JP2014228675A - Toner recovery device and image forming apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a toner recovery device in which the clogging of a filter is prevented with a space-saving mechanism and an image forming apparatus.SOLUTION: The toner recovery device includes a toner conveyance machine conveying unwanted toner discharged from an image forming machine forming an image by using toner along a conveyance path, a transmission machine transmitting a driving force used for conveying the toner by the toner conveyance machine from a driving source to the toner conveyance machine, a toner container storing the toner conveyed by the toner conveyance machine, the filter provided in the wall of the toner container and stopping the toner through air, and an impact application machine applying an impact to the filter by using a part of the driving force transmitted to the toner conveyance machine by the transmission machine.

Description

  The present invention relates to a toner recovery device and an image forming apparatus.

  2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a toner recovery device that transports and stores discharged toner in a recovery container (tank) and an image forming apparatus including such a toner recovery device are known. A toner recovery device that discharges toner is also known (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

  Patent Document 2 discloses a toner recovery device that is provided with a speed reduction unit that reduces the flow rate of air sucked into a recovery container in front of the filter to prevent clogging of the filter.

  Patent Document 3 discloses a toner recovery device that prevents the filter from being clogged by feeding the discharged toner together with air by a pump into a recovery container (tank) to apply vibration to the filter.

JP 2009-122326 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-038686 JP 2011-164463 A

  An object of the present invention is to provide a toner recovery device and an image forming apparatus in which clogging of a filter is prevented by a space-saving mechanism.

The toner recovery device according to claim 1 is:
A toner conveying machine that conveys unnecessary toner discharged from an image creating machine that creates an image using toner along a conveying path;
A transmission device for transmitting a driving force used to convey toner by the toner conveyance device from the driving source to the toner conveyance device;
A toner storage container for storing the toner transported by the toner transport machine;
A filter that is provided on the wall of the toner container and stops the toner through air;
An impact applicator for applying an impact to the filter by using a part of the driving force transmitted to the toner transport device by the transmitter;
It is provided with.

The toner recovery device according to claim 2 is:
The impact applicator is
A movable member movable between a first position contacting the filter and a second position spaced apart from the filter;
A biasing member that biases the moving member in a direction from the second position toward the first position;
Driven by a part of the driving force, the moving member is moved from the first position to the second position against the urging force by the urging member, and the moving member is moved at the second position. A driving member that opens the moving member back to the first position by the biasing force;
It is characterized by having.

An image forming apparatus according to claim 3
An image creator that uses toner to create images,
A toner conveying machine that conveys unnecessary toner discharged from the image creating machine along a conveying path;
A transmission device for transmitting a driving force used to convey toner by the toner conveyance device from the driving source to the toner conveyance device;
A toner storage container for storing the toner transported by the toner transport machine;
A filter that is provided on the wall of the toner container and stops the toner through air;
An impact applicator for applying an impact to the filter by using a part of the driving force transmitted to the toner transport device by the transmitter;
It is provided with.

  According to the toner collecting device of the first aspect and the image forming device of the third aspect, the clogging of the filter can be prevented by the space saving mechanism.

  According to the toner recovery device of the second aspect, it is possible to efficiently apply an impact to the filter.

1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a printer corresponding to a first embodiment of an image forming apparatus. 1 is a diagram illustrating a first embodiment of a toner recovery device. FIG. It is a figure which shows the detail of the collection | recovery container shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the inside of the collection container shown in FIG. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 1st state in operation | movement of an impact imparting machine. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 2nd state in operation | movement of an impact imparting machine. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 3rd state in operation | movement of an impact imparting machine. It is a figure which shows the detail of the collection container in 2nd Embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 1st state of operation | movement of the impact imparting machine in 2nd Embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 2nd state of operation | movement of the impact imparting machine in 2nd Embodiment. It is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the 3rd state of operation | movement of the impact imparting machine in 2nd Embodiment. It is a graph showing the capability of clogging avoidance by an impact imparting machine.

  Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

  FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a printer corresponding to the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus.

  In the printer 1 shown in FIG. 1, image forming engines 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K using toners of colors of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) are arranged in parallel. This is a tandem type color printer. According to this color printer, a single color image can be printed, and a full color image composed of four color toner images can be printed. The toner cartridges 18Y, 18M, 18C, and 18K contain YMCK color toners.

  Since the four image forming engines 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K have substantially the same configuration, the image forming engine 10Y corresponding to yellow will be described as a representative example. The image forming engine 10Y includes a photoreceptor drum 11Y, a charging device 12Y, an exposure device 13Y, a developing device 14Y, a primary transfer device 15Y, and a photoreceptor cleaner 16Y. Of the image forming engine 10Y, the photosensitive drum 11Y, the charging device 12Y, the developing device 14Y, and the photosensitive cleaner 16Y are provided in the process cartridge CR. The process cartridge CR is detachably attached to the main body of the printer 1.

  The photosensitive drum 11Y is provided with a photosensitive layer on the surface of a cylindrical substrate, holds an image formed on the surface, and rotates in the direction of arrow A around the axis of the cylinder. The charging device 12Y, the exposure device 13Y, the developing device 14Y, the primary transfer device 15Y, and the photoconductor cleaner 16Y are arranged around the photoconductor drum 11Y in the order of the arrow A.

  The charging device 12Y is a device that charges the surface of the photosensitive drum 11Y that is rotationally driven in the direction of arrow A. The exposure device 13Y is a device that exposes the surface of the photoreceptor drum 11Y with exposure light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor drum 11Y. In the yellow image forming engine 10Y, the exposure device 13Y emits a laser beam modulated according to the image signal corresponding to yellow among the image signals supplied from the outside of the printer 1, and the photosensitive drum 11Y uses the laser beam. Scan.

  The developing device 14Y develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor drum 11Y using a developer, and forms a toner image on the surface of the photoreceptor drum 11Y. More specifically, the toner is supplied from the toner cartridge 18Y to the developing device 14Y, and the developing device 14Y charges the toner and the magnetic carrier by stirring the developer in which the magnetic carrier and the toner are mixed. To develop the surface of the photosensitive drum 11Y. In the yellow image forming engine 10Y, yellow toner is supplied from the toner cartridge 18Y, and a yellow toner image is formed by development. In the printer 1 of the present embodiment, a trickle-type developing device is employed, and a slight amount of magnetic carrier is also supplied from the toner cartridge 18Y when toner is supplied, and the overflowing developer is gradually discharged from the developing device 14Y. Is done. Thereby, the deterioration of the developer is suppressed. The developer containing toner discharged from the developing device 14Y is recovered by a toner recovery device (not shown in FIG. 1), which will be described later.

  The primary transfer device 15Y is a roll disposed at a position facing the photosensitive drum 11Y with the intermediate transfer belt 30 interposed therebetween. The primary transfer device 15Y transfers a toner image on the photosensitive drum 11Y to the intermediate transfer belt 30 by applying a voltage to the photosensitive drum 11Y.

  The photoconductor cleaner 16Y includes a hard rubber cleaning blade 161Y that is abutted against the surface of the photoconductor drum 11Y. By this cleaning blade 161Y, the surface of the photoconductor drum 11Y is transferred by the primary transfer device 15Y. The surface of the photosensitive drum 11Y is cleaned by scraping off unnecessary materials such as toner remaining in the performed portion. Unnecessary materials including toner scraped off by the photoconductor cleaner 16Y are discharged from the photoconductor cleaner 16Y. The unnecessary matter discharged in this way is also collected by a toner collecting device described later, like the developer discharged from the developing device 14Y.

  The printer 1 also includes an intermediate transfer belt 30, a fixing device 60, a paper conveyance device 80, and a control device 100. The intermediate transfer belt 30 is an endless belt that is stretched between belt support rolls 31 to 35. The intermediate transfer belt 30 circulates in the direction of arrow B passing through the image forming engines 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K and the secondary transfer device 50. The toner images of the respective colors are transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 30 from the image forming engines 10Y, 10M, 10C, and 10K at the timing when they overlap each other. The intermediate transfer belt 30 moves while holding the toner image in which the respective colors overlap to form a color image.

  The secondary transfer device 50 is a roll that rotates with the intermediate transfer belt 30 and the paper P interposed between the backup roll 34 which is one of the belt support rolls 31 to 35. The secondary transfer device 50 transfers the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 30 onto the paper P by applying a voltage having a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of the toner.

  The paper transport device 80 includes a take-out roll 81 that takes out the paper P stored in the paper container T, a transport roll 82 that transports the taken paper P, a registration roll 84 that transports the paper P to the secondary transfer device 50, Also, a discharge roll 86 for discharging the paper P to the outside is provided. The paper transport device 80 transports the paper P along a paper transport path R that passes through the secondary transfer device 50 and the fixing device 60. The registration roll 84 sends the paper P to the secondary transfer device 50 so as to match the timing at which the toner image is transferred from the intermediate transfer belt 30 onto the paper P. The paper P on which the toner image is transferred is conveyed from the secondary transfer device 50 to the fixing device 60.

  The fixing device 60 is a device that fixes the toner image on the paper P. The fixing device 60 includes a heating roll 61 and a pressure roll 62, and a heater is disposed in the heating roll 61. The heating roll 61 and the pressure roll 62 are each rotated in the direction of further transporting the paper P that has been transported while holding the unfixed toner image before fixing, and heats and presses the paper P between each other. . When the unfixed toner image is fixed on the paper P in this way by the fixing device 60, the paper P is further sent to the downstream side in the transport direction and discharged to the outside of the printer 1 by the discharge roll 86. After the transfer by the secondary transfer device 50, the toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 30 is removed by the belt cleaner 90. The toner removed by the belt cleaner 90 is discharged from the belt cleaner 90, and the discharged toner is also recovered by a toner recovery device described later.

  The control device 100 is responsible for overall control of the printer 1.

  Of the constituent elements of the printer 1, those shown in FIG. 1 correspond to an example of an image creating machine according to the present invention.

  The configuration of the printer 1 illustrated in FIG. 1 is conceptually different from the specific configuration and arrangement in an actual printer. In actual printers, there is a strong demand for downsizing and space saving of products, and the arrangement of each element is more crowded than shown in FIG. In addition to the components shown in FIG. 1, the printer 1 is also provided with a toner recovery device described below. This toner recovery device corresponds to the first embodiment of the toner recovery device of the present invention.

  FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the toner recovery device.

  FIG. 2 collects toner-containing discharges discharged from the developing devices 14Y, 14M, 14C, and 14K, the photoreceptor cleaners 16Y, 16M, 16C, and 16K, and the belt cleaner 90 provided in the printer 1. A toner recovery device 110 is shown. As described above, the toner recovery device 110 is also one of the components of the printer. FIG. 2 shows a black photosensitive drum 11K and a photosensitive cleaner 16K, a cyan developing device 14C, and a belt cleaner 90 among the components shown in FIG. Is omitted to avoid complication.

  The toner recovery device 110 includes a transport pipe 111 and a recovery container 112.

  The transport pipe 111 is not required to be discharged from the receiving ports 113Y, 113M, 113C, 113K for receiving the developer discharged from the developing devices 14Y, 14M, 14C, 14K and the photoreceptor cleaners 16Y, 16M, 16C, 16K. The receiving ports 114Y, 114M, 114C, and 114K that receive the object and the receiving port 115 that receives the toner discharged from the belt cleaner 90 are connected. The developer, unnecessary matter, and toner received by these receptacles are collectively referred to as “discharge”. The composition of this discharge is mainly waste toner. An auger having spiral blades is incorporated inside the transport pipe 111, and the discharged material in the transport pipe 111 is transported to the collection container 112 as the auger rotates. The driving force for driving the auger is transmitted to the auger by a drive shaft 116 that is rotationally driven through a gear or the like by a motor (not shown).

  The collection container 112 is detachably attached to the toner collection apparatus 110. When it is determined that the collection container 112 is full with the collected discharge, the collection container 112 is replaced by a user operation.

  3 is a diagram showing details of the collection container shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the inside of the collection container. However, in FIGS. 3 and 4, the collection container viewed from the back side of FIG. 2 is shown.

  The collection container 112 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is connected to a transport pipe 111 (not shown here) at the upper right end of the drawing, and discharges are introduced from the ceiling side of the collection container 112 to the inside. Is done. A transport member 117 shown in FIG. 4 is provided inside the collection container 112. The conveying member 117 is a wire wound in a spiral shape, and is connected to a motor that rotationally drives the drive shaft 116 via a connecting portion 117a provided on the near side in FIGS. The conveying member 117 is rotationally driven together with the drive shaft 116 by the driving force of the motor. The discharged material put into the collection container 112 is conveyed by the conveying member 117 in the lower left direction in the figure. As shown in FIG. 3, a transparent detection window 118 and a filter 119 that allows air to pass but stops contents (mainly toner particles) are provided at the ceiling of the container wall of the collection container 112. The detection window 118 has a shape protruding outward, and when the contents are clogged up to the location of the detection window 118, the transmission of light in the lateral direction (the direction from the upper left to the lower right in the figure) is obstructed. It will be detected optically by the omitted detection means. The recovery container 112 that has reached such a state, or the recovery container 112 after a certain time has elapsed since the initial state, is determined to be full of contents and replaced by the user.

  The filter 119 is for letting the air sent into the collection container 112 together with the discharge from the transport pipe 111 to the outside of the collection container 112. The installation location of the filter 119 may be a side surface of the container wall of the collection container 112 or an upper surface (ceiling), but it is preferably a position where the inner surface of the filter is not buried in the contents.

If this filter 119 is clogged with toner particles, the air flow becomes worse,
There is a problem in the conveyance of the discharged material to the collection container 112. Therefore, in the present embodiment, an impact applicator 122 that prevents clogging of the filter 119 is provided on the upper portion of the collection container 112. The impact applicator 122 includes a first member 121 attached to the drive shaft 116 and a second member 120 attached to the outer surface of the collection container 112. The impact applicator 122 is driven by a part of the driving force transmitted from the drive shaft 116 to the auger of the transport pipe 111 to apply an impact to the filter 119. This impact removes toner particles from the filter 119 and prevents the filter 119 from being clogged. In addition, such a mechanism that generates an impact is realized as a simple and space-saving mechanism such as the example shown here and the example described later. Details of the operation of the impact applicator 122 will be described below.

  5 to 7 are conceptual diagrams conceptually showing the operation of the impact applying machine 122. FIG.

  The 1st member 121 is a member which has a role as a rotation cam, and is provided with the protrusion part 121a. The second member 120 includes a front portion 120a and an original portion 120b. The front portion 120a is movable in a direction in which the front portion 120a is in contact with and away from the filter 119, with the bent portion of the original portion 120b as a center. The original portion 120b acts as a leaf spring and biases the front portion 120a toward the filter 119 side.

  When the drive shaft 116 rotates, the first member 121 rotates together with the drive shaft 116 in the direction of arrow D in the figure. On the other hand, in the second member 120, the tip portion 120a is biased toward the filter 119 by the biasing force of the original portion 120b. In the first state shown in FIG. 5, the protrusion 120c provided on the tip portion 120a is The tip is in contact with the surface of the filter 119.

  As the first member 121 rotates from the first state shown in FIG. 5 in the direction of the arrow D in the drawing, the leading portion 120a of the second member 120 is caught by the protruding portion 121a of the first member 121, The part 120a is lifted from the filter 119 against the urging force of the original part 120b, and the second state shown in FIG. 6 is obtained. In the second state, the protrusion 120 c provided on the tip portion 120 a is separated from the surface of the filter 119.

  When the first member 121 further rotates from the second state shown in FIG. 6 in the direction of the arrow D in the figure, the leading portion 120a of the second member 120 is disengaged from the protruding portion 121a of the first member 121. The third state shown in FIG. In this third state, the tip portion 120a of the second member 120 is pulled back to the filter 119 side by the biasing force of the base portion 120b, and the tip of the protrusion 120c provided on the tip portion 120a collides with the surface of the filter 119. . Due to this collision, an impact is applied to the filter 119 and toner particles attached to the filter 119 are dropped, and as a result, clogging is prevented.

  The impact applicator 122 in the first embodiment corresponds to an example of the impact applicator according to the present invention. Further, the front portion 120a of the second member 120 corresponds to an example of the moving member referred to in the present invention, and the original portion 120b of the second member 120 corresponds to an example of the biasing member referred to in the present invention. 121 corresponds to an example of a driving member according to the present invention. For example, in the case of the present embodiment, the rotational speed of the drive shaft 116 is about once to several times per second, and therefore an impact that can prevent clogging even if the filter 119 is directly hit by the rotation of the drive shaft 116. However, after the tip portion 120a, which is an example of the moving member according to the present invention, is moved once against the biasing force of the original portion 120b, which is an example of the biasing member according to the present invention, By opening the portion 120a, the tip portion 120a collides with the filter 119, and an impact is efficiently generated.

  The impact applying machine 122 according to the first embodiment is of a type that applies an impact to the filter 119 along the direction in which air passes through the filter 119. The direction of the impact is the same as the direction in which the toner particles adhere to the filter, and can be said to be the direction in which the toner particles are pulled away from the filter vertically. More preferred.

  This is the end of the description of the first embodiment. Hereinafter, the second embodiment of the present invention will be described. This second embodiment is the same form as the first embodiment except that the impact applicator is different from the first embodiment. Therefore, in the following description, the impact applicator will be focused on, and a duplicate description will be given. Omitted.

  FIG. 8 is a diagram showing details of the collection container in the second embodiment. FIG. 8 also shows the collection container viewed from the back side of FIG.

  Also in the second embodiment, the detection window 118 and the filter 119 are provided in the ceiling portion of the collection container 130. An impact applicator 131 that prevents clogging of the filter 119 is provided at the top of the collection container 130. The impact applicator 131 includes a rotating member 133 attached to the drive shaft 116, a guide rail 134 attached to the upper portion of the collection container 130, and a guide rail 134 that guides the impact applying machine 131 along the filter surface of the filter 119. And a movable frame 132 that is movable, and a pressing spring (see FIGS. 9 to 11) installed at a position that cannot be seen in this figure. The impact applicator 131 in the second embodiment also applies an impact to the filter 119 when the drive shaft 116 is driven by a part of the driving force transmitted to the auger of the transport pipe 111. Details of the operation of the impact applicator 131 will be described below.

  9-11 is a conceptual diagram which shows notionally the operation | movement of the impact imparting machine 131 in 2nd Embodiment.

  The rotating member 133 is a member having a role as a rotating cam, and includes a protruding portion 133a. The moving frame 132 surrounds the filter 119 and is movable in the horizontal direction in the figure. The push spring 135 has one end fixed to the filter 119 and the other end pushing the inside of the moving frame 132. As a result, the moving frame 132 is urged to the left side in the drawing, and the right portion 132a of the moving frame 132 is in contact with the filter 119 in the first state shown in FIG.

  When the drive shaft 116 rotates, the rotating member 133 rotates in the direction of the arrow D in the drawing together with the drive shaft 116. Eventually, the protruding portion 133a of the rotating member 133 hits the moving frame 132 and moves the moving frame 132 in the direction of arrow E in FIG. 10 against the urging force of the push spring 135. As a result, the second state shown in FIG. 10 is obtained. In the second state, the right portion 132a of the moving frame 132 is separated from the filter 119. Then, when the rotating member 133 further rotates in the direction of arrow D in the figure, the protruding portion 133a of the rotating member 133 is detached from the moving frame 132 and the third state shown in FIG. In this third state, the moving frame 132 is pulled back in the direction of arrow F in the figure by the urging force of the pressing spring 135, and the right side portion 132 a of the moving frame 132 collides with the filter 119. Even in such a direction of collision, an impact is applied to the filter 119, and toner particles and the like adhering to the filter 119 are dropped. As a result, prevention of clogging is realized.

  The impact applicator 131 in this second embodiment corresponds to an example of the impact applicator according to the present invention. The moving frame 132 corresponds to an example of a moving member according to the present invention, the pressing spring 135 corresponds to an example of an urging member according to the present invention, and the rotating member 133 is an example of a driving member according to the present invention. It corresponds to.

  In the case of the impact applying machine 131 in the second embodiment, an impact in a direction along the filter surface, which is a passage surface through which air passes through the filter 119, is applied to the filter 119. When applying an impact in such a direction, unlike the case of the first embodiment described above, there is no need to lift the member from the filter. Therefore, as a space for moving the member, it is easier to design with a space saving than in the case of the first embodiment, and a further space saving can be expected for the entire apparatus.

  Finally, clogging avoidance by the impact applicator will be described.

  FIG. 12 is a graph showing the ability to avoid clogging by the impact applicator.

  The horizontal axis of this graph represents the number of printed sheets, and the vertical axis represents the pressure in the collection container. An increase in the pressure in the collection container means that the filter is clogged.

  Three lines are shown in the graph of FIG. A line with a circle represents the result of executing 1000 prints at a low process speed with the printer from which the impact applicator is removed from the first embodiment. Since the process speed is low, the pressure in the collection container is almost constant and the filter is not clogged. On the other hand, the line with the square mark represents the result of executing 1000 prints at a high process speed with the printer without the impact applicator, and the pressure in the collection container increases as the number of prints progresses. You can see that That is, the filter is clogged. A line with a triangle mark represents the result of executing 1000 prints at a high process speed with the printer of the first embodiment. Similar performance has been confirmed in the printer of the second embodiment, and the pressure in the collection container is substantially constant and clogging of the filter does not occur until 1000 sheets are printed. Thus, it was confirmed that clogging of the filter can be avoided by providing the impact applicator.

  This is the end of the description of the embodiment of the present invention.

  In the above description, a tandem color printer is shown as an embodiment of the image forming apparatus of the present invention. However, the image forming apparatus of the present invention may be a rotary color printer or a monochrome printer. . In addition to a printer, a copier, a facsimile machine, or a multifunction machine may be used.

  In the above description, an example in which the toner storage container is detachable from the image forming apparatus is shown. However, the toner storage container according to the present invention is fixed to the toner recovery apparatus or the image forming apparatus. Also good.

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Printer 16Y Photoconductor cleaner 18Y, 18M, 18C, 18K Toner cartridge 90 Belt cleaner 110 Toner collection device 111 Conveying pipe 112 Collection container 116 Drive shaft 119 Filter 122, 131 Impact applying machine 121 First member 120 Second member 132 Moving frame 133 Rotating member 134 Guide rail 135 Push spring

Claims (3)

A toner conveying machine that conveys unnecessary toner discharged from an image creating machine that creates an image using toner along a conveying path;
A transmission device for transmitting a driving force used for conveying toner by the toner conveyance device from a driving source to the toner conveyance device;
A toner storage container for storing the toner transported by the toner transport machine;
A filter provided on the wall of the toner container (regardless of the side surface or the upper surface; the bottom surface may be excluded; a definition candidate “is in a position where the inner surface is not buried in the accumulated toner”) and stops the toner through air;
An impact applicator for applying an impact to the filter by using a part of the driving force transmitted to the toner transport device by the transmitter;
A toner recovery device comprising: The impact applying machine is
A movable member movable between a first position contacting the filter and a second position spaced apart from the filter;
A biasing member that biases the moving member in a direction from the second position toward the first position;
The driving member is driven by a part of the driving force, the moving member is moved from the first position to the second position against the urging force by the urging member, and the moving member is moved at the second position. A drive member that opens to move the moving member back to the first position with the biasing force;
The toner recovery device according to claim 1, comprising: An image creator that uses toner to create images,
A toner transporter that transports unnecessary toner discharged from the printer along the transport path;
A transmission device for transmitting a driving force used for conveying toner by the toner conveyance device from a driving source to the toner conveyance device;
A toner storage container for storing the toner transported by the toner transport machine;
A filter provided on the wall of the toner container, for stopping the toner through air;
An impact applicator for applying an impact to the filter by using a part of the driving force transmitted to the toner transport device by the transmitter;
An image forming apparatus comprising:

Images