JP2015031215A - Reheating type ammonia gas turbine - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は再熱型アンモニアガスタービンに関し、特にアンモニアを燃料としてタービンを駆動する場合に適用して有用なものである。 The present invention relates to a reheat-type ammonia gas turbine, and is particularly useful when applied to driving a turbine using ammonia as a fuel.
ガスタービンの燃料として化石燃料を用いると、地球温暖化の原因となる二酸化炭素（ＣＯ２）を発生する。そのため、水を、太陽エネルギーなどの自然エネルギーを用いて分解して得る水素（Ｈ２）を燃料に使用したガスタービンが検討されている。しかしながら、表１に示すように、水素ガスはエネルギー密度が低く、液化も、沸点が低く液化のために大量のエネルギーを消費するため効率的な輸送・貯蔵ができない。 When fossil fuel is used as the fuel for the gas turbine, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) that causes global warming is generated. Therefore, a gas turbine using hydrogen (H 2 ) obtained by decomposing water using natural energy such as solar energy as a fuel has been studied. However, as shown in Table 1, hydrogen gas has a low energy density, and liquefaction has a low boiling point and consumes a large amount of energy for liquefaction, and thus cannot be efficiently transported and stored.
そこで、Ｈ２をＮ２と反応させて、容易に液化できるアンモニア（ＮＨ３）に転換し、輸送・貯蔵を行うとともに、ガスタービンの燃料として使用する検討が行われている。 Therefore, studies have been made to react H 2 with N 2 to convert it into ammonia (NH 3 ) that can be easily liquefied for transportation and storage, and as a fuel for gas turbines.
なお、ＮＨ３を燃料として機械的動力を得る装置を開示する公知文献として特許文献１がある。特許文献１に記載するエンジンは、排気通路内にＮＯＸ選択還元触媒を配置するとともに、排気通路内に燃料とは別にアンモニアを供給し、排気ガス中に含まれるＮＯＸを還元するようにしたものである。 Note that there is Patent Document 1 as a publicly known document disclosing a device for obtaining mechanical power using NH 3 as a fuel. The engine described in Patent Document 1 has a NO X selective reduction catalyst disposed in the exhaust passage and supplies ammonia separately from the fuel into the exhaust passage to reduce NO X contained in the exhaust gas. Is.
しかしながら、燃料としてのＮＨ３は燃焼性が悪く（表１の引火点参照）、またガスタービンから未燃のＮＨ３が排出されるばかりでなく、ＮＨ３を燃焼させると多量のＮＯＸを発生するおそれがある。 However, NH 3 as a fuel has poor flammability (see flash point in Table 1), and not only unburned NH 3 is discharged from the gas turbine, but also a large amount of NO X is generated when NH 3 is burned. There is a risk.
すなわち、各種のガスに関して、各温度における平衡組成を表２の条件で計算した結果を示す特性図である図３に明示するように、高温域でＮＯの平衡組成が高いことから、燃焼器内の高温域でＮＯを生成する可能性がある。ちなみに、特許文献１では、燃焼器で多量にＮＯＸを生成し、これを処理するために高価なＮＯＸ選択還元触媒が多量に必要になる。 That is, as shown in FIG. 3, which is a characteristic diagram showing the results of calculation of the equilibrium composition at each temperature under the conditions shown in Table 2 for various gases, the equilibrium composition of NO is high in the high temperature region. There is a possibility of generating NO in the high temperature range. Incidentally, in Patent Document 1, a large amount of NO X is generated in the combustor, and a large amount of expensive NO X selective reduction catalyst is required to process this.
本発明は、上記従来技術に鑑み、未燃のアンモニアの排出およびＮＯＸの排出を可及的に抑制することができる再熱型アンモニアガスタービンを提供することを目的とする。 An object of the present invention is to provide a reheat-type ammonia gas turbine that can suppress unburned ammonia emission and NO X emission as much as possible in view of the above-described prior art.
上記目的を達成する本発明の第１の態様は、
圧縮機で圧縮された空気とともに燃料であるアンモニアを主燃焼器に供給し、アンモニアを燃焼させて得る燃焼ガスによりガスタービンを駆動するとともに、前記ガスタービンの排ガスとともにアンモニアを再熱器に供給し、アンモニアを燃焼させて得る燃焼ガスにより再熱ガスタービンを駆動するように構成した再熱型アンモニアガスタービンであって、
前記再熱器は、上流側から順次配設された脱硝触媒および燃焼触媒を有するとともに、
前記脱硝触媒には、前記排ガスとともに、前記主燃焼器に供給する燃料であるアンモニアを分流させて供給するように構成したことを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービンにある。
The first aspect of the present invention for achieving the above object is as follows:
Ammonia as fuel is supplied to the main combustor together with air compressed by the compressor, and the gas turbine is driven by combustion gas obtained by burning ammonia, and ammonia is supplied to the reheater together with the exhaust gas of the gas turbine. A reheat-type ammonia gas turbine configured to drive a reheat gas turbine with combustion gas obtained by burning ammonia,
The reheater has a denitration catalyst and a combustion catalyst sequentially arranged from the upstream side,
In the reheat type ammonia gas turbine, the denitration catalyst is configured to supply ammonia as a fuel to be supplied to the main combustor together with the exhaust gas.
本態様によれば、主燃焼器から排出されるＮＯＸと再熱器に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とを反応させてＮ２に転換する。また、燃焼触媒では、ＮＯｘが生成する局所的高温域を発生することなく、主燃焼器から排出される未反応のＮＨ３とＯ２および再熱器に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とを反応させて、ＮＨ３をＮ２とＨ２Ｏに転換することができる。 According to this aspect, the NO X discharged from the main combustor reacts with the fuel NH 3 supplied to the reheater to be converted into N 2 . Further, in the combustion catalyst, unreacted NH 3 discharged from the main combustor reacts with O 2 and the fuel NH 3 supplied to the reheater without generating a local high temperature region where NOx is generated. And NH 3 can be converted to N 2 and H 2 O.
本発明の第２の態様は、
第１の態様に記載する再熱型アンモニアガスタービンにおいて、
前記再熱器は、前記燃焼触媒の下流側に空間部を設けたものであることを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービンにある。
The second aspect of the present invention is:
In the reheat type ammonia gas turbine described in the first aspect,
The reheater is a reheat type ammonia gas turbine characterized in that a space is provided on the downstream side of the combustion catalyst.
本態様によれば、燃焼触媒でＮＨ３の一部を燃焼し、燃焼触媒出口のガス温度を気相燃焼が可能な温度に上昇させ、燃焼触媒出口の空間部で残りのＮＨ３を気相燃焼することができる。このように、気相燃焼を行なわせることにより、空間部出口でＮＨ３の完全燃焼を達成させながら、触媒の温度を、例えば１５００℃程度の高温にすることなく、より低温で使用できるので、触媒の劣化を抑制することができる。ちなみに、触媒は高温になるほどシンタリング等の劣化が促進される。 According to this aspect, a part of NH 3 is combusted by the combustion catalyst, the gas temperature at the outlet of the combustion catalyst is increased to a temperature at which gas phase combustion is possible, and the remaining NH 3 is gas-phased in the space at the outlet of the combustion catalyst Can burn. Thus, by performing vapor phase combustion, while achieving complete combustion of NH 3 at the space portion outlet, the temperature of the catalyst can be used at a lower temperature without increasing the temperature to about 1500 ° C., for example. Deterioration of the catalyst can be suppressed. Incidentally, deterioration such as sintering is promoted as the temperature of the catalyst increases.
本発明の第３の態様は、
第１または第２の態様に記載する再熱型アンモニアガスタービンにおいて、
前記再熱器の入口温度は５００〜８００℃で、かつ前記再熱器の出口温度は１５００℃以下となるようにしたことを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービンにある。
The third aspect of the present invention is:
In the reheat type ammonia gas turbine described in the first or second aspect,
The reheat type ammonia gas turbine is characterized in that an inlet temperature of the reheater is 500 to 800 ° C and an outlet temperature of the reheater is 1500 ° C or less.
本態様によれば、再熱器の入口温度を５００〜８００℃にすることで、脱硝触媒において脱硝反応が好適に促進され、かつ、脱硝触媒後流の燃焼触媒において触媒燃焼が好適に促進されるとともに、再熱器の出口温度を１５００℃以下にすることでＮＯＸ生成反応が好適に抑制され、さらにガスタービンの効率も向上させることができる。 According to this aspect, by setting the inlet temperature of the reheater to 500 to 800 ° C., the denitration reaction is favorably promoted in the denitration catalyst, and catalytic combustion is favorably promoted in the combustion catalyst downstream of the denitration catalyst. In addition, the NO x generation reaction is suitably suppressed by setting the outlet temperature of the reheater to 1500 ° C. or lower, and further the efficiency of the gas turbine can be improved.
本発明によれば、ＮＨ３を燃料とするガスタービンの排ガスを、脱硝触媒と燃焼触媒とを有する再熱器に燃料であるＮＨ３とともに供給しているので、主燃焼器から排出されるＮＯＸと再熱器に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とが反応してＮ２に転換される。この結果、ＮＯＸとＮＨ３とを除去することができる。また、燃焼触媒で、主燃焼器から排出される未反応のＮＨ３とＯ２および再熱器に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とを反応させて、Ｎ２とＨ２Ｏに転換することができ、かかる燃焼触媒の下で所定の反応を行い、高温となった排ガスは再熱ガスタービンに供給されて機械動力に転換される。さらに、再熱器では触媒燃焼または触媒燃焼と気相燃焼の組み合わせにより局所的高温域が発生せず、ＮＯＸ生成反応が抑制される。なお、再熱型にすることにより、タービン入口温度を著しく上昇させることなく、高い燃料／空気比で燃焼できるので、燃焼温度の低減によりＮＯｘの生成を抑制するとともに、燃焼用空気量を減少させて圧縮機の動力を減少することもでき、結果として高効率化も可能になる。 According to the present invention, since the exhaust gas of the gas turbine using NH 3 as fuel is supplied to the reheater having the denitration catalyst and the combustion catalyst together with NH 3 as the fuel, NO exhausted from the main combustor X and the fuel NH 3 supplied to the reheater react to be converted to N 2 . As a result, NO X and NH 3 can be removed. Further, the combustion catalyst can react unreacted NH 3 and O 2 discharged from the main combustor and NH 3 of the fuel supplied to the reheater to convert them into N 2 and H 2 O. Then, a predetermined reaction is performed under such a combustion catalyst, and the exhaust gas that has reached a high temperature is supplied to a reheat gas turbine to be converted into mechanical power. Furthermore, in the reheater, a local high temperature region does not occur due to catalytic combustion or a combination of catalytic combustion and gas phase combustion, and the NO X generation reaction is suppressed. By adopting the reheat type, combustion can be performed at a high fuel / air ratio without significantly increasing the turbine inlet temperature, so that the generation of NOx is suppressed by reducing the combustion temperature and the amount of combustion air is reduced. Thus, the power of the compressor can be reduced, and as a result, high efficiency can be achieved.
ここで、再熱ガスタービンから排出される排ガスは、相当程度の熱エネルギーを有するので、この排ガスを、さらに排熱ボイラに供給して熱回収を行うこともできる。 Here, since the exhaust gas discharged from the reheat gas turbine has a considerable degree of thermal energy, the exhaust gas can be further supplied to an exhaust heat boiler to perform heat recovery.
以下、本発明の実施の形態を図面に基づき詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
図１は、本発明の実施の形態に係る再熱型アンモニアガスタービンを示すブロック図である。同図に示すように、本形態に係る再熱型アンモニアガスタービンＩは、圧縮機１で圧縮された空気とともに燃料であるアンモニア（ＮＨ３）を主燃焼器２に供給し、前記空気中の酸素（Ｏ２）で前記ＮＨ３を燃焼させて得る燃焼ガスによりガスタービン３を駆動するとともに、ガスタービン３の排ガスとともにＮＨ３を再熱器４に供給し、前記排ガス中のＯ２で前記ＮＨ３および前記排ガス中の未燃ＮＨ３を燃焼させて得る燃焼ガスにより再熱ガスタービン５を駆動するように構成してある。 FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a reheat-type ammonia gas turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the reheat-type ammonia gas turbine I according to the present embodiment supplies ammonia (NH 3 ), which is fuel, together with the air compressed by the compressor 1 to the main combustor 2, oxygen (O 2) to drive the gas turbine 3 by combustion gas obtained by burning the NH 3 in, together with the exhaust gas of gas turbine 3 supplies NH 3 to the reheater 4, wherein an O 2 in the flue gas NH 3 and is arranged to drive the reheat gas turbine 5 by combustion gas obtained unburnt NH 3 is burned in the exhaust gas.
再熱器４は、上流側から順次配設された脱硝触媒４Ａおよび燃焼触媒４Ｂを有する。主燃焼器２および再熱器４の脱硝触媒４Ａには、燃料であるＮＨ３が、流量調整弁６Ａ，６Ｂで流量を調整されてそれぞれ供給される。かくして、脱硝触媒４Ａには、ガスタービン３の排ガスとともに、主燃焼器２に供給する燃料であるＮＨ３を分流させて供給するように構成してある。なお、図示していないが、排ガスと燃料のＮＨ３を混合して脱硝触媒４Ａに供給するために、脱硝触媒４Ａの上流に空間部または混合器などの混合手段が配設される。 The reheater 4 includes a denitration catalyst 4A and a combustion catalyst 4B that are sequentially arranged from the upstream side. NH 3 as a fuel is supplied to the denitration catalyst 4A of the main combustor 2 and the reheater 4 with the flow rate adjusted by the flow rate adjusting valves 6A and 6B, respectively. Thus, the denitration catalyst 4 </ b> A is configured to supply the NH 3 , which is the fuel supplied to the main combustor 2, together with the exhaust gas from the gas turbine 3. Although not shown, mixing means such as a space or a mixer is disposed upstream of the denitration catalyst 4A in order to mix the exhaust gas and the NH 3 of the fuel and supply them to the denitration catalyst 4A.
本形態における脱硝触媒４Ａ、燃焼触媒４Ｂとしては、既知の触媒の適用が可能（アクチノイドを除く遷移元素のうち少なくとも１種の元素を含む触媒（原子番号２１〜２９、３９〜４７、５７〜７９））である。また、再熱器４の入口温度は、脱硝反応および触媒燃焼が促進され、ＮＯＸ生成反応が抑制され、かつガスタービン３の効率が向上する５００〜８００℃が好ましい。さらに、再熱器４の出口温度は、Ｎ２とＨ２Ｏの生成反応が促進され、ＮＯＸ生成反応が抑制され、かつ再熱ガスタービン５の効率が向上する１５００℃以下が好ましい。 As the denitration catalyst 4A and the combustion catalyst 4B in this embodiment, a known catalyst can be applied (a catalyst containing at least one element among transition elements excluding actinoids (atomic numbers 21 to 29, 39 to 47, 57 to 79). )). Further, the inlet temperature of the reheater 4 is preferably 500 to 800 ° C. in which the denitration reaction and catalytic combustion are promoted, the NO x generation reaction is suppressed, and the efficiency of the gas turbine 3 is improved. Furthermore, the outlet temperature of the reheater 4 is preferably 1500 ° C. or less at which the N 2 and H 2 O production reaction is promoted, the NO x production reaction is suppressed, and the efficiency of the reheat gas turbine 5 is improved.
なお、再熱器を有しない、特許文献１の場合等においては、効率を上げるためには燃焼温度を高温にする必要があるが、この場合には高温雰囲気で多量のＮＯＸが発生する。これに対し、本形態のように再熱器４を有する場合には燃焼温度が比較的低温域にあっても所望の効率を得ることができる。したがって、その分ＮＯＸの発生量も抑制することができる。 Note that no reheater, in such case of Patent Document 1, in order to increase the efficiency, it is necessary to the combustion temperature to a high temperature, a large amount of the NO X occurs at a high temperature atmosphere in this case. On the other hand, when the reheater 4 is provided as in the present embodiment, a desired efficiency can be obtained even when the combustion temperature is in a relatively low temperature range. Therefore, it is possible to suppress generation of correspondingly NO X.
上述の如き再熱型アンモニアガスタービンＩにおける主燃焼器２では、燃料のＮＨ３からＮＯＸが生成され、その処理が必要になるが、再熱器４として脱硝触媒４Ａおよび燃焼触媒４Ｂからなる触媒反応装置を配置するとともに、燃料のＮＨ３を主燃焼器２と再熱器４に分割供給している。この結果、燃焼触媒４Ｂの上流側に配設した脱硝触媒４Ａでは、主燃焼器２から排出される排気ガス中のＮＯＸと、再熱器４に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とを反応させてＮ２に転換し、ＮＯＸとＮＨ３とを除去することができる。 In the main combustor 2 in the reheat-type ammonia gas turbine I as described above, NO X is generated from the fuel NH 3 and needs to be processed. The reheater 4 includes a denitration catalyst 4A and a combustion catalyst 4B. A catalytic reactor is arranged, and fuel NH 3 is divided and supplied to the main combustor 2 and the reheater 4. As a result, in the NOx removal catalyst 4A disposed upstream of the combustion catalyst 4B, NO X in the exhaust gas discharged from the main combustor 2 reacts with the fuel NH 3 supplied to the reheater 4. Can be converted to N 2 to remove NO X and NH 3 .
その後、燃焼触媒４Ｂで、主燃焼器２から排出される未反応のＮＨ３とＯ２および再熱器４に供給される燃料のＮＨ３とを反応させて、Ｎ２とＨ２Ｏに転換する。 Thereafter, in the combustion catalyst 4B, the unreacted NH 3 discharged from the main combustor 2 and O 2 and the fuel NH 3 supplied to the reheater 4 are reacted to convert to N 2 and H 2 O. To do.
すなわち、主燃焼器２、脱硝触媒４Ａ、燃焼触媒４Ｂでは、それぞれ以下の反応式で示される反応が生起される。 That is, in the main combustor 2, the denitration catalyst 4A, and the combustion catalyst 4B, reactions shown by the following reaction formulas are caused.
主燃焼器２での反応式：ＮＨ３＋(5/4)・Ｏ２→ＮＯ＋(3/2)・Ｈ２Ｏ
脱硝触媒４Ａでの反応式：ＮＯ＋ＮＨ３＋(1/4)・Ｏ２→Ｎ２＋(3/2)・Ｈ２Ｏ
燃焼触媒４Ｂでの反応式：ＮＨ３＋(3/4)・Ｏ２→(1/2)・Ｎ２＋(3/2)・Ｈ２Ｏ
Reaction formula in the main combustor 2: NH 3 + (5/4) · O 2 → NO + (3/2) · H 2 O
Reaction formula in the denitration catalyst 4A: NO + NH 3 + (1/4) · O 2 → N 2 + (3/2) · H 2 O
Reaction formula in the combustion catalyst 4B: NH 3 + (3/4) · O 2 → (1/2) · N 2 + (3/2) · H 2 O
図２は、本発明の他の実施の形態に係る再熱型アンモニアガスタービンを示すブロック図である。同図に示すように、本形態に係る再熱型アンモニアガスタービンIIは、図１に示す再熱型アンモニアガスタービンＩに対し、再熱器１４の構成が異なる。本形態における再熱器１４は、上流側から順に脱硝触媒１４Ａ、燃焼触媒１４Ｂに続き、空間部１４Ｃが形成されている。その他の構成は、図１に示す再熱型アンモニアガスタービンＩと同構成である。したがって、本形態でも再熱型アンモニアガスタービンＩと同様の作用・効果を得ることができるが、本形態によれば、さらに、燃焼触媒１４ＢでＮＨ３の一部を燃焼し、燃焼触媒出口のガス温度を気相燃焼が可能な温度に上昇させ、燃焼触媒出口の空間部１４Ｃで残りのＮＨ３を気相燃焼することができる。かかる気相燃焼を行なわせることにより、空間部出口でＮＨ３の完全燃焼を達成させながら、触媒の温度を、例えば１５００℃程度の高温にすることなく、より低温で使用できる。したがって、触媒の劣化を抑制することができる。ちなみに、触媒は高温になるほどシンタリング等の劣化が促進される。 FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a reheat-type ammonia gas turbine according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the reheat type ammonia gas turbine II according to this embodiment is different from the reheat type ammonia gas turbine I shown in FIG. In the present embodiment, the reheater 14 has a space 14 </ b> C following the denitration catalyst 14 </ b> A and the combustion catalyst 14 </ b> B in order from the upstream side. Other configurations are the same as those of the reheat-type ammonia gas turbine I shown in FIG. Therefore, in this embodiment, the same operation and effect as the reheat type ammonia gas turbine I can be obtained. However, according to this embodiment, a part of NH 3 is further combusted by the combustion catalyst 14B, and the combustion catalyst outlet The gas temperature is raised to a temperature at which gas phase combustion is possible, and the remaining NH 3 can be vapor-phase combusted in the space 14C at the combustion catalyst outlet. By performing such gas phase combustion, the catalyst can be used at a lower temperature without achieving a high temperature of about 1500 ° C., for example, while achieving complete combustion of NH 3 at the space portion outlet. Therefore, deterioration of the catalyst can be suppressed. Incidentally, deterioration such as sintering is promoted as the temperature of the catalyst increases.
本発明はタービン動力を利用すると同時に、ＮＯＸ排出およびＣＯ２排出を抑制する必要がある、例えば発電等の産業分野に有効に適用し得る。 The present invention simultaneously utilizes the turbine power, it is necessary to suppress the NO X emissions and CO 2 emissions, it can be effectively applied to industrial fields, for example power generation or the like.
Ｉ、II 再熱型アンモニアガスタービン
１ 圧縮機
２ 主燃焼器
３ ガスタービン
４ 再熱器
４Ａ 脱硝触媒
４Ｂ 燃焼触媒
５ 再熱ガスタービン
１４ 再熱器
１４Ａ 脱硝触媒
１４Ｂ 燃焼触媒
I, II Reheat type ammonia gas turbine 1 Compressor 2 Main combustor 3 Gas turbine 4 Reheater 4A Denitration catalyst 4B Combustion catalyst 5 Reheat gas turbine 14 Reheater 14A Denitration catalyst 14B Combustion catalyst
Claims (3)
前記再熱器は、上流側から順次配設された脱硝触媒および燃焼触媒を有するともに、
前記脱硝触媒には、前記排ガスとともに、前記主燃焼器に供給する燃料であるアンモニアを分流させて供給するように構成したことを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービン。 Ammonia as fuel is supplied to the main combustor together with air compressed by the compressor, and the gas turbine is driven by combustion gas obtained by burning ammonia, and ammonia is supplied to the reheater together with the exhaust gas of the gas turbine. A reheat-type ammonia gas turbine configured to drive a reheat gas turbine with combustion gas obtained by burning ammonia,
The reheater has a denitration catalyst and a combustion catalyst sequentially arranged from the upstream side,
A reheat-type ammonia gas turbine configured to supply the denitration catalyst with ammonia, which is fuel supplied to the main combustor, together with the exhaust gas.
前記再熱器は、前記燃焼触媒の下流側に空間部を設けたものであることを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービン。 In the reheat type ammonia gas turbine according to claim 1,
The reheater is a reheat type ammonia gas turbine characterized in that a space is provided on the downstream side of the combustion catalyst.
前記再熱器の入口温度は５００〜８００℃で、かつ前記再熱器の出口温度は１５００℃以下となるようにしたことを特徴とする再熱型アンモニアガスタービン。 In the reheat type ammonia gas turbine according to claim 1 or 2,
An inlet temperature of the reheater is 500 to 800 ° C., and an outlet temperature of the reheater is 1500 ° C. or less.
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