which the feeder is attached to the root of the antenna central portion and the submirror is attached to the tip of the antenna central portion. It is applicable. The housing 3 stores a control unit that controls each part of the artificial satellite, a power supply that supplies power to each part of the artificial satellite, and the like. The mesh 21 is attached to the rib 23. Usually, the mirror surface of the antenna 2 is made of a plate made of aluminum or reinforced plastic, but in this embodiment, a diameter of about several tens of μm (for example, about 1 μm to 10 μm) gold-plated By using a metal mesh made of a thin wire made of molybdenum and having a diameter of about 10 μm to about 50 μm, significant weight reduction of the antenna is realized. A mesh 23 is attached to a core (not shown) at the center of the antenna. The size of the knit stitches of the mesh is, for example, about 1 mm to 10 mm.
さらに、通常、メッシュ２３は、張力を加えると、メッシュの編みの目の形が変形し等方性がくずれ、電磁波送信性能の非線形的な変化が生じ、安定した電磁波送信特性が得られにくい。そこで、本実施例では、メッシュの織り方を改良し、日本の伝統的な編み機を用いて特殊な編み方をし、縦横いずれの方向に張力を加えても、電気的特性が線形、等方的に変化するようにし、これによって安定した通信性能を有するものとした。 Furthermore, in general, when tension is applied to the mesh 23, the shape of the knitted mesh of the mesh is deformed and the isotropy is deformed, the electromagnetic wave transmission performance is nonlinearly changed, and it is difficult to obtain stable electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the method of mesh meshing is improved, and a special method of knitting is performed using a traditional Japanese knitting machine, and even if tension is applied in either vertical or horizontal direction, the electrical characteristics are linear or isotropic. Change, and this has stable communication performance.
アンテナ２の鏡面の構成は、Wrap−Rib形式であり、放射状のリブ２３にメッシュ２１を取り付けたものである。リブ２３は収納時に中央のハブの周りに巻き付け、展開時にはリブのバネ剛性により原型に復帰するものである。 The configuration of the mirror surface of the antenna 2 is a Wrap-Rib type, in which the mesh 21 is attached to the radial rib 23. The rib 23 is wound around the central hub at the time of storage, and returns to the original form by the spring rigidity of the rib at the time of deployment.
リブ２３はばね材としてのばね鋼板と軽量化構造部材としての複合材料（多層構造物）を合わせた構造である。構造部材としての剛性を保ちつつ、原型復帰ができるように曲げることができるように、構造部材の設計及び選定をしている。 The rib 23 has a structure in which a spring steel plate as a spring material and a composite material (multilayer structure) as a weight reduction structural member are combined. Design and selection of structural members are performed so that they can be bent so as to be able to return to the original while maintaining the rigidity as the structural members.
図２は、本実施例のアンテナを上から見たときの概略図であり、図３は本実施例のアンテナを横から見たときの概略図である。 FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the antenna of the present embodiment when viewed from above, and FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the antenna of the present embodiment when viewed from the side.
図４は本実施例のアンテナの上から見た展開過程を示す図であり、展開時は、リブが３１の状態から３２の状態を経て、３３の展開状態へと変形する。 FIG. 4 is a view showing a development process as viewed from the top of the antenna of this embodiment. At the time of development, the rib is deformed from the state of 31 to the state of 33 through 32.
図５は横から見たリブ２３の形状の概略である。リブ２３は、先端に行く程幅が小さくなる。リブ２３は、先端に行く程強度を保つ必要性が小さくなることから、軽量化のために先端部の幅を小さくしている。 FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the shape of the rib 23 viewed from the side. The rib 23 decreases in width toward the tip. The rib 23 has a smaller width at the tip for weight reduction because the rib 23 is less required to maintain its strength as it goes to the tip.
リブを半径方向に配置し半径方向に折れるようにしたりリブを伸展させる方式ではアンテナ中央部の周りにコンパクトに収納するとき、リブの根元にヒンジを設けリブを折ることにより収納したり、収納されたリブをモータで伸展したり別の展開機構が必要となる。本実施例では、リブをコアのまわりに巻き付けることができるようにリブをバネ材としても使えるように工夫している。これによりリブをコアのまわりに巻き付ける際、ヒンジやモータ等の展開機構が不要となり小型化収納が可能となる。またリブをアンテナの支持構造物と展開バネとを一体化して部品を減らすことで簡略化並びに軽量化を図っている。 In the method of arranging the ribs in the radial direction and folding them in a radial direction or extending the ribs, when storing them compactly around the central part of the antenna, the base of the ribs is provided with hinges and stored by folding the ribs. It is necessary to extend the rib with a motor or another deployment mechanism. In this embodiment, the rib can be used as a spring material so that the rib can be wound around the core. As a result, when the rib is wound around the core, a deployment mechanism such as a hinge or a motor is not necessary, and the storage can be miniaturized. Moreover, simplification and weight reduction are achieved by integrating a rib with a support structure of an antenna and a deployment spring to reduce parts.
図６、図７、図８は、アンテナが展開する過程を示す図である。図６ではワイヤー（図示せず。）などの固定手段によりリブ２３が固定され、コンパクトにアンテナが収納されている。この状態から固定手段が固定を解除すると、リブのバネ剛性（板バネの作用）により、リブ２３が変形し、図７の状態を経て、図８のように展開された状態となる。 6, 7 and 8 are diagrams showing the process of deploying the antenna. In FIG. 6, the rib 23 is fixed by fixing means such as a wire (not shown), and the antenna is compactly stored. When the fixing means releases the fixation from this state, the rib 23 is deformed by the spring rigidity of the rib (the action of the plate spring), and after being in the state of FIG. 7, it becomes an expanded state as shown in FIG.
図９は、メッシュを日本伝統の織機で製造しているところを示す図である。本実施例では、従来のメッシュとは異なり、縦横いずれの方向に引っ張っても、編みの目の形が変わりにくくし、穴の無い鏡面と同じようにし、通信特性の線形性が保たれるように、メッシュを網組織としている。したがって、安定した電磁波の送信特性を保つ。 FIG. 9 is a view showing a mesh manufactured by a Japanese traditional loom. In this embodiment, unlike the conventional mesh, it is difficult to change the shape of the knitted mesh when pulled in any of the vertical and horizontal directions, and to maintain the linearity of the communication characteristics in the same manner as a mirror surface without holes. In addition, the mesh is a network organization. Therefore, stable transmission characteristics of electromagnetic waves are maintained.
本発明は、レーダ及びレーダを搭載した人工衛星として、産業上利用可能である。 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention is industrially applicable as a radar and a satellite equipped with a radar.
１ 太陽電池
２ アンテナ
２１ メッシュ
２２ フィーダ
２３ リブ
２４ コア
３１、３２、３３ リブ
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 solar cell 2 antenna 21 mesh 22 feeder 23 rib 24 core 31, 32, 33 rib
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| JP2016080710A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2016-05-16 | 国立大学法人 千葉大学 | Elliptic-circular polarization synthetic aperture radar; and aircraft, artificial satellite, vehicle, fixed terrestrial platform and stratospheric platform loaded therewith |
| US20160352022A1 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2016-12-01 | California Institute Of Technology | Parabolic deployable antenna |
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| JP2016080710A (en) * | 2014-10-21 | 2016-05-16 | 国立大学法人 千葉大学 | Elliptic-circular polarization synthetic aperture radar; and aircraft, artificial satellite, vehicle, fixed terrestrial platform and stratospheric platform loaded therewith |
| US20160352022A1 (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2016-12-01 | California Institute Of Technology | Parabolic deployable antenna |
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