JP2014132827A - Consumer terminal - Google Patents

Consumer terminal Download PDF

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JP2014132827A
JP2014132827A JP2014084721A JP2014084721A JP2014132827A JP 2014132827 A JP2014132827 A JP 2014132827A JP 2014084721 A JP2014084721 A JP 2014084721A JP 2014084721 A JP2014084721 A JP 2014084721A JP 2014132827 A JP2014132827 A JP 2014132827A
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node
voltage
controllable load
power source
distribution
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JP5811227B2 (en
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Hisato Sakuma
寿人 佐久間
Koji Kudo
耕治 工藤
Yukiko Morioka
森岡　　由紀子
Hiroo Hongo
廣生 本郷
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NEC Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20—The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a consumer terminal, which is to be installed on the basis of each consumer having at least one of a renewable power source or a controllable load, capable of minimizing the total amount of an amount of output suppression by each renewable power source and an increased amount of the power consumption of the controllable load.SOLUTION: The consumer terminal includes: a voltage measurement unit for measuring a distribution voltage; a communication device for communicably connecting to a control device through a network; and a processing device capable of controlling output suppression to suppress an amount of power generation by the renewable power source and controlling an amount of power consumption by the controllable load. When the processing device receives an instruction from the control device to a node to which a consumer having a deviating distribution voltage is connected and the consumer connected to each node located downstream of the node, the processing device suppresses the amount of power generation of the renewable power source and increases the amount of power consumption by the controllable load, according to the instruction.

Description

本発明は、再生可能電源または可制御負荷を備える、配電系統に連系された需要家に設置される需要家端末に関する。   The present invention relates to a consumer terminal installed in a consumer connected to a power distribution system, including a renewable power source or a controllable load.

持続可能型社会の実現へ向けて、運用時に温暖化ガスの排出を低減できる再生可能電源の大幅な普及拡大が求められている。特に太陽電池（ＰＶ：Photo voltaic）は、現在最も期待されている再生可能電源の一つである。しかしながら、太陽電池を用いた太陽光発電は天候によって出力が変化する、すなわち発電量が不安定であるという問題がある。そのため、配電系統に多数の太陽光発電設備が連系すると、配電系統に悪影響を及ぼし、配電電圧が不安定になることが予測されている。
配電電圧が不安定になるとは、個人住宅、事業所、自治体施設等の各需要家に供給される低圧配電線の電圧（日本においては約１００Ｖまたは２００Ｖ）が再生可能電源の不安定な発電量に影響されて変動し、適性範囲を逸脱する問題である。
配電用変電所から高電圧（日本においては約６６００Ｖ）で送出された電力は、配電系統の最も低圧側の変圧器（以下、柱上変圧器と称す）で低電圧（日本においては約１００Ｖまたは約２００Ｖ）に変換されて各需要家へ供給される。なお、１台の柱上変圧器からは、一般に１０〜２０世帯（一戸建ての場合）に電力が分配される。
ここで、有限の抵抗を有する配電線（フィーダ線）に電流が流れると、電力需要（電力消費量）に応じて配電電圧が変動する。これまでも日中と夜間等では電力需要に差があり、配電電圧の変動が起きていた。但し、電流の流れる方向は配電用変電所から各需要家へ向かう一方向であり、電力需要の変動も十分に小さかったため、配電電圧は適正範囲（日本では１０１Ｖ±６Ｖまたは２０２±２０Ｖ）に収まっていた。
しかしながら、配電系統に対する再生可能電源の連系量が増大すると、需要の変化に再生可能電源の不安定性が加わり、さらに再生可能電源を所有する需要家が余剰電力を電力会社へ売却する契約を結んでいる場合は、再生可能電源で発電された電力が需要家から配電用変電所の方向へ流れる逆潮流も発生する。そのため、配電電圧の変動幅が従来よりも大きくなり、適正範囲を逸脱する（電圧逸脱）可能性が益々高まってしまう。 In order to realize a sustainable society, there is a need for a significant spread of renewable power sources that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions during operation. In particular, a solar cell (PV: Photo voltaic) is one of the most promising renewable power sources. However, solar power generation using solar cells has a problem that the output changes depending on the weather, that is, the power generation amount is unstable. Therefore, when many photovoltaic power generation facilities are connected to the distribution system, it is predicted that the distribution system will be adversely affected and the distribution voltage becomes unstable.
The unstable distribution voltage means that the voltage of the low-voltage distribution line (about 100V or 200V in Japan) supplied to each consumer, such as a private house, business office, or local government facility, is an unstable amount of power generated by a renewable power source. It is a problem that fluctuates and is outside the aptitude range.
The electric power sent from the distribution substation at a high voltage (about 6600V in Japan) is a low voltage (about 100V in Japan) at the lowest voltage transformer (hereinafter referred to as pole transformer) in the distribution system. About 200V) and supplied to each consumer. In general, electric power is distributed from 10 pole transformers to 10 to 20 households (in the case of detached houses).
Here, when a current flows through a distribution line (feeder line) having a finite resistance, the distribution voltage varies according to the power demand (power consumption). Until now, there was a difference in power demand between daytime and nighttime, and the distribution voltage fluctuated. However, the direction of current flow is one direction from the distribution substation to each customer, and the fluctuation in power demand was sufficiently small, so the distribution voltage was within the appropriate range (101V ± 6V or 202 ± 20V in Japan). It was.
However, as the amount of renewable power connected to the distribution system increases, the instability of renewable power is added to the change in demand, and customers who own renewable power have signed a contract to sell surplus power to power companies. In this case, a reverse power flow in which the electric power generated by the renewable power source flows from the consumer to the distribution substation also occurs. Therefore, the fluctuation range of the distribution voltage becomes larger than before, and the possibility of deviating from the appropriate range (voltage deviation) increases more and more.

このような配電電圧の不安定化を解決する方法としては、配電電圧が適正範囲から逸脱しそうな場合に、再生可能電源の発電量を減らす（出力抑制）方法と、蓄電池やヒートポンプ等のエネルギーの蓄積が可能な可制御負荷を用いて電力消費量を増大させる方法とがある。
背景技術のエネルギーシステムでは、例えば任意の柱上変圧器で電圧逸脱が発生した場合、該柱上変圧器に接続された各需要家が備える再生可能電源の出力抑制および可制御負荷による電力消費量を増大させることで配電電圧の上昇を抑制している。
なお、出力抑制や可制御負荷の制御を実現する構成としては、一般に「自律制御」（または自端制御）型と「遠隔制御」（または集中制御）型の二つに分類できる。
「自律制御」型のエネルギーシステムとしては、例えばＰＣＳ（Power Conditioning Subsystem）が知られている。ＰＣＳは、ＰＶと、該ＰＶで発電された電力を配電系統に連系可能にするインバータと、ＰＶで発電された電力を蓄積する蓄電池とを備えている。このＰＣＳにより配電電圧をモニタし、配電電圧が適正範囲の上限に近づいたときにＰＶの発電量を抑制する、または蓄電池に電力を蓄電することで配電電圧の上昇を抑制できる。
一方、「遠隔制御」型のエネルギーシステムとしては、例えば特許文献１や特許文献２に記載された構成がある。
特許文献１には、情報ネットワークを介して複数のＰＶの発電量や該ＰＶで発電された電力を蓄電する蓄電池を制御することが記載されている。また、特許文献２には、情報ネットワークを介して再生可能電源を制御して配電電圧や潮流を最適に調整しつつ、割り当てられる発電量の不平等性については金銭で解決する方法が記載されている。 As a method for solving such instability of the distribution voltage, when the distribution voltage is likely to deviate from the appropriate range, a method of reducing the power generation amount of the renewable power source (output suppression) There is a method of increasing power consumption using a controllable load that can be stored.
In the energy system of the background art, for example, when a voltage deviation occurs in an arbitrary pole transformer, the output of the renewable power source provided to each consumer connected to the pole transformer and the power consumption due to the controllable load The increase in distribution voltage is suppressed by increasing.
Note that the configurations for realizing output suppression and controllable load control can be generally classified into two types, “autonomous control” (or self-end control) type and “remote control” (or centralized control) type.
As an “autonomous control” type energy system, for example, a PCS (Power Conditioning Subsystem) is known. The PCS includes a PV, an inverter that enables the power generated by the PV to be linked to a distribution system, and a storage battery that stores the power generated by the PV. The distribution voltage is monitored by this PCS, and when the distribution voltage approaches the upper limit of the appropriate range, the power generation amount of PV is suppressed, or the increase of the distribution voltage can be suppressed by storing electric power in the storage battery.
On the other hand, examples of the “remote control” type energy system include configurations described in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2, for example.
Patent Document 1 describes that the amount of power generated by a plurality of PV and the storage battery that stores the power generated by the PV are controlled via an information network. Patent Document 2 describes a method for resolving inequalities in the amount of generated power in money while controlling a renewable power source via an information network to optimally adjust the distribution voltage and power flow. Yes.

上述した出力抑制は、再生可能電源の発電能力を無駄にすることであるため、出力抑制する電力量はできるだけ少ないことが望ましい。
また、電圧逸脱が起きるか否かは、配電線に連系されている再生可能電源数と再生可能電源が連系している場所とに依存するため、一部の需要家が所有する再生可能電源に出力抑制が偏るという問題もある。この問題ついては、例えば特許文献２に記載されているように、再生可能電源の出力抑制による損失分を金銭で補えば、出力抑制が偏ることによる不平等はある程度解消できる。しかしながら、その場合でも再生可能電源の発電能力を無駄にしていることに変わりはない。
一方、可制御負荷を利用する方法は、可制御負荷を所有しない需要家には実施不可能であり、可制御負荷を所有していても、その負荷容量が少なければ出力抑制は避けられない。
また、可制御負荷である、例えばヒートポンプや蓄電池等によって、電圧逸脱の解決のために蓄積されたエネルギーが必ずしも有効に利用されるとは限らないため、可制御負荷による電力消費量の増加量はできるだけ少ないことが望ましい。
なお、特許文献１に記載されたシステムは、自立運転時に非常負荷等への給電容量を増大させることを目的とした構成であり、電圧逸脱を解消するための構成を提案したものではない。また、特許文献２に記載されたシステムでは、可制御負荷の制御を考慮していないため、再生可能電源にて出力抑制する電力量が大きくなる可能性がある。 Since the output suppression described above is a waste of the power generation capability of the renewable power source, it is desirable that the amount of power to be suppressed is as small as possible.
In addition, whether or not a voltage deviation occurs depends on the number of renewable power sources connected to the distribution line and the location where the renewable power sources are connected. There is also a problem that output suppression is biased toward the power source. With respect to this problem, for example, as described in Patent Document 2, if the loss due to the suppression of the output of the renewable power source is compensated with money, inequalities due to the bias of the output suppression can be solved to some extent. However, even in that case, the power generation capability of the renewable power source is still wasted.
On the other hand, a method using a controllable load cannot be implemented by a customer who does not have a controllable load. Even if the controllable load is owned, output suppression is inevitable unless the load capacity is small.
Also, the amount of increase in power consumption due to the controllable load is not always effectively used by the controllable load, for example, by heat pumps or storage batteries, so that the energy stored for solving the voltage deviation is not always used effectively. It is desirable to have as little as possible.
Note that the system described in Patent Document 1 has a configuration for the purpose of increasing the power supply capacity to an emergency load or the like during a self-sustained operation, and does not propose a configuration for eliminating voltage deviation. Moreover, since the system described in Patent Document 2 does not consider control of a controllable load, there is a possibility that the amount of electric power that is suppressed by a renewable power source increases.

特許第３１４４３２３号公報Japanese Patent No. 3144323 特開２００４−２７４８１２号公報JP 2004-274812 A

そこで本発明は、各再生可能電源による出力抑制量の総量及び可制御負荷の消費電力の増大量を最小にできる、該再生可能電源または可制御負荷の少なくとも一方を備える需要家毎に設置される需要家端末を提供することを目的とする。   Therefore, the present invention is installed for each consumer having at least one of the renewable power source and the controllable load that can minimize the total amount of output suppression by each renewable power source and the increase in power consumption of the controllable load. It aims at providing a consumer terminal.

上記課題を解決するため本発明の需要家端末は、ノードを介して配電系統に接続される再生可能電源または可制御負荷の少なくとも一方を備えた需要家毎に設置される需要家端末であって、
前記ノードの電圧である配電電圧を測定する電圧測定部と、
前記需要家毎に備える前記再生可能電源の出力抑制量及び前記可制御負荷の電力消費量を一括して管理する制御装置とネットワークを介して通信可能に接続するための通信装置と、
前記通信装置を介して前記電圧測定部の測定結果を前記制御装置へ送信すると共に、前記再生可能電源による発電量を抑制する出力抑制及び前記可制御負荷による電力消費量の制御が可能な処理装置と、
を有し、
前記処理装置は、
前記制御装置により前記配電系統の配電電圧が所定の電圧から逸脱していることが検出され、前記制御装置から該電圧が逸脱した需要家が接続されたノード及び該ノードよりも下流のノードに接続された需要家へ送信される、前記制御装置からの指示を受信すると、該指示にしたがって、前記再生可能電源の発電量を抑制させ、前記可制御負荷による電力消費量を増大させる構成である。
または、ノードを介して配電系統に接続される再生可能電源または可制御負荷の少なくとも一方を備えた需要家毎に設置される需要家端末であって、
前記配電系統の配電電圧が所定の電圧から逸脱したのを検出したとき、該電圧が逸脱した需要家が接続されたノード及び該ノードよりも下流のノードに接続された需要家が備える前記再生可能電源の発電量を抑制し、前記可制御負荷による電力消費量を増大する構成である。 In order to solve the above problems, a consumer terminal according to the present invention is a consumer terminal installed for each consumer having at least one of a renewable power source or a controllable load connected to a power distribution system via a node. ,
A voltage measuring unit for measuring a distribution voltage which is a voltage of the node;
A communication device for communicably connecting via a network with a control device that collectively manages an output suppression amount of the renewable power source provided for each consumer and a power consumption amount of the controllable load;
A processing device capable of transmitting the measurement result of the voltage measuring unit to the control device via the communication device, and suppressing the power generation by the renewable power source and controlling the power consumption by the controllable load. When,
Have
The processor is
The control device detects that the distribution voltage of the distribution system deviates from a predetermined voltage, and connects to a node to which a customer whose voltage deviates from the control device is connected and a node downstream from the node. When receiving an instruction from the control device transmitted to a customer who has been sent, the power generation amount of the renewable power source is suppressed and the power consumption by the controllable load is increased according to the instruction.
Or a customer terminal installed for each customer having at least one of a renewable power source or a controllable load connected to a power distribution system via a node,
When it is detected that the distribution voltage of the power distribution system has deviated from a predetermined voltage, the regeneration provided for the node connected to the customer whose voltage has deviated and the customer connected to the node downstream from the node The power generation amount of the power source is suppressed, and the power consumption by the controllable load is increased.

図１は、配電系統の構成を簡略化して示した模式図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a simplified configuration of a power distribution system. 図２は、各ノードと再生可能電源及び可制御負荷とが柱状変圧器を介して接続される様子を示す模式図である。FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing how each node is connected to a renewable power source and a controllable load via a columnar transformer. 図３は、本発明のエネルギーシステムの一構成例を示すブロック図である。FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the energy system of the present invention. 図４は、図３に示した制御装置の一構成例を示すブロック図である。FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of the control device illustrated in FIG. 3. 図５は、図３に示した需要家端末の一構成例を示すブロック図である。FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the customer terminal shown in FIG. 図６は、図３に示した制御装置の処理手順を示すフローチャートである。FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a processing procedure of the control device shown in FIG.

次に本発明について図面を用いて説明する。
本発明のエネルギーシステムでは、各需要家に備える再生可能電源の出力抑制量や可制御負荷の電力を一括して管理する制御装置を備え、該制御装置により、需要家毎の連系点の配電電圧の値を収集し、電圧逸脱が発生した場合に各再生可能電源の出力抑制量や可制御負荷による電力消費量を割り振る。本実施形態では、電圧逸脱が生じている、例えば柱上変圧器に接続された再生可能電源及び可制御負荷、並びに該柱状変圧器よりも下流の各柱状変圧器に接続された再生可能電源及び可制御負荷にて、出力抑制及び可制御負荷を制御する。なお、「下流」とは、電圧逸脱が生じている柱上変圧器から見て、配電用変圧器からより遠い柱上変圧器を含む配電系統を指す。
このように電圧逸脱が生じた点よりも下流全体で出力抑制および可制御負荷を制御すると、制御電力量（再生可能電源の出力抑制量及び可制御負荷による電力消費量）の総量が最小となる。また、背景技術と比べて、より多くの可制御負荷を利用できるため、利用されずに捨てられる電力量を低減できる。 Next, the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
The energy system of the present invention includes a control device that collectively manages the output suppression amount of the renewable power source provided to each consumer and the power of the controllable load, and the control device distributes the interconnection points for each consumer. Collects voltage values and allocates the amount of power suppression by each renewable power source and the power consumption by controllable load when voltage deviation occurs. In this embodiment, voltage deviation occurs, for example, a renewable power source and a controllable load connected to a pole transformer, a renewable power source connected to each column transformer downstream from the column transformer, and The output control and the controllable load are controlled by the controllable load. Note that “downstream” refers to a power distribution system including a pole transformer farther from the distribution transformer as viewed from the pole transformer where voltage deviation occurs.
When the output suppression and the controllable load are controlled downstream from the point where the voltage deviation has occurred in this way, the total amount of control power (the output suppression amount of the renewable power source and the power consumption by the controllable load) is minimized. . Moreover, since more controllable loads can be used compared to the background art, the amount of power discarded without being used can be reduced.

本実施形態のエネルギーシステムにより制御電力量の総和が最小となる理由は以下のとおりである。
図１は配電系統の構成を簡略化して示した模式図である。
図１では、配電用変電所が備える配電用変圧器に接続された配電線に、再生可能電源（Ｇ）及び可制御負荷（Ｌ）が４箇所で連系された様子を示している。
また、図１では再生可能電源（Ｇ）及び可制御負荷（Ｌ）と配電線の連系点をそれぞれ「ノード」と称し、配電用変圧器に近い連系点から遠い連系点に向かってノード１，２，３，４と定義している。
なお、図２に示すように、各ノードと再生可能電源（Ｇ）及び可制御負荷（Ｌ）とは、通常、柱状変圧器を介して接続される。図１及び図２では、各ノードに接続される複数の再生可能電源（Ｇ）及び可制御負荷（Ｌ）をまとめてそれぞれ１つで示している。
ここで、ノード１〜４から柱上変圧器に流れこむ電流をｉ１〜ｉ４、ノード１〜４における配電電圧をＶ１〜Ｖ４、各ノード間の配電線の抵抗値をＲとすると、
配電電圧Ｖ２〜Ｖ４は、下記式（１）〜（３）で表される。
ノード２：Ｖ２＝Ｒ×（１×ｉ２＋１×ｉ３＋１×ｉ４）＋Ｖ１ …（１）
ノード３：Ｖ３＝Ｒ×（１×ｉ２＋２×ｉ３＋２×ｉ４）＋Ｖ１ …（２）
ノード４：Ｖ４＝Ｒ×（１×ｉ２＋２×ｉ３＋３×ｉ４）＋Ｖ１ …（３）
式（１）〜（３）から分るように、例えばノード２で電圧逸脱が発生し、配電電圧Ｖ２を下げたい場合、ノード２〜４から配電線に流れる電流ｉ２〜ｉ４を抑制すれば、抑制すべき電流の総和が最も小さくて済むことが分かる。
同様に、配電電圧Ｖ３を下げたい場合は、ノード３、４から配電線に流れる電流ｉ３、ｉ４を抑制すれば、抑制すべき電流の総和が最も小さくて済み、配電電圧Ｖ４を下げたい場合は、ノード４から配電線に流れる電流ｉ４を抑制すれば、抑制すべき電流の総和が最も小さくて済むことが分かる。
すなわち、配電電圧を下げたいノードおよびその下流のノードに接続された再生可能電源（Ｇ）にて出力抑制を行い、可制御負荷（Ｌ）の制御を行えば、電圧逸脱した配電電圧を下げるのに必要な制御電力量の総和が最小で済むことを意味している。
再生可能電源が連系されるエネルギーシステムのうち、これまでの多くの先行事例では、配電線の末端ノード（図１に示す構成例ではノード４）でのみ電圧逸脱が発生すると考えられてきた。そのため、電圧逸脱が発生したノードに接続された再生可能電源（Ｇ）及び可制御負荷（Ｌ）でのみ出力抑制や負荷制御が行われていた。
しかしながら、実際のエネルギーシステムでは、
（１）再生可能電源は、各ノードで一様ではなく、その数や発電量に偏りがある。
（２）配電系統には、配電用変圧器の出力に接続された配電線がさらに分岐される構成もある。
（３）複数の柱上変圧器が連系された配電線では、その連系位置に応じて柱上変圧器に入力される配電電圧が異なるため（配電用変圧器から遠いと入力される配電電圧が低くなる）、柱上変圧器による電圧変換比が異なる場合がある。
等の理由により、配電用変圧器に近いノード２やノード３であっても電圧逸脱が発生することがある。
そのため、本実施形態のエネルギーシステムでは、電圧逸脱が生じているノードに接続された再生可能電源および可制御負荷、並びに該ノードよりも下流の各ノードに接続された再生可能電源および可制御負荷にて出力抑制および負荷制御を実施する構成を提案する。 The reason why the total amount of control power is minimized by the energy system of the present embodiment is as follows.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a simplified configuration of a power distribution system.
FIG. 1 shows a state where a renewable power source (G) and a controllable load (L) are interconnected at four locations to a distribution line connected to a distribution transformer provided in the distribution substation.
Further, in FIG. 1, the connection point between the renewable power source (G) and the controllable load (L) and the distribution line is referred to as a “node”, and from the connection point close to the distribution transformer toward the connection point far from the distribution transformer. Nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are defined.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, each node, the renewable power supply (G), and the controllable load (L) are normally connected via a columnar transformer. In FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of renewable power sources (G) and controllable loads (L) connected to each node are collectively shown as one.
Here, if the current flowing from the nodes 1 to 4 to the pole transformer is i 1 to i 4 , the distribution voltage at the nodes 1 to 4 is V 1 to V 4 , and the resistance value of the distribution line between the nodes is R. ,
Distribution voltage V 2 ~V 4 is represented by the following formula (1) to (3).
Node 2: V 2 = R × (1 × i 2 + 1 × i 3 + 1 × i 4 ) + V 1 (1)
Node 3: V 3 = R × (1 × i 2 + 2 × i 3 + 2 × i 4 ) + V 1 (2)
Node 4: V 4 = R × (1 × i 2 + 2 × i 3 + 3 × i 4 ) + V 1 (3)
As can be seen from the expressions (1) to (3), for example, when a voltage deviation occurs at the node 2 and the distribution voltage V 2 is to be lowered, the currents i 2 to i 4 flowing from the nodes 2 to 4 to the distribution line are suppressed. It can be seen that the sum of the currents to be suppressed is the smallest.
Similarly, when it is desired to lower the distribution voltage V 3 , if the currents i 3 and i 4 flowing from the nodes 3 and 4 to the distribution line are suppressed, the sum of the currents to be suppressed can be minimized, and the distribution voltage V 4 can be reduced. If it is desired to lower the current i 4 flowing from the node 4 to the distribution line, the sum of the currents to be suppressed can be minimized.
In other words, if the output is suppressed at the renewable power source (G) connected to the node where the distribution voltage is to be lowered and the downstream node, and the controllable load (L) is controlled, the distribution voltage deviating from the voltage is lowered. This means that the total amount of control power required for the process can be minimized.
Among the energy systems in which renewable power sources are interconnected, in many previous cases so far, it has been considered that voltage deviation occurs only at the terminal node of the distribution line (node 4 in the configuration example shown in FIG. 1). For this reason, output suppression and load control are performed only at the renewable power source (G) and the controllable load (L) connected to the node where the voltage deviation occurs.
However, in an actual energy system,
(1) Renewable power sources are not uniform in each node, and the number and power generation amount are biased.
(2) There is also a configuration in which the distribution line connected to the output of the distribution transformer is further branched in the distribution system.
(3) In a distribution line in which a plurality of pole transformers are connected, the distribution voltage input to the pole transformer varies depending on the connection position (the distribution input that is far from the distribution transformer). The voltage conversion ratio by the pole transformer may be different.
For reasons such as the above, voltage deviation may occur even in the node 2 or the node 3 close to the distribution transformer.
Therefore, in the energy system of this embodiment, the renewable power source and the controllable load connected to the node where the voltage deviation occurs, and the renewable power source and the controllable load connected to each node downstream from the node are included. We propose a configuration that performs output suppression and load control.

図３は本発明のエネルギーシステムの一構成例を示すブロック図である。
図３に示すように、本発明のエネルギーシステムは、複数の需要家端末２および制御装置１を備え、各需要家端末２と制御装置１とがネットワークを介して接続された構成である。
配電用変電所に接続される配電線には、柱上変圧器を介して複数の需要家（需要家群）が接続され、需要家端末２は、再生可能電源または可制御負荷、あるいはその両方を備えた需要家毎に設置される。需要家端末２は、例えばネットワークと通信可能なコンピュータで実現される。
制御装置１は、エネルギーシステムが備える各需要家端末２と通信が可能な、コンピュータによって実現される。
ネットワークには、電力線を利用したＰＬＣ（Power Line Communications）やＢＰＬ（Broadband over Power Lines）、インターネット、専用線を利用した構成等が考えられる。 FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of the configuration of the energy system of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 3, the energy system of the present invention includes a plurality of customer terminals 2 and a control device 1, and each customer terminal 2 and the control device 1 are connected via a network.
The distribution line connected to the distribution substation is connected to a plurality of consumers (customer groups) via pole transformers, and the consumer terminal 2 can be a renewable power source, a controllable load, or both It is installed for every consumer with The customer terminal 2 is realized by a computer that can communicate with a network, for example.
The control device 1 is realized by a computer that can communicate with each customer terminal 2 included in the energy system.
The network may have a configuration using PLC (Power Line Communications) or BPL (Broadband over Power Lines) using power lines, the Internet, a dedicated line, or the like.

図４は図３に示した制御装置の一構成例を示すブロック図であり、図５は図３に示した需要家端末の一構成例を示すブロック図である。
図４に示すように、制御装置１は、通信装置１１、処理装置１２及び記憶装置１３を備えている。
通信装置１１は、各需要家端末２とネットワークを介して通信するためのインタフェースである。
処理装置１２は、プログラムにしたがって処理を実行するＣＰＵを備え、後述する制御装置１としての処理を実行する。
記憶装置１３は、配電網の構成及び需要家毎の再生可能電源、並びに可制御負荷の該配電網に対する連系位置を示す情報が格納された配電網情報データベースと、再生可能電源及び可制御負荷の制御記録が格納される制御記録データベースとを備えている。 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the control device shown in FIG. 3, and FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the customer terminal shown in FIG.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the control device 1 includes a communication device 11, a processing device 12, and a storage device 13.
The communication device 11 is an interface for communicating with each customer terminal 2 via a network.
The processing device 12 includes a CPU that executes processing according to a program, and executes processing as the control device 1 described later.
The storage device 13 includes a distribution network information database in which information indicating the configuration of the distribution network and the regenerative power supply for each customer, and information indicating the interconnection position of the controllable load with respect to the distribution network, the regenerative power supply and the controllable load And a control record database in which the control records are stored.

図５に示すように、需要家端末２は、通信装置２１、処理装置２５、記憶装置２６、電圧測定部２２、第１の制御インタフェース２３、第２の制御インタフェース２４およびユーザインタフェース２７を備えている。
処理装置２５は、プログラムにしたがって処理を実行するＣＰＵを備え、電圧測定部２２を用いて配電電圧を測定すると共に、第１の制御インタフェース２３および第２の制御インタフェース２４を介して需要家が備えるＰＣＳ等の再生可能電源及び可制御負荷を制御する。
記憶装置２６には、再生可能電源の発電量や出力抑制量と可制御負荷による電力消費量の制御記録が格納される。
電圧測定部２２は、配電電圧を測定するためのセンサ（不図示）を備え、該センサによる配電電圧の測定結果を処理装置２５に出力する。
第１の制御インタフェース２３は、再生可能電源である、例えばＰＣＳからの逆潮流量を測定する、またはＰＣＳへ出力抑制指令を出力する。
第２の制御インタフェース２４は、可制御負荷による電力消費量を制御する。
ユーザインタフェース２７は、キーボードやマウス等の入力装置（不図示）と表示装置や印刷装置等の出力装置（不図示）とを備え、再生可能電源の発電量や出力抑制量あるいは可制御負荷による制御電力量の履歴表示、再生可能電源や可制御負荷の制御を許可する制御条件等を示す可制御負荷情報の入力に用いられる。 As shown in FIG. 5, the customer terminal 2 includes a communication device 21, a processing device 25, a storage device 26, a voltage measurement unit 22, a first control interface 23, a second control interface 24, and a user interface 27. Yes.
The processing device 25 includes a CPU that executes processing according to a program, measures the distribution voltage using the voltage measurement unit 22, and is provided by the customer via the first control interface 23 and the second control interface 24. Controls renewable power such as PCS and controllable load.
The storage device 26 stores a control record of the power generation amount and output suppression amount of the renewable power source and the power consumption amount by the controllable load.
The voltage measurement unit 22 includes a sensor (not shown) for measuring the distribution voltage, and outputs a measurement result of the distribution voltage by the sensor to the processing device 25.
The first control interface 23 measures a reverse power flow from a PCS that is a renewable power source, for example, or outputs an output suppression command to the PCS.
The second control interface 24 controls the power consumption by the controllable load.
The user interface 27 includes an input device (not shown) such as a keyboard and a mouse and an output device (not shown) such as a display device and a printing device, and is controlled by the power generation amount, output suppression amount, or controllable load of a renewable power source. It is used to input controllable load information indicating a history display of electric energy, control conditions permitting control of a renewable power source and controllable load, and the like.

図６は図３に示した制御装置の処理手順を示すフローチャートである。
図６に示すように、制御装置１は、各需要家端末２で測定された配電電圧及びユーザにより設定された可制御負荷情報を定期的に収集する（ステップＳ１）。
次に、制御装置１は、電圧逸脱が発生しているノードがあるか否かを判定し（ステップＳ２）、電圧逸脱が発生しているノードを検出すると、配電網情報データベースを参照し、そのノードに対応する柱上変圧器及びその下流のノードに対応する柱上変圧器に接続された需要家毎の情報を取得する（ステップＳ３）。
続いて、制御装置１は、電圧逸脱が発生したノードとその下流ノードに接続された需要家が備える再生可能電源及び可制御負荷の情報を取得し、それらの制御対象候補から可制御負荷の制御を許可する需要家を選択し（ステップＳ４）、該需要家が備える需要家端末に可制御負荷の電力消費量を増大させるための負荷制御指令を出力する（ステップＳ５）。なお、可制御負荷の制御を許可する需要家が十分に多い場合は、後述する選択方法により選択した可制御負荷に対して電力消費量を増大させるための負荷制御指令を出力してもよい。
次に、制御装置１は、制御対象候補となる再生可能電源を抽出し、該候補のうち、後述する選択方法により選択した再生可能電源に対して所要の発電量を抑制させるための出力抑制指令を出力する（ステップＳ６）。
制御装置１は、負荷制御指令及び出力抑制指令を出力すると、各可制御負荷に対する負荷制御指令および各再生可能電源に対する出力抑制指令を制御記録データベースに記録し（ステップＳ７）、再度、各需要家端末による配電電圧の測定値を取得し、電圧逸脱が発生したノードが無くなるまで上記の処理を繰り返す。
電力系統の管理者は、制御装置１の制御記録データベースを参照し、例えば月に一回など、定期的に制御電力量に基づいて各需要化にインセンティブを支払えばよい。 FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a processing procedure of the control device shown in FIG.
As shown in FIG. 6, the control device 1 periodically collects the distribution voltage measured at each customer terminal 2 and the controllable load information set by the user (step S1).
Next, the control device 1 determines whether or not there is a node in which a voltage deviation has occurred (step S2). When detecting a node in which a voltage deviation has occurred, the control device 1 refers to the distribution network information database, and Information for each customer connected to the pole transformer corresponding to the node and the pole transformer corresponding to the downstream node is acquired (step S3).
Subsequently, the control device 1 acquires information on the renewable power source and the controllable load included in the node where the voltage deviation has occurred and the customer connected to the downstream node, and controls the controllable load from these control target candidates. Is selected (step S4), and a load control command for increasing the power consumption of the controllable load is output to the customer terminal of the customer (step S5). In addition, when there are sufficiently many consumers permitting control of the controllable load, a load control command for increasing the power consumption with respect to the controllable load selected by the selection method described later may be output.
Next, the control device 1 extracts a renewable power source that is a candidate for control, and an output suppression command for suppressing a required power generation amount for the renewable power source selected by the selection method described later among the candidates. Is output (step S6).
When the control device 1 outputs the load control command and the output suppression command, the control device 1 records the load control command for each controllable load and the output suppression command for each renewable power source in the control record database (step S7). The measured value of the distribution voltage by the terminal is acquired, and the above processing is repeated until there are no nodes where voltage deviation has occurred.
The manager of the power system refers to the control record database of the control device 1 and pays an incentive for each demand based on the amount of control power periodically, for example, once a month.

なお、配電網の構成は、事故配電線や電圧降下が大きい配電線を救済するために、区間開閉器や連系開閉器を用いて変更されることがあるため、配電網情報データベースは、配電網の構成変更毎に更新することが望ましい。
負荷制御指令を出力する可制御負荷および出力抑制指令を出力する再生可能電源の選択方法は、以下の方法が考えられる。
上述したように、任意のノードで電圧逸脱が発生した場合、そのノード及びその下流ノードに接続される再生可能電源及び可制御負荷であれば、どの再生可能電源及び可制御負荷を用いて配電電圧を制御しても制御電力量の総和は最小で済む。
そこで、各需要家の再生可能電源及び可制御負荷はできるだけ平等に制御することが好ましい。そのための方法としては、例えば以下の２つの方法が考えられる。
（１）制御記録データベースを参照し、再生可能電源の場合は、発電量が最も大きく、かつ過去の出力抑制の割り当て量が最も少ないものを選択し、可制御負荷の場合は、負荷容量が最も大きく、かつ過去の電力消費の割り当て量が最も少ないものを選択する。
（２）全ての候補に対して、再生可能電源の場合は、その発電容量に比例する出力抑制量を割り当て、可制御負荷の場合は、その負荷容量に比例する電力消費量を割り当てる。 Note that the distribution network information database is a distribution network because the configuration of the distribution network may be changed using section switches or interconnection switches in order to relieve accident distribution lines or distribution lines with large voltage drops. It is desirable to update each time the network configuration changes.
The following methods can be considered as a method of selecting a controllable load that outputs a load control command and a renewable power source that outputs an output suppression command.
As described above, when a voltage deviation occurs at an arbitrary node, if the renewable power source and the controllable load are connected to the node and the downstream node, the distribution voltage using which renewable power source and the controllable load are used. Even if is controlled, the total amount of control power can be minimized.
Therefore, it is preferable to control the renewable power source and the controllable load of each consumer as equally as possible. For example, the following two methods can be considered.
(1) Referring to the control record database, select the power generation amount with the largest power generation amount and the smallest past output suppression allocation amount for renewable power sources, and the largest load capacity for controllable loads. Select the one that is large and has the smallest amount of past power consumption.
(2) For a renewable power source, an output suppression amount proportional to the power generation capacity is assigned to all candidates, and for a controllable load, a power consumption proportional to the load capacity is assigned to all candidates.

本実施形態のエネルギーシステムによれば、電圧逸脱が生じたノード及び該ノードよりも下流のノード全体で出力抑制および可制御負荷を制御することで、制御電力量（再生可能電源の出力抑制量及び可制御負荷による電力消費量）の総量が最小となる。また、背景技術と比べて、より多くの可制御負荷を利用できるため、利用されずに捨てられる電力量を低減できる。   According to the energy system of this embodiment, the control power amount (the output suppression amount of the renewable power source and The total amount of power consumption by the controllable load is minimized. Moreover, since more controllable loads can be used compared to the background art, the amount of power discarded without being used can be reduced.

以上、実施形態を参照して本願発明を説明したが、本願発明は上記実施形態に限定されものではない。本願発明の構成や詳細は本願発明のスコープ内で当業者が理解し得る様々な変更が可能である。   Although the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Various modifications that can be understood by those skilled in the art can be made to the configuration and details of the present invention within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

ノードを介して配電系統に接続される再生可能電源または可制御負荷の少なくとも一方を備えた需要家毎に設置される需要家端末であって、
前記ノードの電圧である配電電圧を測定する電圧測定部と、
前記需要家毎に備える前記再生可能電源の出力抑制量及び前記可制御負荷の電力消費量を一括して管理する制御装置とネットワークを介して通信可能に接続するための通信装置と、
前記通信装置を介して前記電圧測定部の測定結果を前記制御装置へ送信すると共に、前記再生可能電源による発電量を抑制する出力抑制及び前記可制御負荷による電力消費量の制御が可能な処理装置と、
を有し、
前記処理装置は、
前記制御装置により前記配電系統の配電電圧が所定の電圧から逸脱していることが検出され、前記制御装置から該電圧が逸脱した需要家が接続されたノード及び該ノードよりも下流のノードに接続された需要家へ送信される、前記制御装置からの指示を受信すると、該指示にしたがって、前記再生可能電源の発電量を抑制させ、前記可制御負荷による電力消費量を増大させる需要家端末。 A customer terminal installed for each customer having at least one of a renewable power source or a controllable load connected to a power distribution system via a node,
A voltage measuring unit for measuring a distribution voltage which is a voltage of the node;
A communication device for communicably connecting via a network with a control device that collectively manages an output suppression amount of the renewable power source provided for each consumer and a power consumption amount of the controllable load;
A processing device capable of transmitting the measurement result of the voltage measuring unit to the control device via the communication device, and suppressing the power generation by the renewable power source and controlling the power consumption by the controllable load. When,
Have
The processor is
The control device detects that the distribution voltage of the distribution system deviates from a predetermined voltage, and connects to a node to which a customer whose voltage deviates from the control device is connected and a node downstream from the node. A consumer terminal that, when receiving an instruction from the control device to be transmitted to the consumer, suppresses the power generation amount of the renewable power source and increases the power consumption by the controllable load according to the instruction. 前記需要家と前記ノードとが、柱状変圧器を介して接続された請求項１記載の需要家端末。   The consumer terminal according to claim 1, wherein the consumer and the node are connected via a columnar transformer. ノードを介して配電系統に接続される再生可能電源または可制御負荷の少なくとも一方を備えた需要家毎に設置される需要家端末であって、
前記配電系統の配電電圧が所定の電圧から逸脱したのを検出したとき、該電圧が逸脱した需要家が接続されたノード及び該ノードよりも下流のノードに接続された需要家が備える前記再生可能電源の発電量を抑制し、前記可制御負荷による電力消費量を増大する該需要家の需要家端末。 A customer terminal installed for each customer having at least one of a renewable power source or a controllable load connected to a power distribution system via a node,
When it is detected that the distribution voltage of the power distribution system has deviated from a predetermined voltage, the regeneration provided for the node connected to the customer whose voltage has deviated and the customer connected to the node downstream from the node The consumer terminal of the consumer that suppresses the power generation amount of the power source and increases the power consumption by the controllable load.
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