JP2016023878A - Air conditioner - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an air conditioner which uses a calorific material for generating and absorbing heat by applying and removing a warp without using a large-scale magnetic circuit, and is small in size and light in weight.SOLUTION: An air conditioner has: a heat generation unit 110 in which a plurality of heat generation members 110A to 110F for generating and absorbing heat by being applied with heat and removed in the warp are arranged at intervals; a low-temperature side heat exchanging part 120; a high-temperature side heat exchanging part 130; a heat conductive unit 140 in which heat switches 140A to 140G are arranged between and among the heat generation members, the low-temperature heat exchanging part, and the high-temperature side heat exchanging part; a warp control part 150 which applies the warp to the heat generation members, and activates the heat generation members; a heat switch drive part 160 which activates the heat switches; and a drive control part 170 which makes heat conductive between the low-temperature side heat exchanging part and the high-temperature side heat exchanging part by controlling the operation timing of the warp control part and the heat switch control part.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

  The present invention relates to an air conditioner, and more particularly, to an air conditioner using a calorific material that generates and absorbs heat by applying a strain.

  Most of the refrigerators in the room temperature range conventionally used, for example, refrigerators such as a refrigerator, a freezer, and an air conditioner, use a phase change of a gaseous refrigerant such as chlorofluorocarbon gas or alternative chlorofluorocarbon gas. Recently, the problem of ozone depletion due to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons has been exposed, and there is also concern about the impact on global warming caused by the emission of alternative chlorofluorocarbons. For this reason, there is a strong demand for the development of an innovative refrigerator that is clean and has a high heat transport capability, replacing the refrigerator that uses a gaseous refrigerant such as CFC and CFC.

  Against this background, the refrigeration technology that has recently attracted attention is the magnetic refrigeration technology. Some magnetic materials exhibit a so-called magnetocaloric effect that changes their temperature according to the change of the magnitude of the magnetic field applied to the magnetic material. A refrigeration technique that transports heat using a magnetic material that exhibits this magnetocaloric effect is a magnetic refrigeration technique.

  As a refrigerator using the magnetic refrigeration technology, for example, there is a magnetic refrigerator that transports heat by utilizing the heat conduction of a solid substance as described in Patent Document 1 below.

  However, in the case of a magnetic refrigerator, if the magnetic field is weak, a sufficient temperature change of the magnetic material cannot be obtained. In order to effectively generate and absorb heat from a magnetic material, it is necessary to form a strong magnetic field. For this reason, it is necessary to use an expensive magnet with a very strong magnetic force using a rare metal.

  In addition, since a large magnetic circuit is required to form a strong magnetic field, the volume of the refrigerator increases and the weight also increases. Specifically, the volume and weight of the magnetic circuit of the magnetic refrigerator are more than half the volume and weight of the entire magnetic refrigerator.

  In the case of a refrigerator using a magnetic circuit, the magnetic circuit cannot be reduced in size, so it is very difficult to reduce the size and weight of the refrigerator. As a technique that contributes to a reduction in size and weight of the refrigerator, there is a technique described in the following cited document 2.

  In Patent Document 2, a piezoelectric material is sandwiched between magnetocaloric materials functioning as electrodes, a voltage is applied to the magnetocaloric material to change the crystal lattice constant of the piezoelectric material, and the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material is changed accordingly. In other words, the magnetocaloric material generates heat and absorbs heat by changing the magnetization characteristics of the magnetocaloric material.

JP 2007-147209 A US Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0007592

  However, in the case of the technique described in the cited document 2, since a magnetocaloric material is also used as an electrode, a non-conductive magnetocaloric material cannot be used.

  Some magnetocaloric materials generate heat and absorb heat by applying and removing strain even if they are non-conductive. Some electrocaloric materials exhibiting an effect of generating and absorbing heat by applying and removing an electric field also generate and absorb heat by applying and removing strain. The inventor thought that the air-conditioning apparatus could be reduced in size by applying strain to these calorimetric materials to generate heat and absorb heat.

  The present invention has been made on the basis of the solution of the conventional problems as described above and the inventor's idea, and generates and generates heat and heat by applying and removing strain without using a large magnetic circuit. An object of the present invention is to provide a small and lightweight air-conditioning apparatus using a calorific material.

  In order to achieve the above object, an air conditioning apparatus according to the present invention includes a heat generation unit, a low temperature side heat exchange unit, a high temperature side heat exchange unit, a heat conduction unit, a strain control unit, a thermal switch drive unit, and a drive control unit.

  In the heat generation unit, heat generation members that generate heat and absorb heat by applying and removing strain are arranged at a plurality of intervals. The low temperature side heat exchange part is adjacent to the heat generating member located at one end of the heat generating unit with a gap. The high temperature side heat exchange part is adjacent to the heat generating member located at the other end of the heat generating unit with a gap. The heat conduction unit is located between adjacent heat generation members in the heat generation unit, between the heat generation member located at one end of the heat generation unit and the low temperature side heat exchange unit, and at the other end of the heat generation unit. A thermal switch is disposed between the heat generating member and the high temperature side heat exchange section. The strain control unit applies strain to the heat generating member to activate the heat generating member. The thermal switch driver activates the thermal switch. The drive control unit conducts heat between the low temperature side heat exchange unit and the high temperature side heat exchange unit by controlling the operation timing of the voltage application unit and the thermal switch drive unit.

  The air conditioning apparatus according to the present invention configured as described above has a plurality of heat generation members that generate and absorb heat by applying and removing strain between the low temperature side heat exchange unit and the high temperature side heat exchange unit. Since the units are arranged and the heat of the heat generation unit is conducted between the low temperature side heat exchange part and the high temperature side heat exchange part by the heat conduction unit, a small and lightweight air conditioning apparatus can be provided.

It is a block diagram of the air conditioning apparatus which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus shown in FIG. It is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus shown in FIG. It is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus shown in FIG. It is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus shown in FIG. It is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus shown in FIG. It is a graph which shows the effect of the air conditioning apparatus concerning Embodiment 1. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Embodiment 1. FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the stress applied to the calorie | heat amount material which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the heat_generation | fever principle of the calorie | heat amount material which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 1 of Embodiment 1. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 2 of Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a block diagram of the air conditioning apparatus which concerns on Embodiment 2. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on Embodiment 2. FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the heat_generation | fever principle of the calorie | heat amount material which concerns on Embodiment 2. FIG. It is a perspective view which shows the connection structure of the heat generating member and thermal switch shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 1 of Embodiment 2. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 2 of Embodiment 2. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 3 of Embodiment 2. FIG. It is a block diagram of the air conditioning apparatus which concerns on Embodiment 3. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on Embodiment 3. FIG. It is explanatory drawing of the heat_generation | fever principle of the calorie | heat amount material which concerns on Embodiment 3. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 1 of Embodiment 3. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 2 of Embodiment 3. FIG. It is sectional drawing of the heat generation member which concerns on the modification 3 of Embodiment 3. FIG. It is a perspective view which shows the connection structure of the heat generating member and thermal switch shown in FIG. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 1 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 2 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 3 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 4 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 5 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 6 of a thermal switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the form 7 of a thermal switch. It is sectional drawing of the heat switch part for demonstrating the structure of the heat switch in the form 8 of a heat switch. It is a top view (figure of the arrow A of FIG. 34) of the heat switch part for demonstrating the structure of the heat switch in the form 8 of a heat switch. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the principle of electrowetting. It is explanatory drawing for demonstrating the movement of the liquid metal in a clearance gap. It is sectional drawing of the heat switch part for demonstrating the structure of the heat switch in the form 9 of a heat switch. It is a top view (figure of the arrow A similar to FIG. 34) of the thermal switch part for demonstrating the structure of the thermal switch in the form 9 of a thermal switch.

  Below, the embodiment of the air-conditioning apparatus concerning the present invention is divided into [Embodiment 1] to [Embodiment 3], and is explained. First, the structure of the air conditioning apparatus which concerns on Embodiment 1 is demonstrated, referring drawings.

Embodiment 1
(Configuration of air conditioning unit)
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of an air conditioning apparatus according to the first embodiment. The air conditioning apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment includes a heat generation unit 110, a low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, a high temperature side heat exchange unit 130, a heat conduction unit 140, a strain control unit 150, a thermal switch drive unit 160, and a drive control unit 170. Have.

  The heat generation unit 110 includes a plurality of heat generation members 110A to 110F that are arranged at intervals. Each of the heat generating members 110A-110F includes a strain applying unit 112A-112F that applies and removes strain, and a calorie material 114A-114F that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. For example, the heat generation member 110A includes a heat quantity material 114A and a strain application unit 112A that is located on one side of the heat quantity material 114A and applies and removes strain to the heat quantity material 114A. The configurations of the other heat generating members 110B, 110C, 110D, 110E, and 110F are the same as the configuration of the heat generating member 110A.

  In the first embodiment, the strain applying sections 112A to 112F are portions that apply compressive stress or tensile stress to the caloric material 114A to 114F so that the crystal lattice constant of the caloric material changes mechanically.

  Specifically, the strain applying units 112A-112F can directly apply stress (push, pull, bend, apply an impact) to the calorie material 114A-114F, for example, an actuator, an impact application, etc. Mechanism.

  In the first embodiment, as the calorie material 114A-114F, a material that generates heat when strain is applied and absorbs heat when strain is removed is used. On the contrary, a material that absorbs heat when strain is applied and generates heat when strain is removed may be used. In the first embodiment, a calorimetric material having a characteristic that the temperature increases by 5 ° C. when strain is applied and decreases by 5 ° C. when strain is removed is used.

  As a calorific material, a magnetocaloric material in which the distribution of magnetic moment changes and magnetization changes by applying and removing strain, or an electrocaloric material in which the polarization changes by changing the distribution of dipole moments. Either can be used.

As the magnetocaloric material, it is preferable to use a material of LaSrMnO ₃ or LaSrCoO ₃ . Further, as the electrocaloric material, Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ (PMN), Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ -PbTiO ₃ (PMN-PT), Pb (Sc1 / 2Nb1 / 2) O ₃ (PSN) or PbSc1 / 2Ta1 / 2O ₃ (PST) is preferably used.

  The low temperature side heat exchanging unit 120 is adjacent to the heat generating member 110 </ b> A located at one end of the heat generating unit 110 with a gap. The high temperature side heat exchanging unit 130 is adjacent to the heat generating member 110 </ b> F located at one end of the heat generating unit 110 with a gap.

  The heat conduction unit 140 is between the heat generation members 110A-110F adjacent in the heat generation unit 110, between the heat generation member 110A located at one end of the heat generation unit 110 and the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, and heat generation. Thermal switches 140 </ b> A- 140 </ b> G disposed between the heat generation member 110 </ b> F located at the other end of the unit 110 and the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130 are included.

  For the thermal switches 140A-140G, for example, a material or a device whose thermal conductivity is greatly changed by applying an electric field or a magnetic field, or a material that changes the thermal conductivity by taking in and out of a liquid metal due to an electric wetting effect, etc. Can do. When the voltage is applied to the thermal switches 140A to 140G used in the first embodiment, the thermal resistance is extremely reduced, and heat can be transferred between the heat generating members 110A to 110F. Also, the heat generating member 110A. The heat can be transferred between the heat generation member 110F and the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130. In addition, the specific structure of the thermal switch which can be used with the air conditioning apparatus of this invention is mentioned later.

  The strain controller 150 applies strain to the heat generating members 110A-110F to activate the heat generating members 110A-110F. Specifically, the strain control unit 150 selectively activates the strain applying units 112A-112F of the heat generation unit 110 to distort the caloric material 114A-114F. In the first embodiment, when strain is applied to the calorie material 114A-114F, the calorie material 114A-114F is activated and generates heat.

  The thermal switch driver 160 selectively applies a voltage to the thermal switches 140A-140G of the thermal conduction unit 140 to activate the thermal switches 140A-140G. In the first embodiment, when the thermal switch 140A-140G is activated, the thermal resistance of the activated thermal switch 140A-140G decreases. When a material or device whose thermal conductivity changes greatly by applying a magnetic field is used as a thermal switch, the thermal switch driving unit 160 activates the thermal switch by applying a magnetic field. In addition, when using a thermal switch of a type that changes the thermal conductivity by taking in and out of the liquid metal due to the electric wetting effect, the thermal switch driving unit 160 applies a voltage to activate the thermal switch.

  The drive control unit 170 controls the low-temperature side heat exchange by controlling the operation timing of the strain application units 112A-112F by the strain control unit 150 and the application timing of the voltages to the thermal switches 140A-140G by the thermal switch drive unit 160, respectively. Heat is conducted between the part 120 and the high temperature side heat exchange part 130.

(Operation of air conditioner)
2-6 is a figure with which it uses for operation | movement description of the air conditioning apparatus 100 shown in FIG. First, basic operations of the strain controller 150, the thermal switch driver 160, and the drive controller 170 will be described.

  The strain controller 150 simultaneously operates the strain applying units 112A, 112C, and 112E that apply strain to the calorie materials 114A, 114C, and 114E. At this time, the strain control unit 150 does not operate the strain applying units 112B, 112D, and 112F that apply strain to the heat quantity materials 114B, 114D, and 114F. In addition, the strain controller 150 simultaneously operates the strain applying units 112B, 112D, and 112F that apply strain to the calorie materials 114B, 114D, and 114F. At this time, the strain control unit 150 does not operate the strain applying units 112A, 112C, and 112E that apply strain to the calorie materials 114A, 114C, and 114E. That is, the strain controller 150 alternately operates two groups of the strain applying units 112A, 112C, and 112E and the strain applying units 112B, 112D, and 112F.

  The thermal switch driver 160 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch driving unit 160 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F. The thermal switch driving unit 160 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch driver 160 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G. That is, the thermal switch driving unit 160 alternately applies a voltage to the two groups of the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G and the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F.

  The drive control unit 170 has a timing at which the strain control unit 150 operates the group of the strain application units 112A, 112C, and 112E and a timing at which the thermal switch drive unit 160 applies a voltage to the group of the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F. Synchronize. In addition, the drive control unit 170 applies a voltage to the timing when the strain control unit 150 operates the group of the strain application units 112B, 112D, and 112F, and the thermal switch drive unit 160 applies the voltage to the group of the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G. Synchronize with the timing.

  Next, the overall operation of the air conditioning apparatus 100 will be described. First, as shown in FIG. 2, in the initial state, the temperatures of all the heat generating members 110 </ b> A to 110 </ b> F, the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, and the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130 are, for example, 20 ° C., which is room temperature.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 3, the strain controller 150 operates the group of the strain applying units 112B, 112D, and 112F (the strain applying unit is indicated by a solid line), and the thermal switch driving unit 160 includes the thermal switches 140A, 140C, A voltage is applied to the groups 140E and 140G (a thermal switch is indicated by a solid line).

  In the state of FIG. 3, the temperature of the calorie materials 114A, 114C, and 114E to which no strain is applied decreases from 20 ° C. to 5 ° C. and decreases to 15 ° C., and the temperature of the calorie materials 114B, 114D, and 114F to which strain is applied is from 20 ° C. Increase by 5 ° C to 25 ° C. In the state of FIG. 3, since the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G are activated, heat moves from the higher temperature to the lower temperature via the thermal switches 140A, 140C, 140E, and 140G. That is, heat is transferred from the low temperature heat exchange unit 120 to the heat quantity material 114A, from the heat quantity material 114B to 114C, from the heat quantity material 114D to 114E, and from the heat quantity material 114F to the high temperature side heat exchange part 130.

  When the heat moves as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3, the temperature of the calorie material 114 </ b> A located at one end of the heat generation unit 110 and the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120 becomes 18 ° C. as shown in FIG. The temperature of the calorie material 114F and the high temperature side heat exchanging unit 130 located at the other end of the heat exchanger is 22 ° C. The temperature of the calorimetric material 114B-114E becomes 20 ° C. due to the movement of heat.

  Next, as shown in FIG. 5, the strain control unit 150 operates the group of the strain applying units 112A, 112C, and 112E (the strain applying unit is indicated by a solid line), and the thermal switch driving unit 160 includes the thermal switches 140B, 140D, A voltage is applied to the 140F group (a thermal switch is indicated by a solid line).

  In the state of FIG. 5, the temperature of the calorie material 114B, 114D to which no strain is applied is lowered by 5 ° C. to 15 ° C., the temperature of the calorie material 114F is lowered by 5 ° C. to 17 ° C., and the temperature of the calorie material 114A to which the strain is applied is The temperature of 114C and 114E rises by 5 ° C to 25 ° C. In the state of FIG. 5, since the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F are activated, heat moves from the higher temperature to the lower temperature via the thermal switches 140B, 140D, and 140F. That is, heat is transferred from the calorie materials 114A to 114B, from the calorie materials 114C to 114D, and from the calorie materials 114E to 114F.

  When the heat moves as shown by the arrows in FIG. 5, the temperature of the calorie materials 114A and 114B of the heat generation unit 110 becomes 19 ° C., and the temperature of the low-temperature side heat exchange unit 120 becomes 18 ° C., as shown in FIG. . Moreover, the temperature of the calorie materials 114E and 114F of the heat generating unit 110 is 21 ° C., and the temperature of the high temperature side heat exchanging unit 130 is 22 ° C. The temperature of the calorie materials 114C and 114D is 20 ° C.

  As described above, the drive control unit 170 repeatedly controls the operation timing of the strain control unit 150 and the voltage application timing of the thermal switch drive unit 160 at a constant period, so that the heat generated by the heat generation unit 110 is low temperature. It moves from the side heat exchange part 120 to the high temperature side heat exchange part 130.

  FIG. 7 is a graph showing the effect of the air conditioning apparatus according to the first embodiment. As shown in the graph of FIG. 7, the temperature difference between the low-temperature side heat exchange unit 120 and the high-temperature side heat exchange unit 130 is small at a relatively initial time after the air-conditioning apparatus 100 starts operating. However, the temperature difference between the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120 and the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130 gradually increases as time passes. Ultimately, the temperature difference between the low temperature side heat exchange section 120 and the high temperature side heat exchange section 130 becomes the maximum, as shown by the straight line after a long time has passed. In this state, for example, the temperature of the room can be lowered using the heat of the low-temperature side heat exchange unit 120, and the temperature of the room can be raised, for example, using the heat of the high-temperature side heat exchange unit 130.

  The above is the configuration and operation of the air conditioning apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment. The heat generating members 110A-110F according to the first embodiment are devised in order to make maximum use of the heat generated by the calorie materials 114A-114F. Further, the connection structure between the heat generating members 110A-110F and the heat switches 140A-140G is devised so that heat is efficiently transferred from the calorie materials 114A-114F. Below, the structure of the heat generation member 110A-110F which the air conditioning apparatus 100 which concerns on Embodiment 1 uses is demonstrated in detail.

(Configuration of heat generating member)
Next, the configuration of the heat generating member according to Embodiment 1 will be described in detail. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the heat generating member according to the first embodiment.

  The heat generating member 110A according to the first embodiment generates heat and absorbs heat by applying and removing strain. The heat generating member 110A has a structure in which the strain changing portion 112A is located on one side of the caloric material 114A. The structure of the heat generating members 110B-110F shown in FIG. 1 is the same as the structure of the heat generating member 110A.

  The strain applying unit 112A directly applies mechanical strain such as compressive stress or tensile stress to the calorie material 114A so that the crystal lattice constant of the calorie material 114A changes.

  As shown in FIG. 9, the calorific material 114 </ b> A generates heat and absorbs heat when a strain such as pressure (compression stress) or tension (tensile stress) is applied from the outside. The caloric material 114A may be an electrocaloric material or a magnetocaloric material, and any other material that generates heat and absorbs heat when subjected to strain may be used.

  As shown in FIG. 10, the calorific material according to the first embodiment changes the magnetic moment distribution of the thermal material crystal structure or the dipole moment distribution of the thermal material crystal structure by applying strain. Thus, it is an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes.

  As shown in FIG. 10, when the caloric material 114A is a magnetocaloric material, strain is applied (in the first embodiment, strain is applied so that at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the magnetocaloric material is increased. ) And the crystal lattice constant (length of three crystal axes) of the magnetocaloric material change, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is increased. And since magnetization becomes large, magnetic entropy decreases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material returns to the original, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is restored. As the magnetization decreases, the magnetic entropy increases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material absorbs heat.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 10, when the caloric material 114A is an electrocaloric material, strain is applied (in the first embodiment, the strain is applied so that at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the electrocaloric material is increased. The crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material changes, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is increased. And since polarization becomes large, dipole entropy decreases. As a result, the electrocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material returns to the original, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is restored. As the polarization decreases, the dipole entropy increases. As a result, the electrocaloric material absorbs heat.

  As described above, by adopting a structure in which the strain changing portion 112A is positioned on one side of the calorie material 114A, the structure of the heat generating member 110A is simplified, and the heat generating member 110A is easily manufactured.

  Further, since the strain applying unit 112A can directly apply mechanical strain to the calorie material 114A, the heat generating member 110A can be downsized.

  Furthermore, since the calorie material 114A uses a material in which the temperature of the Curie point after applying the strain is higher than the temperature of the Curie point before applying the strain, the calorie material can be obtained simply by applying and removing the strain. 114A can generate heat and absorb heat.

(Variation 1 of the configuration of the heat generating member)
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generation member according to Modification 1 of Embodiment 1. 110 A of heat generation members which concern on the modification 1 are equipped with the function which insulates 110 A of heat generation members shown in FIG. That is, a heat insulating and insulating material 116A having a heat insulating action is provided between the strain applying unit 112A and the calorie material 114A.

  The heat insulating and insulating material 116A is made of, for example, glass wool. However, a heat insulating material such as urethane foam, phenol foam or polystyrene foam may be used. The heat insulating layer formed by the heat insulating insulating material 116A may have a single layer structure using one material, or may have a multilayer structure using a plurality of materials.

  By disposing the heat insulating insulating material 116A between the strain applying section 112A and the calorie material 114A, it is possible to prevent the heat generated by the calorie material 114A from being radiated to the outside, and the heat from the heat generation member 110A can be reduced. It can be used without waste.

(Modification 2 of the structure of the heat generating member)
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the heat generating member according to the second modification of the first embodiment. The heat generating member 110A according to Modification 2 improves the thermal conductivity of the heat generating member 110A shown in FIG.

  110 A of heat generation members which concern on the modification 2 of Embodiment 1 are provided with the heat conductive member 118A which contacts the said heat quantity material 114A directly in the heat quantity material 114A. That is, the heat conducting member 118A is sandwiched between the two heat quantity materials 114A.

  Note that aluminum, copper, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or the like is used as the material of the heat conducting member 118A.

  In this case, it is desirable to make the thickness of the heat conducting member 118A as thin as possible. This is because the amount of heat obtained is reduced when the volume of the calorie material 114A is reduced.

  When the heat conducting member 118A is provided so as to be embedded in the caloric material 114A, the heat conducting member 118A efficiently absorbs the heat generated by the caloric material 114A and can be quickly taken out. Therefore, the heat generated by the calorie material 114A and the heat absorbed by the heat conducting member 118A can be efficiently used without escaping to the outside.

  As described above, in the air conditioning apparatus 100 according to the first embodiment, since the heat generating members 110A-110F have the above-described configuration, the heat generated by the calorie material 114A-114F is transferred to the heat switches 140A-140G. It can be transmitted efficiently without waste. As a result, it is possible to extract the heat generated by the calorie material 114A-114F to the maximum extent. Therefore, it contributes to the reduction in size and weight of the air conditioning unit.

[Embodiment 2]
(Configuration of air conditioning unit)
FIG. 13 is a configuration diagram of an air conditioning apparatus according to the second embodiment. The air conditioning apparatus 200 according to the second embodiment includes a heat generation unit 210, a low temperature side heat exchange unit 220, a high temperature side heat exchange unit 230, a heat conduction unit 240, a strain control unit 250, a heat switch drive unit 260, and a drive control unit 270. Have.

  The low temperature side heat exchange unit 220, the high temperature side heat exchange unit 230, the heat conduction unit 240, and the heat switch driving unit 260 of the second embodiment are the same as the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130, and the heat conduction of the first embodiment. The unit 140 and the thermal switch driving unit 160 are the same. Next, the heat generation unit 210, the strain control unit 250, and the drive control unit 270 that are different from the first embodiment will be described.

  The heat generation unit 210 has a plurality of heat generation members 210A-210F arranged at intervals. The heat generating members 210A-210F are formed by laminating electrodes 212A-212F to which a voltage is applied, a material that changes its crystal structure when an electric field is applied, and a calorific material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. And the laminated body 214A-214F. For example, the heat generating member 210A includes a stacked body 214A and electrodes 212A that are located on both sides of the stacked body 214A and apply a voltage to the stacked body 214A. The other heat generating members 210B, 210C, 210D, 210E, and 210F have the same configuration as the heat generating member 210A.

  When a voltage is applied, the electrodes 212A to 212F apply an electric field to the stacked bodies 214A to 214F.

  As the stacked bodies 214A to 214F, a stacked body that generates heat when a voltage is applied and absorbs heat when a voltage is removed is used. On the other hand, a laminate that absorbs heat when voltage is applied and generates heat when voltage is removed may be used. In the second embodiment, a laminated body having a characteristic that the temperature increases by 5 ° C. when a voltage is applied and decreases by 5 ° C. when the voltage is removed is used.

  A material that changes its crystal structure and distorts when an electric field is applied is a piezoelectric material. As the piezoelectric material, PZT (lead zirconate titanate) ceramics is used. When a piezoelectric material is used, the calorific material can be heated and absorbed by simply applying and removing voltage.

  As a calorific material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed, the crystal structure changes when an electric field is applied, the crystal structure changes following the strained material, and the distribution of the magnetic moment changes and magnetization Either a magnetocaloric material that changes or an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes as the distribution of dipole moments changes can be used.

As the magnetocaloric material, it is preferable to use a material of LaSrMnO ₃ or LaSrCoO ₃ . Further, as the electrocaloric material, Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ (PMN), Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ -PbTiO ₃ (PMN-PT), Pb (Sc1 / 2Nb1 / 2) O ₃ (PSN) or PbSc1 / 2Ta1 / 2O ₃ (PST) is preferably used.

  The strain controller 250 selectively applies a voltage to the electrodes 212A to 212F of the heat generating members 210A to 210F to activate the heat generating members 210A to 210F, and causes the activated heat generating members to generate heat.

  The drive controller 270 controls the low temperature side heat by controlling the voltage application timing to the electrodes 212A-212F by the strain controller 250 and the voltage application timing to the heat switches 240A-240G by the thermal switch driver 260, respectively. Heat is conducted between the exchange unit 220 and the high temperature side heat exchange unit 230.

(Operation of air conditioner)
First, basic operations of the strain controller 250, the thermal switch driver 260, and the drive controller 270 will be described.

  The strain controller 250 simultaneously applies a voltage to the electrodes 212A, 212C, and 212E in order to cause the stacked bodies 214A, 214C, and 214E to generate heat. At this time, the strain controller 250 does not apply a voltage to the electrodes 212B, 212D, and 212F. In addition, the strain controller 250 applies a voltage to the electrodes 212B, 212D, and 212F at the same time in order to generate heat in the stacked bodies 214B, 214D, and 214F. At this time, the strain controller 250 does not apply a voltage to the electrodes 212A, 212C, and 212E. That is, the strain controller 250 alternately applies a voltage to the two groups of the electrodes 212A, 212C, and 212E and the electrodes 212B, 212D, and 212F.

  The thermal switch drive unit 260 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 240A, 240C, 240E, and 240G at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch drive unit 260 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 240B, 240D, and 240F. Further, the thermal switch driving unit 260 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 240B, 240D, and 240F at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch drive unit 260 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 240A, 240C, 240E, and 240G. That is, the thermal switch driving unit 260 alternately applies voltages to the two groups of the thermal switches 240A, 240C, 240E, and 240G and the thermal switches 240B, 240D, and 240F.

  The drive control unit 270 has a timing at which the strain control unit 250 applies a voltage to the group of electrodes 212A, 212C, and 212E, and a timing at which the thermal switch drive unit 260 applies a voltage to the group of the thermal switches 240B, 240D, and 240F. Synchronize. In addition, the drive control unit 270 applies the voltage to the group of the electrodes 212B, 212D, and 212F by the strain control unit 250, and applies the voltage to the group of the thermal switches 240A, 240C, 240E, and 240G. Synchronize with the timing.

  The overall operation of the cooling / heating apparatus 200 is the same as the overall operation of the cooling / heating apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, as described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 7 of the first embodiment.

  The above is the configuration and operation of the air conditioning apparatus 200 according to the second embodiment. The heat generating members 210A to 210F according to the second embodiment are devised in the structure as in the first embodiment in order to make maximum use of the heat generated by the stacked bodies 214A to 214F. Further, the connection structure between the heat generation members 210A-210F and the heat switches 240A-240G is devised so that heat efficiently moves from the stacked body 214A-214F. Below, the structure of the heat generation member 210A-210F which the air conditioning apparatus 200 which concerns on Embodiment 2 uses is demonstrated in detail.

(Configuration of heat generating member)
Next, the configuration of the heat generating member according to the second embodiment will be described in detail. FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the heat generating member according to the second embodiment.

  The heat generating member 210A according to the second embodiment includes an electrode 212A to which a voltage is applied, a piezoelectric material 213A that is distorted by changing the crystal structure when an electric field is applied, and a heat amount that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. It has a structure in which stacked bodies 214a and 214b in which the material 215A is stacked are alternately stacked. When the electrodes 212A and the stacked bodies 214a and 214b are alternately stacked, heat can be generated efficiently.

  As shown in FIG. 14, the heat generating member 210A according to the second embodiment is configured by stacking an electrode 212A, a stacked body 214a, an electrode 212A, a stacked body 214b, and an electrode 212A. The stacked bodies 214a and 214b are configured by stacking a piezoelectric material 213A and a calorific material 215A. The structure of the heat generating member 210B-210F shown in FIG. 13 is the same as the structure of the heat generating member 210A.

  The piezoelectric material 213A indirectly applies mechanical strain such as compressive stress or tensile stress to the caloric material 215A so that the crystal lattice constant of the caloric material 215A changes.

  As shown in FIG. 15, the calorific material 215A generates heat and absorbs heat when a strain such as pressure (compression stress) and tension (tensile stress) is applied from the piezoelectric material 213A. The caloric material 215A may be an electrocaloric material or a magnetocaloric material, and any other material that generates heat and absorbs heat when subjected to strain may be used.

  As shown in FIG. 15, the calorific material 215 </ b> A according to the second embodiment has a magnetocaloric material or a dipole moment distribution of the thermal material crystal structure in which the distribution of the magnetic moment of the thermal material crystal structure is changed by applying a strain. It is an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes and changes.

  As shown in FIG. 15, when the caloric material 215A is a magnetocaloric material, strain is applied (in the second embodiment, strain is applied so as to increase at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the magnetocaloric material. ) And the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material change, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is increased. And since magnetization becomes large, magnetic entropy decreases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material returns to the original, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is restored. As the magnetization decreases, the magnetic entropy increases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material absorbs heat.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 15, when the caloric material 215A is an electrocaloric material, strain is applied (in the second embodiment, the strain is applied so that at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the electrocaloric material is increased. The crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material changes, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is increased. And since polarization becomes large, dipole entropy decreases. As a result, the electrocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material returns to the original, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is restored. As the polarization decreases, the dipole entropy increases. As a result, the electrocaloric material absorbs heat.

  As described above, the piezoelectric material 213A is distorted by applying a voltage to the electrode 212A, and the calorific material 215A is caused to generate heat by the generated strain, so that the structure of the heat generating member 210A becomes simple.

  The calorie material 215A is made of a material in which the temperature of the Curie point after applying the strain is higher than the temperature of the Curie point before applying the strain, so that only the voltage is applied to and removed from the electrode 212A. The calorific material 215A can generate heat and absorb heat.

  FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing a connection structure between the heat generating member and the thermal switch shown in FIG.

  A connection structure between the heat generation member and the heat switch will be described by exemplifying the heat generation member 210B and the heat switches 240B and 240C.

  The configuration of the heat generating member 210B shown in FIG. 16 is the same as the configuration of the heat generating member 210A shown in FIG. When the heat generating member 210B is connected to the thermal switches 240B and 240C, the electrode 212B of the heat generating member 210B is positioned in the vertical direction as illustrated. The electrode 212B of the heat generating member 210B is positioned in this way, and the heat generating member 210B is sandwiched from both sides by the heat switches 240B and 240C. That is, the thermal switches 240B and 240C are formed by laminating the calorific material 215B that does not have the electrode 212B, generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed, and the piezoelectric material 213B that changes crystal structure when an electric field is applied. Placed on opposite sides of the material.

  By making the connection structure between the heat generating member 210B and the heat switches 240B and 240C as described above, the heat generated by the calorie material 215B is efficiently transferred to the heat switches 240B and 240C without being obstructed by the electrode 212B. Communicated.

  The connection structure between the heat generation member 210A and the heat switches 240A and 240B, the connection structure between the heat generation members 210C-210E and the heat switches 240C-240F, and the connection structure between the heat generation member 210F and the heat switches 240F and 240G are also heat. The connection structure between the generating member 210B and the thermal switches 240B and 240C is the same.

  As described above, by connecting the heat generating member to the adjacent thermal switch as shown in FIG. 16, the heat generated by the calorific material can be effectively transferred. Therefore, it contributes to the reduction in size and weight of the air conditioning unit.

(Variation 1 of the configuration of the heat generating member)
FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 1 of Embodiment 2. The heat generating member 210A according to Modification 1 has a function of insulating the heat generating member 210A shown in FIG. That is, the heat insulating insulating material 216A is disposed on the outer surface of at least one of the two electrodes 212A located at both ends of the heat generating member 210A. In the first modification, the heat insulating and insulating material 216A is disposed on the outer surfaces of the two electrodes 212A.

  The heat insulating and insulating material 216A is made of glass wool, for example. However, a heat insulating material such as urethane foam, phenol foam or polystyrene foam may be used. The heat insulating layer formed by the heat insulating insulating material 216A may have a single layer structure using one material, or may have a multilayer structure using a plurality of materials.

  By disposing the heat insulating insulating material 216A on the outer surfaces of the two electrodes 212A, it is possible to prevent the heat generated by the calorie material 215A from being radiated to the outside from the electrode 212A, and the heat of the heat generating member 210A can be used without waste. Can be used.

(Modification 2 of the structure of the heat generating member)
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 2 of Embodiment 2. The heat generation member 210A according to Modification 2 has a function of thermally insulating the heat generation member 210A illustrated in FIG. That is, the heat insulating insulating material 216A is disposed between at least one electrode 212A of the electrodes 212A of the heat generating member 210A and the calorie material 215A that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. In the second modification, the heat insulating and insulating material 216A is disposed inside the two electrodes 212A.

  The heat insulating and insulating material 216A is the same as the heat generating member 210A according to the first modification of the second embodiment.

  When the heat insulating insulating material 216A is disposed between the electrode 212A and the calorie material 215A, heat generated by the calorie material 215A can be insulated before being transmitted to the electrode 212A, and the heat of the heat generating member 210A can be used without waste. .

(Modification 3 of the structure of the heat generating member)
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 3 of Embodiment 2. The heat generating member 210A according to Modification 3 improves the thermal conductivity of the heat generating member 210A shown in FIG.

  In the heat generating member 210A according to the third modification of the second embodiment, a heat conducting member 218A is disposed between the electrode 212A and a calorie material 215A that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed.

  Note that aluminum, copper, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or the like is used as the material of the heat conducting member 218A.

  In this case, it is desirable to make the thickness of the heat conducting member 218A as thin as possible. This is because the amount of heat obtained is reduced when the volume of the calorie material 214A is reduced.

  When the heat conducting member 218A is provided so as to be in direct contact between the electrode 212A and the caloric material 215A, the heat conducting member 218A efficiently absorbs the heat generated by the caloric material 215A and can quickly take out the absorbed heat. it can. Therefore, the heat generated by the calorie material 215A and the heat absorbed by the heat conducting member 218A can be efficiently used without escaping to the outside. The reason why the heat conducting member 218A is provided between the electrode 212A and the calorie material 215A is as follows. That is, unless the calorific material 215A and the piezoelectric material 213A are bonded together, the calorific material does not generate heat or absorb heat. Therefore, the heat conducting member 218A needs to be outside the surface of the calorie material 215A without the piezoelectric material 213A.

  As described above, since the heat generating member 210A-210F has the above-described configuration in the cooling / heating device 200 according to the second embodiment, the calorific material 215A-215F can be obtained simply by applying a voltage to the electrode 212A. Fever. Further, the generated heat can be efficiently transmitted to the thermal switches 240A-240G without waste. As a result, it is possible to extract the heat generated by the calorie material 215A-215F to the maximum extent. Therefore, it contributes to the reduction in size and weight of the air conditioning apparatus 200.

[Embodiment 3]
(Configuration of air conditioning unit)
FIG. 20 is a configuration diagram of an air conditioning apparatus according to the third embodiment. The air conditioning apparatus 300 according to the third embodiment includes a heat generation unit 310, a low temperature side heat exchange unit 320, a high temperature side heat exchange unit 330, a heat conduction unit 340, a strain control unit 350, a thermal switch drive unit 360, and a drive control unit 370. Have.

  The low temperature side heat exchange unit 320, the high temperature side heat exchange unit 330, the heat conduction unit 340, and the heat switch drive unit 360 of the second embodiment are the same as the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, the high temperature side heat exchange unit 130, and the heat conduction of the first embodiment. The unit 140 and the thermal switch driving unit 160 are the same. Next, the heat generation unit 310, the strain control unit 350, and the drive control unit 370 that are different from the first embodiment will be described.

  The heat generation unit 310 includes a plurality of heat generation members 310A-310F arranged at intervals. The heat generating members 310A to 310F are laminated with magnets 312A to 312C for applying a magnetic field, a material that changes its crystal structure when a magnetic field is applied, and a heat quantity material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. It is comprised from laminated body 314A-314F. For example, the heat generating member 310A includes a stacked body 314A and magnets 312A that are located on both sides of the stacked body 314A and apply a magnetic field to the stacked body 314A. The other heat generating members 310B, 310C, 310D, 310E, and 310F have the same configuration as the heat generating member 310A.

  Magnets 312A to 312C alternately apply a magnetic field to adjacent heat generating members 310A to 310F. Specifically, the magnets 312A, 312B, and 32C first apply a magnetic field to the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E in synchronization, and then apply a magnetic field to the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F in synchronization. To do. Again, a magnetic field is applied to the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E, and a magnetic field is applied to the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F. The magnet 312A alternately applies a magnetic field to the stacked bodies 314A and 312B, the magnet 312B alternately applies a magnetic field to the stacked bodies 314C and 312D, and the magnet 312C alternately applies a magnetic field to the stacked bodies 314E and 312F. .

  As the stacked bodies 314A to 314F, a stacked body that generates heat when a magnetic field is applied and absorbs heat when the magnetic field is removed is used. On the contrary, a laminated body that absorbs heat when a magnetic field is applied and generates heat when the magnetic field is removed may be used. In the third embodiment, a laminated body having a characteristic that the temperature increases by 5 ° C. when a magnetic field is applied and the temperature decreases by 5 ° C. when the magnetic field is removed is used.

  A material that changes its crystal structure and distorts when a magnetic field is applied is a magnetostrictive material. As the magnetostrictive material, Terfenol-D / Galfenol (giant magnetostrictive material) is used. When a magnetostrictive material is used, the calorific material can be heated and absorbed by simply applying and removing a magnetic field.

  As a calorific material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed, the crystal structure changes when a magnetic field is applied, the crystal structure changes following the distorted material, and the distribution of magnetic moment changes to magnetize. Either a magnetocaloric material that changes or an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes as the distribution of dipole moments changes can be used. In the case of this embodiment, since a magnetic field is applied to the stacked bodies 314A to 314F, when a magnetocaloric material is used as the caloric material, it is possible to use both the calorific effects of both heat generation and heat absorption due to strain and heat generation and heat absorption due to the magnetic field.

As the magnetocaloric material, it is preferable to use a material of LaSrMnO ₃ or LaSrCoO ₃ . Further, as the electrocaloric material, Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ (PMN), Pb (Mg1 / 3Nb2 / 3) 0 ₃ -PbTiO ₃ (PMN-PT), Pb (Sc1 / 2Nb1 / 2) O ₃ (PSN) or PbSc1 / 2Ta1 / 2O ₃ (PST) is preferably used.

  The strain controller 350 causes the magnets 312A to 312C to selectively act on the heat generating members 310A to 310F to activate the heat generating members 310A to 310F and cause the activated heat generating members to generate heat. When the magnets 312A-312C are composed of permanent magnets or electromagnets and are configured to be movable with respect to the adjacent heat generating members 310A-310F, the strain control unit 350 reciprocates the magnets 312A-312C.

  The drive control unit 370 controls the movement timing of the magnets 312A-312C by the strain control unit 350 and the voltage application timing to the thermal switches 340A-340G by the thermal switch drive unit 360, respectively, thereby controlling the low temperature side heat exchange unit 320. Heat is conducted between the high-temperature side heat exchanging unit 330 and the high-temperature side heat exchange unit 330.

(Operation of air conditioner)
First, basic operations of the strain controller 350, the thermal switch driver 360, and the drive controller 370 will be described.

  The strain controller 350 simultaneously positions the magnets 312A, 312B, and 312C on the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E in order to cause the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E to generate heat. Next, the strain controller 350 simultaneously moves the magnets 312A, 312B, and 312C to position the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F in order to cause the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F to generate heat. That is, the strain control unit 350 has an aspect in which the magnets 312A, 312B, and 312C are simultaneously positioned in the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E, and an aspect in which the magnets 312A, 312B, and 312C are simultaneously positioned in the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F, Two aspects are realized.

  The thermal switch driving unit 360 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 340A, 340C, 340E, and 340G at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch driving unit 360 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 340B, 340D, and 340F. Further, the thermal switch driving unit 360 applies a voltage to the thermal switches 340B, 340D, and 340F at the same time. At this time, the thermal switch driving unit 360 does not apply a voltage to the thermal switches 340A, 340C, 340E, and 340G. That is, the thermal switch driver 360 alternately applies voltages to the two groups of the thermal switches 340A, 340C, 340E, and 340G and the thermal switches 340B, 340D, and 340F.

  The drive control unit 370 has a timing at which the strain control unit 350 simultaneously positions the magnets 312A, 312C, and 312E on the stacked bodies 314A, 314C, and 314E, and the thermal switch drive unit 360 applies a voltage to the groups of thermal switches 340B, 340D, and 340F. The application timing is synchronized. Further, the drive control unit 370 includes a timing at which the strain control unit 350 simultaneously positions the magnets 312A, 312C, and 312E on the stacked bodies 314B, 314D, and 314F, and the thermal switch drive unit 360 includes the thermal switches 340A, 340C, 340E, and 340G. Synchronize the timing to apply voltage to the group.

  The overall operation of the cooling / heating apparatus 300 is the same as the overall operation of the cooling / heating apparatus 100 of the first embodiment, as described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 7 of the first embodiment.

  The above is the configuration and operation of the air conditioning apparatus 300 according to the third embodiment. The heat generating members 310A to 310F according to the third embodiment are devised in the structure as in the first and second embodiments in order to make maximum use of the heat generated by the stacked bodies 314A to 314F. In addition, the connection structure between the heat generation members 310A to 310F and the heat switches 340A to 340G is devised so that heat is efficiently transferred from the stacked bodies 314A to 314F. Below, the structure of the heat generation member 310A-310F which the air conditioning apparatus 300 which concerns on Embodiment 3 uses is demonstrated in detail.

(Configuration of heat generating member)
Next, the structure of the heat generating member according to Embodiment 3 will be described in detail. FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the heat generating member according to the third embodiment.

  The heat generating member 310A according to the third embodiment includes a magnet 312A that applies a magnetic field, a magnetostrictive material 313A that changes its crystal structure when the magnetic field is applied, and a heat quantity material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. A stacked body 314A in which 315A is stacked is provided.

  As shown in FIG. 21, the heat generating member 310A according to the third embodiment is configured to sandwich the magnet 312A from both sides of the multilayer body 314A. The laminated body 314A is configured by laminating a magnetostrictive material 313A and a calorific material 315A. Note that the structure of the heat generating member 310B-310F shown in FIG. 20 is the same as the structure of the heat generating member 310A.

  The magnetostrictive material 313A indirectly applies mechanical strain such as compressive stress or tensile stress to the caloric material 315A so that the crystal lattice constant of the caloric material 315A changes.

  As shown in FIG. 22, the calorific material 315A generates heat and absorbs heat when a strain such as pressure (compressive stress) and tension (tensile stress) is applied from the magnetostrictive material 313A. The caloric material 315A may be an electrocaloric material or a magnetocaloric material, and any other material that generates heat and absorbs heat when subjected to strain may be used.

  As shown in FIG. 22, the calorific material 315A according to the third embodiment has a magnetocaloric material or a dipole moment distribution of the thermal material crystal structure in which the magnetic moment distribution of the thermal material crystal structure is changed by applying a strain. It is an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes and changes.

  As shown in FIG. 22, when the caloric material 315A is a magnetocaloric material, strain is applied (in the third embodiment, strain is applied so that at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the magnetocaloric material is increased. ) And the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material change, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is increased. And since magnetization becomes large, magnetic entropy decreases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the magnetocaloric material returns to the original, and the magnetic moment distribution of the crystal structure of the magnetocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the magnetocaloric material is restored. As the magnetization decreases, the magnetic entropy increases. As a result, the magnetocaloric material absorbs heat.

  Further, as shown in FIG. 22, when the caloric material 315A is an electrocaloric material, strain is applied (in the third embodiment, the strain is applied so that at least one of the lengths of the three crystal axes of the electrocaloric material is increased. The crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material changes, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. As a result, the temperature of the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is increased. And since polarization becomes large, dipole entropy decreases. As a result, the electrocaloric material generates heat. Conversely, when the strain is removed, the crystal lattice constant of the electrocaloric material returns to the original, and the dipole moment distribution of the crystal structure of the electrocaloric material changes. The temperature at the Curie point of the electrocaloric material is restored. As the polarization decreases, the dipole entropy increases. As a result, the electrocaloric material absorbs heat.

  In this way, the magnet 312A applies a magnetic field to distort the magnetostrictive material 313A, and the caloric material 315A generates heat due to the generated strain, so the structure of the heat generating member 310A becomes simple.

  In addition, since the calorimetric material 315A uses a material in which the temperature of the Curie point after applying the strain is higher than the temperature of the Curie point before applying the strain, the magnet 312A only applies and removes the magnetic field. The calorific material 315A can generate heat and absorb heat.

(Variation 1 of the configuration of the heat generating member)
FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 1 of Embodiment 3. The heat generating member 310A according to Modification 1 has a function of insulating the heat generating member 310A shown in FIG. In other words, the heat insulating and insulating material 316A is disposed on the outer surface of the calorie material 315A that generates and absorbs heat when the strain is applied and removed, facing the magnet 312A.

  The heat insulating insulating material 316A is made of glass wool, for example. However, a heat insulating material such as urethane foam, phenol foam or polystyrene foam may be used. The heat insulating layer formed by the heat insulating insulating material 216A may have a single layer structure using one material, or may have a multilayer structure using a plurality of materials.

  When the heat insulating material 316A is disposed on the outer surface of the calorie material 315A facing the magnet 312A, the heat generated by the calorie material 315A can be prevented from being radiated to the outside, and the heat of the heat generating member 310A is wasted. It can be used without.

(Modification 2 of the structure of the heat generating member)
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 2 of Embodiment 3. The heat generating member 310A according to Modification 2 improves the thermal conductivity of the heat generating member 310A shown in FIG.

  In the heat generating member 310A according to the second modification of the third embodiment, the heat conducting member 318A is disposed on the outer surface facing the magnet 312A of the calorie material 315A that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed.

  Note that aluminum, copper, carbon nanotubes, graphene, or the like is used as the material of the heat conducting member 318A.

  When the heat conducting member 318A is provided directly on the outer surface of the calorie material 315A facing the magnet 312A, the heat conducting member 318A efficiently absorbs the heat generated by the calorie material 315A, and the absorbed heat is quickly absorbed. It can be taken out. Therefore, the heat generated by the calorie material 315A and the heat absorbed by the heat conducting member 318A can be efficiently used without escaping to the outside. The reason why the heat conducting member 318A is provided so as to be in direct contact with the calorie material 315A is as follows. That is, unless the caloric material 315A and the magnetostrictive material 313A are bonded together, the caloric material does not generate heat or absorb heat. Therefore, the heat conducting member 318A needs to be outside the surface of the calorie material 315A without the magnetostrictive material 313A.

(Modification 3 of the structure of the heat generating member)
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a heat generating member according to Modification 3 of Embodiment 3. The heat generating member 310A according to Modification 3 has a plurality of heat generating members 310A illustrated in FIG. 21 arranged in the stacking direction to increase the amount of heat generated.

  In the heat generating member 310A shown in FIG. 25, a magnet 312A, a laminate 314A composed of a caloric material 315A and a magnetostrictive material 313A, a magnet 312A, a laminate 314A composed of a caloric material 315A and a magnetostrictive material 313A, and a magnet 312A are sequentially laminated. .

  When a plurality of laminated bodies 314A made of the caloric material 315A and the magnetostrictive material 313A are provided, the heat generation amount of the heat generating member 310A can be increased.

  FIG. 26 is a perspective view showing a connection structure between the heat generating member and the thermal switch shown in FIG.

  The connection structure between the heat generation member and the heat switch will be described by exemplifying the heat generation member 310B and the heat switches 340B and 340C.

  The configuration of the heat generating member 310B shown in FIG. 26 is the same as the configuration of the heat generating member 310A shown in FIG. When the heat generating member 310B is connected to the heat switches 340B and 340C, the magnet 312B of the heat generating member 310B is positioned in the vertical direction as illustrated. The heat conducting member 318A of the heat generating member 310B is positioned on the magnet 312B side, and the heat generating member 310B is sandwiched from both sides by the heat switches 340B and 340C. In other words, the thermal switches 340B and 340C are configured such that the magnet 312B is not disposed, the heat conducting member 318B, the calorific material 315B that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed, and the magnetostriction whose crystal structure changes when a magnetic field is applied. It arrange | positions on the surface which the laminated body which laminated | stacked material 313B opposes.

  By making the connection structure between the heat generating member 310B and the heat switches 340B and 340C as described above, the heat generated by the calorie material 315B is efficiently transferred to the heat switches 340B and 340C via the heat conducting member 318B. Is done.

  The connection structure between the heat generation member 310A and the heat switches 340A and 340B, the connection structure between the heat generation members 310C-310E and the heat switches 340C-340F, and the connection structure between the heat generation member 310F and the heat switches 340F and 340G are also heat. The connection structure between the generation member 310B and the thermal switches 340B and 340C is the same.

  As described above, by connecting the heat generating member to adjacent heat switches as shown in FIG. 26, heat generated by the calorific material can be effectively transferred. Therefore, it contributes to the reduction in size and weight of the air conditioning unit.

  In the air conditioning apparatus 300 according to the third embodiment, since the heat generating members 310A to 310F have the above-described configuration, the calorific material 315A generates heat only by applying a magnetic field with the magnet 312A. Further, the generated heat can be efficiently transmitted to the thermal switches 340A-340G without waste. As a result, the heat generated by the calorie material 315A can be extracted to the maximum. Therefore, it contributes to the reduction in size and weight of the air conditioning apparatus 300.

  In the first to third embodiments, a thermal switch whose thermal resistance is reduced when a voltage is applied is exemplified, but various types of thermal switches as described below can be used.

  27 to 39 show various thermal switch modes that can be used in the cooling and heating apparatus according to the present invention. Thermal switches include, for example, materials and devices whose thermal conductivity changes greatly by applying electricity and a magnetic field, and those that change the thermal conductivity by taking in and out a liquid metal due to the electric wetting effect.

<Thermal switch form 1>
FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the first form of the thermal switch. The thermal switch shown in FIG. 27 uses a material whose thermal conductivity changes greatly when a magnetic field is applied.

  As shown in FIG. 27, thermal switches 140A and 140B are arranged on opposite surfaces of the heat generating member 110A. The thermal switches 140A and 140B are integrated by bonding or adhesion to both opposing surfaces of the heat generating member 110A. The low temperature side heat exchange part 120 and the heat generating member 110B exist on both sides of the heat generating member 110A. The thermal switch 140A is bonded or bonded to the low temperature side heat exchanging portion 120 and the heat generating member 110A, and the thermal switch 140B is bonded or bonded to the heat generating member 110A and the heat generating member 110B. Therefore, the low temperature side heat exchange part 120, the heat switch 140A, the heat generation member 110A, the heat switch 140B, and the heat generation member 110B are integrated.

  When the magnetic switches of about 9 Tesla are applied to the thermal switches 140A and 140B, the thermal conductivity becomes larger than before the application. The change in the magnitude of the thermal conductivity ranges from 100 times to 3000 times. Accordingly, the thermal switches 140A and 140B have extremely low thermal conductivity unless magnetism is applied, and do not conduct heat between the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, the heat generating member 110A, and the heat generating member 110B that are connected. . On the other hand, when the magnetism is applied to the thermal switches 140A and 140B, the thermal conductivity becomes extremely large, and heat is conducted among the low temperature side heat exchange unit 120, the heat generating member 110A, and the heat generating member 110B that are connected. .

  As shown in FIG. 27, the thermal switches 140A and 140B include a transition body that undergoes a phase transition to an insulator and a metal by applying and removing magnetism. The transition body includes at least one or more types of charge alignment insulators. Therefore, when magnetism is applied to the transition body, the phase transition to the metal occurs and the thermal conductivity becomes relatively large. Further, when magnetism is removed from the transition body, the phase transition to an insulator causes a relatively small thermal conductivity.

  In the case of FIG. 27, since the magnetism by the permanent magnet 2 is not applied to the thermal switch 140A, the thermal switch 140A has a property as an insulator, and it becomes difficult for conduction electrons to flow. Heat is not conducted between the generating member 110A. On the other hand, since magnetism is applied to the thermal switch 140B by the permanent magnet 2, the thermal switch 140B has a property as a metal, and conduction electrons easily flow, so that the heat generating member 110A and the heat generating member 110B Heat is conducted between them. In general, it is known that phonons and conduction electrons are responsible for heat conduction of solids. That is, here, the flow of conduction electrons is controlled by magnetism.

<Thermal switch form 2>
FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a second embodiment of the thermal switch.

  The thermal switch 140B according to the thermal switch form 2 includes electrodes 31A and 31B attached to the heat generating members 110A and 110B, and a metal / insulating phase transition body 32 attached between the electrodes 31A and 31B. One surface of the electrode 31A is attached to one surface of the heat generating member 110A by bonding or adhesion. One surface of the electrode 31B is attached to one surface of the heat generating member 110B by bonding or adhesion. Similarly, both surfaces of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 are attached to the other surfaces of the electrode 31A and the electrode 31B by bonding or adhesion. Therefore, the heat generating member 110A, the heat switch 140B, and the heat generating member 110B are integrated.

  The electrodes 31A and 31B are made of metal (such as a simple metal or an alloy) such as aluminum or copper having good conductivity. Since heat is conducted between the heat generating members 110A and 110B via the electrodes 31A and 31B, it is preferable to use a metal having a higher thermal conductivity for the electrodes 31A and 31B.

  As the adhesive for bonding the electrodes 31A and 31B to the heat generating members 110A and 110B and the metal / insulating phase transition body 32, an adhesive having a high thermal conductivity is used. For example, an adhesive having improved thermal conductivity in which metal powder is mixed with the adhesive to such an extent that adhesion is not hindered is used.

  When a voltage is applied to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32, the phase transition from the insulator to the metal increases, and the thermal conductivity increases. Conversely, when the voltage is cut off, the phase transition from the metal to the insulator causes a small thermal conductivity. It has the property which becomes. An insulator exhibiting a phase transition between a metal and an insulator is an inorganic oxide mott insulator or an organic mott insulator.

The inorganic oxide Mott insulator includes at least a transition metal element. As the Mott insulator, LaTiO ₃ , SrRuO ₄ , and BEDT-TTF (TCNQ) are known. Currently known devices capable of phase transition between metal and insulator include a ZnO single crystal thin film electric double layer FET and a TMTSF / TCNQ stacked FET element. Heat can be transferred by thermionic and lattice crystals. The ZnO single crystal thin film electric double layer FET and the TMTSF / TCNQ stacked FET element utilize the property that the thermal electrons move actively when a voltage is applied. Here, the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 includes an inorganic oxide mott insulator containing at least a transition metal element, an organic mott insulator, a ZnO single crystal thin film electric double layer FET, a TMTSF / TCNQ stacked FET element, etc. A material whose thermal conductivity changes greatly by application removal is used.

  As shown in FIG. 28, when a DC voltage V is applied between the electrodes 31A and 31B, the thermal conductivity of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 becomes relatively large, so that the heat generation members 110A and 110B Heat transfer occurs. On the other hand, when the DC voltage V between the electrodes 31A and 31B is removed, the thermal conductivity of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 becomes relatively small, and the heat transfer between the heat generating members 110A and 110B is reduced. Be blocked. Therefore, the thermal switch 130 is a thermal switch that controls the movement of heat by applying and removing voltage.

<Thermal switch form 3>
FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a third embodiment of the thermal switch.

  In the thermal switch 140B according to the thermal switch mode 3, auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B are further added to the thermal switch 140B (FIG. 20) described in the thermal switch mode 2. Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the thermal switch mode 2.

  The auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B are attached to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 by bonding or adhesion. The auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B need not take thermal conductivity into consideration. Further, the adhesive for adhering the auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 need not take thermal conductivity into consideration. This is because thermoelectrons do not pass through the auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B and the adhesive.

  The auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B apply a voltage in the orthogonal direction to the electrodes 31A and 31B. When a DC voltage is applied between the auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B, the distribution of electrons in the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 is biased toward the auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B. For this reason, the resistance of the thermoelectrons moving between the heat generating members 110A and 110B is reduced, and the thermoelectrons easily move. That is, by providing the auxiliary electrodes 33A and 33B, the thermal conductivity of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 can be further increased.

<Thermal switch form 4>
FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a fourth embodiment of the thermal switch.

  The thermal switch 140B according to the thermal switch mode 4 includes the electrodes 31A and 31B provided between the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 and the heat generating members 110A and 110B, and the inside of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32. It is provided so that a voltage can be applied from a direction orthogonal to the moving direction of the moving thermoelectrons. Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the thermal switch mode 2.

  Therefore, the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 is directly attached to the heat generating members 110A and 110B. The metal / insulating phase transition body 32 and the heat generating members 110A and 110B are attached by bonding or an adhesive. The adhesive used at this time has a high thermal conductivity.

  The electrodes 31A and 31B are attached to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 by bonding or adhesion. The electrodes 31A and 31B do not have to consider thermal conductivity. Further, the adhesive for adhering the electrodes 31A and 31B to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 need not take thermal conductivity into consideration. This is because thermoelectrons do not pass through the electrodes 31A and 31B and the adhesive.

  The electrodes 31 </ b> A and 31 </ b> B apply a voltage in a direction orthogonal to the moving direction of the thermoelectrons moving in the metal / insulating phase transition body 32. When a DC voltage is applied between the electrodes 31A and 31B, the distribution of electrons in the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 is shifted in the direction of the electrodes 31A and 31B. For this reason, the resistance of the thermoelectrons moving between the heat generating members 110A and 110B is reduced, and the thermoelectrons easily move.

  In the case of the thermal switch modes 2 and 3, since the electrodes 31A and 31B exist in the direction of the passage of the thermoelectrons, the electrodes 31A and 31B become obstacles for the thermoelectrons. For this reason, the presence of the electrodes 31A and 31B works in the direction of decreasing the thermal conductivity. In the case of the thermal switch form 4, since the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 is directly attached to the heat generating members 110A and 110B, the presence of the electrodes 31A and 31B does not work in the direction of lowering the thermal conductivity. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the thermal switch 30 according to the present embodiment is larger than in the case of the thermal switch modes 2 and 3.

<Thermal switch form 5>
FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a thermal switch mode 5. FIG.

  The thermal switch 140B according to the thermal switch mode 5 is configured such that a metal / insulating phase transition body (32) is directly attached to the heat generating members 110A and 110B so that a DC voltage can be applied to the heat generating members 110A and 110B. . The metal / insulating phase transition body and the heat generating members 110A and 110B are attached by bonding or an adhesive. An adhesive having a high thermal conductivity is used. Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the thermal switch mode 2.

  When the heat generating members 110A and 110B are used instead of electrodes, the structure is simplified, and the number of parts can be reduced and the manufacturing process can be simplified. Similarly to the case of the thermal switch form 4, the thermal conductivity of the thermal switches 140A and 140B is larger than that of the thermal switch forms 2 and 3.

<Thermal switch form 6>
FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a sixth embodiment of the thermal switch.

  In the thermal switch mode 6, an insulator 34 is added to the thermal switch 140B. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 32, an insulator 34 that prevents the movement of thermoelectrons is provided between the electrode 31 </ b> A and the metal / insulating phase transition body 32. In FIG. 32, the insulator 34 is added to the configuration of FIG. 28, but the insulator 34 may be added to the configuration of FIGS. Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the thermal switch mode 2.

  The insulator 34 is provided to prevent the movement of electrons other than thermal electrons. When a DC voltage is applied between the electrodes 31A and 31B, a current flows between the electrodes 31A and 31B, but in addition to the thermoelectrons that are originally desired to move, electrons that are not involved in heat transport are excessively moved. there is a possibility. In order to prevent the excessive movement of electrons not involved in the heat transport, by attaching the insulator 34 to the metal / insulating phase transition body 32, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32.

<Thermal switch form 7>
FIG. 33 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a thermal switch according to a seventh embodiment.

  In the thermal switch mode 7, the polarization body 35 is added to the thermal switch 140 </ b> B of FIG. 30 according to the thermal switch mode 4. Specifically, a polarizing body 35 that promotes the movement of thermoelectrons is disposed between the electrode 31 </ b> A and the metal / insulating phase transition body 32. The polarizing body 35 is formed from at least one of a dielectric and an ionic liquid. Other configurations and operations are the same as those of the thermal switch mode 4.

  The polarizing body 35 takes out electrons moving in the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 and injects electrons into the metal / insulating phase transition body 32. For this reason, the distribution state of the electrons in the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 changes, and thermal electrons easily flow. By disposing the polarization body 35, the thermal conductivity of the metal / insulating phase transition body 32 can be further increased.

  When the thermal switch 140B whose thermal conductivity is changed by applying and removing voltage as in the forms 2 to 7 of the thermal switch, the heat conduction with the adjacent magnetic body is intermittently applied only by applying and removing the voltage. Can do. Therefore, it is not necessary to move the thermal switch itself to insert / remove between the heat exchanger and the magnetic body, and between the magnetic bodies, so that the durability of the thermal switch is improved and at the same time the reliability is improved.

<Thermal switch form 8>
FIG. 34 is a cross-sectional view of the thermal switch portion for explaining the configuration of the thermal switch in the eighth form of thermal switch. FIG. 35 is a plan view of the thermal switch portion for explaining the configuration of the thermal switch in the thermal switch mode 8 (the view taken along arrow A in FIG. 34).

  The thermal switch of this embodiment uses an electric wetting (electrowetting) effect. Here, a thermal switch 140B provided between the heat generating members 110A and 110B will be described as an example.

  The thermal switch 140B includes a first electrode structure 71 in contact with the heat generation member 110A, a second electrode structure 81 in contact with the heat generation member 110B, and a gap between the first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81. 90 and a liquid metal 95 that is taken in and out of the gap 90. In addition, a liquid reservoir 77 that stores the liquid metal 95 is provided at one end of the gap 90. In the gap 90, the end opposite to the one end where the liquid reservoir 77 is provided is an open end 92.

  The first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81 have the same structure and are symmetrical structures with the gap 90 as the center line. The first electrode structure 71 includes a first electrode 72, a dielectric 73, a second electrode 74, and a liquid repellent coating layer 75 in this order from the heat generating member 110A side. Similarly, the second electrode structure 81 includes a first electrode 72, a dielectric 73, a second electrode 74, and a liquid repellent coating layer 75 in order from the heat generating member 110B side. That is, when the gap 90 is taken as the center, both the first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81 have the liquid repellent coating layer 75, the second electrode 74, the dielectric 73, and the first electrode 72 in order from the gap 90 side. It is arranged to be.

  A lower substrate 76 is provided below the entire heat generating member. The lower substrate 76 has a liquid reservoir 77 communicating with the gap 90.

  The second electrode 74 extends into the liquid reservoir 77 and can be electrically connected to the liquid metal 95. On the other hand, the first electrode 72 is insulated from the liquid reservoir 77. That is, the first electrode 72 is insulated from the liquid metal 95.

  As a result, the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 have a capacitor structure with the dielectric 73 between them, and this acts as a capacitor for the liquid metal 95 and the first electrode 72 (details). Later).

  Above the first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81, there is an upper substrate 40 on which wirings led from the first and second electrodes 72 and 74 are formed. The upper substrate 40 is separated and insulated by extending the gap 90 on the first electrode structure 71 side and the second electrode structure 81 side, and the gap is the same as the first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81. 90 is the same structure symmetrical. In the upper substrate 40, the first wiring 41 from the first electrode 72 and the second wiring 42 from the second electrode 74 are insulated by the insulating layer 43. The first and second wirings 41 and 42 are connected to a control device (not shown) for controlling the thermal switch 140B. The control device switches between the heat transfer state and the heat insulation state by the heat switch 140B in synchronization with the magnetic movement.

  Hereinafter, each part of the thermal switch 140B will be described in detail.

  The first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 are not particularly limited as long as they are conductive, such as copper and aluminum. The shapes of the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 are the same, and are electrode plates that match the size of the gap 90 (excluding the gap interval).

  The dielectric 73 is not particularly limited as long as it is between the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 and is a dielectric 73 such as a silicon oxide film or a silicon nitride film. The shape of the dielectric 73 is the same size as the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74, and the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 are not short-circuited.

  The liquid repellent coating layer 75 has liquid repellency with respect to the liquid metal 95. The liquid repellent coating layer 75 is preferably conductive. The material used for such a liquid repellent coating layer 75 is preferably, for example, a conductive oxide film, a conductive glass material, a conductive ceramic material, or graphene.

  As described above, since the liquid repellent coating layer 75 is liquid repellent with respect to the liquid metal 95, the liquid metal 95 can be easily stored in the liquid reservoir 77 when no electricity is applied. become. Further, by having conductivity, electricity that has flowed to the second electrode 74 can be directly flowed to the liquid metal 95, which is efficient. Further, when the liquid metal 95 is filled in the gap 90 between the first electrode structure 71 and the second electrode structure 81 by supplying electricity to the second electrode 74, the liquid reservoir 77 can be emptied, so that the liquid The amount of metal 95 used can be reduced.

  If a part of the liquid metal 95 always remains in the liquid reservoir 77 and electricity can flow from the second electrode 74 to the liquid metal 95, the liquid repellent coating layer 75 only has liquid repellency and is conductive. It may be non-sexual. Further, an insulating liquid repellent member such as an extremely thin silicon oxide film or silicon nitride film may be formed on the surface of the second electrode 74 on the gap 90 side. If an extremely thin silicon oxide film or silicon nitride film is present, electricity can be passed to the liquid metal 95 by the tunnel effect when electricity is passed to the second electrode 74 even if they are present.

  The shape of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 constituted by such a member is large enough to cover the second electrode 74.

  Furthermore, the second electrode 74 itself may be a conductive member and the surface thereof may be liquid repellent. That is, the second electrode 74 itself is formed of a conductive oxide film, a conductive glass material, a conductive ceramic material, graphene, or the like. In this case, it is not necessary to provide a liquid repellent coating layer on the gap side surface of the second electrode 74.

  The lower substrate 76 only needs to be insulated from at least the first and second electrodes 72 and 74. For example, an epoxy substrate, a phenol substrate, an ABS resin substrate, or the like is used as a material having insulation properties as a whole. A liquid reservoir 77 is provided on these substrates. In this case, the inner wall surface of the liquid reservoir is made lyophilic so that the liquid metal 95 can be easily stored in the liquid reservoir 77. In order to impart lyophilicity, it is preferable to form a metal film 79 (for example, a metal film of copper, nickel, aluminum, etc.) on the liquid reservoir wall surface.

  As the lower substrate 76, for example, a silicon substrate can be used. When a silicon substrate is used, first, after forming the liquid reservoir 77, an insulating layer (not shown) is formed on the entire surface including the wall surface inside the liquid reservoir 77 with a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or the like. Then, a metal film 79 (for example, a metal film such as copper, nickel, aluminum or the like, or polysilicon provided with conductivity in the case of a silicon substrate) may be formed to make the liquid reservoir 77 lyophilic. It is preferable to do.

  The metal film 79 formed in the liquid reservoir 77 may be electrically connected to the second electrode 74.

  Note that the metal film 79 in the liquid reservoir 77 may be omitted. As described above, the metal film 79 in the liquid reservoir 77 makes the liquid metal 95 easily stored in the liquid reservoir 77 when the liquid metal 95 is lowered by making the inner wall surface of the liquid reservoir 77 lyophilic. belongs to. For this reason, the metal film 79 may be omitted when the size of the liquid reservoir 77 is sufficiently large and the liquid metal 95 can be stored smoothly even if the inner wall surface of the liquid reservoir 77 is not lyophilic.

  Furthermore, an air hole 93 is provided in the liquid reservoir 77 of the lower substrate 76 so that the liquid metal 95 does not leak out (the function of the air hole 93 will be described later).

  The upper substrate 40 has the same configuration on the first electrode structure 71 side and the second electrode structure 81 side, and the first wiring 41 electrically connected to the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 are electrically connected. And a second wiring 42 connected to each other and an insulating layer 43 for insulating and separating them. Further, as described above, the first electrode structure 71 side and the second electrode structure 81 side are insulated and separated by the gap 90, so that the upper substrate 40 is naturally separated from the first electrode structure 71 side by the first electrode structure 71 side. The two electrode structures 81 are provided so as to be separated and have the same configuration. Further, a liquid repellent coating layer 75 is formed on the portion of each second wiring 42 facing the gap 90. Further, when viewed from above, the gap 90 portion is formed so that the liquid repellent coating layer 75 surrounds the gap 90 as shown in FIG. 35 so that the liquid metal 95 does not leak from the side surface portion 75a of the gap 90. It has become. Although not shown in the side surface portion 75a of the gap 90, a structure (not shown) covers the side surface portion of the gap (or the entire side surface including the side surface of the heat generating member 110A) outside the liquid repellent coating layer 75. There may be. Such a structure is preferably a non-magnetic, non-conductive member such as resin or ceramic.

  The portion of the upper substrate 40 facing the wiring (the circled portion in FIG. 34) is an open end 92 so that the pressure in the gap 90 does not increase or decrease due to the movement of the liquid metal 95. It has become. For this reason, the liquid metal 95 can move in the gap 90 smoothly.

  Similar to the first and second electrodes 72 and 74, the wirings 41 and 42 used for the upper substrate 40 are made of copper, aluminum, or the like. On the other hand, the insulating layer 43 is preferably an insulator (insulating material) having a dielectric constant lower than that of the dielectric 73 at least.

  The wirings 41 and 42 are wirings for applying a voltage to the first and second electrodes 72 and 74. For this reason, the same voltage as that of the first and second electrodes 72 and 74 is applied to the portion where the wiring is opposed (the portion near the open end 92 surrounded by a circle in FIG. 34). Then, if a material having a high dielectric constant is used for the insulating layer 113 of the upper substrate 40, a capacitor structure is formed between the liquid metal 95 and the wiring 42 even in this portion. Then, when the liquid metal 95 rises, there is a possibility that the liquid metal 95 may come from the circled portion to the upper side and be ejected. In order to prevent this, in a portion where the wirings 42 face each other through the gap 90, the liquid metal 95 enters the gap 90 where the wirings 42 face each other by using an insulating material having a low dielectric constant. Is preventing.

  Specifically, for example, a so-called Low-k material used in a semiconductor device can be used. For example, silicon oxide added with fluorine or carbon, organic polymer, and the like. In addition, any material having a lower dielectric constant than the dielectric 73 used between the first and second electrodes 72 and 74 may be used. These Low-k materials may be used. These Low-k materials are known to have a relative dielectric constant of 3.0 or less with respect to a relative dielectric constant of 4.2 to 4.0 of SiO2.

  The portion near the open end 92 where the insulating layer 43 that is an insulator is disposed has a thickness at which the wirings 42 and 43 are insulated. For example, if there is a thickness about the thickness of the dielectric 73 from the upper end of the gap, When the liquid metal 95 rises, it is not discharged from the upper end.

  The liquid metal 95 (sometimes referred to as a conductive fluid) is a liquid metal at least in a temperature range in which the air conditioner is used. For example, galinstan which is a eutectic alloy of gallium, indium and tin can be used. Galinstan is a metal that is liquid at room temperature and has a different melting point depending on the composition of gallium, indium, and tin. For example, a galinstan of 68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium and 10% tin has a melting point: −19 ° C., a boiling point: 1300 ° C. or more, a specific gravity: 6.44 g / cm 3, and a viscosity: 0.0024 Pa · s (at 20 ° C) and thermal conductivity: 16.5 W / (m · K). In addition, various known liquid metals 95 may be used, and those having a high heat transfer coefficient are preferable.

  Next, the operation of the thus configured thermal switch 140B will be described.

  In the thermal switch 140 </ b> B of this embodiment, the function as the thermal switch unit is performed by the liquid metal 95 that moves back and forth between the gap 90 and the liquid reservoir 77. In order to move the liquid metal 95 back and forth between the gap 90 and the liquid reservoir 77, electrowetting is used. The movement of the liquid metal 95 by electrowetting is known per se and is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-103363. Therefore, the principle necessary for understanding this embodiment will be described here.

  FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the principle of electrowetting.

  In electrowetting, a liquid metal 95 (shown as a droplet here) is placed on the surface of a dielectric 401 provided on the electrode plate 400, and a voltage is applied between the electrode plate 400 and the liquid metal 95. This is a technique for controlling the wettability with the liquid metal 95 on the dielectric surface.

  A capacitor is formed between the electrode plate 400 and the liquid metal 95 via a dielectric 401. As shown in FIG. 36A, when a voltage is applied between the electrode plate 400 and the liquid metal 95, the electrostatic energy of the capacitor changes (increases), and the corresponding surface energy of the liquid metal 95 decreases, The surface tension of the liquid metal 95 is lowered. As a result, the contact angle θ with respect to the surface of the liquid metal 95 changes. Here, the contact angle θ refers to an angle between the surface of the dielectric 401 on which the liquid metal 95 is placed and the surface of the liquid metal. This contact angle θ varies in the range of 0 ° to 180 ° according to the surface tension of the liquid metal 95.

  Here, as shown in FIG. 36A (when voltage is applied), when the contact angle θ is from 0 ° to 90 °, the surface has good wettability with respect to the liquid metal 95, that is, a lyophilic state. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 36B (when no voltage is applied), the contact angle θ exceeds 90 ° and is 180 °, which is a state of poor wettability, that is, a liquid repellent state. Electrowetting can change the contact angle θ of the liquid metal 95 placed on the dielectric surface in this way by applying a voltage.

  FIG. 37 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the movement of the liquid metal in the gap, and is an enlarged view of the liquid metal portion in the gap.

  In this embodiment, the surface on which the liquid metal 95 moves is a liquid repellent coating layer 75 provided so as to face the gap 90 between the heat generating members 110A and 110B. The liquid repellent coating layer 75 has liquid repellency with respect to the liquid metal 95 as described above. Therefore, if no voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes 72 and 74, the liquid metal 95 has a contact angle of 90 ° or more on the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 as shown in FIG. 37A. It becomes liquid repellency (also called lyophobic).

  In this way, the contact angle with the liquid contact surface (the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75) is 90 ° or more, so that the liquid metal 95 has a convex central portion as shown in FIG. 37A. Thus, the contact portion of the liquid metal 95 with the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 is lowered. For this reason, the force that the liquid metal 95 travels along the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 does not work, and the liquid metal 95 does not rise by capillary action.

  This state is the state shown in FIG. 34 for the entire thermal switch. The liquid metal 95 is in the liquid reservoir 77, and the gap 90 is filled with air. Accordingly, the heat generating members 110A and 110B are thermally insulated by the gap 90 filled with air.

  On the other hand, when a voltage is applied between the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 in each of the heat generating members 110A and 110B, the dielectric 73 between the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 is polarized and statically applied. Electric energy changes (increases). At this time, since the second electrode 74 and the liquid metal 95 are electrically connected, the liquid metal 95 and the first electrode 72 have a capacitor structure via the dielectric 73 as a result. This structure is the same structure as the capacitor structure of the electrode plate 400 in FIG. 22 and the liquid metal 95 through the dielectric 401 explaining the principle of electrowetting.

  Therefore, by applying a voltage between the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74, the surface energy of the liquid metal 95 is increased, and accordingly, the liquid metal 95 on the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 (dielectric film) is increased. Surface tension is reduced and wettability is improved. Then, as shown in FIG. 37B, the contact angle θ of the surface of the liquid metal 95 in contact with the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 becomes 90 ° or less. As a result, the surface tension of the liquid metal 95 itself is lost, but the tension that climbs up the gap 90 works. In FIG. 37B, h is the amount of rise from the position (FIG. 37A) on the original liquid level. In FIG. 37, d is the gap interval.

  FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view of the same portion as FIG. 34 and shows a state in which the liquid metal 95 has gone up through the gap 90, that is, a heat transfer state.

  As illustrated, the liquid metal 95 reaches the position of the upper substrate 40 that is the top of the gap 90. As already described, in the gap portion of the upper substrate 40, there is no dielectric between the first wiring 111 and the second wiring 42 of the upper substrate 40 (or the dielectric constant is low). For this reason, since the electrostatic energy in this portion hardly changes, the wettability of the raised liquid metal 95 does not improve, so the liquid metal 95 does not rise any further.

  Then, as the liquid metal 95 rises, the gap 90 is filled with the liquid metal 95, and heat transfer occurs between the heat generating members 110A and 110B, resulting in a heat transfer state.

  Thus, in the thermal switch 140B of this embodiment, the heat transfer state in which the liquid metal 95 is filled in the gap 90 provided in the thermal switch 140B by electrowetting and the heat insulation state in which the liquid metal 95 is excluded from the gap 90 are It can be controlled electrically.

  The preferable size of each part constituting the thermal switch 140B is such that when the gallinstan is used as the liquid metal 95, the gap 90 is preferably 10 μm to 50 μm. The reason why the lower limit value is set to 10 is to provide sufficient heat insulation when the liquid metal 95 is lowered and air enters the gap 90 by opening the gap 90 of this level. On the other hand, the upper limit of 50 μm is for maintaining the heat transfer performance when the liquid metal 95 rises and fills the gap 90.

  As shown in FIG. 38, when the liquid metal 95 rises through the gap 90, the liquid metal 95 comes out from the liquid pool 77. At this time, if the liquid reservoir 77 is hermetically sealed, the inside of the liquid reservoir 77 becomes a negative pressure (vacuum), so that the liquid metal 95 is difficult to go out of the liquid reservoir 77 into the gap 90. Therefore, in this embodiment, the air hole 93 is provided at the lower end of the liquid reservoir 77. The size of the air hole 93 is set such that the liquid metal 95 does not leak and the inflow and outflow of air occur. The position of the air hole 93 may be other than the lower end of the liquid reservoir 77, and the air hole 93 may be arranged so that the liquid metal 95 can easily go out from the liquid reservoir 77 into the gap 90.

  Here, in the present embodiment, the first and second electrode structures 71 and 81 facing each other with the gap 90 are provided with the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 in parallel via the dielectric 73, respectively. Yes. Among these, the electrowetting function is a capacitor constituted by the first electrode 72, the liquid metal 95, and the dielectric 73 therebetween. For this reason, as a principle of electrowetting, the second electrode 74 may be omitted as long as a voltage can be applied to the liquid metal 95. For example, an electrode electrically connected to the liquid metal is provided through the lower substrate. In this case, since the second electrode does not exist in the gap, the opposing surface of the gap becomes a dielectric and has liquid repellency with respect to the liquid metal.

  However, when this is done (when the second electrode is omitted), the electrode area increases or decreases in the capacitor structure because the liquid metal 95 that is the counter electrode of the first electrode 72 moves. For this reason, the electrostatic energy in the dielectric material that causes the electrowetting action also increases or decreases. Therefore, even if the same voltage is applied, the force for moving the liquid metal by the electrowetting action varies depending on the amount of rise of the liquid metal, and the rise speed of the liquid metal may change.

  In this embodiment, since the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 are provided in parallel via the dielectric 73, the size of the capacitor by the first electrode 72 and the second electrode 74 is determined by the movement of the liquid metal 95. It does not change. Therefore, even when the same voltage is applied, the transfer speed of the liquid metal is not changed by the movement of the liquid metal, and the heat transfer and the heat insulation can be switched stably. Even when the second electrode is omitted, although the moving speed of the liquid metal may be slightly unstable, switching between heat transfer and heat insulation is possible as in the case where the second electrode is provided.

<Thermal switch section 9>
FIG. 39 is a plan view for explaining the configuration of the thermal switch 140B in the ninth form of the thermal switch, as viewed from the direction corresponding to the arrow A in FIG.

  The thermal switch 140B of this embodiment also uses an electric wetting (electrowetting) effect. Therefore, this is a modification of the thermal switch section 8.

  In the ninth form of the thermal switch portion, the blades 82 are arranged on the wall surfaces of the first electrode structure 71 side and the second electrode structure 81 side in the gap 90 of the thermal switch 140B, that is, the surface of the liquid repellent coating layer 75. It is. The blade 82 extends vertically from the liquid reservoir 77 of the lower substrate 76 in the direction of the upper substrate 100, and the width of the blade 82 on the first electrode structure 71 side and the blade 82 on the second electrode structure 81 side is not in contact with each other. It has become. The blade 82 itself may be formed, for example, using the material of the liquid repellent coating layer 75 as it is to have the structure of the blade 82. Other configurations are the same as those of the thermal switch unit 8.

  By doing in this way, the contact surface area with the liquid metal 95, the wall surface of the 1st electrode structure 71, and the wall surface of the 2nd electrode structure 81 becomes large, and heat transfer efficiency improves. In addition, since a gap dB is formed between the blade 82 on the first electrode structure 71 side and the blade 82 on the second electrode structure 81 side, the liquid metal 95 is also formed on the blade wall surface even in the gap dB between the blades 82. The surface tension works and the liquid metal 95 is more likely to rise (when voltage is applied). As described above, the gap dB between the blades 82 is preferably about 10 μm to 50 μm.

  Although the form of the thermal switch part which can be preferably applied in this embodiment was demonstrated, this invention is not limited to the form of these thermal switch parts.

  As described above, according to the present invention, a heat generation unit having a plurality of heat generation members that generate and absorb heat by applying and removing strain between a low temperature side heat exchange unit and a high temperature side heat exchange unit. Since it arrange | positions and the heat of the heat generation unit was conducted between the low temperature side heat exchange part and the high temperature side heat exchange part by the heat conduction unit, a small and lightweight air conditioner can be provided.

100, 200, 300 Air conditioner,
110, 210, 310 heat generation unit,
110A-110F, 210A-210F, 310A-310F heat generating member,
112A-112F strain applying section,
114A-114F, 215A, 315A calorimetric material,
116A, 216A, 316A thermal insulation insulating material,
118A, 218A, 318A heat conduction member,
120, 220, 320 Low temperature side heat exchange section,
130, 230, 330 High-temperature side heat exchange section,
140, 240, 430 heat conduction unit,
140A-140G, 240A-240G, 340A-340G thermal switch,
150, 250, 350 Strain control unit,
160, 260, 360 thermal switch drive,
170, 270, 370 drive control unit,
212A-212F electrodes,
214A-214F, 314A-314F laminate,
213A piezoelectric material,
313A magnetostrictive material,
321A, 312B, 312C Magnets.

Claims (20)

A heat generating unit in which heat generating members that generate heat and absorb heat by applying and removing strain are arranged at a plurality of intervals;
A low-temperature side heat exchanging section adjacent to the heat generation member located at one end of the heat generation unit with a gap therebetween;
A high temperature side heat exchanging part adjacent to the heat generating member located at the other end of the heat generating unit with a gap therebetween;
Heat generation between adjacent heat generation members in the heat generation unit, between a heat generation member located at one end of the heat generation unit and the low temperature side heat exchange unit, and at the other end of the heat generation unit A heat conduction unit in which a thermal switch is disposed between the member and the high temperature side heat exchange unit;
A strain controller that applies strain to the heat generating member to activate the heat generating member;
A thermal switch driving unit for activating the thermal switch;
A drive control unit for conducting heat between the low temperature side heat exchange unit and the high temperature side heat exchange unit by controlling the operation timing of the strain control unit and the thermal switch drive unit;
The air-conditioning apparatus characterized by having. The heat generating member is
A strain applying section for applying and removing strain;
A calorific material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed by the strain applying section;
The air conditioning apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: The strain applying unit is
The heating / cooling / heating device according to claim 2, wherein the heating / heating device is a portion to which a compressive stress or a tensile stress is applied to the calorific material so that a crystal lattice constant of the calorific material changes mechanically. The calorimetric material is
3. A magnetocaloric material in which the distribution of magnetic moment is changed by applying strain to change the magnetization, or an electrocaloric material in which the polarization is changed by changing the distribution of dipole moment. 3. The air conditioning apparatus according to 3. The heat generating member is
The air conditioning apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 4, further comprising a heat insulating material having a heat insulating effect between the strain applying unit and the calorific material. The heat generating member is
The air conditioning apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 5, further comprising a heat conduction member that directly contacts the calorific material in the caloric material. The heat generating member is
A structure in which an electrode to which a voltage is applied, and a laminate in which a crystal structure changes when an electric field is applied and a material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed are laminated. The air conditioning apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: When the strain is applied and removed, the material that generates heat and absorbs heat is
When the electric field is applied, the crystal structure changes to follow the distorted material, the crystal structure changes, the magnetic moment distribution changes, the magnetization changes, and the magnetocaloric material or dipole moment distribution changes. The air-conditioning apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the air-conditioning apparatus is an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes.   9. The air conditioning apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the material whose crystal structure changes and is distorted when an electric field is applied is a piezoelectric material. The thermal switch is the heat generating member,
The electrode is not disposed, and is disposed on opposing surfaces of a material in which a material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed and a material that changes a crystal structure when an electric field is applied are stacked. The air conditioner according to any one of claims 7 to 9. The heat generating member is
The air conditioning apparatus according to any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein a heat insulating insulating material is disposed on an outer surface of at least one of the two electrodes located at both ends of the heat generating member. The heat generating member is
The heat insulating insulating material is disposed between at least one of the electrodes of the heat generating member and a calorific material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. The air conditioning apparatus in any one of 7 to 11. The heat generating member is
The air conditioning apparatus according to any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein a heat conducting member is disposed on an outer surface facing the electrode of a calorific material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed. The heat generating member is
A magnet for applying a magnetic field;
A laminate in which a material that distorts by changing the crystal structure when a magnetic field is applied and a material that generates heat and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed; and
The air conditioning apparatus according to claim 1, comprising: When the strain is applied and removed, the material that generates heat and absorbs heat is
When the magnetic field is applied, the crystal structure changes following the distorted material, the crystal structure changes, the magnetic moment distribution changes, and the magnetocaloric material or the dipole moment distribution changes. The air-conditioning apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the air-conditioning apparatus is an electrocaloric material whose polarization changes.   The air conditioning apparatus according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the material that is distorted by changing the crystal structure when the magnetic field is applied is a magnetostrictive material. The heat generating member is
The air-conditioning / heating apparatus according to any one of claims 14 to 16, wherein a heat insulating insulating material is disposed on an outer surface of the material that generates and absorbs heat when the strain is applied and removed. The heat generating member is
The air conditioning apparatus according to any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein a heat conducting member is disposed on an outer surface facing the magnet of a calorific material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed.   An air conditioner comprising a plurality of heat generating members according to any one of claims 14 to 18 arranged in a stacking direction. The thermal switch is the heat generating member,
The magnet is not disposed, and is disposed on an opposing surface of a material in which a material that generates and absorbs heat when strain is applied and removed and a material in which a crystal structure changes when a magnetic field is applied are stacked. The air conditioner according to any one of claims 14 to 19.