JP2016025753A - Abnormality diagnosis method for photovoltaic power generation system - Google Patents
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Abstract
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この発明は、太陽光発電システムの異常診断方法、特に多数の太陽電池モジュールで構成される太陽光発電システムに好適な異常診断方法に関する。 The present invention relates to an abnormality diagnosis method for a photovoltaic power generation system, and more particularly to an abnormality diagnosis method suitable for a photovoltaic power generation system including a large number of solar cell modules.
メガソーラーと呼ばれる大規模な太陽光発電システムが実用化されている。１つのメガソーラーは、通常、数千枚〜数万枚の太陽電池モジュールを備えている。
太陽電池モジュールは可動部品がないため故障しにくいが、初期不良はもちろん、屋外に長期間設置されるため、一部に故障が起こる場合がある。
太陽電池モジュールの異常（故障）を検出する方法として、目視による検査、サーモメーターによる発熱の検査、テスターによる電気的特性の検査が行われている。これらの検査は、太陽電池モジュール１つ１つに対して行われるので、メガソーラーなどの大規模な太陽光発電システムでは、検査のために膨大な作業が必要となる。
A large-scale solar power generation system called mega solar has been put into practical use. One mega solar usually includes thousands to tens of thousands of solar cell modules.
The solar cell module is hard to break down because there are no moving parts, but it may be partially broken because it is installed outdoors for a long time as well as the initial failure.
As a method of detecting an abnormality (failure) of the solar cell module, visual inspection, inspection of heat generation by a thermometer, and inspection of electrical characteristics by a tester are performed. Since these inspections are performed for each solar cell module, a large-scale solar power generation system such as a mega solar requires a large amount of work for the inspection.
従来、太陽光発電システムの異常を効率的に診断又は検知することを目的とし、以下のような技術が提案されている。
（1）日射量と温度の情報から発電量を予想し、その予想値と実際の発電量とを比較することにより異常を検出する方法（特許文献１、２）
（2）太陽電池の電流電圧特性（I-V特性）を計測し、あらかじめ準備しておいたI-V特性と比較することにより異常を診断する方法（特許文献３）
（3）太陽光発電アレイの出力電流から電流電圧特性（I-V特性）を求め、そのI-V特性曲線の微分曲線から異常を検出する方法（特許文献４）
Conventionally, the following techniques have been proposed for the purpose of efficiently diagnosing or detecting abnormalities in a photovoltaic power generation system.
(1) A method for predicting a power generation amount from information on the amount of solar radiation and temperature, and detecting an abnormality by comparing the predicted value with the actual power generation amount (
(2) A method for diagnosing an abnormality by measuring current-voltage characteristics (IV characteristics) of a solar cell and comparing it with previously prepared IV characteristics (Patent Document 3)
(3) A method of obtaining current-voltage characteristics (IV characteristics) from the output current of the photovoltaic power generation array and detecting an abnormality from the differential curve of the IV characteristics curve (Patent Document 4)
しかし、これらの従来技術のうち（1）、（2）の方法は、日射量又は温度若しくはその両方を測定する必要があるため、そのための計測器を設置する必要がある上に、これら計測器のメンテナンスを行う必要がある。このため設備コストが高く、またメンテナンスにも手間や費用がかかる。
また、（3）の方法では、I-V特性を取得するために単純な電流計や電圧計でなく、電気的なインピーダンスが可変である計測装置等が必要である。したがって、この方法も設備コストが高く、またメンテナンスにも手間や費用がかかる。
However, among these conventional techniques, the methods (1) and (2) need to measure the amount of solar radiation and / or temperature. It is necessary to perform maintenance. Therefore, the equipment cost is high, and maintenance is troublesome and expensive.
Further, in the method (3), in order to obtain the IV characteristics, a measuring device or the like having a variable electrical impedance is required instead of a simple ammeter or voltmeter. Therefore, this method also has a high equipment cost, and requires time and effort for maintenance.
したがって本発明の目的は、以上のような従来技術の課題を解決し、特別な計測装置を設置することなく、太陽光発電システムの異常を簡易且つ効率的に診断することができる方法を提供することにある。 Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problems of the prior art and provide a method capable of easily and efficiently diagnosing an abnormality of a photovoltaic power generation system without installing a special measuring device. There is.
上記課題を解決するための本発明の要旨は、以下のとおりである。
［1］異常を診断する設備単位で、実際の発電出力から開放電圧Voc、短絡電流Isc及び最大出力電力Pmax（ここで、最大出力電力Pmaxが得られる最大出力動作電流をImpとする）を計測するステップと、等価回路から導かれる方程式を用いた計算により、開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V曲線Ci（ここで、I-V曲線Ci上の最大出力電力をPmax’、この最大出力電力Pmax’が得られる最大出力動作電流をImp’とする）を求めるステップと、最大出力電力Pmax又は／及び最大出力動作電流Impと、最大出力電力Pmax’又は／及び最大出力動作電流Imp’を比較することで、対象とする設備単位の異常診断を行うステップを有することを特徴とする太陽光発電システムの異常診断方法。
The gist of the present invention for solving the above problems is as follows.
[1] Measure the open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current Isc, and maximum output power Pmax (where the maximum output operating current that can obtain the maximum output power Pmax is Imp) from the actual power generation output in units of equipment that diagnoses abnormalities. And the calculation using the equation derived from the equivalent circuit, the open-circuit voltage Voc ′ and the short-circuit current Isc ′ match the open-circuit voltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc, respectively (here, on the IV curve Ci) A maximum output power Pmax ′, and a maximum output operating current at which the maximum output power Pmax ′ is obtained is Imp ′), a maximum output power Pmax or / and a maximum output operating current Imp, and a maximum output power Pmax ′ Alternatively, a method for diagnosing an abnormality in a solar power generation system comprising a step of diagnosing an abnormality of a target equipment unit by comparing the maximum output operating current Imp ′.
［2］上記［1］の異常診断方法において、異常診断を行うステップでは、最大出力電力Pmaxと最大出力電力Pmax’との比率［Pmax／Pmax’］又は／及び最大出力動作電流Impと最大出力動作電流Imp’との比率［Imp／Imp’］が許容値を下回った時に異常と判断することを特徴とする太陽光発電システムの異常診断方法。 [2] In the abnormality diagnosis method of [1] above, in the step of performing abnormality diagnosis, the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] of the maximum output power Pmax and the maximum output power Pmax ′ or / and the maximum output operating current Imp and the maximum output An abnormality diagnosis method for a photovoltaic power generation system, characterized in that an abnormality is determined when a ratio [Imp / Imp '] with an operating current Imp' falls below an allowable value.
本発明によれば、特別な計測装置を設置することなく、太陽光発電システムの異常を簡易且つ効率的に診断することができる。 ADVANTAGE OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, abnormality of a solar power generation system can be diagnosed simply and efficiently, without installing a special measuring device.
太陽電池や太陽電池を用いた太陽光発電システムの動作状態を評価するものの１つに電流電圧特性（I-V特性）がある。実際の太陽光発電システムのI-V特性を得るには、実測するという方法があるが、このI-V特性を計測するためにはインピーダンスを変化させながら測定する必要があるため、複雑な計測器が必要となる。I-V特性を得る別の手法としては、特許文献１に開示されているように、日射量や温度を実測し、それらを利用して計算により求める方法があるが、この方法では電力とは関係ない計測器が必要となる。
One of the methods for evaluating the operating state of a solar battery or a solar power generation system using a solar battery is current-voltage characteristics (I-V characteristics). In order to obtain the actual IV characteristics of a photovoltaic power generation system, there is a method of actual measurement, but in order to measure this IV characteristic, it is necessary to measure while changing the impedance, so a complicated measuring instrument is required. Become. As another method for obtaining IV characteristics, as disclosed in
これに対して本発明では、実際の太陽光発電システムのI-V特性を実測することなく（したがって、上記のような特別な計測器を用いることなく）、以下のような手法でシステムの異常を診断するものである。すなわち本発明では、（i）異常を診断する設備単位（例えば、パワーコンディショナ単位、ストリング単位など）での実際の発電出力から開放電圧Voc、短絡電流Isc及び最大出力電力Pmaxを計測する、（ii）モデル式（等価回路から導かれる方程式）を用いた計算により、開放電圧Voc’、短絡電流Isc’がそれぞれ開放電圧Voc、短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V特性（理想状態のI-V曲線）を求める、（iii）このI-V特性より最大出力電力Pmax’、最大出力動作電流Imp’を求め、それらと実際に発電出力から求めた最大出力電力Pmax、最大出力動作電流Impを比較して異常を検出する、ものであり、理想状態と実際の出力に一定以上の差がある場合に異常と判断することができる。 On the other hand, in the present invention, the system abnormality is diagnosed by the following method without actually measuring the IV characteristic of the actual photovoltaic power generation system (therefore, without using a special measuring instrument as described above). To do. That is, in the present invention, (i) the open circuit voltage Voc, the short circuit current Isc, and the maximum output power Pmax are measured from the actual power generation output in equipment units (for example, power conditioner units, string units, etc.) for diagnosing abnormality. ii) By using a model formula (equation derived from the equivalent circuit), obtain an IV characteristic (an IV curve in an ideal state) in which the open-circuit voltage Voc ′ and the short-circuit current Isc ′ coincide with the open-circuit voltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc, respectively. (Iii) The maximum output power Pmax ′ and the maximum output operating current Imp ′ are obtained from the IV characteristics, and the abnormality is detected by comparing them with the maximum output power Pmax and the maximum output operating current Imp actually obtained from the power generation output. Therefore, when there is a certain difference between the ideal state and the actual output, it can be determined that there is an abnormality.
以下、太陽光発電システムにおける特定の設備単位（例えば、パワーコンディショナ単位、ストリング単位など）での電流電圧特性（I-V特性）を示す図１に基づいて、本発明法の詳細を説明する。
太陽電池の発電出力は、放射照度や太陽電池の温度などの影響を受けて変動するが、本発明法では、まず、異常を診断する設備単位において、実際の発電出力から開放電圧Voc、短絡電流Isc及び最大出力電力Pmaxを計測する（第１ステップ）。ここで、最大出力電力Pmaxが得られる最大出力動作電流をImp、同じく最大出力動作電圧をVmpとする（図１）。
Hereinafter, based on FIG. 1 which shows the current voltage characteristic (IV characteristic) in the specific installation unit (For example, a power conditioner unit, a string unit etc.) in a solar power generation system, the detail of this invention method is demonstrated.
The power generation output of the solar cell fluctuates under the influence of irradiance, solar cell temperature, etc., but in the method of the present invention, first, in the unit of equipment for diagnosing an abnormality, the open-circuit voltage Voc, the short-circuit current from the actual power generation output Isc and maximum output power Pmax are measured (first step). Here, it is assumed that the maximum output operating current at which the maximum output power Pmax is obtained is Imp and the maximum output operating voltage is Vmp (FIG. 1).
一般に太陽光発電システムでは、セルと呼ばれる太陽電池の単体を複数接続（通常、直列に接続）して太陽電池モジュールを構成し、この太陽電池モジュールを複数接続（通常、直列に接続）して太陽電池ストリングを構成し、この太陽電池ストリングを複数接続（通常、並列に接続）して太陽電池アレイを構成し、また、複数の太陽電池アレイで発電した電力を系統に接続するためにパワーコンディショナ（ＰＣＳ）が用いられている。このＰＣＳは、複数の太陽電池アレイの出力をひとまとめにする機能、太陽電池出力の定電圧化と後述するようなＭＰＰＴ制御を行う機能、直流を交流に変換する機能などを備えている。本発明において異常を診断する設備単位とは、以上のような太陽電池ストリング単位、太陽電池アレイ単位、パワーコンディショナ単位を指し、本発明では、これら設備単位のうちのいずれかを診断対象とする。 Generally, in a solar power generation system, a plurality of solar cells called cells are connected (usually connected in series) to form a solar cell module, and a plurality of solar cell modules are connected (usually connected in series) to form a solar cell. A battery string is formed, a plurality of solar cell strings are connected (usually connected in parallel) to form a solar cell array, and a power conditioner is connected to connect the power generated by the plurality of solar cell arrays to the system. (PCS) is used. This PCS has a function of grouping the outputs of a plurality of solar cell arrays, a function of making the solar cell output constant voltage and performing MPPT control as described later, a function of converting direct current into alternating current, and the like. In the present invention, the equipment unit for diagnosing an abnormality refers to the above-described solar cell string unit, solar cell array unit, and power conditioner unit. In the present invention, any of these equipment units is to be diagnosed. .
太陽光発電システムのＰＣＳでは、上述したように、直流を交流に変換する機能などのほか、電力が最大になるようなＭＰＰＴ（Maximum Power Point Tracking）と呼ばれる制御が行われるので、最大出力電力Pmaxは容易に得ることができる。一方、開放電圧Vocは系統を一瞬遮断することで、また、短絡電流Iscは系統を一瞬短絡させることで、それぞれ測定することが可能である。また、例えば、ストリング単位、アレイ単位などのようにＰＣＳを使用していない設備単位の場合には、最大出力電力Pmax、開放電圧Voc、短絡電流Iscを測定する装置が別途必要であるが、I-V特性を計測するためのインピーダンスを可変できるような複雑な装置は必要ない。 In the PCS of the photovoltaic power generation system, as described above, in addition to the function of converting direct current to alternating current, etc., control called MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is performed so that the power becomes maximum, so the maximum output power Pmax Can be easily obtained. On the other hand, the open circuit voltage Voc can be measured by momentarily shutting off the system, and the short circuit current Isc can be measured by momentarily shorting the system. Further, for example, in the case of equipment units that do not use PCS, such as string units and array units, a device for measuring the maximum output power Pmax, the open circuit voltage Voc, and the short circuit current Isc is separately required. There is no need for a complicated device that can vary the impedance for measuring the characteristics.
次に、等価回路から導かれる方程式を用いた計算により、その開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ前記開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V曲線Ciを求める（第２ステップ）。すなわち、下記（2）式（等価回路から導かれる方程式）を用い、開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するまでパラメータを調整（通常、Ｔ、Ｗを調整）して繰り返し計算することで、理想状態のI-V曲線Ciを得る。ここで、I-V曲線Ci上の最大出力電力をPmax’、この最大出力電力Pmax’が得られる最大出力動作電流をImp’、同じく最大出力動作電圧をVmp’とする（図１）。 Next, an IV curve Ci in which the open-circuit voltage Voc 'and the short-circuit current Isc' coincide with the open-circuit voltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc is obtained by calculation using an equation derived from an equivalent circuit (second step). That is, using the following equation (2) (equation derived from an equivalent circuit), parameters are adjusted until the open circuit voltage Voc ′ and the short circuit current Isc ′ coincide with the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Isc (normally, T, W The IV curve Ci in the ideal state is obtained by repeatedly calculating with the adjustment. Here, it is assumed that the maximum output power on the I-V curve Ci is Pmax ′, the maximum output operating current at which the maximum output power Pmax ′ is obtained is Imp ′, and the maximum output operating voltage is Vmp ′ (FIG. 1).
太陽電池の等価回路は図２で表され、この等価回路に流れる電流Ｉは下記（1）式で表される。
上記（1）式中の各電流は、それぞれ下式で表現される。
したがって、等価回路に流れる電流Ｉは下記（2）式で表される。
次いで、第１ステップで実際の発電出力から計測された最大出力電力Pmax又は／及び最大出力動作電流Impと、第２ステップで理想状態として計算された最大出力電力Pmax’又は／及び最大出力動作電流Imp’を比較することにより、対象とする設備単位の異常診断を行う（第３ステップ）。すなわち、理想状態と実際の出力に一定以上の差がある場合に異常と判断できる。 Next, the maximum output power Pmax or / and the maximum output operating current Imp measured from the actual power generation output in the first step, and the maximum output power Pmax ′ or / and the maximum output operating current calculated as the ideal state in the second step. By comparing Imp ′, abnormality diagnosis of the target equipment unit is performed (third step). That is, it can be determined that there is an abnormality when there is a certain difference between the ideal state and the actual output.
具体的には、例えば、最大出力電力Pmaxと最大出力電力Pmax’との比率［Pmax／Pmax’］又は最大出力動作電流Impと最大出力動作電流Imp’との比率［Imp／Imp’］を求め、これが許容値を下回った時に異常と判断することができ、例えば、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］では許容値を０．８５以上とし、［Pmax／Pmax’］＜０．８５の場合に異常ありとする。つまり、太陽光発電システムの実際の最大出力が、モデル式で求めた理想I-V特性での最大出力の８５％未満の場合に異常と診断する。また、例えば、比率［Imp／Imp’］では許容値を０．８０以上とし、［Imp／Imp’］＜０．８０の場合に異常ありとする。或いは、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］と比率［Imp／Imp’］の両方を用い、［Pmax／Pmax’］＜０．８５、且つ［Imp／Imp’］＜０．８０の場合に異常ありとしてもよい。 Specifically, for example, a ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] between the maximum output power Pmax and the maximum output power Pmax ′ or a ratio [Imp / Imp ′] between the maximum output operating current Imp and the maximum output operating current Imp ′ is obtained. When this falls below the allowable value, it can be determined that there is an abnormality. For example, in the ratio [Pmax / Pmax '], the allowable value is 0.85 or more, and there is an abnormality when [Pmax / Pmax'] <0.85. And That is, an abnormality is diagnosed when the actual maximum output of the photovoltaic power generation system is less than 85% of the maximum output in the ideal IV characteristic obtained by the model formula. For example, in the ratio [Imp / Imp ′], the allowable value is 0.80 or more, and when [Imp / Imp ′] <0.80, there is an abnormality. Alternatively, if both the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] and the ratio [Imp / Imp ′] are used, and [Pmax / Pmax ′] <0.85 and [Imp / Imp ′] <0.80 Also good.
太陽電池モジュール（パネル）を９６枚備えた太陽光発電所において、ＰＣＳ単位を対象に異常診断を行った。本実施例では、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］の許容値を０．８５以上に設定し、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］＜０．８５の場合に異常ありと判定した。実施例の結果を図３に示す。図３の横軸は開放電圧Vocを、縦軸は短絡電流Iscをそれぞれ“１”として相対値でグラフ化している。図３中の○はPmax’が得られる最大出力動作点（理想I-V特性の最大出力動作点）、●はPmaxが得られる最大出力動作点（太陽光発電システムで測定された最大出力動作点）を示している。 In a solar power plant provided with 96 solar cell modules (panels), abnormality diagnosis was performed for PCS units. In this embodiment, the allowable value of the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] is set to 0.85 or more, and it is determined that there is an abnormality when the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] <0.85. The results of the examples are shown in FIG. The horizontal axis in FIG. 3 is a graph of the open circuit voltage Voc and the vertical axis is a relative value with the short circuit current Isc being “1”. In Fig. 3, ○ is the maximum output operating point at which Pmax 'is obtained (maximum output operating point of ideal IV characteristics), and ● is the maximum output operating point at which Pmax is obtained (maximum output operating point measured by the photovoltaic power generation system) Is shown.
太陽光発電所のなかで、ある１つのＰＣＳ単位を診断対象とした図３（a）の場合には、その発電出力から開放電圧Voc：２９０Ｖ、短絡電流Isc：４５Ａ、最大出力電力Pmax：８．５ｋＷが計測された。上述した（2）式を用いた計算により、開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V曲線Ciを求めた。このI-V曲線Ci上の最大出力電力Pmax’は９．８ｋＷであった。したがって、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］＝０．８７であり、異常なしと判定された。 In the case of FIG. 3A in which one PCS unit is a diagnosis target in a solar power plant, an open circuit voltage Voc: 290 V, a short circuit current Isc: 45 A, and a maximum output power Pmax: 8 from the power generation output. .5 kW was measured. Through the calculation using the above equation (2), an IV curve Ci in which the open circuit voltage Voc 'and the short circuit current Isc' match the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Isc, respectively, was obtained. The maximum output power Pmax 'on the IV curve Ci was 9.8 kW. Therefore, the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] = 0.87, and it was determined that there was no abnormality.
太陽光発電所のなかで、他の１つのＰＣＳ単位を診断対象とした図３（b）の場合には、その発電出力から開放電圧Voc：２８０Ｖ、短絡電流Isc：４２Ａ、最大出力電力Pmax：７．１ｋＷが計測された。上述した（2）式を用いた計算により、開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V曲線Ciを求めた。このI-V曲線Ci上の最大出力電力Pmax’は９．５ｋＷであった。したがって、比率［Pmax／Pmax’］＝０．７５であり、異常ありと判定された。この判定に基づき、当該ＰＣＳ単位内の各パネル（モジュール）の出力を調べたところ、一部のパネルで出力が３割程度低下しているものが確認された。 In the case of FIG. 3B in which another one PCS unit is a diagnosis target in a solar power plant, the open output voltage Voc: 280 V, the short-circuit current Isc: 42 A, and the maximum output power Pmax: 7.1 kW was measured. Through the calculation using the above equation (2), an IV curve Ci in which the open circuit voltage Voc 'and the short circuit current Isc' match the open circuit voltage Voc and the short circuit current Isc, respectively, was obtained. The maximum output power Pmax 'on the IV curve Ci was 9.5 kW. Therefore, the ratio [Pmax / Pmax ′] = 0.75, and it was determined that there was an abnormality. Based on this determination, when the output of each panel (module) in the PCS unit was examined, it was confirmed that the output of some panels was reduced by about 30%.
Claims (2)
等価回路から導かれる方程式を用いた計算により、開放電圧Voc’及び短絡電流Isc’が、それぞれ開放電圧Voc及び短絡電流Iscと一致するI-V曲線Ci（ここで、I-V曲線Ci上の最大出力電力をPmax’、この最大出力電力Pmax’が得られる最大出力動作電流をImp’とする）を求めるステップと、
最大出力電力Pmax又は／及び最大出力動作電流Impと、最大出力電力Pmax’又は／及び最大出力動作電流Imp’を比較することで、対象とする設備単位の異常診断を行うステップを有することを特徴とする太陽光発電システムの異常診断方法。 Measuring the open circuit voltage Voc, the short circuit current Isc and the maximum output power Pmax (where the maximum output operating current at which the maximum output power Pmax can be obtained is Imp) from the actual power generation output in units of equipment for diagnosing abnormalities; ,
The calculation using the equation derived from the equivalent circuit shows that the open-circuit voltage Voc ′ and the short-circuit current Isc ′ match the open-circuit voltage Voc and the short-circuit current Isc, respectively, where the maximum output power on the IV curve Ci is Pmax ′, and the maximum output operating current at which this maximum output power Pmax ′ is obtained is Imp ′),
Comparing the maximum output power Pmax or / and the maximum output operating current Imp with the maximum output power Pmax ′ or / and the maximum output operating current Imp ′, having a step of performing an abnormality diagnosis for the target equipment unit An abnormality diagnosis method for a solar power generation system.
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