JP2015509974A - Activated immunostimulatory cell composition for treatment of infection - Google Patents

Abstract

Described are methods of making compositions of activated immune stimulating cells, compositions of activated immune stimulating cells, and methods of using these compositions to stimulate a therapeutic immune response against infectious microorganisms. Is done. [Selection] Figure 1

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Patent Application No. 61 / 611,180, filed on Mar. 15, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference.

  The present invention relates to activated immune stimulating cell compositions, methods of preparing these compositions, and the use of these compositions to treat conditions that can benefit from immune stimulation such as infection.

  Virus or cell antigens are cleaved into small peptides within infected cells and have class I major histocompatibility molecules (MHC class I), also called human leukocyte antigens (HLA class I, eg HLA A, B, or C) Presented to immune cells as a complex. MHC class I-peptide complexes are recognized by the T cell receptor (TCR) complex of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are CD8 + T cells. Interaction of the TCR with the MHC I-peptide complex results in the release of substances (perforin, granzyme, and granulysin) from the CTL that destroy the infected cells (Mullbacher et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). 1999; 96: 13950).

  The initial CTL response is short-lived and requires amplified support from CD4 + T helper (Th) lymphocytes to continue. Th cell differentiation and proliferation occurs through interaction with professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages or stromal dendritic cells (DC) (Heath et al., Nat Immunol. 2009; 10: 1237-1244). . DC recognize viruses such as Toll-like receptors (eg TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8) and C-type lectins (eg DEC-205, DCIR, CLEC9A) (Altfeld et al., 2011). Of several receptors (Altfeld et al., Nat Rev Immunol. 2011 Mar; 11 (3): 176-86).

  APC takes cells infected with viruses, bacteria, and apoptosis, processes the antigen from the taken material by cleaving those proteins into small peptides, and then presents the peptides to naive T cells . This process is similar to CTL stimulation with MHC class I + peptides, but CD4 + T cells recognize peptides presented in association with MHC class II (eg, HLA-DR). Upon recognition of the MHC class II-peptide complex by the TCR, T cells gain Th function and, for sustained immunity, amplify the CTL response and then induce the growth of T memory cells, IL-2. (Keene JA, 1982).

  T cell stimulation is thought to occur in at least two steps (Marelli-Berg FM, 2007, Chambers CA 2001). In the first step (signal 1), the MHC / peptide complex interacts with the TCR. This step is not sufficient to fully stimulate T cells. On the contrary, a second interaction of one of the costimulatory molecules (such as CD86, CD83, CD80, and CD40) in which APC is expressed with the corresponding ligand (signal 2) on the T cell is required. . In the absence of signal 2, T cells that receive signal 1 cannot obtain helper function (Chappert & Schwartz, 2010).

  The interaction of naive T helper cells with APCs such as DC polarizes Th cells into Th1 and Th2 subsets, which depend on the pattern of cytokines they produce. Th1 cells produce cytokines such as interferon gamma and IL-2 that activate CTL proliferation. Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13. Th1 cytokines are generally more beneficial in eliminating infection. For example, INF-gamma is essential for immunity against intracellular pathogens (Schoenborn & Wilson, 2007) (Schoenborn et al., Adv. Immunol. 2007, 96: 41-101). Impaired inflammatory Th1 response resulting in a biased Th2 cytokine profile has an adverse effect on the outcome of the infection (Netea et al, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005; 49 (10): 3991-96 (2005), Palucca. & Banchereau, Curr Opin Immunol. 2002, 14 (4): 420-31).

  Similar to Th cells, the monocyte / macrophage phenotype is polarized in different processes depending on the balance between Th1 / Th2 cytokines. The terminology for these polarized cells is very similar to the terminology for Th1 and Th2, and like Th1 and Th2 T cells, M1 and M2 macrophages produce different patterns of cytokines. M1 macrophages mainly produce IL-12, IL-23, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, while M2 macrophages produce high levels of IL-10 and IL-13 (Cassetta L , 2011, Benoit et al., J Immunol.2008.181 (6): 3733-9). M1 macrophages also express high levels of HLA-DR, while M2 macrophages express high levels of CD163 antigen. Fully polarized M1 and M2 macrophages are the extremes of a series of functional states.

  Another APC that is thought to differentiate from peripheral blood monocytes is bone marrow dendritic cells (DC). Mature activated DCs are very potent APCs. DC maturation is associated with upregulation of MHC molecules, costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD83 CD80, CD40), adhesion molecules such as CD11b, CD11c, and CD54, and the chemokine receptor CCR7 (Alvarez D, 2008, Banchereau) et al., Annu Rev Immunol. 2000; 18: 767-811).

  The latter can move DCs from the peripheral tissue through the vessel wall to the T cell region (Forster R, 2008). The maturation of DCs not only ensures the expression of molecules associated with T cell stimulation, but also ensures proper anatomy in secondary lymphoid organs so that DCs can present antigens to naive T cells. It is possible to reach a scientific compartment. Cognate signals from T cells further activate DC (Cavanagh LL, 2002).

  Mature bone marrow DCs are characterized by their ability to make IL-12 (Mariotti S, 2008). Since IL-12 promotes Th1 polarization, DCs that produce IL-12 are used for vaccine development (Trichieri G: 2003).

  In addition to stimulating the adaptive antigen-specific immune response described above, DCs are also involved in stimulating innate (unrestricted MHC) immunity. These cells include classical natural killer cells (NK cells) that do not express TCR (CD3- / CD56 + cells) and cytokine-induced killer T cells (CD3 + / CD56 +). NK cells can directly induce apoptosis of infected cells via the perforin-granzyme pathway or by expressing death receptor ligands such as Fas ligand (Bryceson YT, 2011). DCs producing IL-12 can induce proliferation of NK cells (Walzer T, 2005). NK cells also release cytokines that promote DC differentiation (Ferlazzo G, 2009). Plasmacytoid DCs produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) in response to viral infections, including HIV infection. Type I interferons stimulate bone marrow DCs and NK cells in a bystander manner that mediates the killing of virus-infected cells (Trichieri G, J Exp Med. 2010; 207 (10): 2053-63).

  Therefore, mature DCs are an important cell type for generating both effective adaptive (T cells) and innate (NK, NKT cells) immune responses. In fact, many studies have looked at the application of DC-based vaccines as a treatment for infections, particularly chronic infections, and some of the use of dendritic cells in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Clinical trials are ongoing (Pathham et al., Curr Med Chem. 2011 .; 18 (26): 3987-94). Thus, there is a great need for compositions comprising fully mature dendritic cells and other activated immune cells for the treatment of conditions where immune stimulation such as therapy during infection may be effective.

Summary of certain embodiments The present invention relates to activated immune stimulator cell compositions, methods of preparing these compositions, and compositions for treating conditions that can benefit from immune stimuli such as infection. Concerning the use of things.

  Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating viral infection, wherein the method comprises subjecting an infected subject to composition mature dendritic cells, activated helper T cells, cytolytic T cells, and at least one other. Administration of leukocyte cell types.

  In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating a viral infection, the method comprising (a) incubating leukocytes under conditions of time and temperature that activate the leukocytes; and (b) in the composition. Culturing activated leukocytes in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature to induce dendritic cell maturation, and (c) introducing into the subject a composition comprising dendritic cells, thereby Treating viral infections.

  In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating a viral infection, the method comprising (a) non-pause in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature that induces maturation of dendritic cells in the composition. Incubating the leukocytes in the state; and (b) introducing a composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the viral infection.

  In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating a viral infection, the method comprising: (a) providing i) leukocytes; and ii) maintaining the leukocytes at room temperature for about 8-20 hours. Transitioning leukocytes from a resting state to an active state, iii) subjecting the leukocytes to a hypotonic shock, and iv) incubating the shocked leukocytes in a support medium for 36 hours to 14 days, whereby mature DC Preparing a composition comprising mature dendritic cells, and (b) introducing a composition comprising dendritic cells into a subject, thereby treating a viral infection, ,including.

  In a similar aspect, the invention relates to the use of any of the compositions of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating a viral infection.

  In other similar embodiments, the invention relates to any of the compositions of the invention for treating viral infections.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the composition comprising dendritic cells is exposed to at least one peptide epitope from the virus.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the viral infection is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Or it is a viral infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the viral infection is an infection with HIV.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the viral infection is chronic.

  In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of treating infection by an infectious microorganism, the method comprising subjecting an infected subject to a composition mature dendritic cell, activated helper T cell, cytolytic T cell, and at least one. Administration of one other leukocyte cell type.

  In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating an infection by an infectious microorganism, the method comprising: (a) incubating leukocytes under conditions of time and temperature that activate the leukocytes; and (b) Culturing leukocytes activated in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature that induce maturation of dendritic cells in the composition; (d) introducing a composition comprising dendritic cells into a subject; Thereby treating the viral infection.

  In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating an infection, the method comprising: (a) non-resting in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature that induces maturation of dendritic cells in the composition. And (b) introducing a composition comprising dendritic cells into a subject, thereby treating the infection.

  In yet another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating infection by an infectious microorganism, the method comprising (a) i) providing leukocytes and ii) maintaining the leukocytes at room temperature for about 8-20 hours. Iii) subjecting the leukocytes to a hypotonic shock, and iv) incubating the shocked leukocytes in a support medium for 36 hours to 14 days, thereby Preparing a composition comprising mature DC, by preparing a composition comprising mature dendritic cells, and (b) introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into a subject thereby treating an infection Including.

  In a similar aspect, the invention relates to the use of any of the compositions of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating infection by infectious microorganisms.

  In other similar embodiments, the invention relates to any of the compositions of the invention for treating infection by infectious microorganisms.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the composition comprising dendritic cells is exposed to at least one peptide epitope from an infectious microorganism.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the infection is a bacterial infection.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the infection is a fungal infection.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the infection is a protozoal infection.

  In some embodiments of these aspects of the invention, the infection is due to a prion protein.

  Additional objects and advantages of embodiments of the present application will be set forth in part in the following description, and in part will be apparent from the description, or they may be learned by practice. The objects and advantages of this embodiment will become apparent using the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

  Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

The present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is emphasized here that, with particular reference to the drawings in detail, the details shown are exemplary and are for illustrative purposes only. In this regard, no attempt has been made to show structural details of the present invention beyond what is necessary for a basic understanding of the present invention, and the description given in conjunction with the drawings illustrates how the various aspects of the present invention actually do. It will be clear to those skilled in the art whether it can be embodied.
Shown are dendritic cell (DC) markers on monocytes expressed as fold increase after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. Compare DC marker expression before and after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. in adherent and non-adherent culture conditions. Compare the expression of CD8 on monocytes before and after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. FIG. 3A represents% CD8 positive cells. FIG. 3B represents the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD8. Shows the expression of the activation marker CD69 in lymphocyte subsets before and after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C in the presence or absence of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B. FIG. 4A represents the percentage of positive cells among all lymphocytes, T cells, or CD3 negative cells. FIG. 4B represents the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD69 on positive cells in each population. IL-2 receptor (CD25) in lymphocyte subsets before and after incubation for 48 hours at 37 ° C. in the absence (48 hours) and presence (48 hours SA) of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B Expression is shown. Shows CD40 expression on monocytes before and after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. in the absence and presence of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B. FIG. 6A represents% CD40 positive cells. FIG. 6B represents the average fluorescence intensity. FIG. 6C shows the fold increase after 48 hours of incubation. FIG. 7A shows IL-12 production before and after incubation at 37 ° C. for 48 hours. FIG. 7B shows IL-12 production before and after incubation at room temperature (RT) or at 37 ° C. for 48 hours in the absence and presence of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B. IL-2 contents in AICC and washed cells of AICC resuspended in fresh serum after incubation for 48 hours at 37 ° C. in the absence and presence of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B Shows IL-2 production. IFN-gamma production after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. in the presence of the superantigen S. aureus enterotoxin B and in fresh serum after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. in the presence of enterotoxin B Figure 2 shows IFN-gamma production by washed cells resuspended in

  As described in further detail below, the present invention relates to activated immune stimulator cell compositions (AICC), methods of preparing AICC, and methods of using AICC.

  The AICC of the invention comprises functionally active monocytes that are differentiated into mature DCs, which profile their cell surface markers, their ability to present antigens such as superantigens to T cells, and preferences. IL-12 release is a major factor in promoting general Th1 polarity. T cells in AICC are also activated. In the presence of antigen, the interaction of mature DCs and T cells in AICC results in upregulation of T cell IL-2 receptors and the release of IL-2 and IFN-g. When DC is exposed to antigen in AICC, the production of IL-12 increases rapidly. Therefore, the AICC of the present invention is a powerful tool for immune stimulation. For example, when administered in vivo, AICC activates CTL proliferation and promotes the removal of infectious microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria and the removal of cells infected by these infectious microorganisms (eg, Cytokine balance can be altered to favor interferon, IL-2).

  Without being bound by theory, the AICC of the present invention polarizes monocytes / macrophages to the M1 phenotype. As shown in the Examples, the majority of monocytes / macrophages in AICC express high levels of HLA-DR and produce IL-12 and other M1 cytokines. M1 cytokines are known to overcome an inhibitory effect on cellular immunity in the context of a tumor environment. Thus, cytokines in AICC are also useful in overcoming inhibitory effects that can be exerted by various infectious microorganisms.

  The principles and operation of the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions. Before describing at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it should be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details described in the following description or illustrated by the examples. It is. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

  It should also be understood that the expressions and terms employed herein are for illustrative purposes and should not be considered limiting. Furthermore, the term “about” used in connection with any and all values (including the lower and upper limits of a numerical range) is +/− 0.5% to +/− 20% (and between them) Value, for example, ± 1%, ± 1.5%, ± 2%, ± 2.5%, ± 3%, ± 3.5%, ± 4%, ± 4.5%, ± 5%, ± 5 .5%, ± 6%, ± 6.5%, ± 7%, ± 7.5%, ± 8%, ± 8.5%, ± 9%, ± 9.5%, ± 10%, ± 10 .5%, ± 11%, ± 11.5%, ± 12%, ± 12.5%, ± 13, ± 13.5%, ± 14%, ± 14.5%, ± 15%, ± 15. 5%, ± 16%, ± 16.5%, ± 17%, ± 17.5%, ± 18%, ± 18.5%, ± 19%, ± 19.5%, and ± 20%) Including deviations.

I. Methods for Making Compositions of Activated Immune Stimulatory Cells Leukocytes require activation to mediate immune responses. As used herein, an activated immune stimulator cell composition refers to a composition comprising at least one type of activated leukocytes. In this context, “activated” means that the cell has acquired one or more functional or phenotypic characteristics of the activated cell. Examples of characteristics of activated (or “mature”) dendritic cells include IL-12 production; absence or low level production of IL-10, costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, or One or more lectins, such as CLEC9A (DNGR-1), of one or more adhesion molecules, such as CD56, CD11b, CD11c, or IGSF4 (SynCam and Nectin-like 2), of one or more of CD1c (BDCA1) Receptor of one or more chemokine receptors such as CCR7, one or more toll receptors such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, or TLR7, or TLR8, one or more endocomal proteins such as DC-LAMP. Or expression of one or more transcription factors such as Id2, IRF8, or ICSBP; antigen presentation Naive T cells the ability to activate through; but the ability to induce the like differentiation of B cells and antibody secreting the (plasma) cells, and the like. Examples of properties of activated T cells include production of one or more of IL-2, IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, or IFN-beta; expression of IL-2R; CD69, CD71 (transferrin receptor Up-regulation of T cell activation markers such as one or more of body 1), CD28, or CD40L; as well as proliferation after exposure to antigen, cytotoxic function, or helper function .

  In one embodiment, AICC is prepared from peripheral blood. Peripheral blood generally contains white blood cells as well as red blood cells (RBC) and platelets. White blood cells, also known as “white blood cells”, include monocytes (“progenitor” cells that differentiate into macrophages of various tissues and dendritic cells), lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells). And natural killer T cells (NKT cells)), and granulocytes (including neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils).

  In alternative embodiments, whole peripheral blood is a convenient source of white blood cells, but AICC is blood from the center line, cord blood, placental blood, lymph fluid, bone marrow, or lymphoid tissue such as lymph nodes or pancreas It is prepared using leukocytes isolated from. Leukocytes can be prepared by leukocyte removal. Thus, the source of white blood cells is not considered important.

  When whole blood is used, white blood cells can be partially separated from red blood cells and platelets by preparing “buffy coats” using density gradient separation methods of different cell types. Thus, in some embodiments, the amount of platelets and red blood cells present in AICC is lower than that in whole blood.

  The starting material for producing AICC can be obtained from autologous or allogeneic sources. In one embodiment, the AICC is prepared from a patient who will ultimately be treated with AICC, ie, the source is autologous. In other embodiments, the AICC is prepared from an individual other than the intended AICC recipient. In this case, this source is allogeneic.

  In these embodiments, including allogeneic starting materials, they can be conveniently obtained from a blood bank. Samples may be blood group (ABO, Rh), or alleles of specific human leukocyte antigens, irregular antibodies to erythrocyte antigens, and transfusion infections, including but not limited to A2, B12, and C3 Can be screened by blood bank. More specifically, screening is performed using an Abbott PRISM instrument with antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV 1/2, HTLV, and syphilis (-HCV; HbsAg; anti-HIV 1/2 O +; and anti-HTLV). I / II). Samples can also be screened for HIV, HCV, and HBV by molecular methods (NAT-nucleic acid test). Molecular screening can be accomplished using commercially available equipment, such as Chiron's TIGRIS system, or any other method that can be in a suitable form for testing for such diseases.

  In one embodiment involving an allogeneic source, the sample is obtained from a donor having the same blood type as the intended AICC recipient. In one embodiment, the donor (s) and recipient patient can be matched based on one or more HLA allele types. Alternatively, plasma samples can be obtained from donors having AB + blood types and white blood cells can be obtained from donors having O- blood types. A donor with AB + blood type is a universal plasma donor and a donor with O- blood type is a white blood cell universal donor. The plasma is fresh, stored (eg, less than 24 hours at 1-6 ° C.), dried, or otherwise pretreated (eg, pathogen reduced plasma and solvent / cleaner (SD) Processed plasma) condition. Regardless of the source, all necessary processing of the sample (s) can be performed without the need for highly specialized equipment.

  In some embodiments, an activated immunostimulatory cell composition is prepared from a low volume blood sample using the same volume reducing volume of all solutions and using smaller bags or other incubation containers. obtain. Furthermore, the use of these differently sized incubation containers results in AICC having a similar composition. The use of a low volume provides the clinician with the ability to collect blood independently without using an external blood bank. This can be useful when treating patients with an otherwise healthy immune system.

  In some embodiments, a method of preparing AICC comprises: a) activating human leukocytes; and b) incubating compositions under time and temperature conditions that induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation. Incubating the activated leukocytes therein, thereby producing AICC. In one embodiment, step (b) also induces lymphocyte activation.

  In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the DC with an antigen or antigenic peptide. In one embodiment, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with the DC as it differentiates and matures in the incubation composition. That is, the antigen or antigenic peptide is added for part or all of the incubation period of step (b). In one embodiment, after incubation is complete in the incubation composition, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with DC. That is, the method further comprises the step (c) of adding the antigen or antigen peptide to the AICC for a period of time sufficient to load the DC with the antigen peptide.

  In one embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is used in preparing AICC. In this embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition corresponds to step (a) of the method of the above embodiment.

  In some embodiments, the method of preparing AICC comprises a) isolating human leukocytes, b) optionally subjecting the leukocytes to hypotonic shock, and c) dendritic cells (DCs). Incubating the shocked leukocytes in the incubation composition under conditions of time and temperature to induce differentiation and maturation, thereby producing AICC. In one embodiment, step (c) also induces lymphocyte activation.

  In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the DC with an antigen or antigenic peptide. In one embodiment, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with the DC as it differentiates and matures in the incubation composition. That is, the antigen or antigenic peptide is added for part or all of the incubation period of step (c). In one embodiment, after the incubation in the incubation composition is complete, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with DC. That is, the method further comprises the step (d) of adding the antigen or antigen peptide to the AICC for a period of time sufficient to load the DC with the antigen peptide.

  In one embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is used in preparing AICC. In this embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition corresponds to steps (a) and (b) of the method of the above embodiment.

  In some embodiments, the method comprises: a) incubating human leukocytes under conditions of time and temperature that activate leukocytes; and b) optionally subjecting the leukocytes to hypotonic shock; c) adding a physiologically acceptable salt solution to the leukocytes of step b in an amount effective to restore isotonicity; and d) mixing the leukocytes of step c with the medium to form a second incubation composition. E) incubating the second incubation composition under conditions of time and temperature to induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation, thereby producing AICC. Including. In one embodiment, step (e) also induces further activation of lymphocytes.

  In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the dendritic cell (DC) of step (e) with an antigen or antigenic peptide. In one embodiment, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with the DC as it differentiates and matures in the incubation composition. That is, the antigen or antigenic peptide is added for part or all of the incubation period of step (e). In one embodiment, after the incubation in the incubation composition is complete, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with DC. That is, the method further comprises the step (f) of adding the antigen or antigen peptide to the AICC for a period of time sufficient to load the DC with the antigen peptide.

  In one embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is used in preparing AICC. In this embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition corresponds to steps (a) to (d) of the method of the above embodiment.

  In some embodiments, the method comprises a) incubating human leukocytes for up to about 20 hours at room temperature to activate leukocytes, b) subjecting the leukocytes to hypotonic shock, c) Adding a physiologically acceptable salt solution in an amount effective to restore isotonicity to the leukocytes of step b; and d) mixing the leukocytes of step c with the medium to obtain a second incubation composition. Forming and e) incubating the second incubation composition under conditions of time and temperature to induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation, thereby producing AICC. In one embodiment, step (e) also induces further activation of lymphocytes.

  In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the dendritic cell (DC) of step (e) with an antigen or antigenic peptide. In one embodiment, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with the DC as it differentiates and matures in the incubation composition. That is, the antigen or antigenic peptide is added for part or all of the incubation period of step (e). In one embodiment, after the incubation in the incubation composition is complete, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with DC. That is, the method further comprises the step (f) of adding the antigen or antigen peptide to the AICC for a period of time sufficient to load the DC with the antigen peptide.

  In one embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is used in preparing AICC. In this embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition corresponds to steps (a) to (d) of the method of the above embodiment.

  In some embodiments, the method comprises a) activating human leukocytes, b) mixing the leukocytes of step a with a medium to form a second incubation composition, and c) a tree. Incubating the second incubation composition under conditions of time and temperature to induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation, thereby producing AICC. Leukocyte activation is indicated by changes in the expression level or number of leukocytes representing leukocyte activation markers such as CD11b and / or CD62L. Thus, in one embodiment, leukocyte activation is indicated by increased expression of CD11b in the leukocyte population. Increased expression of CD11b can be detected, for example, by flow cytometry. Increased expression of CD11b includes an increase in mean fluorescence intensity for CD11b in leukocytes, for example, the mean fluorescence intensity is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, It can be increased by 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90%. Increased expression of CD11b also includes an increase in the percentage of leukocytes expressing CD11b (eg, after being corrected for background staining using an isotype control). For example, the percentage of leukocytes expressing CD11b is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% compared to the expression of CD11b expression in leukocytes in the buffy coat. , 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90%. In one embodiment, leukocyte activation is indicated by decreased expression of CD62L in the leukocyte population. A decrease in CD62L expression can be detected, for example, by flow cytometry. A decrease in expression of CD62L includes a decrease in average fluorescence intensity for CD62L in leukocytes, for example, the average fluorescence intensity is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, It can be reduced by 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90%. Decreased expression of CD62L also includes a decrease in the percentage of leukocytes that express CD62L (eg, after being corrected for background staining using an isotype control). For example, the percentage of leukocytes expressing CD62L is at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% compared to the expression of CD62L expression in leukocytes in the buffy coat. , 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90%. In one embodiment, CD62L and / or CD11b is measured in leukocytes that are granulocytes. In one embodiment, CD62L and / or CD11b is measured in leukocytes that are monocytes. In one embodiment, step (c) also induces further activation of lymphocytes.

  In addition, in any of the other embodiments involved in leukocyte activation, changes in the expression of CD11b and / or CD62L, discussed above, may be used alone, together, or as an indicator of leukocyte activation. It can be used in combination with additional markers and assays discussed elsewhere in this application.

  In one embodiment, the method further comprises contacting the dendritic cell (DC) of step (c) with an antigen or antigenic peptide. In one embodiment, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with the DC as it differentiates and matures in the incubation composition. That is, the antigen or antigenic peptide is added for part or all of the incubation period of step (c). In one embodiment, after the incubation in the incubation composition is complete, the antigen or antigenic peptide is contacted with DC. That is, the method further comprises the step (d) of adding the antigen or antigen peptide to the AICC for a period of time sufficient to load the DC with the antigen peptide.

  In one embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is used in preparing AICC. In this embodiment, the activated leukocyte composition corresponds to steps (a) and (b) of the method of the above embodiment.

  In general, in any of the methods of preparing AICC, any composition in which leukocytes transition from a quiescent state to a functionally active state can be used for the hypotonic shock step. For example, as described in WO 2010/100570, leukocytes can be transitioned from a dormant state to a functionally active state by incubating them at room temperature for up to about 20 hours. In one embodiment, this transition occurs by incubating leukocytes at room temperature for about 90 minutes to about 20 hours. In one embodiment, this transition occurs by incubating leukocytes at room temperature for about 8 hours to about 20 hours. In one embodiment, this transition occurs by incubating leukocytes overnight at room temperature. In other embodiments, the temperature can be about 37 ° C. As mentioned above, the details of this “transition” step are not essential and leukocytes can be obtained by any method used to prepare AICC.

  Further, since hypoosmotic shock is a type of stress, other methods can be employed to stress cells in these embodiments of the method that include a hypotonic shock step. This means that different types of stress trigger cellular responses through the same highly conserved signaling pathway that consists of protein kinase cascades that lead to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), thus reducing hypotonic shock. In any of the mentioned embodiments, other stressors can be used instead of hypotonic shock. For example, in some embodiments, the method of preparing AICC comprises heat shock, hypoxia, chlorpromazine, caffeine, vanadate, zymolyse, congo red, calcoflor, rapamycin, or a conjugated pheromone. Any step (instead of or in addition to hypotonic shock) includes exposing leukocytes or inducing actin depolymerization to a stress factor selected from treatment with any one or more of: Leukocyte activation also results in an increase in intracellular calcium, and there are many agonists that mimic this response. Thus, in yet another embodiment, the method of preparing AICC includes the optional step of exposing leukocytes to a calcium ionophore such as FMLP or PMA instead of or in addition to hypotonic shock.

  In any of the various method embodiments for producing AICC, incubation under “time and temperature conditions that induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation” (optionally for lymphocytes and other cells). Can be activated) is generally an incubation at about room temperature to about 37 ° C. for about 24 hours to about 14 days.

  In some embodiments, the incubation that induces dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation is at a temperature of about room temperature, ie, in the range of about 12 ° C to about 28 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is at a temperature of about 16 ° C to about 25 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is at a temperature of about 18-25 ° C. In yet another embodiment, the incubation is at a temperature of about 20-25 ° C.

  In some embodiments, the incubation that induces dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation is at a temperature of about 37 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is from about 35 ° C to about 38 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is at 37 ° C +/- 0.5 ° C.

  In some embodiments, the incubation period to induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation is about 24 hours to 14 days. Thus, in some embodiments, the incubation is about 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 192, 216. 240, 264, 288, 312, or about 336 hours, or within almost any time range between these values.

  In some embodiments, the incubation period to induce dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation ranges from about 48 to about 72 hours. In one embodiment, the incubation ranges from about 48 to about 72 hours at about 37 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is for about 48 hours at about 37 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is for about 72 hours at about 37 ° C. In one embodiment, the incubation is for about 24 to about 72 hours at room temperature.

In some embodiments, the incubation is in a cell incubator at 100% humidity in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. In some embodiments, the incubation is performed in gas permeable bags, which are placed in a cell incubator at 100% humidity in an atmosphere containing 5% CO ₂ . In other embodiments, tissue culture flasks or dishes are used in the method. In yet other embodiments, a combination of bag system and culture dish or flask is used in the method. In these embodiments involving incubation in a bag system, the bag system can be one of those described in WO 2010/100570, or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or It can be a bag made from different materials such as, but not limited to, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), or it can be in a tissue culture vessel or any vessel.

  Any container used for incubation can also be treated or otherwise modified to adhere to leukocytes, which means leukocyte activation, monocyte differentiation, and lymphocytes May be beneficial for activation / priming of In one embodiment, one or more of the culture vessels used in the method for preparing AICC is non-adherent to dendritic cells. In another embodiment, the culture vessel used in the method of preparing AICC is treated to reduce cell attachment. In yet another embodiment, one or more culture vessels used in the method of preparing AICC are treated to increase cell attachment.

  Any container used for incubation may also contain a scaffold. The scaffolds can be of different shapes, in particular they are made of, for example, collagen or microbeads made of PLA, PGA (polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid) or similar synthetic polymers, It can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable, or can be a hydrogel scaffold made of gelatin, hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, fibrin glue. The scaffold or bag can be coated with an adhesion receptor, an extracellular matrix protein such as fibronectin or laminin, or an active binding peptide from an extracellular matrix such as RGD. Scaffolds or microbeads can also be coated with an activating stimulant or stimulating antibody, such as but not limited to an activating antibody to CD3, CD28, or CD40. However, in at least one embodiment, the method does not include microbeads or scaffolds coated with one or more activation stimuli or with one or more antibodies to CD3, CD28, or CD40.

  In some embodiments, the medium used for incubation to produce AICC is plasma or serum. In these embodiments utilizing serum, serum can be obtained from a plasma sample, which is from a whole blood sample that is the same or different from leukocytes contacted with a coagulant at about 37 ° C. (ie, the same or different humans). From). In some embodiments, serum or plasma is obtained from commercial or non-profit sources and can be either fresh or in a form adapted for storage such as frozen.

  In addition, serum (especially human serum) is often used in incubation compositions as a support medium, but it supports physiology that supports cytokine release, growth factors, and / or other soluble components from activated leukocytes. Other supportive media can also be used, so long as it is a typical medium. For example, plasma can be used instead of serum. Other incubation media that can also be used as support media include culture media, saline, or buffered saline solution with optional addition of sugars and other components that are essential for cell survival and function, such as amino acids (For example, lactated Ringer's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), Earl's balanced salt solution (EBSS), standard citrate saline solution (SSC), HEPES buffered saline solution (HBS), Gay balanced salt solution ( GBSS)). Saline solutions and culture media can also be supplemented with human serum or clinical grade animal serum, or serum replacement. Incubation compositions may alternatively or additionally contain serum proteins such as human or bovine albumin, gamma-globulin, transferrin, or proteins from different tissues, plant proteins, or plant extracts.

  In certain embodiments, complement proteins, chemokines, interferon-alpha, interferon-gamma, cytokines such as interleukin-4, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or interleukin-12 Add leukocyte agonist to the incubation. In vitro monocyte differentiation into DCs can be induced using specific cytokines (Jensen SS, Gad M. 2010). Thus, in one embodiment, incubation can be performed in the presence of cytokines such as interleukin-4 or GM-CSF. In other embodiments, incubation may be performed with other substances that increase dendritic cell differentiation and maturation and activation of lymphocytes and NK cells. For example, CD40 costimulatory receptors on monocytes can be linked by antibodies to CD40 or by CD40 ligand (CD54) in the absence of cytokines (Brossart P, 1998). Independent activation of CD40 on DC maturation can be triggered by interaction with activated CD8-positive T cells (Ruedl C., 1999, Withts, 2002). Thus, in one embodiment, exogenous activated CD8 positive T cells may be added to the incubation. Differentiation of DCs from monocytes in vitro can also be triggered by the interaction of DCs with NKT cells. DC differentiation occurs upon NKT cell secretion of GM-CSF and IL-13, cytokines produced by NKT cells, upon activation by monocytes (Hegde, 2007). Thus, in one embodiment, exogenous activated NKT cells may be added to the incubation. In other embodiments, DC differentiation and maturation is achieved by the addition of one or more of GM-CSF, IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IFN-alpha, and TNF-alpha, and / or In lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (murein), double-stranded RNA or synthetic analogues thereof polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C), regiquimod (R-848), picibanil (OK-432), etc. May be promoted by the addition of one or more bacterial products that interact with, but are not limited to, the Toll receptor on DC.

It is also clear that in one or more embodiments of the method, incubation occurs in the absence of one or more of the exogenously added factor (s) involved in DC maturation. Is contemplated. In one embodiment, all of the components required for DC maturation are provided endogenously and no additional stimuli are added to the incubation composition. Nevertheless, because various cytokines are released upon leukocyte activation during incubation, they may be present in the incubation composition. For example, CD40 ligand can be found in serum and on platelets that are part of the incubation composition. Similarly, activated CD8 ⁺ T cells and NKT cells endogenously present in the incubation composition may interact with monocytes to support dendritic cell differentiation and maturation.

  Thus, in one embodiment, an incubation composition for producing AICC (although one or more of GM-CSF, IL-4, TNF, or interferon can be produced endogenously during incubation) Does not contain exogenous GM-CSF, exogenous IL-4, exogenous TNF, or exogenous interferon. Thus, in one embodiment, the method of preparing AICC includes the addition of one or more exogenous cytokines or interferons, the addition of reagent (s) to crosslink CD3 and / or CD28, the reagent (s) to crosslink CD40. And / or other exogenous agents that promote dendritic cell maturation during AICC production are excluded. Examples of exogenously added cytokines and exogenously added interferons that can be excluded from the practice of this method include GM-CSF, IL-4, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IFN-alpha, or IL -One or more of -2. Examples of exogenously added bacterial products that may be excluded from the practice of this method include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (murein), double stranded RNA or its synthetic analog polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C), regiquimod (R-848), and picivanyl (OK-432) and the like, including but not limited to those known to interact with toll receptors on DC.

  In some embodiments, an angiogenesis inhibitor that targets VEGF signaling is added to the incubation composition. These include anti-VEGF antibodies (eg, bevacizumab, ranibizumab), antibodies to VEGF receptors (eg, brivanib targeting VEGFR-2 and FGFR), inhibitors of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity (eg, sorafenib, Including, but not limited to, cediranib, sunitinib), soluble receptor decoys (eg, VEGF trap, also referred to as aflibercept), or vascular disruptors (eg, ZD6126).

  In some embodiments, an adjuvant is added to the incubation composition. Examples of adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and calcium phosphate, oil emulsion based adjuvants (Freund emulsified oil adjuvant (complete and incomplete), Arlacel A, mineral oil, emulsified peanut oil adjuvant (adjuvant 65), bacteria ( Synthetic derivatives thereof, as well as products from gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, cholesterol, fatty acids, aliphatic amines, paraffinic and vegetable oils, monophosphoryl lipid A, ISCOM with Quil-A, and Synthx adjuvant formulations ( SAF), but is not limited to these.

  In some embodiments, as discussed elsewhere, any of the methods can further include a contacting step that introduces one or more antigens or antigenic peptides. Examples of antigens include viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal antigens, as well as superantigens (eg, staphylococcal enterotoxins) and prion antigens. Generally speaking, an antigen or antigenic peptide will enhance the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells and the main lymphocytes specific for that antigen. In addition, antigen presentation on the cellular level includes antigen peptides presented in association with class I or class II molecules, including “antigen”, “antigen peptide”, and “antigenic peptide”. The term should not be construed as requiring contact with an intact antigen or a particular peptide. Instead, these terms are broadly used to indicate that antigen-presenting cells are contacted with antigenic material that may be present in association with class I or class II molecules, either directly or after further processing. used.

  Antigens and antigenic peptides, whether prepared from cell lysates or by recombinant expression of proteins or peptides, can be used at room temperature to about 37 using AICC or at various concentrations during the production of AICC. Incubate at about 0 to about 24 hours. Examples of antigens / peptides include those described below and any antigen / peptide used in the Examples section.

  In some embodiments, an intact antigen is used. Examples of intact antigens include proteins from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that infect humans, and prion proteins.

  Exemplary viruses that can be used to provide viral antigens include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), human papilloma virus (HPV), influenza virus, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, hepatitis virus (Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), non-A, non-B hepatitis), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), HPIV1, HPIV3, adenovirus, rhinovirus, EBV, CMV (site) Megalovirus), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), BK, HHV6, parainfluenza, bocavirus, coronavirus, LCMV, mumps, measles, metapneumonia virus, parvovirus B, rotavirus, waist Nile virus and Ebola hemorrhagic fever Luz including but not limited to.

  Exemplary bacterial antigens include pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, FIM2, FIM3, adenylate cyclase, diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, streptococcal M protein, lipopolysaccharide, mycolic acid, heat shock protein 65 ( HSP65), bacterial antigens such as 30 kDa major secreted protein, antigen 85A, and other mycobacterial antigen components; Helicobacter pylori bacterial antigen components; pneumococcal hemolysin, pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide, and other pneumococcal bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterial antigens such as antigenic components; H. influenzae bacterial antigens such as capsular polysaccharides and other H. influenzae bacterial antigen components; Bacillus anthracis bacterial antigens such as anthrax protective antigens and other anthrax bacterial antigens Components; rickets such as rompA and other rickettsia bacterial antigen components It includes thia bacterial antigens, but not limited thereto. Any other bacterial, mycobacterial, mycoplasma, rickettsia, or chlamydia antigen is also included with the bacterial antigens described herein.

  Exemplary fungal antigens include, for example, Candida fungal antigen components, histoplasmic fungal antigens such as heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and other histoplasma fungal antigen components, capsular polysaccharides and other cryptococcal fungal antigen components, etc. Cryptococcus fungal antigens, Coccidioides fungal antigens such as globules and other coccidioides fungal antigen components, and ringworm fungal antigens such as trichophytin and other coccidioides fungal antigen components.

  In other embodiments, peptide epitopes of the antigen (prepared either proteolytically or recombinantly) are used.

  In some embodiments, the peptide antigen is an HIV peptide antigen. Exemplary peptides include one, a combination, or all of Tat peptide, Nef peptide, Rev peptide, Gag peptide, Env peptide, Pol peptide, Vpu peptide, Vif peptide, and padre. Examples of Gag peptides include Gag150, Gag433, Gag298, or combinations thereof. Examples of Env peptides include Env67. Examples of Pol peptides include Pol606. Examples of Vpu peptides include Vpu66. Examples of Vif peptides include Vif23 and Vif101.

  In some embodiments, the peptide antigen is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide antigen.

  In some embodiments, the antigen is an antigen associated with chronic viral infection. In one embodiment, the chronic viral infection is HIV, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human papilloma virus (HPV).

  In some embodiments, dendritic cells in AICC are directed against one or more antigens from infectious microorganisms by electroporation, for example using an exponential decay wave or square wave electroporator or other RNA pulse device. Transfected with mRNA. In another embodiment, the one or more antigens or antigenic peptides are expressed in dendritic cells in AICC using, for example, microparticle-based transfection described in US Pat. No. 8,097,243. And the like are introduced into antigen-presenting cells. In still other embodiments, one or more antigens or antigenic peptides are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 8,012,468, and Butterfield et al. , J .; Introduced using adenovirus-based conversion, described in Immunotherapy 2008; 31: 294-309, or using retroviral vectors described in US Pat. No. 8,003,773. .

  In any of the embodiments, the method comprises one of monocyte differentiation to mature DC, lymphocyte activation, NK cell activation and / or proliferation, or NKT cell activation and / or proliferation. Can bring more than one.

  In one embodiment, AICC stimulates activation (priming) of naive T cells in the presence of antigen (one of the T cell activation markers CD69, IL-2R, CD28, CD71, CD49d, CD40L). Including cells capable of differentiating and proliferating T helpers and cytotoxic T cells (as indicated by expression above and / or indicated by production of IL-2, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, or IFN-gamma) The AICC includes “mature” DCs. In another embodiment, the AICC comprises mature DC if there is an increase in production of IL-12. In another embodiment, markers CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD1c, CD56, CD11b, CD11c, IGSF4, CLEC9A, CCR7, TLR1, TLR3, TLR6, DC-LAMP, Id2, IRF8 on monocytes in AICC, Or if there is an increase in expression of one or more of the ICSBPs, the AICC contains mature DCs. In one embodiment, the increased expression is an increase in the number of one or more molecules on the surface of the DC in the AICC (eg, an increase in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) as determined by flow cytometry). The increase in the number of molecules is determined by comparing the MFI for specific markers on DCs in the AICC that are considered mature. In one embodiment, an AICC comprises a “mature” DC if there is an increase in the percentage of monocytes that express one or more of the markers. In one embodiment, monocytes are identified by characteristic side scatter [SSC] and positive staining for CD45, a pan-leukocyte marker by flow cytometry, or monocyte specific CD14 staining. In one embodiment, the method results in AICC that increases both the MFI and the percentage of monocytes that express at least one of the cell surface markers HLA-DR, CD54, CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, and CCR7. . In one embodiment, the method comprises AICC with an increased proportion of monocytes that express MFI and any or all of cell surface markers HLA-DR, CD54, CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, and CCR7. Bring. In one embodiment, the increase is assessed relative to the starting leukocyte composition (eg, leukocytes in the buffy coat) used to produce AICC. In one embodiment, the increase is assessed relative to the cell composition used for incubation under time and temperature conditions that induce DC differentiation and maturation.

  In one embodiment, the AICC presents an antigen to naive T cells, whereby the naive T cells differentiate into CD4 positive and CD8 positive cells, proliferate, produce IL-2, and express IL-2 receptor Will produce interferon and other Th1 cytokines.

  In another embodiment, the method may further comprise enriching the AICC of the invention with respect to one or more cell populations. Compositions enriched for dendritic cells, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, or other cell types can be classified according to known methods using either positive or negative marker selection, cell sorting, panning, MACS Or the like.

  In further embodiments, the method can further comprise separating the cell portion of the AICC from the liquid portion. In one embodiment, both the cell and liquid (supernatant) portions are collected. This can be achieved, for example, by centrifuging the AICC and transferring the supernatant to another container. The supernatant described in the Examples is useful for therapy even in the absence of cells because of the cytokines and other soluble factors it contains. The cells in the pellet that form after centrifugation can then be resuspended in any desired carrier. In other embodiments, the cells are removed from the liquid portion, for example by filtration, without collecting the cells. In yet other embodiments, the cells are recovered without recovering the supernatant, eg, by pelleting the cells and aspirating the supernatant.

  In any of the embodiments, once AICC is produced, the cells in the AICC are isolated with or without further enrichment and are allogeneic, even if they are autologous to the recipient. It may be resuspended in a carrier such as serum) or some other physiologically acceptable isotonic normal fluid suitable for cell storage and administration. Examples of such solutions are described below, including solutions used to restore isotonicity, cell culture media, buffered saline, or any other biocompatible fluid, or specially formulated Clinically acceptable cell storage or cell cryopreservation media.

II. Activated immunostimulatory cell composition In another aspect, the invention relates to an activated immunostimulatory cell composition (AICC), which is any of the compositions produced by the method of making an AICC described above. Point to. Thus, “AICC” often refers to a cell composition in the same carrier used for the incubation described above, but AICC also refers to any carrier or excipient, as well as cells in a liquid part separated from the cell part. Also includes ingredients.

  Leukocytes in AICC generally have certain characteristics that can be used to distinguish individual leukocyte cell types or compositions. For example, monocytes in AICC can express higher levels of CD54, HLA-DR, and / or CD86 compared to freshly isolated monocytes. Furthermore, monocytes in AICC may express one or more additional activation markers of, for example, CD8-alpha, CD83, CD80, CCR7, and / or CD40 compared to freshly isolated monocytes. . The AICC composition can include, for example, a higher percentage or number of monocytes that are differentiated to DC and mature than in freshly prepared samples of peripheral blood leukocytes. Similarly, AICC may contain a greater number or percentage of cells capable of activating / priming naïve lymphocytes than in freshly prepared samples of peripheral blood leukocytes, for example. Lymphocytes in AICC express higher surface level additional markers compared to, for example, one or more freshly isolated lymphocytes of CD69, CD25, CD28, CD154, CD107a, and / or CD42d. obtain. In addition, the leukocytes in AICC are compared to freshly isolated leukocytes, for example one of IL-2, IFN gamma, IFN alpha, IFN beta, TNF alpha, TNF beta, and / or IL-12. It may show an increased ability to produce these cytokines.

  As mentioned above, in some embodiments of the method, an activated leukocyte composition (ALC) produced using the method of WO 2010/100570 is an activated immune stimulator cell composition. Used in the method of preparing (AICC). As described in the Examples, leukocytes in ALC can be at least partially activated, while leukocytes in AICC can achieve higher levels of activation than in ALC. Compared to leukocytes in ALC, higher levels of activation of leukocytes in AICC can be demonstrated by any one or more of the above-described properties for AICC, using ALC as a comparison.

  As shown in the Examples, AICC is also a minimal activation level of DC, as indicated by, for example, surface expression of HLA-DR, CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, CD54, and CCR7 on monocytes; Minimal activation level of lymphocytes as indicated by surface expression of CD69, CD25 (IL-2R), CD28, CD154 / CD40L, and CD49d; and NK as indicated by surface expression of, for example, CD56, CD57, and CD107a And the minimum activation level of NKT cells, and can be distinguished from known compositions. The surface expression of a marker can be assessed as a percentage of cells that express the marker or as the level of marker per cell.

  In some embodiments, the final content of the activated immune stimulator cell composition (AICC) includes granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes with respect to the population of leukocytes present. The specific amount and relative percentage of cells can vary based on the analytical technique employed and the variation between samples. For example, when the analysis is performed using a Cell Dyn analyzer, AICC generally has about 45% to about 72% granulocytes (including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), about 3 % To about 10% monocytes, and about 25% to about 50% lymphocytes. When the analysis is performed using FACS (eg, using side scatter vs. forward scatter dot plot analysis or vs. CD45 and / or CD14 fluorescence), AICC is typically about 50% to about 70% granules. Spheres, about 5% to about 15% monocytes, and about 15% to about 35% lymphocytes.

  Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In some embodiments, the AICC is about 25% to about 85% neutrophils, about 0 to about 9% eosinophils, about 1.5 to about 4% based on the total number of leukocytes in the AICC. Basophils, about 2% to about 40% monocytes (including dendritic cells), and about 4% to about 70% lymphocytes.

In any of the embodiments, the AICC generally provides residual levels of red blood cells in an amount of about 0.05 to about 0.2 × 10 ⁶ / microliter, and / or about 1 to about 100 × 10 ³ / microliter. And may further comprise residual levels of platelets.

  In some embodiments, the subpopulation of lymphocytes in AICC is within the following general ranges: about 20% to about 80% T cells (CD3 +), about 5% to about 40% B Cells (CD19 +), about 5% to about 35% NK cells (CD3- / CD56 +), and / or about 0.1% to about 35% NKT cells (CD3 + / CD56 +). In some embodiments, about 5% to about 65% T helper cells (CD4 + / CD3 +) and about 5% to about 75% cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL, CD8 + / CD3 +) in T cells. Exists.

  In other embodiments, about 40% to about 60% T cells (CD3 +), about 15% to about 30% B cells (CD19 +), about 15% to about 30% NK cells (CD3- / CD56 +). About 2% to about 20% of NKT cells (CD3 + / CD56 +) are present. In some embodiments, there are about 15% to about 40% T helper cells (CD4 + / CD3 +) and about 25% to about 50% CTL (CD8 + / CD3 +) in T cells.

  The ratio of Th cells to CTL is usually about 0.5 to 1.5.

  In any of the embodiments, the levels of DC, lymphocyte, NK, and NKT cell markers, and the percentage of cells that express these markers, are described in the method of preparing AICC or described in the examples. Can be determined as follows.

  In one embodiment, the AICC comprises DC and at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% of the DC detected by flow cytometry compared to the isotype control is Expresses CD8.

  In one embodiment, at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35 of monocytes in AICC as detected by flow cytometry as compared to an isotype control. %, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% are positive for the marker CCR7.

  In one embodiment, at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35 of monocytes in AICC as detected by flow cytometry as compared to an isotype control. %, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% are positive for the marker CD40.

  In one embodiment, at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35 of monocytes in AICC as detected by flow cytometry as compared to an isotype control. %, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% monocytes are positive for the marker CD80.

  In one embodiment, at least about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35 of monocytes in AICC as detected by flow cytometry as compared to an isotype control. %, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, or 60% are positive for the marker CD83.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CD86 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, more than on peripheral blood monocytes. 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9. 0, 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes relative to the marker CD86 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, .1 higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CD83 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes for the marker CD83 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, .1 higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CD80 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes relative to the marker CD80 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.V, higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for marker CD40 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes relative to the marker CD40 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1... Higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CCR7 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes for the marker CCR7 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.V, higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CD54 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes relative to the marker CD54 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.V, higher than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of total monocytes for the marker CD8 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 than on peripheral blood monocytes. 0.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 9.5, or 10 times higher fresh. In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes for the marker CD8 is at least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.m, than on monocytes in ALC prepared according to WO 2010/100570. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, or 10 times higher. In these embodiments, total monocytes are determined by SSC and staining for pan-leukocyte markers.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen, at least about 5%, 10%, 15 of CD3 positive lymphocytes in AICC detected by flow cytometry compared to an isotype control. %, 20%, 25%, 30%, or 35% are positive for the marker CD69. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen that mediates a T cell-APC interaction, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD3 positive lymphocytes relative to the marker CD69 is at least about 0.1. 5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 times higher. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen, at least about 5%, 10%, 15 of CD3 negative lymphocytes in AICC detected by flow cytometry compared to an isotype control. %, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, or 45% are positive for the marker CD69. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen that mediates T cell-APC interactions, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD3 negative lymphocytes relative to the marker CD69 is at least about 0. 5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 times higher. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen, at least about 5%, 10%, 15 of CD3 positive lymphocytes in AICC detected by flow cytometry compared to an isotype control. %, 20%, 25%, 30%, or 35% are positive for the marker CD25. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen that mediates a T cell-APC interaction, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD3 positive lymphocytes relative to the marker CD25 is the preincubation composition. At least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4 than in AICC incubated in or without superantigen .5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0 times higher. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen, at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% of CD3 negative lymphocytes detected by flow cytometry compared to an isotype control. %, 25%, 30%, or 35% are positive for the marker CD25. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of superantigen, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD3 negative lymphocytes relative to the marker CD25 is determined in the preincubation composition or in the absence of superantigen in AICC. At least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 times higher than when prepared . In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of superantigen, at least about 30% of monocytes in AICC incubated with superantigen as detected by flow cytometry as compared to an isotype control; 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% are positive for the marker CD40. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of monocytes for the marker CD40 is at least about 1.0, 2.0, 3 than when in a preincubation composition or when AICC is prepared in the absence of superantigen. 0.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10 times higher. In one embodiment, the T cell-APC superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, the concentration of IL-12 in the AICC as determined by ELISA is at least about 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 , 18, 19, or 20 picograms / milliliter. In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen that mediates T cell-APC interactions, the concentration of IL-12 in AICC incubated with the superantigen is such that AICC is not superantigen-free. At least about 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 than when prepared in the presence. Twice as expensive. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, the concentration of IL-2 in the AICC as determined by ELISA is at least about 100, 500, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100. 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500, 3600, 3700, 3800, 3900, 4000, or more picograms / milliliter. In one embodiment, the concentration of IL-2 is determined in AICC incubated with a superantigen that mediates T cell-APC interactions. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL. In one embodiment, the superantigen is present during a 48 hour incubation at 37 ° C. used to produce AICC.

  In one embodiment, the concentration of IFN-gamma (IFN-g) in the AICC as determined by ELISA is at least about 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, or 300 picograms / milliliter. In one embodiment, when AICC is prepared in the presence of a superantigen that mediates T cell-APC interactions, the concentration of IFN-g in AICC incubated with the superantigen is such that AICC is not superantigen-free. At least about 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, than when prepared in the presence. Or 7.0 times higher. In one embodiment, the superantigen is staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) at 100 ng / mL.

  In one embodiment, AICC supports antigen presentation to naive CD4 T cells, which is indicated by T cell proliferation when co-cultured with AICC in the presence of antigen. In one embodiment, AICC supports the generation of T cells by the Th1 phenotype, which is indicated by IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion by T cells after co-culture with AICC.

  In some embodiments, the AICC comprises T cell subsets in a ratio that is modified as compared to the ratio of these identical T cell subsets in peripheral blood. In one embodiment, the AICC comprises a CD4 T cell to CD8 T cell ratio (CD4 / CD8 ratio) of less than about 1: 1.

  In one embodiment, the AICC has the characteristics of the AICC described in the examples with respect to one or more cell surface markers and / or cytokines. In one embodiment, the AICC has one or more of the “average” AICC features shown in the table (ie, the features reflect the mean +/− any standard deviation shown in the table). ). In one embodiment, the AICC has one or more features of the typical AICC shown in the figure, although any number in the figure should be construed as “about” that number. In one embodiment, the AICC has the characteristics described in the examples after the AICC is stimulated with a superantigen.

  In some embodiments, the AICC of the present invention can be enriched for one or more cell populations. In one embodiment, AICC is enriched for dendritic cells by negative selection of lymphocytes using, for example, anti-CD3 and anti-CD19 antibodies. In one embodiment, AICC is lymphatic by negative selection of monocytes and dendritic cells using, for example, cell attachment or using anti-HLA-DR antibody or anti-CD40 antibody or anti-CD14 antibody, or combinations thereof. Concentrated with respect to spheres. In one embodiment, the AICC is enriched for T cells by positive selection using, for example, anti-CD3 antibody on coated beads in MACS or anti-CD2 antibody in FACS.

  Any of the AICC can be used therapeutically in the methods of the invention. However, as described in detail elsewhere, in some embodiments, the AICC is isolated against infectious microorganisms, or extracts antigens or antigenic peptides from recombinant methods or infectious microorganisms, or Incubate with the antigen produced by any other means of isolation, eg, by eluting the peptide from the infected cells. In some embodiments, the AICC or DC within the AICC is incubated with one or more viral, bacterial, fungal, or protozoal antigens. In some embodiments, the AICC or DC within the AICC is incubated with a superantigen such as a bacterial product. The addition of antigen / peptide will result in further maturation of DC from monocytes, more specifically, more specific activation / priming of T cells present in AICC.

  AICC can be separated into cellular and liquid components. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the AICC includes cell and liquid portions obtained directly from any of the methods. In one embodiment, the AICC comprises a cell portion separated from a liquid portion, while the cellular components can be (re) formulated in one or more carriers or excipients. In one embodiment, the AICC includes a liquid portion that is separated from a cell portion. Both the cellular component and the cell-free liquid portion are believed to have therapeutically beneficial properties. For example, cellular components include mature DCs and other cell types, and liquid portions / components (which do not include cells) include various cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-12.

  In some embodiments, an adjuvant is added to the AICC. In one embodiment, the vaccine further comprises at least one antigen / peptide from one or more infectious microorganisms. Examples of adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Arlacel A, mineral oil, emulsified peanut oil adjuvant (adjuvant 65), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), liposomes, endotoxin, Examples include, but are not limited to, cholesterol, fatty acids, aliphatic amines, paraffinic and vegetable oils, monophosphoryl lipid A, ISCOM with Quil-A, and Syntex Adjuvant Formulation (SAF).

  The AICC composition can optionally be provided in a pack or dispenser device such as an FDA approved kit and can include one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredients. For example, the pack can include a metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenser device can be accompanied by instructions for administration. It is also in a form prescribed by a government agency that regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals, accompanied by notices associated with the container, and approved by the government agency in the form of this composition or for human or veterinary administration. Can be reflected. Such notice may be, for example, a label approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs, or an approved product insert.

  In a further aspect, the present invention provides AICC formulated as a vaccine for treating infection. In one embodiment, the vaccine further comprises at least one adjuvant as described above. In one embodiment, the vaccine comprises AICC formulated with at least one of the above antigens. In one embodiment, the vaccine comprises an AICC comprising mature dendritic cells, activated lymphocytes, at least 5 pg / mL IL-12, at least 1500 pg / mL IL-2, and at least 100 pg / mL IFN-gamma. including.

  In another aspect, the present invention provides an AICC for stimulating an immune response. Embodiments of this aspect include those described for AICC itself and those described for therapeutic use of AICC. For example, this embodiment also relates to an AICC for treating an infection or stimulating an immune response against an infectious microorganism or a cell infected with an infectious microorganism.

  In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of any AICC in the preparation of a medicament for stimulating an immune response. Embodiments of this aspect include those described for AICC itself and those described for therapeutic use of AICC. For example, this embodiment also relates to the use of AICC to prepare a medicament for treating an infection or stimulating an immune response against an infectious microorganism or a cell infected with an infectious microorganism.

III. Therapeutic Uses In another aspect, the present invention provides a method in which AICC is used as an immunostimulatory composition. Accordingly, the present invention includes a method of stimulating an immune response against at least one antigen from an infectious microorganism, the method comprising administering to the subject an AICC of the present invention. Subjects include both human and veterinary subjects.

  AICC can be administered to treat any type of infection. Examples of intact antigens include proteins from viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa that infect humans, and prion protein antigens.

  Any infecting virus can act as a source of viral antigens. Exemplary viruses that can be used to provide viral antigens include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), human papilloma virus (HPV), influenza virus, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, hepatitis virus (Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), non-A, non-B hepatitis), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), HPIV1, HPIV3, adenovirus, rhinovirus, EBV, CMV (site) Megalovirus), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), BK, HHV6, parainfluenza, bocavirus, coronavirus, LCMV, mumps, measles, metapneumonia virus, parvovirus B, rotavirus, waist Nile virus and Ebola hemorrhagic fever Luz including but not limited to.

  Any bacterial species can act as a source of bacterial antigens. Exemplary bacterial antigens include pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, FIM2, FIM3, adenylate cyclase, diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, streptococcal M protein, lipopolysaccharide, mycolic acid, heat shock protein 65 ( HSP65), bacterial antigens such as 30 kDa major secreted protein, antigen 85A, and other mycobacterial antigen components; Helicobacter pylori bacterial antigen components; pneumococcal hemolysin, pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide, and other pneumococcal bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterial antigens such as antigenic components; H. influenzae bacterial antigens such as capsular polysaccharides and other H. influenzae bacterial antigen components; Bacillus anthracis bacterial antigens such as anthrax protective antigens and other anthrax bacterial antigens Components; rickets such as rompA and other rickettsia bacterial antigen components It includes thia bacterial antigens, but not limited thereto. Any other bacterial, mycobacterial, mycoplasma, or chlamydia antigen is also included with the bacterial antigen.

  Any fungal species can act as a source of fungal antigens. Exemplary fungal antigens include, for example, Candida fungal antigen components; histoplasmic fungal antigens such as heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and other histoplasmic fungal antigen components; capsular polysaccharides and other cryptococcal fungal antigen components Cryptococcus fungal antigens; Coccidioides fungal antigens such as small ball antigens and other coccidioides fungal antigen components; and ringworm fungal antigens such as trichophytin and other coccidioides fungal antigen components.

  In other embodiments, peptide epitopes of the antigen (prepared by either proteolytic or recombinant techniques) are used.

  In some embodiments, the peptide antigen is an HIV peptide antigen. Exemplary peptides include one, a combination, or all of Tat peptide, Nef peptide, Rev peptide, Gag peptide, Env peptide, Pol peptide, Vpu peptide, Vif peptide, and padre. Examples of Gag peptides include Gag150, Gag433, Gag298, or combinations thereof. Examples of Env peptides include Env67. Examples of Pol peptides include Pol606. Examples of Vpu peptides include Vpu66. Examples of Vif peptides include Vif23 and Vif101.

  In some embodiments, the peptide antigen is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide antigen.

  In some embodiments, the antigen is an antigen associated with chronic viral infection. In one embodiment, the chronic viral infection is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human papilloma virus (HPV). .

  In some embodiments, AICC is used directly in methods of stimulating an immune response to infectious microorganisms without further manipulation. In other embodiments, prior to administration, the AICC is incubated (pulsed) with one or more antigens from infectious microorganisms. Antigens may be prepared by recombinant techniques, partially purified from infectious microorganisms, prepared from cells infected by infectious microorganisms, or using a combination of these techniques, One or more antigens may be provided. In yet other embodiments, the AICC is incubated with one or more “superantigens”, such as bacterial products, prior to administration. Prior to administration, contacting the AICC with an antigen or superantigen results in further and more specific activation / priming of T cells present in the AICC.

  Further examples and details regarding the addition of antigens and antigenic peptides are given in the description of the method for preparing AICC.

  In some embodiments, an adjuvant is added to the AICC prior to administration. Examples of adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, calcium phosphate, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Arlacel A, mineral oil, emulsified peanut oil adjuvant (adjuvant 65), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), liposomes, endotoxin, Examples include, but are not limited to, cholesterol, fatty acids, aliphatic amines, paraffinic and vegetable oils, monophosphoryl lipid A, ISCOM with Quil-A, and Syntex Adjuvant Formulation (SAF).

  In general, application of an activated immunostimulatory cell composition is accomplished by one or more administrations of AICC. In one embodiment, the AICC is administered systemically. Examples of systemic administration include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. In one embodiment, AICC is administered locally, for example, locally, transdermally or subcutaneously around the site of infection. In one embodiment, AICC is administered into a nodule, ie, AICC is injected into one or more lymph nodes associated with the site of infection (eg, influx).

  In some embodiments, the AICC is administered at a single site. In other embodiments, the AICC is administered at multiple sites.

  In some embodiments, the AICC is administered by injection using a suitable syringe and needle (eg, a 2 mL syringe fitted with an 18G or 25G needle). In these embodiments in which AICC is injected directly into locally flowing lymph nodes, the administration of AICC can be performed through a catheter or endoscopic device under the supervision of ultrasound, X-rays, and other similar techniques. . In some embodiments, injections are made at approximately 1 centimeter to approximately 3 centimeter intervals throughout the site of local infection. In another embodiment, the injection is made into tissue associated with lymph nodes that flow into the site of infection. In one embodiment, injections are made at approximately 1 centimeter to approximately 3 centimeter intervals in healthy tissue regions associated with lymph nodes that flow into the site of infection.

  For injection, AICC can be used directly. In this embodiment, an incubation composition that can contain cytokines that can serve to directly stimulate to kill microorganisms or to kill cells infected by infectious microorganisms is administered with the cell portion of AICC. . In an alternative embodiment, the liquid portion of AICC can be removed, for example, by centrifugation, and then the cell portion of AICC is in aqueous solution (optionally more concentrated than AICC), eg, Hanks's solution, Ringer It may be formulated in a solution or other physiologically compatible buffer such as physiological saline buffer, or in serum or plasma, including serum or plasma from a patient.

  In another embodiment, the AICC is absorbed into a physiologically inert and / or resorbable matrix or scaffold (eg, collagen) and inserted by indentation into this injury. This allows for sustained delivery of AICC to the site that will benefit the patient in that the cells have a longer period in situ.

  Depending on the severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, the dosing can be a single or multiple doses over a course of treatment lasting days to weeks or until a reduction in disease state is achieved. Thus, in one embodiment, the AICC is administered only once. In another embodiment, the AICC is administered at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or up to 10 or more times. When administration comprises at least two administrations, each administration is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 days later. Alternatively, each administration can be performed about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 months apart.

  The AICC can be administered one or more times if the clinician determines that another input is required.

  In the case of multiple administrations, all individual administrations can be performed via the same route, or different administration routes can be utilized for different administrations during the course of treatment.

  The amount of AICC administered will, of course, vary depending on the individual being treated, the severity of the affliction, the mode of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc. The dose and timing of administration will respond to careful and continuous monitoring of the individual's changing conditions. Furthermore, treatment algorithms should not be limited by the severity or type of infection, as AICC may be more effective in patients who exhibit disseminated or chronic infection.

  In one embodiment, AICC is used as a single treatment, but may be administered once or more than once. However, in other embodiments, AICC is administered as part of a combined treatment approach. In these embodiments, including combination therapy, AICC is administered before, after, or in combination with other therapies. AICC can be used alone or in combination with any other conventional treatment for a particular type of infection.

  Stimulation of an immune response against infectious microorganisms by AICC can be demonstrated in various ways. For example, in one embodiment, administration of AICC to a subject results in a reduction in fever or other systemic symptoms of infection. In yet other embodiments, the AICC stimulates an immune response to the antigen of the infectious microorganism.

  In any of the embodiments, responsiveness to therapy can be measured by a decrease in the serum concentration of an infectious marker such as an antibody against an infectious microorganism. In certain embodiments, responsiveness to therapy is measured by one or more of increased overall survival times.

  Regardless of the nature of the treatment, AICC may be useful in improving disease outcome in patients. In addition, AICC can also provide an analgesic effect.

EXAMPLES Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above description, illustrate the invention in a non-limiting manner.

  Unless otherwise stated, the terminology used and the experimental methods utilized include standard techniques. For example, “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, Volumes I-III Ausubel, R .; M.M. , Ed. (1994), “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis, J. et al. E. , Ed. (1994), “Current Protocols in Immunology”, Volumes I-III Coligan J. et al. E. , Ed. (1994), Stites et al. (Eds), "Basic and Clinical Immunology" (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT (1994), "Animal Cell Culture" Freshney, R. L, ed. (1986), “Methods in Enzymology” Vol. 1-317, Academic Press, and Marshak et al. , "Stratesies for Protein Purification and Characterization-A Laboratory Course Manual" CSHL Press (1996).

  Preparation of an exemplary activated immunostimulatory cell composition (AICC)

  An exemplary AICC was prepared as follows.

As an initial step, an activated leukocyte composition was prepared according to the method described in WO 2010/100570. Briefly, buffy coats obtained from a single unit of blood were incubated at room temperature for 8-12 hours. Cells were then subjected to hypotonic shock (“HOS”) by adding water for 40-45 seconds and isotonicity was restored by adding NaCl solution. Cells were pelleted by centrifugation and the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 mL of serum obtained from a plasma fraction obtained from the same blood unit. The leukocyte suspension in serum was then incubated at 37 ° C. for 90 minutes. The serum was then discarded and fresh serum was added to the leukocytes to make a final concentration of 3-4 × 10 ⁶ / mL. This initial composition is referred to in this example as a “pre-incubation composition” (PC).

  This example uses a PC incubated in serum at 37 ° C. for 90 minutes, but after hypotonic shock, pelleted leukocytes are also resuspended in serum, for example, for a period of time, such as It is specifically contemplated that direct incubation for 48 hours may form AICC.

In this example, the PC was concentrated by gentle centrifugation, removal of excess serum, and gentle suspension of the leukocyte pellet in a large volume of serum so that the leukocyte concentration was approximately 10 × 10 ⁶ / mL. did. The composition was then incubated for 48 or 72 hours (shown in certain examples) in a cell incubator at 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ and 100% humidity. This incubation was performed in a gas permeable FEP bag.

  This example shows the results of AICC prepared using concentrated PC so that the obtained AICC is also concentrated. Concentrated AICC may be well suited for clinical applications because the more concentrated the cells, the less infusion required to administer a sufficient amount of cells. However, comparison using non-concentrated PCs showed that leukocyte concentration did not affect leukocyte composition in AICC, as assessed by either cell type percentage or expression level of specific markers. It was. Therefore, it is also possible to use non-concentrated PC and this example should not be read in any way as being limited to AICC prepared using concentrated PC.

  In the examples that follow, leukocytes in the pre-incubated composition (PC) were compared to leukocytes in AICC prepared from concentrated PC unless otherwise stated in the examples.

  Cell population analysis of activated immunostimulatory cell composition (AICC)

The cell composition of AICC is determined using a differential cell count on Cell-Dyn Ruby Hematology Analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics) and a flow cytometric analysis on FACSCalibur ™ (BD Biosciences). , Compared to PC cell composition. The Cell Dyn count compares the cell population present in the AICC in PC (“pre-incubation”) and after 48 hours incubation at 37 ° C. In the table, WBC means white blood cell or leukocyte. Both the total number of WBCs and the percentage of leukocyte types in the WBC were determined. The number of red blood cells (RBC) and platelets in the sample was also determined. The results of Cell Dyn counting are summarized in Table 1.

  The data presented is the mean ± standard deviation of each of five experiments performed with blood samples from different donations. Each Cell Dyn Hematology Analyzer measurement was performed in triplicate and the average count was calculated.

  The percentage of leukocyte subtypes present in the PC ("pre-incubation") and in the AICC after 48 hours of incubation at 37 ° C. was also determined by flow cytometry. Specimen cells were stained with pan-leukocyte antigen CD45 conjugated to peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP). CD45 staining allowed good resolution of the leukocyte population. Flow cytometry was performed using FACSCalibur ™ (BD Biosciences) and population and marker analysis was performed using FACSDiva ™ software (BD Biosciences). Leukocyte populations were gated based on SSC and FL3 (CD45-PerCP) signals.

The percentage of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes in the leukocyte population was then determined. The results of flow cytometric analysis of the leukocyte population are shown in Table 2 as the mean + standard deviation of 5 experiments.

  The two counting methods produce slightly different results. Nevertheless, each method provides an acceptable measure of leukocyte subsets. The Cell-Dyn system is often used in clinical applications. However, as described below, flow cytometry can be advantageously used to determine the expression level of individual molecules on the surface of individual cells. In general, AICC is not much different from PC in terms of the percentage of leukocyte subsets. However, Cell-Dyn counts indicate that the total number of leukocytes decreases during the incubation to prepare AICC.

Based on SSC and CD45-PerCP fluorescence, the gated leukocyte subsets were further analyzed by flow cytometry. To separate T and B lymphocytes, samples were stained with an anti-CD3 antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and an anti-CD19 antibody conjugated to allophycocyanin (APC). Lymphocytes that are CD3 ⁺ / CD19 ⁻ were counted as T cells, while cells that were CD3 ⁻ / CD19 ⁺ were counted as B cells. Samples were stained in triplicate using anti-CD4-APC, anti-CD8-phycoerythrin (PE), and anti-CD3-FITC antibody. CD3 ⁺ lymphocytes were then separated into CD4 ⁺ T helper cells and CD8 ⁺ cytotoxic T cells (CTL). NK and NKT cells were identified by double staining using anti-CD3-FITC and a mixture of anti-CD56 and anti-CD16 antibodies conjugated to PE ((CD56 + CD16) -PE antibody). NK cells were identified as CD3 ⁻ / (CD56 + CD16) ⁺ cells and NKT cells were identified as CD3 ⁺ / (CD56 + CD16) ⁺ cells. The results of 4-7 experiments performed on AICC generated from different blood donations are summarized in Table 3 and presented as mean ± standard deviation.

  These results show that the percentage of T cells (CD3 positive) in AICC is 38.8% to 48.4% (p = 0.18) compared to the percentage of T cells in the starting composition. Shows a significant increase.

  Analysis of dendritic cell marker DC activation and differentiation in monocytes

  Monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DC) was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of the expression of the DC specific markers HLA-DR, CD54, CD86, CD83, CD80, CD40, and CCR7 on monocytes. First, monocytes in the pre-incubated composition (PC) were analyzed, and then monocytes in AICC produced using 48 or 72 hours incubation in gas permeable FEP bags. Specimen cells were double stained with an antibody against each of the DC specific markers and with an antibody against the pan-leukocyte antigen CD45 conjugated to peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP). The latter was used for better resolution of the leukocyte population. Anti-HLA-DR and anti-CCR7 antibodies were conjugated to allophycocyanin (APC). The remainder of the DC specific antibody was conjugated to phycoerythrin (PE).

Cells from each time point were washed with FACS staining solution (PBS, 2% normal mouse serum, 0.02% sodium azide), aliquoted with 0.5 × 10 ⁶ / tube, and 4 ° C. in the dark. Incubated with appropriate monoclonal antibody for 30 minutes. Secondary antibody (anti-CD45-PerCP) was added for 15 minutes at 4 ° C. in the dark. Following incubation, cells were washed, resuspended in PBS and analyzed on a FACSCalibur ™ flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Cells stained with an irrelevant but isotype-matched antibody under the same conditions were used as a negative control. These results were analyzed by FACSDiva ™ software (BD Biosciences). Leukocyte populations were differentiated based on SSC and FL3 (CD45 positive, red fluorescence) signals.

The results of flow cytometric analysis of DC markers on monocytes are summarized in Table 4 and a representative experiment is shown in FIG.

  Two parameters that can be used to characterize marker expression: 1) the percentage of cells that express the marker (% of positive cells), and 2) the average fluorescence intensity of the marker, which varies with the number of marker molecules per cell ( MFI). The data in Table 4 shows the MFI of all monocytes for each marker shown as the mean + standard deviation of 7-8 experiments. The increase in fold was calculated for each marker in each experiment, and then the average + standard deviation was calculated. There is variation between experiments as indicated by the standard deviation. Nevertheless, MFI is several times higher in AICC (whether incubated for 48 hours or 72 hours) compared to PC, in most of the markers associated with DC differentiation and maturation, This confirms monocytes to DC during the 48 hour PC incubation at 37 ° C.

  FIG. 1 shows the fold increase over AICC prepared using a 48 hour incubation compared to a PC starting composition in a representative experiment. The fold increase was determined by three parameters for each marker: 1) the number of cells expressing a particular marker (% positive cells, first bar), 2) MFI of all monocytes (middle bar) And 3) shown in MFI (third bar) of “positive” monocytes. MFI represents the fluorescence distribution in the monocyte population. Some MFI for positive monocytes is included so that any increase in MFI in a population of cells that are only a fraction of total monocytes can still be detected. HLA-DR expression in the preincubation composition (PC) used to prepare AICC was already high. In PC, 94 + 3% monocytes were HLA-DR positive and MFI was high. HLA-DR expression did not increase further in AICC. For the markers CD86, CD83, CD40, and CD54, the “% of positive cells” was approximately the same as or even reduced (about 0.2-1 fold increase) for CD83 during incubation, Since the MFI of positive cells increased many folds, the MFI of all monocytes increased primarily by a factor of 2-5. For the markers CD80 and CCR7, both the percentage of positive cells and the MFI increased several fold.

  These results indicate that AICC is enriched for mature DC compared to the starting composition.

  The effect of incubating cells under conditions that promote cell attachment has also been studied. AICC was prepared using two different types of bags, one with a normal surface and the other with a surface treated to promote cell attachment. The expression of DC specific markers was then compared to AICC prepared using sticky and non-stick bags. The results of this experiment are shown in FIG. Surprisingly, incubation in the non-stick bag resulted in a higher MFI for the DC marker compared to incubation in the sticky bag. This effect was particularly pronounced for CD83, CD40, and CCR7.

Analysis of CD8-alpha expression on monocytes While monocytes express low levels of CD8-alpha, a subpopulation of differentiated DCs express high levels of this marker (Merad M, 2000). CD8α (+) dendritic cells (DC) secrete high levels of IL-12 (Mashayekhi M, 2011) and promote the Th1 phenotype of T helper cells (Maladodo-Lopez R, 1999, Maldonado-Lopez R). Therefore, cross-presentation of intracellular pathogens and tumor-derived antigens is important in vivo.

  CD8 expression on monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Monocytes were analyzed in AICC produced using 48 hours incubation in pre-incubated composition (PC) and in gas permeable FEP bags. Specimen cells were double-stained using an antibody against CD8 conjugated to PE and an antibody against pan-leukocyte antigen CD45 conjugated to PerCP. The leukocyte population was differentiated based on SSC and FL3 (CD45) signals so that CD8 expression in the monocyte population could be analyzed.

Table 5 summarizes the results of three experiments. FIG. 3 represents a representative experiment.

AICC prepared by incubation of the preincubation composition (PC) for 48 hours at 37 ° C. increased the percentage of monocytes expressing CD8 compared to the percentage of CD8 ⁺ cells in the PC (Table 5 and FIG. 3A). CD8 MFI was also increased (Table 5 and FIG. 3B).

  Effect of superantigen presentation by DC on T cells in AICC

  During the incubation of the PC to generate AICC, the superantigen (SA) Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B was added to the incubation mixture to confirm the functionality of the DCs produced from monocytes. Superantigens (SA) are also similar to processed antigen peptides because they bind to MHC class II molecules on antigen presenting cells and T cell receptors on T lymphocytes. However, unlike other antigens, SA is advantageous because it does not require intracellular processing. In addition, SA stimulates about 20% of T cells with a particular family of T cell receptors, whereas most antigenic peptides stimulate only antigen-specific T cells, so Only 0.001% T cells are stimulated (Bhardwaj N, 1993). Therefore, SA can be used as an alternative to peptide antigens to test the ability of antigen presenting cells such as DC to stimulate T cells.

Analysis of T cell activation markers CD69 and CD25 (IL-2R) In the presence of SA, lymphocyte activation in AICC was assessed by flow cytometric analysis of the expression of the known lymphocyte activation marker CD69. CD69 expression increases rapidly on activated T cells, with peak expression occurring 18-48 hours after stimulation (Simms & Ellis 1996). First, lymphocytes in the pre-incubated composition (PC) were analyzed, then in the incubator (37 ° C., 5% CO 2) in the absence or presence of different doses of SA staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) (Sigma Aldrich). And lymphocytes in AICC after 48 or 72 hours incubation in serum (at 100% humidity). PC was produced and concentrated as described in Example 1. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a polyclonal T cell stimulator that does not require interaction with antigen presenting cells such as DC, was used as a control.

First, lymphocytes were double-stained with anti-CD69-FITC antibody and anti-CD3-APC antibody (both from eBioscience) and then double-stained with anti-CD45-PerCP antibody. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The average of 4 experiments + standard deviation is shown in Table 6. FIG. 4 represents a representative experiment.

At 48 hours, the AICC contained a reduced number of CD69 positive T cells (CD3 ⁺ ) and non-T cells (CD3 ⁻ ) in the absence of SA. The addition of SA stimulates both subsets of lymphocytes and is dose dependent on the percentage of CD69 positive cells (Table 6 and FIG. 4A) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of these cells (Table 6 and FIG. 4B). Caused an increase. The increase in MFI reflects the increase in the number of CD69 molecules on each activated cell. The effect of SA is due to a DC-dependent mechanism because the lymphocyte activator phytohemagglutinin (PHA), which acts independently of antigen presentation by DC, could not produce the same effect, This suggested a specific effect of SA by a DC-dependent mechanism (Table 6).

The effect of SA on IL-2 receptor (CD25) expression was also studied. Antigen presentation results in the release of IL-2 from lymphocytes and the upregulation of IL-2 receptors on their surface, thereby leading to an amplification of the immune response. The preincubation composition was incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C. in serum in the presence of 100 ng / mL SA. The resulting AICC was double-stained with anti-CD25-PE antibody and anti-CD3-FITC antibody (both from eBioscience) and then double-stained with anti-CD45-PerCP antibody. The results of four experiments are summarized in Table 7 and a representative experiment is shown in FIG.

  Presentation of SA by DC to lymphocytes shows the percentage of lymphocytes expressing IL-2R (Table 7, FIG. 5A) and the number of IL-2R on each cell (MFI) (Table 7, FIG. 5B). To increase. This effect was seen in both T cells and CD3 negative cells.

Analysis of the monocyte differentiation marker CD40 Surprisingly, during the 48 hour incubation used to generate the AICC, the addition of superantigen (SA) not only promotes lymphocyte activation, but also of DCs. Stimulated further maturation. CD40 is an important costimulatory molecule on DC that interacts with CD40L on T cells and induces the production of IL-12 from DC. Thus, CD40 expression is an indication that DCs are functionally mature. To assess DC maturation status, the level of this marker was measured on monocytes in AICC prepared either in the preincubation composition and in the absence or presence of different amounts of superantigen. Table 8 and FIG. 6 summarize the results of three independent experiments performed with AICC from different blood donations.

  The percentage of CD40 positive cells in AICC increased with increasing amounts of SA (Table 8 and FIG. 6A). CD40 expression levels (MFI) were also enhanced by the addition of SA in a dose-dependent manner (Table 8 and FIG. 6B). As shown in the MFI results, CD40 levels were higher in AICC compared to the preincubation composition, but the presence of SA resulted in a greater enhancement of CD40 levels on the cells (Table 8, “MFI” and FIG. 6C). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), an activator of lymphocytes that acts independently of antigen presentation by DC, was unable to produce this effect.

Analysis of IL-12 content in AICC DCs produce IL-12 when fully mature DCs interact with T cells. Therefore, the level of IL-12 was also determined.

  In the first experiment, IL-12 concentration was measured in AICC prepared using a 48 hour incubation at 37 ° C. in PC and in FEP bags. 10 mL of concentrated PC was placed in the bag and the cells were incubated for 48 hours to prepare AICC. PC and AICC compositions were centrifuged at 3,500 × g for 30 minutes at 15 ° C. and Diaclone ™ -ELISA (Gen-Probe) against IL12p70 (active heterodimer) according to manufacturer's instructions. , Inc) was used to measure the IL-12 concentration in the supernatant. Sera obtained on the day of PC production or co-incubated with AICC for 48 hours at 37 ° C. were centrifuged in the same way without adding cells. Serum OD values were used as background and subtracted from the respective OD values of PC and AICC samples.

  As shown in FIG. 7A, IL-12 concentration increased in AICC. Therefore, these results provide further evidence that monocytes differentiated into DC are capable of producing IL-12 in AICC. These results are extremely significant given that monocytes consist of only about 10% of the total white blood cells in AICC.

  In a second experiment (FIG. 7B), PCs were incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C. in the absence and presence of 100 ng / mL SA to generate AICC. Parallel media was incubated at room temperature (RT). Again, IL-12 content increased during a 48 hour incubation at 37 ° C. However, in the presence of SA, IL-12 concentration increased more than 2-fold. These results suggest that further maturation of DC occurs in the presence of SA. When incubation was performed at room temperature, no effect of SA was seen, confirming that IL-12 release was a biological process dependent on cell function (FIG. 7B).

Analysis of IL-2 production by AICC lymphocytes Naive T cells activated by DC via antigen presentation obtain a CD4 positive Th1 phenotype and produce large amounts of the T cell mitogen cytokine IL-2. Thus, if AICC contains activated T cells, those T cells should release IL-2 in the presence of antigen since AICC contains mature DCs.

To detect the release of IL-2, the IL-2 concentration was determined in the pre-incubation composition (PC) and at the end of the 48 hour incubation at 37 ° C. in the presence and absence of 100 ng / mL SA. Measured in. Samples were prepared as described for IL-12. After pelleting the cells, IL-2 concentration was measured in the supernatant using an IL-2 ELISA kit (eBioscience). As above, pre-incubated and incubated serum samples were used as controls. In addition, incubated cells (+/− SA) are pelleted, washed with culture medium, resuspended in fresh serum without additives at 5 × 10 ⁶ / mL, and incubated for 3 hours. Put in. The release of IL-2 into fresh serum was then measured. The results of three experiments using different batches of PC as the starting composition are summarized in Table 9.

  The data in Table 9 shows that DCs in AICC are functionally active, presenting SA to T cells, resulting in a robust release of IL-2. The results in Table 9 also show that activated lymphocytes continued to release IL-2 after SA and other biologically active agents in AICC were washed away. As shown in FIG. 8, IL-2 concentration in AICC produced in the presence of SA was high in all three samples obtained from different subjects. There was a correlation between IL-2 concentration in the incubated sample and the ability of lymphocytes to release IL-2 into fresh serum. When SA was not added to the incubation medium (ie in the absence of antigen presentation), very little IL-2 was produced.

Analysis of IFN-gamma production by AICC lymphocytes CD4 T helper cells and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells activated by DCs through antigen presentation can produce high amounts of interferon gamma (IFN-g). Produce. IFN-g is an important cytokine for innate and adaptive immunity, and tumor control. Thus, if AICC contains activated T cells, AICC should contain IFN-g.

During the 48 hour incubation in the presence of SA, IFN-g release was observed in the AICC at the end of the 48 hour incubation at 37 ° C. in the preincubation composition (PC) and in the presence and absence of 100 ng / mL SA. Measured in. Samples were prepared as described for IL-12. The concentration of IFN-g was measured in the supernatant after pelleting the cells using an IFN-g ELISA kit (eBioscience). Preincubated and incubated serum samples were used as controls. The amount of IFN-g naturally present in serum ranged from 1.5 to 5 pg / mL. These background serum concentrations were subtracted from the values obtained for the experimental samples. In addition, incubated cells (+/− SA) were pelleted, washed with culture medium and resuspended in fresh serum without additives at 5 × 10 ⁶ / mL. Cells were incubated for 3 hours and the release of IFN-g into fresh serum was measured. The results of four experiments with different batches of PC are summarized in Table 10.

  The data in Table 10 shows that DCs in AICC are functionally active, presenting SA to T cells, resulting in a strong release of IFN-g. The results in Table 10 also show that activated lymphocytes continued to release IFN-g after SA and other biologically active agents in AICC were washed away. As shown in FIG. 9, there was a correlation between the concentration of IFN-g in the incubated sample and the ability of lymphocytes to release IFN-g into fresh serum. If SA is not added to the incubation medium, very little IFN-g is produced and no antigen presentation occurs.

  Expression of activation markers specific for NK cells

Expression of two known NK cell activation markers, CD57 and CD107a, was also evaluated in AICC prepared by incubating for 48 hours at 37 ° C. in the preincubation composition and in the absence and presence of SA. . Leukocytes were stained with an antibody to CD57 conjugated to APC and an antibody to CD107a conjugated to PE. A second antibody against the CD14 marker on FITC or APC conjugated monocytes, respectively, was added to achieve better resolution between leukocyte populations. Cells within the lymphocyte gate were analyzed. The results of two experiments are shown in Table 11.

  There was no significant difference in MFI for any marker. When incubation was performed in the presence of SA, the percentage of CD107a positive cells increased (66.4% vs 47.5%).

  Treatment of HIV infection

  Activated immunostimulatory cell compositions are particularly useful for stimulating an immune response to HIV.

  In order to stimulate an immune response to HIV, AICC is prepared from individuals infected with HIV. 1 μM zidovudine (Retrovir) can be added to AICC to avoid HIV infection. AICC is stimulated with one or more antigens or antigenic peptides from HIV (either during preparation or subsequent separate incubations). Exemplary HIV antigens include one, a combination, or all of Tat peptide, Nef peptide, Rev peptide, Gag peptide, Env peptide, Pol peptide, Vpu peptide, Vif peptide, and padre. Alternatively, a recombinant live vector such as a poxvirus vector composed of viral protein expression cassettes (eg vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) modified from avipoxvirus or attenuated poxvirus strain) is incubated with AICC And DCs are transfected with viral genes. The effectiveness of the transfection is confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular expression of viral proteins in CD86 positive cells in the composition (CD86 is used as a DC surface marker). Flow cytometric analysis of AICC cells stained with death and apoptotic cell indicators (7-AAD and Annexin V, respectively) confirms the viability of DCs loaded with antigen. The functional activity of DCs loaded with viral peptides is estimated in ex vivo and clinical trials.

For the ex vivo study, we will examine the induction of CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ T cell proliferation from patients infected with HIV by DC. The patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes (monocytes depleted of monocytes after attachment to plastic) are used as a source of T cells. Monocytes depleted lymphocytes are labeled with CellTraceCFSE (Molecular Probes) and co-cultured with autologous AICC loaded with viral antigens for 6-7 days. Cells labeled with CFSE are analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells that grow rapidly after co-culture have a lower intensity of CFSE compared to controls. To identify CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, the cells are labeled with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 antibodies (eg, NHP T lymphocyte cocktail, BD).

  Activation of T cells in AICC obtained from patients infected with HIV and incubated with viral antigens is expressed by the expression of CD69 and IL-2R (CD25) on lymphocytes and the IL described in Example 4 -2 and INFg are confirmed by measuring production.

  For clinical trials, the AICC composition incubated with the viral antigen is aspirated into a sterile syringe of any size using an 18 gauge (18G) needle. Slowly aspirate to minimize damage to the cells. The size of the syringe and needle is not limited in any way, but a large gauge needle is preferred for aspiration. This promotes migration and reduces cell damage.

  AICC is administered by systemic injection of the composition, for example, intravenously or subcutaneously. AICC can also be injected into local lymph nodes. The clinician may choose to administer repeated doses of AICC if it is determined that AICC is necessary based on clinical parameters.

  Patients are monitored to determine the effect of AICC on parameters such as plasma viral load and CD4 T cell count. Patient peripheral blood lymphocytes (monocytes depleted of monocytes after attachment to plastic) are collected and frozen at various times after baseline and vaccination. They are used to assess the specific immune response directed against the pooled HIV-1 peptide or RNA sequences used for AICC loading. For example, in one study, the number of T cell clones that produce interferon (IFN) -γ in a patient's lymphocytes is estimated using ELISPOT. Other tests result in cytotoxic lysis of virus-infected target cells grown in co-culture with DCs from AICC pulsed with the above HIV-1 peptide and / or pulsed with the corresponding peptide, Estimate the ability of T cells from the patient. Target cell apoptosis is analyzed by flow cytometry using annexin V and caspase 3 staining.

  All publications mentioned in this application, including patent publications and non-patent publications, indicate the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. All of these publications are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

  Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims (16)

  A method of treating viral infection, comprising administering to an infected subject a composition mature dendritic cell, activated helper T cell, cytolytic T cell, and at least one other leukocyte cell type. .   A method of treating a viral infection, comprising: (a) incubating the leukocytes under conditions of time and temperature for activating leukocytes; and (b) inducing maturation of dendritic cells in the composition. Culturing the activated leukocytes in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature; (c) introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the viral infection A method comprising:   A method of treating a viral infection, comprising: (a) incubating non-resting leukocytes in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature that induces maturation of dendritic cells in said composition; ) Introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the viral infection. A method of treating a viral infection,
(A)
i) providing white blood cells;
ii) transitioning the leukocytes from a resting state to an active state by maintaining the leukocytes at room temperature for about 8-20 hours;
iii) subjecting the leukocytes to hypotonic shock;
iv) incubating the shocked leukocytes in a support medium for 36 hours to 14 days, thereby preparing a composition comprising mature DCs, thereby preparing a composition comprising mature dendritic cells;
(B) introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the viral infection.   5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the composition comprising dendritic cells is exposed to at least one peptide epitope from the virus.   The viral infection is a viral infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or papilloma virus (HPV) Item 6. The method according to any one of Items 1 to 5.   The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the viral infection is infection with HIV.   The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the viral infection is chronic.   A method of treating infection by an infectious microorganism comprising administering to an infected subject a composition mature dendritic cell, activated helper T cell, cytolytic T cell, and at least one other leukocyte cell type. Including.   A method of treating infection by an infectious microorganism, comprising: (a) incubating said leukocytes under conditions of time and temperature for activating leukocytes; and (b) maturation of dendritic cells in said composition. Culturing the activated leukocytes in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature to induce, and (d) introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, whereby the viral infection Treating.   A method of treating an infection, comprising: (a) incubating non-resting leukocytes in a support medium under conditions of time and temperature that induces maturation of dendritic cells in said composition; (b) Introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the infection. A method of treating an infection caused by an infectious microorganism, comprising:
(A)
i) providing white blood cells;
ii) transitioning the leukocytes from a resting state to an active state by maintaining the leukocytes at room temperature for about 8-20 hours;
iii) subjecting the leukocytes to hypotonic shock;
iv) incubating the shocked leukocytes in a support medium for 36 hours to 14 days, thereby preparing a composition comprising mature DCs, thereby preparing a composition comprising mature dendritic cells;
(B) introducing the composition comprising dendritic cells into the subject, thereby treating the infection.   13. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein the composition comprising dendritic cells is exposed to at least one peptide epitope from the infectious microorganism.   14. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the infection is a bacterial infection.   14. The method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the infection is a fungal infection.   14. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein the infection is a protozoal infection.