JP2018094795A - Three-dimensional printer system - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a three-dimensional printer system for forming three-dimensional objects on a workbench using a three-dimensional printer, and a method for reducing support materials and shortening molding time in three-dimensional object forming including support material formation.SOLUTION: A workbench 13 serves as a plurality of independent elevating/lowering area beds including an area bed 21A-1. Control means 14: specifies a three-dimensional object from three-dimensional data; sets the area bed 21A-1 and the like to be raised and a height thereof on the basis of the specified three-dimensional object; controls elevating means 22A-1 and the like so as to have the set area bed 21A-1 and the like as a height set from a predetermined reference height taking the opportunity that a portion of the three-dimensional object being printed reaches a predetermined height; and forms appropriately a support material by using the driven area bed 21A-1 and the like.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to a three-dimensional printer system that forms a three-dimensional object on a work table using a three-dimensional printer.

  In recent years, three-dimensional printers that form (print) a three-dimensional object based on control data created by a three-dimensional CAD, a three-dimensional scanner, or the like are becoming popular and becoming popular. In the three-dimensional printer of the hot melt lamination method currently in widespread use, a plastic resin such as a melted ABS resin is pushed out from the printer head and gradually stacked to form a three-dimensional object. It is suitable for printing three-dimensional objects that have a large cross section and become smaller toward the top.

  On the other hand, in order to print a three-dimensional object that has a small cross-sectional area at the bottom and a cross-sectional area that increases toward the top, or a three-dimensional object that protrudes into the air, a holding structure called a support material Must be printed at the same time. In this case, in a three-dimensional printer, it is desirable to print, that is, form, a three-dimensional object in a three-dimensional space (change the orientation and inclination) and arrange it so that the support material is minimized.

  Since the support material used in the above three-dimensional printer becomes unnecessary after the printing is completed, the printing time and the printing material for that amount are required, and it takes time and effort to remove the three-dimensional printer. The greater the weight of the part of the object, the stronger the support material is required.

  Conventionally, as a technology to form a three-dimensional object using a support material with a three-dimensional printer, in order to reduce the amount of material used for the support member (support material), the strength and the size of the part to be held by the support member are determined. And a modeling apparatus (three-dimensional printer) that models a support member according to the determination result is disclosed (Patent Document 1). Moreover, the technique which manufactures the three-dimensional shaped molded object which arrange | positioned a pin etc. (support material) on a modeling table instead of a modeling plate and made a modeling plate unnecessary is disclosed (patent document 2).

Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2015-202625 JP 2010-100844 A

  However, according to the technique described in Patent Document 1, the best modeling data (3D printer data) of the support member is selected according to the strength from a plurality of pre-stored modeling data. There is a problem that not the support member customized according to the shape of the object, but the support member that exists up to the originally unnecessary portion is formed on the modeled object, and the effect of reducing the modeling time is not sufficient. In addition, the technique described in Patent Document 2 simply replaces the modeling plate with a pin or the like and does not directly model the modeling table, and the pin or the like cannot reduce the support material or the printing time. is there.

  Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a three-dimensional printer system that reduces the support material and shortens the modeling time in three-dimensional object modeling including support material formation.

  In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, the invention of claim 1 is a three-dimensional printer system that forms a three-dimensional object represented by three-dimensional data with a three-dimensional printer based on three-dimensional print data, and includes a plurality of independent plural objects. A workbench including an area bed that can be moved up and down, lifting and lowering means that independently drives the area bed to move up and down, and the three-dimensional object is specified from the three-dimensional data, and the plurality of the three-dimensional objects are determined based on the specified three-dimensional object. A control for setting the predetermined number of area beds to be raised and setting the height of the area beds to control the elevating means so that the set area bed is set to a height set from a predetermined reference height. Means.

According to a second to fifth aspect of the present invention, “the control unit sets a predetermined area bed based on the three-dimensional printer data when a part of the three-dimensional object being printed has reached a predetermined height. Set to the height of "
“All the area beds have the same size and shape on the top surface, and the position where the lowest and all the heights are substantially the same is the initial position. Is a substantially single plane "
“The control means sets and stores the predetermined area bed and a predetermined height by simulating the printing of the three-dimensional object on a single work table that is not divided”
“The control means is an area bed set at an initial position when one layer is printed in the simulation of the printing of the three-dimensional object, and an area where only the support material is printed up to the previous layer. When there is one or more area beds on which the three-dimensional object has started to be printed on the support material in the layer, information for identifying the one or more area beds is displayed as the height of the layer. The information is stored in association with information ”.

  According to the first aspect of the present invention, the work table is a plurality of independent liftable area beds, and in the control means, a three-dimensional object is specified from three-dimensional data, and based on the specified three-dimensional object, A predetermined number of area beds to be raised are set and the height is set, and the lift means is controlled so that the set predetermined number of area beds are set to a height set from a predetermined reference height, and the driven area By adopting a configuration in which the support material is appropriately formed using the bed, it is possible to carry a part of the region where the support material is originally formed with the raised area bed, and the support material can be reduced. As a result, the material cost, the printing time, and the trouble of removing the support material after the printing can be reduced. In addition, since the area bed set at the optimum height has a support function that is much more robust than conventional support materials, the stability and quality of printing can be improved.

  According to invention of Claims 2-5, the several area bed can be made to play the role which becomes a part of support material reliably and with high precision.

1 is a configuration diagram of a three-dimensional printer system according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a printing simulation according to the prior art in the control means of FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the solid-object simulation of FIG. FIG. 3 is an end view of a printed state of a three-dimensional object and a support material at each height during printing in the simulation of FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is a plan view of a printed state of a three-dimensional object and a support material at each height during printing in the simulation of FIG. 2. It is a flowchart of the three-dimensional object and support material printing by the three-dimensional printer system of FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the support material used in this invention.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows a configuration diagram of a three-dimensional printer system according to the present invention. 1A, a three-dimensional printer system 11 includes a three-dimensional printer 12, a work table 13, a control unit 14, a display unit 15, and a lifting mechanism 16 that is a lifting unit. The three-dimensional printer 12 is a printer that has been known for a long time, from inexpensive personal use to business use. Here, it is shown as a three-dimensional printer of the hot melt lamination type. The display unit 15 is a display for displaying various processes in the control unit 14, and a general display can be used.

  As shown in FIG. 1B, the work table 13 has a predetermined number (N) of area beds arranged in the X-axis direction and a predetermined number (X) of the bed in the Y-axis direction. In the drawing, each area bed is indicated by 21A-1 to N, 21B-1 to N, ..., 21X-1 to N. Each area bed is independent and can be moved up and down by a lifting mechanism 16.

  The elevating mechanism 16 elevates and lowers each area bed independently via the corresponding elevating rods 22A-1 to N, 22B-1 to N, ..., 22X-1 to N, For example, a stepping motor, a linear servo tube, a cylinder linear servo motor, a linear actuator, or the like may be provided for each lifting rod within an allowable range on the space below the area bed. On the other hand, a single drive unit (stepping motor unit) is moved by two-axis (XY plane) control in the space below the area bed, and is moved up and down by fitting with the lifting rod of the destination area bed. It is good also as a mechanism to convey.

  In addition, each area bed has the same size and shape on the upper surface, the lowest position and the position where all the heights are substantially the same as the initial position, and the upper surface of the work table 13 in the state of the initial position. However, as shown in the figure, it is a substantially single plane.

  The control means 14 generally identifies a three-dimensional object from three-dimensional data, and sets a predetermined number of area beds to be raised among a plurality of area beds and sets its height based on the identified three-dimensional object. Then, the lifting mechanism 16 is controlled so that the predetermined number of set area beds are set to a height set from a predetermined reference height when a portion of the three-dimensional object printed has reached a predetermined height. Then, the support material is appropriately formed using the driven area bed. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 1C, 3D data acquisition means 31, three-dimensional object shaping specifying means 32, simulation means 33, support material formation setting means 34, area bed drive control means 35, and 3D printer drive control means 36.

  The 3D data acquisition unit 31 acquires three-dimensional data of a three-dimensional object to be printed from the outside. The area bed drive control means 35 sends a control signal for raising or lowering the corresponding area bed to the lifting mechanism 16. The 3D printer drive control means 36 sends control signals for a three-dimensional object forming instruction and a support material forming instruction to the three-dimensional printer 12.

  The instruction signals from the area bed drive control means 35 and the 3D printer drive control means 36 are the area bed information and height information signal set by the simulation means 33, and the support material formation set by the support material formation setting means 34. These settings will be described with reference to FIGS. The area bed drive control unit 35 includes an initialization unit (not shown) that sets the position where the lowest and all heights are substantially the same as an initial position, and the position of each area bed is set by, for example, an optical unit. The upper surface of the workbench 13 is made to be a substantially single plane by detecting the initial position.

  Here, FIG. 2 shows a flowchart for simulating the print according to the prior art in the control means of FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the three-dimensional object simulation of FIG. 2, and FIG. 4 is a print in the simulation of FIG. FIG. 5 is a plan view of the printed state of the three-dimensional object and the support material at each height during printing in the simulation of FIG. 2. .

  In FIG. 2, the control means 14 acquires and stores 3D (three-dimensional) data of the three-dimensional object to be printed (step 1 (S1)). As shown in FIG. 3, for example, a three-dimensional shape of “roth” is simulated (referred to as a simulated three-dimensional object 41 </ b> A) on the work table 13. In the present embodiment, the work table 13 includes 81 divided (9 × 9) area beds 21A-1 to 9, 21B-1 to 9,..., 21I-1 to 9, for example, an area bed 21E- 5 is simulated as the center position. In the present embodiment, the one-area bed is 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm, and the total area of the work table is 992.25 cm 2.

  Then, the positions (heights) of all the 81 area beds are set to the initial position (reference height for initialization) as the lowest position of the simulated three-dimensional object 41A, and the work table 13 is set based on the 3D data. The simulation of the printing of the three-dimensional object and the support material is started (S2).

  Printing is started from the three-dimensional object 41A and the first layer of the support material. When printing is completed, printing of the next layer is started (S3). When the Nth layer is printed, the area bed is set to the initial position and only the support material is printed up to the (N-1) th layer. It is determined whether or not there is an area bed on which printing of a three-dimensional object has started (S4).

  If it is determined that there is no corresponding area bed, it is determined whether or not the Nth layer is the uppermost position of the three-dimensional object (S6), and if it is determined that it is not the uppermost position, the next layer is printed (S7). If it is determined that the position is the uppermost position, the simulation is terminated (S8). On the other hand, if it is determined in S4 that the corresponding area bed exists, the area bed information (area bed number) is stored together with the height information (value of N) at that time (S5). Thereafter, the process of S6 is performed, and the process proceeds to printing of the next layer (S7).

  Specifically, as shown in the end view of FIG. 4 and the plan view of FIG. 5, printing is started on the area bed 21E-5 in the initial state (FIG. 4A) where the print height is the initial position (WH0). Then, the cylindrical shape of the vertical portion of the three-dimensional object up to the height WH1 and the part PR1 of the inclined portion are printed, and all the support material (SP1) around the PR1 is printed up to the height WH1 (FIG. 4B )). The area bed on which the support material is printed is a total of 21G-3 to 21G-7, 21F-3 to 21F-7, 21E-3 to 21E-7, 21D-3 to 21D-7, and 21C-3 to 21C-7. 25. Here, WH1 is the height of the layer immediately before the printing of the three-dimensional object is newly started on the support material (SP1) printed on the area bed other than 21E-5, and is the height of the top of PR1. is there. The range of the printed three-dimensional object on the XY plane is the inside of the innermost circle CC1 in FIG.

  Next, on the support material (SP1) printed on the area beds 21E-5 and 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5, from the layer next to the height WH1 to the layer having the height WH1a Then, the inclined part PR2 of the three-dimensional object is printed and all the surrounding support material (SP2) is printed (FIG. 4C). At this time, the area beds 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, and 21D-5 where printing of a three-dimensional object is newly started from the support material (SP1) are associated with the height information WH1, and the control unit 14 Is stored in a storage unit (not shown).

  Here, WH1a is immediately before a new three-dimensional object is printed on the support material (SP2) printed on an area bed other than 21E-5, 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, and 21D-5. Is the height of the uppermost layer of PR2. Note that the range of the printed three-dimensional object (PR2) on the XY plane is the inside of the circle CC2 in FIG. Also, the printing on 21E-5 is completed when the printing of the layer having the height WH1a is completed.

  Next, on the support material (SP2) printed on the area beds 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5 and 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4, the height From the next layer of WH1a to the layer of height WH2, printing of the inclined portion PR3 of the three-dimensional object is continued and all the surrounding support material (SP3) is printed (FIG. 4D). At this time, the area beds 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, and 21D-4 where printing of a three-dimensional object is newly started from the support material (SP2) are associated with the height information WH1a, and the control unit 14 Is stored in a storage unit (not shown).

  Here, WH2 is a support material printed on an area bed other than 21E-5, 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5, 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4 (SP3) The height of the layer immediately before the printing of a three-dimensional object is started on the top, and the height of the top of PR3. Note that the range of the printed three-dimensional object on the XY plane is inside the circle CC3 in FIG.

  Next, area beds 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5, 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4 and 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, 21C On the support material (SP3) printed on -5, the inclined portion PR4 of the three-dimensional object is printed from the next layer having the height WH2 to the layer having the height WH2a, and all the surrounding support materials (SP4) are printed. Printing is performed (FIG. 4E). At this time, the area beds 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, and 21C-5 from which the printing of the three-dimensional object is newly started from the support material (SP3) are associated with the height information WH2 and are controlled. Is stored in a storage unit (not shown).

  Here, WH2a is 21E-5, 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5, 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4, 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E. −7, the height of the layer immediately before the start of printing of the three-dimensional object on the support material (SP4) printed on the area bed other than 21C-5, and the height of the uppermost part of PR4. The range of the printed three-dimensional object on the XY plane is the inside of the circle CC4 in FIG. In addition, printing on the layers 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, and 21D-5 is completed when printing of the layer having the height WH2a is completed.

  Next, area beds 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4, 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, 21C-5 and 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G On the support material (SP4) printed on −6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C-6, and 21C-4, the three-dimensional object is inclined from the next layer having the height WH2a to the layer having the height WH2b. The printing of the part PR5 is continued, and all the surrounding support materials (SP5) are printed (FIG. 4F). At this time, the area bed 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G-6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C-6, 21C- where printing of a three-dimensional object is newly started from the support material (SP4) 4 is associated with the height information WH2a and stored in a storage unit (not shown) of the control means 14.

  Here, WH2b is 21E-5, 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5, 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4, 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E. -7, 21C-5, 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G-6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C-6, support material printed on an area bed other than 21C-4 (SP5 ) The height of the layer immediately before the printing of the three-dimensional object is started above, and the height of the uppermost part of PR5. Note that the range of the printed three-dimensional object on the XY plane is inside the circle CC5 in FIG. In addition, printing on the layers 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, and 21D-4 is completed upon completion of printing of the layer having the height WH2b.

  Next, area beds 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, 21C-5, 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G-6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C-6, 21C -4 and 21G-3, 21G-7, 21C-7, on the support material (SP5) printed on 21C-3, the three-dimensional object was inclined from the next layer of height WH2b to the layer of height WH3. The printing of the remaining portion and the cylindrical shape PR6 of the vertical portion is continued, and all the surrounding support material (SP6) is printed (FIG. 4G). At this time, the area beds 21G-3, 21G-7, 21C-7, and 21C-3 where printing of a three-dimensional object is newly started from the support material (SP5) are associated with the height information WH2b, and the control unit 14 Is stored in a storage unit (not shown). Here, WH3 is the height of the layer that finishes printing, and is the height of the top of PR6. Note that the range of the printed three-dimensional object on the XY plane is inside the circle CC6 in FIG.

  Returning to FIG. 2, the explanation will be continued. As shown in the end view of FIG. 4 and the plan view of FIG. The area bed information of the area beds 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5 is stored together with the height information WH1, and the area bed 21F-4 is stored together with the height information WH1a. Area bed information of 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4 is stored, area bed information of area beds 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, 21C-5 is stored together with height information WH2, and high The area bed information of area beds 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G-6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C-6, 21C-4 is stored together with the height information WH2a. Area bed height information area bed together with information WH2b 21G-3,21G-7,21C-7,21C-3 stores, to end the simulation with the end of the print layer height WH3.

  That is, the height at which the target area bed is raised is set based on the three-dimensional printer data when the height of the three-dimensional object or the support material during printing has reached a predetermined height. In this embodiment, the control means 14 of the three-dimensional printer system 11 performs simulation to set and store the area bed information and height information. However, the 3D data of the three-dimensional object to be printed first acquired is stored. A configuration may be adopted in which area bed information and height information set in advance using other means (for example, a dedicated software program) are included and stored.

  FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of the three-dimensional object and support material printing by the three-dimensional printer system of FIG. 1, and FIG. 7 shows an explanatory diagram of the support material used in the present invention. In FIG. 6, when printing a three-dimensional object, first, the 3D data of the three-dimensional object to be printed acquired and stored before the simulation and the area bed information and height information stored by the simulation are read (S11). The area bed drive control unit 35 causes the lifting mechanism 16 to initialize all the area heads as the initial state of the lowest position (the reference height, here the lowest position is the initial position) (S12). ).

  Then, printing is started based on the read 3D data (S13). At this time, the 3D printer drive control means 36 controls not to print the support material on the area bed that is in the initial position and stores the area bed information together with the set height information. This is because such an area bed starts to be printed according to the height information after the support material and the three-dimensional object are printed.

  Next, each time each layer is printed, it is determined whether or not the stored height information matches the height being printed (S14). If it is determined that there is no corresponding height information, it is determined whether or not the Nth layer is the top position of the three-dimensional object (S16). If it is determined that the Nth layer is not the top position, the process proceeds to printing of the next layer (S17). If the position is determined to be the uppermost position, the printing is terminated (S18). On the other hand, if it is determined in S14 that the corresponding height information is present, the area bed drive control means 35 drives the lifting mechanism 16 to move the area bed corresponding to the area bed information corresponding to the height information. (S15). Thereafter, the process of S16 is performed, and the process proceeds to printing of the next layer (S17). In addition, as described above, the support material is not printed on the area bed in which the area bed information is stored together with the set height information, as long as it is in the initial position, but the height corresponding to the initial position by the processing of S15. Thereafter, the 3D printer drive control means 36 controls to print the support material and the three-dimensional object in the area bed that has been lifted.

  More specifically, whenever it is determined in S14 that the height during printing matches any of the height information WH1, WH1a, WH2, WH2a, and WH2b stored by the simulation unit 33, By the processing, the area bed drive control means 35 drives the lifting mechanism 16, and in the case of WH1, the area beds 21E-4, 21F-5, 21E-6, 21D-5 are raised to the corresponding height, and in the case of WH1a Area beds 21F-4, 21F-6, 21D-6, 21D-4 are raised to the corresponding height, and in the case of WH2, area beds 21E-3, 21G-5, 21E-7, 21C-5 Is raised to the corresponding height, and in the case of WH2a, the area beds 21D-3, 21F-3, 21G-4, 21G-6, 21F-7, 21D-7, 21C- Raises the 21C-4 to the corresponding height, in the case of WH2b increases the area bed 21G-3,21G-7,21C-7,21C-3 to the corresponding height.

  On the work table 13 after printing, the state shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B is obtained. That is, the three-dimensional object 41 is printed inside the forested area bed, and the support material SP is formed in each area bed as shown in the figure. In practice, each raised area bed is lowered to the initial position, and the support material is separated into a single three-dimensional object 41. FIG. 7C shows the support material SP printed when the area bed is not used, and the comparison amount is obvious.

  In this way, a part of the area where the support material is originally formed can be carried by the raised area bed, and the support material can be reduced. As a result, the material cost, the printing time, and after the printing is completed It is possible to reduce the trouble of removing the support material. In addition, since the area bed set at the optimum height has a support function that is much more robust than conventional support materials, the stability and quality of printing can be improved.

  In this embodiment, the 1-area bed is divided into 81 by 3.5 cm × 3.5 cm and 9 × 9 area beds, and the entire work table is 992.25 cm 2. May be simplified such as 9 divisions by 10 cm × 10 cm and 3 × 3 area beds (the whole work table becomes 900 cm 2).

  Conversely, the greater the number of divisions, the higher the effect even with a more complicated three-dimensional object. The entire workbench (1,024 cm 2) close to this embodiment may be divided into 256 areas with 2 cm × 2 cm and 16 × 16 area beds for 1 area bed, or 1 cm × 1 cm and 32 × 32 for 1 area bed. The area bed can be divided into 1,024.

  The three-dimensional printer system of the present invention can be used in industries such as manufacture of a device for constructing a system using a three-dimensional printer and manufacture by a three-dimensional printer.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 11 3D printer system 12 3D printer 13 Work table 14 Control means 15 Display part 16 Elevating mechanism 21 Area bed 31 3D data acquisition means 32 Three-dimensional object modeling specification means 33 Simulation means 34 Support material formation setting means 35 Area bed drive control Means 36 3D printer drive control means 41 Solid object 41A Simulated solid object 42 Drive area bed group PR1-6 Printed solid object SP1-6 Support material WH1-3 Area bed rising height

Claims (5)

A three-dimensional printer system for modeling a three-dimensional object represented by three-dimensional data with a three-dimensional printer based on three-dimensional print data,
A workbench with a plurality of independent liftable area beds;
Elevating means for independently elevating and driving each of the area beds;
The three-dimensional object is identified from the three-dimensional data, and based on the identified three-dimensional object, an area bed to be raised is set among the plurality of area beds and the height thereof is set. Control means for controlling the elevating means so as to have a height set from a predetermined reference height;
A three-dimensional printer system comprising:   The three-dimensional printer system according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to generate a predetermined area bed based on the three-dimensional printer data when a part of the three-dimensional object being printed reaches a predetermined height. Is set at a predetermined height.   3. The three-dimensional printer system according to claim 1, wherein each area bed has an upper surface of the same size and shape, and is initially set at a position where the lowest and all heights are substantially the same. A three-dimensional printer system characterized in that, as a position, the upper surface of the workbench is a substantially single plane in the state of the initial position.   4. The three-dimensional printer system according to claim 3, wherein the control means calculates the predetermined area bed and the predetermined height by simulating printing of the three-dimensional object on a single work table that is not divided. A three-dimensional printer system characterized by setting and storing.   5. The three-dimensional printer system according to claim 4, wherein the control means is an area bed set at an initial position when printing one layer in the simulation of printing of the three-dimensional object, and When the area bed is printed with only the support material up to the previous layer, and there is one or more area beds on which the three-dimensional object has been printed on the support material, the one or more A three-dimensional printer system characterized in that information for specifying an area bed is stored in association with height information of the layer.

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