JP2015510933A - 異常な副腎皮質細胞障害を処置するための化合物および方法 - Google Patents
異常な副腎皮質細胞障害を処置するための化合物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、米国特許法§119(e)の下、2012年3月22日に出願された米国仮出願第61/614,269号(この出願は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)に対する利益を主張する。
(技術分野)
異常な副腎皮質細胞挙動と関連する障害を処置するための方法および組成物が提供される。
副腎は、2つの部分から構成されている:特定のホルモンが生成される外側の皮質、および神経系の一部である内側の髄質(ここで神経系ホルモンが生成される)。皮質は、コルチコステロイドおよびアンドロゲンホルモンの合成に専念している。特定の皮質細胞は、アルドステロン、コルチゾールおよびアンドロゲン(例えば、アンドロステンジオン)を含む特定のホルモンを生成する。副腎皮質腫瘍は、皮質で起こる。
・重篤な副作用:ほぼ全ての患者が、胃腸障害およびCNS症状を経験する。ミトタンは、コレステロールおよびトリグリセリドの上昇、甲状腺ホルモン機能の低下、肝酵素の上昇、および白血球減少症を引き起こす(同書);
・狭い治療ウインドウ(therapeutic window):14mg/lが治療利益に必要とされ、20mg/lでは毒性がある(Hermsen,I.G.ら、J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.,96(6):1844−51,2011);および
・不十分なADME特性:ミトタンの用量は、副作用を引き起こさない適切な負荷速度を(rate of loading)達成するために頻繁に調節されなければならない。患者が高い薬物取り込みを有したとしても、標的治療レベルに到達するまでには、数ヶ月かかる。上記薬物は、脂肪組織に蓄積し、排出半減期は数ヶ月である。ミトタンは、他の薬物の代謝に干渉し、ACC患者の多くの衰弱をもたらす症状およびさらなる化学療法の医学的管理を困難にしている(Kroiss,M.ら、Clin.Endocrinol.(Oxf)(2011)75(5):585〜91;van Erp,N.P、Eur.J.Endocrinol.(2011)164(4):621〜6)。
(定義)
本明細書で使用される場合、「処置」とは、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害の進行を遅らせるかもしくは停止させるための治療的適用、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害の発生を防止するための予防的適用、ならびに異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害の逆転を含む。障害の逆転は、逆転させる方法で障害の進行が完全に停止されるのみならず、細胞の挙動がある程度まで、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性の非存在下で認められる正常な状態へと向かって動かされるという点で、障害を遅らせるかもしくは停止させる治療的適用とは異なる。
異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害を処置するための方法が本明細書で提供される。種々の局面において、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害の進行を遅らせるかもしくは停止させるための方法もまた、提供される。種々の局面において、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害を予防するための方法もまた、提供される。種々の局面において、異常な副腎皮質細胞活性と関連する障害を逆転するための方法もまた、提供される。
種々の局面において、患者におけるホルモン生成の増大を処置するための方法が提供され、上記方法は、治療上有効な量のATR−101を上記患者に投与する工程を包含する。
種々の局面において、患者における過剰なコルチゾール生成と関連する症状を処置するための方法が提供され、上記方法は、治療上有効な量のATR−101を上記患者に投与する工程を包含する。
種々の局面において、患者におけるホルモン生成の増大の進行を遅らせるかもしくは停止させるための方法が提供され、上記方法は、治療上有効な量のATR−101を上記患者に投与する工程を包含する。
種々の局面において、患者におけるホルモン生成の増大を予防するための方法が提供され、上記方法は、治療上有効な量のATR−101を上記患者に投与する工程を包含する。
種々の局面において、患者におけるホルモン生成を逆転させるための方法が提供され、上記方法は、治療上有効な量のATR−101を上記患者に投与する工程を包含する。
本開示の方法において有用な化合物は、種々の局面において、副腎皮質細胞において休止状態を誘導するものを含む。種々の局面において、化合物および方法は、副腎幹細胞を死滅させない。種々の局面において、本開示の化合物および方法は、上記副腎皮質細胞を選択的に除去する。種々の局面において、本開示の化合物は、副腎皮質細胞中のシトクロムCオキシダーゼ(Complex IV)の酵素活性を阻害し、そして/または標的副腎皮質細胞の呼吸を選択的に阻害する。種々の局面において、本開示の化合物および方法は、副腎皮質細胞における(および副腎皮質細胞からの)ホルモン生成を調節する。
本発明の方法もしくは化合物の標的となる患者集団が、慣用的な試験を介して同定されることは、当該分野で理解される。一実施形態において、標的患者は、副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTHレベル)が低いかもしくは抑制されている、デヒドロエピアンドロステロン(DHEA)レベルが低いか抑制されている、アルドステロンレベルが高い、コルチゾールレベルが高い、および/もしくはカリウムレベルが低い者として同定される。
提供される方法は、第2の治療剤(既知の化学療法剤、標的化因子、副腎分解因子(adrenalysis agents)、メトホルミン、エベロリムス、および/もしくはIGF1Rアンタゴニストが挙げられる)の投与による共治療を企図する。共治療を含む方法はまた、放射線治療の使用を含む。
企図される方法は、臨床試験において、現在含まれるか、以前含まれていたか、または将来的に含まれると予測される他の処置法との組み合わせでの化合物の使用を含む。
適切な化学療法剤および放射線治療剤の例としては、以下が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない:代謝拮抗物質;DNA損傷因子;化学療法剤として有用なサイトカイン;共有結合性DNA結合薬;トポイソメラーゼインヒビター;抗有糸分裂因子;抗腫瘍抗生物質;分化因子;アルキル化剤;メチル化剤;ホルモンもしくはホルモンアンタゴニスト;ナイトロジェンマスタード;放射線増感剤;光増感剤;線源(必要に応じて、放射線増感剤もしくは光増感剤とともに);または他の一般に使用される治療剤。
癌増殖および転移を阻害するのに有効なサイトカインはまた、組み合わせ治療での使用について企図される。このようなサイトカイン、リンホカイン、もしくは他の造血因子としては、以下が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない:M−CSF、GM−CSF、TNF、IL−1、IL−2、IL−3、IL−4、IL−5、IL−6、IL−7、IL−8、IL−9、IL−10、IL−11、IL−12、IL−13、IL−14、IL−15、IL−16、IL−17、IL−18、IFN−αもしくはIFN−γ、TNFα、TNF1、TNF2、G−CSF、Meg−CSF、GM−CSF、SCF、MIP−1、LIF、c−kitリガンド、トロンボポエチン、幹細胞因子、およびエリスロポエチン。
他の刺激分子との共治療を含む方法がまた、企図される。刺激分子としては、CD40、B7−1、B7−2、CD54、ICAMファミリーのメンバー(ICAM−1、−2、もしくは−3が挙げられる)、CD58、SLAMリガンド、熱安定性抗原を結合するポリペプチド、TNFレセプターファミリーのメンバーに結合するポリペプチド(4−1BBL、TRAF−1、TRAF−2、TRAF−3、OX40L、TRAF−5、CD70が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)、CD 154、ケモカイン(CCL3、CCL5 CXCL10およびCCL7が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)が挙げられる。
(標準ケア)
いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書で記載される方法は、上記被験体に癌治療の標準ケアを施す工程をさらに包含する。本発明の方法の状況において、「標準ケア」とは、あるタイプの病気と診断されたあるタイプの患者に関して臨床医によって一般に受容される処置をいう。
上記化合物は、全身もしくは局所のいずれかで、任意の適切な手段によって(非経口、皮下、肺内、筋肉内、経口、および鼻内を介するものが挙げられる)投与される。非経口経路としては、静脈内、動脈内、硬膜外、および髄腔内投与が挙げられる。種々の局面において、上記化合物は、パルス注入によって投与される。他の投与法が企図され、局所、特に、経皮、経粘膜、直腸、経口もしくは局部投与が挙げられる。
本開示の別の局面は、ある状態を処置するための薬学的組成物を提供する。本開示のさらに別の局面では、ATR−101および第2の治療剤を単位用量において含む組成物が提供される。
適切なキャリアは、上記化合物と組み合わされた場合、活性を保持しかつ上記被験体の免疫系と反応しない任意の物質を含む。例としては、多くの標準的な薬学的キャリアが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。種々の水性キャリアが企図され、これらとしては、水、緩衝化された水、生理食塩水、0.4% 食塩水、および0.3% グリシンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、安定性の増強のためのタンパク質(例えば、アルブミン、リポタンパク質およびグロブリンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)を含む。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、個々にもしくは組み合わせのいずれかで(例えば、無水ラクトースおよびラクトース一水和物を含むラクトース;ラクチトール;マルチトール;マンニトール;ソルビトール;キシリトール;デキストロースおよびデキストロース一水和物;フルクトース;スクロースおよびスクロースベースの希釈剤(例えば、圧縮糖(compressible sugar)、粉糖および糖スフェア(sugar sphere);マルトース;イノシトール;加水分解穀類固形物(hydrolyzed cereal solid);デンプン(例えば、コーンスターチ、コムギデンプン、コメデンプン、ジャガイモデンプン、タピオカデンプンなど)、デンプン成分(例えば、アミロースおよびデキストレート(dextrate))、および改変もしくは加工デンプン(例えば、α化デンプン));デキストリン;セルロース(粉末化セルロース、微結晶性セルロース、ケイ化微結晶性セルロース、食品グレードの供給源のα−セルロースおよび無定形セルロースならびに粉末化セルロース、ならびに酢酸セルロースが挙げられる);カルシウム塩(炭酸カルシウム、第三リン酸カルシウム、リン酸水素カルシウム二水和物、硫酸カルシウム一水和物、硫酸カルシウムおよび顆粒状乳酸カルシウム三水和物が挙げられる);炭酸マグネシウム;酸化マグネシウム;ベントナイト;カオリン;塩化ナトリウム;などが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)希釈剤を含む。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、特に、上記組成物が錠剤の形態にある場合に、有用な賦形剤である結合剤もしくは接着剤を含む。このような結合剤および接着剤は、通常の加工操作(例えば、サイジング、滑沢化(lubrication)、圧縮および包装)を可能にするために、錠剤中に処方されているブレンドに十分な粘着を付与するべきであるが、服用の際に錠剤が崩壊しかつ上記化合物が吸収されることをなお可能にする。適切な結合剤および接着剤としては、個々にもしくは組み合わせにおいて、以下が挙げられる:アカシア;トラガカント;グルコース;ポリデキストロース;デンプン(α化デンプンが挙げられる);ゼラチン;改変セルロース(メチルセルロース、カルメロースナトリウム、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMCもしくはヒプロメロース)、ヒドロキシプロピル−セルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロースおよびエチルセルロースが挙げられる);デキストリン(マルトデキストリンが挙げられる);ゼイン;アルギン酸およびアルギン酸の塩(例えば、アルギン酸ナトリウム);ケイ酸マグネシウムアルミニウム;ベントナイト;ポリエチレングリコール(PEG);ポリエチレンオキシド;ガーゴム;多糖酸(polysaccharide acid);ポリビニルピロリドン(ポビドン、例えば、ポビドンK−15、K−30およびK−29/32);ポリアクリル酸(カルボマー);ポリメタクリレート;など。1種以上の結合剤および/もしくは接着剤は(存在するのであれば)、種々の局面において、上記組成物の重量で、合計約0.5%〜約25%、例えば、約0.75%〜約15%、もしくは約1%〜約10%を構成する。
種々の局面において、水性薬学的組成物である上記化合物の処方物は、緩衝剤を含む。緩衝剤の例としては、アセテート(例えば、酢酸ナトリウム)、スクシネート(例えば、コハク酸ナトリウム)、グルコネート、ヒスチジン、シトレートおよび他の有機酸緩衝剤が挙げられる。上記緩衝剤濃度は、例えば、上記緩衝剤および上記処方物の所望の等張性に依存して、約1mM〜約200mM、もしくは約10mM〜約60mMであり得る。種々の局面において、水性薬学的組成物である上記化合物の処方物は、pH緩衝化溶液中、例えば、約4.5〜約8.0、もしくは約4.8〜約6.5、もしくは約4.8〜約5.5の範囲、もしくは代わりに約5.0のpHで、調製される。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、崩壊剤を含む。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、湿潤剤を含む。湿潤剤は、存在するのであれば、通常、水と密に会合した状態(上記組成物のバイオアベイラビリティーを改善すると考えられる状態)の化合物を維持するように選択される。湿潤剤として使用され得る界面活性剤の非限定的な例としては、個々にもしくは組み合わせのいずれかで、以下が挙げられる:四級アンモニウム化合物(例えば、塩化ベンザルコニウム、塩化ベンゼトニウムおよび塩化セチルピリジニウム);スルホコハク酸ジオクチルナトリウム;ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル(例えば、ノノキシノール9、ノノキシノール10およびオクトキシノール9);ポロキサマー(ポリオキシエチレンおよびポリオキシプロピレンブロックコポリマー);ポリオキシエチレン脂肪酸グリセリドおよび油(例えば、ポリオキシエチレン(8) カプリル/カプリンモノ−グリセリドおよびジグリセリド、ポリオキシエチレン(35)ヒマシ油およびポリオキシエチレン(40)水素化ヒマシ油);ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(例えば、セテス−10、ラウレス−4、ラウレス−23、オレス−2、オレス−10、オレス−20、ステアレス−2、ステアレス−10、ステアレス−20、ステアレス−100およびポリオキシエチレン(20)セトステアリルエーテル);ポリオキシエチレン脂肪酸エステル(例えば、ポリオキシエチレン(20)ステアレート、ポリオキシエチレン(40)ステアレートおよびポリオキシエチレン(100)ステアレート);ソルビタンエステル;ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンエステル(例えば、ポリソルベート20およびポリソルベート80);プロピレングリコール脂肪酸エステル(例えば、プロピレングリコールラウレート);ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム;脂肪酸およびその塩(例えば、オレイン酸、オレイン酸ナトリウムおよびオレイン酸トリエタノールアミン);グリセリル脂肪酸エステル(例えば、グリセリルモノオレエート、グリセリルモノステアレートおよびグリセリルパルミトステアレート);ソルビタンエステル(例えば、ソルビタンモノラウレート、ソルビタンモノオレエート、ソルビタンモノパルミテートおよびソルビタンモノステアレート);チロキサポール;など。1種以上の湿潤剤は、存在するのであれば、代表的には、上記組成物の重量で、合計で約0.25%〜約15%、好ましくは、約0.4%〜約10%、およびより好ましくは、約0.5%〜約5%を構成する。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、滑沢剤を含む。滑沢剤は、錠剤処方物を圧縮する間、錠剤化する混合物および錠剤化装置との間の摩擦を減らす。適切な滑沢剤としては、個々にもしくは組み合わせのいずれかで、以下が挙げられる:グリセリルベヘネート;ステアリン酸およびその塩(ステアリン酸マグネシウム、ステアリン酸カルシウムおよびステアリン酸ナトリウムを含む);水素化植物性油;グリセリルパルミトステアレート;タルク;ろう;安息香酸ナトリウム;酢酸ナトリウム;フマル酸ナトリウム;フマル酸ステアリルナトリウム;PEG(例えば、PEG 4000およびPEG 6000);ポロキサマー;ポリビニルアルコール;オレイン酸ナトリウム;ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム;ラウリル硫酸マグネシウム;など。1種以上の滑沢剤は、存在するのであれば、代表的には、上記組成物の重量で、合計で約0.05%〜約10%、例えば、約0.1%〜約8%、もしくは約0.2%〜約5%を構成する。ステアリン酸マグネシウムは、特に有用な滑沢剤である。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、接着防止剤を含む。接着防止剤は、装置表面への錠剤処方物の貼り付きを減らす。適切な接着防止剤としては、個々にもしくは組み合わせのいずれかで、以下が挙げられる:タルク、コロイド性二酸化ケイ素、デンプン、DL−ロイシン、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウムおよび金属ステアレート。1種以上の接着防止剤は、存在するのであれば、代表的には、上記組成物の重量で、合計で約0.1%〜約10%、例えば、約0.1%〜約5%、もしくは約0.1%〜約2%を構成する。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、滑剤を含む。滑剤は、流動特性を改善し、錠剤化する混合物における静電気(static)を減らす。適切な滑剤としては、個々にもしくは組み合わせのいずれかで、以下が挙げられる:コロイド性二酸化ケイ素、デンプン、粉末化セルロース、ラウリル硫酸ナトリウム、三ケイ酸マグネシウムおよび金属ステアレート。1種以上の滑剤は、存在するのであれば、代表的には、上記組成物の重量で、合計で約0.1%〜約10%、例えば、約0.1%〜約5%、もしくは約0.1%〜約2%を構成する。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、張度剤を含む。張度剤は、安定化のために上記組成物中に含まれ得る。例示的な張度剤としては、ポリオール(例えば、マンニトール)、スクロースもしくはトレハロースが挙げられる。好ましくは、上記水性処方物は等張性であるが、高張性もしくは低張性の溶液も企図される。上記処方物中のポリオールの例示的濃度は、約1%〜約15% w/vの範囲にあり得る。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、界面活性剤を含む。界面活性剤はまた、上記化合物の凝集を低下させるために、および/もしくは上記処方物中の粒子の形成を最小限にするために、および/もしくは吸着を低下させるために、添加され得る。例示的な界面活性剤としては、非イオン性界面活性剤(例えば、ポリソルベート(例えば、ポリソルベート20もしくはポリソルベート80)またはポロキサマー(例えば、ポロキサマー188))が挙げられる。界面活性剤の例示的濃度は、約0.001%〜約0.5%、もしくは約0.005%〜約0.2%、もしくは代わりに約0.004%〜約0.01% w/vの範囲にあり得る。
種々の局面において、薬学的組成物である処方物は、1種以上の保存剤(例えば、ベンジルアルコール、フェノール、m−クレゾール、クロロブタノールおよびベンゼトニウム)を本質的に含まない。他の局面において、保存剤は、上記処方物中に、例えば、約0.1%〜約2%、もしくは代わりに約0.5%〜約1%の範囲の濃度で含まれる。
徐放性薬学的組成物である処方物もまた、提供される。徐放性調製物の適切な例としては、抗体を含む固体疎水性ポリマーの半透性マトリクス(上記マトリクスは、成形物品の形態(フィルム、もしくはマイクロカプセルが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)にある)を含む。徐放性マトリクスの例としては、ポリエステル、ヒドロゲル(例えば、ポリ(2−ヒドロキシエチル−メタクリレート)、もしくはポリ(ビニルアルコール))、ポリラクチド(米国特許第3,773,919号)、L−グルタミン酸とエチル−L−グルタメートとのコポリマー、非分解性エチレン−ビニルアセテート、分解性の乳酸−グリコール酸コポリマー(例えば、Lupron DepotTM(乳酸−グリコール酸コポリマーおよび酢酸ロイプロリドから構成される注射用マイクロスフェア)、およびポリ−D−(−)−3−ヒドロキシ酪酸が挙げられる。ポリマー(例えば、エチレン−ビニルアセテートおよび乳酸−グリコール酸)は、100日間超にわたって分子を放出し得る一方で、特定のヒドロゲルは、より短期間にわたってタンパク質を放出する。
凍結乾燥処方物での薬学的組成物もまた、提供される。得られる「凍結乾燥ケーキ」は、使用前に再構成される。上記凍結乾燥ケーキの再構成には、一定容積の水性溶液(代表的には、凍結乾燥の間に除去された容積に等しい)を添加する。
投与される予定の化合物の量、および他の投与パラメーター(例えば、治療の頻度および継続期間)は、使用することが意図された化合物もしくはプロドラッグ、および他の要因(例えば、投与経路、投与間隔、排出速度、上記化合物の処方、レシピエント、レシピエントの処置されている被験体の年齢、体重、性別、食餌、病歴、および全身の状態(例えば、健康状態)、上記疾患の重篤度、および/もしくは処置される予定である腫瘍のサイズ、悪性度および侵襲性に依存する。従って、上記化合物は、所望の治療効果もしくは予防効果を達成するために十分な投与量で投与され、その場その場で決定される。
副腎皮質癌腫(ACC)のマウスモデルにおけるATR−101の潜在的治療効果を調査するために、SCIDマウス(6〜7週齢の雄性)においてヒトACC由来細胞株H295Rの異種移植片を樹立した。上記異種移植片が測定可能なサイズにまで増殖した後、上記マウスを2群に無作為化した。処置群には、300mg/kg/日 ATR−101を経口胃管栄養によって投与した。コントロール群には、ATR−101なしのビヒクルを投与した。腫瘍サイズを、ATR−101の投与前および投与開始後の示された日数で、カリパスを使用して測定した。
ACC由来細胞株異種移植片に対するATR−101の効果に再現性があったか否かを決定するために、SCIDマウス(10〜11週齢の雄性)において同じH295R細胞株の異種移植片を使用する実験を反復した。
異種移植片サイズを、ビヒクルで処置したコントロールマウス(丸)に対して300mg/kg/日 ATR−101(三角)の経口投与開始後の時間の関数としてカリパスを使用して測定した(図4)。データは、各群における9匹および10匹のマウスの平均と標準偏差を示す。上記処置群に含まれる1匹のマウスを排除した。なぜなら、異種移植片の腹部の位置からそのサイズの正確な測定が妨げられてしまったからである。20匹のマウスを、上記研究の処置アームおよびコントロールアームとの間で無作為化した。上記異種移植片を、各マウスに100,000,000個のH295R細胞を皮下注射することによって生成した。
異種移植片のサイズを、ビヒクルで処置したコントロールマウス(白丸)に対して、300mg/kg/日 ATR−101+300mg/kg/日 メトホルミン(黒丸)の経口投与開始後の時間の関数として、カリパスを使用して測定した(図5)。上記データは、各群における3匹および10匹のマウスの平均と標準偏差を示す。上記マウスの2つの群に注射をし、一緒に飼育したが、マウスの同じ群の一部として無作為化しなかった。上記異種移植片を、各マウスにおいて100,000,000個のH295R細胞を皮下注射することによって生成した。
異種移植片のサイズを、ビヒクルで処置したコントロールマウス(丸)に対して300mg/kg/日 PD132301−02+4mg/kg/日 エベロリムス(四角)の経口投与の開始後の時間の関数として、カリパスを使用して測定した(図6)。上記データは、各群において3匹および10匹のマウスの平均と標準偏差を示す。上記マウスの2つの群に注射し、一緒に飼育したが、マウスの同じ群の一部としては無作為化しなかった。上記異種移植片を、各マウスにおいて100,000,000個のH295R細胞の皮下注射によって生成した。
ACCのマウスモデルにおけるACC異種移植片の樹立においてATR−101の潜在的治療効果を調査するために、ACC由来細胞株H295Rを、SCIDマウス(6〜7週齢雄性)に注射した。0.2ml DMEM中の1×108 細胞を、SCIDマウスの右背側側腹領域の皮膚の下に注射した。注射して2週間後、上記マウスを、10の群に無作為化した。ATR−101を、700mg/kg/日において4日間にわたって投与し、続いて、300 mg/kg/日を、10% DMSO、0.5% CMC、0.9% NaCl、0.2% Tween, pH 3中で経口胃管栄養によって投与した。コントロールマウスには、ビヒクルを投与した。腫瘍サイズを、1週間に3回カリパスを使用して測定した。尿コルチゾールを、ATR−101もしくはビヒクルの投与を開始した後の種々の時点で測定した。
SCIDマウスにおけるACC由来異種移植片に対する高用量ATR−101の効果もまた、研究した。異種移植片を、ATR−101処置群に3匹のマウスおよびコントロール群に3匹のマウスで先に記載されるとおりに生成した。図9に示されるように、異種移植片サイズを、ビヒクルで処置したコントロールマウス(菱形)に対して1,000mg/kg/日 ATR−101(四角)の経口投与の開始後の時間の関数として、カリパスを使用して測定した。高用量(1,000mg/kg/日)でのATR−101投与は、ビヒクル処置コントロールと比較して、腫瘍増殖を有意に低下させた。図10に示されるように、異種移植片重量を、1,000mg/kg/日 ATR−101処置マウス 対 ビヒクル処置コントロールマウスで測定した。
ATR−101細胞傷害性の機構を、通常条件およびコレステロール枯渇条件において増殖させたACC由来H295R細胞のATPレベルに対する効果および還元活性に対する効果を測定することによって調査した。
基底のおよび副腎皮質刺激ホルモン(ACTH)に刺激されたコルチゾールレベルを、試験前に、ならびに種々の用量(0mg/kg/日、0.3mg/kg/日、3mg/kg/日、および30mg/kg/日)でのATR−101処置の間に、1日、7日、14日および28日に、イヌで測定した。6頭のイヌ/性別/投与量群を研究した。処置の28日間後に、4頭のイヌ/性別/群を安楽死させた一方で、2頭のイヌ/性別/群は、4週間の薬物なし回復期間を有し、その後、安楽死させた。雄性および雌性のイヌでの血漿コルチゾール濃度(ng/ml)を、ACTH刺激前、ならびにACTH刺激の0.5時間後および1時間後に決定した。ACTH応答における顕著な薬物関連の低下は、処置の7日目に開始し、処置の14日目および28日目まで継続して、3mg/kg/日および30mg/kg/日でATR−101処置した雄性および雌性のイヌで起こった(図13および図14)。回復期の間の42日目および56日目に、コルチゾール抑制効果の逆転が観察される(図13および図14)。
高用量300mg/kg/日のATR−101で28日間にわたって処置されたイヌに由来する、およびコントロール動物に由来する左副腎および右副腎を、剖検時に集め、10%中性緩衝化ホルマリン中で固定し、慣用的なパラフィン技術によって処理し、縦方向に切片にし、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンで慣用的な光学顕微鏡検査用に染色した(図15A〜E)。有意な効果は、28日目にATR−101で処置したイヌの副腎において認められた(線維症(皮髄移行部(corticomedullary junction)内の緩いないし密な繊維状血管組織(fibrovascular tissue)の沈着)、空胞形成(皮質の束状帯および網状帯の細胞質内の小さいないし中程度のサイズの透明な空胞)、および皮質萎縮(束状帯および網状帯を含む、細胞サイズおよび細胞数の低下に起因する副腎皮質の厚みの低下)が挙げられる)(図15D、15E)。
種々の用量のATR−101(0mg/kg/日、0.3mg/kg/日、3mg/kg/日、もしくは30mg/kg/日)で28日間にわたって処置した雄性および雌性のイヌからの左副腎および右副腎を、剖検時に集め、秤量した。副腎の重量の用量関連変化は、両方の性別で起こった(図16Aおよび図17A)。絶対的および相対的な(副腎−対−体重(副腎:BW(%))および副腎−対-脳(副腎:BrW)重量比)副腎重量は、≧3mg/kg/日において両方の性別で14%〜55%低下した(図16A〜Cおよび図17A〜C)。4週間の回復期間の後、副腎重量は、3mg/kg/日で雄性において6%〜11%および30mg/kg/日で両方の性別において10%〜32%低下したままであった。副腎重量変化は、実施例10(図15A〜E)に記載されるように、≧3mg/kg/日で両方の性別において副腎皮質萎縮、線維症および空胞形成を含む組織変化と関連した。副腎の組織変化は、上記回復期間後も続いた。
3匹のラットおよび3頭のイヌにおけるATR−101の組織分布を調べた。ATR−101濃度を、血漿、赤血球、副腎、肝臓、腎臓、骨格筋、卵巣、皮下脂肪、および脳脊髄液で測定した。図18は、100mg/kg/日を7日間にわたって投与した雌性ラットにおけるATR−101の組織分布(ng/mLもしくはng/g)を示す。ラットにおけるATR−101濃度は、血漿中より副腎(約2×)および卵巣(約1.4×)で高かった。図19は、3mg/kg/日を7日間にわたって投与した雌性イヌでのATR−101の組織分布(ng/mLもしくはng/g)を示す。イヌでのATR−101濃度は、副腎および血漿で類似であった。ラットおよびイヌの副腎でのATR−101濃度は、副腎毒性に対するこれら種の相対的感受性と対応しなかった。このことは、組織蓄積のみが副腎分解作用機構を説明するわけではないことを示唆する。図20は、血漿濃度のパーセンテージとしてラットおよびイヌにおけるATR−101の組織分布を示す。ATR−101は、いずれの種においても血液脳関門を横断しないようである。ラットの脳脊髄液(CSF)中で認められた低レベルのATR−101は、CSFと血液との夾雑によって引き起こされた可能性が高い。
Claims (28)
- 患者における副腎皮質癌腫を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における良性腺腫を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者におけるホルモン生成の増大を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における転移性副腎皮質癌腫を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における先天性副腎過形成を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者におけるクッシング症候群を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における過剰なコルチゾール生成を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における過剰なコルチゾール生成と関連する症状を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者におけるアルドステロン症を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における21−ヒドロキシラーゼ欠損症を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、治療上有効な量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 患者における副腎皮質腫瘍サイズを縮小するための方法であって、有効量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 第2の治療剤を投与する工程をさらに包含する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の治療剤は、化学療法剤である。請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の治療剤は、ミトタンである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 患者における異常な副腎ホルモン生成を阻害するための方法であって、該方法は、ホルモン生成を阻害するために有効量のN−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドを該患者に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
- 第2の治療剤を投与する工程をさらに包含する、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 前記ホルモンは、ミネラルコルチコイド、グルココルチコイド、もしくはアンドロゲンである、請求項15または16に記載の方法。
- 前記ミネラルコルチコイドは、アルドステロンである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記アンドロゲンは、アンドロステンジオン、デヒドロエピアンドロステロン、もしくはアドレノステロンである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記グルココルチコイドは、コルチゾールである、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記患者は、
−クッシング症候群;
−過剰なコルチゾール生成;
−副腎コルチゾール過剰を生じるACTH過剰;
−下垂体性ACTH過剰(下垂体性クッシング病);
−異所性ACTH症候群;
−原発性副腎コルチゾール過剰;
−ACTH非依存性大結節性副腎過形成(常に両側性);および
−先天性副腎過形成
からなる群より選択される状態に罹患している、請求項1〜11または15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記先天性副腎過形成は、11 ヒドロキシラーゼ欠損症、21−ヒドロキシラーゼ欠損症、アルドステロン症(コン症候群)、もしくは両側副腎過形成である、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 投与する工程は、経口投与である、請求項1〜11または15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- N−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドは、1日に1回、2回、3回もしくは4回投与される、請求項1〜11または15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の治療剤は、
ミフェプリストン;
化学療法剤;
メトホルミン;
エベロリムス;
標的化因子;
副腎分解因子;および
IGF1Rアンタゴニスト、
からなる群より選択される、請求項12に記載の方法。 - N−(2,6−ビス(1−メチルエチル)フェニル)−N’−((1−(4−(ジメチルアミノ)フェニル)シクロペンチル)−メチル)ウレアヒドロクロリドおよび第2の治療剤を、単位用量において含む組成物。
- 前記第2の治療剤は、化学療法剤である、請求項26に記載の組成物。
- 前記第2の治療剤は、
ミフェプリストン;
化学療法剤;
メトホルミン;
エベロリムス;
標的化因子;
副腎分解因子;および
IGF1Rアンタゴニスト
からなる群より選択される、請求項26に記載の組成物。
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WO2016164476A2 (en) * | 2015-04-06 | 2016-10-13 | Millendo Therapeutics, Inc. | Combination therapy for treating disorders associated with excess cortisol production |
WO2017011302A1 (en) * | 2015-07-10 | 2017-01-19 | Millendo Therapeutics, Inc. | Enhanced bioavailability of n-(2,6-bis(1-methylethyl) phenyl)-n'-((1-(4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl)cyclopentyl) methyl)urea hydrochloride |
EP3461480A1 (en) | 2017-09-27 | 2019-04-03 | Onxeo | Combination of a dna damage response cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors and belinostat for treating cancer |
US10780097B2 (en) | 2018-07-02 | 2020-09-22 | Corcept Therapeutics, Inc. | Use of cortisol in assessment and prophylactic treatment of hypokalemia associated with glucocorticoid receptor modulator treatment of Cushing's syndrome patients |
US10231983B1 (en) | 2018-08-22 | 2019-03-19 | Corcept Therapeutics, Inc. | Use of ACTH in assessment and prophylactic treatment of hypokalemia associated with glucocorticoid receptor modulator treatment of Cushing's syndrome patients |
US11202787B2 (en) | 2018-07-02 | 2021-12-21 | Corcept Therapeutics, Inc. | Use of ACTH in assessment and prophylactic treatment of hypokalemia associated with glucocorticoid receptor modulator treatment of Cushing's syndrome patients |
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CA2867668A1 (en) | 2013-09-26 |
US20180256524A1 (en) | 2018-09-13 |
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JP6317016B2 (ja) | 2018-04-25 |
NZ630828A (en) | 2016-10-28 |
US20220160662A1 (en) | 2022-05-26 |
AU2017261632A1 (en) | 2017-12-07 |
US9107883B2 (en) | 2015-08-18 |
AU2013235535A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
MX355129B (es) | 2018-04-06 |
JP6234987B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 |
US20160008302A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 |
IN2014DN08604A (ja) | 2015-05-22 |
JP2017160275A (ja) | 2017-09-14 |
EP2838523A1 (en) | 2015-02-25 |
WO2013142214A1 (en) | 2013-09-26 |
CN104302283A (zh) | 2015-01-21 |
MX2014011188A (es) | 2015-03-06 |
CN106236741A (zh) | 2016-12-21 |
BR112014023517B1 (pt) | 2020-12-01 |
CN104302283B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
US20160367507A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
US9446010B2 (en) | 2016-09-20 |
US20130267550A1 (en) | 2013-10-10 |
US9877937B2 (en) | 2018-01-30 |
AU2013235535B2 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
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