JP2017099376A - Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms - Google Patents

Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP2017099376A
JP2017099376A JP2016043495A JP2016043495A JP2017099376A JP 2017099376 A JP2017099376 A JP 2017099376A JP 2016043495 A JP2016043495 A JP 2016043495A JP 2016043495 A JP2016043495 A JP 2016043495A JP 2017099376 A JP2017099376 A JP 2017099376A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
environmental water
water sample
nucleic acid
amount
sample
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2016043495A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
昭宏 近藤
Akihiro Kondo
昭宏 近藤
裕樹 山中
Hiroki Yamanaka
裕樹 山中
利文 源
Toshifumi Hajime
利文 源
潤一 松浦
Junichi Matsuura
潤一 松浦
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kobe University NUC
Ryukoku University
Hiyoshi KK
Settsu Oil Mill Inc
Original Assignee
Kobe University NUC
Ryukoku University
Hiyoshi KK
Settsu Oil Mill Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kobe University NUC, Ryukoku University, Hiyoshi KK, Settsu Oil Mill Inc filed Critical Kobe University NUC
Publication of JP2017099376A publication Critical patent/JP2017099376A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a technique for suppressing degradation of the nucleic acids included in an environmental water sample which is subjected to an environmental DNA analysis.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a pretreatment method of an environmental water sample for estimating the amount of biota or a particular organism in the place where the environmental water sample is collected, by analyzing the nucleic acids included in the environmental water sample collected from a given environment, the method being characterized by contacting the environmental water sample before subjected to a nucleic acid analysis to an antiseptic which contains a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. As quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and didecyl chloride dimethylammonium are illustrated.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

本発明は、環境水試料の前処理方法、環境水試料の前処理剤、並びに、生物相又は生物の量の推定方法に関する。本発明は、環境DNA分析による生物相又は生物の量の推定に有用なものである。   The present invention relates to a pretreatment method for an environmental water sample, a pretreatment agent for the environmental water sample, and a method for estimating the amount of biota or organism. The present invention is useful for estimating biota or the amount of organisms by environmental DNA analysis.

近年、環境中に存在するDNA(環境DNA)を分析することにより、当該環境における生物種の特定等を行う「環境DNA分析」が注目されている。環境DNAは、生物が環境中に放出したDNAで主に構成されている。   In recent years, “environmental DNA analysis” has been attracting attention, in which a biological species in the environment is identified by analyzing DNA existing in the environment (environmental DNA). Environmental DNA is mainly composed of DNA released by organisms into the environment.

河川や湖沼等の環境から採取した水試料(環境水試料)を環境DNA分析に供することにより、当該環境における生物種の生息分布を把握できる技術が開発されている。この技術によれば、生物個体の捕獲や目視をすることなく、当該環境における生物の生息分布を把握することができる。
例えば、非特許文献1には、環境DNA分析によって魚類相解析を行うことができる技術が記載されている。また非特許文献2には、ため池から採取した環境水試料に含まれる環境DNAを分析することにより、外来魚の侵入や存在を簡単かつ迅速に調べることができる技術が記載されている。さらに非特許文献3には、環境水試料に含まれる環境DNAを分析することにより、生物の量を推定できることが記載されている。
A technique has been developed in which a water sample (environmental water sample) collected from an environment such as a river or a lake can be used for environmental DNA analysis to grasp the habitat distribution of the species in the environment. According to this technology, it is possible to grasp the habitat distribution of living organisms in the environment without capturing or visually checking individual organisms.
For example, Non-Patent Document 1 describes a technique capable of performing fish phase analysis by environmental DNA analysis. Non-Patent Document 2 describes a technique that can easily and quickly examine the invasion and presence of exotic fish by analyzing environmental DNA contained in an environmental water sample collected from a pond. Furthermore, Non-Patent Document 3 describes that the amount of organisms can be estimated by analyzing environmental DNA contained in an environmental water sample.

非特許文献1〜3に記載の技術では、環境水試料をフィルターろ過して得られた固形物(捕捉物)から核酸を抽出し、この核酸と生物種特異的プライマーを用いてポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)を行う。そして、増幅産物の有無又は量を指標として、当該環境における生物相の推定あるいは特定の生物の量の推定を行う。   In the techniques described in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3, nucleic acid is extracted from a solid material (capture) obtained by filtering an environmental water sample, and a polymerase chain reaction (using this nucleic acid and a species-specific primer) PCR). Then, the biota in the environment or the amount of a specific organism is estimated using the presence or amount of the amplification product as an index.

Minamoto T., Yamanaka H., Takahara T., Honjo M. N., Kawabata Z. (2012) "Surveillance of fish species composition using environmental DNA" Limnology 13(2), 193-197Minamoto T., Yamanaka H., Takahara T., Honjo M. N., Kawabata Z. (2012) "Surveillance of fish species composition using environmental DNA" Limnology 13 (2), 193-197 Takahara T., Minamoto T., Doi H. (2013) "Using environmental DNA to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds" PLOS ONE. 8(2): e56584Takahara T., Minamoto T., Doi H. (2013) "Using environmental DNA to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds" PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56584 Takahara T., Minamoto T., Yamanaka H., Doi H., Kawabata Z. (2012) "Estimation of fish biomass using environmental DNA" PLOS ONE, 7 (4), e35868Takahara T., Minamoto T., Yamanaka H., Doi H., Kawabata Z. (2012) "Estimation of fish biomass using environmental DNA" PLOS ONE, 7 (4), e35868

一般に、環境DNA分析において環境水試料の分析を行う場合には、採取した試料を試験室に移送する必要がある。そのため、試料採取から分析開始まで数時間から数日かかることもあり、移送中の試料の保存管理方法が問題となる。すなわち、環境水試料には自然界由来の夾雑物が多く含まれているので、時間の経過とともに核酸分解酵素による核酸の分解が起こるおそれがある。核酸の分解が移送中にどの程度起こるのかは定かでないが、核酸の分解が環境DNA分析の精度と感度に影響を与える可能性は否定できない。したがって、環境DNA分析においては、試料採取から分析開始までの間に、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解を如何にして抑えるかが1つの課題となる。   Generally, when analyzing an environmental water sample in environmental DNA analysis, it is necessary to transfer the collected sample to a test room. Therefore, it may take several hours to several days from sample collection to the start of analysis, and the storage management method of the sample being transferred becomes a problem. That is, since the environmental water sample contains a lot of contaminants derived from the natural world, there is a risk that nucleic acid will be degraded by nucleolytic enzymes over time. The extent to which nucleic acid degradation occurs during transport is uncertain, but the possibility that nucleic acid degradation affects the accuracy and sensitivity of environmental DNA analysis cannot be denied. Therefore, in the environmental DNA analysis, one problem is how to suppress the degradation of the nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample from the sampling to the start of the analysis.

一般に、液体試料に含まれる核酸の分解を抑えるための方策として、液体試料を冷蔵保存又は冷凍保存することが挙げられる。例えば、環境DNA分析の分野では、環境水試料を採取後すみやかに冷蔵することが挙げられる。冷蔵することにより、核酸分解酵素の活性抑制が期待される。しかし、この方策では採取場所に保冷剤等を持ち込む必要があり、操作が煩雑である。別の方策として、環境水試料を採取後ただちにフィルターろ過し、当該フィルターを冷凍することが挙げられる。しかし、この方策では、ドライアイス等の保冷剤に加えてフィルターろ過装置を採取現場に持ち込む必要があり、操作がさらに煩雑となる。   In general, as a measure for suppressing the degradation of nucleic acid contained in a liquid sample, the liquid sample can be stored in a refrigerator or frozen. For example, in the field of environmental DNA analysis, it is possible to refrigerate immediately after collecting environmental water samples. Refrigeration is expected to suppress the activity of nucleolytic enzymes. However, in this measure, it is necessary to bring a cryogen or the like into the collection place, and the operation is complicated. Another measure is to filter the filter immediately after collecting the environmental water sample and freeze the filter. However, in this measure, it is necessary to bring a filter filtration device to the collection site in addition to a cooling agent such as dry ice, which further complicates the operation.

そこで本発明は、環境DNA分析によって生物相の推定又は特定の生物の量の推定するにあたり、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解を抑えるための新しい技術を提供することを目的とする。   Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a new technique for suppressing degradation of nucleic acids contained in environmental water samples when estimating biota or the amount of a specific organism by environmental DNA analysis.

本発明者らは、4級アンモニウム塩を必須成分とする組成物、具体的には4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤で環境水試料を予め処理することにより、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の保存安定性が向上し、上記課題を解決できることを見出した。詳細には、通常は固体の消毒対象物に噴霧あるいは塗布し、あるいは固体の消毒対象物を浸漬させて使用される前記消毒剤を、分析対象である環境水試料に直接適用することにより、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解が抑えられ、環境水試料の長時間保存が可能となることを見出した。さらに、当該処理を行うことにより、環境DNA分析の感度と精度が格段に向上することを見出した。   The present inventors include a quaternary ammonium salt as an essential component, specifically, by treating the environmental water sample with a disinfectant having a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient in advance, thereby being included in the environmental water sample. It has been found that the storage stability of nucleic acids is improved and the above problems can be solved. Specifically, the above-mentioned disinfectant, which is usually sprayed or applied to a solid disinfecting object or immersed in a solid disinfecting object, is directly applied to an environmental water sample to be analyzed, thereby It was found that the nucleic acid contained in the water sample was prevented from being decomposed and the environmental water sample could be stored for a long time. Furthermore, it has been found that the sensitivity and accuracy of environmental DNA analysis are remarkably improved by performing this treatment.

本発明の1つの様相は、所定の環境から採取された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定するための環境水試料の前処理方法であって、核酸の分析に供する前の前記環境水試料を、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤に接触させることを特徴とする環境水試料の前処理方法である。   One aspect of the present invention is an environment for estimating the amount of a biota or a specific organism at a place where the environmental water sample is collected by analyzing a nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment. A pretreatment method for an environmental water sample, the method comprising contacting the environmental water sample before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis with a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. is there.

本様相は環境水試料の前処理方法に係るものである。本様相では、核酸の分析に供する前の前記環境水試料を、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤に接触させる。例えば、所定の環境から採取した直後の環境水試料に、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を添加する。本様相の環境水試料の前処理方法によれば、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解が抑えられる。そのため、試料採取から核酸分析開始までの時間が長時間となっても、分析の精度や感度への影響が最小限に抑えられる。また、本様相の環境水試料の前処理方法は、環境水試料を上記消毒剤に接触させる(例えば、上記消毒剤を添加する)だけの簡単な構成からなるので、特別の機器類を必要とすることもなく、操作が容易である。   This aspect relates to a pretreatment method for environmental water samples. In this aspect, the environmental water sample before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis is brought into contact with a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. For example, a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient is added to an environmental water sample immediately after being collected from a predetermined environment. According to the environmental water sample pretreatment method of this aspect, the degradation of nucleic acids contained in the environmental water sample can be suppressed. Therefore, even if the time from sample collection to the start of nucleic acid analysis is long, the influence on the accuracy and sensitivity of the analysis can be minimized. In addition, the environmental water sample pretreatment method of this aspect has a simple configuration in which the environmental water sample is simply brought into contact with the disinfectant (for example, the disinfectant is added), and thus special equipment is required. It is easy to operate.

好ましくは、前記消毒剤は、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、及び塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種を有効成分とするものである。   Preferably, the disinfectant contains at least one selected from the group consisting of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride as an active ingredient.

好ましくは、前記環境水に前記消毒剤を添加する。   Preferably, the disinfectant is added to the environmental water.

好ましくは、前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものである。   Preferably, in the analysis of the nucleic acid, the nucleic acid is subjected to a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and the presence or amount of the amplification product is used as an index.

好ましくは、前記生物は、魚類又は両生類である。   Preferably, the organism is a fish or an amphibian.

本発明の他の様相は、核酸の分析に供する前の前記環境水試料に接触させるものであり、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を含有することを特徴とする環境水試料の前処理剤である。   Another aspect of the present invention is to contact an environmental water sample before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis, and contains a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. It is a processing agent.

本様相は環境水試料の前処理剤に係るものである。本様相の前処理剤は、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を含有する。本発明の前処理剤を、核酸の分析に供する前の環境水試料(例えば、採取直後の環境水試料)に接触させる(例えば、添加する)ことにより、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解が抑えられる。そのため、試料採取から核酸分析開始までの時間が長時間となっても、分析の精度や感度への影響が最小限に抑えられる。また、本様相の前処理剤を用いれば、環境水試料に接触させる(例えば、添加する)だけで核酸の分解が抑えられるので、操作が容易である。   This aspect relates to a pretreatment agent for environmental water samples. The pretreatment agent of this aspect contains a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. By contacting (for example, adding) the pretreatment agent of the present invention with an environmental water sample (for example, an environmental water sample immediately after collection) before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis, the nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample is decomposed. It can be suppressed. Therefore, even if the time from sample collection to the start of nucleic acid analysis is long, the influence on the accuracy and sensitivity of the analysis can be minimized. In addition, when the pretreatment agent of this aspect is used, the decomposition of the nucleic acid can be suppressed only by contacting (for example, adding) to the environmental water sample, so that the operation is easy.

好ましくは、前記消毒剤は、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、及び塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種を有効成分とするものである。   Preferably, the disinfectant contains at least one selected from the group consisting of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride as an active ingredient.

好ましくは、前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものである。   Preferably, in the analysis of the nucleic acid, the nucleic acid is subjected to a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and the presence or amount of the amplification product is used as an index.

本発明の他の様相は、所定の環境から採取され且つ上記の方法によって前処理された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定することを特徴とする生物相又は生物の量の推定方法である。   Another aspect of the present invention is to analyze a nucleic acid contained in an environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment and pretreated by the above-described method, so that a biota or a specific organism at the environmental water sample collection site is analyzed. It is the estimation method of the quantity of a biota or organism characterized by estimating the quantity of.

本様相は、生物相又は生物の量の推定方法に係るものである。本様相の生物相又は生物の量の推定方法では、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤で処理された環境水試料を用い、環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析する。本様相の生物相又は生物の量の推定方法では、前処理によって核酸の分解が抑えられた環境水試料を用いるので、より高い精度と感度をもって生物相又は生物の量の推定を行うことができる。   This aspect relates to a method for estimating the biota or the amount of organisms. In the method for estimating the biota or the amount of organisms in this aspect, an environmental water sample treated with a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient is used to analyze nucleic acids contained in the environmental water sample. In this aspect of the biota or organism quantity estimation method, an environmental water sample in which nucleic acid degradation is suppressed by pretreatment is used, so that it is possible to estimate the biota or organism quantity with higher accuracy and sensitivity. .

好ましくは、前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものである。   Preferably, in the analysis of the nucleic acid, the nucleic acid is subjected to a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and the presence or amount of the amplification product is used as an index.

好ましくは、前記核酸増幅反応は、リアルタイムPCRである。   Preferably, the nucleic acid amplification reaction is real-time PCR.

好ましくは、前記生物は、魚類又は両生類である。   Preferably, the organism is a fish or an amphibian.

かかる構成により、所定の環境における魚類又は両生類の分布や量を、より高精度で推定することができる。   With this configuration, the distribution and amount of fish or amphibians in a predetermined environment can be estimated with higher accuracy.

本発明によれば、環境水試料を用いた環境DNA分析による生物相の推定又は特定の生物の量の推定を、より簡便にかつ高精度で行うことができる。   According to the present invention, biota estimation or estimation of the amount of a specific organism by environmental DNA analysis using an environmental water sample can be performed more easily and with high accuracy.

実施例1で行ったDNAの定量結果を表すグラフである。2 is a graph showing the results of DNA quantification performed in Example 1. 実施例2で行ったDNAの定量結果を表すグラフである。3 is a graph showing the results of DNA quantification performed in Example 2. 実施例3で行ったDNAの定量結果を表すグラフである。6 is a graph showing the results of DNA quantification performed in Example 3. 実施例4で行ったDNAの定量結果を表すグラフである。4 is a graph showing the results of DNA quantification performed in Example 4.

本発明の前処理方法及び前処理剤は、所定の環境から採取された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定するために用いられるものである。典型的には、前記核酸は環境水試料に含まれる固形物から抽出されたものであり、本発明の前処理方法及び前処理剤は前記固形物から核酸を抽出する前の環境水試料に適用される。   The pretreatment method and the pretreatment agent of the present invention estimate the amount of a biota or a specific organism at the place where the environmental water sample is collected by analyzing a nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment. It is used to do. Typically, the nucleic acid is extracted from a solid contained in an environmental water sample, and the pretreatment method and the pretreatment agent of the present invention are applied to the environmental water sample before extracting the nucleic acid from the solid. Is done.

本発明では、環境水試料に4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を接触させることにより、環境水試料の前処理を行う。典型的には、前記消毒剤を環境水試料に添加する。   In the present invention, the environmental water sample is pretreated by bringing the environmental water sample into contact with a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient. Typically, the disinfectant is added to the environmental water sample.

上記4級アンモニウム塩の例としては、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム、等が挙げられる。例えば、市販の10w/v%塩化ベンザルコニウム水溶液、10w/v%塩化ベンゼトニウム水溶液、10w/v%塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム水溶液を用いることができる。これらの4級アンモニウム塩については、1種のみを用いてもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。   Examples of the quaternary ammonium salt include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and the like. For example, a commercially available 10 w / v% benzalkonium chloride aqueous solution, 10 w / v% benzethonium chloride aqueous solution, 10 w / v% didecyldimethylammonium chloride aqueous solution can be used. About these quaternary ammonium salts, only 1 type may be used and 2 or more types may be used together.

上記消毒剤の適用量としては、環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解が抑制され、かつ後に行う環境DNA分析に悪影響を与えない量であれば特に限定はなく、環境水試料の採取場所や環境水試料の性状等によって適宜選択することができる。
塩化ベンザルコニウムを有効成分とする消毒剤を用いる場合には、例えば、環境水試料中における塩化ベンザルコニウムの最終濃度が0.0005〜0.4w/v%、好ましくは0.0008〜0.2w/v%、より好ましくは0.001〜0.1w/v%となるように、前記消毒剤を環境水試料に添加することができる。例えば、消毒剤として10w/v%塩化ベンザルコニウム水溶液を使用するならば、当該消毒剤が20000〜25倍希釈、好ましくは12500〜50倍希釈、より好ましくは10000〜100倍希釈されるように、環境水試料に添加することができる。
The application amount of the disinfectant is not particularly limited as long as the degradation of nucleic acids contained in the environmental water sample is suppressed and does not adversely affect the subsequent environmental DNA analysis. It can be appropriately selected depending on the properties of the water sample.
When a disinfectant containing benzalkonium chloride as an active ingredient is used, for example, the final concentration of benzalkonium chloride in the environmental water sample is 0.0005 to 0.4 w / v%, preferably 0.0008 to 0. The disinfectant can be added to the environmental water sample so as to be 2 w / v%, more preferably 0.001 to 0.1 w / v%. For example, if a 10 w / v% benzalkonium chloride aqueous solution is used as the disinfectant, the disinfectant is diluted 20000 to 25 times, preferably 12500 to 50 times, more preferably 10,000 to 100 times. Can be added to environmental water samples.

塩化ベンゼトニウムを有効成分とする消毒剤を用いる場合も同様であり、例えば、環境水試料中における塩化ベンゼトニウムの最終濃度が0.0005〜0.4w/v%、好ましくは0.0008〜0.2w/v%、より好ましくは0.001〜0.1w/v%となるように、前記消毒剤を環境水試料に添加することができる。
塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムを有効成分とする消毒剤を用いる場合も同様であり、例えば、環境水試料中における塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムの最終濃度が0.0005〜0.4w/v%、好ましくは0.0008〜0.2w/v%、より好ましくは0.001〜0.1w/v%となるように、前記消毒剤を環境水試料に添加することができる。
The same applies to the case of using a disinfectant containing benzethonium chloride as an active ingredient. For example, the final concentration of benzethonium chloride in the environmental water sample is 0.0005 to 0.4 w / v%, preferably 0.0008 to 0.2 w. The disinfectant can be added to the environmental water sample so as to be / v%, more preferably 0.001 to 0.1 w / v%.
The same applies when a disinfectant containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride as an active ingredient is used. For example, the final concentration of didecyldimethylammonium chloride in the environmental water sample is 0.0005 to 0.4 w / v%, preferably 0. The disinfectant can be added to the environmental water sample so that the concentration becomes .0008 to 0.2 w / v%, more preferably 0.001 to 0.1 w / v%.

本発明による環境水試料の前処理は、試料の採取直後に行うことが好ましい。本発明では4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を適用するだけの簡単な構成を採用しているので、試料の採取場所でも容易に前処理を行うことができる。   The pretreatment of the environmental water sample according to the present invention is preferably performed immediately after collection of the sample. Since the present invention employs a simple configuration in which a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient is applied, pretreatment can be easily performed at the sample collection location.

本発明の前処理剤の形態としては特に限定はなく、液状、半固体状、固体状のいずれでもよいが、液状が好ましく採用される。液状の前処理剤であれば、環境水試料への添加と混和を容易に行える。   The form of the pretreatment agent of the present invention is not particularly limited and may be liquid, semi-solid, or solid, but liquid is preferably employed. If it is a liquid pretreatment agent, addition to an environmental water sample and mixing can be performed easily.

添加以外の方法で環境水試料に消毒剤を接触させる方法としては、例えば、消毒剤を固定化した担体に環境水試料を流して連続的に接触させることが挙げられる。   Examples of the method of bringing the disinfectant into contact with the environmental water sample by a method other than addition include, for example, flowing the environmental water sample continuously onto a carrier on which the disinfectant is immobilized.

本発明の前処理剤には、4級アンモニウム塩による核酸分解抑制作用を損なわない範囲において、他の成分が含まれていてもよい。他の成分としては、エタノール等のアルコール類、核酸分解酵素の阻害剤(EDTA等)、等が挙げられる。   The pretreatment agent of the present invention may contain other components as long as the nucleic acid degradation inhibitory action by the quaternary ammonium salt is not impaired. Examples of other components include alcohols such as ethanol, nucleolytic enzyme inhibitors (EDTA and the like), and the like.

本発明は、所定の環境から採取され且つ上記の方法によって前処理された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定することを特徴とする生物相又は生物の量の推定方法を包含する。   The present invention estimates the amount of a biota or a specific organism at a collection location of the environmental water sample by analyzing nucleic acids contained in the environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment and pretreated by the above method. And a method for estimating a biota or an amount of a living organism.

好ましい実施形態では、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標として生物相又は生物の量を推定する。核酸増幅反応の代表例はポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)である。例えば、生物種特異的なプライマーを用いてPCRを行い、増幅産物の有無や量を調べることにより、試料採取場所における当該生物種の有無や量を推定することができる。特にリアルタイムPCRによればDNAの定量が可能であり、生物の量の推定に特に有用である。   In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is subjected to a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and the amount of the biota or organism is estimated using the presence or absence or amount of the amplification product as an index. A typical example of the nucleic acid amplification reaction is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For example, by performing PCR using a species-specific primer and examining the presence / absence or amount of the amplification product, the presence / absence or amount of the species at the sampling location can be estimated. In particular, real-time PCR can quantify DNA and is particularly useful for estimating the amount of organisms.

核酸増幅反応以外の方法であっても、生物種特異的な配列を検出できる方法であれば採用可能である。例えば、次世代シーケンサーを用いたメタバーコーディング等の手法が採用可能である。   Even a method other than the nucleic acid amplification reaction can be used as long as it can detect a species-specific sequence. For example, a technique such as meta bar coding using a next-generation sequencer can be employed.

環境水試料の前処理から核酸分析を行うまでの時間は、一般的には短い方が好ましいが、本発明では環境水試料に含まれる核酸の分解が抑えられているので、長時間であってもかまわない。少なくとも、3〜10日程度の時間が経過しても特に問題はない。前処理後の環境水試料の保存温度についても、一般的には低温が好ましいが、常温でも特に問題はない。   In general, the time from the pretreatment of the environmental water sample to the nucleic acid analysis is preferably short. However, in the present invention, the degradation of the nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample is suppressed. It doesn't matter. There is no particular problem even if the time of at least about 3 to 10 days elapses. The preservation temperature of the environmental water sample after the pretreatment is generally preferably low, but there is no problem even at room temperature.

好ましい実施形態では、環境水試料に含まれる核酸は、環境水試料に含まれる固形物から抽出される。当該固形物は、例えば、環境水試料をろ過して得られる捕捉物である。そして、本発明の前処理方法及び前処理剤は、核酸の抽出前の環境水試料に適用されることが好ましく、より好ましくは固形物を単離する前の環境水試料、最も好ましくは、上記したように、採取直後の環境水試料に適用される。   In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample is extracted from the solid material contained in the environmental water sample. The said solid substance is a capture thing obtained by filtering an environmental water sample, for example. The pretreatment method and the pretreatment agent of the present invention are preferably applied to an environmental water sample before nucleic acid extraction, more preferably an environmental water sample before isolating solids, most preferably As described above, it is applied to environmental water samples immediately after collection.

本発明における生物相や生物の量の推定の対象となる生物としては、魚類、両生類が挙げられる。その他の例として、水棲昆虫、貝類などの水生無脊椎動物や、水生植物が挙げられる。   Fishes and amphibians are examples of organisms that are targets for estimation of the biota and the amount of organisms in the present invention. Other examples include aquatic invertebrates such as aquatic insects and shellfish, and aquatic plants.

以下、実施例をもって本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。   EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

(1)環境水試料の採取
琵琶湖の長命寺港にて湖水を採取し、500mL×9本に分けた。各環境水試料について、C1、C2、C3(Cシリーズ)、CC1、CC2、CC3(CCシリーズ)、B1、B2、B3(Bシリーズ)と命名した。
(1) Collection of environmental water samples Lake water was collected at Chomeiji port of Lake Biwa and divided into 500 mL × 9. Each environmental water sample was named C1, C2, C3 (C series), CC1, CC2, CC3 (CC series), B1, B2, B3 (B series).

(2)環境水試料の前処理
試料名C1、C2、C3(Cシリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま6時間冷蔵保存した。
試料名CC1、CC2、CC3(CCシリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま6時間冷蔵保存した後、フィルターろ過まで23℃程度にインキュベートした。
試料名B1、B2、B3(Bシリーズ)については、採取後ただちに10%塩化ベンザルコニウム液(商品名:タケクリーンA−ST、攝津製油社)を1/1000量加えた(塩化ベンザルコニウムの終濃度0.01w/v%)。6時間冷蔵保存した後、フィルターろ過まで23℃程度にインキュベートして保存した。
(2) Pretreatment of environmental water sample The sample names C1, C2, and C3 (C series) were not pretreated and stored refrigerated for 6 hours.
The sample names CC1, CC2, and CC3 (CC series) were not pretreated and stored in the refrigerator as they were for 6 hours, and then incubated at about 23 ° C. until filter filtration.
For sample names B1, B2, and B3 (B series), immediately after collection, 1/1000 amount of 10% benzalkonium chloride solution (trade name: Takeclean A-ST, Awazu Oil Company) was added (benzalkonium chloride). Final concentration of 0.01 w / v%). After refrigerated storage for 6 hours, it was incubated at about 23 ° C. and stored until filtration.

(3)フィルターろ過とDNAの精製
グラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料を濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。
試料名C1、C2、C3については、採取後6時間(冷蔵6時間)の時点で濾過した。その他の試料については、採取後78時間(冷蔵6時間+23℃保存72時間)の時点で濾過した。
各試料とも、濾過量は全量(環境水試料500mLを含む)とした。
DNeasy Blood and Tissueキット(Qiagen社)を用いて、フィルター上の固形物からDNAを抽出及び精製した。
(3) Filter filtration and DNA purification Each sample was filtered using a glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)), and the solid content was captured on the filter.
Sample names C1, C2, and C3 were filtered 6 hours after collection (refrigeration 6 hours). Other samples were filtered 78 hours after collection (refrigeration 6 hours + 23 ° C storage 72 hours).
In each sample, the filtration amount was the entire amount (including 500 mL of environmental water sample).
DNA was extracted and purified from the solid on the filter using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen).

(4)リアルタイムPCRによるDNAの定量
非特許文献2に記載のブルーギル(Lepomis macrochirus)特異的プライマー(配列番号1,2)を用い、上記(3)で抽出・精製したDNAを鋳型として、リアルタイムPCRによるDNA定量を行った。リアルタイムPCRには、Taqman gene Expression Master Mix及びTaqmanプローブ(配列番号3、Life Technologies社)を用いた。温度サイクルとして、50℃2分、95℃10分の後、95℃15秒−60℃60秒のサイクルを55回行った。各シリーズについて、得られた値(コピー数)の平均値と標準偏差(SD)を算出した。
(4) Quantification of DNA by real-time PCR Real-time PCR using the DNA extracted and purified in (3) above as a template using the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) -specific primer described in Non-Patent Document 2 Quantification of DNA was performed. For real-time PCR, Taqman gene Expression Master Mix and Taqman probe (SEQ ID NO: 3, Life Technologies) were used. As a temperature cycle, a cycle of 95 ° C. for 15 seconds to 60 ° C. for 60 seconds was performed 55 times after 50 ° C. for 2 minutes and 95 ° C. for 10 minutes. For each series, the average value and standard deviation (SD) of the obtained values (copy number) were calculated.

(5)結果
結果を図1に示す。図1は各シリーズのコピー数の平均値を示すグラフであり、「C」、「CC」、「B」は、それぞれCシリーズ(試料名C1、C2、C3)、CCシリーズ(試料名CC1、CC2、CC3)、Bシリーズ(試料名B1、B2、B3)のコピー数の平均値を示している。エラーバーは平均値±SDを示している。
図1に示すように、塩化ベンザルコニウム液で前処理したBシリーズは、採取後ただちに冷蔵保存したCシリーズよりも4倍程度高いコピー数を示した。これは、Bシリーズでは塩化ベンザルコニウムの作用によってDNAの分解が抑えられ、採取から3日経過しても分析に必要なDNA量が十分維持されていたことを示していた。なお、CCシリーズでは、リアルタイムPCRによるDNA定量が困難であった。これは、試料採取からフィルターろ過/DNA抽出までの間にDNAが分解されたため、定量が困難になったものと考えられた。
以上より、環境水試料を塩化ベンザルコニウムで前処理することにより、環境水試料中のDNAの分解が抑えられ、環境DNA分析を高感度、高精度かつ簡便に行えることが示された。
(5) Results The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 1 is a graph showing the average value of the number of copies of each series. “C”, “CC”, and “B” are the C series (sample names C1, C2, C3) and CC series (sample names CC1, CC2 and CC3) and B series (sample names B1, B2, and B3) are average values of copy numbers. Error bars indicate mean ± SD.
As shown in FIG. 1, the B series pretreated with the benzalkonium chloride solution showed a copy number about four times higher than that of the C series that was refrigerated immediately after collection. This indicated that in the B series, the degradation of DNA was suppressed by the action of benzalkonium chloride, and the amount of DNA necessary for analysis was sufficiently maintained even after 3 days from the collection. In the CC series, DNA quantification by real-time PCR was difficult. This was considered to be difficult to quantify because DNA was decomposed between sampling and filter filtration / DNA extraction.
From the above, it was shown that pretreatment of environmental water samples with benzalkonium chloride suppresses the degradation of DNA in the environmental water samples, and environmental DNA analysis can be performed with high sensitivity, high accuracy, and simplicity.

(1)環境水試料の採取
滋賀県大津市内の池から水を採取し、500mL×42本に分けた。各環境水試料について、表1に示すように命名した。
(1) Collection of environmental water samples Water was collected from a pond in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and divided into 500 mL × 42 tubes. Each environmental water sample was named as shown in Table 1.

Figure 2017099376
Figure 2017099376

(2)環境水試料の前処理
試料名CF1〜CF3(CFシリーズ)については前処理をせず、採水後ただちにグラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料500mLを濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。さらに、濾過後のフィルターを直ちに冷凍保存した。
(2) Pretreatment of environmental water samples Sample names CF1 to CF3 (CF series) are not pretreated, and a glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)) is used immediately after sampling. 500 mL of each sample was filtered, and the solid content was captured on the filter. Further, the filtered filter was immediately stored frozen.

試料名CE1〜CE3(CEシリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま常温で8時間保存した。   Sample names CE1 to CE3 (CE series) were not pretreated and stored as they were at room temperature for 8 hours.

試料名BA1−1〜BA3−3(BAシリーズ)については、採取後ただちに10w/v%塩化ベンザルコニウム液(商品名:タケクリーンA−ST、攝津製油社)を所定量加え、そのまま常温で8時間保存した。塩化ベンザルコニウムの終濃度として、BA1−1〜BA1−3(BA1シリーズ)は0.1w/v%、BA2−1〜BA2−3(BA2シリーズ)は0.01w/v%、BA3−1〜BA3−3(BA3シリーズ)は0.001w/v%とした。   For sample names BA1-1 to BA3-3 (BA series), immediately after collection, a predetermined amount of 10 w / v% benzalkonium chloride solution (trade name: Takeclean A-ST, Awazu Oil Co., Ltd.) was added and left at room temperature. Stored for 8 hours. The final concentration of benzalkonium chloride is 0.1 w / v% for BA1-1 to BA1-3 (BA1 series), 0.01 w / v% for BA2-1 to BA2-3 (BA2 series), BA3-1 -BA3-3 (BA3 series) was 0.001 w / v%.

試料名BE1−1〜BE3−3(BEシリーズ)については、採取後ただちに10w/v%塩化ベンゼトニウム液(商品名:ハイアミン液10%、第一三共エスファ社)を所定量加え、そのまま常温で8時間保存した。塩化ベンゼトニウムの終濃度として、BE1−1〜BE1−3(BE1シリーズ)は0.1w/v%、BE2−1〜BE2−3(BE2シリーズ)は0.01w/v%、BE3−1〜BE3−3(BE3シリーズ)は0.001w/v%とした。   For sample names BE1-1 to BE3-3 (BE series), immediately after collection, a predetermined amount of 10 w / v% benzethonium chloride solution (trade name: Hyamine solution 10%, Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co., Ltd.) is added, and then at room temperature. Stored for 8 hours. As final concentrations of benzethonium chloride, BE1-1 to BE1-3 (BE1 series) are 0.1 w / v%, BE2-1 to BE2-3 (BE2 series) are 0.01 w / v%, BE3-1 to BE3. -3 (BE3 series) was 0.001 w / v%.

試料名D1−1〜D3−3(Dシリーズ)については、採取後ただちに7w/v%塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム液(商品名:カチオーゲンDDM−PG、第一工業製薬社)を所定量加え、そのまま常温で8時間保存した。塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムの終濃度として、D1−1〜D1−3(D1シリーズ)は0.07w/v%、D2−1〜D2−3(D2シリーズ)は0.007w/v%、D3−1〜D3−3(D3シリーズ)は0.0007w/v%とした。   For sample names D1-1 to D3-3 (D series), immediately after collection, a predetermined amount of 7 w / v% didecyldimethylammonium chloride solution (trade name: Catiogen DDM-PG, Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) was added and left as it was. Stored at room temperature for 8 hours. As final concentrations of didecyldimethylammonium chloride, D1-1 to D1-3 (D1 series) are 0.07 w / v%, D2-1 to D2-3 (D2 series) are 0.007 w / v%, D3- 1 to D3-3 (D3 series) was set to 0.0007 w / v%.

試料名S1−1〜S3−3(Sシリーズ)については、採取後ただちに5w/v%次亜塩素酸ナトリウム液(和光純薬工業社)を所定量加え、そのまま常温で8時間保存した。次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの終濃度として、S1−1〜S1−3(S1シリーズ)は0.1w/v%、S2−1〜S2−3(S2シリーズ)は0.01w/v%、S3−1〜S3−3(S3シリーズ)は0.001w/v%とした。   For the sample names S1-1 to S3-3 (S series), a predetermined amount of 5 w / v% sodium hypochlorite solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was added immediately after collection, and stored at room temperature for 8 hours. As final concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, S1-1 to S1-3 (S1 series) are 0.1 w / v%, S2-1 to S2-3 (S2 series) are 0.01 w / v%, S3- 1 to S3-3 (S3 series) was set to 0.001 w / v%.

(3)フィルターろ過とDNAの精製
CFシリーズ以外の試料について、8時間の常温保存後、グラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料を濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。各試料とも、濾過量は全量(環境水試料500mLを含む)とした。
DNeasy Blood and Tissueキット(Qiagen社)を用いて、フィルター上の固形物からDNAを抽出及び精製した。
(3) Filter filtration and DNA purification For samples other than the CF series, each sample was filtered using a glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)) after storage at room temperature for 8 hours. Solids were captured on the filter. In each sample, the filtration amount was the entire amount (including 500 mL of environmental water sample).
DNA was extracted and purified from the solid on the filter using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen).

(4)リアルタイムPCRによるDNAの定量
実施例1と同様にして、ブルーギル特異的プライマーを用いたリアルタイムPCRを行った。各シリーズについて、得られた値(コピー数)の平均値と標準偏差(SD)を算出した。
(4) Quantification of DNA by real-time PCR In the same manner as in Example 1, real-time PCR using bluegill-specific primers was performed. For each series, the average value and standard deviation (SD) of the obtained values (copy number) were calculated.

(5)結果
結果を図2に示す。図2は各シリーズのコピー数の平均値を示すグラフであり、例えば「CF」は、CFシリーズ(試料名CF1、CF2、CF3)のコピー数の平均値を示している。エラーバーは平均値±SDを示している。
図2に示すように、BA1、BA2、BA3シリーズ(塩化ベンザルコニウム処理)、BE1、BE2、BE3シリーズ(塩化ベンゼトニウム処理)、及びD1、D2、D3シリーズ(塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウム処理)について、CEシリーズ(無処理)よりも3〜6倍程度高いコピー数を示した。特に、BA1、BA2、BA3シリーズではCFシリーズ(フィルター冷凍保存)と同等の高いコピー数を示した。BE1、BE2、BE3シリーズ、D1、D2、D3シリーズについても、環境DNAを高感度及び高精度で行うのに十分なコピー数を示した。
なお、S1、S2、S3シリーズ(次亜塩素酸ナトリウム処理)ではリアルタイムPCRによるDNA定量が困難であった。これは、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムの作用によって環境水試料中のDNAが分解されたためと考えられた。
以上より、環境水試料を、少なくとも終濃度0.1〜0.001w/v%の塩化ベンザルコニウム若しくは塩化ベンゼトニウム、又は、少なくとも終濃度0.07〜0.0007w/v%の塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムで前処理することにより、環境水試料中のDNAの分解が抑えられ、環境DNA分析を高感度、高精度かつ簡便に行えることが示された。
(5) Results The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 2 is a graph showing an average value of the copy number of each series. For example, “CF” indicates an average value of the copy number of the CF series (sample names CF1, CF2, and CF3). Error bars indicate mean ± SD.
As shown in FIG. 2, for BA1, BA2, BA3 series (benzalkonium chloride treatment), BE1, BE2, BE3 series (benzethonium chloride treatment), and D1, D2, D3 series (didecyldimethylammonium chloride treatment), The copy number was about 3 to 6 times higher than the CE series (no treatment). In particular, the BA1, BA2, and BA3 series showed a high copy number equivalent to the CF series (filter frozen storage). The BE1, BE2, BE3 series, D1, D2, and D3 series also showed sufficient copy numbers to perform environmental DNA with high sensitivity and high accuracy.
In the S1, S2, and S3 series (sodium hypochlorite treatment), DNA quantification by real-time PCR was difficult. This was thought to be because DNA in the environmental water sample was decomposed by the action of sodium hypochlorite.
As described above, the environmental water sample is prepared by benzalkonium chloride or benzethonium chloride having a final concentration of 0.1 to 0.001 w / v%, or didecyldimethyl chloride having a final concentration of 0.07 to 0.0007 w / v%. It was shown that pretreatment with ammonium suppresses the degradation of DNA in the environmental water sample, and environmental DNA analysis can be performed with high sensitivity, high accuracy, and simplicity.

(1)環境水試料の採取
滋賀県大津市内の河川から水を採取し、500mL×10本に分けた。各環境水試料について、CF4−1、CF4−2、CF4−3、CF4−4、CF4−5(CF4シリーズ)、並びに、BA4−1、BA4−2、BA4−3、BA4−4、BA4−5(BA4シリーズ)と命名した。
(1) Collection of environmental water samples Water was collected from rivers in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and divided into 500 mL × 10 tubes. For each environmental water sample, CF4-1, CF4-2, CF4-3, CF4-4, CF4-5 (CF4 series), BA4-1, BA4-2, BA4-3, BA4-4, BA4- 5 (BA4 series).

(2)環境水試料の前処理とフィルターろ過
試料名CF4−1〜CF4−5(CF4シリーズ)については前処理をせず、採水後ただちにグラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料を濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。各試料とも、濾過量は全量(環境水試料500mLを含む)とした。さらに、濾過後のフィルターを氷冷して6時間保存した。
(2) Pretreatment of environmental water sample and filter filtration Sample names CF4-1 to CF4-5 (CF4 series) are not pretreated, and immediately after water collection, glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade) Each sample was filtered using GF / F)) and the solids were captured on the filter. In each sample, the filtration amount was the entire amount (including 500 mL of environmental water sample). Further, the filtered filter was ice-cooled and stored for 6 hours.

試料名BA4−1〜BA4−5(BA4シリーズ)については、採取後ただちに10w/v%塩化ベンザルコニウム液(商品名:タケクリーンA−ST、攝津製油社)を1/1000量加えた(塩化ベンザルコニウムの終濃度0.01w/v%)。そのまま常温で6時間保存した。6時間の常温保存後、グラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料を濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。各試料とも、濾過量は全量(環境水試料500mLを含む)とした。   For sample names BA4-1 to BA4-5 (BA4 series), 1/1000 amount of 10 w / v% benzalkonium chloride solution (trade name: Takeclean A-ST, Awazu Oil Co., Ltd.) was added immediately after collection ( Benzalkonium chloride final concentration 0.01 w / v%). It was stored for 6 hours at room temperature. After storage at room temperature for 6 hours, each sample was filtered using a glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)), and the solid content was captured on the filter. In each sample, the filtration amount was the entire amount (including 500 mL of environmental water sample).

(3)DNAの精製
DNeasy Blood and Tissueキット(Qiagen社)を用いて、フィルター上の固形物からDNAを抽出及び精製した。
(3) DNA purification
DNA was extracted and purified from the solid on the filter using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen).

(4)リアルタイムPCRによるDNAの定量
アユ(Plecoglossus altivelis)特異的プライマー(配列番号4,5)を用い、上記(3)で抽出・精製したDNAを鋳型として、リアルタイムPCRによるDNA定量を行った。リアルタイムPCRには、Taqman gene Expression Master Mix及びTaqmanプローブ(配列番号6、Life Technologies社)を用いた。温度サイクルとして、実施例1と同様に、50℃2分、95℃10分の後、95℃15秒−60℃60秒のサイクルを55回行った。各シリーズについて、得られた値(コピー数)の平均値と標準偏差(SD)を算出した。
(4) Quantification of DNA by real-time PCR DNA was quantified by real-time PCR using ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) -specific primers (SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 5) and the DNA extracted and purified in (3) above as a template. For real-time PCR, Taqman gene Expression Master Mix and Taqman probe (SEQ ID NO: 6, Life Technologies) were used. As a temperature cycle, similarly to Example 1, a cycle of 95 ° C. for 15 seconds to 60 ° C. for 60 seconds was performed 55 times after 50 ° C. for 2 minutes and 95 ° C. for 10 minutes. For each series, the average value and standard deviation (SD) of the obtained values (copy number) were calculated.

(5)結果
結果を図3に示す。図3は各シリーズのコピー数の平均値を示すグラフであり、「CF4」、「BA4」は、それぞれCF4シリーズ(試料名CF4−1〜CF4−5)、BA4シリーズ(試料名BA4−1〜BA4−5)のコピー数の平均値を示している。エラーバーは平均値±SDを示している。
図3に示すように、塩化ベンザルコニウム液で前処理したBA4シリーズは、前処理をしなかったCF4シリーズよりも5倍程度高いコピー数を示した。これは、BA4シリーズでは塩化ベンザルコニウムの作用によってDNAの分解が抑えられ、採取から6時間経過しても分析に必要なDNA量が十分維持されていたことを示していた。
以上より、環境水試料を塩化ベンザルコニウムで前処理することにより、環境水試料中のDNAの分解が抑えられ、環境DNA分析を高感度、高精度かつ簡便に行えることが示された。
(5) Results The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the average value of the number of copies of each series. “CF4” and “BA4” are the CF4 series (sample names CF4-1 to CF4-5) and BA4 series (sample names BA4-1 to BA4, respectively). The average value of the copy number of BA4-5) is shown. Error bars indicate mean ± SD.
As shown in FIG. 3, the BA4 series pretreated with the benzalkonium chloride solution showed a copy number about five times higher than the CF4 series not pretreated. This indicated that in the BA4 series, the degradation of DNA was suppressed by the action of benzalkonium chloride, and the amount of DNA necessary for analysis was sufficiently maintained even after 6 hours from the collection.
From the above, it was shown that pretreatment of environmental water samples with benzalkonium chloride suppresses the degradation of DNA in the environmental water samples, and environmental DNA analysis can be performed with high sensitivity, high accuracy, and simplicity.

(1)環境水試料の採取
滋賀県大津市内の池から水を採取し、500mL×30本に分けた。各環境水試料について、表2に示すように命名した。
(1) Collection of environmental water samples Water was collected from a pond in Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, and divided into 500 mL × 30 tubes. Each environmental water sample was named as shown in Table 2.

Figure 2017099376
Figure 2017099376

(2)環境水試料の前処理
試料名CF5−1〜CF5−3(CF5シリーズ)については前処理をせず、採水後ただちにグラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料500mLを濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。さらに、濾過後のフィルターを直ちに冷凍保存した。
(2) Pretreatment of environmental water samples Sample names CF5-1 to CF5-3 (CF5 series) are not pretreated, and immediately after collecting water, glass fiber filters (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F) )) Was used to filter 500 mL of each sample and the solids were captured on the filter. Further, the filtered filter was immediately stored frozen.

試料名CE6−1〜CE6−3(CE6シリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で1日保存した。
試料名CE7−1〜CE7−3(CE7シリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で3日保存した。
試料名CE8−1〜CE8−3(CE8シリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で5日保存した。
試料名CE9−1〜CE9−3(CE9シリーズ)については前処理をせず、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で10日保存した。
Sample names CE6-1 to CE6-3 (CE6 series) were not pretreated and stored as they were at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) for one day.
Sample names CE7-1 to CE7-3 (CE7 series) were not pretreated and stored as they were at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) for 3 days.
Sample names CE8-1 to CE8-3 (CE8 series) were not pretreated and stored for 5 days at room temperature (about 22 ° C.).
Sample names CE9-1 to CE9-3 (CE9 series) were not pretreated and stored as they were at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) for 10 days.

試料名BA5−1〜BA5−3(BA5シリーズ)、試料名BA6−1〜BA6−3(BA6シリーズ)、試料名BA7−1〜BA7−3(BA7シリーズ)、試料名BA8−1〜BA8−3(BA8シリーズ)、及び試料名BA9−1〜BA9−3(BA9シリーズ)については、採取後ただちに10w/v%塩化ベンザルコニウム液(商品名:タケクリーンA−ST、攝津製油社)を1/1000量加えた(塩化ベンザルコニウムの終濃度0.01w/v%)。   Sample names BA5-1 to BA5-3 (BA5 series), sample names BA6-1 to BA6-3 (BA6 series), sample names BA7-1 to BA7-3 (BA7 series), sample names BA8-1 to BA8- 3 (BA8 series) and sample names BA9-1 to BA9-3 (BA9 series), immediately after collection, 10 w / v% benzalkonium chloride solution (trade name: Takeclean A-ST, Awazu Oil Co., Ltd.) 1/1000 amount was added (final concentration of benzalkonium chloride 0.01 w / v%).

BA5シリーズについては、塩化ベンザルコニウム液の添加後ただちにグラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料500mLを濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。さらに、濾過後のフィルターを直ちに冷凍保存した。   For the BA5 series, immediately after the addition of the benzalkonium chloride solution, 500 mL of each sample was filtered using a glass fiber filter (manufactured by GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)), and the solid content was captured on the filter. . Further, the filtered filter was immediately stored frozen.

BA6シリーズについては、塩化ベンザルコニウム液の添加後、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で1日保存した。
BA7シリーズについては、塩化ベンザルコニウム液の添加後、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で3日保存した。
BA8シリーズについては、塩化ベンザルコニウム液の添加後、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で5日保存した。
BA9シリーズについては、塩化ベンザルコニウム液の添加後、そのまま常温(22℃程度)で10日保存した。
The BA6 series was stored for 1 day at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) as it was after the addition of the benzalkonium chloride solution.
The BA7 series was stored for 3 days at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) after the addition of the benzalkonium chloride solution.
The BA8 series was stored at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) for 5 days after the addition of the benzalkonium chloride solution.
The BA9 series was stored for 10 days at room temperature (about 22 ° C.) after the addition of the benzalkonium chloride solution.

(3)フィルターろ過とDNAの精製
CF5シリーズとBA5シリーズ以外の試料について、所定日数の常温保存後、グラスファイバーフィルター(GE社製、ガラス繊維ろ紙(グレードGF/F))を用いて各試料を濾過し、固形分をフィルター上に捕捉した。各試料とも、濾過量は全量(環境水試料500mLを含む)とした。
DNeasy Blood and Tissueキット(Qiagen社)を用いて、フィルター上の固形物からDNAを抽出及び精製した。
(3) Filter filtration and DNA purification Samples other than the CF5 series and BA5 series were stored at room temperature for a predetermined number of days, and each sample was then removed using a glass fiber filter (GE, glass fiber filter paper (grade GF / F)). Filter and trap the solids on the filter. In each sample, the filtration amount was the entire amount (including 500 mL of environmental water sample).
DNA was extracted and purified from the solid on the filter using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen).

(4)リアルタイムPCRによるDNAの定量
実施例1と同様にして、ブルーギル特異的プライマーを用いたリアルタイムPCRを行った。各シリーズについて、得られた値(コピー数)の平均値と標準偏差(SD)を算出した。
(4) Quantification of DNA by real-time PCR In the same manner as in Example 1, real-time PCR using bluegill-specific primers was performed. For each series, the average value and standard deviation (SD) of the obtained values (copy number) were calculated.

(5)結果
結果を図4に示す。図4は各シリーズのコピー数の平均値を示すグラフであり、例えば「CF5」は、CF5シリーズ(試料名CF5−1、CF5−2、CF5−3)のコピー数の平均値を示している。エラーバーは平均値±SDを示している。
図4に示すように、BA5シリーズ(塩化ベンザルコニウム処理後ただちに濾過、フィルターを冷凍保存)において、最も高いコピー数が得られた。さらに、塩化ベンザルコニウム処理後に1〜10日常温保存したBA6、BA7、BA8、BA9の各シリーズについて、環境DNAを高感度及び高精度で行うのに十分なコピー数が得られた。
一方、無処理で1〜10日常温保存したCE6、CE7、CE8、CE9の各シリーズでは低いコピー数しか得られなかった。特に、10日常温保存したCE9シリーズではDNA定量ができなかった。
以上より、環境水試料を塩化ベンザルコニウムで前処理することにより、環境水試料中のDNAの分解が抑えられ、環境DNA分析を高感度、高精度かつ簡便に行えることが示された。また環境水試料に当該処理を施すことにより、少なくとも10日間の常温保存が可能であることが示された。
(5) Results The results are shown in FIG. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the average number of copies of each series. For example, “CF5” indicates the average number of copies of the CF5 series (sample names CF5-1, CF5-2, CF5-3). . Error bars indicate mean ± SD.
As shown in FIG. 4, the highest copy number was obtained in the BA5 series (filtered immediately after benzalkonium chloride treatment, and the filter was stored frozen). Furthermore, for the BA6, BA7, BA8, and BA9 series that were stored at room temperature for 1 to 10 days after benzalkonium chloride treatment, sufficient copy numbers were obtained to perform environmental DNA with high sensitivity and high accuracy.
On the other hand, the CE6, CE7, CE8, and CE9 series that were stored at room temperature for 1 to 10 days without treatment could only obtain a low copy number. In particular, the CE9 series stored at room temperature for 10 days could not quantify DNA.
From the above, it was shown that pretreatment of environmental water samples with benzalkonium chloride suppresses the degradation of DNA in the environmental water samples, and environmental DNA analysis can be performed with high sensitivity, high accuracy, and simplicity. Moreover, it was shown that the room temperature preservation | save for at least 10 days is possible by performing the said process to an environmental water sample.

Claims (12)

所定の環境から採取された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定するための環境水試料の前処理方法であって、
核酸の分析に供する前の前記環境水試料を、4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤に接触させることを特徴とする環境水試料の前処理方法。
This is a pretreatment method for an environmental water sample for estimating the amount of a biota or a specific organism at the sampling location of the environmental water sample by analyzing nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment. And
A pretreatment method for an environmental water sample, which comprises contacting the environmental water sample before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis with a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient.
前記消毒剤は、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、及び塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種を有効成分とするものであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の環境水試料の前処理方法。   2. The environmental water according to claim 1, wherein the disinfectant contains at least one selected from the group consisting of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride as an active ingredient. Sample pretreatment method. 前記環境水試料に前記消毒剤を添加することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の環境水試料の前処理方法。   The pretreatment method for an environmental water sample according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the disinfectant is added to the environmental water sample. 前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の環境水試料の前処理方法。   The analysis of the nucleic acid is performed by subjecting the nucleic acid to a nucleic acid amplification reaction and using the presence or amount of the amplification product as an index. Processing method. 前記生物は、魚類又は両生類であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の環境水試料の前処理方法。   The pretreatment method for an environmental water sample according to claim 1, wherein the organism is a fish or an amphibian. 所定の環境から採取された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定するための環境水試料の前処理剤であって、
核酸の分析に供する前の前記環境水試料に接触させるものであり、
4級アンモニウム塩を有効成分とする消毒剤を含有することを特徴とする環境水試料の前処理剤。
It is a pretreatment agent for an environmental water sample for estimating the amount of a biota or a specific organism at the sampling location of the environmental water sample by analyzing nucleic acid contained in the environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment. And
The sample is brought into contact with the environmental water sample before being subjected to nucleic acid analysis,
A pretreatment agent for an environmental water sample comprising a disinfectant containing a quaternary ammonium salt as an active ingredient.
前記消毒剤は、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウム、及び塩化ジデシルジメチルアンモニウムからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1種を有効成分とするものであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の環境水試料の前処理剤。   The environmental water according to claim 6, wherein the disinfectant contains at least one selected from the group consisting of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and didecyldimethylammonium chloride as an active ingredient. Sample pretreatment agent. 前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものであることを特徴とする請求項6又は7に記載の環境水試料の前処理剤。   8. The environmental water sample pretreatment agent according to claim 6, wherein the nucleic acid analysis is performed by subjecting the nucleic acid to a nucleic acid amplification reaction and using the presence or amount of the amplification product as an index. 所定の環境から採取され且つ請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の方法によって前処理された環境水試料に含まれる核酸を分析することにより、前記環境水試料の採取場所における生物相又は特定の生物の量を推定することを特徴とする生物相又は生物の量の推定方法。   By analyzing nucleic acid contained in an environmental water sample collected from a predetermined environment and pretreated by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, A method for estimating a biota or an amount of organisms, characterized by estimating the amount of organisms. 前記核酸の分析は、前記核酸を核酸増幅反応に供し、その増幅産物の有無又は量を指標とするものであることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の生物相又は生物の量の推定方法。   The method for estimating a biota or an amount of an organism according to claim 9, wherein the analysis of the nucleic acid is performed by subjecting the nucleic acid to a nucleic acid amplification reaction and using the presence or amount of the amplification product as an index. 前記核酸増幅反応は、リアルタイムPCRであることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の生物相又は生物の量の推定方法。   The method according to claim 10, wherein the nucleic acid amplification reaction is real-time PCR. 前記生物は、魚類又は両生類であることを特徴とする請求項9〜11のいずれかに記載の生物相又は生物の量の推定方法。   The method for estimating a biota or an amount of an organism according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the organism is a fish or an amphibian.
JP2016043495A 2015-11-19 2016-03-07 Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms Pending JP2017099376A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2015226878 2015-11-19
JP2015226878 2015-11-19

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2020139423A Division JP6788250B1 (en) 2015-11-19 2020-08-20 Pretreatment method for environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample, and method for estimating biota or amount of organisms

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2017099376A true JP2017099376A (en) 2017-06-08

Family

ID=59014972

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2016043495A Pending JP2017099376A (en) 2015-11-19 2016-03-07 Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms
JP2020139423A Active JP6788250B1 (en) 2015-11-19 2020-08-20 Pretreatment method for environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample, and method for estimating biota or amount of organisms
JP2020176034A Pending JP2021006062A (en) 2015-11-19 2020-10-20 Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2020139423A Active JP6788250B1 (en) 2015-11-19 2020-08-20 Pretreatment method for environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample, and method for estimating biota or amount of organisms
JP2020176034A Pending JP2021006062A (en) 2015-11-19 2020-10-20 Pretreatment method of environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample and estimation method of amount of biota or organisms

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (3) JP2017099376A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021145384A1 (en) 2020-01-14 2021-07-22 花王株式会社 Method for surveying ecosystem in water environment by using environmental rna
EP4220119A1 (en) 2022-01-19 2023-08-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Biological nucleic acid collection method and biological nucleic acid collection apparatus

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH10114604A (en) * 1996-08-22 1998-05-06 Nikka Chem Co Ltd Disinfectant
JP2000342259A (en) * 1999-02-23 2000-12-12 Qiagen Gmbh Stabilization and/or isolation of nucleic acid
JP2004534731A (en) * 2000-11-08 2004-11-18 ベクトン・ディキンソン・アンド・カンパニー Methods and apparatus for collecting and stabilizing biological samples
JP2012051903A (en) * 2011-10-04 2012-03-15 Kagaku Shiryo Kenkyusho:Kk Bactericidally disinfectant composition, and method for producing the same
JP2013135681A (en) * 2004-01-28 2013-07-11 Toudai Tlo Ltd Method for recovering dna from environmental sample
JP2015174836A (en) * 2014-03-14 2015-10-05 東洋紡株式会社 COSMETIC COMPRISING POLY-γ-GLUTAMIC ACID ION COMPLEX

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6204375B1 (en) * 1998-07-31 2001-03-20 Ambion, Inc. Methods and reagents for preserving RNA in cell and tissue samples

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH10114604A (en) * 1996-08-22 1998-05-06 Nikka Chem Co Ltd Disinfectant
JP2000342259A (en) * 1999-02-23 2000-12-12 Qiagen Gmbh Stabilization and/or isolation of nucleic acid
JP2004534731A (en) * 2000-11-08 2004-11-18 ベクトン・ディキンソン・アンド・カンパニー Methods and apparatus for collecting and stabilizing biological samples
JP2013135681A (en) * 2004-01-28 2013-07-11 Toudai Tlo Ltd Method for recovering dna from environmental sample
JP2012051903A (en) * 2011-10-04 2012-03-15 Kagaku Shiryo Kenkyusho:Kk Bactericidally disinfectant composition, and method for producing the same
JP2015174836A (en) * 2014-03-14 2015-10-05 東洋紡株式会社 COSMETIC COMPRISING POLY-γ-GLUTAMIC ACID ION COMPLEX

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BIOTECHNOL. LETT. (2013) VOL.35, PP.891-900, JPN6019046565, ISSN: 0004282673 *
FEMS MICROBIOL. ECOL. (2013) VOL.83, PP.468-477, JPN7019003868, ISSN: 0004282672 *
LIMNOLOGY (2012) VOL.13, PP.193-197, JPN6019046568, ISSN: 0004164174 *
PLOS ONE (2012) VOL.7, NO.4, E35868, PP.1-8, JPN6019046566, ISSN: 0004282674 *
PLOS ONE (2013) VOL.8, NO.2, E56584, PP.1-5, JPN6019046567, ISSN: 0004282675 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2021145384A1 (en) 2020-01-14 2021-07-22 花王株式会社 Method for surveying ecosystem in water environment by using environmental rna
EP4220119A1 (en) 2022-01-19 2023-08-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Biological nucleic acid collection method and biological nucleic acid collection apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2021006062A (en) 2021-01-21
JP6788250B1 (en) 2020-11-25
JP2020191897A (en) 2020-12-03

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Jo et al. Effect of water temperature and fish biomass on environmental DNA shedding, degradation, and size distribution
Nevers et al. Environmental DNA (eDNA): A tool for quantifying the abundant but elusive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)
Eichmiller et al. Effects of temperature and trophic state on degradation of environmental DNA in lake water
Spear et al. Using environmental DNA methods to improve detectability in a hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) monitoring program
Goldberg et al. Critical considerations for the application of environmental DNA methods to detect aquatic species
Wei et al. A microcosm study of surface sediment environmental DNA: decay observation, abundance estimation, and fragment length comparison
De Ventura et al. Tracing the quagga mussel invasion along the Rhine river system using eDNA markers: early detection and surveillance of invasive zebra and quagga mussels.
Pinfield et al. False‐negative detections from environmental DNA collected in the presence of large numbers of killer whales (Orcinus orca)
JP6788250B1 (en) Pretreatment method for environmental water sample, pretreatment agent for environmental water sample, and method for estimating biota or amount of organisms
Van Bonn et al. Aquarium microbiome response to ninety‐percent system water change: Clues to microbiome management
Maillet et al. Impact of DNA extraction and sampling methods on bacterial communities monitored by 16S rDNA metabarcoding in cold-smoked salmon and processing plant surfaces
Kirtane et al. Quantification of Environmental DNA (eDNA) shedding and decay rates for three commercially harvested fish species and comparison between eDNA detection and trawl catches
Fechner et al. Adaptation of copper community tolerance levels after biofilm transplantation in an urban river
Curtis et al. No evidence that crayfish carcasses produce detectable environmental DNA (eDNA) in a stream enclosure experiment
Jo et al. Universal performance of benzalkonium chloride for the preservation of environmental DNA in seawater samples
Breton et al. Testing the effectiveness of environmental DNA (eDNA) to quantify larval amphibian abundance
Seriani et al. Water toxicity and cyto-genotoxicity biomarkers in the fish Oreochromis niloticus (Cichlidae)
Le Port et al. A Valuable Tool for Ecological Inference and Management of Sharks and Their Relatives
Halstead et al. An evaluation of the efficacy of using environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect giant gartersnakes (Thamnophis gigas)
Tindale et al. Extraction and detection of avian influenza virus from wetland sediment using enrichment-based targeted resequencing
Marti et al. Assessment of a new Bacteroidales marker targeting North American beaver (Castor canadensis) fecal pollution by real-time PCR
Zhang et al. Impact of nutrient addition on diversity and fate of fecal bacteria
Ogonowski et al. Temperature moderates eDNA–biomass relationships in northern pike
Hupało et al. Assessing Metropolitan Biodiversity Using Aquatic Environmental DNA Metabarcoding
Blabolil et al. The true picture of environmental DNA, a case study in harvested fishponds

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AA64 Notification of invalidation of claim of internal priority (with term)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A241764

Effective date: 20160324

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20160330

A711 Notification of change in applicant

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A711

Effective date: 20181121

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821

Effective date: 20181121

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20190220

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A821

Effective date: 20190220

A977 Report on retrieval

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007

Effective date: 20191120

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20191205

A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20200129

A02 Decision of refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02

Effective date: 20200611