JP2017037258A - Toner for electrostatic latent image development and method for manufacturing toner for electrostatic latent image development - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner for electrostatic latent image development which suppresses occurrence of a dash mark in an image to be formed and occurrence of supply fogging.SOLUTION: A toner for electrostatic latent image development contains a plurality of toner particles. The toner particles have: toner base particles; a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles; and a plurality of resin particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles. The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant. A number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more. The aggregation Yof the resin particles represented by Expression (1) Y=100×M/Mis 30 mass% or less. In Expression (1), Mrepresents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf/mmhas been imparted at a temperature of 160°C for 5 minutes. Mrepresents a mass of the resin particles after the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf/mmhas been imparted at a temperature of 160°C for 5 minutes have been separated by using a sieve with an aperture of 75 μm, and remained on the sieve after the separation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Description

  The present invention relates to an electrostatic latent image developing toner (hereinafter sometimes referred to as toner) and a method for producing the toner.

The toner includes a plurality of toner particles. The toner particles include, for example, toner base particles and an external additive. The toner described in Patent Document 1 contains resin fine particles (resin particles) having a compressive strength of 9.0 kgf / mm ² or more as an external additive.

JP-A-8-254851

However, the resin particles contained in the toner described in Patent Document 1 have a compressive strength at room temperature of 9.0 kgf / mm ² or more. Therefore, when the resin particles are detached from the toner base particles on the surface of the photoreceptor, the resin particles detached at the contact portion between the photoreceptor and the cleaning unit (for example, a cleaning blade) are thermally compressed, and the resin particles are There is a tendency to aggregate on the surface of the photoreceptor. Therefore, with the toner described in Patent Document 1, it is difficult to suppress the generation of dash marks and the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image that suppresses generation of dash marks and replenishment fog in an image to be formed.

The electrostatic latent image developing toner according to the present invention includes a plurality of toner particles. The toner particles include toner base particles, a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles, and a plurality of resin particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles. The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant. The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more. The aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles represented by the following mathematical formula (1) is 30% by mass or less.
Y ₁₆₀ = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)

In Formula (1), M _160B represents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C. M _160A separates the resin particles applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² at a temperature of 160 ° C. for 5 minutes using a sieve having a mesh opening of 75 μm, and the mass of the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation Represents.

The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image according to the present invention is a method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image containing a plurality of toner particles. The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image according to the present invention includes an external addition step. In the external addition step, the toner particles are obtained by attaching a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles and a plurality of resin particles to the surface of the toner base particles. The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant. The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more. The aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles represented by the following mathematical formula (1) is 30% by mass or less.
Y ₁₆₀ = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)

In Formula (1), M _160B represents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C. M _160A separates the resin particles applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² at a temperature of 160 ° C. for 5 minutes using a sieve having a mesh opening of 75 μm, and the mass of the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation Represents.

  According to the toner for developing an electrostatic latent image of the present invention, it is possible to suppress the generation of dash marks and the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. In addition, according to the method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image that suppresses generation of a dash mark and generation of replenishment fog in an image to be formed.

It is the photograph which observed the deposit | attachment which adhered to the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor when the dash mark generate | occur | produced with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). (A) is the photograph which observed the surface of the toner particle with the field emission type scanning electron microscope. (B) is a photographic view showing that the inside of the outline of a plurality of resin particles observed in the photographic view shown in (a) is filled with a pen tool. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the degree of aggregation of resin particles and the temperature of the electrostatic latent image developing toner according to the present invention.

  Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described. Hereinafter, a compound and its derivatives may be generically named by adding “system” after the compound name. In addition, when “polymer” is added after the compound name to indicate the polymer name, it means that the repeating unit of the polymer is derived from the compound or a derivative thereof.

Hereinafter, the average value means a number average value unless otherwise specified. In addition, evaluation values (values indicating shape, physical properties, etc.) relating to powders (for example, electrostatic latent image developing toner, toner particles, toner base particles, resin particles, silicon-containing inorganic particles described later) are also defined. Otherwise, it means the number average value. The number average value is a value obtained by dividing the sum of the values measured for a considerable number of measurement objects by the number of measurements. Further, the particle diameter of the powder is the equivalent-circle diameter of primary particles measured by an electron microscope unless otherwise specified. The equivalent circle diameter is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the particles. The volume median diameter D ₅₀ is a median diameter calculated on a volume basis using a Coulter counter method.

  This embodiment relates to a toner. The toner of the present embodiment includes a plurality of toner particles. The toner particles include toner base particles, a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles, and a plurality of resin particles. The silicon-containing inorganic particles and the resin particles are respectively provided on the surface of the toner base particles.

  The toner of this embodiment can suppress the generation of dash marks and the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. The reason is presumed as follows.

  First, for convenience of explanation, the replenishing cover will be described. When an image is formed using toner, the toner contained in the developer in the developing device tends to be stressed due to the developing operation. When such stress is applied to the toner for a long time, the toner contained in the developer may be deteriorated. Examples of toner deterioration include deterioration of inorganic particles. The inorganic particles are provided on the surface of the toner base particles as an external additive. Deterioration of inorganic particles is particularly likely to occur when the toner is a positively charged toner. When new toner that has not deteriorated is supplied while the toner contained in the developer has deteriorated, a difference in charge amount is likely to occur between the deteriorated toner and the newly supplied toner. The toner whose charge amount is low is easily attracted to the non-exposed portion (non-image portion) of the photoreceptor. As a result, it is considered that a so-called replenishment fog occurs in the blank paper portion (non-image portion) of the formed image.

  Here, the toner of the present exemplary embodiment includes resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles in addition to the silicon-containing inorganic particles. Since it is considered that replenishment fog occurs due to the deterioration of the inorganic particles, the occurrence of replenishment fog can be suppressed by providing the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles. This is because the provision of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles tends to favorably form an image even when the addition amount of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is reduced.

  However, when the resin particles are provided on the surface of the toner base particles, a dash mark is easily generated in the formed image. FIG. 1 shows a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, “JSM-3000” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) using a field emission scanning electron microscope. It is the photograph figure observed by magnification 50,000 times. The scale bar in FIG. 1 indicates 100 nm. From FIG. 1, it is confirmed that the resin particles having a particle diameter of about 80 nm are softened, coalesced and aggregated. From this, the reason why the dash mark is generated is estimated as follows.

  In order to facilitate understanding, a case where an image is formed using an image forming apparatus including a photoconductor and a cleaning unit (for example, a cleaning blade) will be described as an example. When the toner is developed on the photoconductor, the resin particles may be detached from the toner base particles on the surface of the photoconductor. When the surface of the photoreceptor is cleaned by the cleaning blade, the resin particles detached on the surface of the photoreceptor are thermally compressed at the contact portion between the photoreceptor and the cleaning blade. The thermally compressed resin particles aggregate and adhere to the surface of the photoreceptor. It is considered that a dash mark is generated in the formed image due to the aggregated resin particles adhering to the surface of the photoreceptor.

Here, the toner of this embodiment includes resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles. The aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles at 160 ° C. is 30% by mass or less. The aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles will be described later. By setting the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles to 30% by mass or less, even when the resin particles are detached from the surface of the photoconductor, the resin particles are thermally compressed at the contact portion between the photoconductor and the cleaning blade. It becomes difficult to be done. As a result, the resin particles hardly aggregate on the surface of the photoreceptor, and the resin particles hardly adhere to the surface of the photoreceptor. Therefore, according to the toner of the present embodiment, it is possible to suppress the generation of a dash mark in the formed image.

  Next, resin particles, silicon-containing inorganic particles, and toner base particles included in the toner particles will be described.

<1. Resin particles>
The resin particles are provided on the surface of the toner base particles. As a result, the occurrence of replenishment fog in an image formed using toner can be suppressed. Further, by providing the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles, the fluidity of the toner and the image density of an image formed using the toner tend to be improved.

(Cohesion degree)
The degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles is 30% by mass or less. The degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles is represented by the following mathematical formula (1). In Formula (1), M _160B represents the mass of resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C. M _160A is a sieve having a mesh size of 75 μm (200 mesh as defined in JIS Z8801-1, wire diameter of 50 μm and plain weave square sieve) applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C. And the mass of the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation.
Y ₁₆₀ = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)

By setting the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles to 30% by mass or less, even when the resin particles are detached from the surface of the photoconductor, the resin particles are thermally compressed at the contact portion between the photoconductor and the cleaning blade. It becomes difficult to be done. As a result, the resin particles hardly aggregate on the surface of the photoreceptor, and the aggregated resin particles hardly adhere to the surface of the photoreceptor. As a result, according to the toner of the present embodiment, it is possible to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image. Further, as described above, by setting the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles to 30% by mass or less, even when the resin particles are detached from the toner base particles on the surface of the photoconductor, the surface of the photoconductor The agglomerated resin is difficult to adhere to. Therefore, even when the amount of resin particles added to the mass of toner base particles is increased, the generation of dash marks can be suppressed.

In order to further suppress the generation of dash marks, the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles is preferably 25% by mass or less, and more preferably 20% by mass or less.

Next, the aggregation degrees Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ and Y ₁₂₀ of the resin particles will be described. The aggregation degrees Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ and Y ₁₂₀ of the resin particles are represented by the following mathematical formulas (5), (2) and (6), respectively. In the following formulas (5), (2) and (6), M _30B , M _80B and M _120B are each given a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² for 5 minutes at temperatures of 30 ° C., 80 ° C. and 120 ° C. Represents the mass of the resin particles. In formulas (5), (2) and (6), M _30A , M _80A and M _120A were each given a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² for 5 minutes at temperatures of 30 ° C., 80 ° C. and 120 ° C. Resin particles are separated using a sieve having a mesh size of 75 μm (200 mesh defined by JIS Z8801-1, a sieve having a screen diameter of 50 μm and a plain weave square), and the resin particles remaining on the sieve after separation Represents the mass of.
Y ₃₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _30A / M _30B (5)
Y ₈₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _80A / M _80B (2)
Y ₁₂₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _120A / M _120B (6)

When the resin particles are thermally compressed at the contact portion between the photoreceptor and the cleaning blade, it is estimated that the energy applied to the resin particles corresponds to energy exceeding 80 ° C. (for example, 120 ° C. or more). Therefore, in order to suppress the aggregation of the resin particles caused when the resin particles are thermally compressed, it is considered important to control the rate of change of the degree of aggregation of the resin particles in a temperature range exceeding 80 ° C. For example, when comparing a plurality of types of resin particles, even if the degree of aggregation (for example, Y ₃₀ and Y ₈₀ ) in the temperature range of 80 ° C. or lower is the same, the degree of aggregation (for example, Y ₁₂₀₎ in the temperature range exceeding 80 ° C. And Y ₁₆₀ ) are different. Therefore, it is preferable to prepare the resin particles so that the degree of aggregation in a temperature region exceeding 80 ° C. is low (the change rate of the degree of aggregation is small). As a result, the resin particles are less likely to agglomerate when the resin particles pass through the contact portion between the photosensitive member and the cleaning blade. As a result, the toner containing such resin particles tends to further suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image.

In order to control the rate of change of the degree of aggregation of the resin particles in the temperature range exceeding 80 ° C. and further suppress the generation of dash marks, the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles and the aggregation degree Y _{80 of the} resin particles are as follows: It is preferable to satisfy the relationship of Equation (3) and Equation (4) below.
Y ₁₆₀ > Y ₈₀ (3)
Y ₁₆₀ −Y ₈₀ ≦ 30 (4)

For the same reason, it is more preferable that the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles and the aggregation degree Y _{120 of the} resin particles satisfy the relationship of the following mathematical formula (7) and the following mathematical formula (8).
Y ₁₆₀ > Y ₁₂₀ (7)
Y ₁₆₀ −Y ₁₂₀ ≦ 30 (8)

The aggregation degree Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ , Y ₁₂₀ and Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles is measured, for example, by the method described later in the examples. The aggregation degree Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ , Y ₁₂₀ and Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles may be measured using the separated resin particles as a measurement sample after separating the resin particles from the toner base particles. Examples of the method for separating the resin particles from the toner include the methods described later in Examples.

(Number average primary particle size)
The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is preferably 50 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and more preferably 50 nm or more and 80 nm or less. When the number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is 100 nm or less, the fluidity of the toner and the image density formed by the toner are easily improved. On the other hand, when the number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is 50 nm or more, it is easy to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. Further, when the number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is 50 nm or more, the resin particles are not easily embedded in the toner base particles, and the image density is easily improved even when images are continuously formed.

  The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is measured by the following method, for example. Specifically, the measurement sample (toner) is observed at a magnification of 100,000 times using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, “JSM-3000” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). Ten resin particles are randomly selected from a plurality of resin particles provided in one toner particle observed in the field of view of the microscope. The primary particle diameter (the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the resin particles, that is, the equivalent circle diameter) of each of the 10 selected resin particles is measured. The sum of the measured primary particle diameters of the 10 resin particles is divided by the number (10) of the measured resin particles. Thereby, the number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is calculated.

(Coverage)
The ratio of the surface area Xr of the surface of the toner base particles provided with the resin particles to the total area Xt of the surface of the toner base particles (hereinafter may be referred to as the coverage of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles) Rr is: It is calculated based on the following mathematical formula (9).
Rr (%) = 100 × Xr / Xt (9)

  Hereinafter, an example of a method for measuring the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 2A is a photograph of the surface of the toner particles observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, “JSM-3000” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). FIG.2 (b) is a photograph figure which shows having filled the inside of the outline of the some resin particle observed in the photograph figure shown in Fig.2 (a) with the pen tool. The photographs shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B are each taken at a magnification of 30,000 using a field emission scanning electron microscope. In FIGS. 2A and 2B, the scale bar indicates 100 nm.

  First, a measurement sample (toner) is observed at a magnification of 30,000 using a field emission scanning electron microscope. An SEM image is obtained for the surface of the toner particles observed in the field of view of the electron microscope. An example of the obtained SEM image is shown in FIG. The SEM image is analyzed using image analysis software (“WinROOF” manufactured by Mitani Corporation). Then, the total area Xt of the surface of the toner base particles is calculated. The total area Xt of the surface of the toner base particles corresponds to the number of pixels in the entire field of view of the electron microscope shown in FIG. 2A (61614.4 pixels in FIG. 2A).

  Next, a contour line of each resin particle is drawn using a pen tool on all of the plurality of resin particles adhering to the surface of the toner base particle in the SEM photographed image, and the inside of the contour line is filled. FIG. 2B shows an example of an SEM image that fills the outline. In FIG. 2B, a portion painted with the pen tool is shown in white. The total projected area (total area of a plurality of resin particles adhering to the surface of the toner base particles) Xr of the portion painted with the pen tool (the portion surrounded by the outline) is calculated. The total area Xr of the plurality of resin particles adhering to the surface of the toner base particles corresponds to the number of pixels in the portion shown in white in FIG. 2B (100968.4 pixels in FIG. 2B). Based on the formula (9), the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles is calculated. For example, in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the coverage ratio Rr is calculated as 16.4% from the formula “100 × Xr (100968.4 pixels) / Xt (61614.4 pixels)”. For convenience of explanation, the measurement method for one toner particle has been described, but the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particle was obtained by performing the above operation on, for example, 10 toner particles. It is a value (number average value) obtained by dividing the sum of the coverage ratios Rr by the measured number (10).

  The resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles is preferably 40% or more and 100% or less, and more preferably 40% or more and 80% or less.

When the coverage Rr of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles is 40% or more and 100% or less, it is easy to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. Further, even when the addition amount of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is decreased with respect to the mass of the toner base particles, the fluidity of the toner is easily maintained. Therefore, when the amount of silicon-containing inorganic particles added to the mass of the toner base particles is reduced, the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles can be set high. As a result, it becomes easy to achieve both the fluidity of the toner and the suppression of the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. Further, since the resin particles have a predetermined aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ as described above, even if the coverage Rr of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles is increased, the toner particles are transferred from the toner base particles to the surface of the photoreceptor. The detached resin particles are difficult to aggregate. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image.

  In some cases, the resin particles and the silicon-containing inorganic particles are provided on the surface of the toner base particles so as to overlap each other (externally added). Therefore, the sum of the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles and the silicon-containing inorganic particle coverage Rs on the surface of the toner base particles described later may exceed 100%.

  In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, the resin particle content (addition amount) is 0.5 parts by mass or more and 10.0 parts by mass with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the toner base particles. Or less, more preferably 1.0 part by mass or more and 2.0 parts by mass or less. Further, in order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, the content of the resin particles relative to the mass of the toner base particles may be larger than the content of the silicon-containing inorganic particles relative to the mass of the toner base particles. preferable.

  Examples of the resin particles include styrene acrylic resin particles, styrene resin particles, vinyl resin particles, polyester resin particles, urethane resin particles, acrylonitrile resin particles, and acrylamide resin particles.

  Styrene resin particles are obtained, for example, by polymerizing or copolymerizing one or more styrene monomers. The styrene monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene and styrene derivatives. Examples of styrene monomers include styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-chlorostyrene, 3,4-dichlorostyrene, p-phenylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, or p-tert- Butyl styrene is mentioned.

  Styrene acrylic resin particles are obtained, for example, by copolymerizing one or more styrene monomers and one or more acrylic acid monomers. The styrene monomer is selected from the group consisting of styrene and styrene derivatives. The example of a styrene monomer is the same as the example of the styrene monomer for forming a styrene resin particle. In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, styrene is preferable among the styrene monomers. The acrylic acid monomer is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and an acrylic acid attractant. Examples of acrylic acid monomers include methacrylic acid, methacrylic acid alkyl esters, acrylic acid, or acrylic acid alkyl esters. Examples of alkyl methacrylates include methyl methacrylic acid, ethyl methacrylic acid, butyl methacrylic acid, isopropyl methacrylic acid, or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylic acid. Examples of alkyl acrylates include methyl acrylic acid, ethyl acrylic acid, isopropyl acrylic acid, butyl acrylic acid, octyl acrylic acid, or 2-ethylhexyl acrylic acid. In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, among the acrylic acid monomers, methacrylic acid alkyl esters are preferable, and butyl methacrylic acid is more preferable.

You may use a crosslinking agent for formation of a styrene acrylic resin particle. By using a crosslinking agent, the degree of crosslinking of the resin particles can be improved, and the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles tends to be reduced. Examples of the crosslinking agent include monomers having two or more vinyl groups (preferably two or three, more preferably two). Specific examples of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups include divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol diacrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol diacrylic acid, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylic acid, trimethylolpropane triacrylic acid, Or trimethylol propane trimethacrylic acid is mentioned. In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, it is preferable to use divinylbenzene, more preferably one or more of paradivinylbenzene and metadivinylbenzene, and paradivinylbenzene is used. It is particularly preferred. You may use a crosslinking agent individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.

The purity of the crosslinking agent used for forming the styrene acrylic resin particles is preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 98% or more. When the purity of the crosslinking agent is within such a range, the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles can be reduced, and the generation of dash marks in the formed image can be easily suppressed.

  Vinyl resin particles can be obtained, for example, by polymerizing or copolymerizing one or more vinyl compounds. Examples of the vinyl compound include olefin, vinyl halide, vinyl ester, vinyl ether, vinyl ketone, N-vinyl compound, vinyl naphthalene, or vinyl pyridine. Examples of olefins include ethylene, propylene, or isobutylene. Examples of vinyl halides include vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, or vinylidene fluoride. Examples of vinyl esters include vinyl propionate and vinyl acetate. Examples of vinyl ethers include vinyl methyl ether or vinyl ethyl ether. Examples of vinyl ketones include vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone, or vinyl hexyl ketone. Examples of the N-vinyl compound include N-vinyl carbazole, N-vinyl indole, or N-vinyl pyrrolidone.

  The polyester resin particles can be obtained, for example, by polycondensation or copolycondensation of one or more alcohols and one or more carboxylic acids. As an example of alcohol, the thing similar to alcohol used when synthesize | combining the polyester resin of the binder resin mentioned later is mentioned. As an example of carboxylic acid, the thing similar to the carboxylic acid used when synthesize | combining the polyester resin of the binder resin mentioned later is mentioned.

  The urethane resin particles can be obtained, for example, by condensing a diisocyanate and a diol compound.

  The acrylonitrile resin particles are obtained, for example, by polymerizing or copolymerizing one or more of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.

  Acrylamide resin particles are obtained, for example, by polymerizing or copolymerizing one or more acrylamide monomers. Examples of acrylamide monomers include acrylamide, N-butyl acrylamide, N, N-dibutyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-butyl methacrylamide, or N-octadecyl acrylamide.

  In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, the resin particles are selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid monomers selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and acrylic acid derivatives, and the group consisting of styrene and styrene derivatives. A copolymer of a styrene monomer and a monomer having two or more vinyl groups is preferable.

  In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, the resin particles are more preferably a copolymer of butyl methacrylic acid, styrene, and divinylbenzene.

(Method for producing resin particles)
The method for producing the resin particles is not particularly limited as long as a resin having an aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of 30% by mass or less can be produced. The resin particles are produced, for example, by polymerizing or copolymerizing the monomers for forming the resin particles described above. In addition, the manufacturing method of a resin particle may be arbitrarily changed according to the structure or characteristic of the resin particle requested | required. Further, unnecessary operations may be omitted. Hereinafter, the case where the resin particles are styrene acrylic resin particles will be described as an example.

  The method for producing styrene acrylic resin particles includes, for example, a resin particle forming step. The method for producing styrene acrylic resin particles may include a distillation step, if necessary.

  In the resin particle forming step, an acrylic acid monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and an acrylic acid derivative is reacted (copolymerized) with a styrene monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene and a styrene derivative. Thus, a plurality of resin particles are formed. The copolymerization reaction is performed, for example, by stirring an acrylic acid monomer and a styrene monomer while heating in a solvent. In the copolymerization reaction, in addition to the acrylic acid monomer and the styrene monomer, a crosslinking agent, an emulsifier, and a polymerization initiator may be added as necessary. In order to suitably proceed the copolymerization reaction, the copolymerization reaction is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere.

  One acrylic acid monomer may be used alone, or two or more acrylic acid monomers may be used in combination. Moreover, a styrene monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

  The addition amount of the styrene monomer is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic acid monomer.

In the resin particle forming step, it is preferable to add a crosslinking agent in addition to the acrylic acid monomer and the styrene monomer. By using a crosslinking agent in the resin particle forming step, the degree of crosslinking of the formed styrene acrylic resin can be easily improved. Thereby, the aggregation degree Y160 in ₁₆₀ degreeC of the styrene acrylic resin formed can be made small, and it becomes easy to suppress generation | occurrence | production of the dash mark in the image formed.

  In order to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image, the crosslinking agent is preferably a monomer having two or more vinyl groups (preferably two or three, more preferably two), and divinylbenzene. Are more preferable, one or more of paradivinylbenzene and metadivinylbenzene are particularly preferable, and paradivinylbenzene is most preferable. A crosslinking agent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

It is preferable that the addition amount of a crosslinking agent is 40 to 80 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of acrylic acid monomers. If the addition amount of the crosslinking agent is within such a range, it is considered that the degree of crosslinking of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles is improved. Thereby, it becomes easy to adjust the degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles to a desired value. As a result, it becomes easy to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image.

When an emulsifier is used in the copolymerization reaction, examples of the emulsifier include sulfonate-containing emulsifiers. More specifically, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium laurylsulfonate, di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate Sodium or sodium isooctylbenzenesulfonate can be mentioned. As the emulsifier, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is preferable because the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles can be easily adjusted to a desired value. Since the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles can be easily adjusted to a desired value, the amount of the emulsifier added is 3 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic acid monomer. Part or less.

When a polymerization initiator is used for the copolymerization reaction, examples of the polymerization initiator include benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, or hydrogen peroxide. Benzoyl peroxide is preferred as the polymerization initiator because the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles can be easily adjusted to a desired value. Since it is easy to adjust the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles to a desired value, the addition amount of the polymerization initiator is 10 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic acid monomer. It is preferably 20 parts by mass or less.

  An example of the solvent used in the copolymerization reaction includes an aqueous medium. The aqueous medium is a medium mainly composed of water. The aqueous medium may function as a solvent or may function as a dispersion medium. Specific examples of the aqueous medium include water or a mixed liquid of water and a polar solvent. Examples of the polar solvent contained in the aqueous medium include methanol or ethanol. The content of water in the aqueous medium is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, still more preferably 90% by mass or more, based on the mass of the aqueous medium. Most preferably, it is mass%. In order to suitably proceed the copolymerization reaction, it is preferable to use water as a solvent. In order to suitably proceed the copolymerization reaction, the amount of the solvent added is preferably 200 parts by mass or more and 1000 parts by mass or less, and 500 parts by mass or more and 700 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the acrylic acid monomer. It is more preferable that the amount is not more than parts.

  The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles to be formed can be adjusted by appropriately changing the stirring conditions for the copolymerization reaction. When the stirring speed in the copolymerization reaction is increased, the number average primary particle diameter of the formed resin particles tends to decrease. On the other hand, when the stirring speed in the copolymerization reaction is decreased, the number average primary particle diameter of the formed resin particles tends to increase.

  In order for the copolymerization reaction to proceed suitably, the reaction temperature of the copolymerization reaction is preferably 70 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 85 ° C. or higher and 95 ° C. or lower. For the same reason, the reaction time of the copolymerization reaction is preferably 1 hour or more and 5 hours or less, and more preferably 2 hours or more and 4 hours or less.

When a crosslinking agent is used in the resin particle forming step, the crosslinking agent may be distilled in advance (distillation step). When a monomer having two or more vinyl groups is used as the crosslinking agent, the monomer having two or more vinyl groups may be distilled in advance. It is considered that by distilling a monomer having two or more vinyl groups, the purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups can be increased, and the degree of crosslinking of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles can be improved. Thereby, the aggregation degree Y160 in ₁₆₀ degreeC of the styrene acrylic resin formed can be made small, and it becomes easy to suppress generation | occurrence | production of the dash mark in the image formed.

  A monomer having two or more vinyl groups is distilled by the following method, for example. Divinylbenzene is charged into the flask. While the pressure inside the flask is reduced using a vacuum pump, the contents of the flask are heated. The pressure in the flask is preferably maintained at 1.0 mmHg or more and 1.5 mmHg or less. Thereby, impurities (for example, diethylbenzene or ethylvinylbenzene) contained in divinylbenzene are evaporated to remove the impurities.

The purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups distilled in the distillation step is preferably 80% by mass or more, and more preferably 98% or more. When the purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups obtained in the distillation step is within such a range, it is considered that the degree of crosslinking of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles is improved. Thereby, it becomes easy to adjust the degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the formed styrene acrylic resin particles to a desired value. As a result, it becomes easy to suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image.

The purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups is confirmed, for example, by the following method. A monomer having two or more vinyl groups is analyzed using ¹ H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, “600CSL type” manufactured by Agilent Technologies). Deuterated chloroform (CDCl ₃ ) is used as the solvent. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) is used as an internal standard substance. From the measured ¹ H-NMR spectrum, the signal intensity of the peak derived from the monomer having two or more vinyl groups and the signal intensity of the peak derived from the impurity are calculated. Then, the purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups is calculated from the ratio between the peak signal intensity derived from the monomer having two or more vinyl groups and the peak signal intensity derived from impurities. For example, when the monomer having two or more vinyl groups is divinylbenzene, the purity of divinylbenzene is calculated by the following method. Let P1 be the signal intensity of a peak derived from divinylbenzene (a peak appearing at a chemical shift of 6.70 ppm). Let P2 be the sum of the signal intensities of the peaks derived from all vinyl groups (peaks appearing in the chemical shift range of 5.00 ppm to 7.00 ppm). Let P3 be the total signal intensity of peaks derived from ethyl groups (peaks appearing in the range of chemical shifts of 1.00 ppm to 3.00 ppm). In this case, the purity of diethylbenzene is calculated by the formula “1 / [1 + [(8/3) × (P3 / P1)] + (P3 / P2)] × 100”.

<2. Silicon-containing inorganic particles>
When the silicon-containing inorganic particles are provided on the surface of the toner base particles, the fluidity of the toner tends to be improved.

  Examples of silicon-containing inorganic particles include silica, silicon carbide, or silicon nitride. The surface of the silicon-containing inorganic particles may be hydrophobized with a hydrophobizing agent. Examples of the hydrophobizing agent include a titanium coupling agent, a silane coupling agent, a fatty acid or a metal salt thereof, or silicone oil.

(Number average primary particle size)
The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more. When the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more, it is considered that there are the following advantages.

  As a first advantage, it is easy to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image. The reason is presumed as follows. When the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is less than 10 nm, the coverage of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the toner surface tends to increase. When the coverage of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is increased, the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles are likely to deteriorate due to friction (stress) between the toner particles and the carrier during development. As a result, replenishment fog is likely to occur in the formed image. Therefore, by setting the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles to 10 nm or more, it becomes easy to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image.

  As a second advantage, it is easy to improve the image density even when images are continuously formed. When the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more, the silicon-containing inorganic particles are hardly embedded in the toner base particles due to friction (stress) between the toner particles and the carrier during development. As a result, it is considered that the image density of the formed image is improved even when images are continuously formed.

  The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is preferably 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less, and preferably 12 nm or more and 30 nm or less. When the number average primary particle size of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is within such a range, the fluidity of the toner is easily improved.

  The number average primary particle size of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is measured, for example, by the following method. Specifically, the measurement sample (toner) is observed at a magnification of 100,000 times using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, “JSM-3000” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). Ten silicon-containing inorganic particles are randomly selected from the plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles provided in one toner particle observed in the field of view of the microscope. The primary particle diameter of each of the 10 selected silicon-containing inorganic particles (the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projected area of the silicon-containing inorganic particles, that is, the equivalent circle diameter) is measured. The sum of the primary particle diameters of the 10 silicon-containing inorganic particles is divided by the number (10) of the measured number of silicon-containing inorganic particles. Thereby, the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is calculated.

(Coverage)
The ratio of the surface area Xs of the toner base particles provided with the silicon-containing inorganic particles to the total surface area Xt of the toner base particles (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the coverage of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles). ) Rs is calculated based on the following formula (10).
Rs (%) = 100 × Xs / Xt (10)

  The coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles is measured, for example, by the following method. Specifically, a measurement sample (toner) is observed at a magnification of 30,000 using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, “JSM-3000” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). An SEM image is obtained for the surface of the toner particles observed in the field of view of the electron microscope. The obtained SEM photographed image is analyzed using image analysis software (“WinROOF” manufactured by Mitani Corporation). Then, the total area Xt of the surface of the toner base particles is calculated. Next, the outline of each silicon-containing inorganic particle is drawn with a pen tool on all of the plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles adhering to the surface of the toner base particle in the SEM image, and the inside of the outline is filled. Then, the total projected area (total area of a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles adhering to the surface of the toner base particles) Xs of the portion painted by the pen tool (the portion surrounded by the outline) is calculated. Then, based on Equation (10), the coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles is calculated. A specific method for measuring the coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles is the same as the method for measuring the coverage Rr of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles described with reference to FIG. is there. For convenience of explanation, the measurement method for one toner particle has been described. However, the coverage ratio Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particle can be obtained by performing the above operation on, for example, 10 toner particles. It is a value (number average value) obtained by dividing the sum of the obtained coverage ratios Rs by the measured number (10).

  The coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles is preferably more than 0% and 40% or less, more preferably 15% or more and 40% or less, and more preferably 15% or more and 30% or less. It is particularly preferred. When the coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles is 40% or less, replenishment fog is hardly generated in the formed image. The reason is presumed as follows. The silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles may be deteriorated by friction (stress) between the toner particles and the carrier during development. However, when the coverage Rs of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 40% or less, the deterioration of the silicon-containing inorganic particles hardly affects the charge amount of the toner. As a result, a difference in charge amount is unlikely to occur between the deteriorated toner and the newly supplied toner, and the occurrence of supply fog is easily suppressed.

  In order to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image, the content (addition amount) of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 0.1 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the toner base particles. The mass is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 2.0 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 1.5 parts by mass or less. Further, in order to suppress the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image, the content of the silicon-containing inorganic particles relative to the mass of the toner base particles may be less than the content of the resin particles relative to the mass of the toner base particles. preferable.

<3. Other external additives>
The toner particles may further include an external additive (other external additives) other than the resin particles and the silicon-containing inorganic particles as necessary. Other external additives are used, for example, for the purpose of improving the fluidity of the toner, or for the purpose of facilitating polishing of the photoreceptor with the toner.

  Examples of other external additives include metal oxides. Specific examples of the metal oxide include alumina, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, strontium titanate, and barium titanate.

  The number average particle size of the other external additives is preferably 1 nm or more and 1 μm or less, and more preferably 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less. The amount of other external additives used is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 10.0 parts by mass or less with respect to 100.0 parts by mass of the toner base particles.

<4. Toner mother particles>
Hereinafter, the toner base particles will be described. The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant. The toner base particles may contain one or more of a release agent, a charge control agent, and magnetic powder as necessary. However, unnecessary components (for example, a release agent, a charge control agent, or a magnetic powder) may be omitted depending on the use of the toner.

  The toner base particles may be encapsulated. The encapsulated toner base particles have, for example, a toner core having the same structure and components as those of the toner base particles described below, and a shell layer (capsule layer) formed on the surface of the toner core.

The volume median diameter D ₅₀ of the toner base particles is preferably 5 μm or more and 10 μm or less.

<4-1. Binder resin>
The binder resin is not particularly limited as long as it is a binder resin used for toner preparation. As the binder resin, a thermoplastic resin is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the fixing property of the toner. Preferable examples of thermoplastic resins include styrene resins, acrylic resins, styrene acrylic resins, polyethylene resins, polypropylene resins, vinyl chloride resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, urethane resins, polyvinyl alcohol resins, vinyl ether resins. , N-vinyl compound resin, or styrene butadiene resin. In order to improve the dispersibility of the colorant in the binder resin, the chargeability of the toner, and the fixability of the toner, the binder resin is more preferably a polyester resin. Hereinafter, the polyester resin will be described.

  The polyester resin can be obtained by, for example, condensation polymerization or co-condensation polymerization of alcohol and carboxylic acid.

  Preferable examples of the alcohol used for preparing the polyester resin include diols, bisphenols, and trihydric or higher alcohols.

  Examples of diols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-butenediol, 1, Examples include 5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polytetramethylene glycol.

  Examples of bisphenols include bisphenol A, hydrogenated bisphenol A, bisphenol A ethylene oxide adduct, or bisphenol A propylene oxide adduct.

  Examples of trihydric or higher alcohols include sorbitol, 1,2,3,6-hexanetetrol, 1,4-sorbitan, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,5-pentanetriol, glycerol, diglycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, or 1,3,5-trihydroxy Mention may be made of methylbenzene.

  Examples of the carboxylic acid used when synthesizing the polyester resin include a divalent carboxylic acid or a trivalent or higher carboxylic acid.

  Examples of divalent carboxylic acids include maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, itaconic acid, glutaconic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid. Examples include acids, alkyl succinic acids, or alkenyl succinic acids. Examples of alkyl succinic acids include n-butyl succinic acid, isobutyl succinic acid, n-octyl succinic acid, n-dodecyl succinic acid, or isododecyl succinic acid. Examples of alkenyl succinic acids include n-butenyl succinic acid, isobutenyl succinic acid, n-octenyl succinic acid, n-dodecenyl succinic acid, or isododecenyl succinic acid.

  Examples of trivalent or higher carboxylic acids include 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid), 2,5,7-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid, 4-butanetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylenecarboxypropane, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, tetra (methylenecarboxyl) methane, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, pyromellitic acid, or empole trimer acid.

  Alcohol and carboxylic acid may be used individually by 1 type, respectively, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type. Furthermore, the carboxylic acid may be derivatized into an ester-forming derivative. Examples of ester-forming derivatives include acid halides, acid anhydrides, or lower alkyl esters. Here, “lower alkyl” means an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

  The softening point of the polyester resin is preferably 80 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 90 ° C. or higher and 140 ° C. or lower.

  When a polyester resin is used as the binder resin, the content of the polyester resin in the binder resin is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and 90% by mass or more. Particularly preferred is 100% by mass.

  When a thermoplastic resin is used as the binder resin, one type of thermoplastic resin may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. Moreover, you may add a crosslinking agent or a thermosetting resin to a thermoplastic resin. By partially introducing a cross-linked structure into the binder resin, it becomes easy to improve the storage stability, form retention and durability of the toner while ensuring the toner fixability.

  Examples of thermosetting resins that can be used with thermoplastic resins as binder resins include bisphenol A type epoxy resins, hydrogenated bisphenol A type epoxy resins, novolac type epoxy resins, polyalkylene ether type epoxy resins, cyclic aliphatic type epoxy resins, Or a cyanate resin is preferable. One kind of thermosetting resin may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.

  The glass transition point (Tg) of the binder resin is preferably 30 ° C. or higher and 60 ° C. or lower. When the glass transition point of the binder resin is within such a range, it is easy to improve the storage stability, shape retention, and durability of the toner while maintaining high toner fixability.

  As an example of the measuring method of the glass transition point of the binder resin, the endothermic curve of the binder resin was measured using a differential scanning calorimeter (for example, “DSC-6220” manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.). A method for obtaining the glass transition point of the binder resin from the change point of the specific heat in the endothermic curve is mentioned. Specifically, 10 mg of a measurement sample (binder resin) is placed in an aluminum pan, and an empty aluminum pan is used as a reference. Obtain the endothermic curve of the binder resin. And the glass transition point of binder resin is calculated | required based on the obtained endothermic curve.

<4-2. Colorant>
As the colorant, a known pigment or dye is used according to the color of the toner. The amount of the colorant to be used is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 3 parts by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.

(Black colorant)
The toner base particles may contain a black colorant. Examples of the black colorant include black pigments or black dyes. Specific examples of the black pigment include carbon black. You may use the black colorant adjusted to black using the yellow colorant, magenta colorant, and cyan colorant which are mentioned later.

(Color colorant)
The toner base particles may contain a color colorant. Examples of color colorants include yellow colorants, magenta colorants, or cyan colorants.

  Examples of yellow colorants include condensed azo compounds, isoindolinone compounds, anthraquinone compounds, azo metal complexes, methine compounds, or arylamide compounds. Specific examples of the yellow colorant include C.I. I. Pigment Yellow (3, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 62, 74, 83, 93, 94, 95, 97, 109, 110, 111, 120, 127, 128, 129, 147, 151, 154, 155 168, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181, 191, or 194), naphthol yellow S, Hansa yellow G, or C.I. I. Bat yellow is mentioned.

  Examples of magenta colorants include condensed azo compounds, diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds, anthraquinone compounds, quinacridone compounds, basic dye lake compounds, naphthol compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigo compounds, or perylene compounds. Specific examples of the magenta colorant include C.I. I. Pigment Red (2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 19, 23, 48: 2, 48: 3, 48: 4, 57: 1, 81: 1, 122, 144, 146, 150, 166, 169, 177 184, 185, 202, 206, 220, 221 or 254).

  Examples of cyan colorants include copper phthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine derivatives, anthraquinone compounds, or basic dye lake compounds. Specific examples of the cyan colorant include C.I. I. Pigment blue (1, 7, 15, 15: 1, 15: 2, 15: 3, 15: 4, 60, 62, or 66), phthalocyanine blue, C.I. I. Bat Blue, or C.I. I. Acid blue.

<4-3. Release agent>
The release agent is used, for example, for the purpose of improving the fixing property or offset resistance of the toner. In order to improve the fixing property or offset resistance of the toner, the amount of the release agent used is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. More preferably, it is 20 parts by mass or more.

  Examples of release agents include aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes, oxides of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes, plant-derived waxes, animal-derived waxes, mineral-derived waxes, waxes based on fatty acid esters, or fatty acid esters. And a wax in which a part or all of the above is deoxidized. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbon waxes include ester wax, polyethylene wax (eg, low molecular weight polyethylene), polypropylene wax (eg, low molecular weight polypropylene), polyolefin copolymer, polyolefin wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, or fisher Tropsch wax is mentioned. Examples of the oxide of the aliphatic hydrocarbon wax include an oxidized polyethylene wax or a block copolymer of oxidized polyethylene. Examples of plant-derived waxes include candelilla wax, carnauba wax, wood wax, jojoba wax, or rice wax. Examples of animal-derived waxes include beeswax, lanolin, or whale wax. Examples of mineral-derived waxes include ozokerite, ceresin, or petrolatum. Examples of the wax mainly composed of a fatty acid ester include montanic acid ester wax and caster wax. Deoxidized carnauba wax is an example of a wax in which a part or all of the fatty acid ester has been deoxidized.

  A mold release agent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.

<4-4. Charge Control Agent>
The charge control agent is used, for example, for the purpose of improving the charge level and the charge rising property. Further, it is used for the purpose of obtaining a toner excellent in durability and stability. The charge rising characteristic is an index as to whether or not charging to a predetermined charge level is possible in a short time.

  When developing with positively charged toner, it is preferable to use a positively chargeable charge control agent. On the other hand, when developing using a negatively charged toner, it is preferable to use a negatively chargeable charge control agent. However, if a sufficient charge amount is secured in the toner, the charge control agent may not be used.

  Examples of positively chargeable charge control agents include azine compounds, direct dyes composed of azine compounds, nigrosine compounds, acid dyes composed of nigrosine compounds, metal salts of naphthenic acids, metal salts of higher fatty acids, alkoxylated amines, or alkyls Amides are mentioned.

  Examples of azine compounds include pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2-oxazine, 1,3-oxazine, 1,4-oxazine, 1,2-thiazine, 1,3-thiazine, 1,4-thiazine, 1 , 2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-oxadiazine, 1,3,4-oxadiazine, 1,2,6-oxadiazine, 1,3 , 4-thiadiazine, 1,3,5-thiadiazine, 1,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, 1,2,4,6 -Oxatriazine, 1,3,4,5-oxatriazine, phthalazine, quinazoline or quinoxaline.

  Examples of direct dyes composed of azine compounds include azine fast red FC, azine fast red 12BK, azine violet BO, azine brown 3G, azine light brown GR, azine dark green BH / C, azine deep black EW, or Azin Deep Black 3RL is mentioned.

  Examples of nigrosine compounds include nigrosine, nigrosine salts, or nigrosine derivatives. Examples of acidic dyes composed of a nigrosine compound include nigrosine BK, nigrosine NB, or nigrosine Z. Examples of the quaternary ammonium salt include benzyldecylhexylmethylammonium chloride or decyltrimethylammonium chloride.

  Further, a resin having a quaternary ammonium salt, a carboxylate, or a carboxyl group can also be used as a positively chargeable charge control agent. A nigrosine compound is particularly preferred in order to obtain a rapid start-up property.

  Examples of negatively chargeable charge control agents include organometallic complexes or organometallic salts. Examples of organometallic complexes include acetylacetone metal complexes such as aluminum acetylacetonate or iron (II) acetylacetonate; or salicylic acid metal complexes such as chromium 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylate. Examples of the organic metal salt include a salicylic acid metal salt. Of these, salicylic acid metal complexes and salicylic acid metal salts are more preferred.

  The use amount of the charge control agent is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less when the total amount of the toner is 100 parts by mass. One type of charge control agent may be used alone, or a plurality of types of charge control agents may be used in combination.

<4-5. Magnetic powder>
Examples of magnetic powders include iron, ferromagnetic metals, alloys containing iron and / or ferromagnetic metals, compounds containing iron and / or ferromagnetic metals, ferromagnetic alloys subjected to ferromagnetization, or chromium dioxide Is mentioned. Examples of iron include ferrite or magnetite. Examples of the ferromagnetic metal include cobalt or nickel. An example of the ferromagnetization treatment is heat treatment.

  The particle size of the magnetic powder is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less. When magnetic powder having a particle size in such a range is used, it is easy to uniformly disperse the magnetic powder in the binder resin.

  The toner charging polarity is not particularly limited, but is preferably positive. As already described, the deterioration of the inorganic particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles is likely to occur when the toner is a positively charged toner. Therefore, it is considered that generation of a dash mark can be further suppressed when the toner of the present embodiment is a positively charged toner.

  The toner of this embodiment may be mixed with a carrier and used as a two-component developer. When preparing a two-component developer, it is preferable to use a magnetic carrier.

  A carrier core coated with a resin may be used as the carrier. Further, as the carrier, a resin carrier in which a carrier core is dispersed in a resin may be used.

  Examples of carrier cores include iron, oxidized iron, reduced iron, magnetite, copper, silicon steel, ferrite, nickel, or cobalt particles; these materials and metals (eg, manganese, magnesium, zinc and / or aluminum) And alloy particles; iron-nickel alloy particles; iron-cobalt alloy particles; ceramic particles; or high dielectric constant particles. Examples of ceramics include titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon carbide, magnesium titanate, barium titanate, lithium titanate, lead titanate, lead zirconate, or niobic acid Lithium is mentioned. Examples of the high dielectric constant material include ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, or Rochelle salt. These carrier cores may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  Examples of resins that coat the carrier core include acrylic acid polymers, styrene polymers, styrene acrylic acid copolymers, olefin polymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polycarbonate, cellulose resins, polyester resins, Examples include unsaturated polyester resins, polyamide resins, urethane resins, epoxy resins, silicone resins, fluorine resins, phenol resins, xylene resins, diallyl phthalate resins, polyacetal resins, and amino resins. Examples of olefin polymers include polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, or polypropylene. Examples of the fluororesin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride. These resins may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

  The particle diameter of the carrier is preferably 20 μm or more and 120 μm or less, and more preferably 25 μm or more and 80 μm or less. The particle diameter of the carrier is measured by, for example, an electron microscope.

  When the toner is used in the two-component developer, the toner content is preferably 3% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, and more preferably 5% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the two-component developer. It is more preferable.

  An example of a method for producing a two-component developer is a method of mixing toner and carrier using a mixing device such as a ball mill.

<5. Toner Production Method>
For example, the toner is manufactured by the following method. The toner manufacturing method may be arbitrarily changed according to the required configuration or characteristics of the toner. Further, unnecessary operations may be omitted. In order to produce the toner efficiently, it is preferable to form a large number of toner particles simultaneously.

<5-1. Manufacturing process of toner base particles>
Examples of the method for producing toner base particles include an agglomeration method or a pulverization method. The agglomeration method is easier to produce toner mother particles having a higher degree of circularity than the pulverization method. Further, the aggregation method is easy to produce toner base particles having a uniform shape and particle size. On the other hand, the pulverization method can produce toner base particles more easily than the aggregation method.

(Crushing method)
Hereinafter, an example of the pulverization method will be described. First, a binder resin, a colorant, and components contained as necessary (for example, a charge control agent, a release agent, and magnetic powder) are mixed. Subsequently, the obtained mixture is melted and kneaded. Subsequently, the obtained melt-kneaded product is pulverized and classified. Thereby, toner mother particles having a desired particle diameter are obtained.

(Aggregation method)
Next, an example of the aggregation method will be described. First, the fine particles of the binder resin, the fine particles of the colorant, and the fine particles of the respective components (for example, the charge control agent, the release agent and the magnetic powder) contained as necessary are aggregated in an aqueous medium to obtain the aggregated particles. obtain. Subsequently, the obtained aggregated particles are heated to unite the components contained in the aggregated particles. Thereby, toner mother particles are obtained.

<5-2. External process>
In the external addition step, a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles and a plurality of resin particles are attached to the surface of the toner base particles (added externally). Thereby, toner particles are obtained. In the external addition step, external additives other than silicon-containing inorganic particles and resin particles may be attached to the surface of the toner base particles as necessary. As a suitable example of the external addition method, toner mother particles and silicon-containing inorganic material are mixed using a mixer (for example, FM mixer manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd. or Nauter Mixer (registered trademark) manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Co., Ltd.). The method of mixing particle | grains and resin particle | grains is mentioned. The mixing condition of the mixer is preferably set so that the silicon-containing inorganic particles and the resin particles are not completely buried in the toner base particles.

  The toner of this embodiment has been described above. According to the toner of the present embodiment, it is possible to suppress the generation of dash marks and the occurrence of toner replenishment fog in the formed image.

  Examples of the present invention will be described. However, the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

<1. Preparation of silicon-containing inorganic particles>
First, silicon-containing inorganic particles S1 to S4 shown in Table 1 were prepared as silicon-containing inorganic particles for forming toner particles.

<2. Production of resin particles>
Next, resin particles A to K were produced by the following method as resin particles for forming toner particles.

(Preparation of divinylbenzene)
First, the following divinylbenzene DVB-A, B, and C were prepared as monomers having two or more vinyl groups used for forming the resin particles.
DVB-A: Mixture of metadivinylbenzene and paradivinylbenzene (purity 50%, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., CAS No. 1321-74-0)
DVB-B: paradivinylbenzene (purity 80%, manufactured by Aldrich, CAS No. 105-06-6)
DVB-C: paradivinylbenzene (purity 98%, distilled DVB-B)

DVB-C was prepared by distilling DVB-B by the following method (distillation step). Specifically, a 1000-mL flask equipped with a cooling pipe, a vacuum pump, and a thermometer was prepared. 500 g of DVB-B was charged into the flask. The contents of the flask were warmed using an oil bath. When the contents of the flask reached 45 ° C, the flask was removed from the oil bath. Subsequently, the pressure in the flask was reduced using a vacuum pump. While measuring the pressure in the flask using a manometer, the flask was heated using a gas burner until the pressure in the flask reached 1.3 mmHg. While heating the flask so that the pressure in the flask was maintained at 1.3 mmHg, diethylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene contained in the contents of the flask as impurities were evaporated. Evaporated diethylbenzene and ethylvinylbenzene were cooled by passing through a cooling pipe and collected in a separate flask connected to the cooling pipe. As a result, DVB-C (distilled DVB-B) was obtained. When the purity of DVB-C was confirmed using ¹ H-NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, “600CSL type” manufactured by Agilent Technologies), the purity of DVB-C was 98%. The purity of DVB-C was measured by the same method as the purity calculation method described in the embodiment.

(Production of resin particles A)
Resin particles A were produced as follows (resin particle forming step). A 1000 mL four-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, a condenser tube, a thermometer, and a nitrogen inlet tube was prepared. In a flask, 100 g of butyl methacrylic acid (BMA) as an acrylic acid monomer, 20 g of styrene as a styrene monomer, 80 g of divinylbenzene DVB-A as a monomer having two or more vinyl groups, and an emulsifier 6 g of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) as a catalyst, 15 g of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a polymerization initiator, and 600 g of ion-exchanged water were added while stirring. While introducing nitrogen gas into the flask, the contents of the flask were reacted (copolymerized) with stirring at 90 ° C. for 3 hours. By adjusting the stirring conditions, the number average primary particle diameter of the obtained resin particles was adjusted. As a result, an emulsion of the reaction product (resin particles A) was obtained. The emulsion of resin particles A was cooled, washed and dehydrated. Thereby, the copolymer particles (resin particles A) were separated from the emulsion. The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles A was 80 nm.

(Production of resin particles B to K)
Resin particles B to K were produced in the same manner as the production of the resin particles A except that the following points were changed. The amount of butyl methacrylic acid (BMA) added was changed from 100 g in the production of the resin particles A to the amount shown in Table 2. The addition amount of styrene was changed from 20 g in the production of the resin particles A to the addition amount shown in Table 2. The kind and addition amount of divinylbenzene were changed from 80 g of DVB-A in the production of resin particles A to the kind (DVB-A, B, or C) and addition amount shown in Table 2. The addition amount of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) was changed from 6 g in the production of the resin particles A to the addition amount shown in Table 2. The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles was changed from 80 nm of the resin particles A to the number average primary particle diameters shown in Table 2 by changing the stirring speed when reacting the raw materials. The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles A to K was measured by the same method as described in the embodiment. A method for measuring the degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles at 160 ° C. will be described later.

In Table 2, BMA, DBS, BPO and Y ₁₆₀ are each shown butyl methacrylate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the cohesion of benzoyl peroxide and resin particles at 160 ° C.. In Table 2, the number average primary particle diameter indicates the number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles.

<3. Production of toner>
Next, toners of Examples 1 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 were manufactured using the prepared silicon-containing inorganic particles S1 to S4, the prepared resin particles AK, the toner base particles, and other external additives. .

<3-1. Example 1>
The toner of Example 1 was produced by the following method.

(Manufacture of toner mother particles)
The following binder resin, colorant, charge control agent and release agent were used as raw materials for toner base particles.
Binder resin: Polyester resin (“Toughton (registered trademark) NE-410” manufactured by Kao Corporation)
Release agent: Polypropylene wax (“Biscol (registered trademark) 660P” manufactured by Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
Colorant: Carbon black ("REGAL (registered trademark) 330R" manufactured by Cabot Corporation)
Charge control agent: BONTRON (registered trademark) P-51 (manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.)

100 parts by weight of binder resin, 5 parts by weight of release agent, 5 parts by weight of colorant, and 1 part by weight of charge control agent using an FM mixer (“FM-10B” manufactured by Nippon Coke Industries, Ltd.) Stir to obtain a mixture. The mixture was kneaded while melting using a twin-screw extruder (“TEM-26SS” manufactured by Toshiba Machine Co., Ltd.). The obtained melt-kneaded material was coarsely pulverized using a pulverizer (“Rotoplex (registered trademark) 16/8 type” manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation). The obtained coarsely pulverized product was pulverized with a pulverizer (“Turbo Mill RS Model” manufactured by Freund Turbo Co., Ltd.). The obtained pulverized product was classified using a classifier (“Elbow Jet EJ-LABO type” manufactured by Nippon Steel Mining Co., Ltd.). As a result, toner mother particles were obtained. The resulting toner base particles had a volume median diameter D ₅₀ of 7.0 μm.

(External)
100 parts by mass of toner base particles, 1.5 parts by mass of titanium oxide (conductive titanium oxide fine particles, “EC-100” manufactured by Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.), 1.5 parts by mass of silicon-containing inorganic particles S1 (reosirole (registered) (Trademark) HG-09, manufactured by Tokuyama Corporation) and 1.0 part by mass of resin particles D were mixed for 5 minutes at a rotational speed of 3500 rpm using an FM mixer (“FM-10B” manufactured by Nippon Coke Industries, Ltd.). As a result, the toner of Example 1 was obtained.

<3-2. Production of Toners of Examples 2-36 and Comparative Examples 1-13>
Except for the following changes, the toners of Examples 2 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 were produced in the same manner as the toner production method of Example 1. The type of silicon-containing inorganic particles was changed from the silicon-containing inorganic particles S1 in the production of the toner of Example 1 to the types of silicon-containing inorganic particles shown in Tables 3 to 5. The addition amount of the silicon-containing inorganic particles was changed from 1.5 parts by mass in the production of the toner of Example 1 to the addition amounts shown in Tables 3 to 5. The type of resin particles was changed from the resin particles D in the production of the toner of Example 1 to the types of resin particles shown in Tables 3 to 5. The addition amount of the resin particles was changed from 1.0 part by mass in the production of the toner of Example 1 to the addition amounts shown in Tables 3 to 5.

<4. Production of two-component developer>
A two-component developer was manufactured using each of the obtained toners of Examples 1 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13 and a carrier.

  First, a carrier was prepared as follows. As the carrier core, an Mn—Mg ferrite core having an average particle diameter of 35 μm was used. 30 parts by mass of the silicone resin was dissolved in 200 parts by mass of toluene. The obtained solution was sprayed on 1000 parts by mass of the carrier core while feeding hot air at 80 ° C. using a fluidized bed coating apparatus (“Spiraflow (registered trademark) SFC-5” manufactured by Freund Sangyo Co., Ltd.). As a result, the carrier core was coated with an uncured organic layer (fluidized bed). The carrier core coated with the uncured organic layer (fluidized bed) was heated at 200 ° C. for 60 minutes using a dryer. Thereby, the fluidized bed was hardened. As a result, a carrier having a carrier core and a resin layer (coat layer) covering the carrier core was obtained.

  Next, 10 parts by mass of the toner and 90 parts by mass of the obtained carrier were uniformly mixed using a ball mill. Thereby, a two-component developer was obtained.

<5. Measurement of aggregation degree of resin particles>
The degree of aggregation of each of the resin particles A to K was measured by the following method. First, for each of the toners of Examples 1 to 36 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13, resin particles were separated from the toner by the following method. Specifically, 10 g of toner was put into 500 mL of a surfactant aqueous solution. The surfactant aqueous solution was prepared by diluting “Mypet” manufactured by Kao Corporation (aqueous solution of sodium alkyl ether sulfate having a concentration of 7%) 10 times with water. The mixture of the obtained toner and the aqueous surfactant solution was dispersed for 5 minutes using an ultrasonic disperser (“Ultrasonic Miniwelder P128” manufactured by Ultrasonic Industry Co., Ltd.) to disperse the toner base particles and the resin particles. A liquid was obtained. The resulting dispersion was filtered using filter paper (“Whatman (registered trademark) grade 3” manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich), and the filtrate was recovered. Considering the possibility that fine particles of toner mother particles are mixed in the collected filtrate, the filtrate was filtered again using a filter paper (“Whatman (registered trademark) grade 3” manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich). Thereby, the filtrate was recovered as a cloudy liquid. The collected filtrate was centrifuged for 1 minute at a rotational speed of 3000 rpm using a centrifuge. As a result, silicon-containing inorganic particles and titanium oxide having a higher specific gravity than the resin particles were precipitated. And the supernatant liquid containing a resin particle was collect | recovered. The supernatant liquid was filtered under pressure to obtain a wet cake of resin particles. The obtained resin particle wet cake was vacuum-dried to obtain dried resin particles. This separation operation of the resin particles from the toner was repeated until the recovered amount of the dried resin particles reached 10 mg.

Next, the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles A to K at 160 ° C. is measured by the following method using a jig (manufactured by Kyocera Document Solutions Co., Ltd.) in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 50% RH. did. As a jig, a jig provided with a base on which cylindrical holes (diameter 10 mm and depth 10 mm, material SUS304) were formed, an indenter (diameter 10 mm, material SUS304), and a heater was used. Note that SUS304 is austenitic stainless steel (iron (Fe) -chromium (Cr) -nickel (Ni) alloy, nickel content 8%, chromium content 18%)).

10 mg of a measurement sample (any of resin particles A to G) was put into a cylindrical hole of the jig. While the charged 10 mg measurement sample was heated to 160 ° C., a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² (100 N) was applied to the measurement sample for 5 minutes using an indenter. After applying the pressure, the entire amount of the measurement sample was recovered. The mass of the collected measurement sample (the mass of the measurement sample before separation using a sieve) M _160B was measured.

Thereafter, the collected measurement sample was set on a sieve having a mesh opening of 75 μm (a sieve having 200 mesh, a wire diameter of 50 μm and a plain weave square sieve defined by JIS Z8801-1). The measurement sample was separated from the bottom by suction using a suction machine (“V-3SDR” manufactured by Amano Co., Ltd.). The mass M _160A of the measurement sample remaining on the sieve after separation using a sieve was measured.

From the mass of the measurement sample before separation using the sieve (M _160B ) and the mass of the measurement sample remaining on the sieve after separation using the sieve (M _160A ), 160 The aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the measurement sample at 0 ° C. was calculated.
Y ₁₆₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)

Tables 3 to 5 show the calculated degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles A to K at 160 ° C. Incidentally, as the value of the cohesion degree Y ₁₆₀ is small, indicating that the resin particles are hardly agglomerated.

For the resin particles A to F, the aggregation degrees Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ and Y _{120 at} 30 ° C., 80 ° C. and 120 ° C. were also calculated. The calculation of the degree of aggregation Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ and Y ₁₂₀ of the measurement sample (any of resin particles A to F) was performed in the same manner as the method for calculating the degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ except that the following points were changed. The heating temperature of the measurement sample was changed from 160 ° C. in the measurement of the degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ to 30 ° C., 80 ° C., and 120 ° C. For measurement samples whose heating temperatures were changed to 30 ° C., 80 ° C. and 120 ° C., the mass of the measurement sample collected after heating and pressurization (the mass of the measurement sample before separation using a sieve) M _30B and M _{80B, respectively} And M _120B was measured. Moreover, about the measurement sample which changed heating temperature to 30 degreeC, 80 degreeC, and 120 degreeC, respectively, the measurement sample collect | recovered after heating and pressurizing was isolate | separated using a sieve, and the mass of the measurement sample which remained on the sieve after isolation | separation _M30A , _M80A and _M120A were measured. Then, the following equation (5), on the basis of (2) and (6), 30 ° C., was calculated degree of agglomeration Y _30, Y ₈₀ and Y ₁₂₀ of the measurement sample at 80 ° C. and 120 ° C.. Table 3 shows the aggregation degrees Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ , Y ₁₂₀ and Y ₁₆₀ of the calculated resin particles A to F at 30 ° C., 80 ° C., 120 ° C. and 160 ° C.
Y ₃₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _30A / M _30B (5)
Y ₈₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _80A / M _80B (2)
Y ₁₂₀ (mass%) = 100 × M _120A / M _120B (6)

Further, 30 ° C. of the resin particles to F, a 80 ° C., cohesion Y ₃₀ at 120 ° C. and 160 ℃, Y _80, Y ₁₂₀ and Y _160, shown in FIG. In FIG. 3, the horizontal axis indicates the temperature (° C.) at which the resin particles A to F are heated. In FIG. 3, the vertical axis indicates the degree of aggregation (mass%) of the resin particles A to F corresponding to each temperature. The measurement results of the resin particles A to F are diamond, square, upper triangle (a triangle whose opposite vertex is located on the upper side of one side parallel to the X axis), cross shape, lower triangle (the lower side of one side parallel to the X axis) Is indicated by a triangle and a round plot.

<6. Measurement of coverage>
For each manufactured toner (measurement sample), the resin particle coverage Rr on the surface of the toner base particles and the silicon-containing inorganic particle coverage Rs on the surface of the toner base particles are the same as those described in the embodiment. It was measured.

<7. Evaluation of fluidity>
The apparent density (AD) of each prepared toner was measured by a method based on JIS K5101-12-1. The fluidity of the toner was evaluated from the measured apparent density according to the following evaluation criteria. Tables 6 and 7 show the evaluation results of the apparent density of the toner and the fluidity of the toner. In addition, it shows that the fluidity | liquidity of a toner is so high that the value of an apparent density is large.
(Evaluation criteria for liquidity)
Evaluation A: Apparent density is 0.340 g / mL or more.
Evaluation B: Apparent density is less than 0.340 g / mL.

<8. Image density, replenishment fog resistance and dash mark resistance>
Image density (ID), replenishment fog resistance and dash mark resistance in the formed image were evaluated by the following methods. These evaluations were performed in an environment of a temperature of 23 ° C. and a humidity of 50% RH.

First, images were continuously formed on paper using a two-component developer and an evaluation machine. Specifically, a color multifunction peripheral (“TASKalfa 500ci” manufactured by Kyocera Document Solutions Inc.) was used as an evaluation machine. Color / monochrome paper (“C ² ” manufactured by Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.) was used as the paper. The two-component developer was put into a black developer. Further, a replenishing toner was put into a black toner container.

  Subsequently, the image I was continuously formed on 100,000 sheets using a two-component developer and an evaluation machine. Image I included an image portion with a printing rate of 5% and three solid image portions. The image density of each of the three solid image portions of the paper on which the image I was formed on the first sheet was measured using a reflection densitometer (“RD914” manufactured by X-rite). The average of the initial image densities was obtained by dividing the sum of the three measured image densities by 3. The obtained average value was used as the evaluation value of the initial image density. Next, the image density of each of the three solid image portions of the paper on which the image I was formed on the 100,000th sheet was measured using a reflection densitometer (“RD914” manufactured by X-rite). By dividing the sum of the three measured image densities by 3, an average value of the image densities after printing 100,000 sheets was obtained. The obtained average value was used as the evaluation value of the image density after printing 100,000 sheets. The obtained initial image density evaluation value and image density evaluation value after printing 100,000 sheets are evaluated based on the following initial image density evaluation standard and image density evaluation standard after printing 100,000 sheets, respectively. did. Tables 6 and 7 show the measured initial image density and its evaluation result, and the measured image density after printing 100,000 sheets and its evaluation result.

(Evaluation criteria for initial image density)
Evaluation A: The image density is 1.30 or more.
Evaluation B: The image density is less than 1.30.

(Evaluation criteria for image density after printing 100,000 sheets)
Evaluation A: The image density is 1.10 or more.
Evaluation B: The image density is less than 1.10.

  After the image I was continuously printed on 100,000 sheets of paper, new toner for replenishment was replenished to the black toner container. Subsequently, the image II was continuously formed on 1000 sheets using an evaluation machine. The image II included an image portion with a printing rate of 20%, a blank paper portion, and three solid image portions. The image density of the white paper portion of 1000 sheets on which the image II was formed was measured using a reflection densitometer (“RD914” manufactured by X-rite). The value obtained by subtracting the image density of the base paper from each of the obtained image density of the white paper portion was defined as the fog density. The maximum value among the obtained 1000 fog densities was taken as the replenishment fog density. The measured replenishment fog density was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria. Tables 3, 6 and 7 show the measured replenishment fog density and the evaluation results.

(Evaluation criteria for replenishment fog resistance)
Evaluation A: The replenishment fog density is 0.010 or less.
Evaluation B: The replenishment fog density is more than 0.010 and 0.035 or less.
Evaluation C: The replenishment fog density is over 0.035.
A toner having a replenishment fog resistance evaluation of C was rejected.

  Subsequently, the image II formed on the 1000th sheet was observed with the naked eye to confirm whether or not a dash mark was generated. In the image II formed on the 1000th sheet, it was determined that a dash mark was generated when a black spot occurred in a blank paper portion or when a white spot occurred in a solid image portion. From the presence or absence of the generation of dash marks, the dash mark resistance of the toner was evaluated according to the following criteria. The evaluation results of the dash mark resistance are shown in Table 3, Table 6, and Table 7.

(Dash mark resistance evaluation criteria)
Evaluation A: No dash mark is generated.
Evaluation B: A dash mark is generated.
A toner having a dash mark resistance evaluation of B was rejected.

In Table 3, Y ₃₀ , Y ₈₀ , Y ₁₂₀ and Y ₁₆₀ indicate the degree of aggregation of the resin particles at 30 ° C., 80 ° C., 120 ° C. and 160 ° C., respectively. In Table 3, FD indicates the replenishment fog density. In Tables 4 to 7, Y ₁₆₀ , FD, AD, ID (initial), and ID (after printing 100,000 sheets) are the degree of aggregation of resin particles at 160 ° C. and the replenishment fog in the image formed using toner, respectively. The density, the apparent toner density, the initial image density, and the image density after printing 100,000 sheets are shown.

In the toners of Examples 1 to 36, the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles was 10 nm or more. The degree of aggregation Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles was 30% by mass or less. Therefore, as apparent from Tables 3, 6 and 7, the evaluation of the dash mark resistance of the toners of Examples 1 to 36 was A. Furthermore, the evaluation of the replenishment fog resistance of these toners was A or B. Therefore, it has been shown that these toners suppress the generation of dash marks and the occurrence of replenishment fog in the formed image.

  Among the toners of Examples 1 to 36, in the toners of Examples 1 to 22, the number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles was 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less. The coverage of the silicon-containing inorganic particles on the surface of the toner base particles was greater than 0% and 40% or less. The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles was 50 nm or more and 100 nm or less. The coverage of the resin particles on the surface of the toner base particles was 40% or more and 100% or less. Therefore, as is clear from Tables 3, 6, and 7, in the toners of Examples 1 to 22, the dash mark resistance evaluation and the replenishment fog resistance evaluation were all A. Therefore, it has been shown that the toners of Examples 1 to 22 suppress the generation of dash marks in the formed image and further suppress the generation of replenishment fog. Further, in the toners of Examples 10 to 22, the evaluation of toner fluidity, the evaluation of initial image density, and the evaluation of image density after printing 100,000 sheets were all A. Therefore, it was shown that the toners of Examples 10 to 22 are excellent in the fluidity of the toner, the initial image density, and the image density after continuous printing in addition to the dash mark resistance and the replenishment fog resistance.

As apparent from FIG. 3, the degree of aggregation Y ₃₀ and Y ₈₀ of the resin particles at 30 ° C. and 80 ° C. was not different between the resin particles A to F. However, in the resin particles A, C and F contained in the toners of Comparative Examples 1 to 6, when heated above 80 ° C., the degree of aggregation of the resin particles increases rapidly, and the aggregation of the resin particles proceeds. Confirmed to do. On the other hand, in the resin particles B, D, and E contained in Examples 1 to 7, the aggregation degree Y ₁₂₀ of the resin particles at 120 ° C. is 0% by mass, and the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles at 160 ° C. is 30% by mass. % Or less. Further, in the resin particles B, D, and E, the degree of aggregation Y ₈₀ and Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles at 80 ° C. and 160 ° C. satisfies the relationship of “Y ₁₆₀ > Y ₈₀ ” and “Y ₁₆₀ −Y ₈₀ ≦ 30”. It was. This is considered to be due to the following reason. In the production of the resin particles B, 80 parts by mass or more of divinylbenzene DVB-B having a purity of 80% or more was reacted with 100 parts by mass of butyl methacrylic acid. In the production of the resin particles D and E, 40 parts by mass or more of divinylbenzene DVB-C having a purity of 98% or more was reacted with 100 parts by mass of butyl methacrylic acid. Therefore, it is considered that the purity and addition amount of divinylbenzene (a monomer having two or more vinyl groups) affects the degree of cross-linking of the resin particles to be formed, and the aggregation resistance of the resin particles is improved.

  In the toner of Comparative Example 1, resin particles were not provided on the surface of the toner base particles. Therefore, as apparent from Table 3, the toner of Comparative Example 1 was inferior in the replenishment fog resistance.

In the toners of Comparative Examples 2 to 12, the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ at 160 ° C. of the resin particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles exceeded 30% by mass. Therefore, as is apparent from Tables 3, 6 and 7, the toners of Comparative Examples 2 to 12 were inferior in dash mark resistance. This is thought to be because the resin particles detached from the toner base particles during image formation aggregate due to thermal compression at the contact portion between the photoreceptor and the cleaning portion, and a dash mark is generated in the formed image. .

  In the toner of Comparative Example 13, the number average primary particle size of the silicon-containing inorganic particles was less than 10 nm. Therefore, as apparent from Table 7, the toner of Comparative Example 13 was inferior in the replenishment fog resistance.

  The toner according to the present invention can be used for forming an image in, for example, an electrophotographic image forming apparatus. The toner production method according to the present invention can be used to produce toner for forming an image with an electrophotographic image forming apparatus.

Claims (9)

An electrostatic latent image developing toner comprising a plurality of toner particles,
The toner particles include toner base particles, a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles, and a plurality of resin particles provided on the surface of the toner base particles.
The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant,
The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more,
The electrostatic latent image developing toner, wherein the resin particles represented by the following formula (1) have an aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of 30% by mass or less.
Y ₁₆₀ = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)
(In Formula (1),
M _160B represents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C.
M _160A separates the resin particles applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² at a temperature of 160 ° C. for 5 minutes using a sieve having a mesh opening of 75 μm, and the mass of the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation Represents. ) The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more and 40 nm or less,
The ratio of the surface area of the toner base particles provided with the silicon-containing inorganic particles to the total area of the surface of the toner base particles is greater than 0% and 40% or less,
The number average primary particle diameter of the resin particles is 50 nm or more and 100 nm or less,
2. The electrostatic latent image according to claim 1, wherein a ratio of an area of the surface of the toner base particle provided with the resin particles to a total area of the surface of the toner base particle is 40% or more and 100% or less. Development toner. Wherein said aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles, the aggregation degree Y ₈₀ of the resin particles represented by the following equation (2), satisfies the following equation (3) and the following equation (4), according to claim 1 Or the electrostatic latent image developing toner according to 2;
Y ₈₀ = 100 × M _80A / M _80B (2)
Y ₁₆₀ > Y ₈₀ (3)
Y ₁₆₀ −Y ₈₀ ≦ 30 (4)
(In Formula (2),
M _80B represents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 80 ° C.
M _80A separates the resin particles applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² at a temperature of 80 ° C. for 5 minutes using the sieve having an opening of 75 μm, and the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation Represents mass. )   The resin particles include an acrylic acid monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and acrylic acid derivatives, a styrene monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene and styrene derivatives, and a single unit having two or more vinyl groups. The electrostatic latent image developing toner according to claim 1, which is a copolymer with a monomer. The acrylic acid monomer is butyl methacrylic acid,
The styrene monomer is styrene,
The electrostatic latent image developing toner according to claim 4, wherein the monomer having two or more vinyl groups is divinylbenzene. A method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image, comprising a plurality of toner particles,
Including an external addition step of obtaining the toner particles by attaching a plurality of silicon-containing inorganic particles and a plurality of resin particles to the surface of the toner base particles;
The toner base particles contain at least a binder resin and a colorant,
The number average primary particle diameter of the silicon-containing inorganic particles is 10 nm or more,
The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image, wherein the aggregation degree Y ₁₆₀ of the resin particles represented by the following formula (1) is 30% by mass or less.
Y ₁₆₀ = 100 × M _160A / M _160B (1)
(In Formula (1),
M _160B represents the mass of the resin particles to which a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² is applied for 5 minutes at a temperature of 160 ° C.
M _160A separates the resin particles applied with a pressure of 0.1 kgf / mm ² at a temperature of 160 ° C. for 5 minutes using a sieve having a mesh opening of 75 μm, and the mass of the resin particles remaining on the sieve after the separation Represents. )   Reaction of an acrylic acid monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid and acrylic acid derivatives, a styrene monomer selected from the group consisting of styrene and styrene derivatives, and a monomer having two or more vinyl groups The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image according to claim 6, further comprising a resin particle forming step of forming a plurality of the resin particles.   The method for producing a toner for developing an electrostatic latent image according to claim 7, further comprising a distillation step of distilling the monomer having two or more vinyl groups. The purity of the monomer having two or more vinyl groups distilled in the distillation step is 98% or more,
The said resin particle formation process WHEREIN: The monomer which has 2 or more of said vinyl groups of 40 to 80 mass parts is made to react with respect to 100 mass parts of said acrylic acid monomers. Manufacturing method of electrostatic latent image developing toner.