JP2014526518A - Compounds and methods for treating heart failure or neuronal damage - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides novel uses of small molecules, particularly indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates.
Indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamate are useful as lead compounds for the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition for treating patients suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage.

Description

  The present disclosure relates to small molecules, particularly indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates. Indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamate are useful as lead compounds in the manufacture of drugs or pharmaceutical compositions for treating patients suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage.

  Heart failure is a common cardiovascular condition that prevents the heart from adequately circulating the blood and oxygen needed for other human organs. In developed countries, about 2% of the population suffers from heart failure and tends to increase with age. Heart failure is now the leading cause of hospitalization for people over the age of 65 and is a major cause of increased medical costs. Current therapies for heart failure use drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARB), diuretics, digitalis glycosides, and beta blockers that improve contractility In other words, they are trying to restore the function of the heart. However, in general, such drugs are limited in use because they cause side effects such as hypotension, renal dysfunction, and impaired physical activity. When it comes to end-stage heart failure, a heart transplant is needed instead of a drug. However, the number of heart donors is limited.

  Brain and spinal cord injury caused by stroke, trauma, or hypoxia often leads to lifelong disability and premature death. Thus, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ischemic cerebral infarction are serious national health problems in most countries. Each year in the United States, an estimated 1.7 million people die from TBI, are hospitalized, or visit an emergency room. TBI accounts for one-third (30.5%) of all injury-related deaths in the United States, which means that approximately 52,000 people die from TBI annually. Regarding ischemic cerebral infarction, it is currently the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and causes long-term disability. Each year about 795,000 people have had a stroke, and in 2008, about 1 in 18 people had a stroke. From 2000 to 2032, the number of deaths from ischemic stroke is expected to double. The number of people with and enduring stroke is estimated to increase by 25% by 2030, which means that an additional 4 million people will suffer from stroke in the United States alone.

  In view of the above, there is a need for drugs or compounds that can improve or restore cardiac function, or suppress or prevent neuronal dysfunction and death after ischemic, hypoxia, or traumatic brain injury Has been.

  The present disclosure is based at least in part on a compound represented by formula (I), which is an unexpected discovery,

The brain can be protected from injury or the heart function of a subject such as a human can be improved or restored. B is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, SO ₃ R, or SO ₂ NRR ′; C is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, Or CH = CHC (O) NHOH; X _a , X _b , X _c and X _d are each independently R, halogen, nitro group, nitroso group, OR, or CH═CHC (O) NHOH; R and R ′ are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group. The results of the present invention suggest that these active compounds may be lead compounds used as therapeutics for heart failure or neuronal damage. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy Or caused by sudden cardiomyopathy. Neuronal injury can be caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI) or ischemic stroke.

  Accordingly, a first aspect of the present disclosure is to provide a method for treating a subject suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage. The method includes administering to the subject a compound represented by formula (I) at a therapeutically effective dose.

B is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, SO ₃ R, or SO ₂ NRR ′; C is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, Or CH = CHC (O) NHOH; X _a , X _b , X _c and X _d are each independently R, halogen, nitro group, nitroso group, OR, or CH═CHC (O) NHOH; R and R ′ are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group. In one example, C, X _a , X _c and X _d are each independently hydrogen; B is SO ₂ R; X _b is CH═CHC (O) NHOH.

  The subject may be a mammal, preferably a human. Heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy . Neuronal damage can be caused by TBI or ischemic stroke.

  In some examples, the amount administered to a subject is about 1-100 mg / kg of the subject's body weight (kg), administered by intravenous or intramuscular injection or the like. In certain examples, the amount administered to a subject by intravenous injection is about 10-100 mg / kg of subject's body weight (kg), for example, 30 mg / kg of subject's body weight (kg). It may be administered once, or may be divided into multiple doses.

  In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to the subject an agent known to improve or restore cardiac function before, simultaneously and / or after administering the compound represented by the above formula. In addition. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, diuretics, digitalis glycosides, and beta blockers. In another embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject an agent known to ameliorate symptoms of neuronal damage before, simultaneously and / or after administering the compound represented by the above formula. Further included. Such agents include, but are not limited to, active oxygen scavengers, anticoagulants and the like.

  A second aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of a compound represented by formula (I) above for the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition for treating heart failure or neuronal damage. The medicament or pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by the above formula and a therapeutically acceptable excipient.

  The compounds of the present invention comprise about 0.1% to 99% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention comprise at least 1% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention comprises at least 5% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In still other embodiments, the compounds of the invention comprise at least 10% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In still other embodiments, the compounds of the invention comprise at least 25% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

  In some embodiments, an agent or pharmaceutical composition of the invention is known to improve or restore cardiac function prior to, concurrently and / or after administration of a compound represented by the above formula. Further comprising a medicinal agent. Examples of such agents include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, diuretics, digitalis glycosides, beta blockers, and vasodilators that act directly on blood vessels. Not limited to these. In another embodiment, the method comprises administering to the subject an agent known to ameliorate symptoms of neuronal damage before, simultaneously and / or after administering the compound represented by the above formula. Further included. Such agents include, but are not limited to, active oxygen scavengers, anticoagulants and the like.

  One or more embodiments of the invention are described in detail below. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description and from the claims.

The invention will be better understood when the following detailed description is read in light of the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 3 is a photograph showing heart tissue collected from healthy rats, heart failure (HF) rats administered vehicle, and heart failure rats treated with Compound 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows collagen deposition in which the heart apex of a heart failure rat administered with vehicle or treated with Compound 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention is dyed with Masson Trichrome. 2 is a bar graph showing the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in rats with heart failure administered vehicle or treated with Compound 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a contusion volume estimation method according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows the effect of Compound 1 or VPA (valproic acid) to reduce the area of contusion caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI), according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows the effect of Compound 1 or VPA on improving the behavioral function of a TBI subject, according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows the infarct area (volume) of rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) treated with Compound 1 or VPA for 30 minutes according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows infarct areas (volumes) of MCAO rats treated with Compound 1, for 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours, respectively, according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows up-regulation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in MCAO rats treated with either VPA and Compound 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention.

  The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as an example of the present application and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present example may be constructed or used. This specification describes the functionality of a particular example and the sequence of steps for constructing and executing the particular example. However, the same or equivalent functions and steps may be realized by different examples.

  The present disclosure is based at least in part on the unexpected discovery that a compound represented by formula (I) reestablishes proper blood circulation in heart tissue or provides a neuroprotective effect to a subject.

B is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, SO ₃ R, or SO ₂ NRR ′; C is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, Or CH = CHC (O) NHOH; X _a , X _b , X _c and X _d are each independently R, halogen, nitro group, nitroso group, OR, or CH═CHC (O) NHOH; R and R ′ are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group.
In one example, C, X _a , X _c and X _d are each independently hydrogen; B is SO ₂ R; X _b is CH═CHC (O) NHOH.

  Thus, the compounds represented by formula (I) are potential lead compounds used as therapeutic agents for heart failure or neuronal damage. Heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy . Furthermore, since the compounds represented by formula (I) also have a neuroprotective effect on the subject, these active compounds are used as therapeutic agents for neuronal damage such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or ischemic cerebral infarction. Potential lead compound.

  Accordingly, the present disclosure treats neuronal damage such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or ischemic cerebral infarction by administering in an effective amount to a subject in need of a compound represented by formula (I). Provide a way to do it.

  TBI causes a significant number of deaths and permanent disabilities. In particular, falls, car accidents, and violence are cited as causes. TBI is caused by penetrating head injury that hits the head, is beaten, shakes violently, or destroys the normal functioning of the brain. TBI does not necessarily occur just because the head is beaten or shaken violently. TBI affects the body, cognition, emotions, and behaviors, and can result in permanent disability or death in some people as a complete recovery. Neurobehavioral deficiencies, particularly impaired cognitive function, often cause severe disability after TBI. Thus, compounds that are effective in ameliorating neurobehavioral deficiencies are potential candidate compounds for the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition for treating TBI.

  Ischemic cerebral infarction occurs due to a decrease in blood supply to a part of the brain, which causes the tissue in that part of the brain to malfunction. There are four main reasons for developing ischemic cerebral infarction: thrombosis (coagulation occurs locally due to blood clots); embolism (occlusion caused by emboli somewhere in the body); Blood supply decreases due to shock, etc.); and venous thrombosis. It is well known that cerebral ischemia triggers severe phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and gene expression via CREB, which encodes neuroprotective molecules in neurons (Kitagawa K., FEBS J. 2007 274 (13): 3210-7). Thus, compounds that are effective in activating CREB phosphorylation are potential lead compounds that can suppress ischemic attacks.

  The present disclosure also provides a method of treating heart failure by administering an effective amount to a subject in need of a compound represented by formula (I). Heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy sell.

  Heart failure is a general term and can develop as a complication of various conditions. Conditions that cause heart failure affect the function of the heart as a pump. Examples of conditions that cause heart failure are shown below.

  (I) Cardiac fibrosis: Cardiac fibrosis refers to abnormal enlargement of the heart valve due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. As cardiac fibroblasts become enlarged, they may become less flexible, resulting in heart failure.

  (II) Hypertension: Hypertension refers to chronic cardiovascular disease with increased systemic arterial blood pressure. When hypertension occurs, arterial pressure increases, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood and eventually heart failure.

(III) Myocardial infarction: Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is commonly known as heart paralysis and refers to the myocardium dysfunction due to sudden occlusion of a coronary artery.
Severe myocardial infarction can lead to heart failure.

(IV) Myocardial ischemia: Myocardial ischemia or ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a disease characterized by a decrease in blood supply to the myocardium, usually caused by a narrow coronary artery. is there.

  (V) Cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium and is often associated with inappropriate cardiac pump function that causes heart failure. Cardiomyopathy is classified by its cause. Examples of cardiomyopathy include, but are not limited to, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic cardiomyopathy. In dilated cardiomyopathy, a part of the myocardium expands, the heart expands and weakens, and blood cannot be pumped out efficiently. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the ventricle becomes smaller as the myocardium in the ventricle (lower chamber) expands and enlarges. Pathologic hypertrophy can lead to heart failure, but it may not result in heart failure when it is caused by a mental disorder that is not. In constrained cardiomyopathy, the wall becomes stiff and the heart cannot contract and blood cannot be pumped properly. Patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy eventually develop diastolic dysfunction and eventually heart failure. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, or stress-induced cardiomyopathy, is a non-ischemic type cardiomyopathy in which the myocardium suddenly and temporarily weakens and is known to cause acute heart failure. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle of a person suffering from diabetes and fails to circulate blood well in the body, known as one state of heart failure. Other cardiomyopathy can also cause heart failure.

  Below, the 1-10 exemplary compounds of this invention are shown.

  Compounds of the present invention, particularly those represented by formula (I), are described in US Patent Application No. 13 / 074,312 (Chen et al., Filed March 29, 2011), which is incorporated herein by reference. It can be synthesized by a method. For example, 3- (1-benzenesulfonyl-1H-indol-5-yl) -N-hydroxy-acrylamide of Compound 1 of the present invention can be synthesized according to Scheme 2 by Chen et al.

  A method of treating heart failure or neuronal damage comprises administering an effective amount to a subject in need of a compound represented by formula (I) above. In a preferred embodiment, the compound is 3- (1-benzenesulfonyl-1H-indol-5-yl) -N-hydroxy-acrylamide.

  The subject can be a mammal, including but not limited to a mouse, rat, rabbit, goat, sheep, horse, cow, pig, dog, cat, monkey, chimpanzee, and human. Preferably, the subject is a human. Heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy .

  In some examples, the effective amount administered to a subject of a compound of formula (I) is about 1-100 mg / kg body weight of the subject, administered by intravenous or intramuscular injection. The amount administered by intravenous injection to a subject is about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg / kg body weight of the subject, preferably, for example, 30, About 30-70 mg / kg of subject's body weight (kg), such as 40, 50, 60, 70, etc. It may be administered once, or may be divided into multiple doses.

  In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an agent that improves cardiac function or an agent that improves symptoms of neuronal damage before, simultaneously and / or after administering the compound represented by the formula above. Further comprising administering to the subject. Examples of drugs that improve or restore cardiac function include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), diuretics, digitalis glycosides, beta blockers, and direct vascular effects Examples include, but are not limited to, vasodilators. Examples of ACE inhibitors include, but are not limited to, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, and the like. Examples of ARB include, but are not limited to, valsartan, telmisartan, losartan, irbesartan, azilsartan, olmesartan, and the like. Examples of diuretics include, but are not limited to, furosemide, bumetanide, torasemide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, spironolactone and the like. Examples of digitalis glycosides include, but are not limited to, digitoxin, digoxin, lanoxin and the like. Examples of beta blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, propranolol, atenolol, labetalol, carvedilol, metoprolol, nebivolol, bucindolol and the like. Examples of vasodilators that act directly on blood vessels include, but are not limited to, hydralazine and isosorbide nitrate. Examples of drugs that can improve the symptoms of neuronal damage include, but are not limited to, reactive oxygen scavengers (ROS), anticoagulants, and the like. Examples of active oxygen scavengers include, but are not limited to, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), vitamin E, vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, carotenoids, etc. . Examples of anticoagulants include, but are not limited to, vitamin K, warfarin, acenocoumarol, heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole and the like.

  The present disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a subject suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage. This pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound represented by formula (I) above and a therapeutically acceptable excipient. In one example, the pharmaceutical composition may be a veterinary drug that treats a non-human mammal suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage.

  Generally, the compounds represented by formula (I) according to the present invention comprise about 0.1% to 99% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the compound represented by formula (I) according to the present invention comprises at least 1% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the compound of the present invention comprises at least 5% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In yet another embodiment, the compound represented by formula (I) according to the present invention comprises at least 10% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition. In yet another embodiment, the compound represented by formula (I) according to the present invention comprises at least 25% by weight of the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, an agent or pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises an agent known to improve cardiac function or neuronal damage symptoms. Examples of drugs known to improve cardiac function include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), diuretics, digitalis glycosides, beta blockers, and direct blood vessels Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, vasodilators that act on the skin. Examples of ACE inhibitors include but are not limited to captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril and the like. Examples of ARB include, but are not limited to, valsartan, telmisartan, losartan, irbesartan, azilsartan, olmesartan, and the like.
Examples of diuretics include, but are not limited to, furosemide, bumetanide, torasemide, hydrochlorothiazide, metolazone, spironolactone and the like. Examples of digitalis glycosides include, but are not limited to, digitoxin, digoxin, lanoxin and the like. Examples of beta blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, propranolol, atenolol, labetalol, carvedilol, metoprolol, nebivolol, bucindolol and the like. Examples of vasodilators that act directly on blood vessels include, but are not limited to, hydralazine and isosorbide nitrate. Examples of drugs that can improve the symptoms of neuronal damage include, but are not limited to, reactive oxygen scavengers (ROS), anticoagulants, and the like. Examples of active oxygen scavengers include, but are not limited to, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), vitamin E, vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, carotenoids, etc. . Examples of anticoagulants include, but are not limited to, vitamin K, warfarin, acenocoumarol, heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole and the like.

  The drug or pharmaceutical composition is prepared by a pharmacological procedure that meets the conditions as described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th Edition, Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa. (1985). The Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are those that are compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and biologically acceptable.

  The compounds of the present invention (eg, compounds represented by formula (I) above) may be administered orally, transdermally, rectally, or by inhalation, alone or in conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. May be administered together. In a preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention can be administered transdermally to a subject.

  The compounds of the present invention may be prepared in liquid pharmaceutical compositions which are sterile solutions or suspensions which can be administered, for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection. Suitable diluents or solvents for preparing sterile injectable solutions or suspensions include, but are not limited to, 1,3-butanediol, mannitol, water, Ringer's solution, and physiological saline. Fatty acids such as oleic acid and glyceride derivatives thereof are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils such as olive oil or castor oil and are useful for preparing injectable drugs. These oils or oil suspensions may contain an alcohol diluent or carboxymethylcellulose or similar dispersing agent. Other commonly used surfactants such as twin (trade name) or span (trade name) or other similar emulsifiers commonly used to produce pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms or Substances that enhance bioavailability can also be used for dosage purposes. Oral administration may be in either liquid or solid dosage form. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, granules, gels, and pastes. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is admixed with at least one conventional inert diluent such as cellulose, silica, sucrose, lactose, starch or modified starch. Such dosage forms may contain additional materials of standard particle size other than conventional smoothing agents such as, for example, magnesium stearate, or inert diluents such as conventional buffering agents. In addition, tablets and pills may be prepared with conventional enteric coatings.

  According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, solid dosage forms can be prepared in boluses for use in livestock. In the veterinary field, bolus generally means a bolus (≧ 5 g) or solid swallowable drug that can be administered orally. In a preferred embodiment, the bolus comprises a sufficient amount of a compound represented by formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Accordingly, the bolus preferably contains at least 100 mg, more preferably at least 1,000 mg, and even more preferably at least 1,500 mg of the compound represented by formula (I). From a practical point of view, the livestock pharmaceutical composition may comprise, for example, 1,000 mg to 5,000 mg of the compound represented by formula (I).

  The medicament or the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention described above may be prepared in various dosage forms for topical application. A wide variety of dermatologically acceptable inert excipients well known in the art may be used. Topically applied compositions include liquids, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, sprays, aerosols, skin patches and the like. Typical inert excipients can be, for example, water, ethyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, propylene glycol, mineral oil, stearyl alcohol, and gel products. All of the above dosage forms and excipients are well known in the pharmaceutical art. The choice of dosage form is not critical to the efficacy of the composition described herein.

  The drug or pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be prepared in various dosage forms for mucosal administration, such as buccal and / or sublingual drug dosage units for drug delivery through the luminal mucosa. It is pharmaceutically acceptable to achieve both adequate adhesion and desired drug release and is compatible with the active agent prepared and other ingredients that may be present in the buccal and / or sublingual drug dosage units. A wide variety of biodegradable polymeric excipients can be used. Generally, the polymeric excipient comprises a hydrophilic polymer that adheres to the wet surface of the oral mucosa. Examples of polymeric excipients include acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylates, vinyl polymers and copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, dextran, guar gum, pectin, starch, and cellulose polymers. However, it is not limited to these.

  The invention also provides a method of treating heart failure or neuronal damage in a mammal, preferably a human. The method comprises administering the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention comprising a drug or a compound represented by the above formula. Such agents or compositions can be transdermal, such as oral, nasal, pulmonary, passive or iontophoretic delivery, via any route that delivers the active ingredients of the composition to the appropriate or desired site of action. Or administered parenterally to mammals, preferably humans, such as rectal, depot, subcutaneous, intravenous, muscle, intranasal, intracerebellar, eye drops, or ointments. Furthermore, the administration of the compounds of the invention may be administered in parallel, ie simultaneously with other active ingredients.

  The dosage of the compounds of the present invention will depend on the particular compound or composition selected, the route of administration, and the ability of the compound (alone or in combination with other agents) to elicit the desired response of the patient. As well as the severity of the medical condition or condition to be alleviated, the patient's age, gender, weight, condition as the patient, and severity of the morbidity being treated, concomitant medication or special Again, factors such as diet, as well as other factors that would be understood by one skilled in the art, will vary from patient to patient, and the appropriate dosage will ultimately be at the discretion of the attending physician. Dosage regimes may be adjusted to improve the therapeutic response. A therapeutically effective amount is an amount by which the beneficial effect of the treatment exceeds the toxic or adverse effects of the compound or composition. The compounds or compositions according to the invention are preferably administered in an amount and for a time such that the number and / or severity of symptoms is reduced.

  For convenience, certain terms used in this disclosure are described below. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

  As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “and”, and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

  The term “alkyl group” means a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon containing 1 to 20 carbon elements (eg, C1 to C10). Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl groups. The term “alkenyl group” means a straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbon containing 2 to 20 carbon elements (eg, C 2 to C 10) and one or more double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, allyl, and 1,4-butadienyl. The term “alkynyl group” means a straight or branched monovalent hydrocarbon containing 2 to 20 carbon elements (eg, C 2 to C 10) and one or more triple bonds. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, 1- and 2-butynyl group, and 1-methyl-2-butynyl group. The term “alkoxyl group” means an O-alkyl radical. Examples of alkoxyl groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, and t-butoxy.

  The term “aryl group” means a monovalent 6-carbon monocyclic aromatic ring system, 10-carbon 2-ring aromatic ring system, 14-carbon 3-ring aromatic ring system. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, and anthracenyl groups. The term “heteroaryl group” refers to a monovalent aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic system, 8-12 membered bicyclic system having one or more heteroatoms (eg, O, N, S or Se), or 11 Means a 14-membered 3-ring system. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, furyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, tetrazole, and thiazolyl groups.

  The alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aryl group and heteroaryl group include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties. Substituents that may be present in the aryl and heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, C1-C10 alkyl groups, C2-C10 alkenyl groups, and C2-C10 alkynyl groups.

  As used herein, the term “treatment” includes preventive measures (eg, prophylactic agents), prophylactic or symptomatic treatments, and the term “treat” also includes prophylactic measures (eg, prophylactic agents), prophylactic therapies. Or including symptomatic therapy.

  As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means the effective amount at the dosage, time required to achieve the desired therapeutic result for the treatment of heart failure or neuronal damage.

  The expression “pharmaceutically acceptable” means, for example, “generally tolerable when administered to humans and generally does not cause allergic or similar adverse reactions such as acute gastric peristalsis and dizziness. It refers to molecular entities and compositions that are “safe”. Preferably, as used herein, the expression “pharmaceutically acceptable” has been approved by a federal or state supervisory authority, or for use with animals, and particularly humans. Means in the US Pharmacopeia or other commonly recognized pharmacopoeia.

  The terms “compound”, “composition”, “active compound”, “drug” or “drug” are used interchangeably herein and when administered to a subject (human or animal). Means a compound that induces a desired pharmacological and / or physiological effect by local and / or systemic action.

  As used herein, the terms “administered”, “administering”, “administration” refer to a prodrug that directly administers a compound or composition of the present invention or becomes an equal amount of active compound in the body. It means administering a drug, derivative, or analog.

  The term “subject” or “patient” means an animal, including a human, that is treatable by the compositions and / or methods of the invention. The term “subject” or “patient” is intended to include both male and female unless otherwise indicated. Thus, the term “subject” or “patient” includes any mammal that would benefit from treatment of neuronal damage.

  The phrase “improving cardiac function” means that the composition is administered to a subject for a period of time that is more effective to increase cardiac function than a subject that is not administered or does not use the method, or a method Is used for the subject. Furthermore, the word “improvement” is intended to include the meaning of improving the symptoms of heart failure.

  The term “recovery” means that cardiac function improves over time (measured over weeks or months) over subjects who do not receive the composition or do not use the method.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting.
[Example]
[Example 1 Compound 1 reduces the incidence of cardiac fibrosis in subjects suffering from heart failure]

  To verify whether the compounds of the present invention can improve cardiac function, animals are subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol to induce heart failure and then treated with a test compound (eg, Compound 1) or shaped The agent was administered and the effect of the test compound on cardiac function was observed by echocardiography.

[1.1 Preparation of animal model of heart failure]
Adult male Wistar rats (each weighing about 240-270 g, obtained from Taiwan BioLASCO Taiwan) were used in this study. These animals were randomly assigned to the “HF + vehicle” or “HF + Compound 1” group. Heart failure (HF) rats were injected once subcutaneously with 100 mg / kg isoproterenol. The rats were housed in an animal breeding room that was temperature-controlled (24 ° C. to 25 ° C.) and had a light / dark cycle of 12 hours each. Solid samples and tap water for standard lab rats are optionally available. All animal experiments were performed according to the rules set forth by the Animal Use Control Committee of Taipei Medical University (Taipei, Taiwan, ROC).

[1.2 Preparation and administration of drugs]
Compound 1 was dissolved in 0.4% carboxymethylcellulose to a final concentration of 100 mg / ml.

  One week after the administration of isoproterenol, rats with heart failure were randomly selected and forced with Compound 1 (100 mg / kg) or vehicle (0.4% carboxymethylcellulose) once a day for 7 days. Orally administered. Thereafter, the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (100 mg / kg, Sigma) by intraperitoneal injection. The chest was then opened along the midline of each rat for further analysis, the heart removed, weighed and dissected.

[1.3 Echocardiography]
Prior to euthanizing the animal, the HP SONOS5500 system (6-15 MHz, SONOS5500, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, Calif.) Fitted with a 15-6L probe, or Vivid I ultrasound cardiovascular system (GE, Haifa, Israel) Echocardiography was performed using Healthcare. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), and wall thickness were measured by M-mode tracing. The left ventricular shortening rate was calculated as ([LVEDD−LVESD] / LVEDD) × 100.
Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated by the Techholz method.

The results are summarized in Table 1. All quantitative data were expressed as standard errors and independent t-tests were used to compare differences between groups. Values are expressed as the standard error, ^{* P} <0.05, the same group were compared before and after treatment, ^{# P} <0.05 compared the same therapeutic excipients group and compound 1 group.

  In cardiovascular physiology, ejection fraction refers to the proportion of blood pumped from the left and right ventricles for each heartbeat. If the myocardium is damaged during myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy, the ejection fraction is reduced because the ability of the heart to eject blood is impaired. Thus, a drop in ejection fraction is common in subjects with heart failure. Heart failure rats given Compound 1 (100 mg / kg) (ejection fraction: EF = 81%) showed a marked ejection fraction compared to vehicle-treated rats with heart failure (EF = 59%). Rose. Hydrarazine, a clinically available treatment for heart failure, may be used in current animal models. One week after induction of heart failure by a single injection of isoproterenol (150 mg / kg), hydralazine (10 mg / kg) was administered intraperitoneally once a day for 7 days. Although data are not shown, the results showed that hydralazine increased the ejection fraction from 59 ± 4% to 76 ± 10%.

  These results indicate that Compound 1 of the present invention is effective in improving cardiac function.

[1.4 Morphological and histological analysis]
FIG. 1 shows heart morphology removed from control rats and heart failure rats treated with vehicle or treated with Compound 1. FIG. The upper photo shows a front view of the heart. A change in white indicates that cardiac fibrosis has occurred. Note that the heart failure rats that received the vehicle had more severe cardiac fibrosis than the control rats or the rats treated with Compound 1. The lower photo was taken with the heart chamber separated from the ventricular septum. The left ventricular apex of the heart failure rats fed vehicle is seen to be markedly white, whereas the control rats, or the heart failure rats fed Compound 1, are not.

  Left ventricular apex removed from rats with heart failure treated with or without compound 1 was paraffin embedded after formalin fixation. Tissue was stained with Masson Trichrome to visualize the deposition of interstitial collagen. FIG. 2 shows collagen deposition in rats with heart failure treated with vehicle or treated with Compound 1 and the blue part is myocardial fibrosis. Examination of tissue morphology revealed that heart failure rats treated with Compound 1 had a lower rate of cardiac fibrosis than rats with heart failure administered vehicle.

Thus, Compound 1 of the present invention significantly improves cardiac function in animal models of heart failure.
In particular, Compound 1 of the present invention is effective in increasing the ejection fraction of the heart and reducing the incidence of cardiac fibrosis. Such a discovery supports our proposal that Compound 1 can improve or restore cardiac function in subjects suffering from heart failure.

Example 2 Compound 1 that Reduces ANP Expression in the Heart
In this example, the effect of the compound of the present invention on the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is investigated by examining the expression thereof.

Drug preparation and administration were performed as described above. Total RNA was extracted from the tissue using TRIzol® reagent. Total RNA was reverse transcribed using random primers (Invitrogen) and superscript (registered trademark) III cDNA synthesis kit (Invitrogen) according to the instructions from the manufacturer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). . RNA expression of ANP and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was performed by SYBR® green-based quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM 7300 system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) . Primers and probes were designed by Primer Express® 2.0 (Applied Biosystems). Threshold cycle (C _t ) values for all genes were normalized with their respective C _t values for GAPDH RNA expression using the 2 ^(−ΔΔCt) method. The results are shown in FIG.

  ANP is a polypeptide hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes. ANP is released from atrial myocytes as blood pressure increases. ANP is therefore a clinical and functional parameter of heart failure. The results shown in FIG. 3 show that Compound 1 (100 mg / kg) orally ingested for one week significantly reduced ANP mRNA from the heart of rats with heart failure compared to vehicle. Thus, Compound 1 of the present invention significantly improves cardiac function in animal models of heart failure.

[Example 3 Compound 1 that provides a neuroprotective effect in a subject suffering from brain injury]
[3.1 Preparation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal model]
In order to verify whether a compound of the present invention has a neuroprotective effect, after artificially developing TBI in an animal, a compound (eg, Compound 1 or valproic acid) or an excipient is administered, The effect of the test compound on the area of brain contusion was measured by TTC staining, and the loss of behavioral function was measured by a behavioral test (eg, stretching the front legs and grabbing food to eat).

  Adult male SD rats (each weighing about 250-300 g, obtained from Taiwan BioLASCO Taiwan) were used in this study. Rats are (i) TBI + test compounds (eg, Compound 1 or valproic acid (VPA)), (ii) TBI + VEH (ie, rats with traumatic brain injury administered vehicle), and (iii) sham ( Assigned to three groups (sham surgery control group). The rats were housed in an animal breeding room that was temperature controlled (24 ° C. to 25 ° C.) and that had a light / dark cycle of 12 hours. Solid samples and tap water for standard lab rats are optionally available. All animal experiments were performed according to the rules set forth by the Animal Use Control Committee of Taipei Medical University (Taipei, Taiwan, ROC).

  Surgical anesthesia was performed by intraperitoneal administration of ketamine (90 mg / kg body weight) and xylazine (10 mg / kg body weight). After anesthesia, the animals were fixed in a stereotaxic frame and mechanically supplemented with oxygen. A controlled impact device, the TBI-0200 TBI model system (Precision Systems and Instrumentation) was used to create a cortical contusion in the exposed cortex. Depress the scalp and cap aponeurosis located to the side of the central sagittal suture (opposite the desired limb) and use a varidol to +1 mm from the bregma in the anteroposterior direction (AP); ± 2. In the left and right direction (ML). The head was cut into a circle with a diameter of 3 mm at a coordinate of 5 mm. In other words, the impacting shaft was extended, centered on the impact tip, and lowered until it touched the dura mater at the craniotomy site. Thereafter, the rod was retracted, and the impact tip was further advanced, thereby leading to a less severe brain injury (tip diameter 3 mm; cortical contusion depth 2 mm; impact speed 4 m / sec). After the impact was applied, the impact tip was wiped with disinfecting alcohol each time, and after the operation, it was cleaned / disinfected with SIDEX (CIDEX (registered trademark)). During the operation, the core temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5 ° C. with a heating pad. Immediately after injury, the skin incision was closed with nylon sutures.

[3.2 Preparation and administration of drugs]
Compound 1 was dissolved in a solvent consisting of 5% ethanol, 35% polyethylene glycol, and 60% physiological saline to a concentration of 15 mg / ml. All test animals received either compound 1 (30 mg / kg), valproic acid (VPA, 30 mg / kg) or vehicle (ethanol 5%, polyethylene glycol 35%, 0-7 days after onset of TBI. And intravenous injection of 60% saline).

[3.3 Sample preparation]
Animals were deeply anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg / kg) and perfused with saline and 4% paraformaldehyde. A biopsy (thickness 2 mm) from the rostral side to the caudal side with the removed brain was sectioned for the measurement of cortical tissue loss shown below. Images aligned with the brain sections were taken with a scanner (HP photomart B110a, 600 dpi).

[3.4 Measurement of contusion volume]
The amount of cortical damage was estimated as part of the total cortical volume, taking into account possible contraction differences due to resection and fixation. In this study, “contusion rate” is defined as the correlation between contusion volume and ipsilateral brain. To calculate the rate of contusion for each section, the contusion volume (c _area ) and ipsilateral brain (b _area ) ranges were manually outlined and characterized by the number of pixels involved. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the estimation of the contusion volume. Briefly, the contusion volume region has been specially analyzed to represent the entire contusion volume for further analysis. The contusion volume in a section of 2 mm thickness is defined as 0.5 × (Area _front + Area _back ) × 2, so the total contusion volume is 0.5 × (A ₁ + A ₂ ) × 2 + 0.5 × (A ₂ + A ₃ ) × 2 +... + 0.5 × (A _N−1 + A _N ) × 2 This expression can be rewritten as:

[3.5 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining]
TTC staining was used to assess the magnitude of injury by comparing different viabilities between nerve fibers. The excised brain was sliced to a thickness of 2 mm and incubated in a 1% TTC solution at a temperature of 37 ° C. for 30 minutes. In viable neural tissue, TTC was converted by the dehydrogenase enzyme to a red formazan pigment that stains the tissue dark red. Damaged fibers were stained pale white due to the lack of dehydrogenase enzyme that reacts with TTC.

  FIG. 5 shows the effect of reducing a contusion area caused by TBI by a test compound such as Compound 1 or VPA. As is apparent from FIG. 5, Compound 1 of the present invention is a chemical substance known as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and is compared with valproic acid (VPA) used to suppress seizures. It is more effective to reduce the area of damaged brain tissue.

[3.6 Training / Behavioral test]
All test animals were trained to reach the standard of stretching their front legs and grabbing and eating food. The animals were then assigned to different experimental groups as described above before undergoing TBI surgery. On the first day, the third day, and the seventh day after the operation, and then once a week for 6 weeks, each animal was tested for a good grasp of the front leg and eating. On the day a test compound (eg, Compound 1 or VPA) or vehicle is administered (ie, Day 1, Day 3, and Day 7), all behavioral tests are performed prior to drug injection. It was conducted. The test for stretching the forelimbs and grabbing the food was performed as described above. Briefly, animals are placed in a clear Plexiglas® chamber (30 cm × 36 cm × 30 cm) and placed 1 cm away from the platform (45 mg, Bilney Consultants, Frenchtown, NJ). Was trained to take limbs out of the window (1.5 cm x 3 cm). During the first days of training, the best forelimb was determined and the pellet was placed in a position to use that forelimb. Prior to surgery, a basic ability defined as the average of the last three test sessions of the preoperative test was established. A pass was accepted if the animal grabbed the pellet the first time and put it in the mouth (ie, it succeeded once). In each test session, the opportunity to extend the forelimb of the person who was good at 20 times. If the forelimb that is not good at is used, it is not included in the analysis. The criterion before surgery was that 20 trials and at least 16 successes would be 3 consecutive days. The maximum time limit is 5 minutes per test session.

[3.7 Results]
Following the steps described in Example 3.2, the three groups of TBI animals described in Example 3.1 were dosed. Thereafter, these animals were subjected to a test in which the forelimbs as described above were extended and the food was grabbed and eaten, and the results are shown in FIG. Again, Compound 1 of the present invention, like VPA, significantly improved the behavioral function impaired by TBI, and such findings suggest that Compound 1 protects neurons from subjects suffering from brain injury. Supports our proposal to be effective.

Example 4 Compound 1 Brings Neuron Protective Effect in Subjects with Ischemic Stroke
In this example, the effects of the compounds of the present invention were verified using an animal model of ischemic stroke. Similar to the procedure described in Example 3, after artificially developing TBI in an animal, the animal is treated with a compound (eg, Compound 1 or valproic acid) or administered with an excipient to provide an infarcted area. The effect of test compounds on and the upregulation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) was measured by TTC staining and Western blot analysis.

[4.1 Preparation of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) Animal Model (or Ischemic Stroke Rat Model)]
In this animal model, middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was achieved by simulating the state of ischemic stroke by ligating the end of the lower cerebral vein of the rat used in the experiment. In brief, the right middle cerebral artery was approached by incising the temporal region, exposing the right middle cerebral artery to the position of the lower cerebral vein. Both common carotid arteries were cut off by cervical incision and occluded by aneurysm clips. The middle cerebral artery was occluded by ligating with 10-0 nylon just at the end of the lower cerebral vein. After 60 minutes, the rat was anesthetized again, the carotid artery clip was removed, and the incised neck was closed. Rats were returned to their cages after complete waking from anesthesia. Simulated surgery, like middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery, includes incising the dura mater, but does not include detaching, clipping or fixing the middle cerebral artery and carotid canal.

[4.2 Preparation and administration of drugs]
Compound 1 was dissolved in a solvent consisting of 5% ethanol, 35% polyethylene glycol, and 60% physiological saline to a concentration of 15 mg / ml. All test animals received either compound 1 (30 mg / kg), valproic acid (VPA, 30 mg / kg) or vehicle (ethanol 5%, polyethylene glycol 35%, 0-7 days after onset of MCAO And intravenous injection of 60% saline).

[4.3 Western blot analysis of CREB]
The collected protein sample was mixed with the Lemmli sample buffer. Sample buffer was resolved on SDS polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 5% milk, 0.05% Tween 20®, and then incubated overnight with primary antibody and buffer corresponding to the antigen. After washing with PBS / Tween20® and PBS, histone deacetylase inhibitor 1 (HDAC1), histone deacetylase inhibitor 2 (HDAC2), acetylated histone H2A (Ac-H2A), acetylated Histone H2B (Ac-H2B), phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein (p-CREB), and right anterior cerebrum (RA), right posterior cerebrum (RP), left anterior cerebrum (LA), and left posterior cerebrum (LP) An immunolabeled protein band containing all cAMP responsive element binding protein (t-CREB) expressed in E. coli is prepared with a chemiluminescence system (GE Healthcare Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) and Hyperfilm®. The exposure to ECL (GE Healthcare Bioscience) And anti-rabbit, anti-mouse or anti-goat antibody HRP conjugate (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, diluted 1: 5,000). Quantification of the immunoblot was performed with Quantity One (registered trademark) software (Quantity One software) (manufactured by Bio-Rad).

[4.4 Results]
Drugs prepared according to the steps described in Example 4.2 were administered to three groups of MCAO rats (eg, 5 in each group) described in Example 4.1 and the infarcts of these animals were The formation area was estimated by staining as in the steps described in Examples 3.4 and 3.5, and the results are shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. Infarct volume was measured at three treatment time zones after the stroke, namely 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours, respectively. It was found that in the treatment time zone after 3 days, the infarct volume of MCAO rats treated with Compound 1 and / or VPA was significantly reduced (FIG. 7A). In other examples, after induction of MACO, rats were given Compound 1 at 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours, respectively, and the infarct volume was calculated 3 days after MACO. The results confirmed that treatment with Compound 1 can significantly reduce infarct volume even after 24 hours from the stroke (FIG. 7B).

As mentioned above, it is well known that cerebral ischemia causes severe phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and gene expression via CREB, which encodes neuroprotective molecules of neurons (Kitagawa K). , FEBS J. 2007 274 (13): 3210-7). Thus, compounds that are effective in activating CREB phosphorylation may be potential lead compounds that can suppress ischemic attacks. The level of CREB phosphorylation was measured by Western blot analysis according to the steps described in Example 4.3 above.
The results are shown in FIG. As is apparent from FIG. 8, CREB upregulation, including phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and total CREB (t-CREB), was observed in the left and right anterior cerebrum (LA, RA) and in rats treated with Compound 1. Both left and right posterior cerebrum (LP, RP) were observed.

  Although the numerical ranges and parameters shown in the broad range of this invention are approximate, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as accurately as possible. All numerical values, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

  It should be understood that the descriptions of the above embodiments are only examples, and various changes may be made by those skilled in the art. The specification, examples, and data show the complete structure of the invention and how to use the examples. Although various embodiments of the invention have been described in detail with reference to one or more embodiments, many changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Will be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims (20)

A compound represented by formula (I) for use as a medicament for treating heart failure or neuronal damage comprising:
B is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, SO ₃ R, or SO ₂ NRR ′;
C is R, C (O) R, CH ₂ R, SO ₂ R, or CH═CHC (O) NHOH;
X _a , X _b , X _c and X _d are each independently R, a halogen group, a nitro group, a nitroso group, OR, or CH═CHC (O) NHOH;
A compound in which R and R ′ are each independently hydrogen, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, or a heteroaryl group. The C, X _a , X _c and X _d are each independently hydrogen, B is SO ₂ R, and X _b is CH═CHC (O) NHOH. Compound.   The heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy The compound of claim 1, which occurs.   4. A compound according to claim 3, wherein the heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis or hypertension.   2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the neuronal injury is traumatic cerebral contusion or ischemic cerebral infarction.   A method of treating a subject suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of the compound of claim 1. The C, X _a , X _c and X _d are each independently hydrogen, B is SO ₂ R, and X _b is CH═CHC (O) NHOH. Method.   The method of claim 6, wherein the subject is a human.   The heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy The method of claim 6, which occurs.   The method of claim 9, wherein the heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis or hypertension.   7. The method of claim 6, wherein the neuronal injury is traumatic cerebral contusion or ischemic cerebral infarction. A compound having the following structure for use as a drug for treating heart failure or neuronal damage.
  The heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy 13. A compound according to claim 12, which occurs.   14. The compound of claim 13, wherein the heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis or hypertension.   13. The compound of claim 12, wherein the neuronal injury is traumatic cerebral contusion or ischemic cerebral infarction. A method of treating a subject suffering from heart failure or neuronal damage, comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound having the structure:
  The method of claim 16, wherein the subject is a human.   The heart failure is caused by cardiac fibrosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, or idiopathic cardiomyopathy The method of claim 16, which occurs.   19. The method of claim 18, wherein the heart failure is caused by the cardiac fibrosis or the hypertension.   19. The method of claim 18, wherein the neuronal injury is traumatic cerebral contusion or ischemic cerebral infarction.